title: Plasmodium vivax Landscape in Brazil: Scenario and Challenges.
abstract: Brazil is the largest country of Latin America, with a considerable portion of its territoritory within the malaria-endemic Amazon region in the North. Furthermore, a considerable portion of its territory is located within the Amazon region in the north. As a result, Brazil has reported half of the total malaria cases in the Americas in the last four decades. Recent progress in malaria control has been accompanied by an increasing proportion of Plasmodium vivax, underscoring a need for a better understanding of management and control of this species and associated challenges. Among these challenges, the contribution of vivax malaria relapses, earlier production of gametocytes (compared with Plasmodium falciparum), inexistent methods to diagnose hypnozoite carriers, and decreasing efficacy of available antimalarials need to be addressed. Innovative tools, strategies, and technologies are needed to achieve further progress toward sustainable malaria elimination. Further difficulties also arise from dealing with the inherent socioeconomic and environmental particularities of the Amazon region and its dynamic changes.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.|Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andre M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Siqueira
authors.affiliation: Pan American Health Organization, Brasilia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Mesones-Lapouble
authors.affiliation: Coordenação Geral do Programa Nacional de Controle da Malaria, Ministério da Saúde, Brasilia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marchesini
authors.affiliation: Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde, Manaus, Brazil.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanderson de Souza
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Sampaio
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brasil
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Tauil
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cor Jesus
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Fontes
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabio T M
authors.initials: FTM
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cláudio Tadeu
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Daniel-Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Manaus, Brazil.|Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcus V G
authors.initials: MVG
authors.lastname: Lacerda
authors.affiliation: Coordenação Geral do Programa Nacional de Controle da Malaria, Ministério da Saúde, Brasilia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Damasceno
authors.affiliation: Coordenação Geral do Programa Nacional de Controle da Malaria, Ministério da Saúde, Brasilia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Carolina S
authors.initials: ACS
authors.lastname: Santelli
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000453:epidemiology; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum; D010966:Plasmodium vivax; D011159:Population Surveillance; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials