Impaired Self-Monitoring of Inner Speech in Schizophrenia Patients with Verbal Hallucinations and in Non-clinical Individuals Prone to Hallucinations.
BACKGROUND
Previous research has shown that various memory errors reflecting failure in the self-monitoring of speech were associated with auditory/verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia patients and with proneness to hallucinations in non-clinical individuals.


METHODS
We administered to 57 schizophrenia patients and 60 healthy participants a verbal memory task involving free recall and recognition of lists of words with different structures (high-frequency, low-frequency, and semantically organisable words). Extra-list intrusions in free recall were tallied, and the response bias reflecting tendency to make false recognitions of non-presented words was computed for each list.


RESULTS
In the male patient subsample, extra-list intrusions were positively associated with verbal hallucinations and inversely associated with negative symptoms. In the healthy participants the extra-list intrusions were positively associated with proneness to hallucinations. A liberal response bias in the recognition of the high-frequency words was associated with verbal hallucinations in male patients and with proneness to hallucinations in healthy men. Meanwhile, a conservative response bias for these high-frequency words was associated with negative symptoms in male patients and with social anhedonia in healthy men.


CONCLUSIONS
Misattribution of inner speech to an external source, reflected by false recollection of familiar material, seems to underlie both clinical and non-clinical hallucinations. Further, both clinical and non-clinical negative symptoms may exert on verbal memory errors an effect opposite to that of hallucinations.
Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental Barcelona, Spain.
Gildas
G
Brébion
Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental Barcelona, Spain.
Christian
C
Stephan-Otto
Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental Barcelona, Spain.
Susana
S
Ochoa
Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental Barcelona, Spain.
Mercedes
M
Roca
Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental Barcelona, Spain.
Lourdes
L
Nieto
Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental Barcelona, Spain.
Judith
J
Usall
psychosis continuum; schizophrenia; self-monitoring; verbal hallucinations; verbal memory
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