title: Characterizing and Modulating Brain Circuitry through Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Electroencephalography.
abstract: The concurrent combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) is a powerful technology for characterizing and modulating brain networks across developmental, behavioral, and disease states. Given the global initiatives in mapping the human brain, recognition of the utility of this technique is growing across neuroscience disciplines. Importantly, TMS-EEG offers translational biomarkers that can be applied in health and disease, across the lifespan, and in humans and animals, bridging the gap between animal models and human studies. However, to utilize the full potential of TMS-EEG methodology, standardization of TMS-EEG study protocols is needed. In this article, we review the principles of TMS-EEG methodology, factors impacting TMS-EEG outcome measures, and the techniques for preventing and correcting artifacts in TMS-EEG data. To promote the standardization of this technique, we provide comprehensive guides for designing TMS-EEG studies and conducting TMS-EEG experiments. We conclude by reviewing the application of TMS-EEG in basic, cognitive and clinical neurosciences, and evaluate the potential of this emerging technology in brain research.
authors.affiliation: Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Faranak
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Farzan
authors.affiliation: Berenson-Allen Center for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Marine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vernet
authors.affiliation: Berenson-Allen Center for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Mouhsin M D
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Shafi
authors.affiliation: Berenson-Allen Center for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA; Neuromodulation Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rotenberg
authors.affiliation: Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Zafiris J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Daskalakis
authors.affiliation: Berenson-Allen Center for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascual-Leone
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D009488:Neurosciences / Q000379:methods*; D012107:Research Design; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: TMS-EEG; biomarker discovery; brain mapping; electroencephalography (EEG); experiment design; neuromodulation; signal processing; transcranial magnetic stimulation