title: Cardiovascular Toxicity of Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors and Promising Natur a l Substitutes.
abstract: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a group of drugs which are used for a wide variety of diseases including pain and inflammatory conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, musculoskeletal disorders, and other comorbid complications. However, this group of drugs have undesirable effects such as peptic ulcer, bleeding and renal failure. Some of these side effects are associated with or caused by generation of oxidative stress. Following the withdrawal of a cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor drug, rofecoxib (VIOXX®) due to cardiovascular complications, scientists suggested that natural COX-2 inhibitors might provide valuable alternatives to COX inhibitors. Although, most of medicinal plants reduce pain and inflammation in a similar manner to synthetic medications, however, they often have fewer side effects and are better tolerated. The present review other than focusing on cardiovascular and some other complications of NSAIDs, is trying to introduce the natural alternative remedies for these medications.
authors.affiliation: Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad. Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bahmani
authors.affiliation: Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical sciences, Shahrekord. Iran.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarrafchi
authors.affiliation: Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical sciences, Shahrekord. Iran.
authors.forename: Hedayatollah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shirzad
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan. Iran.
authors.forename: Sedigheh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asgari
authors.affiliation: Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical sciences, Shahrekord. Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rafieian-Kopaei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D066126:Cardiotoxicity; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors
keywords: COX; Cardiovascular; NSAID; medicinal plants; oxidative stress; toxicity