Convergent evolution of pathogenicity islands in helper cos phage interference.
Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity islands (SaPIs) are phage satellites that exploit the life cycle of their helper phages for their own benefit. Most SaPIs are packaged by their helper phages using a headful (pac) packaging mechanism. These SaPIs interfere with pac phage reproduction through a variety of strategies, including the redirection of phage capsid assembly to form small capsids, a process that depends on the expression of the SaPI-encoded cpmA and cpmB genes. Another SaPI subfamily is induced and packaged by cos-type phages, and although these cos SaPIs also block the life cycle of their inducing phages, the basis for this mechanism of interference remains to be deciphered. Here we have identified and characterized one mechanism by which the SaPIs interfere with cos phage reproduction. This mechanism depends on a SaPI-encoded gene, ccm, which encodes a protein involved in the production of small isometric capsids, compared with the prolate helper phage capsids. As the Ccm and CpmAB proteins are completely unrelated in sequence, this strategy represents a fascinating example of convergent evolution. Moreover, this result also indicates that the production of SaPI-sized particles is a widespread strategy of phage interference conserved during SaPI evolution.This article is part of the themed issue 'The new bacteriology'.
Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain.
Nuria
0000-0002-1017-4499
N
Carpena
Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
Keith A
KA
Manning
Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
Terje
T
Dokland
Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV-CSIC) and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 46010 Valencia, Spain.
Alberto
A
Marina
Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK joser.penades@glasgow.ac.uk.
José R
0000-0002-6439-5262
JR
Penadés
D005075:Biological Evolution; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D044404:Genomic Islands / Q000235:genetics*; D013204:Staphylococcus Phages / Q000502:physiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology; D019065:Virus Assembly / Q000502:physiology*
D036022:Capsid Proteins
PICIs; SaPIs; bacteriophage packaging; bacteriophage resistance; capsid morphogenesis; small capsids
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