title: Carbon isotope alteration during the thermal maturation of non-flowering plant species representative of those found within the geological record.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The carbon isotope (δ13C value) composition of fossil plant material is routinely used as a proxy of past climate and environment change. However, palaeoclimate interpretation requires assumptions about the stability of δ13C values in plant material during its decomposition and incorporation into sediments. Previous work on modern angiosperm species shows δ13C changes of several per mille during simulated decomposition experiments. However, no such tests have been undertaken on non-flowering plants, which are found extensively within the geological record. These plants have distinctly different cellulose-to-lignin ratios from those of their angiosperm counterparts, potentially creating hitherto unknown variations in the original to fossil δ13C signatures.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test the extent of δ13C change during decomposition we have subjected a number of plants, representing more basal, non-flowering plant lineages (cycads, ferns, horsetails and dawn redwood), to artificial decay using a hydrothermal maturation technique at two temperatures over periods of up to 273 hours. Subsamples were extracted every 12-16 hours and analysed for their δ13C and %C values using a Carlo Erba 1500 elemental analyser, and VG TripleTrap and Optima mass spectrometers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The %C values increased for all samples through the maturation process at both temperatures with the largest increases observed within the first 24 hours. Decreases in δ13C values were observed for all plants at 300°C and for two of the species at the lower temperature (200°C). The maximum shift in the δ13C value related to experimental decomposition was -0.90‰ (horsetail), indicating a preferential loss of13C during thermal maturation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reduction in the δ13C value potentially suggests a preferential loss of isotopically heavier cellulose in relation to the isotopically lighter lignin component during maturation. The isotopic offset observed here (<0.9‰) means that palaeoclimatic interpretation of δ13C values from non-flowering plant material within the geological record remains robust, but only where interpretations are based on variations in δ13C values greater than 1‰. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: NERC Isotope Geosciences Facilities, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: NERC Isotope Geosciences Facilities, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Kendrick
authors.affiliation: British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.
authors.forename: Vicky L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Moss-Hayes
authors.affiliation: British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Vane
authors.affiliation: NERC Isotope Geosciences Facilities, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.|Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
authors.forename: Melanie J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Leng