title: Nuclear receptors outside the nucleus: extranuclear signalling by steroid receptors.
abstract: Steroid hormone receptors mediate numerous crucial biological processes and are classically thought to function as transcriptional regulators in the nucleus. However, it has been known for more than 50 years that steroids evoke rapid responses in many organs that cannot be explained by gene regulation. Mounting evidence indicates that most steroid receptors in fact exist in extranuclear cellular pools, including at the plasma membrane. This latter pool, when engaged by a steroid ligand, rapidly activates signals that affect various aspects of cellular biology. Research into the mechanisms of signalling instigated by extranuclear steroid receptor pools and how this extranuclear signalling is integrated with responses elicited by nuclear receptor pools provides novel understanding of steroid hormone signalling and its roles in health and disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine and the Long Beach VA Medical Center, California 90822, USA.
authors.forename: Ellis R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hammes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D021381:Protein Transport; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000502:physiology*; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011987:Receptors, Steroid