Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with overactive bladder; a case-control study.
BACKGROUND
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common childhood psychiatric disorder. This disorder is more prevalent in some chronic diseases.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate ADHD in children with overactive bladder.


METHODS
A number of 92 children with overactive bladder and 92 healthy children without overactive bladder (age range of both groups 5 to 12 years old) were included in this study as case and control groups, respectively. Participants were selected from children who had referred to a pediatric clinic in Arak city, Iran. ADHD types (inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive, and mixed) were diagnosed by Conner's Parent Rating Scale and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV-TR (DSM-IV-TR) criteria. Data were analyzed by chi-square and t tests.


RESULTS
In both groups, 51 children (27.7%) had ADHD. The prevalence of ADHD in the case group (33 cases, 35.9%) was significantly higher than the control group (18 cases, 19.6%) (P = 0.021). Inattentive ADHD was observed in 22 participants (23.9%) of the case group and nine participants of the control group (9.7%) (P = 0.047). Despite this significant difference, three (3.2%) and four (4.3%) children were affected by hyperactive-impulsive ADHD (P = 0.73), and eight (8.6%) and five (5.4%) children were affected by mixed ADHD (P = 0.42) in the case and control groups, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
ADHD bladder is significantly more common in children with overactive bladder than healthy children. The observed correlation between ADHD and overactive bladder makes psychological counseling mandatory in children with overactive bladder.
Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
Parsa
P
Yousefichaijan
Students Research Committee, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
Mojtaba
M
Sharafkhah
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
Mohammad
M
Rafiei
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
Bahman
B
Salehi
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Overactive; Urinary bladder
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