Active perioperative patient warming using a self-warming blanket (BARRIER EasyWarm) is superior to passive thermal insulation: a multinational, multicenter, randomized trial.
OBJECTIVE
Incidence of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia is still high; therefore, present guidelines advocate "prewarming" for its prevention. Prewarming means preoperative patient skin warming, which minimizes redistribution hypothermia caused by induction of anesthesia. In this study, we compared the new self-warming BARRIER EasyWarm blanket with passive thermal insulation regarding mean perioperative patient core body temperature.


METHODS
Multinational, multicenter randomized prospective open-label controlled trial.


METHODS
Surgical ward, operation room, postanesthesia care unit at 4 European hospitals.


METHODS
A total of 246 adult patients, American Society of Anesthesiologists class I to III undergoing elective orthopedic; gynecologic; or ear, nose, and throat surgery scheduled for 30 to 120 minutes under general anesthesia.


METHODS
Patients received warmed hospital cotton blankets (passive thermal insulation, control group) or BARRIER EasyWarm blanket at least 30 minutes before induction of general anesthesia and throughout the perioperative period (intervention group).


METHODS
The primary efficacy outcome was the perioperative mean core body temperature measured by a tympanic infrared thermometer. Secondary outcomes were hypothermia incidence, change in core body temperature, length of stay in postanesthesia care unit, thermal comfort, patient satisfaction, ease of use, and adverse events related to the BARRIER EasyWarm blanket.


RESULTS
The BARRIER EasyWarm blanket significantly improved perioperative core body temperature compared with standard hospital blankets (36.5°C, SD 0.4°C, vs 36.3, SD 0.3°C; P<.001). Intraoperatively, in the intervention group, hypothermia incidence was 38% compared with 60% in the control group (P=.001). Postoperatively, the figures were 24% vs 49%, respectively (P=.001). Patients in the intervention group had significantly higher thermal comfort scores, preoperatively and postoperatively. No serious adverse effects were observed in either group.


CONCLUSIONS
Perioperative use of the new self-warming blanket improves mean perioperative core body temperature, reduces the incidence of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia, and improves patients' thermal comfort during elective adult surgery.
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University Hospital Marburg and Medical Faculty, Philipps-University of Marburg, Germany. Electronic address: alexander.torossian@med.uni-marburg.de.
Alexander
A
Torossian
Department Cardiovascular Sciences and Department of Anesthesiology, KU Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium.
Elke
E
Van Gerven
Department of Operative and Intensive Care, Hallands sjukhus Varberg, Sweden.
Karin
K
Geertsen
Department of Orthopedics, Aleris Specialistvård, Motala Hospital, Sweden.
Bengt
B
Horn
Department Cardiovascular Sciences and Department of Anesthesiology, KU Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium.
Marc
M
Van de Velde
Department of Anesthesiology, Oslo University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Norway.
Johan
J
Raeder
D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001512:Bedding and Linens; D001831:Body Temperature; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015994:Incidence; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017694:Rewarming / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome
Guideline on surgical patient thermal management; Perioperative hypothermia; Prewarming; Self-warming blanket