title: Buckwheat bioactive compounds, their derived phenolic metabolites and their health benefits.
abstract: Buckwheat (BW) consumption has been associated with a broad range of health benefits: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer. These beneficial effects have been partially related to the presence of flavonoids. However, some of these compounds (i.e., rutin and quercetin) are metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract generating derived phenolic metabolites. In this study, we investigated the biological activity of rutin (Ru), quercetin (Q) an their derived phenolic metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (3,4-DHPAA), 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3-HPAA), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid (homovanillic acid, HVA).
  
  
  
  Q showed the highest antioxidant and reducing activity, and Ru the maximum chelating activity (85.33%). Antioxidant activity of 3,4-DHPAA was 5-fold higher than that of HVA, whereas their reducing activity was similar. The formation of methylglyoxal (MGO)-BSA and glucose-BSA (advanced glycation end products) was inhibited by Ru (98.5 and 92.7%), Q (95.6 and 89.1%) and 3,4-DHPPA (84.4.6 and 77.5%). Furthermore, Q (10-50 μM) and Ru (1-50 μM) downregulated the release of PGE2, IL-8 and MCP-1, molecules involved in the inflammatory response, in IL1β-inflamed myofibroblasts of colon CCD-18Co.
  
  
  
  This study suggests that BW phytochemicals and their phenolic metabolites may be responsible for the beneficial effects against chronic diseases attributed to BW consumption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, Olsztyn, Poland.|Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Juan Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Giménez-Bastida
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: Henryk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zielinski
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: Mariusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piskula
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zielinska
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Szawara-Nowak
mesh_terms: D015102:3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D019612:Fagopyrum / Q000737:chemistry*; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000188:drug therapy; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D006719:Homovanillic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D010648:Phenylacetates / Q000494:pharmacology; D011794:Quercetin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012431:Rutin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D002614:Chelating Agents; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010648:Phenylacetates; D015102:3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D012431:Rutin; D011794:Quercetin; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; C008069:3-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid; D015232:Dinoprostone; D006719:Homovanillic Acid
keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Antiglycation; Antioxidant activity; Buckwheat; Phytochemicals