Glycyrrhizic Acid Reduces Heart Rate and Blood Pressure by a Dual Mechanism.
Beta adrenergic receptors are crucial for their role in rhythmic contraction of heart along with their role in the pathological conditions such as tachycardia and high risk of heart failure. Studies report that the levels of beta-1 adrenergic receptor tend to decrease by 50%, whereas, the levels of beta-2 adrenergic receptor remains constant during the risk of heart failure. Beta blockers-the antagonistic molecules for beta-adrenergic receptors, function by slowing the heart rate, which thereby allows the left ventricle to fill completely during tachycardia incidents and hence helps in blood pumping capacity of heart and reducing the risk of heart failure. In the present study, we investigate the potential of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) as a possible principal drug molecule for cardiac arrhythmias owing to its ability to induce reduction in the heart rate and blood pressure. We use in vitro and in silico approach to study GA's effect on beta adrenergic receptor along with an in vivo study to examine its effect on heart rate and blood pressure. Additionally, we explore GA's proficiency in eliciting an increase in the plasma levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide, which by dilating the blood vessel consequently, can be a crucial aid during the occurrence of a potential heart attack. Therefore, we propose GA as a potential principal drug molecule via its potential in modulating heart rate and blood pressure.
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China. kailash@connect.hku.hk.
Kailash
K
Singh
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China. moezaw@connect.hku.hk.
Aung Moe
AM
Zaw
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China. revathis@hku.hk.
Revathi
R
Sekar
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China. palak@hku.hk.
Ahuja
A
Palak
Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. aallam@ksu.edu.sa.|Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt. aallam@ksu.edu.sa.
Ahmed A
AA
Allam
Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. jajarem@KSU.EDU.SA.
Jamaan
J
Ajarem
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China. bkcc@hku.hk.
Billy K C
BK
Chow
adrenergic receptors; glycyrrhizic acid; tachycardia; vasoactive-intestinal peptide
J Biol Chem. 1999 Jun 11;274(24):16694-700
10358008
BMJ. 1999 Jun 26;318(7200):1730-7
10381708
Pharmacol Rev. 1999 Dec;51(4):651-90
10581327
Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42
10592235
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Feb;280(2):E199-202
11158920
Hypertension. 2001 May;37(5):1303-8
11358945
Drug Metab Rev. 2001 May;33(2):125-47
11495500
Sci STKE. 2001 Oct 16;2001(104):re15
11604549
Dig Dis Sci. 2002 Aug;47(8):1775-81
12184529
Toxicology. 2003 Jun 30;188(2-3):211-7
12767692
J Clin Invest. 2004 May;113(10):1379-82
15146232
Nucleic Acids Res. 2005 Jul 1;33(Web Server issue):W363-7
15980490
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2005 Jul;372(1):14-23
16133491
Free Radic Biol Med. 2006 May 15;40(10):1804-9
16678018
J Med Chem. 2006 Oct 19;49(21):6177-96
17034125
Proteins. 2007 Oct 1;69(1):139-59
17598144
Cell Signal. 2007 Sep;19(9):1949-55
17629454
Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13(25):2545-55
17896999
Mcgill J Med. 2007 Jul;10(2):99-104
18523538
Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2008;30(2):243-55
18569082
N Engl J Med. 1991 Aug 29;325(9):656-7
1861701
Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Sep;3(3):174-84
18781904
Avian Pathol. 2009 Jun;38(3):215-21
19468938
PPAR Res. 2010;2010:530265
20011054
Clin Transl Sci. 2008 Dec;1(3):215-20
20443852
J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Aug 25;132(33):11443-5
20669948
J Agric Food Chem. 2010 Aug 11;58(15):8623-9
20681651
Am J Cardiol. 2010 Dec 15;106(12):1819-25
21126627
J Nutr Biochem. 2012 Jan;23(1):69-75
21414764
Mol Cell. 2011 Apr 8;42(1):84-95
21474070
Radiat Res. 2011 Aug;176(2):177-86
21545294
J Cheminform. 2011 Oct 07;3:33
21982300
Eur J Pharmacol. 2012 Feb 29;677(1-3):197-202
22227336
Diabetes. 2012 Mar;61(3):692-701
22315324
Nature. 1979 Oct 25;281(5733):689-90
233133
Immun Ageing. 2013 Mar 15;10(1):10
23497413
Front Physiol. 2013 Aug 12;4:209
23964243
Front Physiol. 2013 Oct 03;4:265
24106479
PLoS One. 2013 Dec 10;8(12):e82849
24340062
Mol Pharmacol. 2014 Mar;85(3):492-509
24366668
Mol Biol Evol. 2015 Aug;32(8):2048-59
25841489
J Med Chem. 2016 Feb 11;59(3):810-40
26390077
Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2015 Dec;22(12):941-2
26643842
PLoS One. 2016 Mar 01;11(3):e0149359
26930505
Maturitas. 2016 Nov;93:65-72
27062709
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Nov;84(22):7920-4
2825170
Circ Res. 1986 Sep;59(3):297-309
2876788
Br J Pharmacol. 1986 Jul;88(3):621-8
3017489
Circulation. 1986 Dec;74(6):1290-302
3022962
Pancreas. 1986;1(5):449-54
3562439
Med J Aust. 1970 Aug 8;2(6):268-72
4393977
J Clin Invest. 1995 Jul;96(1):579-85
7615830
Circulation. 1995 Sep 15;92(6):1612-8
7664448
Science. 1994 Apr 22;264(5158):582-6
8160017
N Engl J Med. 1996 Feb 29;334(9):580-5
8569827
Eksp Klin Farmakol. 1997 Mar-Apr;60(2):65-7
9206575
Circulation. 1997 Sep 16;96(6):1914-22
9323081
Drug Chem Toxicol. 1998 Aug;21(3):355-70
9706466