Anin situassessment of local adaptation in a calcifying polychaete from a shallow CO2vent system.
Ocean acidification (OA) is likely to exert selective pressure on natural populations. Our ability to predict which marine species will adapt to OA and what underlies this adaptive potential is of high conservation and resource management priority. Using a naturally low-pH vent site in the Mediterranean Sea (Castello Aragonese, Ischia) mirroring projected future OA conditions, we carried out a reciprocal transplant experiment to investigate the relative importance of phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation in two populations of the sessile, calcifying polychaeteSimplariasp. (Annelida, Serpulidae, Spirorbinae): one residing in low pH and the other from a nearby ambient (i.e. high) pH site. We measured a suite of fitness-related traits (i.e. survival, reproductive output, maturation, population growth) and tube growth rates in laboratory-bred F2 generation individuals from both populations reciprocally transplanted back into both ambient and low-pHin situhabitats. Both populations showed lower expression in all traits, but increased tube growth rates, when exposed to low-pH compared with high-pH conditions, regardless of their site of origin suggesting that local adaptation to low-pH conditions has not occurred. We also found comparable levels of plasticity in the two populations investigated, suggesting no influence of long-term exposure to low pH on the ability of populations to adjust their phenotype. Despite high variation in trait values among sites and the relatively extreme conditions at the low pH site (pH < 7.36), response trends were consistent across traits. Hence, our data suggest that, forSimplariaand possibly other calcifiers, neither local adaptations nor sufficient phenotypic plasticity levels appear to suffice in order to compensate for the negative impacts of OA on long-term survival. Our work also emphasizes the utility of field experiments in natural environments subjected to high level ofpCO2for elucidating the potential for adaptation to future scenarios of OA.
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia PaviaItaly; Marine Environment Research Centre ENEALa SpeziaItaly; Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre Plymouth University Plymouth UK.
Noelle M
NM
Lucey
Marine Environment Research Centre ENEA La Spezia Italy.
Chiara
C
Lombardi
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Pavia Pavia Italy; Marine Environment Research Centre ENEALa Spezia Italy.
Maurizio
M
Florio
CNR-ISMARLa Spezia Italy; Department of Biology University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal.
Lucia
L
DeMarchi
Marine Environment Research Centre ENEALa SpeziaItaly; Department of Biology University of Pisa Pisa Italy.
Matteo
M
Nannini
Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre Plymouth University Plymouth UK.
Simon
S
Rundle
Department Integrative Marine Ecology Villa Dohrn-Benthic Ecology Center Stazione Zoologica "Anton Dohrn" Ischia Napoli Italy.
Maria Cristina
MC
Gambi
Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie Université du Québec à Rimouski Rimouski Quebec Canada.
Piero
P
Calosi
Mediterranean Sea; Serpulidae; evolutionary constraints; in situ transplant; ocean acidification; phenotypic plasticity
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