Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in patients with chronic kidney disease.
OBJECTIVE
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the cornerstone of pain management. There are no detailed data on NSAIDs use in Poland, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency, circumstances, and causes of NSAIDs use as well as knowledge of their side-effects in patients with CKD.


METHODS
This cross-sectional study was conducted in 972 individuals with CKD, enrolled in a written survey originally developed by the authors. There were 574 patients with CKD stage I-IV, 414 patients after renal transplantation stage II-IV (CKDT) and 84 dialyzed patients (44 peritoneal, 40 hemodialysis).


RESULTS
Among the entire study group, 16.9 % of patients used NSAIDs every day, or several times a week. The average number of tablets taken within a month was 21.8. Subgroup analysis revealed that NSAIDs were taken most often by patients on hemodialysis: 35 % of them used NSAIDs every day or several times a week (43.15 pills per month). The most common reason for using NSAIDs were bone-joint pain (29.3 %) and headache (26.2 %). Side effects of painkillers such as renal function deterioration and the possible promotion of stomach ulcers were experienced by 43.6 and 37.6 % of respondents, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Patients with CKD often take NSAIDs. This applies especially to the group of people undergoing hemodialysis, which is mainly associated with chronic osteo-articular pain. The results also show a low awareness of painkillers' adverse effects.
Unit of Clinical Pharmacology in the Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 7 Dębinki Street, 80-952, Gdańsk, Poland. zth1@gumed.edu.pl.
Zbigniew
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3284-0149
Z
Heleniak
Unit of Clinical Pharmacology in the Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 7 Dębinki Street, 80-952, Gdańsk, Poland.
Magdalena
M
Cieplińska
Unit of Clinical Pharmacology in the Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 7 Dębinki Street, 80-952, Gdańsk, Poland.
Tomasz
T
Szychliński
Unit of Clinical Pharmacology in the Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 7 Dębinki Street, 80-952, Gdańsk, Poland.
Dymitr
D
Rychter
Unit of Clinical Pharmacology in the Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 7 Dębinki Street, 80-952, Gdańsk, Poland.
Kalina
K
Jagodzińska
Unit of Clinical Pharmacology in the Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 7 Dębinki Street, 80-952, Gdańsk, Poland.
Alicja
A
Kłos
Unit of Clinical Pharmacology in the Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 7 Dębinki Street, 80-952, Gdańsk, Poland.
Izabela
I
Kuźmiuk
Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
Marzena Jakimowicz
MJ
Tylicka
Unit of Clinical Pharmacology in the Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 7 Dębinki Street, 80-952, Gdańsk, Poland.
Leszek
L
Tylicki
Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
Bolesław
B
Rutkowski
Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
Alicja
A
Dębska-Ślizień
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
Chronic kidney disease; NSAIDs; Pain; Side effects
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