Genomic and Nongenomic Effects of Mifepristone at the Cardiovascular Level: A Review.
Mifepristone (RU 486) is a compound that is structurally related to steroid hormones, which is derived from the estrane progestins. This compound strongly binds the progesterone and glucocorticoid receptor and, to a lesser extent, the androgen receptor. This compound has its effects through different signaling pathways, related to genomic and nongenomic effects. The genomic effect involves the activation or blockage of nuclear or intracellular receptor, that in this case the progesterone, glucocorticoid, and androgen receptors. On the contrary, the nongenomic effect of mifepristone is independent of the activation of these receptors. Regarding the nongenomic, several authors observed that mifepristone induces higher uterine artery blood flow probably due to the decrease in serum nitric oxide level. Moreover, recently it has been demonstrated that mifepristone induces relaxation, and this effect is independent of the endothelium and due to the activation of the calcium channels. The main side effects associated with this pathway are hemorrhage and inhibition of platelet aggregation that can lead to hypovolemia or to hypotension. Concerning the genomic effect, this drug blocks progesterone, androgens, and glucocorticoids receptors and also activates the progesterone receptor and their respective effects. The most frequently reported adverse effects of mifepristone are nausea, vomiting, hypovolemia, hypotension, amenorrhea, and infertility. The main purpose of this review is to describe the genomic and nongenomic effects of mifepristone at vascular level and describe some pathologies in which mifepristone is used as a treatment.
1 Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
Joana
J
Feiteiro
1 Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
Melissa
M
Mariana
1 Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
Ignacio
I
Verde
1 Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
Elisa
E
Cairrão
D059002:Androgen Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006727:Hormone Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015735:Mifepristone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D055988:Uterine Artery / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
D059002:Androgen Receptor Antagonists; D015220:Calcium Channels; D006727:Hormone Antagonists; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D015735:Mifepristone
androgen receptors (AR); cardiovascular system; glucocorticoid receptor; mifepristone (RU 486); progesterone receptor (PR)