title: Exercise, fasting, and mimetics: toward beneficial combinations?
abstract: Obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated disorders that involve a multiplicity of tissues. Both fasting and physical exercise are known to counteract dyslipidemia/hyperglycemia. Skeletal muscle plays a key role in the control of blood glucose levels, and the metabolic changes and related signaling pathways in skeletal muscle induced by fasting overlap with those induced by exercise. The reduction of fat disposal has been shown to extend to the liver and to white and brown adipose tissue and to involve an increase in their metabolic activities. In recent years signal transduction pathways related to exercise and fasting/food withdrawal in muscle have been intensively studied, both in animals and in humans. Combining fasting/food withdrawal with exercise in animals as well as in humans causes changes unlike those seen during fasting/food withdrawal or exercise alone, which favor repair of muscle over autophagy. In addition, compounds that mimic exercise have been studied in combination with exercise or fasting/food withdrawal. This review addresses our current knowledge of the mechanisms that underlie the individual and combined effects of fasting/food withdrawal, endurance or resistance exercise, and their mimetics, in muscle vs other organs in rodents and humans, and highlights which combinations may improve metabolic disorders.-Jaspers, R. T., Zillikens, M. C., Friesema, E. C. H., delli Paoli, G., Bloch, W., Uitterlinden, A. G., Goglia, F., Lanni, A., de Lange, P. Exercise, fasting, and mimetics: toward beneficial combinations.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Myology, Move Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Jaspers
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and.
authors.forename: M Carola
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Zillikens
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Edith C H
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Friesema
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: delli Paoli
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and.
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bloch
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and.
authors.forename: André G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Uitterlinden
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Goglia
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lanni
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy; pieter.delange@unina2.it.
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Lange
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005508:Food Deprivation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids
keywords: metabolic syndrome; signal transduction; skeletal muscle