title: Comparing laboratory costs of smear/culture and Xpert®MTB/RIF-based tuberculosis diagnostic algorithms.
abstract: Cape Town, South Africa, where Xpert®MTB/RIF was introduced as a screening test for all presumptive tuberculosis (TB) cases.
  
  
  
  To compare laboratory costs of smear/culture- and Xpert-based tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic algorithms in routine operational conditions.
  
  
  
  Economic costing was undertaken from a laboratory perspective, using an ingredients-based costing approach. Cost allocation was based on reviews of standard operating procedures and laboratory records, timing of test procedures, measurement of laboratory areas and manager interviews. We analysed laboratory test data to assess overall costs and cost per pulmonary TB and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) case diagnosed. Costs were expressed as 2013 Consumer Price Index-adjusted values.
  
  
  
  Total TB diagnostic costs increased by 43%, from US$440 967 in the smear/culture-based algorithm (April-June 2011) to US$632 262 in the Xpert-based algorithm (April-June 2013). The cost per TB case diagnosed increased by 157%, from US$48.77 (n = 1601) to US$125.32 (n = 1281). The total cost per MDR-TB case diagnosed was similar, at US$190.14 and US$183.86, with 95 and 107 cases diagnosed in the respective algorithms.
  
  
  
  The introduction of the Xpert-based algorithm resulted in substantial cost increases. This was not matched by the expected increase in TB diagnostic efficacy, calling into question the sustainability of this expensive new technology.
authors.affiliation: Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Naidoo
authors.affiliation: Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.affiliation: Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: du Toit
authors.affiliation: Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Niekerk
authors.affiliation: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: S B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Squire
authors.affiliation: Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Beyers
authors.affiliation: Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Madan
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D019937:Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures / Q000191:economics*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics*