title: Osteogenic potential of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-9/absorbable collagen sponge (rhBMP-9/ACS) in rat critical size calvarial defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been reported that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9 has potent osteoinductive properties among the BMP family by adenovirus-transfection experiments. We very recently reported that absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) as a carrier for recombinant human (rh) BMP-9, compared with chitosan sponge, was suitable for inducing bone healing/regeneration by BMP-9 in a rat calvarial defect model. The aim of this study was to evaluate different doses of rhBMP-9/ACS on new bone formation in rat critical size calvarial defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bilateral calvarial defects (n = 32) were surgically created in 16 wistar rats and randomly filled with one of the following materials: (1) absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) alone; (2) 1 μg-rhBMP-9/ACS (L-rhBMP-9/ACS); (3) 5 μg-rhBMP-9/ACS (H-rhBMP-9/ACS); and (4) blank defects (control). The animals were sacrificed 8 weeks postsurgery for radiographic and histomorphometric analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bone volume and defect closure were statistically higher in the rhBMP-9/ACS-implanted (L-rhBMP-9/ACS and H-rhBMP-9/ACS) groups when compared with ACS-alone group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, defects filled with H-rhBMP-9/ACS showed the highest levels of newly formed bone area (NBA) and NBA/total defect area among all groups. No significant differences in any of the radiographic and histometric parameters could be observed between both concentrations of rhBMP-9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that rhBMP-9/ACS-induced bone formation can be reached with as little as 1 μg/site in rat critical size calvarial defects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RhBMP-9 could be a potential therapeutic growth factor for future bone regenerative procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shirakata
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Miron
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
authors.forename: Kirara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furue
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan. kazuperi@dent.kagoshima-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Noguchi
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000818:Animals; D003094:Collagen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055427:Growth Differentiation Factor 2 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D014945:Wound Healing; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D055427:Growth Differentiation Factor 2; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D003094:Collagen
keywords: Bone formation; Bone morphogenetic protein-9; Collagen; Growth factor; Osteoinduction