title: Improving diagnostic molecular tests to monitor urothelial carcinoma recurrence.
abstract: The high recurrence rates associated with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer require close surveillance with cystoscopy, an invasive and expensive procedure with risk of missing cancer. Finding an accurate urinary biomarker that can detect recurrent disease would represent a significant advancement in management. Areas covered: This review summarizes the commercially-available urinary biomarkers including cytology, UroVysion, BTA, NMP22, uCyt+, and Cxbladder assays. Additionally, we review recent investigational urinary biomarkers that hold promise in bladder cancer surveillance. Expert commentary: The quest for a reliable urinary biomarker for bladder cancer is decades-old and seems intuitive given the direct contact of urine with malignant urothelium. Beyond urine cytology, there are many commercially-available products approved for surveillance. However, none of the assays are routinely used due to lack of sensitivity and/or specificity. As such, emerging technologies, in particular the '-omic' technologies have resulted in a proliferation of promising reports on novel biomarkers in recent literature.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Urology , UT Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA.|b Department of Urology , University of Muenster Medical Center , Muenster , Germany.
authors.forename: Laura-Maria
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Krabbe
authors.affiliation: a Department of Urology , UT Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Solomon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Woldu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Urology , UT Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA.|c Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center , Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria.|d Department of Urology and Medical Oncology , Weill Medical College of Cornell University , New York , NY , USA.
authors.forename: Shahrokh F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Shariat
authors.affiliation: a Department of Urology , UT Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Yair
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lotan
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D003584:Cytological Techniques; D019468:Disease Management; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D057890:Epigenomics / Q000379:methods; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D055432:Metabolomics; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D014523:Urethral Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: Bladder cancer; follow-up; molecular biomarker; non-muscle invasive; surveillance; transitional cell carcinoma; urothelial carcinoma