Introduction, Evolution, and Dissemination of Influenza A Viruses in Exhibition Swine in the United States during 2009 to 2013.
The swine-human interface created at agricultural fairs, along with the generation of and maintenance of influenza A virus diversity in exhibition swine, presents an ongoing threat to public health. Nucleotide sequences of influenza A virus isolates collected from exhibition swine in Ohio (n = 262) and Indiana (n = 103) during 2009 to 2013 were used to investigate viral evolution and movement within this niche sector of the swine industry. Phylogenetic and Bayesian analyses were employed to identify introductions of influenza A virus to exhibition swine and study viral population dynamics. In 2013 alone, we identified 10 independent introductions of influenza A virus into Ohio and/or Indiana exhibition swine. Frequently, viruses from the same introduction were identified at multiple fairs within the region, providing evidence of rapid and widespread viral movement within the exhibition swine populations of the two states. While pigs moving from fair to fair to fair is possible in some locations, the concurrent detection of nearly identical strains at several fairs indicates that a common viral source was more likely. Importantly, we detected an association between the high number of human variant H3N2 (H3N2v) virus infections in 2012 and the widespread circulation of influenza A viruses of the same genotype in exhibition swine in Ohio fairs sampled that year. The extent of viral diversity observed in exhibition swine and the rapidity with which it disseminated across long distances indicate that novel strains of influenza A virus will continue to emerge and spread within exhibition swine populations, presenting an ongoing threat to humans.


OBJECTIVE
Understanding the underlying population dynamics of influenza A viruses in commercial and exhibition swine is central to assessing the risk for human infections with variant viruses, including H3N2v. We used viral genomic sequences from isolates collected from exhibition swine during 2009 to 2013 to understand how the peak of H3N2v cases in 2012 relates to long-term trends in the population dynamics of pandemic viruses recently introduced into commercial and exhibition swine in the United States. The results of our spatial analysis underscore the key role of rapid viral dispersal in spreading multiple genetic lineages throughout a multistate network of agricultural fairs, providing opportunities for divergent lineages to coinfect, reassort, and generate new viral genotypes. The higher genetic diversity of genotypes cocirculating in exhibition swine since 2013 could facilitate the evolution of new reassortants, potentially with even greater ability to cause severe infections in humans or cause human-to-human transmission, highlighting the need for continued vigilance.
Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Martha I
MI
Nelson
J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Karla M
KM
Stucker
J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Seth A
SA
Schobel
KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Nídia S
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2106-1166
NS
Trovão
J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Suman R
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2496-9724
SR
Das
J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Vivien G
VG
Dugan
The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Sarah W
SW
Nelson
University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.
Srinand
S
Sreevatsan
U.S. Department of Agriculture National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa, USA.
Mary L
ML
Killian
The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Jacqueline M
JM
Nolting
J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
David E
DE
Wentworth
The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA bowman.214@osu.edu.
Andrew S
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0738-8453
AS
Bowman
D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D006801:Humans; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny; D016865:Reassortant Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
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