Electrospun nanofibres to mimic natural hierarchical structure of tissues: application in musculoskeletal regeneration.
Biomimetic scaffolds mimicking the natural hierarchical structure of tissues have recently attracted the interest of researchers and provide a promising strategy to resemble the nonhomogeneous property of tissues. This review provides an overview of the various hierarchical length scales in the native tissues of the musculoskeletal system. It further focuses on electrospinning as a technique to mimic the tissue structures with specific emphasis on bone. The effect of cellular alignment, infiltration, vascularisation, and differentiation in these nanostructures has also been discussed. An outline of the various additive manufacturing techniques in combination with electrospinning has been elaborated. The review concludes with the challenges and future directions to understand the intricacies of bottom-up approach to engineer the systems at a macroscale. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Telangana, Hyderabad, India.
Sharanya
S
Sankar
Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Telangana, Hyderabad, India.
Chandra S
CS
Sharma
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Telangana, Hyderabad, India.
Subha N
SN
Rath
Center for Nanofibres & Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Seeram
S
Ramakrishna
D000818:Animals; D032701:Biomimetics; D006801:Humans; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry*; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D012038:Regeneration; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
additive manufacturing; alignment; biomimetic scaffolds; bottom-up approach; electrospinning; hierarchical structure; musculoskeletal system