Genome-wide associations for birth weight and correlations with adult disease.
Birth weight (BW) has been shown to be influenced by both fetal and maternal factors and in observational studies is reproducibly associated with future risk of adult metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease. These life-course associations have often been attributed to the impact of an adverse early life environment. Here, we performed a multi-ancestry genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of BW in 153,781 individuals, identifying 60 loci where fetal genotype was associated with BW (P < 5 × 10-8). Overall, approximately 15% of variance in BW was captured by assays of fetal genetic variation. Using genetic association alone, we found strong inverse genetic correlations between BW and systolic blood pressure (Rg= -0.22, P = 5.5 × 10-13), T2D (Rg= -0.27, P = 1.1 × 10-6) and coronary artery disease (Rg= -0.30, P = 6.5 × 10-9). In addition, using large -cohort datasets, we demonstrated that genetic factors were the major contributor to the negative covariance between BW and future cardiometabolic risk. Pathway analyses indicated that the protein products of genes within BW-associated regions were enriched for diverse processes including insulin signalling, glucose homeostasis, glycogen biosynthesis and chromatin remodelling. There was also enrichment of associations with BW in known imprinted regions (P = 1.9 × 10-4). We demonstrate that life-course associations between early growth phenotypes and adult cardiometabolic disease are in part the result of shared genetic effects and identify some of the pathways through which these causal genetic effects are mediated.
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Momoko
M
Horikoshi
Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK.
Robin N
RN
Beaumont
MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
Felix R
FR
Day
The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.|School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
Nicole M
NM
Warrington
The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Marjolein N
MN
Kooijman
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Juan
J
Fernandez-Tajes
Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Bjarke
B
Feenstra
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Natalie R
NR
van Zuydam
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
Kyle J
KJ
Gaulton
The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Niels
N
Grarup
Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Jonathan P
JP
Bradfield
Population Health Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, Cranmer Terrace, UK.
David P
DP
Strachan
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Ruifang
R
Li-Gao
The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark.
Tarunveer S
TS
Ahluwalia
COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Eskil
E
Kreiner
Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Rico
R
Rueedi
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland.|Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland.
Leo-Pekka
LP
Lyytikäinen
Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.|Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.|Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Diana L
DL
Cousminer
Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Ying
Y
Wu
Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany.
Elisabeth
E
Thiering
School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
Carol A
CA
Wang
The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Christian T
CT
Have
Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Jouke-Jan
JJ
Hottenga
ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
Natalia
N
Vilor-Tejedor
Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
Peter K
PK
Joshi
Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
Eileen Tai Hui
ETH
Boh
William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.|Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
Ioanna
I
Ntalla
Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
Niina
N
Pitkänen
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Anubha
A
Mahajan
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Elisabeth M
EM
van Leeuwen
Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Raimo
R
Joro
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|KUL - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium.|Translational Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.
Vasiliki
V
Lagou
Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
Michael
M
Nodzenski
Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Louise A
LA
Diver
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Endometriosis CaRe Centre, Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Krina T
KT
Zondervan
ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.|Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain.
Mariona
M
Bustamante
Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Pedro
P
Marques-Vidal
Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain.
Josep M
JM
Mercader
Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Amanda J
AJ
Bennett
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Nilufer
N
Rahmioglu
Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia.
Dale R
DR
Nyholt
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.|Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.|Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Ronald Ching Wan
RCW
Ma
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Claudia Ha Ting
CHT
Tam
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Wing Hung
WH
Tam
Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Santhi K
SK
Ganesh
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Frank Ja
FJ
van Rooij
Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK.
Samuel E
SE
Jones
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Po-Ru
PR
Loh
Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK.
Katherine S
KS
Ruth
Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK.
Marcus A
MA
Tuke
Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK.|European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter, Truro, UK.
Jessica
J
Tyrrell
Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK.
Andrew R
AR
Wood
Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK.
Hanieh
H
Yaghootkar
Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
Denise M
DM
Scholtens
Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.|School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Lavinia
L
Paternoster
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Inga
I
Prokopenko
IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
Peter
P
Kovacs
Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Mustafa
M
Atalay
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Sara M
SM
Willems
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.
Kalliope
K
Panoutsopoulou
Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
Xu
X
Wang
Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Lisbeth
L
Carstensen
Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Frank
F
Geller
Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
Katharina E
KE
Schraut
CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.|FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Valencia, Spain.
Mario
M
Murcia
Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Catharina Em
CE
van Beijsterveldt
Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Gonneke
G
Willemsen
The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Emil V R
EVR
Appel
The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark.
Cilius E
CE
Fonvig
The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark.
Caecilie
C
Trier
Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany.
Carla Mt
CM
Tiesler
Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
Marie
M
Standl
Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.|Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Zoltán
Z
Kutalik
Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain.
