Mineralizing urban net-zero water treatment: Phase II field results and design recommendations.
Net-zero water (NZW) systems, or water management systems achieving high recycling rates and low residuals generation so as to avoid water import and export, can also conserve energy used to heat and convey water, while economically restoring local eco-hydrology. However, design and operating experience are extremely limited. The objective of this paper is to present the results of the second phase of operation of an advanced oxidation-based NZW pilot system designed, constructed, and operated for a period of two years, serving an occupied four-person apartment. System water was monitored, either continuously or thrice daily, for routine water quality parameters, minerals, and MicroTox®in-vitro toxicity, and intermittently for somatic and male-specific coliphage, adenovirus, Cryptosporidium, Giardia, emerging organic constituents (non-quantitative), and the Florida drinking water standards. All 115 drinking water standards with the exception of bromate were met in this phase. Neither virus nor protozoa were detected in the treated water, with the exception of measurement of adenovirus genome copies attributed to accumulation of inactive genetic material in hydraulic dead zones. Chemical oxygen demand was mineralized to <0.7 mg/L, and all but six of 1006 emerging organic constituents analyzed were either undetected or removed >90% in treatment. Total dissolved solids were maintained at ∼500 mg/L at steady state, partially through aerated aluminum electrocoagulation. Bromate accumulation is projected to be controlled by aluminum electrocoagulation with separate disposal of backwash water. Further development of such systems and their automated/remote process control systems is recommended.
University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA. Electronic address: l.gassie@umiami.edu.
Lucien W
LW
Gassie
University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA. Electronic address: jenglehardt@miami.edu.
James D
JD
Englehardt
Florida International University, 3000 NE 151th Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33181, USA; Waters Corporation, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 407N, Beverly, MA 01915-6101, USA. Electronic address: Jian_J_Wang@waters.com.
Jian
J
Wang
US Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA. Electronic address: Brinkman.Nichole@epa.gov.
Nichole
N
Brinkman
US Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA. Electronic address: Garland.Jay@epa.gov.
Jay
J
Garland
Florida International University, 3000 NE 151th Street, North Miami Beach, FL 33181, USA. Electronic address: Piero.Gardinali@fiu.edu.
Piero
P
Gardinali
Mass Instruments LLC, 301 Reservoir Street, Needham, MA 02494, USA. Electronic address: guotianjiao@massinstrumentsllc.com.
Tianjiao
T
Guo
D057919:Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; D008900:Mineral Waters; D059027:Recycling; D018508:Water Purification; D060753:Water Quality
D008900:Mineral Waters
Advanced oxidation; Net-zero; Potable water reuse