The effect of the number of alkyl substituents on imidazolium ionic liquids phytotoxicity and oxidative stress in spring barley and common radish seedlings.
Increasing amounts of two ILs: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [BMIM][PF6] and 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [BMMIM][PF6], were introduced to soil in which spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) and common radish (Raphanus sativus L. subvar. radicula Pers.) seedlings were cultivated, in order to evaluate the phytotoxicity of ionic liquids with imidazolium cation with two or three alkyl substituents attached. The results of the study i.e. the inhibition of the length of plants and their roots, as well as the yield of fresh weight of plants, clearly showed that differences in the number of substituents did not affect the toxicity of these ILs. Although, radish was more resistant to the applied ionic liquids than barley. Ionic liquids led to a decrease in the content of all assimilation pigments and induced oxidative stress in the plants, as showed by an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and changes in the level of H2O2and antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD). The best biomarkers of oxidative stress in both plants were the changes in chlorophyll content and the increase in POD activity. Both spring barley and radish exposed to [BMIM][PF6] and [BMMIM][PF6] accumulated a large amount of fluoride ions, which further increased the toxicity of these compounds for both plants.
Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland. Electronic address: r.biczak@ajd.czest.pl.
Robert
R
Biczak
Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland.
Barbara
B
Pawłowska
West Pomeranian University of Technology, The Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Juliusza Słowackiego St. 17, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland.
Arkadiusz
A
Telesiński
Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland.
Wojciech
W
Ciesielski
D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D001467:Hordeum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010544:Peroxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D031224:Raphanus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
C525965:1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium; C412621:1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D002734:Chlorophyll; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D010544:Peroxidases; D002374:Catalase; D009195:Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
Antioxidant enzyme activity; Imidazolium ionic liquids; Oxidative stress; Photosynthetic pigments; Phytotoxicity