Basic methods for the assessment of health-related quality of life in uro-oncological patients.
BACKGROUND
The evaluation of patients' expectations and quality of life in uro-oncology is considered an important outcome of treatment efficacy and satisfaction. Aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the most frequently adopted tools in uro-oncology to assess Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL).


METHODS
A systematic literature search until October 2015 was performed on MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, PubMed combining the following terms: "quality of life," "health-related quality of life," "kidney cancer," "bladder cancer," "prostate cancer." Additional references were obtained from the reference list of full-text manuscripts. Data were synthesized using meta-analytic methods conformed to the PRISMA statement.


RESULTS
HRQoL is a fundamental step in evaluating treatment outcome in patients with urological cancers. HRQoL is mostly measured through several questionnaires, which are generally categorized in generic questionnaires, exploring the patient's well-being en bloc; specific questionnaires, assessing each single domain of health status; and uro-oncological specific questionnaires, mainly characterized by a modular approach. Although different questionnaires have been proposed and validated, the standard method to be adopted in urology is far from the solution and further studies should investigate the strength and weakness of the different questionnaires.


CONCLUSIONS
HRQoL questionnaires should become a standard method to evaluate medical/surgical outcomes in uro-oncology. Their implementation may significantly improve patients' satisfaction and help physicians in the decision-making process and possibly reduce health care costs.
Department of Uro-Oncology, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland - roman.sosnowski@gmail.com.
Roman
R
Sosnowski
Department of Psycho-Oncology, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
Marta
M
Kulpa
Department of Psycho-Oncology, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
Mariola
M
Kosowicz
Department of Urology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, &quot;Sapienza&quot; University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Fabrizio
F
Presicce
Division of Urology, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
Francesco
F
Porpiglia
Department of Urology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, &quot;Sapienza&quot; University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Andrea
A
Tubaro
Department of Urology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, &quot;Sapienza&quot; University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Cosimo
C
DE Nunzio
Department of Uro-Oncology, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
Tomasz
T
Demkow
D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy