Protonation and electronic structure of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenolate during reduction. A theoretical study including explicit solvent.
Protonation in the two-electron/two-proton reduction processes of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenolate (DCIP) is investigated combining density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) methods. DCIP (anion), DCIP•-(radical anion), and DCIP2-(dianion) are considered, including the electronic structure analysis from the prospective of quantum theory of atoms and molecules (QTAIM). It is shown that oxygen on the indophenolate moiety and nitrogen are the first and/or the second proton acceptor sites and their energetic order depends on the total charge of the system. MD simulations of differently charged species interacting with the solvent molecules have been performed for methanol, water, and oxonium cation (H3O+). Methanol and water molecules are found to form only hydrogen bonds with the solute irrespective of its charge. The calculated pKavalues show that the imino group of DCIPH-is a weaker acid than water. While in the case of DCIP (and DCIP•-) plus oxonium cation, proton transfer from the solvent to the solute was evidenced for both aforementioned acceptor sites. In addition, MD simulations of bulks containing 15 and 43 molecules of water around the DCIP molecule have been performed, revealing the formation of 2-4 hydrogen bonds. Graphical Abstract 2,6-Dichlorophenolindophenolate interacts with solvent molecules (water, oxonium cation and methanol). Hydrogen transfer and electronic structure are studied by DFT and molecular dynamics methods.
Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. michal.malcek@fc.up.pt.|LAQV@REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal. michal.malcek@fc.up.pt.
Michal
M
Malček
Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
Lukáš
L
Bučinský
Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
Zuzana
Z
Barbieriková
Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
Sandra
S
Dorotíková
Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
Dana
D
Dvoranová
Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
Vlasta
V
Brezová
Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
Peter
P
Rapta
Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
Stanislav
S
Biskupič
2,6-Dichlorophenolindophenolate; Electronic structure; Molecular dynamics; Proton transfer; QTAIM; Solvent effects
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