Neuropsychology in Finland - over 30 years of systematically trained clinical practice.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this invited paper for a special issue of international practice in The Clinical Neuropsychologist is to provide information on training models, clinical practice, and professional issues within neuropsychology in Finland.


METHODS
Relevant information was gathered via literature searches, a survey by the Neuropsychology Working Group of the Finnish Psychological Association, archives of the Finnish Neuropsychological Society, and personal communication with professionals in Finland.


RESULTS
The roots of Finnish neuropsychology are linked to the early German tradition of experimental psychology. Since the 1970s, it has been strongly influenced by both the psychometric approach in the U.S. and the qualitative approach by Luria. Systematic specialization training program began in Finland in 1983. It was first organized by the Finnish Neuropsychological Society and since 1997 by Finnish universities. At present, around 260 neuropsychologists have completed this training. According to the survey by the Finnish Psychological Association in 2014, 67% of Finnish neuropsychologists work in the public sector, 36% in the private sector, and 28% reported that they had private practice. Work includes assessments for 90% of the respondents, rehabilitation for 74%, and many are involved in teaching and research. Of the respondents, 20% worked both with adults and children, 44% with adults only and 36% with children only. Within test development, pediatric neuropsychology is an especially prominent field.


CONCLUSIONS
A unique blend of approaches and a solid systematic training tradition has led to a strong position of neuropsychologists as distinguished experts in the Finnish health care system.
a Institute of Behavioural Sciences , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.
Laura
L
Hokkanen
b Clinical Neurosciences, Head and Neck Center, Neuropsychology , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland.
Taina
T
Nybo
c Rehabilitation Foundation , Unit of Research and Development , Helsinki , Finland.
Erja
E
Poutiainen
D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008007:Licensure, Medical / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009484:Neuropsychology / Q000193:education* / Q000639:trends; D011584:Psychology / Q000193:education* / Q000639:trends; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
Clinical neuropsychology; Finland; Scandinavia; history; specialization training program