title: Antibiotic Lock Therapy in the Era of Gram-Negative Resistance.
abstract: Central-line-associated blood-stream infection (CLABSI) is a highly consequential nosocomial infection. The most effective management includes the removal of the infected catheter. Retention of the catheter and antibiotic lock therapy (ALT) along with systemic antibiotics may be attempted only if there are unusual extenuating circumstances. CLABSIs due to Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) is more common in our setting and the organisms are often highly resistant. Hence, there is a need to explore the use of novel antimicrobials for catheter lock solutions along with antibiofilm agents.
  
  
  
  We report the use of antibiotic lock therapy in the first 29 patients who had 37 episodes of bacteremia (CLABSI/symptomatic colonization) due to long-term catheters in our unit from February 2008 to September 2014. Patients received ALT if they had CLABSI or were symptomatic with a colonized catheter. Patients who needed removal of the catheter were ineligible for ALT. Patients received systemic antibiotic therapy and lock solutions were kept in the catheter for dwell times of 24 hours, and therapy was continued for 14 days. Successful treatment was defined as any of the following: 1) Clinical cure with disappearance of signs of sepsis 2) Microbiological cure with resolution of bacteremia (confirmed by a negative blood culture which was obtained through the catheter 2-5 days after stopping therapy.
  
  
  
  Among the 37 episodes treated with ALT, 30 episodes were caused by GNB and four episodes were caused by Gram-positive cocci (GPC); Enterococcus, methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and methicillin-sensitive coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS). There were three episodes of CRBSI due to Candida and one episode each due to L. monocytogens and Bacillus spp. Of the other 30 episodes due to GNB, Acinetobacter baumannii were isolated in eight episodes, Stenotrophomonas (n=6), E. coli (n=5), Flavobacterium (n=2), and P. aeruginosa (n=4), and B. cepacia in three episodes. The other organisms isolated were K. pneumoniae, and non-typhoidal Salmonella (1 episode each). Successful treatment with ALT was observed in 30 (81.08%) of the 37 episodes.
  
  
  
  In patients with CLABSI due to Gram-negative pathogens, the use of ALT along with systemic antibiotics has an excellent catheter salvage rate. Newer antibiotics (tigecycline and colistin) may be useful options as antibiotic lock solutions along with antibiofilm agents especially in the setting of resistant Gram-negative bacilli producing CLABSI.
authors.affiliation: Consultant Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases.
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Soman
authors.affiliation: Consultant Infectious Disease, Division of Internal Medicine, Medanta - The Medicity, Gurgaon.
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Fellow, 4Consultant Nephrologist.
authors.forename: Mitesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suthar
authors.affiliation: Consultant Nephrologist.
authors.forename: Jatin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kothari
authors.affiliation: Consultant Nephrologist.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Consultant Microbiologist, P.D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra.
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.affiliation: Consultant Microbiologist, P.D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra.
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000382:microbiology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005260:Female; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D006493:Heparin