Role of Bacterial Exopolysaccharides as Agents in Counteracting Immune Disorders Induced by Herpes Virus.
Extreme marine environments, such as the submarine shallow vents of the Eolian Islands (Italy), offer an almost unexplored source of microorganisms producing unexploited and promising biomolecules for pharmaceutical applications. Thermophilic and thermotolerant bacilli isolated from Eolian vents are able to produce exopolysaccharides (EPSs) with antiviral and immunomodulatory effects against Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-2 is responsible for the most common and continuously increasing viral infections in humans. Due to the appearance of resistance to the available treatments, new biomolecules exhibiting different mechanisms of action could provide novel agents for treating viral infections. The EPSs hinder the HSV-2 replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but not in WISH (Wistar Institute Susan Hayflic) cells line, indicating that cell-mediated immunity was involved in the antiviral activity. High levels of Th1-type cytokines were detected in PBMC treated with all EPSs, while Th2-type cytokines were not induced. These EPSs are water soluble exopolymers able to stimulate the immune response and thus contribute to the antiviral immune defense, acting as immunomodulators. As stimulants of Th1 cell-mediated immunity, they could lead to the development of novel drugs as alternative in the treatment of herpes virus infections, as well as in immunocompromised host.
Research Centre for Extreme Environments and Extremophiles, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy. cgugliandolo@unime.it.
Concetta
C
Gugliandolo
Research Centre for Extreme Environments and Extremophiles, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy. aspan@unime.it.
Antonio
A
Spanò
Research Centre for Extreme Environments and Extremophiles, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy. tmaugeri@unime.it.
Teresa L
TL
Maugeri
Research Centre for Extreme Environments and Extremophiles, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy. apoli@icb.cnr.it.|Council of National Research (C.N.R.), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy. apoli@icb.cnr.it.
Annarita
A
Poli
Research Centre for Extreme Environments and Extremophiles, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy. aarena@unime.it.|Department of Human Pathology, Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Policlinico Universitario "G. Martino", Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy. aarena@unime.it.
Adriana
A
Arena
Research Centre for Extreme Environments and Extremophiles, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, V.le F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy. bnicolaus@icb.cnr.it.|Council of National Research (C.N.R.), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy. bnicolaus@icb.cnr.it.
Barbara
B
Nicolaus
Eolian Islands; antivirals; exopolysaccharides; extremophiles; herpes simplex virus; immunomodulators; shallow marine vents
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