A Small Cysteine-Rich Protein from the Asian Soybean Rust Fungus, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Suppresses Plant Immunity.
The Asian soybean rust fungus, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is an obligate biotrophic pathogen causing severe soybean disease epidemics. Molecular mechanisms by which P. pachyrhizi and other rust fungi interact with their host plants are poorly understood. The genomes of all rust fungi encode many small, secreted cysteine-rich proteins (SSCRP). While these proteins are thought to function within the host, their roles are completely unknown. Here, we present the characterization of P. pachyrhizi effector candidate 23 (PpEC23), a SSCRP that we show to suppress plant immunity. Furthermore, we show that PpEC23 interacts with soybean transcription factor GmSPL12l and that soybean plants in which GmSPL12l is silenced have constitutively active immunity, thereby identifying GmSPL12l as a negative regulator of soybean defenses. Collectively, our data present evidence for a virulence function of a rust SSCRP and suggest that PpEC23 is able to suppress soybean immune responses and physically interact with soybean transcription factor GmSPL12l, a negative immune regulator.
Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America.
Mingsheng
M
Qi
Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
Tobias I
TI
Link
Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
Manuel
M
Müller
Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
Daniela
D
Hirschburger
Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India.
Ramesh N
RN
Pudake
Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America.
Kerry F
KF
Pedley
Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America.
Edward
E
Braun
Institut für Phytomedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
Ralf T
RT
Voegele
Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America.
Thomas J
TJ
Baum
Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America.
Steven A
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3542-3188
SA
Whitham
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