title: The most effective factors to offset sarcopenia and obesity in the older Korean: Physical activity, vitamin D, and protein intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the types and levels of physical activity in conjunction with protein intake and vitamin D on sarcopenia and obesity status in an elderly population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants (N = 4452) were ages ≥60 y and included 1929 men and 2523 women who completed a body composition analysis with a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and provided health and dietary data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher appendicular skeletal muscle mass/weight was observed in the non-obese group, although obese participants had greater weights. The non-obese sarcopenia subgroup showed health problems related to insulin resistance and metabolic-related factors compared with the nonsarcopenic group. The total metabolic equivalent was significantly different in both obese categories, regardless of sarcopenic status. The prevalence of obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity relatively increased with a diet deficient of protein intake and vitamin D.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that sarcopenia had a significant association with metabolic-related factors; physical activity, especially vigorous activity; and protein intake and vitamin D levels in a non-obese elderly population. Therefore, maintaining healthy body weight by means of resistance exercise and enhanced protein intake and vitamin D may help offset sarcopenia in this age group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyungsung University, Busan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Chorong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports and Health, Kyungsung University, Busan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Byeong Hwan
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports and Health, Kyungsung University, Busan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Shaun Nicholas
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Reid Storm
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation and Clinical Aging Research Institute, Busan Medical Center, Busan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sunkug
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jho
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyungsung University, Busan, South Korea. Electronic address: jkno3@ks.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jae-Kyung
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: No
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D000072001:Diet, Healthy / Q000208:ethnology; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058620:Elder Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000208:ethnology; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D000070497:Healthy Lifestyle; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015995:Prevalence; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins
keywords: Obesity; Physical activity; Protein intake; Sarcopenia; Vitamin D concentrations