Papaya latex supernatant has a potent effect on the free-living stages of equid cyathostomins in vitro.
The control of equid gastrointestinal nematodes in developed countries, in particular the cyathostomins, is threatened by high levels of anthelmintic resistance. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the evaluation of traditional 'ethnoveterinary' medicines as alternatives to chemical anthelmintics. The cysteine proteinases (CPs), a group of enzymes derived from fruits such as papaya (Carica papaya), pineapple (Ananas comosus) and figs (Ficus spp.), have shown good efficacy against adult stages of a range of parasitic nematodes, in vitro and in vivo. The efficacy of CPs against cyathostomins remains to be explored. In this study, the efficacy of a crude preparation of CPs, papaya latex supernatant (PLS), against the free-living stages of cyathostomins was evaluated using two in vitro tests, the egg hatch test (EHT) and the larval migration inhibition test (LMIT). It was demonstrated that PLS had a potent effect in the EHT, with EC-50 values in the range of 0.12-0.22μM. At concentrations above 6.25μM the eggs did not develop, below this concentration the L1 developed but they lost integrity of the cuticle upon hatching. These effects were inhibited by pre-incubation of PLS with the CP inhibitor L-trans-epoxysuccinyl-l-leucylamido-(4-guanidino butane) (E64), indicating that CPs were responsible for the anti-parasitic activity. A dose-dependent inhibition of migration of third stage larvae (L3) in the LMIT was demonstrated at higher concentrations of PLS, with EC-50 values in the range of 67.35-106.31μM. Incubation of PLS with E64 prior to use in the LMIT did not reverse the anti-migratory effect, suggesting that CPs were not responsible for the reduced migration of cyathostomin L3 and that PLS also contains an additional active compound. This is the first report of PLS and/or CPs showing activity against the free-living stages of a parasitic helminth. In addition, it suggests that cyathostomins are highly sensitive to the effects of CPs and further evaluation of their efficacy against parasitic stages and in vivo are strongly indicated.
The Institute of Infection and Global Health, The University of Liverpool, UK. Electronic address: peachey14@hotmail.com.
L E
LE
Peachey
The Institute of Infection and Global Health, The University of Liverpool, UK.
G L
GL
Pinchbeck
Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
J B
JB
Matthews
The Donkey Sanctuary, Sidmouth, UK.
F A
FA
Burden
School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK.
J M
JM
Behnke
The Institute of Infection and Global Health, The University of Liverpool, UK.
J E
JE
Hodgkinson
D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029441:Carica / Q000737:chemistry*; D057056:Cysteine Proteases / Q000378:metabolism; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D007840:Latex / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017183:Strongylida / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D017206:Strongylida Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary
D000871:Anthelmintics; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D007840:Latex; D010936:Plant Extracts; D057056:Cysteine Proteases
Anthelmintic; Carica papaya; Cyathostomin; Cysteine proteinase; In vitro; Papaya latex supernatant