title: Transfer, tissue distribution and bioaccumulation of microcystin LR in the phytoplanktivorous and carnivorous fish in Anzali wetland, with potential health risks to humans.
abstract: This study was conducted to determine Microcystin LR concentration in the aquatic ecosystem of the Anzali wetland in Iran. Extraction and detection of MC-LR from the water and fish samples was conducted by the SPE and HPLC-UV apparatus. Our results showed that among toxic cyanobacteria, Anabaena was the dominant genera during the study period. The results indicated that MC-LR content in water ranged from 0.18 to 3.02μg/L in dissolved fraction and undetectable level to 1.13μg/L in cellular fraction, in all three seasons. The results of PCA revealed that the environmental parameters including EC, Chl-a, PO43-, pH and temperature were the most effective factors influencing the MC-LR production. Results further showed the mean concentration of MC-LR in muscle and liver of silver carp ranged from 10.12 to 40.98 and from undetectable to 44.34μg/kg w.w, respectively. The mean concentration of MC-LR in northern pike was 15.18 to 35.1μg/kg w.w in muscle and undetectable to 51.91μg/kg w.w in liver samples. Our results suggest that consumption of fish harvested from the Anzali wetland seems to be unsafe for humans, based on obtained estimated daily intake values which were higher than the tolerable daily intake value recommended by WHO. In addition, bioaccumulation factor of MC-LR in edible tissues of fish was estimated based on lipid normalization. The results showed that the BAF of MC-LR in silver carp (1047±185L/kg of lipid) was lower than the northern pike (1272±185L/kg of lipid), although the difference was not significant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran. Electronic address: Soheila.rezaitabar@modares.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Soheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rezaitabar
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran. Electronic address: Esmaili@modares.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esmaili Sari
authors.affiliation: Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran. Electronic address: N.bahramifar@modares.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bahramifar
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, International Sturgeon Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, POB: 41635-3464, Rasht, Iran. Electronic address: Ramezanpour@sturgeon.ir.
authors.forename: Zohreh
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ramezanpour
mesh_terms: D017033:Anabaena; D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps; D020387:Food Chain; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins / Q000032:analysis*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; C057862:cyanoginosin LR
keywords: Anzali wetland; Bioaccumulation factor; Cyanobacteria; Microcystin LR; Northern pike; Silver carp