title: Relation between initial treatment strategy in stable coronary artery disease and 1-year costs in Ontario: a population-based cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease is costly, and annual expenditures are projected to increase. Our objective was to examine the variation in patient-level costs and identify drivers of cost in patients with stable coronary artery disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective cohort study using administrative databases in Ontario, Canada, we identified all patients with stable coronary artery disease after index angiography between Oct. 1, 2008, and Sept. 30, 2011. We excluded patients with a myocardial infarction within 90 days before the index, with normal coronaries, or with mild coronary disease. We categorized hospitals into low, medium or high revascularization ratio centres. The primary outcome was cumulative 1-year health care costs. A hierarchical generalized linear model identified patient, physician and hospital characteristics associated with patient costs, with 2 main covariates of interest: treatment allocation (medical v. percutaneous coronary intervention v. coronary artery bypass grafting) and hospital revascularization ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 183 630 angiography procedures were performed in Ontario during the study period. The final cohort included 39 126 patients with stable coronary artery disease, of which 15 138 received medical treatment and 23 988 received revascularization. The mean 1-year cost was $24 026 (interquartile range $8235-$30 511). The mean costs for medical management and revascularization were $18 069 and $27 786, respectively. The strongest predictor of costs was revascularization (percutaneous coronary intervention: cost ratio 1.27, 95% CI [confidence interval] 1.24-1.31; coronary artery bypass grafting: cost ratio 2.62, 95% CI 2.53-2.71). Hospital revascularization ratio did not significantly affect costs. There was no significant interaction between treatment and revascularization ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most health care costs were due to acute care hospital admissions, and costs were higher for patients undergoing revascularization than medical therapy. This study suggests that treatment decision has a substantial impact on health care resources.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology (Kang, Bennell, Ko, Wijeysundera), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Schulich Heart Centre, University of Toronto; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Qiu, Austin, Ko, Wijeysundera), Toronto, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Knudtson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Austin, Ko, Wijeysundera), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
authors.forename: Jaskaran S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology (Kang, Bennell, Ko, Wijeysundera), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Schulich Heart Centre, University of Toronto; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Qiu, Austin, Ko, Wijeysundera), Toronto, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Knudtson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Austin, Ko, Wijeysundera), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bennell
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology (Kang, Bennell, Ko, Wijeysundera), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Schulich Heart Centre, University of Toronto; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Qiu, Austin, Ko, Wijeysundera), Toronto, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Knudtson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Austin, Ko, Wijeysundera), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology (Kang, Bennell, Ko, Wijeysundera), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Schulich Heart Centre, University of Toronto; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Qiu, Austin, Ko, Wijeysundera), Toronto, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Knudtson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Austin, Ko, Wijeysundera), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
authors.forename: Merril L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Knudtson
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology (Kang, Bennell, Ko, Wijeysundera), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Schulich Heart Centre, University of Toronto; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Qiu, Austin, Ko, Wijeysundera), Toronto, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Knudtson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Austin, Ko, Wijeysundera), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology (Kang, Bennell, Ko, Wijeysundera), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Schulich Heart Centre, University of Toronto; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Qiu, Austin, Ko, Wijeysundera), Toronto, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Knudtson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Austin, Ko, Wijeysundera), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
authors.forename: Dennis T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology (Kang, Bennell, Ko, Wijeysundera), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Schulich Heart Centre, University of Toronto; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (Qiu, Austin, Ko, Wijeysundera), Toronto, Ont.; Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Knudtson), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Austin, Ko, Wijeysundera), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
authors.forename: Harindra C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Wijeysundera