Macromolecular Crowding In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Between.
Biochemical processes take place in heterogeneous and highly volume-occupied or crowded environments that can considerably influence the reactivity and distribution of participating macromolecules. We summarize here the thermodynamic consequences of excluded-volume and long-range nonspecific intermolecular interactions for macromolecular reactions in volume-occupied media. In addition, we summarize and compare the information content of studies of crowding in vitro and in vivo. We emphasize the importance of characterizing the behavior not only of labeled tracer macromolecules but also the composition and behavior of unlabeled macromolecules in the immediate vicinity of the tracer. Finally, we propose strategies for extending quantitative analyses of crowding in simple model systems to increasingly complex media up to and including intact cells.
Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: grivas@cib.csic.es.
Germán
G
Rivas
Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: minton@helix.nih.gov.
Allen P
AP
Minton
D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D002451:Cell Compartmentation; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007700:Kinetics; D015388:Organelles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019897:Periplasm / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry*; D013816:Thermodynamics
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012329:RNA, Bacterial
crowding theory; in-cell experiments; long-range interactions; nonspecific interactions; steric interactions
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