Type 1 diabetes, quality of life, occupational status and education level - A comparative population-based study.
OBJECTIVE
Type 1 diabetes requires extensive self-management to avoid complications and may have negative effects on the everyday life of people with the disease. The aim of this study was to compare adults with type 1 diabetes to the general population in terms of health-related quality of life, occupational status (level of employment, working hours and sick leave) and education level.


METHODS
2415 adults (aged 18-98years) with type 1 diabetes were compared to 48,511 adults (aged 18-103years) from the general population. Data were obtained from two cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2010 and 2011 of adults living or treated in the Capital Region in Denmark. Differences between adults with type 1 diabetes and the general population were standardised for age and sex and analyzed using linear probability models and negative binomial regression. Differences were further analyzed in subgroups.


RESULTS
Compared to the general population, adults with type 1 diabetes experienced lower health-related quality of life, were more frequently unemployed, had more sick leave per year and were slightly better educated. Differences in health-related quality of life and employment increased with age and were larger among women, as compared to men. No significant differences were found with regard to working hours.


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that type 1 diabetes is associated with lower health-related quality of life, higher unemployment and additional sick leave. The negative association with type 1 diabetes is more pronounced in women and older adults.
Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Helena B
HB
Nielsen
Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Louise L
LL
Ovesen
Section of Social Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Analysis and Methods, Statistics Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Laust H
LH
Mortensen
Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Glostrup, Denmark.
Cathrine J
CJ
Lau
Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, Denmark. Electronic address: ljoe@steno.dk.
Lene E
LE
Joensen
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003718:Denmark; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D004522:Educational Status; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D018582:Sick Leave; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
Education level; Health-related quality of life; Occupational status; Type 1 diabetes mellitus