Degradation of ciprofloxacin by 280 nm ultraviolet-activated persulfate: Degradation pathway and intermediate impact on proteome of Escherichia coli.
In this study, the degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) was explored using ultraviolet activated persulfate (UV/PS) with 280 nm ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs), and the toxicological assessment of degrading intermediates was performed using iTRAQ labeling quantitative proteomic technology. The quantitative mass spectrum results showed that 280 nm UV/PS treatment had a high transformation efficiency of CIP ([CIP] = 3 μM, [S2O82-] = 210 μM, apparent rate constants 0.2413 min-1). The high resolution mass spectrum analyses demonstrated that the primary intermediates included C15H16FN3O3(m/z 306.1248) and C17H18FN3O4(m/z 348.1354). The former one was formed by the cleavage of piperazine ring, while the later one was generated by the addition of a hydroxyl on the quinolone backbone. The toxicological assessment demonstrated that 56 and 110 proteins had significant up regulations and down regulations, respectively, in the Escherichia coli exposed to degraded CIP compared to untreated CIP. The majority of up-regulated proteins, such as GapA, SodC, were associated with primary metabolic process rather than responses to stress and toxic substance, inferring that the moderate UV/PS treatment can reduce the antibacterial activity of CIP by incomplete mineralization. Consequently, these results provided a novel insight into the application of UV-LED/PS treatment as a promising removal methodology for quinolones.
School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Walnut Creek 94598, CA, USA.
Jin-Shao
JS
Ye
School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
Juan
J
Liu
School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China. Electronic address: touhuase@jnu.edu.cn.
Hua-Se
HS
Ou
School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Walnut Creek 94598, CA, USA.
Lin-Lin
LL
Wang
D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000737:chemistry; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism*; D040901:Proteomics; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
D020543:Proteome; D017670:Sodium Compounds; D013431:Sulfates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; C024625:sodium persulfate
Advanced oxidation process; Antibiotics; Proteomics; Toxicological assessment; Ultraviolet activated persulfate; Water treatment