title: Speed and Rhythm Affect Temporal Structure of Variability in Reaching Poststroke: A Pilot Study.
abstract: Temporal structure reveals the potential adaptive strategies employed during upper extremity movements. The authors compared the temporal structure of upper extremity joints under 3 different reaching conditions: preferred speed, fast speed, and reaching with rhythmic auditory cues in 10 individuals poststroke. They also investigated the temporal structure of these 3 reaching conditions in 8 healthy controls to aid in the interpretation of the observed patterns in the poststroke cohort. Approximate entropy (ApEn) was used to measure the temporal structure of the upper extremity joints. ApEn was similar between conditions in controls. After stroke, ApEn was significantly higher for shoulder, elbow, and wrist both at fast speed and with rhythmic cues compared with preferred speed. ApEn at index finger was significantly higher only with rhythmic cues compared with preferred speed. The authors propose that practice reaching at faster speed and with rhythmic cues as a component of rehabilitation interventions may enhance adaptability after stroke.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Occupational Therapy , School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.affiliation: b Health Physical Education and Recreation , University of Nebraska at Omaha , Omaha , Nebraska.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stergiou
authors.affiliation: c Occupational Therapy , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , Texas.
authors.forename: Tara S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.affiliation: d North Florida/South Georgia VA Health System , Brain Rehabilitation Research Center , Gainesville , Florida.
authors.forename: Carolynn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Patten
authors.affiliation: e Occupational Therapy , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah.
authors.forename: Lorie G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019277:Entropy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: nonlinear; rhythm; stroke; temporal structure; upper extremity