Molecular evidence that oral supplementation with lycopene or lutein protects human skin against ultraviolet radiation: results from a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study.
BACKGROUND
Increasing evidence suggests photoprotection by oral supplementation with β-carotene and lycopene.


OBJECTIVE
To examine the capacity of lycopene-rich tomato nutrient complex (TNC) and lutein, to protect against ultraviolet (UV)A/B and UVA1 radiation at a molecular level.


METHODS
In a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized, crossover study two active treatments containing either TNC or lutein were assessed for their capacity to decrease the expression of UVA1 the radiation-inducible genes HO1, ICAM1 and MMP1. Sixty-five healthy volunteers were allocated to four treatment groups and subjected to a 2-week washout phase, followed by two 12-week treatment phases separated by another 2 weeks of washout. Volunteers started either with active treatment and were then switched to placebo, or vice versa. At the beginning and at the end of each treatment phase skin was irradiated and 24 h later biopsies were taken from untreated, UVA/B- and UVA1-irradiated skin for subsequent reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of gene expression. Moreover, blood samples were taken after the washout and the treatment phases for assessment of carotenoids.


RESULTS
TNC completely inhibited UVA1- and UVA/B-induced upregulation of heme-oxygenase 1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and matrix metallopeptidase 1 mRNA, no matter the sequence (anova, P < 0·05). In contrast, lutein provided complete protection if it was taken in the first period but showed significantly smaller effects in the second sequence compared with TNC.


CONCLUSIONS
Assuming the role of these genes as indicators of oxidative stress, photodermatoses and photoageing, these results might indicate that TNC and lutein could protect against solar radiation-induced health damage.
IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
S
S
Grether-Beck
IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
A
A
Marini
IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
T
T
Jaenicke
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
W
W
Stahl
IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
J
J
Krutmann
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D014975:Lutein / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000077276:Lycopene; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum; D008297:Male; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000528:radiation effects; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D055815:Young Adult
C573420:ICAM1 protein, human; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D002338:Carotenoids; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; C522360:MMP1 protein, human; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1; D000077276:Lycopene; D014975:Lutein