title: Information needs of Botswana health care workers and perceptions of wikipedia.
abstract: Since the UN Human Rights Council's recognition on the subject in 2011, the right to access the Internet and information is now considered one of the most basic human rights of global citizens [1,2]. Despite this, an information gap between developed and resource-limited countries remains, and there is scant research on actual information needs of workers themselves. The Republic of Botswana represents a fertile ground to address existing gaps in research, policy, and practice, due to its demonstrated gap in access to information and specialists among rural health care workers (HCWs), burgeoning mHealth capacity, and a timely offer from Orange Telecommunications to access Wikipedia for free on mobile platforms for Botswana subscribers.
  
  
  
  In this study, we sought to identify clinical information needs of HCWs of Botswana and their perception of Wikipedia as a clinical tool.
  
  
  
  Twenty-eight facilitated focus groups, consisting of 113 HCWs of various cadres based at district hospitals, clinics, and health posts around Botswana, were employed. Transcription and thematic analysis were performed for those groups.
  
  
  
  Access to the Internet is limited at most facilities. Most HCWs placed high importance upon using Botswana Ministry of Health (MoH) resources for obtaining credible clinical information. However, the clinical applicability of these materials was limited due to discrepancies amongst sources, potentially outdated information, and poor optimization for time-sensitive circumstances. As a result, HCWs faced challenges, such as loss of patient trust and compromises in patient care. Potential solutions posed by HCWs to address these issues included: multifaceted improvements in Internet infrastructure, access to up-to-date information, transfer of knowledge from MoH to HCW, and improving content and applicability of currently available information. Topics of clinical information needs were broad and encompassed: HIV, TB (Tuberculosis), OB/GYN (Obstetrics and Gynecology), and Pediatrics. HCW attitudes towards Wikipedia were variable; some trusted Wikipedia as a reliable point of care information resource whereas others thought that its use should be restricted and monitored by the MoH.
  
  
  
  There is a demonstrated need for accessible, reliable, and up-to-date information to aid clinical practice in Botswana. Attitudes towards Wikipedia as an open information resource tool are at best, split. Therefore, future studies are necessary to determine the accuracy, currency, and relevancy of Wikipedia articles on the health topics identified by health care workers as areas of information need. More broadly speaking, future efforts should be dedicated to configure a quality-controlled, readily accessible mobile platform based clinical information application tool fitting for Botswana.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: ekpark1987@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
authors.forename: Tiny
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Masupe
authors.affiliation: Library Services, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.affiliation: Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ho-Foster
authors.affiliation: Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
authors.forename: Afton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chavez
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
authors.forename: Swetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jammalamadugu
authors.affiliation: Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marek
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Georgetown University, WA, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arumala
authors.affiliation: Library Services, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
authors.forename: Dineo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ketshogileng
authors.affiliation: Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Littman-Quinn
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Dermatopathology, and Infectious Disease, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kovarik
mesh_terms: D001902:Botswana; D004690:Encyclopedias as Topic; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D010465:Perception; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Botswana; Health care workers; Information needs; Resource limited setting; Wikipedia; mHealth