title: Articular and abarticular manifestations in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetes mellitus (DM), a worldwide high-prevalence disease, is associated with a large variety of rheumatic manifestations. It affects the connective tissues in many ways and causes alterations in the periarticular and the musculoskeletal systems. In most cases, these manifestations are associated with functional disability and pain, affecting the quality of life of the diabetic patient. The aim of our study is to review the different articular and abarticular manifestations in diabetic patients and the associated factors of these rheumatic manifestations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study that includes all patients suffering from type 2 DM who present with articular or abarticular manifestations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 116 diabetic patients presenting with articular or abarticular manifestations. Our study showed four important findings. First, a large variety of articular and abarticular manifestations were present in patients with type 2 DM. Second, osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee was the most frequent articular manifestations. It was seen in 49% of our patients. Third, the most common manifestations in diabetic Moroccan patients were carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder, and diabetic cheiroarthropathy (29%, 23%, and 16%, respectively). Fourth, there was a significant association between vascular complications and the development of articular and abarticular manifestations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that the articular and abarticular manifestations in diabetic Moroccan patients are dominated by CTS, adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder, and diabetic cheiroarthropathy, with a significant association between vascular complications and the development of some of these manifestations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Hassan II University Hospital, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: Fatima Ezzahra
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Abourazzak
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Hassan II University Hospital, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: Nessrine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Akasbi
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Hassan II University Hospital, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: Ghita Sqalli
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Houssaini
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Hassan II University Hospital, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: Sabah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bazouti
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Hassan II University Hospital, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: Salma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bensbaa
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Hassan II University Hospital, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: Hicham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hachimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Hassan II University Hospital, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: Farida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ajdi
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Hassan II University Hospital, Fez, Morocco.
authors.forename: Taoufik
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harzy
keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; abarticular manifestations; articular manifestations