Where does TMS Stimulate the Motor Cortex? Combining Electrophysiological Measurements and Realistic Field Estimates to Reveal the Affected Cortex Position.
Much of our knowledge on the physiological mechanisms of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) stems from studies which targeted the human motor cortex. However, it is still unclear which part of the motor cortex is predominantly affected by TMS. Considering that the motor cortex consists of functionally and histologically distinct subareas, this also renders the hypotheses on the physiological TMS effects uncertain. We use the finite element method (FEM) and magnetic resonance image-based individual head models to get realistic estimates of the electric field induced by TMS. The field changes in different subparts of the motor cortex are compared with electrophysiological threshold changes of 2 hand muscles when systematically varying the coil orientation in measurements. We demonstrate that TMS stimulates the region around the gyral crown and that the maximal electric field strength in this region is significantly related to the electrophysiological response. Our study is one of the most extensive comparisons between FEM-based field calculations and physiological TMS effects so far, being based on data for 2 hand muscles in 9 subjects. The results help to improve our understanding of the basic mechanisms of TMS. They also pave the way for a systematic exploration of realistic field estimates for dosage control in TMS.
Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
Andreas
A
Bungert
Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
André
A
Antunes
Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.|Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
Svenja
S
Espenhahn
Danish Research Center for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark.|Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.|Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
Axel
A
Thielscher
D000328:Adult; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor; D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology; D006257:Head / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
field calculations; finite element method; motor cortex; spatial targeting; transcranial magnetic stimulation