title: IL-4, TGF-, NF-B and MPO levels in Patients with Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic disorder in which genetics and environmental factors such as infection and the corresponding immune response play a role in the etiopathogenesis. The aim of this study was to compare some immune factors such as nuclear factor-B (NF-B) activation, myeloperoxidase (MPO), the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4), and regulatory cytokine transforming growth factor- (TGF-) in schizophrenia patients and an age- and gender-matched control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma levels of IL-4, TGF-, MPO, and NF-B activation in 20 subjects with treatment-resistant schizophrenia and 20 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were analyzed. Disease severity was evaluated using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plasma TGF- levels were found to be significantly lower and NF-B to be significantly higher in antipsychotic treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients than in controls in this study. No significant differences were found between the patient and control groups for serum IL-4 and MPO levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The low TGF- level in treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients in the symptom exacerbation period indicates that there is inadequate Th1/Th2 balance. Large-scale studies are required to investigate whether this is responsible for resistance in schizophrenia. The fact that the increase in NF-B that we found in treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients in this study has also been reported in the first attack in untreated schizophrenia patients in previous studies indicates that NF-B plays a role in the disorder's physiopathology from the beginning.
authors.forename: Şükrü
authors.initials: Ş
authors.lastname: Kartalcı
authors.forename: Lale
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gönenir Erbay
authors.forename: Esra
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Porgalı Zayman
authors.forename: Önder
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Otlu
authors.forename: Aysun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bay Karabulut
authors.forename: Gülşen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kartalcı
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000097:blood; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D016328:NF-kappa B; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha; D015847:Interleukin-4; D009195:Peroxidase