Microgeographically diverse Plasmodium vivax populations at the Thai-Myanmar border.
Malaria transmission along international borders of the Greater Mekong Subregion is a big challenge for regional malaria elimination. At the Thai-Myanmar border, Plasmodium falciparum cases have dropped dramatically; however, increasing P. vivax prevalence and the emerging reports on hidden malaria burden due to asymptomatic infections demand attention. We conducted cross-sectional surveys to detect asymptomatic malaria infections in a small village located at Thai-Myanmar border and genotyped P. vivax infections in order to understand the level of genetic diversity on such a microgeographic scale. PCR/RFLP and DNA sequencing identified high levels of genetic polymorphisms at both Pvmsp3α and Pvmsp3β loci among P. vivax infections. Combining the PCR/RFLP patterns of Pvmsp3α and Pvmsp3β, a total of 10 genotypes were observed among 17 samples, while concatenated DNA sequences of Pvmsp3α and 3β generated 14 haplotypes with haplotype diversity of 0.97. These markedly diverse parasites on a microgeographic scale suggest the circulation of a considerably large parasite population at the international border.
Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Electronic address: bhavnaguptaster@gmail.com.
Bhavna
B
Gupta
Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropic al Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak, Thailand. Electronic address: daniel@shoklo-unit.com.
Daniel M
DM
Parker
Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China. Electronic address: qifan10001@163.com.
Qi
Q
Fan
Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Electronic address: bp.niranjanreddy@gmail.com.
B P Niranjan
BPN
Reddy
Program in Public Health, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. Electronic address: guiyuny@uci.edu.
Guiyun
G
Yan
Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. Electronic address: jetsumon.pra@mahidol.edu.
Jetsumon
J
Sattabongkot
Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Electronic address: luc2@psu.edu.
Liwang
L
Cui
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D058345:Asymptomatic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D002052:Myanmar / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; C436735:merozoite surface protein 3beta
Genetic diversity; Microgeographic; Plasmodium vivax; Pvmsp3α; Pvmsp3β; Thai-Myanmar
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