title: Preliminary Investigation of Cardiovascular-Renal Disorders in Dogs with Chronic Mitral Valve Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Veterinary literature lacks data about cardiovascular-renal disorders (CvRD) and cardiorenal-anemia syndrome (CRAS) in dogs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A direct correlation exists between ACVIM class and IRIS stage; chronic kidney disease (CKD) complicates chronic mitral valve disease (CMVD) more often than does anemia in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fifty-eight client-owned dogs with CMVD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Signalment, physical examination findings, electrocardiography, thoracic radiographs, echocardiography, and blood analysis were retrospectively evaluated to assess the prevalence of CKD and anemia in dogs with CMVD and to investigate the relationships among ACVIM class, IRIS stage, and survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of CKD and anemia in dogs with CMVD was significantly higher than in the general population of dogs. Dogs being treated for heart failure had a significantly higher prevalence of CKD than did dogs that had not received treatment. A statistically significant direct correlation was found between ACVIM class and IRIS stage. Severe heart disease, severe renal disease or both, furosemide administration, and advanced age at diagnosis of heart disease were associated with shorter survival time. Survival time of dogs affected by CvRD was statistically shorter than survival time of dogs affected by CMVD alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic mitral valve disease is associated with increased prevalence of CKD and anemia in dogs. Treatment for medical management of heart failure may play a role in inducing CKD. Class of heart disease and IRIS stage were directly correlated. Cardiovascular-renal disorders decrease survival time compared to the only presence of CMVD alone, whereas anemia does not play a central role in worsening heart function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health (DIVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy. ms.martinelli.elisa@gmail.com.|Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy. ms.martinelli.elisa@gmail.com.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martinelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health (DIVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Locatelli
authors.affiliation: Computer Science Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bassis
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crosara
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health (DIVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paltrinieri
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health (DIVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scarpa
authors.affiliation: Royal Veterinary College, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: I
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0039-1438
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Spalla
authors.affiliation: Computer Science Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zanaboni
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quintavalla
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health (DIVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brambilla
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D059347:Cardio-Renal Syndrome / Q000662:veterinary*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: Anemia; Cardiorenal syndrome; Cardiovascular-renal disorders; Chronic kidney disease; Clinical pathology; Endocardiosis; Heart disease; Hematology