Sílvia
S
Bonas-Guarch
Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
David M
DM
Hougaard
Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain.|Computer Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain.
Friman
F
Sánchez
Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain.|Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
David
D
Torrents
COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Johannes
J
Waage
Danish Center for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Mads V
MV
Hollegaard
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Hugoline G
HG
de Haan
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Frits R
FR
Rosendaal
The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Carolina
C
Medina-Gomez
Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.|School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Susan M
SM
Ring
Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.|School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Gibran
G
Hemani
School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
George
G
McMahon
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Neil R
NR
Robertson
Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Christopher J
CJ
Groves
MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
Claudia
C
Langenberg
MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
Jian'an
J
Luan
MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
Robert A
RA
Scott
MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
Jing Hua
JH
Zhao
Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Frank D
FD
Mentch
Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Scott M
SM
MacKenzie
BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
Rebecca M
RM
Reynolds
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA.
William L
WL
Lowe
Medical Department, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
Anke
A
Tönjes
IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.|Medical Department, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
Michael
M
Stumvoll
Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
Virpi
V
Lindi
Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.|Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland.
Timo A
TA
Lakka
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Cornelia M
CM
van Duijn
Pediatric Research Center, Department of Women´s & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
Wieland
W
Kiess
IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.|Pediatric Research Center, Department of Women´s & Child Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
Antje
A
Körner
Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.|School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.|Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Thorkild Ia
TI
Sørensen
Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.|Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
Harri
H
Niinikoski
Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.|Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, Turku, Finland.
Katja
K
Pahkala
Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.|Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
Olli T
OT
Raitakari
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK.
Eleftheria
E
Zeggini
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
George V
GV
Dedoussis
Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.|Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.|Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Yik-Ying
YY
Teo
Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.|Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
Seang-Mei
SM
Saw
Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
Mads
M
Melbye
Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
Harry
H
Campbell
Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.|MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
James F
JF
Wilson
ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain.
Martine
M
Vrijheid
Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.|EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Eco Jcn
EJ
de Geus
Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Dorret I
DI
Boomsma
Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Haja N
HN
Kadarmideen
The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark.
Jens-Christian
JC
Holm
The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Torben
T
Hansen
Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland.
Sylvain
S
Sebert
Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK.
Andrew T
AT
Hattersley
School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
Lawrence J
LJ
Beilin
School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
John P
JP
Newnham
School of Women's and Infants' Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
Craig E
CE
Pennell
Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Joachim
J
Heinrich
Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Linda S
LS
Adair
USC-Office of Population Studies Foundation, Inc., University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines.|Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines.
Judith B
JB
Borja
Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Karen L
KL
Mohlke
National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.|Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
Johan G
JG
Eriksson
Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Elisabeth E
EE
Widén
Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hopital, Tampere, Finland.|Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland.
Mika
M
Kähönen
Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.|Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
Jorma S
JS
Viikari
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland.|Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland.
Terho
T
Lehtimäki
Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Peter
P
Vollenweider
COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Klaus
K
Bønnelykke
COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Hans
H
Bisgaard
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.|Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.|Epidemiology Section, BESC Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Dennis O
DO
Mook-Kanamori
The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Albert
A
Hofman
The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Fernando
F
Rivadeneira
The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
André G
AG
Uitterlinden
Research Center for Prevention and Health Capital Region, Center for Sundhed, Rigshospitalet - Glostrup, Copenhagen University, Glostrup, Denmark.
Charlotta
C
Pisinger
The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Oluf
O
Pedersen
Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
Christine
C
Power
Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.|Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences, and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.|South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
Elina
E
Hyppönen
MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
Nicholas J
NJ
Wareham
Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.|Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.|Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Hakon
H
Hakonarson
Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Eleanor
E
Davies
BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
Brian R
BR
Walker
The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Vincent Wv
VW
Jaddoe
Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.|Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
Marjo-Riitta
MR
Jarvelin
Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.|Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.|Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.|Division of Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Struan Fa
SF
Grant
Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Allan A
AA
Vaag
Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.|School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Debbie A
DA
Lawlor
Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK.
Timothy M
TM
Frayling
Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.|School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
George
G
Davey Smith
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.|Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
Andrew P
AP
Morris
MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.|Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Ken K
KK
Ong
The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Janine F
JF
Felix
Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.|School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Nicholas J
NJ
Timpson
MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
John Rb
JR
Perry
The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.|Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.|School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
David M
DM
Evans
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
Mark I
MI
McCarthy
Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK.|Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Rachel M
RM
Freathy
D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics*; D000886:Anthropometry; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000235:genetics*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000235:genetics; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D066264:Datasets as Topic; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism*; D056426:Genetic Loci / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D018392:Genomic Imprinting / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006003:Glycogen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D015398:Signal Transduction
D007328:Insulin; D006003:Glycogen; D005947:Glucose
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