title: The impact of co-infections on fish: a review.
abstract: Co-infections are very common in nature and occur when hosts are infected by two or more different pathogens either by simultaneous or secondary infections so that two or more infectious agents are active together in the same host. Co-infections have a fundamental effect and can alter the course and the severity of different fish diseases. However, co-infection effect has still received limited scrutiny in aquatic animals like fish and available data on this subject is still scarce. The susceptibility of fish to different pathogens could be changed during mixed infections causing the appearance of sudden fish outbreaks. In this review, we focus on the synergistic and antagonistic interactions occurring during co-infections by homologous or heterologous pathogens. We present a concise summary about the present knowledge regarding co-infections in fish. More research is needed to better understand the immune response of fish during mixed infections as these could have an important impact on the development of new strategies for disease control programs and vaccination in fish.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.|Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kotob
authors.affiliation: Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Menanteau-Ledouble
authors.affiliation: Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Gokhlesh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdelzaher
authors.affiliation: Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. Mansour.El-Matbouli@vetmeduni.ac.at.
authors.forename: Mansour
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8148-0218
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Matbouli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary; D060085:Coinfection / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000821:virology*; D005399:Fishes / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000821:virology; D010273:Parasitic Diseases, Animal / Q000150:complications; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary