title: A Protective Mechanism of Visible Red Light in Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts: Enhancement of GADD45A-Mediated DNA Repair Activity.
abstract: The phototherapeutic effects of visible red light on skin have been extensively investigated, but the underlying biological mechanisms remain poorly understood. We aimed to elucidate the protective mechanism of visible red light in terms of DNA repair of UV-induced oxidative damage in normal human dermal fibroblasts. The protective effect of visible red light on UV-induced DNA damage was identified by several assays in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell culture systems. With regard to the protective mechanism of visible red light, our data showed alterations in base excision repair mediated by growth arrest and DNA damage inducible, alpha (GADD45A). We also observed an enhancement of the physical activity of GADD45A and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) by visible red light. Moreover, UV-induced DNA damages were diminished by visible red light in an APE1-dependent manner. On the basis of the decrease in GADD45A-APE1 interaction in the activating transcription factor-2 (ATF2)-knockdown system, we suggest a role for ATF2 modulation in GADD45A-mediated DNA repair upon visible red light exposure. Thus, the enhancement of GADD45A-mediated base excision repair modulated by ATF2 might be a potential protective mechanism of visible red light.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yeo Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyoung-June
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hye Lim
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Soo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Ryong
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: biopang@amorepacific.com.
authors.forename: Dong Wook
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Dongguk University Biomedi Campus, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: seoyr@dongguk.edu.
authors.forename: Young Rok
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Seo
mesh_terms: D051698:Activating Transcription Factor 2 / Q000502:physiology; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004260:DNA Repair; D043603:DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase / Q000502:physiology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000502:physiology; D000097642:GADD45 Proteins
chemical_list: D051698:Activating Transcription Factor 2; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D043603:DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C497105:ATF2 protein, human; C439070:GADD45A protein, human; D000097642:GADD45 Proteins; C085108:APEX1 protein, human