title: A concise review on advances in development of small molecule anti-inflammatory therapeutics emphasising AMPK: An emerging target.
abstract: Inflammatory diseases are complex, multi-factorial outcomes of evolutionarily conserved tissue repair processes. For decades, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase inhibitors, the primary drugs of choice for the management of inflammatory diseases, addressed individual targets in the arachidonic acid pathway. Unsatisfactory safety and efficacy profiles of the above have necessitated the development of multi-target agents to treat complex inflammatory diseases. Current anti-inflammatory therapies still fall short of clinical needs and the clinical trial results of multi-target therapeutics are anticipated. Additionally, new drug targets are emerging with improved understanding of molecular mechanisms controlling the pathophysiology of inflammation. This review presents an outline of small molecules and drug targets in anti-inflammatory therapeutics with a summary of a newly identified target AMP-activated protein kinase, which constitutes a novel therapeutic pathway in inflammatory pathology.
authors.affiliation: Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Chethan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gejjalagere Honnappa
authors.affiliation: Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India mkunnikrishnan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Unnikrishnan
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mazhuvancherry Kesavan
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D054852:Small Molecule Libraries; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases
keywords: AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK); cyclooxygenase inhibitors (COXIBs); inflammation; multi-target; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); small molecules