Bloodstream infections in febrile neutropenic patients at a tertiary cancer institute in South India: A timeline of clinical and microbial trends through the years.
BACKGROUND
Febrile neutropenia (FN) is an oncological emergency. The choice of empiric therapy depends on the locally prevalent pathogens and their sensitivities, the sites of infection, and cost. The Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines are being followed for the management of FN in India.


METHODS
This is a prospective observational study conducted at a tertiary care cancer centre from September 2012 to September 2014.


OBJECTIVE
The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) To review the pattern of microbial flora, susceptibility pattern, and important clinical variables among bloodstream infections in febrile neutropenic patients with solid tumors and hematological malignancies. (2) As per the institutional protocol to periodically review the antibiotic policy and susceptibility pattern, and compare the findings with an earlier study done in our institute in 2010. This was a prospective study conducted from September 2012 to September 2014.


RESULTS
About 379 episodes of FN were documented among 300 patients. About 887 blood cultures were drawn. Of these, 137 (15%) isolates were cultured. Isolates having identical antibiograms obtained from a single patient during the same hospitalization were considered as one. Hence, 128 isolates were analyzed. About 74 (58%) cultures yielded Gram-negative bacilli, 51 (40%) were positive for Gram-positive cocci, and 3 (2%) grew fungi. Among Gram-negative organisms, Escherichia coli followed by Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae accounted for 78% of the isolates. Among Gram-positive cocci, Staphylococcus species accounted for 84% of the isolates. We have noted a changing trend in the antibiotic sensitivity pattern over the years. Following the switch in empirical antibiotics, based on the results of the study done in 2010 (when the empirical antibiotics were ceftazidime + amikacin), the sensitivity to cefoperazone-sulbactam has plunged from about 80% to 60%%. Similar reduction in susceptibility was noted for piperacillin-tazobactam, imipenem, and meropenem. On the contrary, there was a marked increase in sensitivity to ceftazidime (50-76%). Based on these results, we have reverted to ceftazidime + amikacin as the empirical antibiotics.


CONCLUSIONS
Every institute must have a regular revision of antibiotic policy based on periodic assessment of the clinical and microbiological profile in FN. This will combat antibiotic resistance.
Department of Medical Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
K Govind
KG
Babu
Department of Medical Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
D
D
Lokanatha
Department of Medical Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
K C
KC
Lakshmaiah
Department of Medical Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
M C
MC
Suresh Babu
Department of Medical Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Linu A
LA
Jacob
Department of Medical Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Gita R
GR
Bhat
Department of Microbiology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Harsha
H
Vardhana
Department of Microbiology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Mahua
M
Sinha
Department of Microbiology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
B R
BR
Vijaykumar
Department of Microbiology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
B G
BG
Sumati
Department of Microbiology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
R S
RS
Jayshree
Blood culture and sensitivity; changing trends; febrile neutropenia; hematological malignancy; solid tumor
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