Pathogenesis and risk factors for gastric cancer after Helicobacter pylori eradication.
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection was thought to be the main cause of gastric cancer, and its eradication showed improvement in gastric inflammation and decreased the risk of gastric cancer. Recently, a number of studies reported the occurrence of gastric cancer after successful eradication. Patients infected with H. pylori, even after eradication, have a higher risk for the occurrence of gastric cancer when compared with uninfected patients. Metachronous gastric cancer occurs frequently following the endoscopic removal of early gastric cancer. These data indicate that metachronous cancer leads to the occurrence of gastric cancer even after successful eradication of H. pylori. The pathogenesis of this metachronous cancer remains unclear. Further research is needed to identify biomarkers to predict the development of metachronous gastric cancer and methods for gastric cancer screening. In this article, we review the role of the H. pylori in carcinogenesis and the histological and endoscopic characteristics and risk factors for metachronous gastric cancer after eradication. Additionally, we discuss recent risk predictions and possible approaches for reducing the risk of metachronous gastric cancer after eradication.
Reina Ohba, Katsunori Iijima, Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
Reina
R
Ohba
Reina Ohba, Katsunori Iijima, Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
Katsunori
K
Iijima
Atrophic gastritis; Eradication; Helicobacter pylori; Intestinal metaplasia; Metachronous gastric cancer
Cancer Res. 2010 Jul 15;70(14):5912-22
20634404
Helicobacter. 2011 Dec;16(6):415-9
22059391
BMJ. 2014 May 20;348:g3174
24846275
Lancet. 2008 Aug 2;372(9636):392-7
18675689
Gut. 2013 Oct;62(10):1425-32
22914298
J Gastric Cancer. 2015 Dec;15(4):246-55
26819804
Gastroenterology. 2010 Apr;138(4):1455-67, 1467.e1-4
20026064
J Gastroenterol. 2011 Mar;46(3):318-24
21103997
N Engl J Med. 1997 Mar 27;336(13):957-8
9072696
Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Jun;104(6):1342-5
19491846
Nihon Rinsho. 2013 Aug;71(8):1429-35
23967675
Tohoku J Exp Med. 2012;226(1):45-53
22186036
Dig Endosc. 2010 Jul;22(3):169-73
20642604
Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2000 Dec;29(4):819-27
11190066
J Gastroenterol. 2011 Feb;46(2):175-82
20967557
Gastric Cancer. 2016 Jul;19(3):911-8
26420267
Gut Pathog. 2010 Mar 31;2(1):2
20356368
Surg Endosc. 2004 Feb;18(2):182-5
14691704
Intern Med. 2010;49(7):633-6
20371951
Cell Host Microbe. 2012 Dec 13;12(6):764-77
23245321
Gastroenterology. 2009 Nov;137(5):1641-8.e1-2
19664631
J Dig Dis. 2012 Jan;13(1):2-9
22188910
JAMA. 2004 Jan 14;291(2):187-94
14722144
J Gastroenterol. 2015 Jul;50(7):751-7
25479940
Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi. 2013 Feb;110(2):225-33
23381210
Nat Med. 2007 Apr;13(4):470-6
17401375
Digestion. 2008;78(2-3):113-9
19023205
Gastric Cancer. 2013 Oct;16(4):488-97
23292007
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 May;12(5):793-800.e1
24100112
J Gastroenterol. 2012 Jun;47(6):641-6
22350696
JAMA. 2013 Feb 13;309(6):578-86
23403682
World J Gastroenterol. 2014 May 21;20(19):5903-11
24914352
Gastric Cancer. 2012 Oct;15(4):382-8
22237657
Gastroenterology. 2014 Aug;147(2):407-17.e3
24786892
Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2013 Apr;6(4):263-70
23559452
Gastrointest Endosc. 2012 Jan;75(1):39-46
22018552
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Mar 1;21(5):559-66
15740539
J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Mar;23(3):351-65
18318820
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006 Nov;15(11):2317-21
17119066
J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002 Jan;17(1):39-45
11895551
Int J Cancer. 2014 Mar 15;134(6):1445-57
24009139
Carcinogenesis. 2015 Nov;36(11):1291-8
26354778
Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Dec;104(12):3100; author reply 3101-2
19956126
Nat Rev Cancer. 2004 Sep;4(9):688-94
15343275
Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2015 Sep;44(3):639-48
26314673
Digestion. 2010;81(4):223-30
20110706
Cancer. 1953 Sep;6(5):963-8
13094644
Cancer Res. 1992 Dec 15;52(24):6735-40
1458460
Semin Cancer Biol. 2013 Dec;23(6 Pt B):492-501
23876852
J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jan;42 Suppl 17:21-7
17238021
Annu Rev Immunol. 2002;20:165-96
11861601
Dig Dis Sci. 2014 Jun;59(6):1078-9
24595657
Br J Cancer. 2013 Jul 23;109(2):379-86
23778530
Helicobacter. 2014 Aug;19(4):289-95
24766284
Helicobacter. 2011 Jun;16(3):210-6
21585606
Tumour Biol. 2012 Apr;33(2):383-93
22161215
Science. 2002 Jan 25;295(5555):683-6
11743164
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Aug;40(3):250-60
24912650
Cancer Cell. 2011 Mar 8;19(3):387-400
21397861
Helicobacter. 2007 Nov;12 Suppl 2:32-8
17991174
PLoS One. 2015 Apr 01;10(4):e0120397
25831092
Gastrointest Radiol. 1991 Fall;16(4):289-92
1936767
Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Feb 1;12(3 Pt 1):989-95
16467114
Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2011 Mar;38(3):353-7
21403436
Helicobacter. 2014 Aug;19(4):243-8
25056262
Gut. 2015 Mar;64(3):388-96
25379950
J Natl Cancer Inst. 1971 Jul;47(1):179-95
5570116
Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi. 2009 Dec;64(2-4):311-7
19628929
Dig Endosc. 2013 May;25(3):264-73
23369104
Ann Intern Med. 2001 Mar 6;134(5):380-6
11242498
Gastric Cancer. 2016 Apr;19(2):524-530
25752268
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Nov;7(11):620-8
20924366
J Gastroenterol. 2010;45(1):37-44
19821005
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Mar;39(6):609-18
24461252