The housefly Musca domestica as a mechanical vector of Clostridium difficile.
BACKGROUND
Clostridium difficile is a bacterial healthcare-associated infection that may be transferred by houseflies (Musca domestica) due to their close ecological association with humans and cosmopolitan nature.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the ability of M. domestica to transfer C. difficile both mechanically and following ingestion.


METHODS
M. domestica were exposed to independent suspensions of vegetative cells and spores of C. difficile, then sampled on to selective agar plates immediately postexposure and at 1-h intervals to assess the mechanical transfer of C. difficile. Fly excreta was cultured and alimentary canals were dissected to determine internalization of cells and spores.


RESULTS
M. domestica exposed to vegetative cell suspensions and spore suspensions of C. difficile were able to transfer the bacteria mechanically for up to 4h upon subsequent contact with surfaces. The greatest numbers of colony-forming units (CFUs) per fly were transferred immediately following exposure (mean CFUs 123.8 +/- 66.9 for vegetative cell suspension and 288.2 +/- 83.2 for spore suspension). After 1h, this had reduced (21.2 +/- 11.4 for vegetative cell suspension and 19.9 +/- 9 for spores). Mean C. difficile CFUs isolated from the M. domestica alimentary canal was 35 +/- 6.5, and mean C. difficile CFUs per faecal spot was 1.04 +/- 0.58. C. difficile could be recovered from fly excreta for up to 96h.


CONCLUSIONS
This study describes the potential for M. domestica to contribute to environmental persistence and spread of C. difficile in hospitals, highlighting flies as realistic vectors of this micro-organism in clinical areas.
Killgerm Chemicals Ltd, Ossett, UK. Electronic address: matthew.davies@killgerm.com.
M P
MP
Davies
Killgerm Chemicals Ltd, Ossett, UK.
M
M
Anderson
School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
A C
AC
Hilton
D000818:Animals; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D004175:Diptera; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D006793:Houseflies / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors
Clostridium difficile; Housefly; Infection control; Musca domestica; Pest control