Human-Animal Interface: The Case for Influenza Interspecies Transmission.
Since the 1990s, the threat of influenza viruses to veterinary and human public health has increased. This coincides with the larger global populations of poultry, pigs, and people and with changing ecological factors. These factors include the redistribution of the human population to cities, rapid mass transportation of people and infectious agents, increased global land use, climate change, and possible changes in viral ecology that perpetuate highly pathogenic influenza viruses in the aquatic bird reservoir. The emergence of H5N1, H7N9, and H9N2 subtypes of influenza A virus and the increased genetic exchange among influenza viruses in wild aquatic birds, domestic poultry, swine, and humans pose a continuing threat to humanity. Here we consider the fundamental and practical knowledge of influenza A viruses at the human-animal interfaces to facilitate the development of novel control strategies and modified agricultural practices that will reduce or prevent interspecies transmission.
Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. isabella.donatelli@iss.it.
Isabella
I
Donatelli
Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
Maria R
MR
Castrucci
Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
Maria A
MA
De Marco
Wildlife and exotics animal service (SeFSE), Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy.
Mauro
M
Delogu
Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
Robert G
RG
Webster
D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001717:Birds; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000821:virology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006388:Hemagglutinins; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*; D008322:Mammals; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D058873:Pandemics; D011485:Protein Binding; D014774:Virulence; D015047:Zoonoses
D006388:Hemagglutinins
Avian influenza; H5N1; H7N9; Zoonosis