Molecular epidemiology and the evolution of human coxsackievirus A6.
Coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) is a major aetiologic agent for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in recent years. HFMD outbreaks associated with CV-A6 resulted from the evolutionary dynamics of CV-A6 and the appearance of novel recombinant forms (RFs). To examine this, 151 variants collected in 2013 and 2014 from Germany, Spain, Sweden, Denmark and Thailand were genotyped for the VP1 capsid and 3Dpol genes. Analysis of the VP1 gene showed an increasing correspondence between CV-A6 genome recombination and sequence divergence (estimated substitution rate of 8.1×10-3 substitutions site-1 year-1 and RF half-life of 3.1 years). Bayesian phylogenetic analysis showed that recent recombination groups (RF-E, -F, -H, -J and -K) shared a common ancestor (RF-A). Thirty-nine full-length genomes of different RFs revealed recombination breakpoints between the 2A-2C and the 5' UTRs. The emergence of new CV-A6 recombination groups has become widespread in Europe and Asia within the last 8 years.
Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Jiratchaya
J
Puenpa
Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Sompong
S
Vongpunsawad
Department of Virology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.|Department of Clinical Virology, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland.
Riikka
R
Österback
Department of Virology, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.|Department of Clinical Virology, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland.
Matti
M
Waris
Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
Eva
E
Eriksson
Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
Jan
J
Albert
Department of Microbiological Diagnostics & Virology, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Sofie
S
Midgley
Department of Microbiological Diagnostics & Virology, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Thea K
TK
Fischer
Institute for Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
Anna M
AM
Eis-Hübinger
Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
María
M
Cabrerizo
Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.
Eleanor
E
Gaunt
Infection and Immunity Division, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.|Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.
Peter
P
Simmonds
Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Yong
Y
Poovorawan
D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005060:Europe; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005838:Genotype; D006232:Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011995:Recombination, Genetic
D036022:Capsid Proteins