Vetiver plantlets in aerated system degrade phenol in illegally dumped industrial wastewater by phytochemical and rhizomicrobial degradation.
This research evaluated the feasibility of using vetiver plantlets (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash) on a floating platform with aeration to degrade phenol (500 mg/L) in illegally dumped industrial wastewater (IDIWW). The IDIWW sample was from the most infamous illegal dumping site at Nong Nae subdistrict, Phanom Sarakham district, Chachoengsao province, Thailand. Laboratory results suggested that phenol degradation by vetiver involves two phases: Phase I, phytopolymerization and phyto-oxidation assisted by root-produced peroxide (H2O2) and peroxidase (POD), followed by phase II, a combination of phase I with enhanced rhizomicrobial degradation. The first 360-400 h of phenol degradation were dominated by phytopolymerization and phyto-oxidation yielding particulate polyphenols (PPP) or particulate organic matter (POM) as by-products, while phenol decreased to around 145 mg/L. In Phase II, synergistically, rhizomicrobial growth was ∼100-folds greater on the roots of the vetiver plantlets than in the IDIWW and participated in the microbial degradation of phenol at this lower phenol concentration, increasing the phenol degradation rate by more than three folds. This combination of phytochemical and rhizomicrobiological processes eliminated phenol in IDIWW in less than 766 h (32 days), while without the vetiver plantlets, phenol degradation by aerated microbial degradation alone may require 235 days. To our knowledge, this is the first that systematically reveals the complete phenol degradation mechanism by vetiver plantlets in real aerated wastewater.
Research Unit for Integrated Natural Resources Remediation and Reclamation (IN3R), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand. pomphenrat@gmail.com.|Center of Excellence for Sustainability of Health, Environment and Industry (SHEI), Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand. pomphenrat@gmail.com.
Tanapon
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2179-042X
T
Phenrat
Research Unit for Integrated Natural Resources Remediation and Reclamation (IN3R), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.|Center of Excellence for Sustainability of Health, Environment and Industry (SHEI), Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
Pimpawat
P
Teeratitayangkul
Chemical Engineering Program, Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
Isarawut
I
Prasertsung
Excellent Center for Road and Railway Innovation (NURRI), Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
Rattapoohm
R
Parichatprecha
Department of Civil Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
Peerapong
P
Jitsangiam
Office of the Royal Development Projects Boards, Bangkok, Thailand.
Narong
N
Chomchalow
Center of Excellence for Sustainability of Health, Environment and Industry (SHEI), Faculty of Engineering, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand. siriwanwichai@nu.ac.th.|Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand. siriwanwichai@nu.ac.th.
Siriwan
S
Wichai
D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D019800:Phenol; D064209:Phytochemicals; D013785:Thailand; D062065:Wastewater
D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D019800:Phenol; D064209:Phytochemicals; D062065:Wastewater
Illegal dumping; Phenol; Phytoremediation; Rhizomicrobial degradation; Root-produced peroxide and peroxidase; Wastewater
Int J Phytoremediation. 2013;15(9):844-60
23819280
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016 Aug;23 (16):15911-28
27164889
Water Sci Technol. 2010;62(6):1327-34
20861547
Hum Reprod. 2001 May;16(5):979-87
11331649
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2012 Jun;19(5):1555-62
22113320
Water Res. 2002 Feb;36(4):1034-42
11848342
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2002;9(1):29-47
11885416
Air Water Pollut. 1962 Sep-Oct;6:419-31
13929076
Int J Phytoremediation. 2006;8(4):273-84
17305302
Environ Sci Technol. 2009 Aug 1;43(15):5732-8
19731670
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2012 Feb;19(2):482-91
21822930
Biotechnology (N Y). 1995 May;13(5):468-74
9634787
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016 Apr;23 (8):7437-43
26697862
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2008 Nov;71(3):671-6
18082265
J Hazard Mater. 2009 Jan 30;161(2-3):926-32
18501506
Environ Pollut. 2005 Aug;136(3):477-84
15862401
Biotechnol Adv. 2003 Dec;22(1-2):93-117
14623046
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015 Jan 22;12(2):1216-36
25622140
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2006 Feb;25(2):386-91
16519298
Int J Phytoremediation. 2011 Jan;13(1):47-60
21598767
Chemosphere. 2014 Oct;113:42-7
25065788
Water Res. 2010 Sep;44(17):5021-31
20705318
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2015 Jun;22(12):9275-83
25592913
Environ Pollut. 2002;117(2):329-35
11916048
Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2003 Apr;37(Pt 2):139-44
12630901
Int J Phytoremediation. 2009 Oct-Dec;11(8):664-91
19810597
Water Air Soil Pollut. 2015;226(8):254
26190873
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2012 Jul;19(6):2202-11
22234851
Sci Total Environ. 2006 Aug 31;367(2-3):979-87
16530810
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016 Jan;23(1):180-97
26527342
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2009 Jun;28(6):1185-90
19159128
Science. 1983 Jul 15;221(4607):259-61
17815191
J Basic Microbiol. 2012 Jun;52(3):248-60
21953403
Int J Phytoremediation. 2016;18(7):730-7
26709443
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2013 Mar;20(3):1310-7
22961561
J Biotechnol. 2006 May 3;123(1):43-9
16352361