Effectiveness of UV-C light irradiation on disinfection of an eSOS(®) smart toilet evaluated in a temporary settlement in the Philippines.
Ultraviolet germicidal (short wavelength UV-C) light was studied as surface disinfectant in an Emergency Sanitation Operation System(®) smart toilet to aid to the work of manual cleaning. The UV-C light was installed and regulated as a self-cleaning feature of the toilet, which automatically irradiate after each toilet use. Two experimental phases were conducted i.e. preparatory phase consists of tests under laboratory conditions and field testing phase. The laboratory UV test indicated that irradiation for 10 min with medium-low intensity of 0.15-0.4 W/m(2) could achieve 6.5 log removal of Escherichia coli. Field testing of the toilet under real usage found that UV-C irradiation was capable to inactivate total coliform at toilet surfaces within 167-cm distance from the UV-C lamp (UV-C dose between 1.88 and 2.74 mW). UV-C irradiation is most effective with the support of effective manual cleaning. Application of UV-C for surface disinfection in emergency toilets could potentially reduce public health risks.
a Department of Environmental Engineering and Environmental Technology , UNESCO-IHE , Delft , The Netherlands.
Fiona
F
Zakaria
a Department of Environmental Engineering and Environmental Technology , UNESCO-IHE , Delft , The Netherlands.
Bertin
B
Harelimana
b Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia.
Josip
J
Ćurko
a Department of Environmental Engineering and Environmental Technology , UNESCO-IHE , Delft , The Netherlands.
Jack
J
van de Vossenberg
a Department of Environmental Engineering and Environmental Technology , UNESCO-IHE , Delft , The Netherlands.
Hector A
HA
Garcia
a Department of Environmental Engineering and Environmental Technology , UNESCO-IHE , Delft , The Netherlands.
Christine Maria
CM
Hooijmans
a Department of Environmental Engineering and Environmental Technology , UNESCO-IHE , Delft , The Netherlands.|c Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology , Delft University of Technology , Delft , The Netherlands.
Damir
D
Brdjanovic
D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000592:standards*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000528:radiation effects; D010679:Philippines; D014038:Toilet Facilities; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
D004202:Disinfectants
UV; emergencies; field test; surface disinfection; toilet