Oxidative stress in prostate cancer patients: A systematic review of case control studies.
BACKGROUND
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in men in Western countries. In-vitro and in-vivo studies suggest that oxidative stress (OS) and antioxidants play a key role in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases including PCa, which is promoted by the production of reactive oxygen species and impaired antioxidant defense mechanisms. This study evaluates the association between OS and men with PCa.


METHODS
A literature search was carried out on Medline, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases, as well as manual searches from inception up to August 2015 using the keywords "Oxidative stress" or "Reactive oxygen species" or "Lipid peroxidation" AND "Prostate cancer." All studies including data on the measurement of OS biomarkers in PCa were included.


RESULTS
Twenty-three case control studies were retrieved with sample sizes ranging from 15 to 3,613 (6,439 participants in total). Markers of OS were significantly higher in patients with PCa compared with control groups in 21 studies. Two self-controlled case studies comparing OS between PCa cells and non-PCa cells in tissue biopsies found OS to be statistically higher in PCa cancer cells. Results on markers of antioxidant capacity (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, uric acid, lutein, lycopene, beta carotein, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and total antioxidants) were not completely consistent in their association with PCa.


CONCLUSIONS
Upregulated OS profiles and impairment of antioxidant defense systems may play a role in men with PCa. To confirm these findings, robust clinical trials utilizing a personalized approach which monitors both OS and antioxidant markers during therapy are warranted.
Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Byeongsang
B
Oh
Oxidative Signaling Group, Department of Cardiology, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, NSW, Australia.
Gemma
G
Figtree
Pain Management Research Institute, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, NSW, Australia.
Daniel
D
Costa
Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Thomas
T
Eade
Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
George
G
Hruby
Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, NSW, Australia.
Stephanie
S
Lim
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Aymen
A
Elfiky
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Neil
N
Martine
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
David
D
Rosenthal
Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Stephen
S
Clarke
Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Michael
M
Back
Antioxidant; Oxidative stress; Peroxidation; Prostate cancer; Reactive oxygen species
Redox Biol. 2013 Feb 08;1:244-57
24024158
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Apr;1795(2):83-91
19121370
Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jun;79(6):1029-36
15159233
J Clin Oncol. 2007 Apr 20;25(12):1596-605
17404365
J Urol. 2007 Oct;178(4 Pt 1):1238-43; discussion 1243-4
17698111
PLoS One. 2015 Oct 08;10(10):e0140415
26448461
Cancer Res. 2001 Aug 15;61(16):6025-8
11507046
Tumour Biol. 2014 May;35(5):4295-9
24375255
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2004 Apr;98(1):13-19
15051896
J Urol. 2012 Jun;187(6):2005-10
22498220
Clin Biochem. 2009 Aug;42(12):1228-35
19465015
Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2012 Winter;42(1):94-7
22371916
Eur Heart J. 2015 Jul 1;36(25):1576-82, 1582a-b
25888005
Eur J Epidemiol. 2010 Sep;25(9):603-5
20652370
J Clin Epidemiol. 2013 Sep;66(9):982-93
23683848
Carcinogenesis. 2006 Jun;27(6):1187-93
16364923
J Clin Oncol. 2005 Aug 20;23(24):5805-13
16027437
Cancer Lett. 2005 Sep 28;227(2):133-9
16112416
Mol Cell Biochem. 2013 Jan;372(1-2):149-53
22983829
Pak J Med Sci. 2014 May;30(3):466-71
24948960
Cancer Causes Control. 2000 Mar;11(3):197-205
10782653
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Apr 1;58(5):1536-9
15050334
Biochem Pharmacol. 2012 Apr 15;83(8):1005-12
22138445
JAMA. 2009 Jan 7;301(1):52-62
19066368
J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001 Dec 19;93(24):1872-9
11752012
J Lipid Res. 2013 Mar;54(3):852-858
23264677
Urol Oncol. 2013 Nov;31(8):1561-6
22591747
J Urol. 2011 Jun;185(6):2102-7
21496850
Oncogene. 2003 Oct 20;22(47):7369-75
14576844
Lancet. 2003 Mar 8;361(9360):859-64
12642065
Singapore Med J. 2008 Aug;49(8):640-3
18756349
Cancer Lett. 1997 Oct 28;119(1):13-9
18372516
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1994 Mar;3(2):161-6
8049638
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011 Feb;20(2):262-71
21177425
Int J Cancer. 2006 Feb 15;118(4):1051-3
16106418
Res Rep Urol. 2014 Aug 16;6:107-12
25202685
CA Cancer J Clin. 1972 Jul-Aug;22(4):232-40
4625049
Cell Biochem Funct. 2007 Jul-Aug;25(4):377-82
16447143
J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997 Jan 1;89(1):40-8
8978405
Mol Cell Biochem. 2004 Nov;266(1-2):37-56
15646026
Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012;2012:789870
23365695
Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2015 Oct;13(5):e347-51
25972296
Clin Chem Lab Med. 2006;44(2):175-9
16475903
Clin Biochem. 2006 Feb;39(2):176-9
16413012
BMJ Open. 2012 Jul 31;2(4):
22855629
Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2009 Sep;119(9):526-32
19776696
JAMA. 2009 Jan 7;301(1):39-51
19066370
Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006 Oct-Dec;50(4):350-4
17402264
Int Urol Nephrol. 2004;36(1):57-62
15338676
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011 Jul;20(7):1430-8
21527578
N Engl J Med. 1994 Apr 14;330(15):1029-35
8127329
Exp Oncol. 2008 Sep;30(3):244-7
18806750
Indian J Clin Biochem. 2005 Jul;20(2):162-5
23105552
Cancer. 1998 May 15;82(10):1897-903
9587122
Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009 Jun;115(3):437-52
18839308
J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2009 Apr;27(2):120-39
19412858
Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2010 Apr;3(4):478-83
20332306
J Urol. 2004 Apr;171(4):1533-6
15017214
Acc Chem Res. 2011 Jun 21;44(6):458-67
21486044
Free Radic Biol Med. 2010 Dec 1;49(11):1603-16
20840865
Cancer Lett. 2009 Sep 18;282(2):125-36
19185987
Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2010 Jul-Aug;3(4):228-37
20972369
Int J Neurosci. 2006 Aug;116(8):937-43
16861159
BJU Int. 2001 Jul;88(1):100-3
11446856
Prostate. 2008 Jun 15;68(9):924-34
18386285
Biomed Pharmacother. 2011 Oct;65(7):516-24
21993000
Prostate. 2004 Dec 1;61(4):318-23
15389725