title: New low-flux mixed matrix membranes that offer superior removal of protein-bound toxins from human plasma.
abstract: Hemodialysis is a widely available and well-established treatment for patients with End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). However, although life-sustaining, patient mortality rates are very high. Several recent studies corroborated the link between dialysis patients' outcomes and elevated levels of protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUT) that are poorly removed by conventional hemodialysis. Therefore, new treatments are needed to improve their removal. Recently, our group showed that the combination of dialysis and adsorption on one membrane, the mixed matrix membrane (MMM), can effectively remove those toxins from human plasma. However, these first MMMs were rather large in diameter and their mass transport characteristics needed improvement before application in the clinical setting. Therefore, in this study we developed a new generation of MMMs that have a smaller diameter and optimized characteristics offering superior ability in removing the PBUT indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS) in comparison to first generation MMMs (30 and 125% respectively), as well as, a commercial dialysis membrane (more than 100% better removal).
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Denys
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pavlenko
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.|Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Centre Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Esmée
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Geffen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mies J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van Steenbergen
authors.affiliation: Ghent University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Division, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Griet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Glorieux
authors.affiliation: Ghent University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Division, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vanholder
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Centre Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Karin G F
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Gerritsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stamatialis
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D017583:Hemodiafiltration / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010949:Plasma; D014511:Uremia / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial