A simulation study of inorganic sulfur cycling in the water level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China and the implications for mercury methylation.
The water level fluctuation zone (WLFZ) of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China experiences a drying and wetting rotation every year, and the water level induced redox variation may influence inorganic sulfur speciation and mercury methylation. In this work, a simulative flooding and drying experiment and a sulfate added flooding experiment were conducted to study this topic. The results showed that sulfate was reduced from the 10th d during the flooding period based on the detected sulfide in water and the increased elemental sulfur (S0) in sediment. Sulfate reduction and sulfide re-oxidation led to the increase of S0contents with the maximal values of 1.86 and 0.46 mg kg-1during the flooding and drying period, respectively. Methylmercury (MeHg) content in sediment displayed a rising trend (0.16-0.28 μg kg-1) in the first 40 d during the flooding period, and then declined from 0.28 to 0.15 μg kg-1. A positive correlation between MeHg content and S0content in soil (r = 0.53, p < 0.05) was found during the flooding period, and a positive but not significant correlation between the percent of MeHg in THg (%MeHg) and S0content (r = 0.85, p = 0.08). In sulfate added flooding simulation, MeHg content in sediment did not increase with the sulfate concentration increasing. The increased pyrite in high-sulfate treatment may fix mercury through adsorption process. This study demonstrated that inorganic sulfur species especially S0and chromium reducible sulfur (CRS) play an important role on mercury methylation in the WLFZ of the TGR.
College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
Jiang
J
Liu
College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, PR China; Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå SE-90183, Sweden.
Tao
T
Jiang
College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
Rong
R
Huang
College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, PR China.
Dingyong
D
Wang
College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, PR China. Electronic address: jzhzhang@swu.edu.cn.
Jinzhong
J
Zhang
College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
Sheng
S
Qian
College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
Deliang
D
Yin
College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Key Laboratory of Eco-environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing 400716, PR China.
Hong
H
Chen
D000327:Adsorption; D002681:China; D003198:Computer Simulation; D055868:Floods; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D008745:Methylation; D008767:Methylmercury Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D045483:Rivers; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D013440:Sulfides / Q000737:chemistry; D013447:Sulfites / Q000737:chemistry; D013455:Sulfur / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
D008767:Methylmercury Compounds; D016877:Oxidants; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013440:Sulfides; D013447:Sulfites; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; C011342:pyrite; D013455:Sulfur; D007501:Iron; D008628:Mercury
Inorganic sulfur; Mercury methylation; Simulation study; The Three Gorges Reservoir; Water level fluctuation zone