title: Autophagy in Dictyostelium: Mechanisms, regulation and disease in a simple biomedical model.
abstract: Autophagy is a fast-moving field with an enormous impact on human health and disease. Understanding the complexity of the mechanism and regulation of this process often benefits from the use of simple experimental models such as the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Since the publication of the first review describing the potential of D. discoideum in autophagy, significant advances have been made that demonstrate both the experimental advantages and interest in using this model. Since our previous review, research in D. discoideum has shed light on the mechanisms that regulate autophagosome formation and contributed significantly to the study of autophagy-related pathologies. Here, we review these advances, as well as the current techniques to monitor autophagy in D. discoideum. The comprehensive bioinformatics search of autophagic proteins that was a substantial part of the previous review has not been revisited here except for those aspects that challenged previous predictions such as the composition of the Atg1 complex. In recent years our understanding of, and ability to investigate, autophagy in D. discoideum has evolved significantly and will surely enable and accelerate future research using this model.
authors.affiliation: a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM) , Madrid , Spain.|b University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mesquita
authors.affiliation: c Départment de Biochimie , Faculté des Sciences, Université de Genève , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cardenal-Muñoz
authors.affiliation: a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM) , Madrid , Spain.|d Departamento de Genética Molecular , Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , México.
authors.forename: Eunice
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.affiliation: a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM) , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Braceras
authors.affiliation: a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM) , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nuñez-Corcuera
authors.affiliation: e Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Sheffield , UK.
authors.forename: Ben A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM) , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Luis C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Tábara
authors.affiliation: f Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.
authors.forename: Qiuhong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: d Departamento de Genética Molecular , Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , México.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coria
authors.affiliation: f Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany.
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eichinger
authors.affiliation: g Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2 , Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille , France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Golstein
authors.affiliation: e Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Sheffield , UK.
authors.forename: Jason S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: c Départment de Biochimie , Faculté des Sciences, Université de Genève , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Soldati
authors.affiliation: a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM) , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.affiliation: a Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM) , Madrid , Spain.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Escalante
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000502:physiology*; D000071189:Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog / Q000378:metabolism; D000071183:Autophagy-Related Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D019295:Computational Biology; D004023:Dictyostelium / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D030342:Genetic Diseases, Inborn / Q000378:metabolism; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010588:Phagosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000071183:Autophagy-Related Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D000071189:Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog
keywords: Atg proteins; Dictyostelium; autophagic cell death; autophagy; infection; social amoeba