Occurrence, distribution, and dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls and health risk assessment in Selangor River basin.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were monitored in surface water collected in the Selangor River basin, Malaysia, to identify the occurrence, distribution, and dechlorination process as well as to assess the potential adverse effects to the Malaysian population. Ten PCB homologs (i.e., mono-CBs to deca-CBs) were quantitated by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The total concentration of PCBs in the 10 sampling sites ranged from limit of detection to 7.67 ng L-1. The higher chlorinated biphenyls (tetra-CBs to deca-CBs) were almost not detected in most of the sampling sites, whereas lower chlorinated biphenyls (mono-CBs, di-CBs, and tri-CBs) dominated more than 90 % of the 10 homologs in all the sampling sites. Therefore, the PCB load was estimated to be negligible during the sampling period because PCBs have an extremely long half-life. The PCBs, particularly higher chlorinated biphenyls, could be thoroughly dechlorinated to mono-CBs to tri-CBs by microbial decomposition in sediment or could still be accumulated in the sediment. The lower chlorinated biphenyls, however, could be resuspended or desorbed from the sediment because they have faster desorption rates and higher solubility, compared to the higher chlorinated biphenyls. The health risk for the Malaysia population by PCB intake that was estimated from the local fish consumption (7.2 ng kg-1bw day-1) and tap water consumption (1.5 × 10-3-3.1 × 10-3ng kg-1bw day-1) based on the detected PCB levels in the surface water was considered to be minimal. The hazard quotient based on the tolerable daily intake (20 ng kg-1bw day-1) was estimated at 0.36.
Division of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 6158540, Japan. sakai@risk.env.kyoto-u.ac.jp.|Shimadzu-UMMC Centre of Xenobiotic Studies, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. sakai@risk.env.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
Nobumitsu
N
Sakai
Shimadzu-UMMC Centre of Xenobiotic Studies, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Emmy
E
Dayana
University of Malaya-Kyoto University Secretariat, Research Management and Innovation Complex (RMIC), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Azizi
A
Abu Bakar
Division of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 6158540, Japan.
Minoru
M
Yoneda
University of Malaya-Kyoto University Secretariat, Research Management and Innovation Complex (RMIC), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Nik Meriam
NM
Nik Sulaiman
Shimadzu-UMMC Centre of Xenobiotic Studies, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Mustafa
M
Ali Mohd
D000327:Adsorption; D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004032:Diet; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005399:Fishes; D005506:Food Contamination; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D006207:Half-Life; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008296:Malaysia; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D018570:Risk Assessment; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D013535:Suspensions; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D060753:Water Quality; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*
D060766:Drinking Water; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D013535:Suspensions; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Dechlorination; GC/MS; Health risk assessment; PCBs; Selangor River basin
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