Escape to Ferality: The Endoferal Origin of Weedy Rice from Crop Rice through De-Domestication.
Domestication is the hallmark of evolution and civilization and harnesses biodiversity through selection for specific traits. In regions where domesticated lines are grown near wild relatives, congeneric sources of aggressive weedy genotypes cause major economic losses. Thus, the origins of weedy genotypes where no congeneric species occur raise questions regarding management effectiveness and evolutionary mechanisms responsible for weedy population success. Since eradication in the 1970s, California growers avoided weedy rice through continuous flood culture and zero-tolerance guidelines, preventing the import, presence, and movement of weedy seeds. In 2003, after decades of no reported presence in California, a weedy rice population was confirmed in dry-seeded fields. Our objectives were to identify the origins and establishment of this population and pinpoint possible phenotypes involved. We show that California weedy rice is derived from a different genetic source among a broad range of AA genome Oryzas and is most recently diverged from O. sativa temperate japonica cultivated in California. In contrast, other weedy rice ecotypes in North America (Southern US) originate from weedy genotypes from China near wild Oryza, and are derived through existing crop-wild relative crosses. Analyses of morphological data show that California weedy rice subgroups have phenotypes like medium-grain or gourmet cultivars, but have colored pericarp, seed shattering, and awns like wild relatives, suggesting that reversion to non-domestic or wild-like traits can occur following domestication, despite apparent fixation of domestication alleles. Additionally, these results indicate that preventive methods focused on incoming weed sources through contamination may miss burgeoning weedy genotypes that rapidly adapt, establish, and proliferate. Investigating the common and unique evolutionary mechanisms underlying global weed origins and subsequent interactions with crop relatives sheds light on how weeds evolve and addresses broader questions regarding the stability of selection during domestication and crop improvement.
Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America.|South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Marine Resources Research Institute, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America.
Kimberly L
KL
Kanapeckas
Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America.|Department of Biology, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, United States of America.
Cynthia C
CC
Vigueira
Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
Aida
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8576-6325
A
Ortiz
Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America.
Kyle A
KA
Gettler
Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America.
Nilda R
NR
Burgos
Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
Albert J
AJ
Fischer
Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America.
Amy L
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4610-7367
AL
Lawton-Rauh
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