title: Weight losses with low-energy formula diets in obese patients with and without type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: To provide a systematic review, of published data, to compare weight losses following very low calorie (<800 kcal per day VLCD) or low-energy liquid-formula (>800 kcal per day LELD) diets, in people with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  
  
  
  Systematic electronic searches of Medline (1946-2015) and Embase (1947-2015) to identify published studies using formula total diet replacement diets (VLCD/LELD). Random effects meta-analysis using weighted mean difference (WMD) in body weight between groups (with and without diabetes) as the summary estimate.
  
  
  
  Final weight loss, in the five included studies, weighted for study sizes, (n=569, mean BMI=35.5-42.6 kg/m2), was not significantly different between participants with and without T2DM: -1.2 kg; 95% CI: -4.1 to 1.6 kg). Rates of weight loss were also similar in the two groups -0.6 kg per week (T2DM) and 0.5 kg per week (no diabetes), and for VLCD (<800 kcal per day) and LELD (>800 kcal per day).
  
  
  
  Weight losses with liquid-formula diets are very similar for VLCD and LELD and for obese subjects with or without T2DM. They can potentially achieve new weight loss/ maintenance targets of >15-20% for people with severe and medically complicated obesity.
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.affiliation: Magnetic Resonance Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Institute of Mental Health & Wellbeing, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: M E J
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lean
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology*