Circulating and disseminated tumor cells: diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets in motion.
Enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in peripheral blood with the gold standard CellSearchTM has proven prognostic value for tumor recurrence and progression of metastatic disease. Therefore, the further molecular characterization of isolated CTCs might have clinical relevance as liquid biopsy for therapeutic decision-making and to monitor disease progression. The direct analysis of systemic cancer appears particularly important in view of the known disparity in expression of therapeutic targets as well as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-based heterogeneity between primary and systemic tumor cells, which all substantially complicate monitoring and therapeutic targeting at present. Since CTCs are the potential precursor cells of metastasis, their in-depth molecular profiling should also provide a useful resource for target discovery. The present review will discuss the use of systemically spread cancer cells as liquid biopsy and focus on potential target antigens.
Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.
Hongxia
H
Wang
Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Nikolas H
NH
Stoecklein
Cytelligen, San Diego, California, USA.
Peter P
PP
Lin
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.|Clinical Cooperation Group Personalized Radiotherapy of Head and Neck Tumors, Helmholtz, Germany.
Olivier
O
Gires
D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis
D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
CTCs; DTCs; EpCAM; MICs; metastases
Trends Mol Med. 2010 Sep;16(9):398-406
20667783
Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Mar;9(3):1165-72
2566907
FEBS Lett. 2011 Oct 20;585(20):3148-58
21827751
EMBO Mol Med. 2014 Oct 30;6(11):1371-86
25358515
Oncogene. 2013 Jan 31;32(5):641-50
22391566
Nat Biotechnol. 2002 Apr;20(4):387-92
11923846
Nature. 2015 Nov 26;527(7579):472-6
26560033
J Biol Chem. 2011 Sep 23;286(38):33520-32
21799003
Endocr Rev. 1992 Feb;13(1):3-17
1313356
Nat Rev Cancer. 2010 Dec;10(12):871-7
21048784
Nat Rev Cancer. 2005 Sep;5(9):744-9
16148886
Nat Cell Biol. 2013 Jul;15(7):807-17
23728425
Eur J Cancer. 2000 Apr;36(6):717-23
10762743
Growth Regul. 1991 Jun;1(2):72-82
1688187
Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2014 Apr;73(4):685-93
24493157
PLoS One. 2010 Nov 19;5(11):e14062
21124918
Traffic. 2012 Aug;13(8):1106-12
22531034
Oncol Rep. 2014 Nov;32(5):1772-8
25176113
Cancer Discov. 2012 Nov;2(11):974-5
23093252
Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Oct 1;14(19):6302-9
18829513
Oncotarget. 2015 Jun 20;6(17):15639-51
25909226
Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2015 Jul;36(7):422-39
25975227
Cancer Cell. 2013 Mar 18;23(3):272-3
23518345
J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014 May 15;106(5):null
24832787
Science. 2011 Mar 25;331(6024):1559-64
21436443
Oncogene. 2000 Dec 27;19(56):6550-65
11426640
Cancer Cell. 2008 Jan;13(1):58-68
18167340
Int J Cancer. 1999 Feb 19;84(1):1-5
