A new computer vision-based approach to aid the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.
OBJECTIVE
Even today, pointing out an exam that can diagnose a patient with Parkinson's disease (PD) accurately enough is not an easy task. Although a number of techniques have been used in search for a more precise method, detecting such illness and measuring its level of severity early enough to postpone its side effects are not straightforward. In this work, after reviewing a considerable number of works, we conclude that only a few techniques address the problem of PD recognition by means of micrography using computer vision techniques. Therefore, we consider the problem of aiding automatic PD diagnosis by means of spirals and meanders filled out in forms, which are then compared with the template for feature extraction.


METHODS
In our work, both the template and the drawings are identified and separated automatically using image processing techniques, thus needing no user intervention. Since we have no registered images, the idea is to obtain a suitable representation of both template and drawings using the very same approach for all images in a fast and accurate approach.


RESULTS
The results have shown that we can obtain very reasonable recognition rates (around ≈67%), with the most accurate class being the one represented by the patients, which outnumbered the control individuals in the proposed dataset.


CONCLUSIONS
The proposed approach seemed to be suitable for aiding in automatic PD diagnosis by means of computer vision and machine learning techniques. Also, meander images play an important role, leading to higher accuracies than spiral images. We also observed that the main problem in detecting PD is the patients in the early stages, who can draw near-perfect objects, which are very similar to the ones made by control patients.
Department of Computing, Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil.
Clayton R
CR
Pereira
University of Western São Paulo, Brazil.
Danilo R
DR
Pereira
University of Western São Paulo, Brazil.
Francisco A
FA
Silva
University of Western São Paulo, Brazil.
João P
JP
Masieiro
Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, São Paulo State University, Brazil.
Silke A T
SA
Weber
Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule, Germany.
Christian
C
Hook
Department of Computing, São Paulo State University, Brazil. Electronic address: papa@fc.unesp.br.
João P
JP
Papa
D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis*
Micrography; Parkinson's disease; Pattern recognition