title: Early Airway Intervention for Craniofacial Anomalies.
abstract: This article reviews the presentation of children with craniofacial anomalies by the most common sites of airway obstruction. Major craniofacial anomalies may be categorized into those with midface hypoplasia, mandible hypoplasia, combined midface and mandible hypoplasia, and midline deformities. Algorithms of airway interventions are provided to guide the initial management of these complex patients.
authors.affiliation: Children's ENT and Facial Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, 2530 Chicago Avenue South, Suite 450, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, MMC 396, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, University of Michigan CW5702, 1540 E. Hospital Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Electronic address: lbohm@med.umich.edu.
authors.forename: Lauren A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Bohm
authors.affiliation: Children's ENT and Facial Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, 2530 Chicago Avenue South, Suite 450, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, MMC 396, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sidman
authors.affiliation: Children's ENT and Facial Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, 2530 Chicago Avenue South, Suite 450, Minneapolis, MN 55404, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, MMC 396, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Brianne
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roby
mesh_terms: D058109:Airway Management / Q000379:methods*; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction; D017286:Polysomnography; D014139:Tracheostomy
keywords: Airway intervention; Airway obstruction; Craniofacial anomalies; Distraction osteogenesis; Tracheostomy