Chemical assessment of lead, cadmium, nitrate, and nitrite intakes with daily diets of children and adolescents from orphanages in Krakow, Poland.
The aim of this study has been to measure the level of lead, cadmium, nitrates, and nitrites in the daily diets of children and adolescents from orphanages located in Krakow (Poland). Diets were collected over four seasons of 2009. The content of cadmium and lead was measured with flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Nitrates and nitrites in diets were measured using the Griess colorimetric method. In all orphanages, the average intake of lead with daily diets, regardless of the season, ranged from 1.11 ± 0.15 to 22.59 ± 0.07 μg/kg bw/week. The average cadmium intake by children and adolescents ranged between 3.09 ± 0.21 and 20.36 ± 2.21 μg/kg bw/week and, for all orphanages, exceeded the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) level. Daily intake of nitrates and nitrites ranged respectively from 27 to 289 % and from 9 to 99 % of the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The youngest children, with lower body mass, were particularly sensitive to the excessive intakes of cadmium and nitrates.
Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka str. 122, 30-149, Krakow, Poland.
Katarzyna
K
Pysz
Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka str. 122, 30-149, Krakow, Poland.
Teresa
T
Leszczyńska
Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka str. 122, 30-149, Krakow, Poland.
Renata
R
Bieżanowska-Kopeć
Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka str. 122, 30-149, Krakow, Poland. akopec@ar.krakow.pl.
Aneta
A
Kopeć
D000293:Adolescent; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000032:analysis*; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000032:analysis; D019372:Orphanages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011044:Poland; D012621:Seasons; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D055815:Young Adult
D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead
Cadmium; Children and adolescents; Daily diets; Lead; Nitrate and nitrite
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jul;90(1):1-10
19439460
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2010 Nov;213(6):450-7
20705508
Food Addit Contam. 2000 Nov;17(11):925-32
11271706
BJU Int. 2005 May;95(7):972-6
15839916
Ecol Food Nutr. 2011 Mar-Apr;50(2):137-54
21888593
Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1987;11(1):55-113
3303135
Food Addit Contam. 2000 Sep;17 (9):775-86
11091791
Food Addit Contam. 2004 Oct;21(10):963-70
15712521
Environ Health Perspect. 2012 Jul;120(7):a268
22759595
Bone. 2012 Jun;50(6):1372-8
22465267
Arch Med Res. 2010 Jan;41(1):7-13
20430248
Environ Res. 2006 Jan;100(1):123-9
16337849
Food Addit Contam. 2006 Apr;23(4):355-61
16546882
Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2012 Sep;64(6):575-82
21146379
Neurotoxicology. 2006 Sep;27(5):693-701
16889836
Annu Rev Nutr. 1997;17:37-50
9240918
Heart. 2010 Nov;96(21):1703-9
20736204
Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2010;61(4):367-72
21446117
Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2008;59(1):9-18
18666618
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009 Aug 1;238(3):201-8
19409405
J Nutr. 1994 Nov;124(11 Suppl):2245S-2317S
7965210
Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2013 Nov;86(8):865-73
23079791
Food Chem Toxicol. 2005 Nov;43(11):1647-55
15975702
J Am Coll Nutr. 2016;35(1):75-85
25910044
Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2008;59(3):273-81
19143424
PLoS One. 2014 Aug 08;9(8):e104273
25105421
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2010 Nov;30(3):264-71
21787659
Food Chem Toxicol. 2012 Mar;50(3-4):536-44
22240415
Food Addit Contam. 1999 May;16(5):181-8
10560571
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2014 Mar 1;116(5):463-77
24408999
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008 Nov;125(2):120-32
18535793