title: Changes in childhood immunization decisions in the United States: Results from 2012 & 2014 National Parental Surveys.
abstract: Understanding the current status of parents' vaccine decision making is crucial to inform public policy. We sought to assess changes in vaccine decisions among parents of young children.
  
  
  
  We conducted a web-based national poll of parents of children <7years in 2012 and 2014. Participants reported vaccine decisions for their youngest child. We calculated survey-weighted population estimates of overall immunizations decisions, and delay/refusal rates for specific vaccines.
  
  
  
  In 2012, 89.2% (95% CI, 87.3-90.8%) reported accepting or planning to accept all recommended non-influenza childhood vaccines, 5.5% (4.5-6.6%) reported intentionally delaying one or more, and 5.4% (4.1-6.9%) reported refusing one or more vaccines. In 2014, the acceptance, delay, and refusal rates were 90.8% (89.3-92.1%), 5.6% (4.6-6.9%), and 3.6% (2.8-4.5%), respectively. Between 2012 and 2014, intentional vaccine refusal decreased slightly among parents of older children (2-6years) but not younger children (0-1years). The proportion of parents working to catch up on all vaccines increased while those refusing some but not all vaccines decreased. The South experienced a significant increase in estimated acceptance (90.1-94.1%) and a significant decrease in intentional ongoing refusal (5.0-2.1%). Vaccine delay increased in the Northeast (3.2-8.8%).
  
  
  
  Nationally, acceptance and ongoing intentional delay of recommended non-influenza childhood vaccines were stable. These findings suggest that more effort is warranted to counter persistent vaccine hesitancy, particularly at the local level. Longitudinal monitoring of immunization attitudes is also warranted to evaluate temporal shifts over time and geographically.
authors.affiliation: Emory University, School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA 30333, United States. Electronic address: pfrew@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Paula M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Frew
authors.affiliation: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA 30333, United States.
authors.forename: Allison Kennedy
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA 30333, United States.
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Basket
authors.affiliation: Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), PO Box 117 (MS-36), Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0117, United States.
authors.forename: Yunmi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), PO Box 117 (MS-36), Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0117, United States.
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schamel
authors.affiliation: Northrop Grumman, 2800 Century Pkwy NE, Chamblee, GA 30345, United States.
authors.forename: Judith L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.affiliation: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA 30333, United States.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mullen
authors.affiliation: Emory University, School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
authors.forename: Saad B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Omer
authors.affiliation: Emory University, School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, 1518 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
authors.forename: Walter A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Orenstein
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization; D007223:Infant; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D000072758:Vaccination Refusal
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines
keywords: Immunization coverage; Vaccine acceptability; Vaccine delay; Vaccine hesitancy; Vaccine refusal