title: Etiopathogenesis of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thyroid malignomas are a heterogeneous group of neoplasm consisting of most frequent differentiated encountered carcinomas, papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma, then medullary thyroid carcinoma originating from neuroendocrine calcitonin-producing C-cells and rare forms of thyroid lymphomas arising from intrathyroidal lymphatic tissue, thyroid sarcomas and poorly differentiated anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. There are increasing numbers of epidemiological studies and publications that have suggested increased incidence rate of thyroid carcinomas. We have read, analysed and compare available reviews and original articles investigating different etiological factors in the development of thyroid carcinomas through Google Scholar and PubMed Database.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aetiology involved in the development of thyroid carcinomas is multifactorial and includes external influences, as well as constitutional predispositions and genetic etiological factors. The actual effect of environmental and constitutional factors is on promoting genetic and epigenetic alterations which result in cell proliferation and oncogenesis. Until now are identified numerous genetic alterations, assumed to have an important role in oncogenesis, with MAPK and PI3K-AKT as crucial signalling networks regulating growth, proliferation, differentiation and cell survival/apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new molecular insight could have a crucial impact on diagnosis and also on improving and selecting an appropriate treatment to the patients with thyroid malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathophysiology and Nuclear Medicine "Akademik Isak Tadzer", Medical Faculty, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Makazlieva
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathophysiology and Nuclear Medicine "Akademik Isak Tadzer", Medical Faculty, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
authors.forename: Olivija
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vaskova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathophysiology and Nuclear Medicine "Akademik Isak Tadzer", Medical Faculty, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.
authors.forename: Venjamin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Majstorov
keywords: Follicular thyroid carcinoma; MAPK signalling network; PI3K-AKT pathway; Papillary thyroid carcinoma; radiation exposure