Emerging role of bacteria in oral carcinogenesis: a review with special reference to perio-pathogenic bacteria.
Oral cancer, primarily oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), continues to be a major global health problem with high incidence and low survival rates. While the major risk factors for this malignancy, mostly lifestyle related, have been identified, around 15% of oral cancer cases remain unexplained. In light of evidence implicating bacteria in the aetiology of some cancer types, several epidemiological studies have been conducted in the last decade, employing methodologies ranging from traditional culture techniques to 16S rRNA metagenomics, to assess the possible role of bacteria in OSCC. While these studies have demonstrated differences in microbial composition between cancerous and healthy tissues, they have failed to agree on specific bacteria or patterns of oral microbial dysbiosis to implicate in OSCC. On the contrary, some oral taxa, particularly Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, show strong oral carcinogenic potential in vitro and in animal studies. Bacteria are thought to contribute to oral carcinogenesis via inhibition of apoptosis, activation of cell proliferation, promotion of cellular invasion, induction of chronic inflammation, and production of carcinogens. This narrative review provides a critical analysis of and an update on the association between bacteria and oral carcinogenesis and the possible mechanisms underlying it.
School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Queensland, Southport, Australia; Manosha.perera@griffithuni.edu.au.
Manosha
M
Perera
Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; alhebshi@temple.edu.|Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA.
Nezar Noor
NN
Al-Hebshi
Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Southport, Australia.
David J
DJ
Speicher
Community Dental Unit, Dental Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Irosha
I
Perera
Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Southport, Australia.
Newell W
NW
Johnson
bacteria; carcinoma; dysbiosis; inflammation; microbiome; mouth; squamous cell
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