title: Validation of a Wireless, Self-Application, Ambulatory Electroencephalographic Sleep Monitoring Device in Healthy Volunteers.
abstract: To evaluate the validity of an ambulatory electroencephalographic (EEG) monitor for the estimation of sleep continuity and architecture in healthy adults.
  
  
  
  Healthy, good sleeping participants (n = 14) were fit with both an ambulatory EEG monitor (Sleep Profiler) and a full polysomnography (PSG) montage. EEG recordings were gathered from both devices on the same night, during which sleep was permitted uninterrupted for eight hours. The study was set in an inpatient clinical research suite. PSG and Sleep Profiler records were scored by a neurologist board certified in sleep medicine, blinded to record identification. Agreement between the scored PSG record, the physician-scored Sleep Profiler record, and the Sleep Profiler record scored by an automatic algorithm was evaluated for each sleep stage, with the PSG record serving as the reference.
  
  
  
  Results indicated strong percent agreement across stages. Kappa was strongest for Stage N3 and REM. Specificity was high for all stages; sensitivity was low for Wake and Stage N1, and high for Stage N2, Stage N3, and REM. Agreement indices improved for the manually scored Sleep Profiler record relative to the autoscore record.
  
  
  
  Overall, the Sleep Profiler yields an EEG record with comparable sleep architecture estimates to PSG. Future studies should evaluate agreement between devices with a clinical sample that has greater periods of wake in order to better understand utility of this device for estimating sleep continuity indices, such as sleep onset latency and wake after sleep onset.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Patrick H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Finan
authors.affiliation: The Sandra and Malcolm Berman Brain & Spine Institute, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Jessica M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Charlene E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Gamaldo
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Dingfen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Jeannie Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Leoutsakos
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salas
authors.affiliation: Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Irwin
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods*; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D059015:Wireless Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ambulatory EEG; polysomnography; sleep; validation