title: Pressure Infusion Cuff and Blood Warmer during Massive Transfusion: An Experimental Study About Hemolysis and Hypothermia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Blood warmers were developed to reduce the risk of hypothermia associated with the infusion of cold blood products. During massive transfusion, these devices are used with compression sleeve, which induce a major stress to red blood cells. In this setting, the combination of blood warmer and compression sleeve could generate hemolysis and harm the patient. We conducted this study to compare the impact of different pressure rates on the hemolysis of packed red blood cells and on the outlet temperature when a blood warmer set at 41.5°C is used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pressure rates tested were 150 and 300 mmHg. Ten packed red blood cells units were provided by Héma-Québec and each unit was sequentially tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no increase in hemolysis either at 150 or 300 mmHg. By cons, we found that the blood warmer was not effective at warming the red blood cells at the specified temperature. At 150 mmHg, the outlet temperature reached 37.1°C and at 300 mmHg, the temperature was 33.7°C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To use a blood warmer set at 41.5°C in conjunction with a compression sleeve at 150 or 300 mmHg does not generate hemolysis. At 300 mmHg a blood warmer set at 41.5°C does not totally avoid a risk of hypothermia.
authors.affiliation: UETMIS, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1G 2E8.|CRCHUS, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4.
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7017-096X
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Poder
authors.affiliation: Blood Bank, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pruneau
authors.affiliation: Blood Bank, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4.
authors.forename: Josée
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dorval
authors.affiliation: Research and Development division, Héma-Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada, G1V 5C3.
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thibault
authors.affiliation: UETMIS, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1G 2E8.
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Fisette
authors.affiliation: UETMIS, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1G 2E8.
authors.forename: Suzanne K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Bédard
authors.affiliation: Research and Development division, Héma-Québec, Québec, Québec, Canada, G1V 5C3.
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jacques
authors.affiliation: Blood Bank, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4.|Hematology-Oncology division, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada, J1H 5N4.
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beauregard
mesh_terms: D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006461:Hemolysis; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000209:etiology*; D011312:Pressure; D013696:Temperature; D065227:Transfusion Reaction