Mainstream capnography system for nonintubated children in the postanesthesia care unit: Performance with changing flow rates, and a comparison to side stream capnography.
BACKGROUND
Monitoring of exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2) in nonintubated patients is challenging. We compared the precision of a mainstream mask capnography to side stream sampling nasal cannula capnography. In addition, we compared the effect of gas flow rates on the measured exhaled CO2between mainstream mask and side stream nasal cannula capnography.


METHODS
A mainstream mask capnography system (cap-ONE) was tested. Children (weight of 7-40 kg, ASA 1-2) following anesthesia for minor procedures were assigned randomly to side stream or mainstream sampling groups. The side stream group wore a nasal cannula with CO2side port (NC). In the postanesthesia care unit, O2flow was started at 5 l·min-1, reduced to 2 and then 0.25 l·min-1every 3 min. Capnogram analysis measuring heights of all the waveforms was performed for continuous 120 s from the end of recording at each O2flow rate for each group.


RESULTS
Fifty-eight children were enrolled and 39 were analyzed (18 side stream NC and 21 mainstream mask). There were two mouth breathing children excluded from study in side stream NC group due to failure to capture measurable CO2waveforms. Peak CO2values measured by mainstream mask system were normally (Gaussian) distributed with smaller standard deviation (sd) at each O2flow than were those measured by side stream NC system which demonstrated irregular distributions with larger sd. Peak CO2values measurement was less affected by a change in flow rate in mainstream mask group than in side stream NC group (P = 0.04 in 5-0.25 l·min-1O2flow change).


CONCLUSIONS
A new mainstream mask system (cap-ONE) performed with greater precision than side stream NC monitoring regardless of mouth breathing. Measurement of peak CO2values by mainstream mask system showed normal distribution with smaller standard deviation (sd) and was less affected by O2flow change in predictable fashion.
Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Makoto
M
Nagoshi
Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Rica
R
Morzov
Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Justin
J
Hotz
Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Paula
P
Belson
Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Marla
M
Matar
Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Patrick
P
Ross
Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Randall
R
Wetzel
D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000072601:Cannula; D019296:Capnography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008397:Masks; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
D002245:Carbon Dioxide
capnography; diagnostic technique; pediatric; respiratory system