Characterization and Comparison of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oils from Pinewood, Rapeseed Cake, and Wheat Straw Using13C NMR and Comprehensive GC × GC.
Fast pyrolysis bio-oils are feasible energy carriers and a potential source of chemicals. Detailed characterization of bio-oils is essential to further develop its potential use. In this study, quantitative13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) was used to characterize fast pyrolysis bio-oils originated from pinewood, wheat straw, and rapeseed cake. The combination of both techniques provided new information on the chemical composition of bio-oils for further upgrading.13C NMR analysis indicated that pinewood-based bio-oil contained mostly methoxy/hydroxyl (≈30%) and carbohydrate (≈27%) carbons; wheat straw bio-oil showed to have high amount of alkyl (≈35%) and aromatic (≈30%) carbons, while rapeseed cake-based bio-oil had great portions of alkyl carbons (≈82%). More than 200 compounds were identified and quantified using GC × GC coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID) and a time of flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS). Nonaromatics were the most abundant and comprised about 50% of the total mass of compounds identified and quantified via GC × GC. In addition, this analytical approach allowed the quantification of high value-added phenolic compounds, as well as of low molecular weight carboxylic acids and aldehydes, which exacerbate the unstable and corrosive character of the bio-oil.
Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Leila
L
Negahdar
Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University , Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
Arturo
A
Gonzalez-Quiroga
Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University , Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
Daria
D
Otyuskaya
Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University , Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
Hilal E
HE
Toraman
Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China.
Li
L
Liu
Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Johann T B H
JT
Jastrzebski
Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University , Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
Kevin M
KM
Van Geem
Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University , Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
Guy B
GB
Marin
Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Ghent University , Technologiepark 914, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
Joris W
JW
Thybaut
Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University , Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Bert M
BM
Weckhuysen
Agricultural residue; Aromatics; Bio-oil stability; Chemical shift; Compositional analysis; Light oxygenates; Pyrolysis oil; Softwood
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