title: Effect of Normobaric versus Hypobaric Oxygenation on Gaseous Microemboli Removal in a Diffusion Membrane Oxygenator: An In Vitro Comparison.
abstract: Gaseous microemboli (GME) are an abnormal physiological occurrence during cardiopulmonary bypass and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Several studies have correlated negative sequelae with exposure to increased amounts of GME. Hypobaric oxygenation is effective at eliminating GME in hollow-fiber microporous membrane oxygenators. However, hollow-fiber diffusion membrane oxygenators, which are commonly used for ECMO, have yet to be validated. The purpose of this study was to determine if hypobaric oxygenation, compared against normobaric oxygenation, can reduce introduced GME when used on diffusion membrane oxygenators. Comparison of a sealed Quadrox-iD with hypobaric sweep gas (.67 atm) vs. an unmodified Quadrox-iD with normal atmospheric sweep gas (1 atm) in terms of GME transmission during continuous air introduction (50 mL/min) in a recirculating in vitro circuit, over a range of flow rates (3.5, 5 L/min) and crystalloid prime temperatures (37°C, 28°C, and 18°C). GME were measured using three EDAC Doppler probes positioned pre-oxygenator, post-oxygenator, and at the arterial cannula. Hypobaric oxygenation vs. normobaric oxygenation significantly reduced hollow-fiber diffusion membrane oxygenator GME transmission at all combination of pump flows and temperatures. There was further significant reduction in GME count between the oxygenator outlet and at the arterial cannula. Hypobaric oxygenation used on hollow-fiber diffusion membrane oxygenators can further reduce GME compared to normobaric oxygenation. This technique may be a safe approach to eliminate GME during ECMO.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schuldes
authors.affiliation: University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Jeffrey B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Stephen G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.affiliation: Specialty Care, Las Vegas, Nevada.
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clingan
mesh_terms: D001781:Blood Component Removal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010107:Oxygenators, Membrane
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: emboli detection and classification system; extracorporeal life support; extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; gaseous microemboli; hollow fiber diffusion membrane oxygenator