Hippocampal and amygdala volumes in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder secondary to childhood abuse or maltreatment: A systematic review.
We systematically reviewed differences in hippocampal and amygdala volumes between adults with childhood maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and healthy controls. Using the terms "adults", "MRI", "magnetic resonance imaging", with "posttraumatic stress disorder" "PTSD", "child abuse", and "child maltreatment", we conducted searches on several electronic databases. We identified 10 studies that met our inclusion criteria; 7 of which were included in a meta-analysis of hippocampal volume and 4 that were included in a meta-analysis of amygdala volume. Mean hippocampal and amygdala volumes were used to determine effect sizes. We found bilateral reduction of both the hippocampus and amygdala in the PTSD group compared to healthy controls, with effect sizes of -0.66 and -0.67 for the left and right hippocampus (p<0.00001 and p=0.002) and -1.08 and -1.15 for the left and right amygdala, (p=0.013 and p=0.003), respectively. Confidence intervals were -0.93,-0.39 and -1.26,-0.29 for the left and right hippocampus, respectively. For the amygdala, confidence intervals were -1.92,-0.23 and -1.19, -0.39 for the left and right amygdala. The relatively few studies available for analysis is a limitation. Additionally, sex diverse MRI studies in PTSD are needed to determine whether sex plays a significant role in the hippocampal effects associated with childhood-onset trauma.
South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI) in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa. Electronic address: fahmed@sun.ac.za.
Fatima
F
Ahmed-Leitao
South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI) in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa. Electronic address: ggiocos@sun.ac.za.
Georgina
G
Spies
Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa. Electronic address: luellaz@gmail.com.
Leigh
L
van den Heuvel
MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, South Africa. Electronic address: sseedat@sun.ac.za.
Soraya
S
Seedat
D000328:Adult; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D000679:Amygdala / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*
Early life stress; MRI; PTSD