Biological underpinnings of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder: focusing on genetics and epigenetics.
Certain individuals are more susceptible to stress and trauma, as well as the physical and mental health consequences following such exposure, including risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This differing vulnerability is likely to be influenced by genetic predisposition and specific characteristics of the stress itself (nature, intensity and duration), as well as epigenetic mechanisms. In this review we provide an overview of research findings in this field. We highlight some of the key genetic risk factors identified for PTSD, and the evidence that epigenetic processes might play a role in the biological response to trauma, as well as being potential biomarkers of PTSD risk. We also discuss important considerations for future research in this area.
Cancer & Disease Epigenetics Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Childrens Hospital, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.|Inserm, U1061, University of Montpellier, Montpellier F-34093, France.|Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Prahran 3004, Australia.
Joanne
J
Ryan
Inserm, U1061, University of Montpellier, Montpellier F-34093, France.
Isabelle
I
Chaudieu
Inserm, U1061, University of Montpellier, Montpellier F-34093, France.
Marie-Laure
ML
Ancelin
Cancer & Disease Epigenetics Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Childrens Hospital, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.
Richard
R
Saffery
D000818:Animals; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000235:genetics*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000235:genetics
DNA methylation; biomarkers; early life; epigenetics; genetics; humans; post-traumatic stress disorder; stress; trauma