title: Comparative metabolomics analysis of Callosobruchus chinensis larvae under hypoxia, hypoxia/hypercapnia and normoxia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insect tolerance to low oxygen (hypoxia) and high carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) is critical for insect control. On the basis of bioassay, metabolism profiles were built to investigate adaptive mechanisms in bean weevil under hypoxia (2% O2), hypoxia/hypercapnia (2% O2+ 18% CO2) and normoxia (control, 20% O2+ 80% N2) using gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOF-MS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The growth and development of bean weevils were significantly suppressed by the two hypoxia conditions; hypercapnia enhanced the mortality, but after 24 days of exposure, the surviving insects emerged as adults earlier than those under hypoxia only. Metabolism profiles also showed striking differences in metabolites among the treatment and control groups, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Pairwise comparisons of the three groups showed that 61 metabolites changed significantly, 40 in the hypoxia group and 37 in the hypoxia/hypercapnia group relative to the control group, while only 16 were shared equally by the hypoxia and hypoxia/hypercapnia groups. Increased metabolites were mainly carbohydrates, amino acids and organic acids, while free fatty acids were decreased. Furthermore, the changes were strengthened by the addition of hypercapnia, but excluding free fatty acids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings show that bean weevil has high tolerance to hypoxia or even hypoxia/hypercapnia at biologically achievable levels and provide more direct evidence for stored product insect mechanism regulation under hypoxia stress, especially free fatty acid regulation by hypercapnia but not by hypoxia. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Sufen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jiangping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhicheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xueqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Geng
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis; D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D055442:Metabolome; D055432:Metabolomics; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: GC/TOF-MS; bean weevil; hypercapnia; hypoxia; metabolism