title: Development of engine activity cycles for the prime movers of unconventional natural gas well development.
abstract: With the advent of unconventional natural gas resources, new research focuses on the efficiency and emissions of the prime movers powering these fleets. These prime movers also play important roles in emissions inventories for this sector. Industry seeks to reduce operating costs by decreasing the required fuel demands of these high horsepower engines but conducting in-field or full-scale research on new technologies is cost prohibitive. As such, this research completed extensive in-use data collection efforts for the engines powering over-the-road trucks, drilling engines, and hydraulic stimulation pump engines. These engine activity data were processed in order to make representative test cycles using a Markov Chain, Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation method. Such cycles can be applied under controlled environments on scaled engines for future research. In addition to MCMC, genetic algorithms were used to improve the overall performance values for the test cycles and smoothing was applied to ensure regression criteria were met during implementation on a test engine and dynamometer. The variations in cycle and in-use statistics are presented along with comparisons to conventional test cycles used for emissions compliance.
  
  
  
  Development of representative, engine dynamometer test cycles, from in-use activity data, is crucial in understanding fuel efficiency and emissions for engine operating modes that are different from cycles mandated by the Code of Federal Regulations. Representative cycles were created for the prime movers of unconventional well development-over-the-road (OTR) trucks and drilling and hydraulic fracturing engines. The representative cycles are implemented on scaled engines to reduce fuel consumption during research and development of new technologies in controlled laboratory environments.
authors.affiliation: a Center for Alternative Fuels , Engines, and Emissions, West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV , USA.
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: a Center for Alternative Fuels , Engines, and Emissions, West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV , USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heltzel
authors.affiliation: a Center for Alternative Fuels , Engines, and Emissions, West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV , USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nix
authors.affiliation: a Center for Alternative Fuels , Engines, and Emissions, West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV , USA.
authors.forename: Rebekah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barrow
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control; D007221:Industry; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D059206:Natural Gas; D014186:Transportation; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D059206:Natural Gas; D001335:Vehicle Emissions