title: Ketamine Sedation in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Moderate sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy has traditionally been provided by the endoscopist. Controversy has ensued over safe and efficient sedation practice as endoscopy has increased in numbers and complexity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety of ketamine sedation given by non-anesthesiologist during gastrointestinal endoscopy in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study of 100 paediatric patients with gastrointestinal symptoms who were a candidate for upper or lower gastrointestinal endoscopy in paediatric endoscopy unit at Abo El-Reesh Paediatric Hospital, Cairo University. All children were > 2 years old and weighed > 6 kg. The analysis was performed in terms of sedation-related complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total 100 paediatric patients including 53 males and 47 females with mean age of 5.04 years were involved in the study. All children were medicated with ketamine with a mean dose of 3.77mg/kg. No complications occurred in 87% of cases. Desaturation occurred in 13% of the cases and was reversible by supplemental nasal oxygen. Desaturation was more frequent during Upper GI Endoscopy and with the intramuscular route (p value=0.049). No apnea, bradycardia, arrest or emergence reactions were recorded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine sedation found to be safe for paediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy in Egyptian children without co-morbidities. Transient Hypoxia (13%) may occur but easily reversed by nasal oxygen therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ayman E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Eskander
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Nevine R El
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Baroudy
authors.affiliation: Departments of Child Health, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt (Affiliation ID: 60014618).
authors.forename: Amira S El
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Refay
keywords: Ketamine; Pediatric endoscopy; complications; safety; sedation