Seroprevalence of respiratory viral pathogens of indigenous calves in Western Kenya.
Most studies of infectious diseases in East African cattle have concentrated on gastro-intestinal parasites and vector-borne diseases. As a result, relatively little is known about viral diseases, except for those that are clinically symptomatic or which affect international trade such as foot and mouth disease, bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease. Here, we investigate the seroprevalence, distribution and relationship between the viruses involved in respiratory disease, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBR), bovine parainfluenza virus Type 3 (PIV3) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in East African Shorthorn Zebu calves. These viruses contribute to the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) which is responsible for major economic losses in cattle from intensive farming systems as a result of pneumonia. We found that calves experience similar risks of infection for IBR, PIV3, and BVDV with a seroprevalence of 20.9%, 20.1% and 19.8% respectively. We confirm that positive associations exist between IBR, PIV3 and BVDV; being seropositive for any one of these three viruses means that an individual is more likely to be seropositive for the other two viruses than expected by chance.
Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK; James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK. Electronic address: rebecca.callaby@apha.gsi.gov.uk.
R
R
Callaby
International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
P
P
Toye
The Farm Animal Practice, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.
A
A
Jennings
Paul G Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7079, USA.
S M
SM
Thumbi
Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
J A W
JA
Coetzer
Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
I C
IC
Conradie Van Wyk
School of Life Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
O
O
Hanotte
International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; School of Life Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
M N
MN
Mbole-Kariuki
The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
B M de C
BM
Bronsvoort
Division of Evolution, Ecology & Genetics, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia; Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.
L E B
LE
Kruuk
Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.
M E J
ME
Woolhouse
International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
H
H
Kiara
D000818:Animals; D001912:Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D002417:Cattle; D001908:Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007242:Herpesvirus 1, Bovine / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D007241:Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D029101:Parainfluenza Virus 3, Bovine / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012766:Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D015995:Prevalence; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies
Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3; Bovine respiratory disease complex; Bovine viral diarrhoea virus; Cattle; Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis; Zebu
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