Replacing, reducing and refining the use of animals in tuberculosis vaccine research.
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious global health threat and an improved vaccine is urgently needed. New candidate TB vaccines are tested using preclinical animal models such as mice, guinea pigs, cattle and non-human primates. Animals are routinely infected with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in challenge experiments to evaluate protective efficacy, raising ethical issues regarding the procedure of infection itself, symptoms of disease and humane end-points. We summarize the importance and limitations of animal models in TB vaccine research and review current alternatives and modifications in the context of the NC3Rs framework for replacing, reducing and refining the use of animals for scientific purposes.
The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Rachel
R
Tanner
The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Helen
H
McShane
D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D001500:BCG Vaccine; D002417:Cattle; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology; D011323:Primates; D012106:Research; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D032581:Tuberculosis Vaccines
D001500:BCG Vaccine; D032581:Tuberculosis Vaccines
 Mtb challenge;  animal models;  tuberculosis; 3Rs; vaccine