title: Vitamin D and gallstone disease-A population-based study.
abstract: Gallstone disease is highly prevalent in the general population and is a major gastrointestinal cause of hospital admissions. The objectives were to determine whether circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were associated to ultrasound proven gallstones or cholecystectomy in a general population sample. Determinants of vitamin D status were also explored. A random sample of 4130 people from the population of Copenhagen with ages 41-71 years were invited (N = 4130) and 2650 participants were included. Ultrasound examinations were performed to assess gallstone status and blood samples were drawn to assess 25-hydroxyvitamin D and biomarkers of renal and hepatic function. Gallstone disease was found in 422 participants. Associations were estimated by logistic regression models. Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D was not significantly associated with gallstone disease. Time of birth during low vitamin D exposure was associated with gallstone disease (gallstone prevalence 18.0 versus 14.4 %, odds ratio 1.33, 95 % confidence interval [1.07; 1.65]). Highest quartile of cystatin C was significantly associated with gallstone disease (gallstone prevalence 22.1 versus 12.0 %, odds ratio 1.53, 95 % confidence interval [1.08; 2.18]). Serum levels of creatinine and alanine amino transferase were not associated with gallstone disease. Sensitivity analyses excluding participants with cholecystectomy did not alter results significantly. No association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and gallstone disease was identified. Findings suggest gallstones to be associated to low vitamin D exposure in utero and to renal failure suggesting that vitamin D might have an impact on gallstone disease. Future studies should explore associations for vitamin D and gallstone disease prospectively.
authors.affiliation: Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. daniel.moensted.shabanzadeh.01@regionh.dk.|Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark. daniel.moensted.shabanzadeh.01@regionh.dk.
authors.forename: Daniel Mønsted
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9415-3443
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Shabanzadeh
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|The Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Torben
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linneberg
authors.affiliation: Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars Tue
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Tea
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Skaaby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: Calcidiol; Calcifediol; Cholelithiasis; Gallbladder diseases