Exploring the antimalarial potential of whole Cymbopogon citratus plant therapy.
BACKGROUND
Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) has been used in traditional medicine as an herbal infusion to treat fever and malaria. Generally, whole plant extracts possess higher biological activity than purified compounds. However, the antimalarial activity of the whole C. citratus plant has not been experimentally tested.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the antimalarial activity of an herbal infusion and the whole Cymbopogon citratus plant in two experimental models of malaria.


METHODS
The plant was dried for 10 days at room temperature and was then milled and passed through brass sieves to obtain a powder, which was administered to CBA/Ca mice with a patent Plasmodium chabaudi AS or P. berghei ANKA infection. We analysed the effects of two different doses (1600 and 3200mg/kg) compared with those of the herbal infusion and chloroquine, used as a positive control. We also assessed the prophylactic antimalarial activities of the whole C. citratus plant and the combination of the whole plant and chloroquine.


RESULTS
The C. citratus whole plant exhibited prolonged antimalarial activity against both P. chabaudi AS and P. berghei ANKA. The low dose of the whole C. citratus plant displayed higher antimalarial activity than the high dose against P. berghei ANKA. As a prophylactic treatment, the whole plant exhibited higher antimalarial activity than either the herbal infusion or chloroquine. In addition, the combination of the whole C. citratus plant and chloroquine displayed higher activity than chloroquine alone against P. berghei ANKA patent infection.


CONCLUSIONS
We demonstrated the antimalarial activity of the whole C. citratus plant in two experimental models. The whole C. citratus plant elicited higher anti-malarial activity than the herbal infusion or chloroquine when used as a prophylactic treatment. The antimalarial activity of the whole C. citratus plant supports continued efforts towards developing whole plant therapies for the management of malaria and other infectious diseases prevalent in resource-poor communities.
Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, FES Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Batalla 5 de Mayo esq. Fuerte de Loreto, Iztapalapa 09230, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Department of Public Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri PMB 1526, Imo State, Nigeria.
Uchechukwu M
UM
Chukwuocha
Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, FES Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Batalla 5 de Mayo esq. Fuerte de Loreto, Iztapalapa 09230, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
Omar
O
Fernández-Rivera
Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, FES Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Batalla 5 de Mayo esq. Fuerte de Loreto, Iztapalapa 09230, Ciudad de México, Mexico. Electronic address: marthal@unam.mx.
Martha
M
Legorreta-Herrera
D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology; D031743:Cymbopogon / Q000737:chemistry*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D008808:Mice, Inbred CBA; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D010962:Plasmodium berghei / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D016788:Plasmodium chabaudi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D013997:Time Factors
D000962:Antimalarials; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002738:Chloroquine
Antimalarial; Cymbopogon citratus; Plasmodium; Whole-plant