Application of the Multimedia Urban Model to estimate the emissions and environmental fate of PAHs in Tarragona County, Catalonia, Spain.
The Multimedia Urban Model (MUM-Fate) was used to estimate the emissions, fate and transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Tarragona County, Catalonia, Spain, where the largest chemical/petrochemical industrial complex of Southern Europe is located. MUM-Fate is a Level III steady-state fugacity model consisting of seven bulk media compartments (lower and upper air, surface water, sediment, soil, vegetation, and an organic film that coats impervious surfaces). The model was parameterized according to environmental conditions in Tarragona County, and used to back-calculate emissions from measured air concentrations of naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene. Modelled results in soils were within the range reported for measured concentrations. Estimated emissions of ∑6PAH were 42ty-1, with phenanthrene having the greatest value (16ty-1). The fate and transport of ∑6PAH were subsequently estimated by running the model an illustrative emission rate of 1molh-1. Organic film on impervious surfaces was the compartment that achieved the highest concentrations of PAHs, being up to 2·108ngm-3. However, as the film conveys chemicals to surface waters, the persistence in this compartment was <1day. Soils and sediments were the greatest sinks for PAHs, with a persistence of 100-1000days. The greatest loss of PAHs was due to advection from air, followed by photodegradation from air. These results provide a first approximation of the current emissions and fate of PAHs in Tarragona County.
Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
Noelia
N
Domínguez-Morueco
Diamond Environmental Research Group, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada.
Miriam L
ML
Diamond
Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Soil Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
Jordi
J
Sierra
Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
Marta
M
Schuhmacher
Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
José L
JL
Domingo
Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain. Electronic address: marti.nadal@urv.cat.
Martí
M
Nadal
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013030:Spain
D000393:Air Pollutants; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012989:Soil Pollutants
MUM-Fate; Model evaluation; Petrochemical area; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); Urban pollution