Association between dietary patterns and low bone mineral density among adults aged 50 years and above: findings from the North West Adelaide Health Study (NWAHS).
Studies on the association between dietary patterns and bone mineral density (BMD) have reported inconsistent findings. Data from the North West Adelaide Health Study, a population-based cohort study undertaken in Australia, were used to assess this association among adults aged 50 years and above. In this specific study, 1182 adults (545 males, 45·9 %) had dietary data collected using a FFQ and also had BMD measurements taken using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Factor analysis with principal component method was applied to ascertain dietary patterns. Two distinct dietary patterns were identified. Pattern 1 ('prudent pattern') was characterised by high intake of fruits, vegetables, sugar, nut-based milk, fish, legumes and high-fibre bread. In contrast, pattern 2 ('Western pattern') was characterised by high levels of processed and red meat, snacks, takeaway foods, jam, beer, soft drinks, white bread, poultry, potato with fat, high-fat dairy products and eggs. Compared with the study participants in the first tertile (T1, lowest consumption) of the prudent pattern, participants in the third tertile (T3) had a lower prevalence of low BMD (prevalence ratio (PR)=0·52; 95 % CI 0·33, 0·83) after adjusting for socio-demographic, lifestyle and behavioural characteristics, chronic conditions and energy intake. Participants in T3 of the Western pattern had a higher prevalence of low BMD (PR=1·68; 95 % CI 1·02, 2·77) compared with those in T1. In contrast to the Western diet, a dietary pattern characterised by high intake of fruits, vegetables and dairy products is positively associated with BMD.
1Population Research and Outcome Studies,School of Medicine,The University of Adelaide,SAHMRI,Adelaide,SA 5005,Australia.
Yohannes Adama
YA
Melaku
1Population Research and Outcome Studies,School of Medicine,The University of Adelaide,SAHMRI,Adelaide,SA 5005,Australia.
Tiffany K
TK
Gill
3Health Observatory,Discipline of Medicine,The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Campus,The University of Adelaide,Adelaide,SA 5011,Australia.
Robert
R
Adams
1Population Research and Outcome Studies,School of Medicine,The University of Adelaide,SAHMRI,Adelaide,SA 5005,Australia.
Zumin
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3099-3299
Z
Shi
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D015519:Bone Density; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000072001:Diet, Healthy / Q000208:ethnology; D066273:Diet, Western / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015995:Prevalence; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013021:South Australia / Q000453:epidemiology
 BMD bone mineral density;  DXA dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry;  EI energy intake;  NWAHS North West Adelaide Health Study;  PAL physical activity level;  PR prevalence ratio; Adults; Australia; Bone mineral density; Dietary patterns