GIS-measured walkability, transit, and recreation environments in relation to older Adults' physical activity: A latent profile analysis.
An infrequently studied question is how diverse combinations of built environment (BE) features relate to physical activity (PA) for older adults. We derived patterns of geographic information systems- (GIS) measured BE features and explored how they accounted for differences in objective and self-reported PA, sedentary time, and BMI in a sample of older adults. Senior Neighborhood Quality of Life Study participants (N=714, aged 66-97years, 52.1% women, 29.7% racial/ethnic minority) were sampled in 2005-2008 from the Seattle-King County, WA and Baltimore, MD-Washington, DC regions. Participants' home addresses were geocoded, and net residential density, land use mix, retail floor area ratio, intersection density, public transit density, and public park and private recreation facility density measures for 1-km network buffers were derived. Latent profile analyses (LPAs) were estimated from these GIS-based measures. In multilevel regression models, profiles were compared on accelerometer-measured moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and sedentary time and self-reported PA, adjusting for covariates and clustering. Analyses were conducted in 2014-2015. LPAs yielded three profiles: low walkability/transit/recreation (L-L-L); mean walkability/transit/recreation (M-M-M); and high walkability/transit/recreation (H-H-H). Three PA outcomes were more favorable in the HHH than the LLL profile group (difference of 7.2min/day for MVPA, 97.8min/week for walking for errands, and 79.2min/week for walking for exercise; all ps<0.02). The most and least activity-supportive BE profiles showed greater differences in older adults' PA than did groupings based solely on a 4-component walkability index, suggesting that diverse BE features are important for healthy aging.
College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States. Electronic address: mike.todd@asu.edu.
Michael
M
Todd
Exercise Science and Health Promotion Program, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States.
Marc A
MA
Adams
Exercise Science and Health Promotion Program, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States.
Jonathan
J
Kurka
Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.
Terry L
TL
Conway
Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.
Kelli L
KL
Cain
Exercise Science and Health Promotion Program, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, United States.
Matthew P
MP
Buman
Schools of Population and Public Health and Community and Regional Planning, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Lawrence D
LD
Frank
Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.
James F
JF
Sallis
Department of Health Research and Policy, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
Abby C
AC
King
D000368:Aged; D015142:Baltimore; D004219:District of Columbia; D004779:Environment Design; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D011998:Recreation; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014186:Transportation; D016138:Walking; D014861:Washington
Active transportation; Aging in place; Built environment; Environment design; Exercise; Obesity
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