title: Antibiotics in the first year of life and subsequent neurocognitive outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There may be a link between disruption to the gut microbiota in early life and later neurocognitive outcomes. We hypothesised that antibiotic use in early life is associated with a detrimental effect on later neurocognitive outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight hundred and seventy-one European mothers and their children enrolled in the Auckland Birthweight Collaborative Study at birth. Information on antibiotic use during the first year of life and between 12 months and three-and-a-half years of age was gathered via maternal interview. Intelligence test scores and measures of behavioural difficulties were obtained when children were three-and-a-half years, seven years and 11 years of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Antibiotic use in the first year of life was reported in 70% of the 526 children with antibiotic data assessed at age three-and-a-half years. Those who had received antibiotics had more behavioural difficulties and more symptoms of depression at follow-up. Results were consistent across all standardised psychologist administered tests, as well as parent rated, teacher rated and self-report measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates an association between antibiotic use in the first year of life and subsequent neurocognitive outcomes in childhood. If confirmed by further research, these findings could have implications for the use of antibiotics for minor illnesses in infancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Rebecca F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Slykerman
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Waldie
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Rinki
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Edwin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007360:Intelligence; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Antibiotics; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Cognition; Depression; Gut microbiota