title: Auditory brainstem implant program development.
abstract: Auditory brainstem implants (ABIs), which have previously been used to restore auditory perception to deaf patients with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), are now being utilized in other situations, including treatment of congenitally deaf children with cochlear malformations or cochlear nerve deficiencies. Concurrent with this expansion of indications, the number of centers placing and expressing interest in placing ABIs has proliferated. Because ABI placement involves posterior fossa craniotomy in order to access the site of implantation on the cochlear nucleus complex of the brainstem and is not without significant risk, we aim to highlight issues important in developing and maintaining successful ABI programs that would be in the best interests of patients.
  
  
  
  Especially with pediatric patients, the ultimate benefits of implantation will be known only after years of growth and development. These benefits have yet to be fully elucidated and continue to be an area of controversy. The limited number of publications in this area were reviewed.
  
  
  
  Review of the current literature was performed.
  
  
  
  Disease processes, risk/benefit analyses, degrees of evidence, and U.S. Food and Drug Administration approvals differ among various categories of patients in whom auditory brainstem implantation could be considered for use.
  
  
  
  We suggest sets of criteria necessary for the development of successful and sustaining ABI programs, including programs for NF2 patients, postlingually deafened adult nonneurofibromatosis type 2 patients, and congenitally deaf pediatric patients. Laryngoscope, 127:1909-1915, 2017.
authors.affiliation: House Clinic, Neurosurgery and Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Marc S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: House Clinic and Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Eric P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D038262:Auditory Brain Stem Implants; D002648:Child; D003638:Deafness / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D016518:Neurofibromatosis 2 / Q000150:complications; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D016730:Program Development
keywords: Auditory brainstem implant; cochlear nerve deficiency; inner ear malformation; neurofibromatosis type 2