Screening and Mitigation of Layperson Anxiety in Aerospace Environments.
BACKGROUND
Anxiety may present challenges for commercial spaceflight operations, as little is known regarding the psychological effects of spaceflight on laypersons. A recent investigation evaluated measures of anxiety during centrifuge-simulated suborbital commercial spaceflight, highlighting the potential for severe anxiousness to interrupt spaceflight operations.


METHODS
To pave the way for future research, an extensive literature review identified existing knowledge that may contribute to formation of interventions for anxiety in commercial spaceflight. Useful literature was identified regarding anxiety from a variety of fields, including centrifugation, fear of flying, motion sickness, and military operations.


RESULTS
Fear of flying is the most extensively studied area, with some supportive evidence from centrifugation studies. Virtual reality exposure (VRE) is as effective as actual training flight exposure (or analog exposure) in mitigation of flight-related anxiety. The addition of other modalities, such as cognitive behavioral therapy or biofeedback, to VRE improves desensitization compared to VRE alone. Motion sickness-susceptible individuals demonstrate higher trait anxiety than nonsusceptible individuals; for this reason, motion sickness susceptibility questionnaires may be useful measures to identify at-risk individuals. Some military studies indicate that psychiatric history and personality classification may have predictive value in future research. Medication countermeasures consisting of benzodiazepines may quell in-flight anxiety, but do not likely improve anxiety on repeat exposure.


CONCLUSIONS
The scarce available literature addressing anxiety in unique environments indicates that training/repeated exposure may mitigate anxiety. Anxiety and personality indices may be helpful screening tools, while pharmaceuticals may be useful countermeasures when needed. Mulcahy RA, Blue RS, Vardiman JL, Castleberry TL, Vanderploeg JM. Screening and mitigation of layperson anxiety in aerospace environments. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016; 87(10):882-889.
University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, Galveston, TX, USA.
Robert A
RA
Mulcahy
Rebecca S
RS
Blue
Johnené L
JL
Vardiman
Tarah L
TL
Castleberry
James M
JM
Vanderploeg
D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D001359:Aviation; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002498:Centrifugation / Q000523:psychology; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D006801:Humans; D009041:Motion Sickness / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D010551:Personality; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D063367:Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
D001569:Benzodiazepines