title: Analyzing climate variations at multiple timescales can guide Zika virus response measures.
abstract: The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2014-2016 occurred during a period of severe drought and unusually high temperatures, conditions that have been associated with the 2015-2016 El Niño event, and/or climate change; however, no quantitative assessment has been made to date. Analysis of related flaviviruses transmitted by the same vectors suggests that ZIKV dynamics are sensitive to climate seasonality and longer-term variability and trends. A better understanding of the climate conditions conducive to the 2014-2016 epidemic may permit the development of climate-informed short and long-term strategies for ZIKV prevention and control.
  
  
  
  Using a novel timescale-decomposition methodology, we demonstrate that the extreme climate anomalies observed in most parts of South America during the current epidemic are not caused exclusively by El Niño or climate change, but by a combination of climate signals acting at multiple timescales. In Brazil, the dry conditions present in 2013-2015 are primarily explained by year-to-year variability superimposed on decadal variability, but with little contribution of long-term trends. In contrast, the warm temperatures of 2014-2015 resulted from the compound effect of climate change, decadal and year-to-year climate variability.
  
  
  
  ZIKV response strategies made in Brazil during the drought concurrent with the 2015-2016 El Niño event, may require revision in light of the likely return of rainfall associated with the borderline La Niña event expected in 2016-2017. Temperatures are likely to remain warm given the importance of long term and decadal scale climate signals.
authors.affiliation: Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton University, Forrestal Campus. Forrestal Road 201, Princeton, NJ, USA.|International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.|Latin American Observatory for Climate Events, Centro de Modelado Científico, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Ángel G
authors.initials: ÁG
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.affiliation: International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.|Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.|World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Early Warning Systems for Malaria and other Climate Sensitive Diseases, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Madeleine C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.affiliation: International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goddard
authors.affiliation: International Health Regulations/Epidemic Alert and Response, and Water Borne Diseases, Communicable Diseases and Health Analysis Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aldighieri
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D057231:Climate Change; D055864:Droughts; D059000:El Nino-Southern Oscillation; D006801:Humans; D065186:Interrupted Time Series Analysis; D000071244:Zika Virus / Q000472:pathogenicity; D000071243:Zika Virus Infection / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Brazil; Climate; Climate change; Decadal; Drought; El Niño; Epidemic; Inter-annual; Vector control; Zika virus