New frontiers in human assisted reproduction ‑ from research to clinical practice: Several considerations (Review).
In the era of very late, or advanced, motherhood, in which 'egg banks', 'social' egg‑freezing, egg donation and surrogacy represent a potential solution to a number of obstacles to human reproduction, what is the role of scientists and clinicians involved in assisted reproduction? In light of the apprehension that, in the future, through fertility treatment infertility may be passed on to the offspring, boundaries of medical vs. 'social' infertility are being created. Scientists and clinicians are joining forces in a synergistic effort to improve the effectiveness of infertility care by introducing novel therapeutic protocols with the intent of customising care and improving cost‑effectiveness, testing novel drugs and formulations, and searching for novel markers (for estimating biological age) and nomograms (to optimise the yield of a controlled ovarian hyperstimulation cycle). On the other hand, political, social and health institutions are doing little to educate young women with respect to disinformation and to increase their awareness regarding age as the predominant factor that contributes towards the decline in fertility. Nevertheless, despite the great advances that have been made, 38 years after the birth of the first baby via in vitro fertilisation, the intricate road leading from the antral follicle to the fully developed baby continues to be designated as being too 'expensive', 'empirical', 'mysterious' or 'bound by ethics', with few significant improvements in terms of real cost‑effectiveness.
Department of Woman and Child Health‑University of Padova, I‑35128 Padova, Italy.
Salvatore
S
Gizzo
Department of Woman and Child Health‑University of Padova, I‑35128 Padova, Italy.
Marco
M
Noventa
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, I‑37121 Verona, Italy.
Michela
M
Quaranta
Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 'Magna Graecia' University, I‑88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
Roberta
R
Venturella
Department of Woman and Child Health‑University of Padova, I‑35128 Padova, Italy.
Amerigo
A
Vitagliano
Department of Woman and Child Health‑University of Padova, I‑35128 Padova, Italy.
Michele
M
Gangemi
Department of Woman and Child Health‑University of Padova, I‑35128 Padova, Italy.
Donato
D
D'Antona
D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000502:physiology; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted / Q000639:trends*