title: Cell Blebbing in Confined Microfluidic Environments.
abstract: Migrating cells can extend their leading edge by forming myosin-driven blebs and F-actin-driven pseudopods. When coerced to migrate in resistive environments, Dictyostelium cells switch from using predominately pseudopods to blebs. Bleb formation has been shown to be chemotactic and can be influenced by the direction of the chemotactic gradient. In this study, we determine the blebbing responses of developed cells of Dictyostelium discoideum to cAMP gradients of varying steepness produced in microfluidic channels with different confining heights, ranging between 1.7 μm and 3.8 μm. We show that microfluidic confinement height, gradient steepness, buffer osmolarity and Myosin II activity are important factors in determining whether cells migrate with blebs or with pseudopods. Dictyostelium cells were observed migrating within the confines of microfluidic gradient channels. When the cAMP gradient steepness is increased from 0.7 nM/μm to 20 nM/μm, cells switch from moving with a mixture of blebs and pseudopods to moving only using blebs when chemotaxing in channels with confinement heights less than 2.4 μm. Furthermore, the size of the blebs increases with gradient steepness and correlates with increases in myosin-II localization at the cell cortex. Reduction of intracellular pressure by high osmolarity buffer or inhibition of myosin-II by blebbistatin leads to a decrease in bleb formation and bleb size. Together, our data reveal that the protrusion type formed by migrating cells can be influenced by the channel height and the steepness of the cAMP gradient, and suggests that a combination of confinement-induced myosin-II localization and cAMP-regulated cortical contraction leads to increased intracellular fluid pressure and bleb formation.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States of America.
authors.forename: Markela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ibo
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America.
authors.forename: Vasudha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States of America.
authors.forename: Douglas N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States of America.
authors.forename: Zachary R
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Gagnon
mesh_terms: D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism; D001686:Biological Phenomena; D002465:Cell Movement; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D004023:Dictyostelium / Q000502:physiology*; D044085:Microfluidics / Q000295:instrumentation; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010829:Physiological Phenomena; D011554:Pseudopodia / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000242:Cyclic AMP