Rotavirus Recombinant VP6 Nanotubes Act as an Immunomodulator and Delivery Vehicle for Norovirus Virus-Like Particles.
We have recently shown that tubular form of rotavirus (RV) recombinant VP6 protein has anin vivoadjuvant effect on the immunogenicity of norovirus (NoV) virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidate. In here, we investigatedin vitroeffect of VP6 on antigen presenting cell (APC) activation and maturation and whether VP6 facilitates NoV VLP uptake by these APCs. Mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 and dendritic cell line JAWSII were used as model APCs. Internalization of VP6, cell surface expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, and major histocompatibility class II molecules, and cytokine and chemokine production were analyzed. VP6 nanotubes were efficiently internalized by APCs. VP6 upregulated the expression of cell surface activation and maturation molecules and induced secretion of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The mechanism of VP6 action was shown to be partially dependent on lipid raft-mediated endocytic pathway as shown by methyl-β-cyclodextrin inhibition on tumor necrosis factorαsecretion. These findings add to the understanding of mechanism by which VP6 exerts its immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory actions and further support its use as a part of nonlive RV-NoV combination vaccine.
Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
Maria
0000-0001-9276-1066
M
Malm
Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
Kirsi
0000-0002-9708-732X
K
Tamminen
Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
Suvi
S
Lappalainen
Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
Timo
T
Vesikari
Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Biokatu 10, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
Vesna
0000-0001-8201-6118
V
Blazevic
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