title: Efficacy and safety of novel anticoagulants versus vitamin K antagonists in patients with mild and moderate to severe renal insufficiency: Focus on apixaban.
abstract: The high risk of both stroke and major bleeding in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) defines an important population for whom the assessment of the balance between the risk of ischemic stroke and of bleeding is essential. The use of novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) may be a viable option in this population due to their greater net clinical benefit than warfarin, as demonstrated by the results of the clinical phase III trials. NOACs have been found to have a greater net clinical benefit than warfarin in patients at high risk of either stroke (CHADS2≥1 or CHA2DS2-VASc score≥2) or bleeding (HAS-BLED≥3). Noteworthy, it has been found also a positive net clinical benefit with apixaban and dabigatran 110mg BID in patients with CHADS2 score=0 and HAS-BLED score≥3. At CHA2DS2-VASc score=1, apixaban and both doses of dabigatran were superior to warfarin in terms of the net clinical benefit. Available scientific evidence might help in clinical decision-making regarding the use of NOACs in patients with CKD who are at high risk for both stroke and bleeding. Overall, current findings provide a rationale for the choice of apixaban or rivaroxaban over dabigatran in patients with AF and stage III CKD. Out of the NOACs, only apixaban has been recently approved for the use in patients with end-stage renal dysfunction on hemodialysis (the recommended dose of 5mg twice daily should be halved in patients with body weight of ≤60kg and or age≥80years).
authors.affiliation: Department 'Attilio Reale', Sapienza University, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: f.pelliccia@mclink.it.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pelliccia
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Unit, Pacific Heart Medical Group, Murrieta, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosanio
authors.affiliation: IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marazzi
authors.affiliation: Department 'Attilio Reale', Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poggi
authors.affiliation: Department 'Attilio Reale', Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanzilli
authors.affiliation: Department 'Attilio Reale', Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.affiliation: Department 'Attilio Reale', Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gaudio
authors.affiliation: IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy; Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosano
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011728:Pyridones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011728:Pyridones; D014812:Vitamin K; C522181:apixaban
keywords: Anticoagulation; Apixaban; Atrial fibrillation; Novel anticoagulants; Warfarin