Protective effects of the antioxidant extract collected from Styela clava tunics on UV radiation‑induced skin aging in hairless mice.
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is considered a primary cause of skin damage, which is characterized by deep wrinkles, roughness, laxity and pigmentation through oxidative stress and oxidative photodamage. To examine the therapeutic effects of ethanol extract of Styela clava tunics (EtSCT) on UV radiation-induced skin aging in hairless mice, alterations in skin phenotype, histological structures, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative conditions and toxicity were investigated during 13 weeks of UV irradiation and topical application of EtSCT. EtSCT showed high reducing power (3.1%), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (92.7%) and NO scavenging activity (15.6%) due to its high total flavonoids (15.3 mg/ml) and total phenolics (36.8 mg/ml). The topical application of EtSCT suppressed photoaging of the skin of UV-irradiated mice, and this was demonstrated by the inhibition of wrinkle formation, the suppression of the erythema index as well as the prevention of transepidermal water loss. Additionally, the epidermal thickness and adipocytes number were recovered to a similar level as that in the no radiation group in the UV + EtSCT‑treated groups compared with the UV + vehicle‑treated group, and the expression of collagen I increased. The attenuation of mitogen‑activated protein kinase and ER stress signaling pathways activated by reactive oxygen species was also detected in the UV + EtSCT‑treated group. Inflammatory responses including the infiltration of mast cells, CD31 expression and interleukin-6 secretion were significantly lower in the UV + EtSCT-treated groups. Moreover, the concentration of malondialdehyde was reduced and the activity of superoxide dismutase was effectively recovered in the UV + EtSCT-treated groups compared with that in the vehicle-treated groups. Liver and kidney toxicity factors were maintained at a constant level. These results suggest that EtSCT has the potential for use as therapeutic drug which protects against skin aging by regulating the skin morphology, histopathological structures, ER stress, inflammation and oxidative conditions.
Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do 50463, Republic of Korea.
Eun Kyoung
EK
Koh
Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do 50463, Republic of Korea.
Ji Eun
JE
Kim
Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do 50463, Republic of Korea.
Jun
J
Go
Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do 50463, Republic of Korea.
Sung Hwa
SH
Song
Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do 50463, Republic of Korea.
Ji Eun
JE
Sung
Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do 50463, Republic of Korea.
Hong Joo
HJ
Son
Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do 50463, Republic of Korea.
Young Jin
YJ
Jung
Department of Public Health, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea.
Bae Hwan
BH
Kim
College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
Young Suk
YS
Jung
Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do 50463, Republic of Korea.
Dae Youn
DY
Hwang
D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004817:Epidermis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D008812:Mice, Hairless; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014020:Tissue Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014561:Urochordata / Q000737:chemistry*; D014870:Water Loss, Insensible / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects
D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D020011:Protective Agents; D014020:Tissue Extracts; D000431:Ethanol; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases