A Comparison of Pain Beliefs and Coping Strategies and Their Association with Chronic Pain Adjustment Between Singapore and United States.
OBJECTIVE
Research examining the importance of pain beliefs and coping strategies to chronic pain adjustment has been performed almost exclusively using Western populations. The purpose of this study was to examine empirically the generalizability of this research to Singapore.


METHODS
Employing a cross-sectional design, measures assessing pain beliefs, coping strategies, pain intensity, pain interference, and depressive symptoms were administered to 101 patients with chronic pain from Singapore. Analyses examined the means of belief and coping strategies measures and their associations with measures of pain intensity, pain interference, and depressive symptoms and compared the results with the data of a sample of 100 patients with chronic pain from a previously published study from the United States.


RESULTS
Mean differences between the Singapore and US samples were found for four of the seven belief scales, and four of the eight coping scales. When significant, associations between belief and coping strategies with measures of pain and dysfunction were in the hypothesized directions in both samples. We also found that the strength of four out of 30 of the associations between beliefs/coping strategies and measures of pain and dysfunction were different between the Singapore and US samples.


CONCLUSIONS
The ﬁndings provide further support for the potential influence of culture on how individuals view and cope with pain. However, the many similarities found in direction and strength of the associations between beliefs/coping strategies and measures of pain/dysfunction provide preliminary support for the appropriateness of the use of cognitive behavioral therapy developed in the United States with the Singapore population.
National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Ivan S K
ISK
Thong
National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Gabriel
G
Tan
National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Tammy Y C
TYC
Lee
Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Mark P
MP
Jensen
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012846:Singapore; D014481:United States
Belief; Chronic Pain; Coping; Cross-Cultural Research