Frailty and sarcopenia in elderly.
Frailty is a pre-disability syndrome where an older person can be identified as being at risk when exposed to stressors associated with high risk for disability or needing to be hospitalized. Two major frailty definitions exist. The physical phenotype of frailty and the multiple deficit model. A simple frailty screening tool-FRAIL-has been validated. Treatment of frailty involves resistance exercise, optimization of nutrition, and treatment of fatigue (sleep apnea, depression), treatable causes of weight loss and adjustment of polypharmacy. Sarcopenia (decline in function with low muscle mass) is a major cause of frailty. A simple sarcopenia screening tool-SARC-F-has been validated. The multiple causes of sarcopenia are reviewed. Optimal treatment is resistance exercise, leucine-enriched essential amino acids and vitamin D replacement.
Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Blvd., M238, 63104, St. Louis, MO, USA. morley@slu.edu.
John E
JE
Morley
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D004035:Diet Therapy / Q000379:methods; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D018802:Patient-Centered Care / Q000379:methods; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
Disability; Elderly; Function; Pre-disability
J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012 Aug;60(8):1478-86
22861118
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016 Aug 1;17(8):767.e1-7
27372539
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014 May;69(5):584-90
24737561
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012 Mar;13(3):191-4
22261540
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2011 Oct;66(10):1090-9
21697501
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Nov;99(11):4336-45
25033068
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001 Mar;56(3):M146-56
11253156
Mech Ageing Dev. 1999 Mar 1;107(2):123-36
10220041
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Dec;16(12):1103.e21-5
26476498
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011 Jul;12(6):403-9
21640657
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Jul 1;16(7):548-50
25783624
Endocr J. 2015;62(6):475-84
25866211
JAMA. 1990 Jun 13;263(22):3029-34
2342214
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016 Aug;71(8):1096-101
26888434
Am J Med. 2015 Nov;128(11):1225-1236.e1
26159634
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016 Sep 1;17(9):846-51
27569712
J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014 Apr;62(4):721-6
24635726
J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006 Mar;54(3):507-11
16551321
J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 Oct;57(10):1757-66
19694869
Obes Res. 2004 Dec;12(12):1995-2004
15687401
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015 Dec;6(4):287-302
26675762
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015 Dec;6(4):312-4
26676168
Maturitas. 2016 May;87:89-94
27013294
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013 Jun;14(6):392-7
23764209
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Mar;16(3):259-61
25548031
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015 Dec;6(4):275-7
26675382
Med Clin North Am. 2006 Sep;90(5):1005-23
16962854
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Jul 1;16(7):539-43
26094153
J Nutr Health Aging. 2013 Sep;17(9):726-34
24154642
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010 Jun;11(5):344-55
20511102
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Sep 1;16(9):781-3
26089117
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013 Jul;14 (7):518-24
23669054
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012 Jan;13(1):24-30
21944168
Age Ageing. 2010 Jul;39(4):412-23
20392703
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015 Jun;6(2):144-54
26136190
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 May 1;16(5):439.e9-439.e16
25841327
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2006 Mar;7(3):163-7
16503309
Fertil Steril. 2013 Jun;99(7):1807-13
23726254
J Epidemiol Community Health. 2016 Jul;70(7):716-21
26783304
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004 Mar;59(3):255-63
15031310
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016 Jun 1;17(6):467-70
27235759
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Feb;16(2):87-9
25556303
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013 Jul;14(7):528.e1-7
23664768
J Nutr Health Aging. 2008 Jan;12(1):29-37
18165842
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Mar;16(3):247-52
25548028
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014 Feb;15(2):95-101
24461239
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013 Aug;14(8):542-59
23867520
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2008 Feb;9(2):82-7
18261699
Calcif Tissue Int. 2016 Apr;98 (4):319-33
26100650
J Nutr Health Aging. 2016;20(6):645-6
27273354
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Jun;101(6):2562-9
27050869
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2016 Mar;7(1):28-36
27066316
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014 Jun;15(6):435-9
24656689
Metabolism. 1999 Aug;48(8):1028-32
10459569
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Jul 1;16(7):603-6
25769962
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014 Mar;15(3):151-3
24513223
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Sep 1;16(9):731-9
26315321
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Jul 1;16(7):544-5
25841326
J Aging Res. 2011 Apr 04;2011:569194
21584244
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Apr;16(4):301-8
25530211
Am J Epidemiol. 1998 Apr 15;147(8):755-63
9554417
J Nutr Health Aging. 2008 Aug-Sep;12(7):452-6
18615226
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014 Dec;15(12):853-9
25455530
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Oct 1;16(10):899.e9-16
26321467
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013 Mar;14(3):152-6
23273343
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013 Jan;14(1):10-7
22980996
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 May 1;16(5):400-11
25717010
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Aug 1;16(8):640-7
25958334
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2011 Sep;2(3):153-161
22031847
N Engl J Med. 1994 Jun 23;330(25):1769-75
8190152
Can J Aging. 2016 Sep;35(3):281-97
27211065
J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012 Jan;60(1):171-3
22239307
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012 Oct;13(8):713-9
22770932
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014 Sep;15(9):630-4
24947762
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Jun;82(6):1661-7
9177359
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013 Dec;14(12):877-82
23792036
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012 Oct;13(8):757; author reply 757-8
22784700
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004 Sep;59(9):M930-4
15472158
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2014 Dec;5(4):253-9
25425503
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010 Jun;11(5):356-64
20511103
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013 May;68(5):590-8
23070880
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Jun 1;16(6):441-3
25933725
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Feb;95(2):639-50
20061435
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Dec;16(12):1042-7
26602760
Nature. 2005 Feb 17;433(7027):760-4
15716955
J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013 Sep;61(9):1537-51
24028357
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 May 1;16(5):412-9
25732832
J Nutr Health Aging. 2014 Mar;18(3):277-83
24626755
Neurology. 2014 Dec 9;83(24):2239-46
25381300
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15(11):780-2
25405707
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Mar;16(3):253-7
25548029
Metabolism. 1997 Apr;46(4):410-3
9109845
J Nutr Health Aging. 2012 May;16(5):422-5
22555783
J Nutr Health Aging. 2016 Feb;20(2):192-8
26812516
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013 Jun;14(6):450.e7-12
23647778
J Nutr Health Aging. 2012 Jul;16(7):601-8
22836700
Aging Clin Exp Res. 2015 Oct;27(5):703-9
25762157
Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2013 Nov-Dec;57(3):360-8
23871598
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014 May;15(5):371.e1-5
24512811
Curr Alzheimer Res. 2015;12(8):761-71
26159199
JAMA. 2014 Jun 18;311(23):2387-96
24866862
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011 May;12(4):249-56
21527165
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Oct 1;16(10):808-12
26433860
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jun;89(6):1895-900
19369381
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2008 Jan;9(1):9-17
18187108
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Sep 1;16(9):740-7
26170041
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jul;95(7):3165-72
20410223
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016 May 1;17(5):426-33
26947059
J Lab Clin Med. 2001 Apr;137(4):231-43
11283518
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Sep 1;54(10 ):919-27
19712802
Ann Oncol. 2013 Feb;24(2):469-74
23041592
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Aug 1;16(8):714.e7-714.e12
26139596