Nanoemulsion Formulations of Fungicide Tebuconazole for Agricultural Applications.
Tebuconazole (TBZ) nanoemulsions (NEs) were formulated using a low energy method. TBZ composition directly affected the drop size and surface tension of the NE. Water fraction and the organic-to-surfactant-ratio (RO/S) were evaluated in the range of 1-90 and 1-10 wt %, respectively. The study was carried out with an organic phase (OP) consisting of an acetone/glycerol mixture containing TBZ at a concentration of 5.4 wt % and Tween 80 (TW80) as a nonionic and Agnique BL1754 (AG54) as a mixture of nonionic and anionic surfactants. The process involved a large dilution of a bicontinuous microemulsion (ME) into an aqueous phase (AP). Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams of the OP//TW80//AP and OP//AG54//AP systems at T = 25 °C were determined to map ME regions; these were in the range of 0.49-0.90, 0.01-0.23, and 0.07-0.49 of OP, AP, and surfactant, respectively. Optical microscope images helped confirm ME formation and system viscosity was measured in the range of 25-147 cP. NEs with drop sizes about 9 nm and 250 nm were achieved with TW80 and AG54, respectively. An innovative low-energy method was used to develop nanopesticide TBZ formulations based on nanoemulsion (NE) technology. The surface tension of the studied systems can be lowered 50% more than that of pure water. This study's proposed low-energy NE formulations may prove useful in sustainable agriculture.
Cinvestav Queretaro, Libramiento Norponiente 2000, Fracc. Real de Juriquilla, Queretaro, Queretaro 76230, Mexico. vian_versus@hotmail.com.
Vianney
V
Díaz-Blancas
Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Atizapan de Zaragoza, Estado de Mexico 52926, Mexico. dora.medina@cantab.net.
Dora I
DI
Medina
Cinvestav Queretaro, Libramiento Norponiente 2000, Fracc. Real de Juriquilla, Queretaro, Queretaro 76230, Mexico. erikapadilla@cinvestav.mx.
Erika
E
Padilla-Ortega
Cinvestav Queretaro, Libramiento Norponiente 2000, Fracc. Real de Juriquilla, Queretaro, Queretaro 76230, Mexico. rachel_p53@hotmail.com.
Raquel
R
Bortolini-Zavala
Cinvestav Queretaro, Libramiento Norponiente 2000, Fracc. Real de Juriquilla, Queretaro, Queretaro 76230, Mexico. melissa_ireth7pr@hotmail.com.
Melissa
M
Olvera-Romero
Cinvestav Queretaro, Libramiento Norponiente 2000, Fracc. Real de Juriquilla, Queretaro, Queretaro 76230, Mexico. gabriel.luna@cinvestav.mx.
Gabriel
G
Luna-Bárcenas
nanoemulsion; organic-to-surfactant ratio; tebuconazole
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