The effectiveness of pendulum, K-loop, and distal jet distalization techniques in growing children and its effects on anchor unit: A comparative study.
BACKGROUND
A common strategy to correct Class II malocclusions using a nonextraction protocol in children is to move the maxillary molars distally using molar distalization appliances, which usually derive their anchorage from maxillary premolars, causing mesialization of premolars and protrusion of incisors.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the skeletal, dental and soft tissue changes produced by three different distalizing appliances, namely, pendulum, K-loop, and distal jet appliances.


METHODS
Sixty-six children of mean age 14.13 years requiring molar distalization were divided into three groups: Group I (pendulum appliance), Group II (K-loop), and Group III (distal jet). Lateral cephalometric films were taken before and after 5 months of molar distalization and following cephalometric parameters were used to assess the effects of maxillary molar distalization, namely, anteroposterior skeletal (SNA/SNB/ANB), vertical skeletal (face height ratio/Frankfort-mandibular plane [FMA]/angle formed between Maxillary plane & Mandibular plane (MM)), interdental (overjet/overbite), maxillary dentoalveolar, and soft tissue parameters.


RESULTS
There was no significant age difference between the three groups. In overall treatment changes among the three groups, the Anteroposterior skeletal changes were not statistically significant, vertically FMA angle increased by 1.79° ± 2.25° and overbite reduced by 2.38 ± 1.83 mm. The maxillary first molars were distalized by an average of 4.70 ± 3.01 mm (Upper 6 [U6] to pterygoid vertical [PTV]). The maxillary central incisor labial tipping increased to an average of 1.61 ± 2.73 mm and cant of upper lip increased by 3.40° ± 5.88° are statistically significant (P < 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
All three distalization techniques in growing children produced significant effects on anchor unit. There was an increase in FMA angle, significant bite opening, proclination of the maxillary incisors and increase in the cant of the upper lip.
Department of Orthodontics, MIDSR Dental College and Hospital, Latur, India.
Pravinkumar S
PS
Marure
Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Sinhgad Dental College and Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Raju Umaji
RU
Patil
Department of Orthodontics, KLE'S Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Sumitra
S
Reddy
Department of Orthodontics, People's College of Dental Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Amit
A
Prakash
Department of Orthodontics Unit, SHIJA Hospital and Research Institute, Langol, Imphal, Manipur, India.
Nillachandra
N
Kshetrimayum
Department of Orthodontics, Mithila Minority Dental College, Laheriasarai, Darbhanga, Bihar, India.
Rajeevkumar
R
Shukla
D000293:Adolescent; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000473:pathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D003724:Dental Arch / Q000473:pathology; D005145:Face / Q000473:pathology; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology; D008046:Lip; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D057887:Overbite / Q000628:therapy; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014716:Vertical Dimension; D055815:Young Adult