title: Comparative Analysis of the Equivital EQ02 Lifemonitor with Holter Ambulatory ECG Device for Continuous Measurement of ECG, Heart Rate, and Heart Rate Variability: A Validation Study for Precision and Accuracy.
abstract: Background:The Equivital (EQ02) is a multi-parameter telemetric device offering both real-time and/or retrospective, synchronized monitoring of ECG, HR, and HRV, respiration, activity, and temperature. Unlike the Holter, which is the gold standard for continuous ECG measurement, EQO2 continuously monitors ECG via electrodes interwoven in the textile of a wearable belt.Objective:To compare EQ02 with the Holter for continuous home measurement of ECG, heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV).Methods:Eighteen healthy participants wore, simultaneously for 24 h, the Holter and EQ02 monitors. Per participant, averaged HR, and HRV per 5 min from the two devices were compared using Pearson correlation, pairedT-test, and Bland-Altman analyses. Accuracy and precision metrics included mean absolute relative difference (MARD).Results:Artifact content of EQ02 data varied widely between (range 1.93-56.45%) and within (range 0.75-9.61%) participants. Comparing the EQ02 to the Holter, the Pearson correlations were respectively 0.724, 0.955, and 0.997 for datasets containing all data and data with < 50 or < 20% artifacts respectively. For datasets containing respectively all data, data with < 50, or < 20% artifacts, bias estimated by Bland-Altman analysis was -2.8, -1.0, and -0.8 beats per minute and 24 h MARD was 7.08, 3.01, and 1.5. After selecting a 3-h stretch of data containing 1.15% artifacts, Pearson correlation was 0.786 for HRV measured as standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN).Conclusions:Although the EQ02 can accurately measure ECG and HRV, its accuracy and precision is highly dependent on artifact content. This is a limitation for clinical use in individual patients. However, the advantages of the EQ02 (ability to simultaneously monitor several physiologic parameters) may outweigh its disadvantages (higher artifact load) for research purposes and/ or for home monitoring in larger groups of study participants. Further studies can be aimed at minimizing the artifacts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Abimbola A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Akintola
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: van de Pol
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bimmel
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arie C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Maan
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Heemst
keywords: ECG; ECG artifact processing; Equivital-EQ02; Holter electrocardiogram; heart rate; heart rate variability (HRV); remote monitoring; validation study