title: Population-based association between urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and its ratio with albuminuria in Chinese.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Albuminuria is a risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease. However, little is known about the association of 24 h urinary sodium and potassium excretion with albuminuria in China. The aim of this study was to examine this association by analyzing the data from 1,975 Chinese adults living in north China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Excretion of urinary sodium, potassium and albumin was assessed in a single 24-h urine sample for each participant. Height, weight, waist circumference and blood pressure were measured and body mass index was determined as weight divided by square height. Fasting blood sample was collected and fasting glucose was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion were 232 mmol and 40.8 mmol, resulting a mean sodium to potassium ratio of 6.7. The median (Q1-Q3) 24-h urinary albuminuria excretion was 6.1 mg (4.5-8.7 mg). Overall, urinary sodium excretion was positively associated with albumin excretion (β=0.029, p<0.001). This association was independent of major cardiovascular risk factors including age, gender, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, fasting glucose, waist circumference, hypertensive drug treatment, and smoking. Moreover, the relation of sodium and albumin was similar in the subgroups stratified by gender, adiposity and diabetic status. No significant associations of potassium excretion or sodium to potassium ratio with urinary albumin excretion were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In cross-sectional analyses, high sodium intake was shown to be associated with increased urinary albuminuria in the general Chinese adult population, supporting salt restriction for renal and cardiovascular health benefit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Liuxia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Xiaolei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: National Tobacco Control Office, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Huicheng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Jiyu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Junli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Zilong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoning
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Family, Community and Preventive Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: Longjian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Family, Community and Preventive Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Gracely
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China. Email: majix@163.com.
authors.forename: Jixiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000652:urine*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000652:urine; D002681:China; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine*; D017419:Potassium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine*; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D017419:Potassium, Dietary; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium