title: Root morphology and seed and leaf ionomic traits in a Brassica napus L. diversity panel show wide phenotypic variation and are characteristic of crop habit.
abstract: Mineral nutrient uptake and utilisation by plants are controlled by many traits relating to root morphology, ion transport, sequestration and translocation. The aims of this study were to determine the phenotypic diversity in root morphology and leaf and seed mineral composition of a polyploid crop species, Brassica napus L., and how these traits relate to crop habit. Traits were quantified in a diversity panel of up to 387 genotypes: 163 winter, 127 spring, and seven semiwinter oilseed rape (OSR) habits, 35 swede, 15 winter fodder, and 40 exotic/unspecified habits. Root traits of 14 d old seedlings were measured in a 'pouch and wick' system (n = ~24 replicates per genotype). The mineral composition of 3-6 rosette-stage leaves, and mature seeds, was determined on compost-grown plants from a designed experiment (n = 5) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
  
  
  
  Seed size explained a large proportion of the variation in root length. Winter OSR and fodder habits had longer primary and lateral roots than spring OSR habits, with generally lower mineral concentrations. A comparison of the ratios of elements in leaf and seed parts revealed differences in translocation processes between crop habits, including those likely to be associated with crop-selection for OSR seeds with lower sulphur-containing glucosinolates. Combining root, leaf and seed traits in a discriminant analysis provided the most accurate characterisation of crop habit, illustrating the interdependence of plant tissues.
  
  
  
  High-throughput morphological and composition phenotyping reveals complex interrelationships between mineral acquisition and accumulation linked to genetic control within and between crop types (habits) in B. napus. Despite its recent genetic ancestry (<10 ky), root morphology, and leaf and seed composition traits could potentially be used in crop improvement, if suitable markers can be identified and if these correspond with suitable agronomy and quality traits.
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.|Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Alcock
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hayden
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matterson
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: L X
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Dupuy
authors.affiliation: Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.|Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Policy and Development and the Centre for Food Security, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 237, Reading, RG6 6AR, UK.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.affiliation: University of Aberdeen, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK.
authors.forename: J M C
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Danku
authors.affiliation: University of Aberdeen, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Salt
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bancroft
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK. martin.broadley@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Broadley
mesh_terms: D029688:Brassica napus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D005838:Genotype; D010641:Phenotype; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry
keywords: Canola; High-throughput phenotyping; Ionomics; Leaf/seed elemental ratios; Mineral concentration; Root morphology; Seed size