Optical Imaging of Ionizing Radiation from Clinical Sources.
Nuclear medicine uses ionizing radiation for both in vivo diagnosis and therapy. Ionizing radiation comes from a variety of sources, including x-rays, beam therapy, brachytherapy, and various injected radionuclides. Although PET and SPECT remain clinical mainstays, optical readouts of ionizing radiation offer numerous benefits and complement these standard techniques. Furthermore, for ionizing radiation sources that cannot be imaged using these standard techniques, optical imaging offers a unique imaging alternative. This article reviews optical imaging of both radionuclide- and beam-based ionizing radiation from high-energy photons and charged particles through mechanisms including radioluminescence, Cerenkov luminescence, and scintillation. Therapeutically, these visible photons have been combined with photodynamic therapeutic agents preclinically for increasing therapeutic response at depths difficult to reach with external light sources. Last, new microscopy methods that allow single-cell optical imaging of radionuclides are reviewed.
Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.|Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.|Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of City University of New York, New York, New York.|Department of Chemistry, Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, New York.
Travis M
TM
Shaffer
Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of City University of New York, New York, New York.|Department of Chemistry, Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, New York.
Charles Michael
CM
Drain
Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York grimmj@mskcc.org.|Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.|Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; and.|Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
Jan
J
Grimm
D006801:Humans; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
D011868:Radioisotopes
Cerenkov; dosimetry; imaging; ionizing radiation; optical; radiation therapy
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