Pornography classification: The hidden clues in video space-time.
As web technologies and social networks become part of the general public's life, the problem of automatically detecting pornography is into every parent's mind - nobody feels completely safe when their children go online. In this paper, we focus on video-pornography classification, a hard problem in which traditional methods often employ still-image techniques - labeling frames individually prior to a global decision. Frame-based approaches, however, ignore significant cogent information brought by motion. Here, we introduce a space-temporal interest point detector and descriptor called Temporal Robust Features (TRoF). TRoF was custom-tailored for efficient (low processing time and memory footprint) and effective (high classification accuracy and low false negative rate) motion description, particularly suited to the task at hand. We aggregate local information extracted by TRoF into a mid-level representation using Fisher Vectors, the state-of-the-art model of Bags of Visual Words (BoVW). We evaluate our original strategy, contrasting it both to commercial pornography detection solutions, and to BoVW solutions based upon other space-temporal features from the scientific literature. The performance is assessed using the Pornography-2k dataset, a new challenging pornographic benchmark, comprising 2000 web videos and 140h of video footage. The dataset is also a contribution of this work and is very assorted, including both professional and amateur content, and it depicts several genres of pornography, from cartoon to live action, with diverse behavior and ethnicity. The best approach, based on a dense application of TRoF, yields a classification error reduction of almost 79% when compared to the best commercial classifier. A sparse description relying on TRoF detector is also noteworthy, for yielding a classification error reduction of over 69%, with 19× less memory footprint than the dense solution, and yet can also be implemented to meet real-time requirements.
Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, Brazil. Electronic address: daniel.moreira@ic.unicamp.br.
Daniel
D
Moreira
School of Electrical and Computing Engineering, University of Campinas, Brazil. Electronic address: sandra@dca.fee.unicamp.br.
Sandra
S
Avila
Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, Brazil.
Mauricio
M
Perez
Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, Brazil.
Daniel
D
Moraes
Samsung Research Institute Brazil, Brazil.
Vanessa
V
Testoni
School of Electrical and Computing Engineering, University of Campinas, Brazil.
Eduardo
E
Valle
Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, Brazil.
Siome
S
Goldenstein
Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, Brazil. Electronic address: anderson.rocha@ic.unicamp.br.
Anderson
A
Rocha
D000465:Algorithms; D004882:Erotica; D006801:Humans; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D060388:Support Vector Machine; D014741:Video Recording
Fisher Vector; Sensitive media; TRoF; Temporal information; Video pornography classification