title: Extracellular Vesicles from Red Blood Cell Products Induce a Strong Pro-Inflammatory Host Response, Dependent on Both Numbers and Storage Duration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) is associated with adverse outcome, but the causative factor is unknown. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have pro-inflammatory properties. We hypothesized that EVs released from both fresh and stored RBC products can induce a host inflammatory response in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole blood was incubated with supernatant from RBC units stored for different time periods, either containing (different numbers of) EVs or depleted from EVs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incubation with both fresh and stored supernatant containing EVs induced a strong host response with production of TNF, IL-6 and IL-8. In supernatant depleted from EVs, this host response was completely abrogated. IL-10 levels were not affected. EV-induced host response was both dependent on the number of EVs as well as on storage time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EVs from both fresh and stored RBC units illicit a strong inflammatory host response in recipients and may therefore contribute to adverse outcome of RBC transfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marleen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Straat
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anita N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Böing
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tuip-De Boer
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rienk
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nieuwland
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicole P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Juffermans
keywords: Cytokines; Extracellular vesicles; Host response; Red blood cell units