9988223
Cancer Res. 2007 Feb 1;67(3):1030-7
17283135
Cancer Res. 2009 Jul 15;69(14 ):5627-9
19584271
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Oct;1210:66-77
20973800
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jun 12;104(24):10158-63
17548814
Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013 Jan;137(2):503-10
23271327
Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Aug 1;12(15):4605-13
16899608
Sci Transl Med. 2014 Feb 19;6(224):224ra24
24553385
Eur J Cancer. 2016 Aug;63:97-104
27289552
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Dec 23;100(26):15901-5
14665696
Curr Drug Targets. 2011 Dec;12(14):2045-58
21777195
N Engl J Med. 2005 Oct 20;353(16):1659-72
16236737
Onkologie. 2005 Nov;28(11):547-9
16249638
Adv Immunol. 2000;74:181-273
10605607
Lancet Oncol. 2015 Jul;16(7):e321
26095782
Urology. 2001 Sep;58(3):386-92
11549486
Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006 Feb;95(3):211-8
16261406
Oncotarget. 2014 Sep 30;5(18):8147-60
25230070
PLoS One. 2014 Aug 08;9(8):e103918
25105871
Nat Med. 2006 Oct;12(10):1167-74
16998484
Ann Oncol. 2014 Oct;25(10):2042-7
25057171
Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2014 Apr;3(2):100-6
25806288
Cancer Res. 2001 Mar 1;61(5):1890-5
11280743
Sci Transl Med. 2013 Apr 10;5(180):180ra48
23576814
BMC Cancer. 2012 May 16;12 :178
22591372
J Clin Oncol. 2011 Apr 1;29(10 ):1271-9
21383285
Oncotarget. 2016 Jul 26;7(30):48625-48643
26980749
PLoS One. 2014 Dec 05;9(12):e113706
25479539
Nat Cell Biol. 2001 Sep;3(9):802-8
11533659
J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jul 1;26(19):3213-21
18591556
Cell Cycle. 2009 Feb 1;8(3):377-82
19177007
Cancer Res. 2009 Jul 1;69(13):5285-8
19549904
Sci Rep. 2015 Jul 17;5:12270
26184843
Int J Oncol. 2002 Nov;21(5):1111-7
12370762
BMC Cancer. 2016 Feb 29;16:168
26923772
Cancer Res. 2005 Oct 15;65(20):9155-8
16230372
Nat Genet. 2003 Jan;33(1):49-54
12469122
Mol Cancer Ther. 2012 Nov;11(11):2526-34
22973057
J Biol Chem. 2015 Oct 2;290(40):24574-91
26292218
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Jul;7(7):505-16
16829981
Int J Cancer. 2010 Feb 1;126(3):589-98
19795462
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Apr 24;109(17):6662-7
22451913
Int J Cancer. 2010 May 1;126(9):2067-78
19711346
Cancer Cell. 2013 May 13;23(5):573-81
23680145
J Clin Oncol. 2014 Nov 1;32(31):3483-9
24888818
Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Apr;9(4):265-73
19262571
Clin Cancer Res. 2016 Mar 1;22(5):1103-10
26446944
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Jun 24;100(13):7737-42
12808139
Dev Cell. 2013 Nov 11;27(3):263-77
24183651
Ann Transl Med. 2015 Sep;3(16):235
26539452
Breast Care (Basel). 2012 Feb;7(1):7-12
22553466
JAMA Oncol. 2016 Nov 1;2(11):1441-1449
27262168
Cell. 2009 Nov 25;139(5):871-90
19945376
Clin Cancer Res. 2015 Jun 1;21(11):2487-98
25381338
Mol Cancer Res. 2016 Jun;14(6):539-47
26951228
Oncotarget. 2015 Sep 15;6(27):24488-98
26041890
Cancer Cell. 2006 Nov;10(5):355-62
17097558
Transl Oncol. 2015 Dec;8(6):509-16
26692533
PLoS One. 2016 Apr 21;11(4):e0153018
