Trial-to-trial adaptation in control of arm reaching and standing posture.
Classical theories of motor learning hypothesize that adaptation is driven by sensorimotor error; this is supported by studies of arm and eye movements that have shown that trial-to-trial adaptation increases with error. Studies of postural control have shown that anticipatory postural adjustments increase with the magnitude of a perturbation. However, differences in adaptation have been observed between the two modalities, possibly due to either the inherent instability or sensory uncertainty in standing posture. Therefore, we hypothesized that trial-to-trial adaptation in posture should be driven by error, similar to what is observed in arm reaching, but the nature of the relationship between error and adaptation may differ. Here we investigated trial-to-trial adaptation of arm reaching and postural control concurrently; subjects made reaching movements in a novel dynamic environment of varying strengths, while standing and holding the handle of a force-generating robotic arm. We found that error and adaptation increased with perturbation strength in both arm and posture. Furthermore, in both modalities, adaptation showed a significant correlation with error magnitude. Our results indicate that adaptation scales proportionally with error in the arm and near proportionally in posture. In posture only, adaptation was not sensitive to small error sizes, which were similar in size to errors experienced in unperturbed baseline movements due to inherent variability. This finding may be explained as an effect of uncertainty about the source of small errors. Our findings suggest that in rehabilitation, postural error size should be considered relative to the magnitude of inherent movement variability.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado; and.
Alison
A
Pienciak-Siewert
Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.
Dylan P
DP
Horan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado; and alaa@colorado.edu.|Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.
Alaa A
AA
Ahmed
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001132:Arm / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture; D055815:Young Adult
anticipatory postural adjustment; error; motor learning; neuromechanics; trial-to-trial adaptation
J Neurosci. 1994 May;14(5 Pt 2):3208-24
8182467
J Mot Behav. 1998 Dec;30(4):367-80
20037040
Gait Posture. 2008 May;27(4):676-82
17942311
PLoS Biol. 2006 Jun;4(6):e179
16700627
Exp Brain Res. 1998 Apr;119(4):493-503
9588784
Nature. 2000 Oct 12;407(6805):742-7
11048720
J Neurophysiol. 2015 May 1;113(9):3130-42
25744882
Neuroscience. 2010 Nov 24;171(1):205-13
20804822
Exp Brain Res. 1987;66(2):257-70
3595773
Curr Opin Neurol. 2008 Dec;21(6):628-33
18989103
J Neurophysiol. 1996 Jun;75(6):2334-43
8793746
J Neurophysiol. 2001 Aug;86(2):971-85
11495965
J Gerontol. 1994 Mar;49(2):M72-84
8126355
J Neurophysiol. 2014 Apr;111(7):1466-78
24371293
J Neurosci. 2008 Oct 29;28(44):11165-73
18971459
Exp Brain Res. 2001 Feb;136(4):439-46
11291724
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1991 Oct;81(5):353-8
1718721
J Neurophysiol. 1994 Aug;72(2):479-93
7983513
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1993 Feb;89(1):22-8
7679626
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;515:42-53
3364898
Gait Posture. 2000 Oct;12(2):87-93
10998604
J Neurophysiol. 1996 Jun;75(6):2380-96
8793751
Exp Brain Res. 1998 Apr;119(4):467-74
9588781
J Neurophysiol. 2005 May;93(5):2809-21
15625094
J Neurophysiol. 2012 Sep;108(6):1752-63
22773782
Front Comput Neurosci. 2010 May 11;4:11
20485466
Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984 Apr;(184):208-11
6705349
J Neurophysiol. 2007 Sep;98(3):1392-404
17615136
J Neurophysiol. 1989 Oct;62(4):841-53
2809706
J Neurophysiol. 1994 Jul;72(1):299-313
7965013
Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2009 Sep;23(7):735-44
19307434
J Neurophysiol. 1986 Jun;55(6):1369-81
3734861
Age Ageing. 2006 May;35(3):298-303
16638771
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984 Sep;47(9):1020-8
6481370
Br Med J. 1977 Jan 29;1(6056):261-4
837061
Ergonomics. 2007 May;50(5):631-46
17454084
Nat Neurosci. 2008 Dec;11(12):1454-61
19011624
J Neurosci. 2003 Apr 1;23(7):3066-75
12684493
Front Comput Neurosci. 2013 Aug 23;7:118
23986693
Age Ageing. 2004 Nov;33(6):602-7
15501837
J Neurophysiol. 1996 Jul;76(1):492-509
8836239
J Neurophysiol. 2000 Aug;84(2):853-62
10938312
J Neurophysiol. 2009 Nov;102(5):2910-20
19741108
J Neurophysiol. 2008 Nov;100(5):2948-55
18784273
J Neurophysiol. 2009 Feb;101(2):655-64
19019979
J Biomech. 2012 May 11;45(8):1379-86
22444347
Natl Health Stat Report. 2008 Oct 22;(10):1-48
25585443
Exp Brain Res. 2002 Mar;143(2):160-70
11880892
Neuroscience. 2010 Sep 29;170(1):42-53
20620200
J Gerontol. 1989 Jul;44(4):M112-7
2738307
J Neurosci. 2003 Oct 8;23(27):9032-45
14534237
J Neurophysiol. 2003 Nov;90(5):3270-82
14615432
Exp Brain Res. 2008 Sep;190(2):153-63
18584164
J Neurophysiol. 2012 Jan;107(1):346-56
21957223
Brain. 1996 Aug;119 ( Pt 4):1199-211
8813283
Brain. 1980 Jun;103(2):393-412
7397484
J Gerontol. 1994 Nov;49(6):M258-63
7963278
Neuropsychologia. 1971 Mar;9(1):97-113
5146491
Exp Brain Res. 1995;106(2):291-300
8566194
J Neurophysiol. 2012 Apr;107(7):1952-61
22236715
J Neurophysiol. 2000 May;83(5):3019-30
10805697
J Neurosci. 2008 Dec 17;28(51):13929-37
19091981
Exp Brain Res. 2004 Feb;154(4):417-27
14618285
Science. 2014 Sep 12;345(6202):1349-53
25123484
Exp Brain Res. 2012 Oct;222(4):455-70
22936099
J Neurophysiol. 2006 Aug;96(2):710-20
16707722
Gait Posture. 2009 Nov;30(4):464-8
19674900
J Neurophysiol. 2004 Jan;91(1):230-8
13679403
J Neurophysiol. 2008 Sep;100(3):1455-64
18596187
Neuroscience. 2006 Aug 25;141(2):999-1009
16713110
Biol Cybern. 1987;57(3):169-85
3676355
Exp Brain Res. 2010 Oct;206(4):359-70
20853102
Gait Posture. 2009 Feb;29(2):275-9
18963992
J Neurophysiol. 2003 Nov;90(5):3255-69
14615431
J Vestib Res. 1999;9(4):277-86
10472040
J Neurophysiol. 2007 Jul;98(1):54-62
17507504
Ergonomics. 2003 Apr 15;46(5):446-54
12745695
Neurosci Lett. 2007 Aug 9;423(1):29-34
17658218
PLoS Comput Biol. 2009 Dec;5(12):e1000629
20041205
J Neurophysiol. 2009 Nov;102(5):2816-24
19710374