Rapid growth and concerted sexual transitions by a bloom of the harmful dinoflagellateAlexandrium fundyense(Dinophyceae).
Transitions between life cycle stages by the harmful dinoflagellateAlexandrium fundyenseare critical for the initiation and termination of its blooms. To quantify these transitions in a single population, an Imaging FlowCytobot (IFCB), was deployed in Salt Pond (Eastham, Massachusetts), a small, tidally flushed kettle pond that hosts near annual, localizedA. fundyenseblooms. Machine-based image classifiers differentiatingA. fundyenselife cycle stages were developed and results were compared to manually corrected IFCB samples, manual microscopy-based estimates ofA. fundyenseabundance, previously published data describing prevalence of the parasiteAmoebophrya, and a continuous culture ofA. fundyenseinfected withAmoebophrya. In Salt Pond, a development phase of sustained vegetative division lasted approximately 3 weeks and was followed by a rapid and near complete conversion to small, gamete cells. The gametic period (∼3 d) coincided with a spike in the frequency of fusing gametes (up to 5% ofA. fundyenseimages) and was followed by a zygotic phase (∼4 d) during which cell sizes returned to their normal range but cell division and diel vertical migration ceased. Cell division during bloom development was strongly phased, enabling estimation of daily rates of division, which were more than twice those predicted from batch cultures grown at similar temperatures in replete medium. Data from the Salt Pond deployment provide the first continuous record of anA. fundyensepopulation through its complete bloom cycle and demonstrate growth and sexual induction rates much higher than are typically observed in culture.
Biology Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole Massachusetts.
Michael L
ML
Brosnahan
Department Dynamiques de l'Environment Côtier Institut Français de Recherche pour L'Exploitation de la MER Plouzané France.
Lourdes
L
Velo-Suárez
Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole Massachusetts.
David K
DK
Ralston
Cape Cod National Seashore, National Park Service Wellfleet Massachusetts.
Sophia E
SE
Fox
Biology Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole Massachusetts.
Taylor R
TR
Sehein
Biology Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole Massachusetts.
Alexi
A
Shalapyonok
Biology Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole Massachusetts.
Heidi M
HM
Sosik
Biology Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole Massachusetts.
Robert J
RJ
Olson
Biology Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole Massachusetts.
Donald M
DM
Anderson
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