Psych verbs, the linking problem, and the acquisition of language.
In acquiring language, children must learn to appropriately place the different participants of an event (e.g., causal agent, affected entity) into the correct syntactic positions (e.g., subject, object) so that listeners will know who did what to whom. While many of these mappings can be characterized by broad generalizations, both within and across languages (e.g., semantic agents tend to be mapped onto syntactic subjects), not all verbs fit neatly into these generalizations. One particularly striking example is verbs of psychological state: The experiencer of the state can appear as either the subject (Agnes fears/hates/loves Bartholomew) or the direct object (Agnes frightens/angers/delights Bartholomew). The present studies explore whether this apparent variability in subject/object mapping may actually result from differences in these verbs' underlying meanings. Specifically, we suggest that verbs like fear describe a habitual attitude towards some entity whereas verbs like frighten describe an externally caused emotional episode. We find that this distinction systematically characterizes verbs in English, Mandarin, and Korean. This pattern is generalized to novel verbs by adults in English, Japanese, and Russian, and even by English-speaking children who are just beginning to acquire psych verbs. This results support a broad role for systematic mappings between semantics and syntax in language acquisition.
Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States; Department of Psychology, Harvard University, United States. Electronic address: jkhartshorne@gmail.com.
Joshua K
JK
Hartshorne
Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States; Department of Psychology, Harvard University, United States.
Timothy J
TJ
O'Donnell
Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States.
Yasutada
Y
Sudo
Department of Psychology, Harvard University, United States.
Miki
M
Uruwashi
Department of English Language and Literature, Hanyang University, Republic of Korea.
Miseon
M
Lee
Department of Psychology, Harvard University, United States.
Jesse
J
Snedeker
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004644:Emotions; D005239:Fear; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D008037:Linguistics; D008875:Middle Aged; D012660:Semantics; D014825:Vocabulary; D055815:Young Adult
Argument structure; Psych verbs; Psychological states; Thematic roles; Verbs
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