title: Scapular flap for maxillectomy defect reconstruction and preliminary results using three-dimensional modeling.
abstract: Discuss current techniques utilizing the scapular tip and subscapular system for free tissue reconstruction of maxillary defects and highlight the impact of medical modeling on these techniques with a case series.
  
  
  
  Case review series at an academic hospital of patients undergoing maxillectomy + thoracodorsal scapula composite free flap (TSCF) reconstruction. Three-dimensional (3D) models were used in the last five cases.
  
  
  
  3D modeling, surgical, functional, and aesthetic outcomes were reviewed.
  
  
  
  Nine patients underwent TSCF reconstruction for maxillectomy defects (median age = 43 years; range, 19-66 years). Five patients (55%) had a total maxillectomy (TM) ± orbital exenteration, whereas four patients (44%) underwent subtotal palatal maxillectomy. For TM, the contralateral scapula tip was positioned with its natural concavity recreating facial contour. The laterally based vascular pedicle was ideally positioned for facial vessel anastomosis. For subtotal-palatal defect, an ipsilateral flap was harvested, but inset with the convex surface facing superiorly. Once 3D models were available from our anatomic modeling lab, they were used for intraoperative planning of the last five patients. Use of the model intraoperatively improved efficiency and allowed for better contouring/plating of the TSCF. At last follow-up, all patients had good functional outcomes. Aesthetic outcomes were more successful in patients where 3D-modeling was used (100% vs. 50%). There were no flap failures. Median follow-up >1 month was 5.2 months (range, 1-32.7 months).
  
  
  
  Reconstruction of maxillectomy defects is complex. Successful aesthetic and functional outcomes are critical to patient satisfaction. The TSCF is a versatile flap. Based on defect type, choosing laterality is crucial for proper vessel orientation and outcomes. The use of internally produced 3D models has helped refine intraoperative contouring and flap inset, leading to more successful outcomes.
  
  
  
  4. Laryngoscope, 127:E8-E14, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Mara C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Modest
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Kathryn M Van
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Abel
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Janus
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sims
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Kerry D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Olsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D058752:Free Tissue Flaps; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008439:Maxillary Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008441:Maxillary Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012540:Scapula / Q000637:transplantation*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Scapula composite flap; free-flap; maxillectomy defect; microvascular free-flap; reconstruction; scapula flap; three-dimensional modeling