Profiles of Perfectionism and School Anxiety: A Review of the 2 × 2 Model of Dispositional Perfectionism in Child Population.
The 2 × 2 model of dispositional perfectionism has been very well received by researchers of the topic, leading to the creation of new studies that have analyzed the way in which the four proposed subtypes are distinctly associated with measures of adaptation and maladjustment. The goal of this study was to determine the possible existence of four profiles of child perfectionism that are congruent with the subtypes proposed by the 2 × 2 model, and whether these subtypes are associated with school anxiety, in accordance with the hypotheses established by the model. The sample was composed of 2157 students from Spanish Primary Education aged between 8 and 11 years (M = 9.60, SD = 1.24). The Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale was used to assess Socially Prescribed Perfectionism and Self-Oriented Perfectionism, and the School Anxiety Inventory for Primary Education was used to measure school anxiety. The results of cluster analysis identified four differential groups of perfectionists similar to the subtypes defined by the 2 × 2 model: Non-Perfectionism, Pure Personal Standards Perfectionism (Pure PSP), Pure Evaluative Concerns Perfectionism (Pure ECP), and Mixed Perfectionism. The four groups presented a differentiable pattern of association with school anxiety, with the exception of Pure PSP and Pure ECP, which showed no significant differences. Participants classified as Non-perfectionists presented the most adaptive outcomes, whereas subjects included in the Mixed Perfectionism group scored significantly higher on school anxiety than the three remaining groups. To conclude, the results partially supported the hypotheses of the 2 × 2 model, questioning the consideration of Self-Oriented Perfectionism as a positive manifestation of perfectionism and showing that it is the combination of high scores in both perfectionist dimensions, Self-Oriented Perfectionism and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism that implies higher levels of school anxiety. These findings should be taken into account when generalizing the 2 × 2 model to child population.
Department of Health Psychology, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche Elche, Spain.
Cándido J
CJ
Inglés
Department of Developmental Psychology and Didactics, University of Alicante Alicante, Spain.
José Manuel
JM
García-Fernández
Department of Developmental Psychology and Didactics, University of Alicante Alicante, Spain.
María
M
Vicent
Department of Developmental Psychology and Didactics, University of Alicante Alicante, Spain.
Carolina
C
Gonzálvez
Department of Developmental Psychology and Didactics, University of Alicante Alicante, Spain.
Ricardo
R
Sanmartín
2 × 2 model of perfectionism; Primary Education; cluster analysis; school anxiety; self-oriented perfectionism; socially prescribed perfectionism
Psicothema. 2012 Feb;24(1):149-55
22269378
Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2014 Sep;17(3):299-317
24481881
Behav Ther. 2012 Jun;43(2):450-64
22440079
Clin Psychol Rev. 2011 Mar;31(2):203-12
20488598
J Adolesc Health. 2004 Nov;35(5):392-8
15488433
J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2013 Feb;35(1):18-29
23404875
J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2004 Jun;33(2):313-24
15136196
J Couns Psychol. 2012 Oct;59(4):567-74
22731112
Clin Psychol Rev. 2012 Apr;32(3):139-52
22322012
Int J Eat Disord. 2007 Sep;40(6):562-8
17510925
J Adolesc Health. 2007 Apr;40(4):351-6
17367728
Behav Modif. 2006 Jul;30(4):472-95
16723426
Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2006;10(4):295-319
17201590
Psychol Assess. 2002 Sep;14(3):365-73
12214443
Br J Health Psychol. 2005 Sep;10(Pt 3):329-58
16238852
Compr Psychiatry. 2012 Aug;53(6):746-52
22364727
Behav Modif. 2008 Nov;32(6):928-37
18523129
Front Public Health. 2015 Aug 07;3:190
26301212
Assessment. 2012 Jun;19(2):146-66
21665884
Psychol Assess. 2009 Sep;21(3):437-43
19719354
Psicothema. 2011 Apr;23(2):301-7
21504685