Informing the Human Plasma Protein Binding of Environmental Chemicals by Machine Learning in the Pharmaceutical Space: Applicability Domain and Limits of Predictability.
The free fraction of a xenobiotic in plasma (Fub) is an important determinant of chemical adsorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity, yet experimental plasma protein binding data are scarce for environmentally relevant chemicals. The presented work explores the merit of utilizing available pharmaceutical data to predict Fubfor environmentally relevant chemicals via machine learning techniques. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models were constructed with k nearest neighbors (kNN), support vector machines (SVM), and random forest (RF) machine learning algorithms from a training set of 1045 pharmaceuticals. The models were then evaluated with independent test sets of pharmaceuticals (200 compounds) and environmentally relevant ToxCast chemicals (406 total, in two groups of 238 and 168 compounds). The selection of a minimal feature set of 10-15 2D molecular descriptors allowed for both informative feature interpretation and practical applicability domain assessment via a bounded box of descriptor ranges and principal component analysis. The diverse pharmaceutical and environmental chemical sets exhibit similarities in terms of chemical space (99-82% overlap), as well as comparable bias and variance in constructed learning curves. All the models exhibit significant predictability with mean absolute errors (MAE) in the range of 0.10-0.18Fub. The models performed best for highly bound chemicals (MAE 0.07-0.12), neutrals (MAE 0.11-0.14), and acids (MAE 0.14-0.17). A consensus model had the highest accuracy across both pharmaceuticals (MAE 0.151-0.155) and environmentally relevant chemicals (MAE 0.110-0.131). The inclusion of the majority of the ToxCast test sets within the AD of the consensus model, coupled with high prediction accuracy for these chemicals, indicates the model provides a QSAR for Fubthat is broadly applicable to both pharmaceuticals and environmentally relevant chemicals.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States.
Brandall L
BL
Ingle
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health Exposure Effects Research Laboratory , Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States.|Oak Ridge Institutes for Science and Education , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States.
Brandon C
BC
Veber
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health Exposure Effects Research Laboratory , Duluth, Minnesota 55804, United States.
John W
JW
Nichols
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States.
Rogelio
R
Tornero-Velez
D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D021281:Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship; D060388:Support Vector Machine
D001798:Blood Proteins; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations