Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Simulation-Based Clinical Correlation Curriculum as an Adjunctive Pedagogy in an Anatomy Course.
Because reported use of simulation in preclinical basic science courses is limited, the authors describe the design, implementation, and preliminary evaluation of a simulation-based clinical correlation curriculum in an anatomy course for first-year medical students at Perdana University Graduate School of Medicine (in collaboration with Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine).



The simulation curriculum, with five weekly modules, was a component of a noncadaveric human anatomy course for three classes (n = 81 students) from September 2011 to November 2013. The modules were designed around major anatomical regions (thorax; abdomen and pelvis; lower extremities and back; upper extremities; and head and neck) and used various types of simulation (standardized patients, high-fidelity simulators, and task trainers). Several methods were used to evaluate the curriculum's efficacy, including comparing pre- versus posttest scores and comparing posttest scores against the score on 15 clinical correlation final exam questions.



A total of 81 students (response rate: 100%) completed all pre- and posttests and consented to participate. Posttest scores suggest significant knowledge acquisition and better consistency of performance after participation in the curriculum. The comparison of performance on the posttests and final exam suggests that using simulation as an adjunctive pedagogy can lead to excellent short-term knowledge retention.



Simulation-based medical education may prove useful in preclinical basic science curricula. Next steps should be to validate the use of this approach, demonstrate cost-efficacy or the "return on investment" for educational and institutional leadership, and examine longer-term knowledge retention.
C.M. Coombs is assistant professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington. R.Y. Shields is a resident in obstetrics and gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. At the time of writing, R.Y. Shields was a medical student, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. E.A. Hunt is associate professor, Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Pediatrics, and Health Informatics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Y.W. Lum is assistant professor, Division of Vascular Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, and former course director for human anatomy, Perdana University Graduate School of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. P.R. Sosnay is assistant professor, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, and former director, Genes to Society Curriculum, Perdana University Graduate School of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. J.S. Perretta is instructor, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and lead simulation educator, Johns Hopkins Medicine Simulation Center, Baltimore, Maryland. R.H. Lieberman is associate professor, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. N.A. Shilkofski is assistant professor, Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, and former vice dean for education, Perdana University Graduate School of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Carmen M
CM
Coombs
Ryan Y
RY
Shields
Elizabeth A
EA
Hunt
Ying Wei
YW
Lum
Patrick R
PR
Sosnay
Julianne S
JS
Perretta
Rhett H
RH
Lieberman
Nicole A
NA
Shilkofski
D000328:Adult; D000715:Anatomy / Q000193:education*; D003479:Curriculum; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016544:Patient Simulation; D000066908:Simulation Training; D055815:Young Adult