title: Pharyngeal airway effects of Herbst and skeletal anchored Forsus FRD EZ appliances.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the skeletal and pharyngeal airway effects of skeletal anchored Forsus FRD EZ appliance using bilateral miniplates inserted on mandibular symphyses and to compare the findings with a well matched control group treated using a Herbst appliance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion due to mandibular retrusion were divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 15 patients (8 females and 7 males; mean age: 13.11 ± 1.29 years) treated using the Herbst appliance and Group 2 consisted of 15 patients (9 females and 7 males; 12.84 ± 1.27 years) treated using the skeletal anchored Forsus FRD EZ appliance. Treatment changes were assessed by means of linear, angular, and area measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The groups were well matched regarding to the chronological ages, gender distribution and initial cephalometric values (P > 0.05). In both groups, skeletal Class II malocclusion was corrected by decrease in SNA and increase in SNB, Co-Gn, VRL-B and VRL-Pog measurements. Those changes caused a significant correction in the maxillo-mandibular relationship. Upper and lower pharyngeal airway dimensions were increased in both group, while the increase in the lower pharyngeal dimension was found to be statistically significant in the skeletal anchored Forsus FRD EZ group (P < 0.05). Oropharyngeal area measurements significantly increased in both groups (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). Comparison of the groups showed that both groups had similar changes with no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skeletal changes produced by both appliances caused significant pharyngeal airway changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey. Electronic address: mevlutcelikoglu@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Mevlut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Celikoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey.
authors.forename: Suleyman Kutalmis
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Buyuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ekizer
authors.affiliation: Privite Practice, İskenderun, Hatay, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tuba
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Unal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008334:Mandible; D009929:Organ Size; D017289:Orthodontic Appliances, Functional; D010614:Pharynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011859:Radiography; D012137:Respiratory System; D063173:Retrognathia / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Fixed functional treatment; Herbst; Pharyngeal airway