Problem formulation for risk assessment of combined exposures to chemicals and other stressors in humans.
When the human health risk assessment/risk management paradigm was developed, it did not explicitly include a "problem formulation" phase. The concept of problem formulation was first introduced in the context of ecological risk assessment (ERA) for the pragmatic reason to constrain and focus ERAs on the key questions. However, this need also exists for human health risk assessment, particularly for cumulative risk assessment (CRA), because of its complexity. CRA encompasses the combined threats to health from exposure via all relevant routes to multiple stressors, including biological, chemical, physical and psychosocial stressors. As part of the HESI Risk Assessment in the 21st Century (RISK21) Project, a framework for CRA was developed in which problem formulation plays a critical role. The focus of this effort is primarily on a chemical CRA (i.e., two or more chemicals) with subsequent consideration of non-chemical stressors, defined as "modulating factors" (ModFs). Problem formulation is a systematic approach that identifies all factors critical to a specific risk assessment and considers the purpose of the assessment, scope and depth of the necessary analysis, analytical approach, available resources and outcomes, and overall risk management goal. There are numerous considerations that are specific to multiple stressors, and proper problem formulation can help to focus a CRA to the key factors in order to optimize resources. As part of the problem formulation, conceptual models for exposures and responses can be developed that address these factors, such as temporal relationships between stressors and consideration of the appropriate ModFs.
a Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences , University of Guelph , Guelph , Canada.
Keith R
KR
Solomon
b Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology , University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland.
Martin F
MF
Wilks
c ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc , Annandale , NJ , USA.
Ammie
A
Bachman
d Imperial College London , London , UK.
Alan
A
Boobis
e Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, and International Centre for Pesticides and Health Risks Prevention (ICPS), ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital , University of Milan , Milan , Italy.
Angelo
A
Moretto
f Syngenta Crop Protection , Greensboro , NC , USA.
Timothy P
TP
Pastoor
c ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc , Annandale , NJ , USA.
Richard
R
Phillips
g ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute , Washington , DC , USA.
Michelle R
MR
Embry
D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D006801:Humans; D011634:Public Health; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012308:Risk Management / Q000379:methods
D004785:Environmental Pollutants
Cumulative risk assessment; RISK21; non-chemical stressors; problem formulation; risk assessment