A systematic review of trial registration and selective outcome reporting in psychotherapy randomized controlled trials.
OBJECTIVE
Selective outcome reporting poses serious implications on our evidence base for best practice. The extent to which selective outcome reporting and trial registration occurs in the wider psychotherapy literature needs to be investigated.


METHODS
Randomized controlled psychotherapy trials published between 2010 and 2014 were selected from the five highest impact factor journals in clinical psychology that publish clinical trials. Data on primary and secondary outcomes, funding, and participant numbers were extracted from the article and registry and compared.


RESULTS
From 112 trials, 67 (59.8%) were registered, 27 (24.1%) were prospectively registered, and only 13 (11.6%) were correctly registered and reported. Seven of these 13 trials showed evidence of selective outcome reporting, of which four had discrepancies favoring significant outcomes. One of the remaining six trials changed their primary outcomes during participant enrollment. Overall, only five (4.5%) trials were free from selective outcome reporting. Three of these five trials had more than a 10% change between planned and achieved sample size. Funding was not associated with correct registration or reporting.


CONCLUSIONS
The proportion of psychotherapy randomized controlled trials correctly registered and transparently reported is poor. Psychologists should consider the impact these results have on public confidence in reported outcomes.
Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
H A
HA
Bradley
Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
J J
JJ
Rucklidge
Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand.
R T
RT
Mulder
D006801:Humans; D055811:Journal Impact Factor; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000592:standards*; D011643:Publishing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D012042:Registries / Q000592:standards*
outcome; psychotherapy; randomized controlled trial