Cutaneous Bacterial Communities of a Poisonous Salamander: a Perspective from Life Stages, Body Parts and Environmental Conditions.
Amphibian skin provides a habitat for bacterial communities in its mucus. Understanding the structure and function of this "mucosome" in the European fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) is critical in the context of novel emerging pathogenic diseases. We compare the cutaneous bacterial communities of this species using amplicon-based sequencing of the 16S rRNA V4 region. Across 290 samples, over 4000 OTUs were identified, four of them consistently present in all samples. Larvae and post-metamorphs exhibited distinct cutaneous microbial communities. In adults, the parotoid gland surface had a community structure different from the head, dorsum, flanks and ventral side. Larvae from streams had higher phylogenetic diversity than those found in ponds. Their bacterial community structure also differed; species of Burkholderiaceae, Comamonadaceae, Methylophilaceae and Sphingomonadaceae were more abundant in pond larvae, possibly related to differences in factors like desiccation and decomposition rate in this environment. The observed differences in the cutaneous bacterial community among stages, body parts and habitats of fire salamanders suggest that both host and external factors shape these microbiota. We hypothesize that the variation in cutaneous bacterial communities might contribute to variation in pathogen susceptibility among individual salamanders.
Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany. eu.sanisa@gmail.com.
Eugenia
E
Sanchez
Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
Molly C
MC
Bletz
Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
Laura
L
Duntsch
Department of Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
Sabin
S
Bhuju
Department of Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
Robert
R
Geffers
Department of Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
Michael
M
Jarek
Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany.
Anja B
AB
Dohrmann
Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany.
Christoph C
CC
Tebbe
Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
Sebastian
S
Steinfartz
Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 4, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
Miguel
M
Vences
D000470:Alkaloids; D000820:Animal Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001483:Base Sequence; D044822:Biodiversity; D061046:Biological Control Agents; D002965:Classification; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004777:Environment; D005858:Germany; D007814:Larva / Q000382:microbiology; D064307:Microbiota; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000382:microbiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011042:Poisons; D061005:Ponds / Q000382:microbiology; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017421:Sequence Analysis; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology*; D014562:Caudata / Q000382:microbiology*
D000470:Alkaloids; D061046:Biological Control Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D011042:Poisons; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
16S rRNA; Alkaloids; Amphibia; Host–bacteria interactions; Mucosome; Salamandra; Skin microbiota
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