The burden of oesophageal cancer in Central and South America.
OBJECTIVE
Oesophageal cancer shows marked geographic variations and is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. We described the burden of this malignancy in Central and South America.


METHODS
Regional and national level incidence data were obtained from 48 population-based cancer registries in 13 countries. Mortality data were obtained from the WHO mortality database. Incidence of oesophageal cancer by histological subtype were available from high-quality population-based cancer registries.


RESULTS
Males had higher incidence and mortality rates than females (male-to-female ratios: 2-6:1 and 2-5:1). In 2003-2007, the highest rates were in Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina and Chile. Mortality rates followed the incidence patterns. Incidence of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was higher than adenocarcinoma (AC), except in females from Cuenca (Ecuador). SCC and AC incidence were higher in males than females, except in the Region of Antofagasta and Valdivia (Chile), Manizales (Colombia) and Cuenca (Ecuador). Incidence and mortality rates tended to decline in Argentina, Chile, Brazil (incidence) and Costa Rica from 1997 to 2008.


CONCLUSIONS
The geographic variation and sex disparity in oesophageal cancer across Central and South America may reflect differences in the prevalence of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption which highlights the need to implement and/or strengthen tobacco and alcohol control policies. Maté consumption, obesity, diet and Helicobacter pylori infection may also explain the variation in oesophageal cancer rates but these relationships should be evaluated. Continuous monitoring of oesophageal cancer rates is necessary to provide the basis for cancer prevention and control in the region.
Registro Nacional de Cáncer, CHLCC, Uruguay; Dept. of Quantitative Methods, Faculty of Medicine, Montevideo, Uruguay. Electronic address: ebarrios1952@gmail.com.
Enrique
E
Barrios
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Section of Cancer Surveillance, Lyon, France. Electronic address: monica.sierra@alumni.uth.edu.
Monica S
MS
Sierra
Registro Nacional de Cáncer, CHLCC, Uruguay.
Carina
C
Musetti
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Section of Cancer Surveillance, Lyon, France.
David
D
Forman
Alcohol; Central and South America; Mate; Neoplasm; Oesopagus; Smoking