Involvement of metabolites in early defense mechanism of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) against Ganoderma disease.
Understanding the mechanism of interaction between the oil palm and its key pathogen, Ganoderma spp. is crucial as the disease caused by this fungal pathogen leads to a major loss of revenue in leading palm oil producing countries in Southeast Asia. Here in this study, we assess the morphological and biochemical changes in Ganoderma disease infected oil palm seedling roots in both resistant and susceptible progenies. Rubber woodblocks fully colonized by G. boninense were applied as a source of inoculum to artificially infect the roots of resistant and susceptible oil palm progenies. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to measure an array of plant metabolites in 100 resistant and susceptible oil palm seedling roots treated with pathogenic Ganoderma boninense fungus. Statistical effects, univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify key-Ganoderma disease associated metabolic agitations in both resistant and susceptible oil palm root tissues. Ganoderma disease related defense shifts were characterized based on (i) increased antifungal activity in crude extracts, (ii) increased lipid levels, beta- and gamma-sitosterol particularly in the resistant progeny, (iii) detection of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds, benzo [h] quinoline, pyridine, pyrimidine (iv) elevation in antioxidants, alpha- and beta-tocopherol (iv) degraded cortical cell wall layers, possibly resulting from fungal hydrolytic enzyme activity needed for initial penetration. The present study suggested that plant metabolites mainly lipids and heterocyclic aromatic organic metabolites could be potentially involved in early oil palm defense mechanism against G. boninense infection, which may also highlight biomarkers for disease detection, treatment, development of resistant variety and monitoring.
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Nusaibah
Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: sitiakmar@gmail.com.
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Siti Nor Akmar
GanoDrop Unit, Biological Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6 Persiaran Institusi, B. B. Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Idris
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Sariah
Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Universiti of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Mohamad Pauzi
D028023:Arecaceae / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D060467:Disease Resistance; D032902:Ganoderma / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D036226:Seedlings / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012855:Sitosterols / Q000032:analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000032:analysis; D024503:beta-Tocopherol / Q000032:analysis
D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils; D012855:Sitosterols; C025473:gamma-sitosterol; D000073878:Palm Oil; D024503:beta-Tocopherol; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol
Antifungal; Disease detection; GC-MS; Ganoderma boninense; Oil palm; Plant metabolites