title: Tumor-directed immunotherapy can generate tumor-specific T cell responses through localized co-stimulation.
abstract: The most important goals for the field of immuno-oncology are to improve the response rate and increase the number of tumor indications that respond to immunotherapy, without increasing adverse side effects. One approach to achieve these goals is to use tumor-directed immunotherapy, i.e., to focus the immune activation to the most relevant part of the immune system. This may improve anti-tumor efficacy as well as reduce immune-related adverse events. Tumor-directed immune activation can be achieved by local injections of immune modulators in the tumor area or by directing the immune modulator to the tumor using bispecific antibodies. In this review, we focus on therapies targeting checkpoint inhibitors and co-stimulatory receptors that can generate tumor-specific T cell responses through localized immune activation.
authors.affiliation: Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, 223 63, Lund, Sweden. pek@alligatorbioscience.com.|Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. pek@alligatorbioscience.com.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6687-1250
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ellmark
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mangsbo
authors.affiliation: Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, 223 63, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Furebring
authors.affiliation: Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, 223 63, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Norlén
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Tötterman
mesh_terms: D018033:Antibodies, Bispecific / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000276:immunology* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D018033:Antibodies, Bispecific; D007155:Immunologic Factors
keywords: Bispecific antibody; Cancer; Immuno-oncology; Immunotherapy; Intratumoral; Tumor-directed immunotherapy