title: Re-Evaluation of Phylogenetic Relationships among Species of the Mangrove Genus Avicennia from Indo-West Pacific Based on Multilocus Analyses.
abstract: Avicennia L. (Avicenniaceae), one of the most diverse mangrove genera, is distributed widely in tropical and subtropical intertidal zones worldwide. Five species of Avicennia in the Indo-West Pacific region have been previously described. However, their phylogenetic relationships were determined based on morphological and allozyme data. To enhance our understanding of evolutionary patterns in the clade, we carried out a molecular phylogenetic study using wide sampling and multiple loci. Our results support two monophyletic clades across all species worldwide in Avicennia: an Atlantic-East Pacific (AEP) lineage and an Indo-West Pacific (IWP) lineage. This split is in line with biogeographic distribution of the clade. Focusing on the IWP branch, we reconstructed a detailed phylogenetic tree based on sequences from 25 nuclear genes. The results identified three distinct subclades, (1) A. rumphiana and A. alba, (2) A. officinalis and A. integra, and (3) the A. marina complex, with high bootstrap support. The results strongly corresponded to two morphological traits in floral structure: stigma position in relation to the anthers and style length. Using Bayesian dating methods we estimated diversification of the IWP lineage was dated to late Miocene (c. 6.0 million years ago) and may have been driven largely by the fluctuating sea levels since that time.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Xinnian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Trop WATER, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Norman C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Duke
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Yuchen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Lishi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Yuxiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Zhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Renchao
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Hainan Dongzhai Harbor National Nature Reserve, Haikou, Hainan, China.
authors.forename: Cairong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Yelin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Suhua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D032407:Avicennia / Q000235:genetics*; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010802:Phylogeny; D013045:Species Specificity