27101285
J Transl Med. 2016 May 12;14(1):133
27176720
Oncotarget. 2015 Jun 20;6(17 ):15578-93
26008969
Int J Clin Oncol. 2015 Oct;20(5):878-90
25708591
N Engl J Med. 2005 Oct 20;353(16):1734-6
16236745
Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Oct 1;12(19):5615-21
17020963
Tumour Biol. 2014 Mar;35(3):2473-80
24218336
Expert Rev Proteomics. 2007 Dec;4(6):741-56
18067413
Oncogene. 2014 Oct 9;33(41):4904-15
24141784
Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 15;12(14 Pt 1):4218-24
16857794
Cancer Res. 2009 Feb 1;69(3):753-7
19141643
Cancer. 2005 Mar 1;103(5):884-91
15666325
Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Jul;9(7):2598-604
12855636
N Engl J Med. 2005 Oct 20;353(16):1673-84
16236738
N Engl J Med. 2013 Jul 4;369(1):93-4
23822788
Anticancer Res. 2013 Sep;33(9):3905-10
24023327
Sci Rep. 2016 Jun 15;6:28010
27302574
Pharmacogenomics. 2009 Jan;10(1):51-7
19102715
Clin Chem. 2013 Jan;59(1):252-60
23136247
Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Apr 1;13(7):2023-9
17404082
Cancer Lett. 2010 Feb 1;288(1):99-106
19619935
PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e42048
22844540
Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Nov 1;12 (21):6403-9
17085652
Am J Cancer Res. 2016 May 01;6(5):973-80
27293992
Cancer Treat Rev. 2013 Nov;39(7):691-700
23683721
EMBO Mol Med. 2014 Nov 14;7(1):1-11
25398926
Drug Discov Today. 2016 Jan;21(1):5-10
26210956
Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2016;16(2):147-64
26587751
Stem Cells. 2009 Aug;27(8):1782-91
19544432
Oncotarget. 2015 Aug 28;6(25):20902-20
26041877
Br J Cancer. 2008 Nov 18;99(10 ):1635-43
19002182
Nat Rev Cancer. 2014 Sep;14(9):611-22
25118602
Oncotarget. 2015 Nov 3;6(34):35564-78
26384352
Cell. 1987 Dec 24;51(6):1063-70
3500791
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Oct 8;110(41):16580-5
24065821
Science. 2008 Sep 26;321(5897):1785-7
18818347
Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012 Jul;134(1):283-9
22476856
Sci Transl Med. 2011 Sep 7;3(99):99ra86
21900593
J Biol Chem. 2009 Sep 25;284(39):26533-46
19633292
Cell. 2011 Mar 4;144(5):646-74
21376230
BMC Cancer. 2013 Apr 23;13:202
23617715
Cancer Cell. 2005 Sep;8(3):227-39
16169467
J Oncol. 2011;2011:252361
21577258
Cancer Lett. 2002 Feb 25;176(2):123-8
11804738
Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Sep 15;16(18):4625-35
20705613
PLoS One. 2010 Sep 08;5(9):e12517
20838621
Breast Cancer Res. 2005;7(6):R1174-85
16457698
Br J Cancer. 2006 Jan 30;94(2):184-8
16434982
Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 1;14 (21):6751-60
18980968
Int J Cancer. 2008 Nov 1;123(9):1991-2006
18712708
Oncogene. 2003 Sep 29;22(42):6570-8
14528282
Cell Oncol. 2008;30(6):463-71
18936523
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 14;103(46):17361-5
17079488
Clin Cancer Res. 2014 May 15;20(10):2553-68
24831278
Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Aug 15;14(16):5013-21
18698019
Cell. 1991 Apr 5;65(1):13-24
1707342
Int J Clin Oncol. 2016 Jun;21(3):456-61
26968587
FEBS Lett. 2004 Sep 10;574(1-3):37-41
15358536
