title: Bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells behavior with or without growth factors in trauma hemorrhagic shock.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemorrhagic shock (HS) is the major leading cause of death after trauma. Up to 50% of early deaths are due to massive hemorrhage. Excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokine and hypercatecholamine induces hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) apoptosis, leading to multiorgan failure and death. However, still, result remains elusive for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) behavior in trauma HS (T/HS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Therefore, our aim was to evaluate thein vitroHSCs behavior with or without recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO), recombinant human granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF), recombinant human interleukin-3 (rhIL-3) alone, and combination with rhEPO + rhGM-CSF + rhIL-3 (EG3) in T/HS patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bone marrow (BM) aspirates (n= 14) were collected from T/HS patients, those survived on day 3. BM cells were cultured for HPCs: Colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E), burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E), and colony-forming unit-granulocyte, monocyte/macrophage colonies growth. HPCs were counted with or without rhEPO, rhGM-CSF, rhIL-3 alone, and combination with EG3 in T/HS patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BM HSCs growth significantly suppressed in T/HS when compared with control group (P< 0.05). In addition, CFU-E and BFU-E colony growth were increased with additional growth factor (AGF) (rhEPO, rhGM-CSF, and rhIL-3) as compared to baseline (without AGF) (P< 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Suppressed HPCs may be reactivated by addition of erythropoietin, GM-CSF, IL-3 alone and with combination in T/HS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Jai Prakash Narayan Apex Trauma Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhoi
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sujata
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohanty
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Vineet Kumar
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Kamal
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Pravas
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Sagar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galwankar
keywords: Erythropoietin; granulocyte monocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor; hematopoietic progenitor cells; interleukin-3 trauma-hemorrhagic shock