title: Podophyllum hexandrum ameliorates endosulfan-induced genotoxicity and mutagenicity in freshwater cyprinid fish crucian carp.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medicinal plants continue to act as a repository for novel drug leads with novel mechanisms of action. Podophyllum hexandrum Royale (Berberideceae) treats diverse conditions in folk medicine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The antimutagenic potential of P. hexandrum was evaluated against endosulfan-induced clastogenicity in a piscine model by cytogenetic endpoints.
  
  
  METHODS
  Podophyllum hexandrum rhizomes were subjected to successive solvent extraction. Fish were exposed to hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts (15 mg/L each) of plant and endosulfan (0.05 mg/L) alone followed by their combination for antimutagenicity estimates. Chromosomal aberrations (CA) were made from kidney cells and micronuclei (MN) slides from peripheral blood erythrocytes at 48, 72 and 96 h. Antioxidant activity was analyzed by the DPPH assay. Phytochemical analyses were carried out using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endosulfan induced significant (p < .05) MN, authenticated by scanning electron microscopy, and CA in a time-dependent manner. However, methanol and ethyl acetate extracts revealed ameliorating effects. The column eluted methanolic fraction-2 (ME-F2) showed highest reduction profile of 83 and 84% in CA and MN, followed in its extent (73 and 72%) by ethyl acetate fraction-4 (EE-F4). ME-F2 and EE-F4 showed three and six major peaks when analyzed by GC-MS. To explore possible mechanism of action, ME-F2 showed potent antioxidant potential and strong correlation (R2=.900) with antimutagenic activity, whereas EE-F4 seemed to act through a different mechanism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms the antimutagenic potential of the subject plant with the identification of some novel compounds, justifying their use in folk medicine, and their corresponding benefit to mankind.
authors.affiliation: a Limnology and Fisheries Laboratory , Centre of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir , Srinagar , Jammu & Kashmir , India.
authors.forename: Sabzar Ahmad
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Dar
authors.affiliation: a Limnology and Fisheries Laboratory , Centre of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir , Srinagar , Jammu & Kashmir , India.
authors.forename: Abdul Rehman
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Yousuf
authors.affiliation: b Division of Fisheries , Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K) , Jammu & Kashmir , India.
authors.forename: Masood-Ul-Hassan
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Balkhi
authors.affiliation: c Phytochemistry Laboratories , Center of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir , Srinagar , Jammu & Kashmir , India.
authors.forename: Bashir Ahmad
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Ganai
authors.affiliation: c Phytochemistry Laboratories , Center of Research for Development (CORD), University of Kashmir , Srinagar , Jammu & Kashmir , India.
authors.forename: Mudasir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tantry
authors.affiliation: b Division of Fisheries , Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K) , Jammu & Kashmir , India.
authors.forename: Farooz Ahmad
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Bhat
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D028141:Berberidaceae; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002347:Carps / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000139:chemically induced; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000633:toxicity*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective / Q000139:chemically induced; D064347:Microscopy, Electrochemical, Scanning; D016296:Mutagenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D009154:Mutation / Q000187:drug effects*; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011035:Podophyllum / Q000737:chemistry*; D027343:Rhizome; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D009153:Mutagens; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010851:Picrates; C509544:Sinopodophyllum hexandrum extract; D012997:Solvents; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D004726:Endosulfan
keywords: DPPH assay; GC-MS; Mutation; antimutagenicity; mayapple