[What are the determinants of childhood obesity? : A literature review as part of the project "Nationwide Monitoring of Childhood Obesity Determinants"].
BACKGROUND
Obesity can impair health even in childhood and unfold negative health consequences through an individual's lifespan. In Germany, to date, a systematic and periodically updated synopsis of the multifaceted determinants of childhood obesity is lacking. In this paper, we present the results of a systematic literature review on childhood obesity determinants, which was conducted over the course of the implementation of nationwide monitoring.


METHODS
The review was carried out in three steps. Initially, a search for etiological models of childhood obesity was conducted. Based on these results, a systematic review of reviews on childhood obesity determinants was carried out. Finally, the results were verified by taking international guidelines on childhood obesity into account.


RESULTS
In total, 21 etiological models, 75 reviews and 7 guidelines were identified. Over 60 determinants were extracted from these publications and were summarized into the following categories: nutritional behavior, physical activity behavior, sleeping pattern, biological determinants and diseases, prenatal and early childhood determinants, psycho-social determinants, food environment, moveability/walkability, setting and social environment, health promotion and prevention, socioeconomic, demographic, and sociocultural determinants.


CONCLUSIONS
This review demonstrates the complex patterns of childhood obesity determinants in correspondence with a socio-ecological approach. The review will form the basis for the monitoring-system "Nationwide Monitoring of Childhood Obesity Determinants", which will be implemented at the Robert Koch Institute by the end of 2017.
Abteilung für Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsmonitoring, Fachgebiet 27 "Gesundheitsverhalten", Robert Koch-Institut, General-Pape-Str. 62-66, 12101, Berlin, Deutschland. ZeiherJ@rki.de.
Johannes
J
Zeiher
Abteilung für Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsmonitoring, Fachgebiet 27 "Gesundheitsverhalten", Robert Koch-Institut, General-Pape-Str. 62-66, 12101, Berlin, Deutschland.
Gianni
G
Varnaccia
Abteilung für Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsmonitoring, Fachgebiet 27 "Gesundheitsverhalten", Robert Koch-Institut, General-Pape-Str. 62-66, 12101, Berlin, Deutschland.
Susanne
S
Jordan
Abteilung für Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsmonitoring, Fachgebiet 27 "Gesundheitsverhalten", Robert Koch-Institut, General-Pape-Str. 62-66, 12101, Berlin, Deutschland.
Cornelia
C
Lange
D000293:Adolescent; D000067697:Adolescent Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017677:Age Distribution; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D000067576:Child Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011584:Psychology; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016896:Treatment Outcome
Children; Determinants; Health monitoring; Obesity; Prevention