Cigarette Smoking and Inflammation, Monocyte Activation, and Coagulation in HIV-Infected Individuals Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy, Compared With Uninfected Individuals.
Smoking may affect cardiovascular disease risk more strongly in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals than HIV-uninfected individuals. We hypothesized that an interaction at the level of the immune system may contribute to this increased risk. We assessed soluble markers of inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hsCRP]), immune activation (soluble [s]CD14 and sCD163), and coagulation (D-dimer) in HIV-infected and uninfected never, former, and current smokers. Smoking was independently associated with higher hsCRP levels and lower sCD163 levels and was borderline significantly associated with higher sCD14 and D-dimer levels. We found no evidence of a differential effect of smoking in HIV-infected individuals as compared to uninfected individuals.
Department of Global Health.|Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development.
Katherine W
KW
Kooij
Department of Global Health.|Division of Infectious Diseases.|Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam.|Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development.|HIV Monitoring Foundation.
Ferdinand W N M
FW
Wit
Department of Global Health.|Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center.|Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development.
Thijs
T
Booiman
Division of Infectious Diseases.|Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam.
Marc
M
van der Valk
Division of Infectious Diseases.|Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam.|Infectious Diseases Research, Public Health Service Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Maarten F
MF
Schim van der Loeff
Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center.
Neeltje A
NA
Kootstra
Department of Global Health.|Division of Infectious Diseases.|Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam.|Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development.|HIV Monitoring Foundation.
Peter
P
Reiss
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000097:blood; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000097:blood; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology*; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000097:blood; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000098902:CD163 Antigen
D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D000098902:CD163 Antigen; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; C036309:fibrin fragment D; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
HIV infection; coagulation; inflammation; monocyte activation; smoking