Direct vitamin D3 actions on rhesus macaque follicles in three-dimensional culture: assessment of follicle survival, growth, steroid, and antimüllerian hormone production.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the direct actions of active 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (VD3) upon primate follicular development at specific stages of folliculogenesis.


METHODS
Secondary preantral follicles were isolated from rhesus monkeys ovaries, encapsulated in alginate, and cultured for 40 days. Follicles were randomly assigned to experimental groups of control, low-dose VD3 (LVD3; 25 pg/mL), and high-dose VD3 (HVD3; 100 pg/mL).


METHODS
National primate research center.


METHODS
Adult, female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).


METHODS
None.


METHODS
Follicle survival and growth, as well as oocyte size, were assessed. Progesterone (P4), androstenedione (A4), E2, and antimüllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations in culture media were measured.


RESULTS
Compared with the control group, LVD3 increased preantral follicle survival at week 2 by >66%, while HVD3 increased antral follicle diameters at week 5. Follicles with diameters ≥500 μm at week 5 were categorized as fast-growing follicles. Higher percentages of fast-growing follicles were obtained after HVD3 treatment. Although P4, A4, and E2production by antral follicles was not altered by VD3, AMH concentrations were 36% higher in the LVD3 group relative to controls at week 5. Oocytes with larger diameters were retrieved from antral follicles developed in both LVD3 and HVD3 groups compared with controls.


CONCLUSIONS
The addition of LVD3 increased preantral follicle survival and maintained AMH production by antral follicles, while HVD3 improved antral follicle growth. VD3 supplement promoted oocyte growth in in vitro-developed follicles. Direct actions of VD3 on the primate follicle appear to be both dose and stage dependent.
Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. Electronic address: xujin@ohsu.edu.
Jing
J
Xu
Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
Jon D
JD
Hennebold
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
David B
DB
Seifer
D000735:Androstenedione / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D054304:Anti-Mullerian Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D011374:Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
D000735:Androstenedione; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D054304:Anti-Mullerian Hormone; D002117:Calcitriol
Vitamin D3; antimüllerian hormone; follicle culture; ovary; primate folliculogenesis
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