Toxicology of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms.
Mycotoxins are the most frequently occurring natural contaminants in human and animal diet. Among them, deoxynivalenol (DON), produced by Fusarium, is one of the most prevalent and thus represents an important health risk. Recent detection methods revealed new mycotoxins and new molecules derivated from the "native" mycotoxins. The main derivates of DON are the acetylated forms produced by the fungi (3- and 15-acetyl-DON), the biologically "modified" forms produced by the plant (deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucopyranoside), or after bacteria transformation (de-epoxy DON, 3-epi-DON and 3-keto-DON) as well as the chemically "modified" forms (norDON A-C and DON-sulfonates). High proportions of acetylated and modified forms of DON co-occur with DON, increasing the exposure and the health risk. DON and its acetylated and modified forms are rapidly absorbed following ingestion. At the molecular level, DON binds to the ribosome, induces a ribotoxic stress leading to the activation of MAP kinases, cellular cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. The toxic effects of DON include emesis and anorexia, alteration of intestinal and immune functions, reduced absorption of the nutrients as well as increased susceptibility to infection and chronic diseases. In contrast to DON, very little information exists concerning the acetylated and modified forms; some can be converted back to DON, their ability to bind to the ribosome and to induce cellular effects varies according to the toxin. Except for the acetylated forms, their toxicity and impact on human and animal health are poorly documented.
Toxalim (Research center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
Delphine
D
Payros
Toxalim (Research center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
Imourana
I
Alassane-Kpembi
Toxalim (Research center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.|BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
Alix
A
Pierron
Toxalim (Research center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
Nicolas
N
Loiseau
Toxalim (Research center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
Philippe
P
Pinton
Toxalim (Research center in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France. isabelle.oswald@toulouse.inra.fr.
Isabelle P
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9918-277X
IP
Oswald
D000107:Acetylation; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D001711:Biotransformation; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D005670:Fusarium / Q000378:metabolism; D005960:Glucosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D065667:Renal Elimination; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D066007:Toxicokinetics; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D005960:Glucosides; D014255:Trichothecenes; C043247:3-acetyldeoxynivalenol; C046760:15-acetyldeoxynivalenol; C007262:deoxynivalenol
Acetylated forms; Deoxynivalenol; Health effects; Modified forms; Ribosome binding; Toxicity; Toxicokinetics