A Protocol for Improved Measurement of Arterial Flow Rate in Preclinical Ultrasound.
OBJECTIVE
To describe a protocol for the measurement of blood flow rate in small animals and to compare flow rate measurements against measurements made using a transit time flowmeter.


METHODS
Measurements were made in rat and mice using a Visualsonics Vevo 770 scanner. The flow rate in carotid and femoral arteries was calculated from the time-average maximum velocity and vessel diameter. A correction factor was applied to correct for the overestimation of velocity arising from geometric spectral broadening. Invasive flow rate measurements were made using a Transonics system.


RESULTS
Measurements were achieved in rat carotid and femoral arteries and in mouse carotid arteries. Image quality in the mouse femoral artery was too poor to obtain diameter measurements. The applied correction factor in practice was 0.71-0.77. The diameter varied by 6-18% during the cardiac cycle. There was no overall difference in the flow rate measured using ultrasound and using transit-time flowmeters. The flow rates were comparable with those previously reported in the literature. There was wide variation in flow rates in the same artery in individual animals. Transit-time measurements were associated with changes of a factor of 10 during the typical 40 min measurement period, associated with probe movement, vessel spasm, vessel kinking and other effects.


CONCLUSIONS
A protocol for the measurement of flow rate in arteries in small animals has been described and successfully used in rat carotid and femoral arteries and in mouse carotid arteries. The availability of a noninvasive procedure for flow rate measurement avoids the problems with changes in flow associated with an invasive procedure.
Edinburgh University, University-BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
D A
DA
Kenwright
Edinburgh University, University-BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
A J W
AJ
Thomson
Edinburgh University, University-BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
P W F
PW
Hadoke
Edinburgh University, University-BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
T
T
Anderson
Edinburgh University, University-BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
C M
CM
Moran
Edinburgh University, University-BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
G A
GA
Gray
Edinburgh University, University-BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
P R
PR
Hoskins
blood velocity; flow rate; preclinical; technical aspects; ultrasound Doppler
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