Global genetic diversity of Aedes aegypti.
Mosquitoes, especially Aedes aegypti, are becoming important models for studying invasion biology. We characterized genetic variation at 12 microsatellite loci in 79 populations of Ae. aegypti from 30 countries in six continents, and used them to infer historical and modern patterns of invasion. Our results support the two subspecies Ae. aegypti formosus and Ae. aegypti aegypti as genetically distinct units. Ae. aegypti aegypti populations outside Africa are derived from ancestral African populations and are monophyletic. The two subspecies co-occur in both East Africa (Kenya) and West Africa (Senegal). In rural/forest settings (Rabai District of Kenya), the two subspecies remain genetically distinct, whereas in urban settings, they introgress freely. Populations outside Africa are highly genetically structured likely due to a combination of recent founder effects, discrete discontinuous habitats and low migration rates. Ancestral populations in sub-Saharan Africa are less genetically structured, as are the populations in Asia. Introduction of Ae. aegypti to the New World coinciding with trans-Atlantic shipping in the 16th to 18th centuries was followed by its introduction to Asia in the late 19th century from the New World or from now extinct populations in the Mediterranean Basin. Aedes mascarensis is a genetically distinct sister species to Ae. aegypti s.l. This study provides a reference database of genetic diversity that can be used to determine the likely origin of new introductions that occur regularly for this invasive species. The genetic uniqueness of many populations and regions has important implications for attempts to control Ae. aegypti, especially for the methods using genetic modification of populations.
Yale University, 21 Sachem Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8105, USA. andrea.gloria-soria@yale.edu.
Andrea
A
Gloria-Soria
Laboratory MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, 34394, France.|Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.
Diego
D
Ayala
Vector Biology and Control Division, Ministry of Health and Quality of Life, Mauritius, Mauritius.
Ambicadutt
A
Bheecarry
Facultad de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
Olger
O
Calderon-Arguedas
Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, WI.
Dave D
DD
Chadee
Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, X5000JJC, Córdoba, Argentina.
Marina
M
Chiappero
School of Pathology, Wits Research Institute for Malaria, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Maureen
M
Coetzee
Vector Biology and Control Division, Ministry of Health and Quality of Life, Mauritius, Mauritius.
Khouaildi Bin
KB
Elahee
Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.
Ildefonso
I
Fernandez-Salas
Dallah Establishment, Pest Control Projects, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Hany A
HA
Kamal
Research Unit Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Oganisation de Coordination pour la lute contre les Endemies en Afrique Centrale, Yaounde, Cameroon.
Basile
B
Kamgang
Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Emad I M
EI
Khater
Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
Laura D
LD
Kramer
Vector Borne Disease Section, California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, CA, USA.
Vicki
V
Kramer
Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.
Alma
A
Lopez-Solis
Arbovirus/Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Laboratory, Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P. O. Box 54628-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
Joel
J
Lutomiah
Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, IOC-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Ademir
A
Martins
Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Maria Victoria
MV
Micieli
Laboratory MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, 34394, France.
Christophe
C
Paupy
Department of Entomology, USAMD-AFRIMS, Bangkok, Thailand.
Alongkot
A
Ponlawat
Laboratory MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, 34394, France.
Nil
N
Rahola
Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
Syed Basit
SB
Rasheed
Yale University, 21 Sachem Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8105, USA.
Joshua B
JB
Richardson
Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Amag A
0000-0002-2354-0144
AA
Saleh
School of Veterinary Medicine, Escobedo, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
Rosa Maria
RM
Sanchez-Casas
Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal.
Gonçalo
G
Seixas
Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal.
Carla A
CA
Sousa
Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, IFAS, Vero Beach, FL, USA.
Walter J
WJ
Tabachnick
Facultad de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
Adriana
A
Troyo
Yale University, 21 Sachem Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8105, USA.
Jeffrey R
JR
Powell
D000330:Aedes / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D001208:Asia; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D007630:Kenya; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D012675:Senegal

Aedes aegypti
; 
Aedes mascarensis
; history; invasion; microsatellites
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