title: Passive dosing of triclosan in multigeneration tests with copepods - stable exposure concentrations and effects at the low μg/L range.
abstract: Ecotoxicity testing is a crucial component of chemical risk assessment. Still, due to methodological difficulties related to controlling exposure concentrations over time, data on long-term effects of organic chemicals at low concentrations are limited. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to test the applicability of passive dosing to maintain stable concentrations of the organochlorine bacteriocide triclosan in the water phase during a 6-wk multigeneration population development test with the harpacticoid copepod Nitocra spinipes. Triclosan was loaded into silicone (1000 mg), which was used as passive dosing phase in the exposure vials. The distribution ratio for triclosan between silicone and water (Dsilicone-water) was 10466 ± 1927. A population development test was conducted at 3 concentration levels of triclosan that were measured to be 3 μg/L to 5 μg/L, 7 μg/L to 11 μg/L and 16 μg/L to 26 μg/L. The results demonstrate that passive dosing is applicable for long-term ecotoxicity testing of organic chemicals, including during significant growth of the test organism population. Shifts in the demographic structure of the population during exposure suggest the most severe effects were exerted on juvenile development. Progressively lower development index values in the populations exposed to increasing triclosan concentrations suggest developmental retardation. The results further stress the need for chronic exposure during ecotoxicity testing in chemical risk assessment because even the most sensitive endpoint was not significant until after 7 d of exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1254-1260. © 2016 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ribbenstedt
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mustajärvi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Breitholtz
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gorokhova
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sobek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D033342:Copepoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D012828:Silicones / Q000737:chemistry; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic; D014260:Triclosan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D012828:Silicones; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014260:Triclosan
keywords: Chronic toxicity; Exposure; Passive dosing; Silicone; Triclosan