N Engl J Med. 2005 Aug 25;353(8):793-802
16120859
Cancer Res. 2004 Aug 15;64(16):5818-24
15313925
Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009 Jun;115(3):581-90
18679793
Nature. 2015 Nov 26;527(7579):525-30
26560028
Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2011 Jul;21(5):822-30
21613958
Int J Cancer. 2013 Nov 15;133(10 ):2398-407
23661576
J Cell Biochem. 2008 Apr 15;103(6):1783-97
17910038
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jan 16;104(3):973-8
17210912
Cell. 2008 May 16;133(4):704-15
18485877
Immunol Today. 1993 Aug;14(8):395-9
7691067
J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 Jan 7;101(1):61-6
19116383
J Cell Biol. 2006 May 8;173(3):431-41
16682529
Res Immunol. 1993 Nov-Dec;144(9):750-4; discussion 754-62
7512745
J Clin Immunol. 1991 May;11(3):117-27
1679763
Br J Cancer. 2015 Apr 14;112(8):1306-13
25867263
Nat Rev Cancer. 2014 Sep;14 (9):623-31
25154812
Oncogene. 2004 Jul 29;23 (34):5748-58
15195135
Clin Cancer Res. 2016 May 15;22(10):2583-93
26733614
Recent Results Cancer Res. 2012;195:69-76
22527495
J Clin Oncol. 2005 Mar 10;23(8):1611-3
15755965
Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014 Nov;71(22):4393-402
25103341
J Biol Chem. 2006 May 19;281(20):13899-905
16565092
Mol Oncol. 2015 Nov;9(9):1773-82
26093818
Lancet. 2002 Aug 31;360(9334):683-9
12241875
Cancer Res. 2010 Jul 15;70(14):5649-69
20610625
J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993 Sep 1;85(17):1419-24
7688814
Nat Cell Biol. 2009 Feb;11(2):162-71
19136966
Diagn Pathol. 2016 Jun 17;11(1):50
27316334
Adv Cancer Res. 2003;89:35-67
14587870
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012 Aug 1;83(5):e685-90
22583603
J Biol Chem. 2010 Mar 19;285(12 ):8719-32
20064925
Cancer Lett. 2008 Aug 18;267(1):10-7
18384938
Hum Pathol. 2004 Jan;35(1):122-8
14745734
Int J Cancer. 2015 Aug 15;137(4):991-8
25622566
Sci Rep. 2016 Jul 01;6:28910
27363678
Sci Rep. 2016 Feb 02;6:20210
26831813
Neoplasia. 2007 Jun;9(6):504-10
17603633
Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013 Apr;138(2):509-17
23494674
J Cell Sci. 1992 Oct;103 ( Pt 2):293-8
1282514
Oncotarget. 2014 Aug 30;5(16):6594-602
25026283
N Engl J Med. 2004 Aug 19;351(8):781-91
15317891
Eur J Surg Oncol. 2003 Mar;29(2):121-6
12633553
Gene. 2006 Jan 17;366(1):2-16
16377102
Mol Cancer. 2014 Sep 27;13:223
25261936
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jul;85(14):5102-6
2899323
PLoS One. 2013 May 07;8(5):e62543
23667487
J Exp Med. 2000 Oct 2;192(7):1027-34
11015443
N Engl J Med. 2015 Jan 8;372(2):134-41
25564897
Cell. 2014 Aug 28;158(5):1110-22
25171411
Biochem Soc Trans. 2003 Dec;31(Pt 6):1203-8
14641026
Nat Rev Cancer. 2012 Mar 22;12(4):278-87
22437872
J Clin Oncol. 2011 Apr 20;29(12):1556-63
21422424
Nature. 1978 Nov 23;276(5686):409-10
309559
Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2010 Jun;10 (6):951-8
20426706
Oncogene. 1999 Feb 18;18(7):1435-46
10050880
Am J Surg Pathol. 2012 Dec;36(12 ):1809-16
23060348
Clin Cancer Res. 2004 Oct 15;10(20):6897-904
15501967
Nat Rev Cancer. 2008 May;8(5):329-40
18404148
Oncol Rep. 2012 Apr;27(4):947-53
