Immune-Enhancing Effects of a High Molecular Weight Fraction of Cynanchum wilfordii Hemsley in Macrophages and Immunosuppressed Mice.
The objective of this study was to investigate the immune-enhancing activity of a high molecular weight fraction (HMF) ofCynanchum wilfordiiin RAW 264.7 macrophages and the cyclophosphamide (CYC)-induced mouse model of immunosuppression. To identify the bioactive substances of HMF, a crude polysaccharide (HMFO) was obtained and treated with sodium periodate (an oxidation agent) or digested with protease. In macrophages, HMF treatment enhanced the production of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β)), as well as phagocytic ability. In CYC-immunosuppressed mice, HMF improved relative spleen and thymus weights, natural killer (NK) cell activity, and splenic lymphocyte proliferation. These increases in NO and cytokines were mediated by up-regulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Periodate treatment, but not protease treatment, decreased the immune-enhancing activity of HMFO, suggesting that polysaccharides are the active ingredients inC. wilfordiiextract.
Traditional Food Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 13539, Gyeonggi, Korea. jangmi@kfri.re.kr.|Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Gyeonggi, Korea. jangmi@kfri.re.kr.
Mi
M
Jang
Traditional Food Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 13539, Gyeonggi, Korea. tglim83@kfri.re.kr.
Tae-Gyu
TG
Lim
Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Gyeonggi, Korea. se8688@gmail.com.
Sungeun
S
Ahn
Traditional Food Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 13539, Gyeonggi, Korea. honghd@kfri.re.kr.
Hee-Do
HD
Hong
Traditional Food Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 13539, Gyeonggi, Korea. ykrhee@kfri.re.kr.
Young Kyoung
YK
Rhee
Traditional Food Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 13539, Gyeonggi, Korea. tack@kfri.re.kr.
Kyung-Tack
KT
Kim
Traditional Food Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 13539, Gyeonggi, Korea. ejlee@kfri.re.kr.
Eunjung
E
Lee
Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Chungbuk, Korea. artemisia@korea.kr.
Jeong Hoon
JH
Lee
Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Chungbuk, Korea. yoong0625@korea.kr.
Yun Ji
YJ
Lee
Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Chungbuk, Korea. jung100@korea.kr.
Chan Sik
CS
Jung
Herbal Crop Utilization Research Team, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 27709, Chungbuk, Korea. dylee0809@korea.kr.
Dae Young
DY
Lee
Traditional Food Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam 13539, Gyeonggi, Korea. cwcho@kfri.re.kr.
Chang-Won
CW
Cho
Cynanchum wilfordii; cyclophosphamide; cytokine; immunostimulatory activity; nitric oxide; polysaccharide
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