Effect of different vaccination strategies on IBV QX population dynamics and clinical outbreaks.
The extreme variability and rapid evolution of Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has always represented the key challenge for its control because of the limited cross-protection among different strains. Several experimental trials have proven a broadening of the protection spectrum when animals are vaccinated with multiple genotypes. Nevertheless, the conditions of vaccine administration in field are so different that the generalization of experimental results is, at least, questionable. In the present study a large scale epidemiological-phylodynamic approach was used to reconstruct the demographic history of the major field genotype (i.e. the QX one) circulating in Italy and Spain. These two countries were selected because, even if they share a comparable epidemiological scenario, the implemented vaccination protocols did not vary in Spain while changed dramatically in Italy over the time period considered. One hundred and ninety-five Italian and 98 Spanish non-recombinant sequences of the hyper-variable region of the S1 gene obtained between 2012 and 2016 were analyzed using a serial coalescent-based approach to reconstruct viral population history over time. While the IBV QX population dynamics remained constant in Spain, a much more complex pattern was evidenced in Italy; both in terms of viral population size and clinical outbreak frequency. Remarkably, a strong association with changes in vaccination strategies was recognized. This allowed demonstrating, by accomplishing all Hill's criteria for causation, the cause-effect relationship between the vaccine administration/withdrawal and the variation in viral population dynamics and, above all, IBV related outbreaks. Thus, a robust confirmation about the efficacy of IBV vaccination in field conditions was provided. Additionally, the history herein reported testifies the primary importance of rigorously planning not only the intervention strategies but also their monitoring and evaluation.
Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy. Electronic address: giovanni.franzo@unipd.it.
Giovanni
G
Franzo
Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
Claudia Maria
CM
Tucciarone
CESAC-Centre de Sanitat Avícola de Catalunya i Aragó, Ctra. Castellvell, s/n, 43206 Reus, Spain.
Angela
A
Blanco
Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, CReSA, UAB-IRTA, Campus de la UAB, edifici CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain.
Miquel
M
Nofrarías
CESAC-Centre de Sanitat Avícola de Catalunya i Aragó, Ctra. Castellvell, s/n, 43206 Reus, Spain.
Mar
M
Biarnés
Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, CReSA, UAB-IRTA, Campus de la UAB, edifici CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain.
Marti
M
Cortey
Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, CReSA, UAB-IRTA, Campus de la UAB, edifici CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
Natàlia
N
Majó
Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy.
Elena
E
Catelli
Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
Mattia
M
Cecchinato
D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000821:virology; D018352:Coronavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D056738:Cross Protection; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D005838:Genotype; D001351:Infectious bronchitis virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*
D014765:Viral Vaccines
Epidemiology; Infectious bronchitis virus; Phylodynamics; Vaccination strategies
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