Urban Enhancement of PM10Bioaerosol Tracers Relative to Background Locations in the Midwestern United States.
Bioaerosols are well-known immune-active particles that exacerbate respiratory diseases. Human exposures to bioaerosols and their resultant health impacts depend on their ambient concentrations, seasonal and spatial variation, and co-pollutants, which are not yet widely characterized. In this study, chemical and biological tracers of bioaerosols were quantified in respirable particulate matter (PM10) collected at three urban and three background sites in the Midwestern United States across four seasons in 2012. Endotoxins from gram negative bacteria (and a few gram positive bacteria), water-soluble proteins, and tracers for fungal spores (fungal glucans, arabitol and mannitol) were ubiquitous and showed significant seasonal variation and dependence on temperature. Fungal spores were elevated in spring and peaked in summer, following the seasonal growing cycle, while endotoxins peaked in autumn during the row crop harvesting season. Paired comparisons of bioaerosols in urban and background sites revealed significant urban enhancements in PM10, fungal glucans, endotoxins and water-soluble proteins relative to background locations, such that urban populations have a greater outdoor exposure to bioaerosols. These bioaerosols contribute, in part, to the urban excesses in PM10. Higher bioaerosol mass fractions in urban areas relative to background sites indicate that urban areas serve as a source of bioaerosols. Similar urban enhancements in water-soluble calcium and its correlation with bioaerosol tracers point towards wind-blown soil as an important source of bioaerosols in urban areas.
Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA 52242.
Chathurika M
CM
Rathnayake
University of Iowa State Hygienic Laboratory, Coralville, IA, USA 52241, United States.
Nervana
N
Metwali
Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA 52242.
Zach
Z
Baker
Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA 52242.
Thilina
T
Jayarathne
University of Iowa State Hygienic Laboratory, Coralville, IA, USA 52241, United States.
Pamela A
PA
Kostle
Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA 52242; Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA 52242.
Peter S
PS
Thorne
Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA 52242; Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA 52242.
Patrick T
PT
O'Shaughnessy
Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA 52242.
Elizabeth A
EA
Stone
Environ Sci Technol. 2014 Nov 4;48(21):12636-44
25275955
Science. 2002 Jun 21;296(5576):2158-62
12077394
Ann Occup Hyg. 2003 Apr;47(3):187-200
12639832
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Jan;153(1):56-64
8542163
Environ Sci Technol. 2013;47(21):12097-106
24083487
J Environ Monit. 2003 Dec;5(6):953-8
14710938
Allergy. 2007 Sep;62(9):976-90
17521313
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995 Mar;151(3 Pt 1):669-74
7881654
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Jul;160(1):33-9
10390376
J Bacteriol. 1998 Aug;180(15):3735-40
9683465
Arch Environ Health. 1991 Mar-Apr;46(2):90-7
2006899
Clin Exp Allergy. 1997 Mar;27(3):246-51
9088650
Methods Enzymol. 2009;463:73-95
19892168
Environ Res. 2015 Jul;140:255-67
25880607
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2004 May;379(1):156-62
15042272
Ann Agric Environ Med. 2006;13(1):81-6
16841877
J Mass Spectrom. 2002 Dec;37(12):1249-57
12489085
Scand J Work Environ Health. 2006 Oct;32(5):374-82
17091205
Environ Health Perspect. 2010 Apr;118(4):449-57
20064785
Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1986 Aug;47(8):437-42
3751893
Am J Ind Med. 2006 Jun;49(6):474-91
16586405
Malawi Med J. 2012 Sep;24(3):69-71
23638278
Sci Total Environ. 2000 May 15;253(1-3):111-8
10843335
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2013 May-Jun;23(3):299-305
23321860
Ann Agric Environ Med. 2003;10(2):143-9
14677904
J Prev Med Public Health. 2014 Mar;47(2):124-8
24744829
Sci Total Environ. 2004 Jun 29;326(1-3):151-80
15142773
Int J Biometeorol. 1997 Jul;41(1):17-22
9334570
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 May 1;165(9):1329-35
11991888
Environ Health Perspect. 2000 Nov;108(11):1023-8
11102291
Sci Total Environ. 2012 Aug 1;431:68-77
22664540
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1999 Sep 1;159(2):117-24
10495775
Int J Biometeorol. 2001 Jul;45(2):64-74
11513049
N Engl J Med. 1993 Dec 9;329(24):1753-9
8179653
Plant Physiol. 1992 Apr;98(4):1396-402
16668806
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997 Nov;100(5):656-61
9389296
J Occup Environ Hyg. 2009 Apr;6(4):211-20
19177273
Science. 2005 Apr 1;308(5718):73
15802596
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002 Apr;68(4):1743-53
11916692
Arch Toxicol. 2008 Apr;82(4):203-10
18322674
Int J Biometeorol. 2009 Jan;53(1):61-73
19048306
Ann Occup Hyg. 2007 Oct;51(7):611-32
17940277
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995 May;95(5 Pt 1):955-61
7751516
Chem Rev. 2015 May 27;115(10):4440-75
25856774
Environ Health Perspect. 2004 Apr;112(5):583-8
15064165
Chemosphere. 2002 Nov;49(6):675-84
12430655
Chemosphere. 2005 Nov;61(5):701-10
15893788
Annu Rev Phytopathol. 1992;30:225-43
18647107
Plant Signal Behav. 2009 Jun;4(6):489-92
19816126
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011 Sep;214(5):376-83
21737345
Environ Res. 2009 Apr;109(3):215-24
19201399
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 Dec 1;192(11):1287-97
26258643
Plant Physiol. 1997 Apr;113(4):1177-83
9112772
Epidemiology. 1999 Jan;10(1):17-22
9888275
Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr;114(4):610-4
16581554
Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Apr;147(4):826-31
8466116
Part Fibre Toxicol. 2005 Aug 17;2:4
16105184
Chemosphere. 2016 Feb;145:495-507
26701684
Microb Ecol. 2007 Oct;54(3):487-96
17308950
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1978 May;35(5):847-52
655701
J Environ Monit. 2010 Feb;12(2):484-90
20145891
J Immunol. 1999 Jul 1;163(1):1-5
10384090
Microb Ecol. 1997 Nov;34(3):167-77
9337412
Environ Health. 2012 Jul 06;11:45
22768850
Mediators Inflamm. 2001 Aug;10(4):173-8
11577993
Anal Chem. 1997 May 1;69(9):1776-81
21639303
Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1992;99(2-4):425-428
34167252
Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991 Sep;144(3 Pt 1):668-74
1892309
Toxicology. 2000 Nov 2;152(1-3):13-23
11090935
J Geophys Res Atmos. 2024 Dec 16;129(23):e2024JD042579
39624178
J Occup Environ Med. 2005 Apr;47(4):362-72
15824627
Epidemiology. 2012 Jan;23(1):55-63
22082997
Eur Respir J. 1999 Feb;13(2):266-73
10065666
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2005 Aug;68(2):163-73
15818477
Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1173-6
14976309
Science. 2010 Sep 17;329(5998):1513-6
20847268
Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2014 May;16(6):1360-70
24736797
Ann Occup Hyg. 2001 Mar;45(2):153-6
11182429