Evolution by flight and fight: diverse mechanisms of adaptation by actively motile microbes.
Evolutionary adaptation can be achieved by mechanisms accessible to all organisms, including faster growth and interference competition, but self-generated motility offers additional possibilities. We tested whether 55 populations of the bacterium Myxococcus xanthus that underwent selection for increased fitness at the leading edge of swarming colonies adapted by swarming faster toward unused resources or by other means. Populations adapted greatly but diversified markedly in both swarming phenotypes and apparent mechanisms of adaptation. Intriguingly, although many adapted populations swarm intrinsically faster than their ancestors, numerous others do not. Some populations evolved interference competition toward their ancestors, whereas others gained the ability to facultatively increase swarming rate specifically upon direct interaction with ancestral competitors. Our results both highlight the diverse range of mechanisms by which actively motile organisms can adapt evolutionarily and help to explain the high levels of swarming-phenotype diversity found in local soil populations of M. xanthus.
Institute for Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zürich, Switzerland.
Olaya
O
Rendueles
Institute for Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zürich, Switzerland.
Gregory J
GJ
Velicer
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D005075:Biological Evolution; D008124:Locomotion; D016941:Myxococcus xanthus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010641:Phenotype
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Oct 10;103(41):15200-5
17015832
Proc Biol Sci. 2003 Aug 7;270(1524):1645-50
12908987
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010 Jan;8(1):15-25
19946288
PLoS Genet. 2011 Apr;7(4):e1002056
21552329
Science. 2004 Jun 11;304(5677):1634-7
15192219
Nat Rev Genet. 2008 Nov;9(11):855-67
18852697
J Bacteriol. 2003 Oct;185(20):6083-94
14526020
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Oct 13;95(21):12376-80
9770494
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2005 May;80(2):205-25
15921049
J Evol Biol. 2013 Oct;26(10):2154-60
23937523
Int J Med Microbiol. 2002 Mar;291(8):605-14
12008914
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Sep 13;91(19):9037-41
8090765
Microb Ecol. 2005 May;49(4):558-66
16052373
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Mar 18;105(11):4209-14
18337491
Science. 2007 Feb 9;315(5813):853-6
17289998
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013 Apr;11(4):285-93
23456045
Science. 2012 Jan 27;335(6067):457-61
22282810
Evolution. 2011 Nov;65(11):3060-9
22023574
Science. 1995 Jan 6;267(5194):87-90
7809610
Evolution. 2011 Nov;65(11):3048-59
22023573
Mol Biol Evol. 2014 Dec;31(12):3314-23
25228081
Mol Microbiol. 1997 Jun;24(6):1109-17
9218761
J Bacteriol. 1997 Dec;179(24):7748-58
9401034
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 May 3;108(18):7559-64
21482768
Am Nat. 2012 Aug;180(2):270-83
22766936
Genome Res. 2005 Oct;15(10):1365-72
16204189
Trends Microbiol. 2004 Feb;12(2):72-8
15036323
Microbiology. 2001 Apr;147(Pt 4):995-1006
11283295
Mol Microbiol. 1995 Nov;18(3):547-58
8748037
J Bacteriol. 1999 Jul;181(14):4381-90
10400597
Mol Ecol. 2012 May;21(9):2058-77
22332770
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Apr 15;90(8):3378-82
8475084
Annu Rev Microbiol. 2009;63:599-623
19575567
Proc Biol Sci. 2008 Jan 7;275(1630):3-10
17956846
Science. 2011 Jun 3;332(6034):1190-2
21636771
BMC Evol Biol. 2013 Aug 02;13:163
23914906
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jun 10;105(23):7899-906
18524956
Cell Rep. 2013 Aug 29;4(4):697-708
23954787
Biol Lett. 2006 Sep 22;2(3):371-3
17148406
FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2001 Jun;36(1):21-31
11377770
J Econ Entomol. 2010 Aug;103(4):1172-9
20857725
Annu Rev Genet. 2013;47:247-73
24016192
Nat Commun. 2014;5:3363
24561920
Genetics. 1996 Jun;143(2):637-44
8725215
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jun 28;108 Suppl 2:10823-30
21690390
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Oct;78(10):6324-8
7031647
Curr Biol. 2000 Sep 21;10(18):1143-6
10996798
Genetics. 2006 Mar;172(3):1397-410
16299386
Genetics. 2001 Dec;159(4):1393-404
11779783
Proc Biol Sci. 2005 Jul 7;272(1570):1393-8
16006323
PLoS Genet. 2014 Aug 07;10(8):e1004527
25101783
Trends Microbiol. 2013 Oct;21(10):508-9
24051005
Proc Biol Sci. 2010 Feb 22;277(1681):643-50
19889704
Curr Opin Microbiol. 2012 Dec;15(6):751-7
23142584
FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2008 Jun;64(3):343-50
18410356
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007 Nov;5(11):862-72
17922045
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Nov;76(11):5952-6
42906
Evolution. 2014 Mar;68(3):772-90
24164389
Mol Microbiol. 1998 Oct;30(2):285-93
9791174
Mol Microbiol. 2003 Jul;49(2):555-70
12828649
ISME J. 2016 Oct;10 (10 ):2468-77
27046334
Trends Ecol Evol. 2012 Oct;27(10):547-60
22819306
Proc Biol Sci. 2008 Mar 7;275(1634):535-41
18182371
Nature. 2003 Sep 4;425(6953):75-8
12955143
Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):33-6
10592175
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Jul 21;112(29):9076-81
26150498
Genetics. 1997 Dec;147(4):1497-507
9409816
Science. 2012 Nov 2;338(6107):675-9
23118190