title: Workplace violence in different settings and among various health professionals in an Italian general hospital: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Workplace violence (WPV) against health professionals is a global problem with an increasing incidence. The aims of this study were as follows: 1) to examine the frequency and characteristics of WPV in different settings and professionals of a general hospital and 2) to identify the clinical and organizational factors related to this phenomenon.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was cross-sectional. In a 1-month period, we administered the "Violent Incident Form" to 745 professionals (physicians, head nurses, nurses, nursing assistants), who worked in 15 wards of a general hospital in northern Italy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With a response rate of 56%, 45% of professionals reported WPV. The most frequently assaulted were nurses (67%), followed by nursing assistants (18%) and physicians (12%). The first two categories were correlated, in a statistically significant way, with the risk of WPV (P=0.005,P=0.004, multiple logistic regression). The violent incidents more frequently occurred in psychiatry department (86%), emergency department (71%), and in geriatric wards (57%). The assailants more frequently were males whereas assaulted professionals more often were females. Men committed physical violence more frequently than women, in a statistically significant way (P=0.034, chi-squared test). Verbal violence (51%) was often committed by people in a lucid and normal state of consciousness; physical violence (49%) was most often perpetrated by assailants affected by dementia, mental retardation, drug and substance abuse, or other psychiatric disorders. The variables positively related to WPV were "calling for help during the attack" and "physical injuries suffered in violent attack" (P=0.02,P=0.03, multiple logistic regression).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that violence is a significant phenomenon and that all health workers, especially nurses, are at risk of suffering aggressive assaults. WPV presented specific characteristics related to the health care settings, where the aggression occurred. Prevention programs tailored to the different care needs are necessary to promote professional awareness for violence risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silvestri
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry, University of Modena and Reggio.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Artoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Service of Psychiatric Diagnosis and Treatment, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosaria
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Di Lorenzo
keywords: aggression; general hospital; health professionals; nurses; patient; physicians; workplace violence