title: Inactivation and removal of Zika virus during manufacture of plasma-derived medicinal products.
abstract: Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne Flavivirus of major public health concern. The potential for ZIKV transmission by blood transfusion has been demonstrated; however, inactivation or removal of ZIKV during the manufacture of plasma-derived medicinal products has not been specifically investigated.
  
  
  
  Inactivation of ZIKV by pasteurization and solvent/detergent (S/D) treatment was investigated by spiking high-titer ZIKV stocks into human serum albumin and applying either heat or adding different mixtures of S/D reagents and assaying for infectious virus particles. Removal of ZIKV was evaluated using filters of differing pore sizes (75, 40, 35, and 19 nm), assaying for infectious virus and RNA. Electron microscopy was performed to determine the size of ZIKV particles. Neutralization of virus infectivity by immunoglobulins was investigated.
  
  
  
  ZIKV was effectively and rapidly inactivated by liquid heat treatment as well as by various mixtures of S/D reagents with reduction factors more than 4 log, in each case. Effective reduction of ZIKV infectivity was demonstrated for virus filtration for filters with average pore sizes of not more than 40 nm, although a significant proportion of virus RNA was detected in the 40- to 35-nm filtrates likely due to the presence of subviral particles observed by electron microscopy. None of the immunoglobulin preparations investigated neutralized ZIKV infectivity.
  
  
  
  Pasteurization and S/D treatment very rapidly inactivated ZIKV and filters with a pore size of not more than 40 nm removed all infectious ZIKV, demonstrating the effectiveness of these virus reduction strategies used during the manufacture of plasma-derived medicinal products.
authors.affiliation: Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blümel
authors.affiliation: Institut Louis Malardé, Tahiti, French Polynesia; and.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Musso
authors.affiliation: Asahi Kasei, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Teitz
authors.affiliation: Asahi Kasei, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyabayashi
authors.affiliation: Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boller
authors.affiliation: Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.
authors.forename: Barbara S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Schnierle
authors.affiliation: Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sally A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Baylis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000737:chemistry; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010949:Plasma / Q000737:chemistry / Q000821:virology*; D014462:Ultrafiltration / Q000379:methods; D014709:Vero Cells; D038301:Virus Inactivation; D000071244:Zika Virus; D000071243:Zika Virus Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral