Influence of temperature and relative humidity on survival and fecundity of three tsetse strains.
BACKGROUND
Tsetse flies occur in much of sub-Saharan Africa where they are vectors of trypanosomes that cause human and animal African trypanosomosis. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is currently used to eliminate tsetse fly populations in an area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) context in Senegal and Ethiopia. Three Glossina palpalis gambiensis strains [originating from Burkina Faso (BKF), Senegal (SEN) and an introgressed strain (SENbkf)] were established and are now available for use in future AW-IPM programmes against trypanosomes in West Africa. For each strain, knowledge of the environmental survival thresholds is essential to determine which of these strains is best suited to a particular environment or ecosystem, and can therefore be used effectively in SIT programmes.


METHODS
In this paper, we investigated the survival and fecundity of three G. p. gambiensis strains maintained under various conditions: 25 °C and 40, 50, 60, and 75 % relative humidity (rH), 30 °C and 60 % rH and 35 °C and 60 % rH.


RESULTS
The survival of the three strains was dependent on temperature only, and it was unaffected by changing humidity within the tested range. The BKF strain survived temperatures above its optimum better than the SEN strain. The SENbkf showed intermediate resistance to high temperatures. A temperature of about 32 °C was the limit for survival for all strains. A rH ranging from 40 to 76 % had no effect on fecundity at 25-26 °C.


CONCLUSIONS
We discuss the implications of these results on tsetse SIT-based control programmes.
Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign, 01 BP 1087, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. pagasoum@yahoo.fr.|CIRAD, UMR15 CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France. pagasoum@yahoo.fr.
Soumaïla
S
Pagabeleguem
IRD, UMR INTERTRYP, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
Sophie
S
Ravel
West African Science Service on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use, Climate Change Economics Research Program, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar-Fann, Sénégal.
Ahmadou H
AH
Dicko
Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria.
Marc J B
MJ
Vreysen
Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria.
Andrew
A
Parker
Institute of Zoology, Section of Molecular and Applied Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 06, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Peter
P
Takac
CIRAD, UMR15 CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France.|INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
Karine
K
Huber
Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign, 01 BP 1087, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.|Centre International de Recherche-développement sur l'Élevage en Zone Subhumide, BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
Issa
I
Sidibé
Centre International de Recherche-développement sur l'Élevage en Zone Subhumide, BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.|CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
Geoffrey
G
Gimonneau
CIRAD, UMR15 CMAEE, F-34398, Montpellier, France.|CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, F-34398, Montpellier, France.|National Institute for Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control and Eradication, Livestock Development Sector, Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.|Pan-African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign coordination office, Rural Economy and Agriculture Department, African Union Commission, PO Box 3243, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Jérémy
J
Bouyer
Area-wide integrated pest management; Environmental conditions; Fecundity; Mass-rearing; Sterile insect technique; Survival; Tsetse flies
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Jul 15;111(28):10149-54
24982143
Rev Saude Publica. 2002 Apr;36(2):173-9
12045798
Front Physiol. 2011 Oct 25;2:74
22046163
Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop. 1979;32(4):335-45
555005
J Insect Physiol. 2011 Apr;57(4):433-43
21215750
Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop. 1984;37 Spec No:9-17
6544970
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010 May 25;4(5):e692
20520795
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2013 Jul 31;3:33
23914350
Trends Parasitol. 2002 Nov;18(11):473-5
12473355
PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e49762
23166765
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 1949 Apr;24(2):174-99
18127216
J Insect Physiol. 2010 Dec;56(12):1789-97
20673831
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 Mar 16;9(3):e0003497
25775377
Biometrics. 1995 Sep;51(3):1077-84
7548692
J Insect Physiol. 2008 Jan;54(1):114-27
17889900
J Insect Physiol. 2010 May;56(5):513-21
20399350
J Invertebr Pathol. 2013 Mar;112 Suppl:S15-25
22878217
Parasit Vectors. 2014 Apr 10;7:176
24721548
Parasite. 2010 Sep;17(3):257-65
21073148
J Evol Biol. 2014 Feb;27(2):337-48
24386875
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Feb 22;5(2):e907
21364965
Trends Parasitol. 2001 Jan;17(1):25-8
11137737
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 Nov 12;9(11):e0004229
26562521
J Med Entomol. 2009 Jan;46(1):33-41
19198515
Biol Lett. 2009 Feb 23;5(1):93-6
19004752
Trends Parasitol. 2010 May;26(5):236-43
20304707
Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop. 1974;27(1):81-94
4438759
J Insect Physiol. 2011 Aug;57(8):1070-84
21640726
Trends Parasitol. 2013 Nov;29(11):519-22
24012356
Acta Trop. 1948;5(3):201-18
18891431
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008 Oct;74(19):5965-74
18689507
J Biol. 2009;8(4):38
19439039
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Feb 22;10(2):e0004491
26901049
J Med Entomol. 2010 Jul;47(4):543-52
20695269
Parasit Vectors. 2014 Oct 06;7:465
25287653
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013 Apr 25;7(4):e2022
23634232
Behav Ecol. 2010 Sep;21(5):1087-1092
22476108
Acta Trop. 2011 Mar;117(3):171-82
21087595
Med Vet Entomol. 2005 Dec;19(4):372-8
16336302
Proc Biol Sci. 2007 Dec 7;274(1628):2935-42
17878142
J Exp Biol. 2014 Nov 1;217(Pt 21):3823-33
25267846
Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop. 1976;29(1):43-58
959623
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Nov 24;112(47):14575-80
26553973
Parasit Vectors. 2015 May 01;8:259
25927610
Med Vet Entomol. 1999 May;13(2):177-84
10484163