[Simulation in surgical training].
BACKGROUND
Patient safety during operations hinges on the surgeon's skills and abilities. However, surgical training has come under a variety of restrictions. To acquire dexterity with decreasingly "simple" cases, within the legislative time constraints and increasing expectations for surgical results is the future challenge.


OBJECTIVE
Are there alternatives to traditional master-apprentice learning?


METHODS
A literature review and analysis of the development, implementation, and evaluation of surgical simulation are presented.


RESULTS
Simulation, using a variety of methods, most important physical and virtual (computer-generated) models, provides a safe environment to practice basic and advanced skills without endangering patients. These environments have specific strengths and weaknesses.


CONCLUSIONS
Simulations can only serve to decrease the slope of learning curves, but cannot be a substitute for the real situation. Thus, they have to be an integral part of a comprehensive training curriculum. Our surgical societies have to take up that challenge to ensure the training of future generations.
Klink für Neurochirurgie, International Neuroscience Institute (INI) Hannover GmbH, Rudolf-Pichlmayr-Straße 4, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland. nabavi@ini-hannover.de.
A
A
Nabavi
Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Zentrum für Operative Medizin II, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.
J
J
Schipper
D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods*; D000070856:High Fidelity Simulation Training / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013663:Teaching; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical; D014584:User-Computer Interface
3D printing; Computer simulation; Curriculum; Graduate medical education; Patient-specific modeling
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