title: Subsidized health insurance coverage of people in the informal sector and vulnerable population groups: trends in institutional design in Asia.
abstract: Many low- and middle-income countries with a social health insurance system face challenges on their road towards universal health coverage (UHC), especially for people in the informal sector and vulnerable population groups or the informally employed. One way to address this is to subsidize their contributions through general government revenue transfers to the health insurance fund. This paper provides an overview of such health financing arrangements in Asian low- and middle-income countries. The purpose is to assess the institutional design features of government subsidized health insurance type arrangements for vulnerable and informally employed population groups and to explore how these features contribute to UHC progress.
  
  
  
  This regional study is based on a literature search to collect country information on the specific institutional design features of such subsidization arrangements and data related to UHC progress indicators, i.e. population coverage, financial protection and access to care. The institutional design analysis focuses on eligibility rules, targeting and enrolment procedures; financing arrangements; the pooling architecture; and benefit entitlements.
  
  
  
  Such financing arrangements currently exist in 8 countries with a total of 14 subsidization schemes. The most frequent groups covered are the poor, older persons and children. Membership in these arrangements is mostly mandatory as is full subsidization. An integrated pool for both the subsidized and the contributors exists in half of the countries, which is one of the most decisive features for equitable access and financial protection. Nonetheless, in most schemes, utilization rates of the subsidized are higher compared to the uninsured, but still lower compared to insured formal sector employees. Total population coverage rates, as well as a higher share of the subsidized in the total insured population are related with broader eligibility criteria.
  
  
  
  Overall, government subsidized health insurance type arrangements can be effective mechanism to help countries progress towards UHC, yet there is potential to improve on institutional design features as well as implementation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Systems Governance and Financing, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ileana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vilcu
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Systems Governance and Financing, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Lilli
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Probst
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Systems Governance and Financing, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Bayarsaikhan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dorjsuren
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Systems Governance and Financing, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland. mathaueri@who.int.
authors.forename: Inke
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9822-9262
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mathauer
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D002648:Child; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D061889:Healthcare Financing; D006801:Humans; D000070100:Informal Sector; D008483:Medical Assistance / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019472:Universal Health Insurance / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D035862:Vulnerable Populations
keywords: Financial protection; Government subsidization of health insurance; Universal health coverage; Vulnerable population groups