title: A Gap in Time: Extending our Knowledge of Temporal Processing Deficits in the HIV-1 Transgenic Rat.
abstract: Approximately 50 % of HIV-1 seropositive individuals develop HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which commonly include alterations in executive functions, such as inhibition, set shifting, and complex problem solving. Executive function deficits in HIV-1 are fairly well characterized, however, relatively few studies have explored the elemental dimensions of neurocognitive impairment in HIV-1. Deficits in temporal processing, caused by HIV-1, may underlie the symptoms of impairment in higher level cognitive processes. Translational measures of temporal processing, including cross-modal prepulse inhibition (PPI), gap-prepulse inhibition (gap-PPI), and gap threshold detection, were studied in mature (ovariectomized) female HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rats, which express 7 of the 9 HIV-1 genes constitutively throughout development. Cross-modal PPI revealed a relative insensitivity to the manipulation of interstimulus interval (ISI) in HIV-1 Tg animals in comparison to control animals, extending previously reported temporal processing deficits in HIV-1 Tg rats to a more advanced age, suggesting the permanence of temporal processing deficits. In gap-PPI, HIV-1 Tg animals exhibited a relative insensitivity to the manipulation of ISI in comparison to control animals. In gap-threshold detection, HIV-1 Tg animals displayed a profound differential sensitivity to the manipulation of gap duration. Presence of the HIV-1 transgene was diagnosed with 91.1 % accuracy using gap threshold detection measures. Understanding the generality and permanence of temporal processing deficits in the HIV-1 Tg rat is vital to modeling neurocognitive deficits observed in HAND and provides a key target for the development of a diagnostic screening tool.
authors.affiliation: Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
authors.forename: Kristen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: McLaurin
authors.affiliation: Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
authors.forename: Landhing M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.affiliation: Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
authors.forename: Hailong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
authors.forename: Rosemarie M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Booze
authors.affiliation: Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA. mactutus@mailbox.sc.edu.
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Mactutus
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D065808:Prepulse Inhibition / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D055647:Rats, Transgenic; D013998:Time Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Diagnostic screening tool; HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders; Prepulse inhibition; Temporal processing