title: Effect of calcium hypochlorite and chloramine on blood biochemistry and sodium pentobarbital induced sleeping time in mice.
abstract: Disinfectants are chemical agents used to eradicate, deactivate or kill microorganisms. Chemical disinfectants especially chlorine compound are extensively used for water sanitization. Among these calcium hypochlorite and chloramines are commonly used now a day. Large number of chemical compounds, drugs and endogenous substances are metabolized by hepatic enzymes known as cytochrome P450 enzyme system. Many chemicals are capable of enzyme induction. Enzyme induction may change the metabolism of other drugs and endogenous substances which may alter the plasma concentration of these chemicals. To evaluate the enzyme inducing ability of calcium hypochlorite and chloramine, sleeping time induced by sodium pentobarbital was noted in mice. Normal saline was taken as negative control. Rifampicin, chloramphenicol and grapefruit juice were taken as positive control group. On completion of dosing after 4 weeks, alteration in sleep induction and recovery times was noted and compared. Histological evaluation of liver was observed. A significant decrease in sleeping time was observed in calcium hypochlorite and chloramine treated groups. Both calcium hypochlorite and chloramine caused a significant change in liver enzymes and in the values of complete blood count. In histological evaluation both caused fat deposition in the hepatocytes. It was concluded from the study that both calcium hypochlorite and chloramine were hepatic microsomal enzyme inducer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sidra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishaq
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Adil
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rasheed
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.affiliation: Quality Operation Laboratory (QOL), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Imran
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Altaf
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Saima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rehmat
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ghulam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fatima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002700:Chloramines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D051379:Mice; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D010424:Pentobarbital / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D002700:Chloramines; D004202:Disinfectants; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; C004488:calcium hypochlorite; D010424:Pentobarbital; C030816:chloramine