Critical parameters in targeted drug development: the pharmacological audit trail.
The Pharmacological Audit Trail (PhAT) comprises a set of critical questions that need to be asked during discovery and development of an anticancer drug. Key aspects include: (1) defining a patient population; (2) establishing pharmacokinetic characteristics; (3) providing evidence of target engagement, pathway modulation, and biological effect with proof of concept pharmacodynamic biomarkers; (4) determining intermediate biomarkers of response; (5) assessing tumor response; and (6) determining how to overcome resistance by combination or sequential therapy and new target/drug discovery. The questions asked in the PhAT should be viewed as a continuum and not used in isolation. Different drug development programmes derive different types of benefit from these questions. The PhAT is critical in making go-no-go decisions in the development of currently studied drugs and will continue to be relevant to discovery and development of future generations of anticancer agents.
Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
Udai
U
Banerji
Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK. Electronic address: paul.workman@icr.ac.uk.
Paul
P
Workman
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods*; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy; D018579:Patient Selection; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
Biomarkers; Pharmacodynamics; Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacological audit trail