title: Modifiable Factors Associated with Cognitive Impairment in 1,143 Japanese Outpatients: The Project in Sado for Total Health (PROST).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence on modifiable factors associated with cognitive impairment in Japanese patients is scarce. This study aimed to determine modifiable factors for cognitive impairment in a Japanese hospital-based population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects of this cross-sectional study were 1,143 patients of Sado General Hospital (Niigata, Japan) registered in the Project in Sado for Total Health (PROST) between June 2008 and September 2014. We assessed disease history, body mass index (BMI), leisure time physical activity, walking time, smoking and drinking habits, and consumption of vegetables, fruits, and green tea as predictors, with cognitive impairment defined by the Mini-Mental State Examination (score <24) as an outcome. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for cognitive impairment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean subject age was 68.9 years, and the prevalence of cognitive impairment was 21.5%. Multivariate analysis revealed that age (p < 0.001), low BMI (<21.1; OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.12-1.72), a history of stroke (p = 0.003), a history of myocardial infarction (p = 0.038), low fruit consumption (p for trend = 0.012), and low green tea consumption (p for trend = 0.032) were independently associated with a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modifiable factors, such as low BMI, low fruit consumption, and low green tea consumption, are associated with cognitive impairment. Longitudinal studies will be needed to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazutoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: JA Niigata Koseiren Sado General Hospital, and Departments of, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sanpei
authors.affiliation: Center for Inter-Organ Communication Research, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Minako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wakasugi
authors.affiliation: Molecular Neuroscience, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yokoseki
authors.affiliation: Molecular Neuroscience, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Onodera
authors.affiliation: Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikeuchi
authors.affiliation: Molecular Genetics, Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryozo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuwano
authors.affiliation: JA Niigata Koseiren Sado General Hospital, and Departments of, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Momotsu
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Ichiei
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Narita
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Endo
keywords: Aged; Body mass index; Cognition; Cross-sectional study; Dementia; Epidemiology; Mini-Mental State Examination