[Urologic malignancies in renal transplant candidates and recipients].
OBJECTIVE
To review epidemiology and management of urologic neoplasms in renal transplant candidates and recipients.


METHODS
Relevant publications were identified through Medline (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and Embase (http://www.embase.com) database using the following keywords, alone or in association, "neoplasms"; "prostate cancer"; "renal carcinoma"; "renal transplantation"; "transitional carcinoma"; "waiting list". Articles were selected according to methods, language of publication and relevance. A total of 7730 articles were identified including 781 for solid tumors, 1565 for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), 2674 for prostate cancer (Pca), 385 for transitional carcinoma (TC) and 56 for testicular cancer; after careful selection, 221 publications were eligible for our review.


RESULTS
Renal transplant candidates and recipients are at higher risk of urologic neoplasms than general population, but prostate cancer has similar features. Thus, all therapeutic options are valid. Conversely to radiation therapy, radical prostatectomy provides precise staging and immediate affirmation of therapeutic success. Lymph nodes dissection needs to be discussed; systematic screening using PSA level and digital rectal examination should be offered in this specific population. RCC arising in native kidneys are usually low grade and stage and require total nephrectomy. In transplant candidates, there is no need to delay transplantation after treatment of low risk RCC according to published predictive nomograms. RCC of the allograft are rare, with a prevalence of 0.2 to 05% with a dialysis free survival ranging from 40 to 75% at 21.5 to 43 months. Treatment options are nephron sparing surgery, percutaneous ablation and immediate or deferred transplantectomy. Conversely to RCC or PCa, TC present with more unfavorable features as general population. Their management faces specific difficulties such as lower efficacy of BCG instillation or the technical challenge of urinary diversion.


CONCLUSIONS
Application of appropriate indication for transplantectomy relies on benefit-risk balance between the interruption of immunosuppressive agents versus survival and quality of life impairment after returning to dialysis. No robust recommendation exists regarding switch of immunosuppressive drugs. Cancer predictive factors and access to a subsequent transplantation are key decisive elements.
Service d'urologie et transplantation rénale, CHRU de Besançon, 3, boulevard A.-Fleming, 25000 Besançon, France; Université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; Inserm UMR 1098, 25000 Besançon, France. Electronic address: francois.kleinclauss@univ-fcomte.fr.
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Kleinclauss
Service d'urologie et transplantation rénale, CHU de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France.
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Thuret
Service d'urologie et transplantation rénale, CHU de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
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T
Murez
Service d'urologie, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France.
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Timsit
D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy
Cancer de la prostate; Carcinome urothélial; Carcinome à cellules rénales; Liste d’attente; Neoplasms; Néoplasies urologiques; Prostate cancer; Renal carcinoma; Renal transplantation; Transitional carcinoma; Transplantation rénale; Waiting list