title: Clinical variables and stone detection in patients with flank pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-contrast CT (NCT) is commonly used to evaluate flank pain (FP). We sought to evaluate incidence of ureteral calculi on NCT in patients with FP, and to determine if clinical variables are associated with higher detection rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review identified 613 patients undergoing NCT for FP. Patient clinical data, NCT findings, and intervention were analyzed. Focus was placed on variables commonly associated with urolithiasis (Vstone), comprising hematuria, nausea/vomiting, and prior stone history. Statistical analysis was performed to identify risk of ureteral stones based on number and type of Vstone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No stone disease was identified on NCT in 175 patients (28.5%). NCT demonstrated 214 (35%), 72 (12%), and 152 (25%) patients with stones located in the kidney, ureter, or both, respectively. Only 33 (5%) patients had FP as their sole Vstone, with ureteral calculi identified in 6% of this cohort. The rate of ureteral calculi increased with more Vstone. Patients having all four Vstone were found to have the highest rate of ureteral stones (59%). Statistical analysis demonstrated a statistically significantly increased relative risk of stone formation given three or four Vstone when compared with FP alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whereas isolated FP is associated with a lower rate of ureteral calculus detection, a significant increased relative risk of ureteral calculus is seen in patients with additional clinical variables associated with stone disease. Accordingly, it may be possible to improve detection rates of ureteral stones through the use of additional clinical variables to guide NCT selection.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Urology, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Rapp
authors.forename: Nada L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bassignani
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gergoudis
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caulkins
authors.forename: Eugene V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Kramolowsky
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D021501:Flank Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D063189:Symptom Assessment / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014481:United States; D014513:Ureter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis