Can Parenting Practices Explain the Differences in Beverage Intake According to Socio-Economic Status: The Toybox-Study.
Previous research indicated that preschoolers of lower socioeconomic status (SES) consume less healthy beverages than high SES preschoolers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating role of parenting practices in the relationship between SES and plain water, soft drink and prepacked fruit juice (FJ) consumption in European preschoolers. Parents/caregivers of 3.5 to 5.5 years old (n = 6776) recruited through kindergartens in six European countries within the ToyBox-study completed questionnaires on socio-demographics, parenting practices and a food frequency questionnaire. Availability of sugared beverages and plain water, permissiveness towards sugared beverages and lack of self-efficacy showed a mediating effect on SES-differences in all three beverages. Rewarding with sugared beverages significantly mediated SES-differences for both plain water and prepacked FJ. Encouragement to drink plain water and awareness significantly mediated SES-differences for, respectively, plain water and prepacked FJ consumption. Avoiding negative modelling did not mediate any associations. Overall, lower SES preschoolers were more likely to be confronted with lower levels of favourable and higher levels of unfavourable parenting practices, which may lead to higher sugared beverage and lower plain water consumption. The current study highlights the importance of parenting practices in explaining the relation between SES and both healthy and unhealthy beverage consumption.
Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium. Ansofie.Pinket@UGent.be.
An-Sofie
AS
Pinket
Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium. Marieke.DeCraemer@UGent.be.
Marieke
M
De Craemer
Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium. Ilse.DeBourdeaudhuij@UGent.be.
Ilse
I
De Bourdeaudhuij
Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium. Benedicte.Deforche@UGent.be.|Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1000, Belgium. Benedicte.Deforche@UGent.be.
Benedicte
B
Deforche
Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium. Greet.Cardon@UGent.be.
Greet
G
Cardon
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece. oandrou@hua.gr.
Odysseas
O
Androutsos
Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, München 80337, Germany. Berthold.Koletzko@med.uni-muenchen.de.
Berthold
B
Koletzko
GENUD Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain. lmoreno@unizar.es.
Luis A
LA
Moreno
The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw 04-730, Poland. p.socha@czd.pl.
Piotr
P
Socha
Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Varna, Varna 9002, Bulgaria. iotova_v@yahoo.com.
Violeta
V
Iotova
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece. manios.toybox@hua.gr.
Yannis
Y
Manios
Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium. Wendy.VanLippevelde@UGent.be.
Wendy
W
Van Lippevelde
D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003625:Data Collection; D005060:Europe; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
beverage choices; educational level; parenting practices; parents; prepacked fruit juice; preschoolers; socio-economic status inequalities; soft drinks; water
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