title: Tetrahydrobiopterin Supplementation: Elevation of Tissue Biopterin Levels Accompanied by a Relative Increase in Dihydrobiopterin in the Blood and the Role of Probenecid-Sensitive Uptake in Scavenging Dihydrobiopterin in the Liver and Kidney of Rats.
abstract: Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. BH4 and 7,8-dihydrobiopterin (BH2) are metabolically interchangeable at the expense of NADPH. Exogenously administered BH4 can be metabolized by the body, similar to vitamins. At present, synthetic BH4 is used as an orphan drug for patients with inherited diseases requiring BH4 supplementation. BH4 supplementation has also drawn attention as a means of treating certain cardiovascular symptoms, however, its application in human patients remains limited. Here, we tracked biopterin (BP) distribution in blood, bile, urine, liver, kidney and brain after BH4 administration (5 mg/kg rat, i.v.) with or without prior treatment with probenecid, a potent inhibitor of uptake transporters particularly including organic anion transporter families such as OTA1 and OAT3. The rapid excretion of BP in urine was driven by elevated blood concentrations and its elimination reached about 90% within 120 min. In the very early period, BP was taken up by the liver and kidney and gradually released back to the blood. BH4 administration caused a considerable decrease in the BH4% in blood BP as an inevitable compensatory process. Probenecid treatment slowed down the decrease in blood BP and simultaneously inhibited its initial rapid excretion in the kidney. At the same time, the BH4% was further lowered, suggesting that the probenecid-sensitive BP uptake played a crucial role in BH2 scavenging in vivo. This suggested that the overproduced BH2 was taken up by organs by means of the probenecid-sensitive process, and was then scavenged by counter-conversion to BH4 via the BH4 salvage pathway. Taken together, BH4 administration was effective at raising BP levels in organs over the course of hours but with extremely low efficiency. Since a high BH2 relative to BH4 causes NOS dysfunction, the lowering of the BH4% must be avoided in practice, otherwise the desired effect of the supplementation in ameliorating NOS dysfunction would be spoiled.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5617-0760
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University of Science and TechnologyUenohara, Yamanashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saeki
authors.affiliation: Division of Anatomical Science, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomihisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Division of Anatomical Science, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aizawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan.|Division of Anatomical Science, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001708:Biopterins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000652:urine; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D011339:Probenecid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D001708:Biopterins; D016572:Cyclosporine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; C003402:sapropterin; D011339:Probenecid