22267181
Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2007 Sep-Oct;17(5):1047-55
17433065
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Dec;11(12):834-48
21102609
Clin Cancer Res. 1999 Dec;5(12 ):3999-4004
10632331
Cancer Res. 2000 Dec 15;60(24):6836-40
11156375
Oncotarget. 2014 Sep 15;5(17 ):7486-97
25277187
Clin Cancer Res. 2013 Mar 15;19(6):1363-74
23340297
Ann Oncol. 2009 Jul;20(7):1223-9
19282466
Cancer. 2015 Sep 1;121(17):3036-45
25945459
BMC Cancer. 2014 Jul 15;14:514
25023626
Hepatogastroenterology. 2012 Oct;59(119):2164-7
23178553
Cancer Cell. 2007 Mar;11(3):259-73
17349583
Ann Oncol. 2016 Jun;27(6):1155-60
27013395
Oncology. 2015 ;89(5):294-303
26315108
Sci Rep. 2016 Jul 06;6:29093
27381430
J Cell Biochem. 2006 Aug 15;98(6):1570-83
16552725
Cancer Res. 2014 Mar 15;74(6):1694-704
24599131
Acta Oncol. 2011 Jun;50(5):700-10
21261508
PLoS One. 2013 Apr 26;8(4):e61774
23658615
Cell Mol Life Sci. 2008 Nov;65(23):3756-88
18726070
Cancer Res. 2005 Feb 1;65(3):1089-96
15705911
Sci Rep. 2015 Dec 03;5:17533
26631983
Eur J Cancer. 2006 Oct;42(15):2617-22
16956761
Cancer Cell. 2009 Mar 3;15(3):165-6
19249674
Cancers (Basel). 2013 Dec 04;5(4):1619-42
24305653
Mol Cancer Ther. 2013 Sep;12(9):1886-95
23778153
N Engl J Med. 2008 Jul 24;359(4):366-77
18596266
Cell. 1990 Jun 29;61(7):1303-13
1694723
Ann Oncol. 2012 Nov;23(11):2937-42
22689177
Behring Inst Mitt. 1993 Aug;(92):273-7
7504454
Int J Cancer. 2013 Nov;133(9):2165-71
23616258
Clin Cancer Res. 2012 Oct 15;18(20):5701-10
22908097
Int J Oncol. 2005 Jul;27(1):49-57
15942643
Br J Cancer. 2007 Feb 12;96(3):417-23
17211480
Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Feb;9(2):143; author reply 143
19132011
EMBO J. 1989 Jan;8(1):167-73
2565808
PLoS One. 2015 Jun 26;10(6):e0131403
26114883
J Clin Oncol. 2012 Jan 1;30(1):60-70
22124103
PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e33788
22586443
Histochem Cell Biol. 2005 Jun;123(6):631-7
15889266
Oncotarget. 2015 Sep 29;6(29):27049-64
26267323
Cell Signal. 2005 Aug;17(8):961-73
15894169
Cancer Res. 2014 Oct 15;74(20):5690-9
25038229
Mol Immunol. 2015 Oct;67(2 Pt A):4-17
25749122
Nat Rev Cancer. 2005 Aug;5(8):591-602
16056258
Hepatology. 2013 Apr;57(4):1458-68
23175471
J Biol Chem. 2009 Jan 30;284(5):2657-71
19047049
Cancer Res. 2008 Aug 1;68(15):6241-50
18676848
BMC Cancer. 2013 Jun 13;13:283
23763955
Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Mar 15;15(6):2091-7
19276271
Curr Biol. 2001 Apr 17;11(8):R292-5
11369216
Science. 2014 Jul 11;345(6193):216-20
25013076
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2003 Jan;4(1):33-45
12511867
Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Feb 1;13(3):920-8
17289886
Cancer Discov. 2016 Mar;6(3):286-99
26715644
Exp Cell Res. 2008 Oct 1;314(16):2907-18
18687326
Clin Cancer Res. 2005 May 15;11(10):3678-85
15897564
Cancer Res. 2013 Jul 1;73(13):4112-22
23633482
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jun 22;101(25):9393-8
15194824
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Sep 25;1756(1):53-64
16099109
Cancer Cell. 2008 May;13(5):441-53
