Multi-generational responses of a marine polychaete to a rapid change in seawaterpCO2.
Little is known of the capacity that marine metazoans have to evolve under rapidpCO2changes. Consequently, we reared a marine polychaete,Ophryotrocha labronica, previously cultured for approximately 33 generations under a low/variable pH regime, under elevated and lowpCO2for six generations. The strain used was found to be tolerant to elevatedpCO2conditions. In generations F1 and F2 females' fecundity was significantly lower in the lowpCO2treatment. However, from generation F3 onwards there were no differences betweenpCO2treatments, indicating that trans-generational effects enabled the restoration and maintenance of reproductive output. Whilst the initial fitness recovery was likely driven by trans-generational plasticity (TGP), the results from reciprocal transplant assays, performed using F7 individuals, made it difficult to disentangle between whether TGP had persisted across multiple generations, or if evolutionary adaptation had occurred. Nonetheless, both are important mechanisms for persistence under climate change. Overall, our study highlights the importance of multi-generational experiments in more accurately determining marine metazoans' responses to changes inpCO2, and strengthens the case for exploring their use in conservation, by creating specificpCO2tolerant strains of keystone ecosystem species.
Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Costera Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC) Puerto Real Cádiz Spain.
Araceli
A
Rodríguez-Romero
Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre School of Marine Science and Engineering Plymouth University Plymouth Devon UK; College of Marine and Environmental Sciences James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia.
Michael D
0000-0003-4224-9683
MD
Jarrold
Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia ModenaItaly; Département de Biologie Chimie et Géographie Université du Québec à Rimouski 
Rimouski QC Canada.
Gloria
G
Massamba-N'Siala
Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre School of Marine Science and Engineering Plymouth University Plymouth Devon UK.
John I
JI
Spicer
Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre School of Marine Science and Engineering Plymouth University Plymouth Devon UK; Département de Biologie Chimie et Géographie Université du Québec à Rimouski Rimouski QC Canada.
Piero
P
Calosi
adaptive potential; climate change; evolutionary adaptation; fecundity; multi‐generational experiment; ocean acidification; parental effects; trans‐generational plasticity
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