Structural basis of steroid binding and oxidation by the cytochrome P450 CYP109E1 from Bacillus megaterium.
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are attractive enzymes for the pharmaceutical industry, in particular, for applications in steroidal drug synthesis. Here, we report a comprehensive functional and structural characterization of CYP109E1, a novel steroid-converting cytochrome P450 enzyme identified from the genome of Bacillus megaterium DSM319. In vitro and whole-cell in vivo turnover experiments, combined with binding assays, revealed that CYP109E1 is able to hydroxylate testosterone at position 16β. Related steroids with bulky substituents at carbon C17, like corticosterone, bind to the enzyme without being converted. High-resolution X-ray structures were solved of a steroid-free form of CYP109E1 and of complexes with testosterone and corticosterone. The structural analysis revealed a highly dynamic active site at the distal side of the heme, which is wide open in the absence of steroids, can bind four ordered corticosterone molecules simultaneously, and undergoes substantial narrowing upon binding of single steroid molecules. In the crystal structures, the single bound steroids adopt unproductive binding modes coordinating the heme-iron with their C3-keto oxygen. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggest that the steroids may also bind in ~180° reversed orientations with the C16 carbon and C17-substituents pointing toward the heme, leading to productive binding of testosterone explaining the observed regio- and stereoselectivity. The X-ray structures and MD simulations further identify several residues with important roles in steroid binding and conversion, which could be confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. Taken together, our results provide unique insights into the CYP109E1 activity, substrate specificity, and regio/stereoselectivity.



The atomic coordinates and structure factors have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank with accession codes 5L90 (steroid-free CYP109E1), 5L91 (CYP109E1-COR4), 5L94 (CYP109E1-TES), and 5L92 (CYP109E1-COR).



Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP109E1, EC 1.14.14.1, UniProt ID: D5DKI8, Adrenodoxin reductase EC 1.18.1.6.
Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
Ilona K
IK
Jóźwik
Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
Flora M
FM
Kiss
Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Germany.
Łukasz
Ł
Gricman
Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
Ammar
A
Abdulmughni
Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
Elisa
E
Brill
Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
Josef
J
Zapp
Institute of Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Germany.
Juergen
J
Pleiss
Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
Rita
R
Bernhardt
Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
Andy-Mark W H
AW
Thunnissen
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001410:Bacillus megaterium / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism; D006418:Heme / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011485:Protein Binding; D000072417:Protein Domains; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013256:Steroids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013739:Testosterone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D013256:Steroids; D013739:Testosterone; D006418:Heme; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D003345:Corticosterone
crystallography; cytochrome P450; steroid; structure-function; testosterone
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