Molecular Quantification and Genetic Diversity of Toxigenic Fusarium Species in Northern Europe as Compared to Those in Southern Europe.
Fusariumspecies produce important mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and T-2/HT-2-toxins in cereals. The highest DON and T-2/HT-2 toxin levels in northern Europe have been found in oats. About 12%-24% of Finnish oat samples in 2012 contained >1.75 mg·kg-1of DON, which belongs to type B trichothecenes.Fusarium graminearumis the most important DON producer in northern Europe and Asia and it has been displacing the closely relatedF. culmorumin northern Europe. The 3ADON chemotype ofF. graminearumis dominant in most northern areas, while the 15ADON chemotype ofF. graminearumis predominating in Central and southern Europe. We suggest that the northern population ofF. graminearummay be more specialized to oats than the southern population. Only low levels ofF. culmorumDNA were found in a few oat samples and no correlation was found betweenF. culmorumDNA and DON levels. DNA levels ofF. graminearumwere in all cases in agreement with DON levels in 2011 and 2012, when DON was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). When theRIDA®QUICKSCAN kit results (DON) were compared to DNA levels ofF. graminearum, the variation was much higher. The homogenization of the oats flour by grinding oats with 1 mm sieve seems to be connected to this variation. There was a significant correlation between the combined T-2 and HT-2 and the combined DNA levels ofF. langsethiaeandF. sporotrichioidesin Finland in 2010-2012.
Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland. tymat@utu.fi.
Tapani
T
Yli-Mattila
MTT Agrifood Research Finland, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland. sari.ramo@mtt.fi.
Sari
S
Rämö
MTT Agrifood Research Finland, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland. veli.hietaniemi@mtt.fi.
Veli
V
Hietaniemi
Mycotoxins Lab, Department of Food Toxicology and Contaminant, National Research Center, Cairo 12311, Egypt. taha_bio@yahoo.com.
Taha
T
Hussien
Crop Protection Cluster, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4030, Philippines. ana_lizalopez@yahoo.com.
Ana Liza
AL
Carlobos-Lopez
Crop Protection Cluster, College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4030, Philippines. cumagun@daad-alumni.de.
Christian Joseph R
CJ
Cumagun
Europe; Fusarium; diversity; mycotoxins; qPCR
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