18455127
Nat Med. 2013 Nov;19(11):1438-49
24202396
Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Apr;9(4):302-12
19308069
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Apr 1;100(7):3983-8
12629218
Cell Adh Migr. 2012 Jan-Feb;6(1):30-8
22647938
Clin Biochem. 2011 Mar;44(4):325-30
21130081
J Cell Sci. 2013 Jan 15;126(Pt 2):393-401
23525005
Semin Oncol. 2006 Jun;33(3 Suppl 9):S9-14
16797376
Cancer Res. 1991 Oct 1;51(19):5292-7
1717145
Breast Cancer Res. 2009;11(4):R46
19589136
J Cell Biol. 2010 Nov 1;191(3):645-59
20974811
Cytotechnology. 2016 Aug;68(4):1095-102
25862542
N Engl J Med. 2013 Mar 28;368(13):1199-209
23484797
J Pathol. 2000 Jan;190(1):15-9
10640987
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Feb 27;104(9):3360-5
17360651
Nat Med. 2014 Aug;20(8):897-903
24880617
Cell. 2007 Nov 30;131(5):1018
18045542
Mod Pathol. 2007 Feb;20(2):221-32
17361206
Semin Cancer Biol. 2008 Aug;18(4):260-7
18467123
Cell Oncol (Dordr). 2014 Aug;37(4):235-43
25001871
Gynecol Oncol. 2007 Nov;107(2):331-8
17764727
BMC Cancer. 2012 May 28;12 :190
22640166
Cancer Res. 2013 Nov 1;73(21):6384-8
24145355
Br J Cancer. 2006 Jan 16;94(1):128-35
16404366
Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006 Jul;98(2):179-84
16552629
Nat Med. 2013 Mar;19(3):274-5
23467237
Cell Mol Life Sci. 2011 Dec;68(24):4009-22
21786143
Eur J Cancer. 2001 Sep;37 Suppl 4:S3-8
11597398
Nat Med. 2002 Aug;8(8):793-800
12091876
Nat Rev Cancer. 2011 Apr;11(4):254-67
21390059
Clin Cancer Res. 2012 Oct 15;18(20):5711-8
23014524
Br J Cancer. 2013 Nov 26;109(11):2829-32
24201755
Pathobiology. 2008;75(2):140-8
18544969
Oncotarget. 2016 Apr 26;7(17):24677-87
27013581
Clin Cancer Res. 2010 May 1;16(9):2634-45
20406831
Anticancer Res. 2007 Jul-Aug;27(4A):1823-32
17649779
Cancer Discov. 2012 Nov;2(11):995-1003
23093251
Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2009 Jun;6(6):339-51
19399023
Cancer Res. 2011 Aug 1;71(15):5317-26
21685475
Cancer Res. 1978 Sep;38(9):2651-60
354778
Nat Med. 2014 May;20(5):548-54
24705333
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Sep 17;99(19):12293-7
12218188
Int J Cancer. 2015 Apr 15;136(8):1856-62
25219358
Cancer Res. 1999 Nov 1;59(21):5464-70
10554019
Science. 2013 Feb 1;339(6119):580-4
23372014
Nat Rev Cancer. 2008 Oct;8(10):755-68
18784658
J Biol Chem. 2010 Nov 19;285(47):36721-35
20843787
PLoS One. 2015 Dec 22;10 (12 ):e0144535
26695635
Mol Cancer Ther. 2015 Mar;14(3):835-43
25589497
PLoS One. 2014 Jan 21;9(1):e85350
24465542
J Clin Oncol. 2013 Jan 20;31(3):365-72
23248251
Cell Cycle. 2007 Oct 1;6(19):2332-8
17786053
Cancer. 2004 Mar 15;100(6):1110-22
15022276
J Clin Invest. 2015 Sep;125(9):3384-91
26325035
Int J Clin Oncol. 2016 Jun;21(3):462-73
26899259
Nat Biotechnol. 2013 Jun;31(6):539-44
23609047
Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2015 Jan;149(1):5-15
25542271
BJU Int. 2009 Jul;104(1):29-34
19154451
Nat Rev Cancer. 2015 Apr;15(4):238-47
25801619
Nat Med. 2013 Nov;19(11):1450-64
24202397
Breast Cancer Res. 2012 Aug 15;14(4):R118
22894854
Oncotarget. 2014 Oct 30;5(20):9939-51
25301725