Nutrient sensing, signal transduction and immune responses.
Most cells in the body have a constant supply of nutrients, which are required to sustain cellular metabolism and functions. In contrast, cells of the immune system can encounter conditions with a limited nutrient supply during the course of an immune response. Cells of the immune system frequently operate in complex nutrient restricted microenvironments such as tumour or inflammatory sites. The concentrations of key nutrients such as glucose and certain amino acids, can be low at these sites, and this can have an impact upon immune cell function. Nutrient sufficiency is important to supply the metabolic and biosynthetic pathways of immune cells. In addition nutrients can also act as important cues that influence immunological signalling pathways to affect the function of immune cells. This review will describe the various nutrient sensing signalling pathways and discuss the evidence that nutrients are critical signals that shape immune responses.
School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
Jessica
J
Walls
Division of Cell signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK.
Linda
L
Sinclair
School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: finlayd@tcd.ie.
David
D
Finlay
D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007109:Immunity; D056747:Immunomodulation; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000072376:Oxysterols / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
D000596:Amino Acids; D005227:Fatty Acids; D000072376:Oxysterols; D002784:Cholesterol; D005947:Glucose
Amino acids; CD36; Cholesterol; GCN2; Glucose; Glutamine; Glycolysis; Immunometabolism; LCFA; LXR; Lymphocyte; Macrophage; Nutrient sensing; OxPhos; Oxysterols; SCFA; Slc7a5; Srebp; c-Myc; mTORC1