Screening sunscreens: protecting the biomechanical barrier function of skin from solar ultraviolet radiation damage.
OBJECTIVE
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is ubiquitous in human life and well known to cause skin damage that can lead to harmful conditions such as erythema. Although sunscreen is a popular form of protection for some of these conditions, it is unclear whether sunscreen can maintain the mechanical barrier properties of skin. The objective of this study was to determine whether in vitro thin-film mechanical analysis techniques adapted for biological tissue are able to characterize the efficacy of commonly used UV inhibitors and commercial sunscreens to protect the biomechanical barrier properties of stratum corneum (SC) from UV exposure.


METHODS
The biomechanical properties of SC samples were assayed through measurements of the SC's drying stress profile and delamination energy. The drying stresses within SC were characterized from the curvature of a borosilicate glass substrate onto which SC had been adhered. Delamination energies were characterized using a double-cantilever beam (DCB) cohesion testing method. Successive DCB specimens were prepared from previously separated specimens by adhering new substrates onto each side of the already tested specimen to probe delamination energies deeper into the SC. These properties of the SC were measured before and after UV exposure, both with and without sunscreens applied, to determine the role of sunscreen in preserving the barrier function of SC.


RESULTS
The drying stress in SC starts increasing sooner and rises to a higher plateau stress value after UVA exposure as compared to non-UV-exposed control specimens. For specimens that had sunscreen applied, the UVA-exposed and non-UV-exposed SC had similar drying stress profiles. Additionally, specimens exposed to UVB without protection from sunscreen exhibited significantly lower delamination energies than non-UV-exposed controls. With commercial sunscreen applied, the delamination energy for UV-exposed and non-UV-exposed tissue was consistent, even up to large doses of UVB.


CONCLUSIONS
In vitro thin-film mechanical analysis techniques can readily characterize the effects of SC's exposure to UV radiation. The methods used in this study demonstrated commercial sunscreens were able to preserve the biomechanical properties of SC during UV exposure, thus indicating the barrier function of SC was also maintained.
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-2205, USA.
C
C
Berkey
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-2205, USA.
K
K
Biniek
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-2205, USA.
R H
RH
Dauskardt
D006801:Humans; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013472:Sunlight; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
D013473:Sunscreening Agents
claim substantiation in vivo/in vitro; skin barrier; skin physiology/structure; suncare/UV protection