Subclinical cardiovascular disease markers and vitamin D deficiency in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients.
BACKGROUND
Since 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency has been linked to an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the hemodialysis population, we aimed to determine the relationship between serum 25(OH)D level and markers of subclinical CVD in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients.


METHODS
This cross-sectional, single-center study prospectively enrolled 87 clinically stable CKD patients (median age: 61 (57-66) years, 51% male, median estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR): 32 (27-37) ml/min). Five markers of subclinical CVD were assessed: intima-media thickness, abdominal aortic calcifications (AAC) using the Kauppila score, cardio-ankle vascular index, ankle-brachial index (ABI) and interventricular septum thickness.


RESULTS
Vascular (37%), glomerular (23%) and interstitial (18%) nephropathies were the main causes of CKD. 25(OH)D had a median value of 14 (12.5-17.1) ng/ml, and its levels decreased with eGFR (rs= 0.19;p= 0.04). Patients with 25(OH)D deficiency (54%) were older, had a higher serum alkaline phosphatase level, lower ABI and higher AAC score. There were no differences between the two groups regarding other traditional or non-traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis. The association between subclinical CVD markers and 25(OH)D was further evaluated in multivariable binomial logistic regression models adjusted for CV risk factors. Lower 25(OH)D level was retained as an independent predictor only for pathological ABI.


CONCLUSIONS
This is the first study to evaluate the relationship between a large set of subclinical CVD markers and 25(OH)D deficiency in non-dialysis CKD patients. We found that hypovitaminosis D is associated with subclinical peripheral arterial disease, independently of other cardiovascular risk factors.
Nephrology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; "Dr Carol Davila" Teaching Hospital of Nephrology, Bucharest, Romania.
Cristina
C
Căpuşa
Nephrology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; "Dr Carol Davila" Teaching Hospital of Nephrology, Bucharest, Romania.
Gabriel
G
Stefan
Nephrology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; "Dr Carol Davila" Teaching Hospital of Nephrology, Bucharest, Romania.
Simona
S
Stancu
"Dr Carol Davila" Teaching Hospital of Nephrology, Bucharest, Romania.
Andrea
A
Ilyes
"Dr Carol Davila" Teaching Hospital of Nephrology, Bucharest, Romania.
Nicoleta
N
Dorobanţu
Nephrology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; "Dr Carol Davila" Teaching Hospital of Nephrology, Bucharest, Romania.
Gabriel
G
Mircescu
25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency; cardiovascular disease; non-dialysis chronic kidney disease; peripheral arterial disease
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