title: Short Communication Quick method for identifying horse (Equus caballus) and donkey (Equus asinus) hybrids.
abstract: The domestication of the Equus genus 5000-6000 years ago has influenced the history of human civilization. As soon as horse and donkey species had been domesticated, they were crossbred, producing humanity's first documented attempt at animal genome manipulation. Since then, the mule (male donkey x female horse) and the reciprocal cross (the hinny, male horse x female donkey) have been the most common equine hybrids in the world. Due to their hybrid vigor, mules and hinnies have been intensively used for carrying loads and people and for tilling the land. Despite their importance, visual distinction of mules and hinnies is difficult due to high phenotypic resemblance. However, the distinction between these two hybrids is of pivotal importance for equid breeders and ranchers. In this study, an easy, low-cost, effective, and fast multiplex-polymerase chain reaction method was developed to distinguish the maternal origin of mules and hinnies, targeting the hyper-variable mitochondrial DNA D-loop region. This methodology can help breeders, ranchers, animal science professionals, and researchers manage their equine herds with more confidence and precision.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Reprodução Animal, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brasil mauricio.franco@embrapa.br.|Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil mauricio.franco@embrapa.br.|Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil mauricio.franco@embrapa.br.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil.
authors.forename: J B F
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Mendonça
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil.
authors.forename: T C F
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Reprodução Animal, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brasil.
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Melo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D018397:Equidae / Q000235:genetics*; D005821:Genetic Techniques; D006736:Horses / Q000235:genetics*; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D016415:Sequence Alignment
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial