Scale-up of the electrokinetic fence technology for the removal of pesticides. Part II: Does size matter for removal of herbicides?
This work reports results of the application of electrokinetic fence technology in a 32 m3-prototype which contains soil polluted with 2,4-D and oxyfluorfen, focusing on the evaluation of the mechanisms that describe the removal of these two herbicides and comparing results to those obtained in smaller plants: a pilot-scale mockup (175 L) and a lab-scale soil column (1 L). Results show that electric heating of soil (coupled with the increase in the volatility) is the key to explain the removal of pollutants in the largest scale facility while electrokinetic transport processes are the primary mechanisms that explain the removal of herbicides in the lab-scale plant. 2-D and 3-D maps of the temperature and pollutant concentrations are used in the discussion of results trying to give light about the mechanisms and about how the size of the setup can lead to different conclusions, despite the same processes are occurring in the soil.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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López-Vizcaíno
Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Risco
Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Isidro
Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Rodrigo
Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Saez
Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Cañizares
Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Navarro
Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain. Electronic address: manuel.rodrigo@uclm.es.
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Rodrigo
D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010944:Plants / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006540:Herbicides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; C016027:oxyfluorofen
2,4-D; Electrokinetic fences; Oxyfluorfen; Scale-up; Soil remediation