title: Late Somatic Gene 2 disrupts parental spheroids cooperatively with Volvox hatching enzyme A in Volvox.
abstract: We identified LSG2 as a novel lytic enzyme that accumulates in the parental extracellular matrix and disrupts parental spheroids cooperatively with VheA secreted by juveniles in Volvox. Spatiotemporally restricted degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for development and survival in multicellular organisms. In an asexual life cycle of green algae Volvox, juveniles are released from parental spheroids through holes made by restricted degradation of parental ECM at the proper timing. Lytic enzyme(s) should specifically degrade parental ECM upon Volvox hatching, but little is known about the mechanisms of spatiotemporally restricted parental degradation. Here, we identified a glycoprotein encoded by the Late Somatic Gene 2 (LSG2) as a novel lytic enzyme that accumulates in parental ECM during the prehatching stages. The dual action of LSG2 and Volvox hatching enzyme A (VheA), a serine protease secreted by juveniles, causes the degradation of ECM sheets at all stages and destroys even daughter spheroids, while VheA alone disrupts spheroids only in the prehatching stage when LSG2 is accumulated, suggesting that the combination of LSG2 and VheA is sufficient to cause the degradation of ECM sheet. In the prehatching stage, parental spheroids became susceptible to the proteolysis by a mixture of bacterial proteases applied externally, which could be facilitated by LSG2. These results suggest that LSG2 disrupts parental ECM cooperatively with VheA by modifying the parental ECM to make it fragile, and that the appropriate activity of these enzymes is crucial for the parent-specific ECM degradation at the proper timing.
authors.affiliation: Section of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan. mnishi@kitasato-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Mayuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Tumor Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.|Department of Molecular Diagnostics, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagashio
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Tumor Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.|Department of Molecular Diagnostics, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Section of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
mesh_terms: D020418:Algal Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D044446:Volvox / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D020418:Algal Proteins; D008666:Metalloendopeptidases; C024344:envelysin
keywords: Extracellular matrix; Hatching; Matrix metalloproteinase; Volvox carteri