Volumetric, relaxometric and diffusometric correlates of psychotic experiences in a non-clinical sample of young adults.
BACKGROUND
Grey matter (GM) abnormalities are robust features of schizophrenia and of people at ultra high-risk for psychosis. However the extent to which neuroanatomical alterations are evident in non-clinical subjects with isolated psychotic experiences is less clear.


METHODS
Individuals (mean age 20 years) with (n = 123) or without (n = 125) psychotic experiences (PEs) were identified from a population-based cohort. All underwent T1-weighted structural, diffusion and quantitative T1 relaxometry MRI, to characterise GM macrostructure, microstructure and myelination respectively. Differences in quantitative GM structure were assessed using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Binary and ordinal models of PEs were tested. Correlations between socioeconomic and other risk factors for psychosis with cortical GM measures were also computed.


RESULTS
GM volume in the left supra-marginal gyrus was reduced in individuals with PEs relative to those with no PEs. The greater the severity of PEs, the greater the reduction in T1 relaxation rate (R1) across left temporoparietal and right pre-frontal cortices. In these regions, R1 was positively correlated with maternal education and inversely correlated with general psychopathology.


CONCLUSIONS
PEs in non-clinical subjects were associated with regional reductions in grey-matter volume reduction and T1 relaxation rate. The alterations in T1 relaxation rate were also linked to the level of general psychopathology. Follow up of these subjects should clarify whether these alterations predict the later development of an ultra high-risk state or a psychotic disorder.
Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Manidy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
Mark
M
Drakesmith
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, DeCrespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
Anirban
A
Dutt
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, DeCrespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
Leon
L
Fonville
Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Centre for Academic Mental Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
Stanley
S
Zammit
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, DeCrespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA.
Abraham
A
Reichenberg
Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Manidy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
C John
CJ
Evans
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, DeCrespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
Philip
P
McGuire
Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London W1W 7EJ, UK.
Glyn
G
Lewis
Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Manidy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
Derek K
DK
Jones
Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, DeCrespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
Anthony S
AS
David
ALSPAC; DTI; Grey matter; MR relaxometry; Neurodevelopment; Psychosis; VBM
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