title: Sex Impact on Biomarkers, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics.
abstract: Sex is one of several factors influencing pharmacological responses, but research on its effects on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, although emerging remarkably, remains poor and contains many methodological issues. In this review, the current state of knowledge about sex differences in pharmacokinetics and some hints to pharmacogenomics were evaluated. Moreover, considering that many pharmacological responses are monitored through biomarkers, the influence of sex on some biomarkers has been reported. Finally, we report sex differences in pharmacodynamics, particularly analysing opioids and their use during pregnancy, labor and breastfeeding. In conclusion, a more precise sex- and genderbased approach appears necessary to achieve more evidence-based therapy in men and women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23, 07100 Sassari. Italy.
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Franconi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23, 07100 Sassari. Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Campesi
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Sex differences; biomarkers; opioids; pharmacodynamics; pharmacokinetics; pregnancy