The Mechanism of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Production in Prorocentrum spp.: Physiological and Molecular Perspectives.
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is a gastrointestinal disorder caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs). OA and DTXs are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases 2A, 1B, and 2B, which may promote cancer in the human digestive system. Their expression in dinoflagellates is strongly affected by nutritional and environmental factors. Studies have indicated that the level of these biotoxins is inversely associated with the growth of dinoflagellates at low concentrations of nitrogen or phosphorus, or at extreme temperature. However, the presence of leucine or glycerophosphate enhances both growth and cellular toxin level. Moreover, the presence of ammonia and incubation in continuous darkness do not favor the toxin production. Currently, studies on the mechanism of this biotoxin production are scant. Full genome sequencing of dinoflagellates is challenging because of the massive genomic size; however, current advanced molecular and omics technologies may provide valuable insight into the biotoxin production mechanism and novel research perspectives on microalgae. This review presents a comprehensive analysis on the effects of various nutritional and physical factors on the OA and DTX production in the DSP toxin-producing Prorocentrum spp. Moreover, the applications of the current molecular technologies in the study on the mechanism of DSP toxin production are discussed.
School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 852, China. chhlee@ouhk.edu.hk.
Thomas Chun-Hung
TC
Lee
School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 852, China. lyfong@ouhk.edu.hk.
Fiona Long-Yan
FL
Fong
School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 852, China. kcho@ouhk.edu.hk.
Kin-Chung
KC
Ho
School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 852, China. wflee@ouhk.edu.hk.
Fred Wang-Fat
FW
Lee
D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D003967:Diarrhea; D004032:Diet; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D011714:Pyrans / Q000378:metabolism; D057096:Shellfish Poisoning
D008387:Marine Toxins; D011714:Pyrans; D019319:Okadaic Acid
Prorocentrum; diarrhetic shellfish poisoning; dinoflagellates; microalgae; okadaic acid
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