title: Melatonin-Producing Endophytic Bacteria from Grapevine Roots Promote the Abiotic Stress-Induced Production of Endogenous Melatonin in Their Hosts.
abstract: Endophytes form symbiotic relationships with plants and constitute an important source of phytohormones and bioactive secondary metabolites for their hosts. To date, most studies of endophytes have focused on the influence of these microorganisms on plant growth and physiology and their role in plant defenses against biotic and abiotic stressors; however, to the best of our knowledge, the ability of endophytes to produce melatonin has not been reported. In the present study, we isolated and identified root-dwelling bacteria from three grapevine varieties and found that, when cultured under laboratory conditions, some of the bacteria strains secreted melatonin and tryptophan-ethyl ester. The endophytic bacteriumBacillus amyloliquefaciensSB-9 exhibited the highest level ofin vitromelatonin secretion and also produced three intermediates of the melatonin biosynthesis pathway: 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, andN-acetylserotonin. AfterB. amyloliquefaciensSB-9 colonization, the plantlets exhibited increased plant growth. Additionally, we found that, in grapevine plantlets exposed to salt or drought stress, colonization byB. amyloliquefaciensSB-9 increased the upregulation of melatonin synthesis, as well as that of its intermediates, but reduced the upregulation of grapevine tryptophan decarboxylase genes (VvTDCs) and a serotoninN-acetyltransferase gene (VvSNAT) transcription, when compared to the un-inoculated control. Colonization byB. amyloliquefaciensSB-9 was also able to counteract the adverse effects of salt- and drought-induced stress by reducing the production of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species (H2O2and O2-) in roots. Therefore, our findings demonstrate the occurrence of melatonin biosynthesis in endophytic bacteria and provide evidence for a novel form of communication between beneficial endophytes and host plantsviamelatonin.
authors.affiliation: College of Enology, Northwest A&F University Yangling, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.affiliation: Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yaner
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Sha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Chonghuai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Enology, Northwest A&F University Yangling, China.
authors.forename: Yuyang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: College of Enology, Northwest A&F University Yangling, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: College of Enology, Northwest A&F University Yangling, China.
authors.forename: Chunlong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: College of Enology, Northwest A&F University Yangling, China.
authors.forename: Yanlin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
keywords: UPLC-MS/MS; abiotic stress; endophytic bacteria; grapevine; melatonin