Molybdenum-containing nitrite reductases: Spectroscopic characterization and redox mechanism.
OBJECTIVE
This review summarizes the spectroscopic results, which will provide useful suggestions for future research. In addition, the fields that urgently need more information are also advised.


BACKGROUND
Nitrite-NO-cGMP has been considered as an important signaling pathway of NO in human cells. To date, all the four known human molybdenum-containing enzymes, xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, sulfite oxidase, and mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component, have been shown to function as nitrite reductases under hypoxia by biochemical, cellular, or animal studies. Various spectroscopic techniques have been applied to investigate the structure and catalytic mechanism of these enzymes for more than 20 years.


METHODS
We summarize the published data on the applications of UV-vis and EPR spectroscopies, and X-ray crystallography in studying nitrite reductase activity of the four human molybdenum-containing enzymes.


RESULTS
UV-vis has provided useful information on the redox active centers of these enzymes. The utilization of EPR spectroscopy has been critical in determining the coordination and redox status of the Mo center during catalysis. Despite the lack of substrate-bound crystal structures of these nitrite reductases, valuable structural information has been obtained by X-ray crystallography.


CONCLUSIONS
To fully understand the catalytic mechanisms of these physiologically/pathologically important nitrite reductases, structural studies on substrate-redox center interaction are needed.
a Department of Pharmacy, Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering College , Hubei University of Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430068 , China.
Jun
J
Wang
b Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD 21218 , USA.
Gizem
G
Keceli
b Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD 21218 , USA.
Rui
R
Cao
a Department of Pharmacy, Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering College , Hubei University of Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430068 , China.
Jiangtao
J
Su
a Department of Pharmacy, Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering College , Hubei University of Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430068 , China.
Zhiyuan
Z
Mi
D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008982:Molybdenum / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009572:Nitrite Reductases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008982:Molybdenum; D009572:Nitrite Reductases
EPR; Molybdenum-containing enzymes; Nitric oxide; Nitrite reductase; UV–vis; X-ray
J Biol Chem. 1970 Jun 10;245(11):2837-44
5467924
J Biol Chem. 1973 Sep 10;248(17):6135-44
4353632
Nat Med. 2003 Dec;9(12):1498-505
14595407
J Biol Chem. 2005 Sep 30;280(39):33506-15
16048997
J Biol Inorg Chem. 2011 Mar;16(3):443-60
21170563
J Biol Inorg Chem. 2015 Mar;20(2):403-33
25589250
J Biol Chem. 2014 Apr 11;289(15):10345-58
24500710
J Biol Inorg Chem. 2003 Feb;8(3):327-33
12589568
J Biol Chem. 2012 Dec 14;287(51):42795-803
23086957
Biochem Soc Trans. 1985 Jun;13(3):560-7
2993062
J Biol Chem. 1972 Mar 10;247(5):1555-65
5012324
J Biol Chem. 2009 Dec 4;284(49):33850-8
19801639
Structure. 2003 Oct;11(10):1251-63
14527393
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 May 26;95(11):6394-8
9600976
Chem Res Toxicol. 2012 Nov 19;25(11):2443-50
22924387
J Biol Chem. 1964 Aug;239:2667-76
14235551
J Biol Chem. 2011 Dec 9;286(49):42679-89
21965683
J Biochem. 2007 Apr;141(4):513-24
17301077
Biochem J. 1980 Feb 1;185(2):397-403
6249254
Nat Immunol. 2001 Oct;2(10):907-16
11577346
J Biol Chem. 1969 Apr 10;244(7):1692-700
4305460
Q Rev Biophys. 1988 Aug;21(3):299-329
3065813
J Biol Chem. 1990 Oct 15;265(29):17446-50
2211638
Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2008 Feb;7(2):156-67
18167491
Biochemistry. 2012 Feb 14;51(6):1134-47
22263579
J Biol Chem. 1974 Jul 25;249(14):4363-82
4367215
Circ Res. 1997 Apr;80(4):557-64
9118487
Biochem J. 1983 Apr 1;211(1):227-36
6307274
J Biol Chem. 1991 Dec 15;266(35):23724-31
1660883
J Biol Chem. 2009 Mar 27;284(13):8760-7
19109252
J Biol Chem. 1968 Jul 25;243(14):3797-806
4298513
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1970 Sep 16;212(3):523-6
4318599
J Biol Chem. 1971 Jan 25;246(2):359-66
5542006
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Sep 26;97(20):10723-8
11005854
Antioxid Redox Signal. 2015 Aug 1;23(4):283-94
25314640
Hypertension. 2008 Mar;51(3):784-90
18250365
Drug Metab Rev. 2011 Nov;43(4):524-39
21942410
FEBS J. 2015 Aug;282(16):3075-90
25817260
J Biol Chem. 2010 Sep 3;285(36):28044-53
20615869
J Nat Prod. 2014 Jul 25;77(7):1693-9
25060641
J Immunol. 1993 Jun 1;150(11):5080-5
7684418
Biochemistry. 2011 Oct 18;50(41):8813-22
21916412
Chem Rev. 2014 Apr 9;114(7):3963-4038
24467397
Circulation. 2010 Jan 5;121(1):98-109
20026772
J Biol Chem. 2010 Nov 26;285(48):37847-59
20861021
J Biol Chem. 1991 Mar 25;266(9):5608-15
2005100
Biochem Soc Trans. 1978;6(6):1328-30
217783
Biochem J. 1978 Jun 1;171(3):653-8
208512
Biochem J. 1978 Dec 1;175(3):869-78
217353
J Biol Chem. 1968 Jul 25;243(14):3784-96
4298512
Circ Res. 2007 Mar 16;100(5):654-61
17293481
Dalton Trans. 2009 Jun 7;(21):4053-68
19452052
Biochem J. 1978 Dec 1;175(3):887-97
217354
Biochemistry. 2011 May 17;50(19):3873-8
21495624
Annu Rev Biochem. 1997;66:233-67
9242907
J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 14;276(50):46989-94
11598126
J Biol Chem. 1995 Aug 18;270(33):19209-12
7642590
Mol Pharm. 2013 Oct 7;10(10):3842-9
24006961
J Biol Chem. 2001 Jul 6;276(27):24482-9
11312267
J Am Chem Soc. 2015 Apr 29;137(16):5276-9
25897643
J Biol Chem. 2012 Nov 23;287(48):40690-702
23019336
Biol Chem. 2014 Jun;395(6):631-9
24477516
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Aug 17;133(32):12414-7
21761899
J Biol Inorg Chem. 2015 Mar;20(2):265-75
25425164
J Biol Chem. 1999 Mar 19;274(12):7763-8
10075667
Biochemistry. 1982 Jul 20;21(15):3561-8
6288079
J Biol Chem. 1993 Jan 5;268(1):44-51
8380164
Biochem J. 1982 Apr 1;203(1):263-7
6285895
Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2012 Apr;8(4):487-503
22335465
J Biol Chem. 1984 Mar 25;259(6):3526-33
6546755
J Biol Chem. 1983 Jun 10;258(11):6762-6
6853504
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Aug 20;93(17):8846-51
8799115
Biochem J. 1981 Dec 1;199(3):629-37
6280672
J Biol Chem. 2011 May 20;286(20):18277-89
21296891
Cell. 1997 Dec 26;91(7):973-83
9428520
J Biol Chem. 1982 Dec 25;257(24):14730-7
6897405
J Biol Chem. 1980 Apr 10;255(7):2694-9
6244290
J Clin Invest. 1967 Sep;46(9):1492-505
4226961
Br J Pharmacol. 1993 Oct;110(2):833-9
7694759