Adult separation anxiety disorder in complicated grief: an exploratory study on frequency and correlates.
Complicated grief (CG) has been the subject of increasing attention in the past decades but its relationship with separation anxiety disorder (SEPAD) is still controversial. The aim of the current study was to explore the prevalence and clinical significance of adult SEPAD in a sample of help-seeking individuals with CG.



151 adults with CG, enrolled in a randomized controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of (CG) treatment to that of interpersonal therapy, were assessed by means of the Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG), the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS), the Adult Separation Anxiety Questionnaire (ASA-27), the Grief Related Avoidance Questionnaire (GRAQ), the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire (PDEQ), and the Impact of Events Scale (IES).



104 (68.9%) individuals with CG were considered to have SEPAD (ASA-27 score ≥22). Individuals with SEPAD were more likely to have reported a CG related to the loss of another close relative or friend (than a parent, spouse/partner or a child) (p=.02), as well as greater scores on the ICG (p=<.001), PDEQ (p=.004), GRAQ (p<.001), intrusion (p<.001) and avoidance (p=<.001) IES subscales, HAM-D (p<.001) and WSAS (p=.006). ASA-27 total scores correlated with ICG (p<.0001), PDEQ (p<.001) GRAQ (p<.0001) scores and both the IES intrusion (p<.0001) and IES avoidance (p<.0001) subscale scores. People with SEPAD had higher rates of lifetime post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (p=.04) and panic disorder (PD) (p=.01).



SEPAD is highly prevalent among patients with CG and is associated with greater symptom severity and impairment and greater comorbidity with PTSD and PD. Further studies will help to confirm and generalize our results and to determine whether adult SEPAD responds to CG treatment and/or moderates CG treatment response.
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Camilla
C
Gesi
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. Electronic address: ccarmassi@gmail.com.
Claudia
C
Carmassi
Columbia University School of Social Work, NY, U.S.A.
Katherine M
KM
Shear
Columbia University School of Social Work, NY, U.S.A.
Theresa
T
Schwartz
Columbia University School of Social Work, NY, U.S.A.
Angela
A
Ghesquiere
Columbia University School of Social Work, NY, U.S.A.
Julie
J
Khaler
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Liliana
L
Dell'Osso
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001010:Anxiety, Separation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006117:Grief; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult