Microglia energy metabolism in metabolic disorder.
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the CNS, and are in charge of maintaining a healthy microenvironment to ensure neuronal survival. Microglia carry out a non-stop patrol of the CNS, make contact with neurons and look for abnormalities, all of which requires a vast amount of energy. This non-signaling energy demand increases after activation by pathogens, neuronal damage or other kinds of stimulation. Of the three major energy substrates - glucose, fatty acids and glutamine - glucose is crucial for microglia survival and several glucose transporters are expressed to supply sufficient glucose influx. Fatty acids are another source of energy for microglia and have also been shown to strongly influence microglial immune activity. Glutamine, although possibly suitable for use as an energy substrate by microglia, has been shown to have neurotoxic effects when overloaded. Microglial fuel metabolism might be associated with microglial reactivity under different pathophysiological conditions and a microglial fuel switch may thus be the underlying cause of hypothalamic dysregulation, which is associated with obesity.
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.j.kalsbeek@amc.uva.nl.
Martin J T
MJ
Kalsbeek
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Laurie
L
Mulder
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Chun-Xia
CX
Yi
D000818:Animals; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000473:pathology; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism*; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy
Arcuate nucleus; Glucose transporter; Inflammation; Metabolic switch; Non-signaling energy; Obesity