Assessment of diagnostic doses for widely used synthetic pyrethroids (Deltamethrin & Permethrin) in an endemic focus of leishmaniasis in Turkey.
BACKGROUND
Leishmania is a group of parasitic flagellated protozoons, which are transmitted by female sand flies and produces health problems in humans and also in wild and domestic animals. So far, 25 Phlebotomus and 4 Sergentomyia species were recorded in Turkey including proven or possible vectors of Leishmania spp. As no single insecticide susceptibility test was conducted targeting the sand flies in Turkey, we aimed to determine the diagnostic dose against two commonly used synthetic pyrethroids (deltamethrin and permethrin) in a hyperendemic area for leishmaniasis.


METHODS
Sand flies were collected from villages of Adana in 2-4 September 2013 using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps and transferred to the laboratory. The World Health Organisation tube test method was conducted using self-prepared filter papers with different concentrations. In order to determine the diagnostic dose, lethal doses (LD) were calculated by EPA Probit Analysis. Sand flies used in the experiments were dissected, mounted and identified.


RESULTS
For the lowest (0.025 %) and highest dose of permethrin (0.5 %), the mortality rate was recorded as 52.6 % and 100 % by the end of 24-h period and the diagnostic dose was recorded as 0.36 %. The mortality rate for lowest (0.0025 %) and highest (0.05 %) doses of deltamethrin was recorded as 54.8 % and 100 %. The diagnostic dose of deltamethrin was determined as 0.9 %.


CONCLUSIONS
An insecticide susceptibility study was conducted in Turkey for the first time and effective doses were determined by calculating the LDs. According to presented results, the wild population of sand flies collected from a hyper-endemic region of Adana Province is still susceptible to deltamethrin and permethrin.
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey. mehmetk1986@yahoo.com.
Mehmet
M
Karakuş
Department of Biology, Ecology Division, HUESRL-VERG laboratories, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
Yasemen
Y
Sarıkaya
Department of Biology, Ecology Division, HUESRL-VERG laboratories, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
Gizem
G
Oğuz
Department of Biology, Ecology Division, HUESRL-VERG laboratories, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
Mert
M
Doğan
Department of Biology, Ecology Division, HUESRL-VERG laboratories, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
Gökhan
G
Ergan
Department of Biology, Ecology Division, HUESRL-VERG laboratories, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
Filiz
F
Günay
Department of Biology, Ecology Division, HUESRL-VERG laboratories, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
Özge Erişöz
ÖE
Kasap
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey.
Yusuf
Y
Özbel
Department of Biology, Ecology Division, HUESRL-VERG laboratories, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
Bülent
B
Alten
Adana; Deltamethrin; Insecticide resistance; Permethrin; Phlebotomus; Pyrethroids; Turkey
IUBMB Life. 2007 Mar;59(3):151-62
17487686
J Vector Borne Dis. 2012 Dec;49(4):254-7
23428526
J Virol. 2015 Apr;89(8):4080-91
25653443
Acta Trop. 2013 Sep;127(3):204-11
23685243
Vet Ital. 2004 Jul-Sep;40(3):336-9
20419689
J Med Entomol. 2002 Nov;39(6):870-4
12495185
US Army Med Dep J. 2015 Jul-Sep;:3-9
26276940
PLoS Pathog. 2007 Jun;3(6):e91
17604451
Med Vet Entomol. 1993 Jan;7(1):69-72
8435492
J Med Entomol. 2016 May;53(3):620-628
26810731
Malar J. 2009 Sep 03;8:208
19728871
J Vector Ecol. 2011 Mar;36 Suppl 1:S87-94
21366785
Infect Genet Evol. 2015 Aug;34:467-79
26006062
Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 2012;36(2):121-9
22801920
Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2002;38(4):419-23
12760339
Acta Trop. 2011 Apr;118(1):37-44
21300017
Parasit Vectors. 2013 May 20;6:147
23688233
J Econ Entomol. 2007 Apr;100(2):545-50
17461081
Int J Parasitol. 2009 Jan;39(2):251-6
18761342
J Med Entomol. 2015 Sep;52(5):1003-12
26336231
J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2001 Mar;17(1):23-7
11345414
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2014 Mar;108(3):154-8
24449479
Acta Trop. 2016 Jun;158:88-96
26943998
Parassitologia. 1991 Dec;33 Suppl:335-47
1841225
Parasit Vectors. 2012 Mar 19;5:51
22429776
J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 1993 Apr;23(1):69-94
8482885
Trop Med Int Health. 2009 Oct;14(10):1272-7
19772549
Annu Rev Entomol. 2013;58:227-50
23317043
J Vector Ecol. 2014 Dec;39(2):395-405
25424269
Acta Trop. 2002 Oct;84(1):43-8
12387909
Riv Malariol. 1959 Dec;38:197-211
13850503
J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1997 Dec;13(4):335-41
9474559