title: Emergence of wheat blast in Bangladesh was caused by a South American lineage of Magnaporthe oryzae.
abstract: In February 2016, a new fungal disease was spotted in wheat fields across eight districts in Bangladesh. The epidemic spread to an estimated 15,000 hectares, about 16 % of the cultivated wheat area in Bangladesh, with yield losses reaching up to 100 %. Within weeks of the onset of the epidemic, we performed transcriptome sequencing of symptomatic leaf samples collected directly from Bangladeshi fields.
  
  
  
  Reinoculation of seedlings with strains isolated from infected wheat grains showed wheat blast symptoms on leaves of wheat but not rice. Our phylogenomic and population genomic analyses revealed that the wheat blast outbreak in Bangladesh was most likely caused by a wheat-infecting South American lineage of the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.
  
  
  
  Our findings suggest that genomic surveillance can be rapidly applied to monitor plant disease outbreaks and provide valuable information regarding the identity and origin of the infectious agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh. tofazzalislam@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: M Tofazzal
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Croll
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 385 Biologie et génétique des interactions plantes-pathogènes BGPI, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
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authors.lastname: Gladieux
authors.affiliation: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
authors.forename: Darren M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Soanes
authors.affiliation: Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Persoons
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Pallab
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhattacharjee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Shaid
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Dipali Rani
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Mahbubur
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Argo-Environmental Remote Sensing and Modeling Lab, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur 1701, Gazipur, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: M Golam
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Mahboob
authors.affiliation: Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: Directorate of Grains Industry, Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia (DAFWA), 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA, 6151, Australia.
authors.forename: Moin U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Salam
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Musrat Zahan
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Surovy
authors.affiliation: Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
authors.forename: Vanessa Bueno
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Sancho
authors.affiliation: Brazilian Agricultural Research Enterprise - EMBRAPA Wheat/Trigo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Leodato Nunes
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Maciel
authors.affiliation: Brazilian Agricultural Research Enterprise - EMBRAPA Wheat/Trigo, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: NhaniJúnior
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Protection, Rural Engineering, and Soil Science, University of São Paulo State - UNESP, IlhaSolteira Campus, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanina Lilián
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Castroagudín
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Protection, Rural Engineering, and Soil Science, University of São Paulo State - UNESP, IlhaSolteira Campus, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana T de Assis
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Reges
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Protection, Rural Engineering, and Soil Science, University of São Paulo State - UNESP, IlhaSolteira Campus, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Cezar
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ceresini
authors.affiliation: CIRAD, UMR 385 Biologie et génétique des interactions plantes-pathogènes BGPI, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Sebastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ravel
authors.affiliation: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.|Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany.
authors.forename: Ronny
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kellner
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 385 Biologie et génétique des interactions plantes-pathogènes BGPI, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.affiliation: CIRAD, UMR 385 Biologie et génétique des interactions plantes-pathogènes BGPI, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Didier
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authors.lastname: Tharreau
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1290 Biologie et Gestion des Risques en agriculture BIOGER, Thiverval-Grignon, France.
authors.forename: Marc-Henri
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lebrun
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.affiliation: Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stitt
authors.affiliation: Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Swan
authors.affiliation: College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Talbot
authors.affiliation: Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.|John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
authors.forename: Diane G O
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.affiliation: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Win
authors.affiliation: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK. sophien.kamoun@tsl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sophien
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0290-0315
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamoun
mesh_terms: D001459:Bangladesh; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D020082:Magnaporthe / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*
keywords: Eleusine indica; Field pathogenomics; Oryza sativa; Phylogenomic analysis; Wheat blast