Differential BPA levels in sewage wastewater effluents from metro Detroit communities.
The endocrine disruptor Bisphenol A (BPA) is ubiquitous in both aquatic and surface sediment environments because it is continuously released into sewage wastewater effluent. The measurement of BPA at wastewater treatment plants is rarely performed even though the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) states that current levels of environmental BPA could be a threat to aquatic organisms. Therefore, the aims of this study were to measure BPA levels in sewage wastewater at different collection points over a 1-year period and to compare the levels of BPA to 8-isoprostane, a human derived fatty acid, found in sewage wastewater. We analyzed pre-treated sewage samples collected from three source points located in different communities in the metropolitan Detroit area provided by the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department. Human urine samples were also used in the study. BPA and 8-isoprostane were measured using ELISA kits from Detroit R&D, Inc. BPA levels from the same collection point oscillated more than 10-fold over 1 year. Also, BPA levels fluctuated differentially at each collection point. Highly fluctuating BPA values were confirmed by LC/MS/MS. The concentration of BPA in sewage wastewater was ~100-fold higher than the concentration of 8-isoprostane, while urinary concentration was ~20-fold higher. Thus, BPA levels discharged into the sewage network vary among communities, and differences are also observed within communities over time. The difference in BPA and 8-isoprostane levels suggest that most of the BPA discharged to sewage wastewater might be derived from industries rather than from human urine. Therefore, the continuous monitoring of BPA could account for a better regulation of BPA release into a sewage network.
Detroit R&D, Inc., 2727 2nd Avenue Suit 4113, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
Julia M
JM
Santos
Detroit R&D, Inc., 2727 2nd Avenue Suit 4113, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
David A
DA
Putt
Detroit Water and Sewerage Department, Detroit, MI, USA.
Michael
M
Jurban
Detroit R&D, Inc., 2727 2nd Avenue Suit 4113, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
Aby
A
Joiakim
Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, USA.
Klaus
K
Friedrich
Detroit R&D, Inc., 2727 2nd Avenue Suit 4113, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. hskim@detroitrandd.com.
Hyesook
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8603-222X
H
Kim
D059001:Aquatic Organisms; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D002947:Cities; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal / Q000032:analysis; D033161:Government Regulation; D006801:Humans; D066192:Manufacturing Industry; D008824:Michigan; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014481:United States; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D015237:Dinoprost; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal; D010636:Phenols; D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater; D014867:Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
8-isoprostane; Bisphenol A; Sewage network; Wastewater
JAMA. 2008 Sep 17;300(11):1303-10
18799442
Sci Total Environ. 2014 Sep 15;493:307-23
24951888
Sci Total Environ. 2007 Feb 1;373(1):250-69
17197011
Chemosphere. 2002 Nov;49(5):493-8
12363322
Mar Pollut Bull. 2014 Aug 30;85(2):352-62
24650541
J Chromatogr A. 2009 Oct 16;1216(42):7071-80
19744663
Sci Total Environ. 2009 Sep 1;407(18):5147-55
19559464
Chemosphere. 2015 Jan;119:43-51
24964009
J Environ Manage. 2015 Apr 1;152:192-200
25684568
J Hazard Mater. 2013 Jan 15;244-245:259-67
23257325
J Environ Manage. 2012 Aug 15;104:19-34
22481365
Med Hypotheses. 2015 Oct;85(4):408-11
26146131
Chemosphere. 1998 Apr;36(10):2149-73
9566294
Water Environ Res. 2011 Jul;83(7):650-66
21790084
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 Mar;399(7):2549-61
21197532
Environ Sci Technol. 2013 Feb 5;47(3):1452-60
23259772
Sci Total Environ. 2009 Jun 15;407(13):4157-67
19362327
Environ Health. 2005 Aug 05;4:14
16083497
Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Aug 7;46(15):8305-14
22804833
Sci Total Environ. 2012 Jan 1;414:6-21
22137478
J Chromatogr A. 2007 Jan 5;1138(1-2):32-41
17070818