title: Evolving Concepts in Posterior Subthalamic Area Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment of Tremor: Surgical Neuroanatomy and Practical Considerations.
abstract: Although thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been established as an effective therapy for refractory tremor in Parkinson's disease and essential tremor, reports investigating the efficacy of posterior subthalamic area (PSA) DBS for severe, debilitating tremors continue to emerge. However, questions regarding the optimal anatomical target, surgical approach, programming paradigms and effectiveness compared to other targets remain.
  
  
  
  In this report, we aimed to review the current literature to assess different stereotactic techniques, anatomical considerations, adverse effects and stimulation settings in PSA DBS.
  
  
  
  A comprehensive literature review was performed searching for articles discussing tremors and PSA stimulation. We performed a quantitative analysis comparing different DBS tremor targets.
  
  
  
  Tremor improvement is consistently documented in most reports with an average reduction in tremor of 79% depending on the specific tremor syndrome. Tremor benefit in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) tremor was significantly higher than for other stimulation targets. Transient paresthesias, imbalance, dizziness and dysarthria are the most common side effects with PSA DBS.
  
  
  
  PSA DBS is an effective and safe treatment for tremor control and should be considered in patients with refractory tremors with associated cerebellar or dystonic features, proximal tremors and MS tremor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Albany Medical College, Albany, N.Y., USA.
authors.forename: Adolfo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramirez-Zamora
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Vignessh
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prusik
authors.forename: Sujoy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phookan
authors.forename: Julie G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Pilitsis
mesh_terms: D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D020329:Essential Tremor / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014202:Tremor / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*