Three-dimensional printed models in congenital heart disease.
The purpose of this article is to discuss technical considerations and current applications of three-dimensional (3D) printing in congenital heart disease (CHD). CHD represent an attractive field for the application of 3D printed models, with consistent progress made in the past decade. Current 3D models are able to reproduce complex cardiac and extra-cardiac anatomy including small details with very limited range of errors (<1 mm), so this tool could be of value in the planning of surgical or percutaneous treatments for selected cases of CHD. However, the steps involved in the building of 3D models, consisting of image acquisition and selection, segmentation, and printing are highly operator dependent. Current 3D models may be rigid or flexible, but unable to reproduce the physiologic variations during the cardiac cycle. Furthermore, high costs and long average segmentation and printing times (18-24 h) limit a more extensive use. There is a need for better standardization of the procedure employed for collection of the images, the segmentation methods and processes, the phase of cardiac cycle used, and in the materials employed for printing. More studies are necessary to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness of 3D printed models in congenital cardiac care.
Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Massa, Pisa, Italy.|Institute of Clinical Physiology-CNR, Pisa, Italy.
Massimiliano
M
Cantinotti
Paediatric Cardiology, Cardio-Thoracic Surgery and Technological Innovation Group, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain.|Cardiovascular Pathology Unit, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBIS, Hospital Virgen de Rocio/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain.|Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, The Rayne Institute, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.|Paediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Physics, Evelina Children's Hospital, London, UK.
Israel
I
Valverde
Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Creighton University, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA. skutty@unmc.edu.
Shelby
S
Kutty
D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D066230:Patient-Specific Modeling; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
3D models; Congenital heart disease
Ann Thorac Surg. 2008 Jul;86(1):273-7
18573436
ASAIO J. 2006 May-Jun;52(3):349-53
16760727
Cardiol Young. 2015 Apr;25(4):698-704
24809416
J Biomed Opt. 2004 Jul-Aug;9(4):835-43
15250772
Radiology. 2007 Feb;242(2):490-7
17255420
Ann Thorac Surg. 2007 May;83(5):1854-7
17462413
J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015 Apr;28(4):398-403
25839152
Stud Health Technol Inform. 2015 ;210:669-71
25991234
JRSM Cardiovasc Dis. 2016 Apr 29;5:2048004016645467
27170842
Int J Cardiol. 2014 Mar 15;172(2):e297-8
24447757
Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015 Jun;47(6):1044-52
25161184
Clin Chem Lab Med. 2015 Oct;53(11):1839-46
25901715
JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015 Jan;8(1):103-4
25457761
Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008;132:538-43
18391364
J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015 Apr;28(4):392-7
25660668
Circulation. 2011 Feb 8;123(5):551-65
21300963
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Sep 9;64(10 ):1066-8
25190245
Ann Thorac Surg. 2009 Sep;88(3):974-8
19699931
Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2008 Aug;18(6):210-6
19185811
Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016 Aug;32(8):1273-9
27173489
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006 Aug;132(2):264-9
16872948
Ann Thorac Surg. 2012 Feb;93(2):e31-3
22269765
Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2015 May;85(6):1006-12
25557983
Clin Res Cardiol. 2007 Mar;96(3):176-85
17225916
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008 Oct;136(4):1098-9
18954663
J Dent Res. 2009 Jul;88(7):673-6
19641157
Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010 Feb;37(2):302-6
19758813