Towards a DNA Barcode Reference Database for Spiders and Harvestmen of Germany.
As part of the German Barcode of Life campaign, over 3500 arachnid specimens have been collected and analyzed: ca. 3300 Araneae and 200 Opiliones, belonging to almost 600 species (median: 4 individuals/species). This covers about 60% of the spider fauna and more than 70% of the harvestmen fauna recorded for Germany. The overwhelming majority of species could be readily identified through DNA barcoding: median distances between closest species lay around 9% in spiders and 13% in harvestmen, while in 95% of the cases, intraspecific distances were below 2.5% and 8% respectively, with intraspecific medians at 0.3% and 0.2%. However, almost 20 spider species, most notably in the family Lycosidae, could not be separated through DNA barcoding (although many of them present discrete morphological differences). Conspicuously high interspecific distances were found in even more cases, hinting at cryptic species in some instances. A new program is presented: DiStats calculates the statistics needed to meet DNA barcode release criteria. Furthermore, new generic COI primers useful for a wide range of taxa (also other than arachnids) are introduced.
ZFMK: Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.
Jonas J
JJ
Astrin
SMNK: Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Hubert
H
Höfer
ZSM: Zoologische Staatssammlung München, München, Germany.
Jörg
J
Spelda
SMNS: Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
Joachim
J
Holstein
SMNK: Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Steffen
S
Bayer
ZSM: Zoologische Staatssammlung München, München, Germany.
Lars
L
Hendrich
ZFMK: Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.
Bernhard A
BA
Huber
Karl-Hinrich Kielhorn, Berlin, Germany.
Karl-Hinrich
KH
Kielhorn
ZFMK: Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.
Hans-Joachim
HJ
Krammer
Martin Lemke, Lübeck, Germany.
Martin
M
Lemke
SMNS: Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
Juan Carlos
JC
Monje
ZSM: Zoologische Staatssammlung München, München, Germany.
Jérôme
J
Morinière
ZFMK: Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.
Björn
B
Rulik
ZFMK: Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.
Malte
M
Petersen
ZFMK: Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany.
Hannah
H
Janssen
Zoologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
Christoph
C
Muster
Mol Ecol. 2001 Mar;10(3):779-91
11298987
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2007 Nov;45(2):612-9
17869131
Mol Biol Evol. 1987 Jul;4(4):406-25
3447015
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Sep 9;105(36):13486-91
18757756
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2010 Jan;54(1):59-75
19840858
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Oct 12;101(41):14812-7
15465915
Zootaxa. 2013;3637:521-40
26046218
Syst Biol. 2005 Oct;54(5):852-9
16243770
Mol Ecol. 2015 Feb;24(4):863-89
25583278
Annu Rev Entomol. 2010;55:421-38
19737081
PLoS One. 2014 Mar 04;9(3):e90474
24595309
PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e36514
22567162
Proc Biol Sci. 2003 Feb 7;270(1512):313-21
12614582
PeerJ. 2016 Jul 20;4:e2201
27547527
Mol Ecol Resour. 2015 Mar;15(2):268-77
25042335
PLoS Biol. 2011 Aug;9(8):e1001127
21886479
Mol Ecol. 2013 Jul;22(14):3850-63
23731459
Exp Appl Acarol. 2007;42(4):239-62
17712605
BMC Evol Biol. 2006 Mar 24;6:29
16563161
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 2;99(7):4442-7
11930004
Mol Ecol. 2007 Dec;16(23):4999-5016
17944852
Mol Ecol. 2008 Jan;17(2):557-69
18179432
Mol Ecol Resour. 2010 Nov;10(6):942-5
21565103
Mol Ecol. 2005 Sep;14(10):3247-66
16101789
Evolution. 2007 Jul;61(7):1622-40
17598745
Mol Ecol Notes. 2007 May 1;7(3):355-364
18784790
Genome. 2016 Sep;59(9):661-70
27314158
Syst Biol. 2006 Oct;55(5):715-28
17060194
Zootaxa. 2014 Jun 09;(3814):177-201
24943422
Bioinformatics. 2005 Feb 15;21(4):456-63
15608047
BMC Ecol. 2013 Nov 26;13:44
24279427
Mol Ecol. 2004 Oct;13(10):3239-55
15367136
Proc Biol Sci. 2003 Aug 7;270 Suppl 1:S96-9
12952648
Zookeys. 2016 Jan 20;(555):11-35
26877685
J Mol Evol. 1984;20(1):86-93
6429346
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2005 Jul;36(1):42-57
15904855
Mol Ecol Resour. 2016 Jan;16(1):325-41
26175299
Bioinformatics. 2010 Aug 1;26(15):1899-900
20427515
Zookeys. 2013 Dec 30;(365):245-61
24453561
Mol Ecol. 2000 Oct;9(10):1657-9
11050560