title: Evaluation of systemic neonicotinoid insecticides for the management of the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri on containerized citrus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies were conducted to evaluate uptake and retention of three systemic neonicotinoid insecticides, dinotefuran, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, in potted citrus nursery plants treated at standard label rates. Infestation of these plants placed at a field site with moderate levels of Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) was monitored for 14 weeks following treatments, and insecticide residues in leaf tissue were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Bioassays were conducted using leaves harvested on various dates post-treatment to compare the efficacies of residues against adult ACP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Residues of the three neonicotinoids were detected in leaf tissues within 1 week after treatment. Peak concentrations established at 1 week for imidacloprid and dinotefuran and at 2 weeks for thiamethoxam. Imidacloprid and thiamethoxam outperformed the control and dinotefuran treatments at protecting trees from infestations by ACP eggs and nymphs. For a given insecticide concentration in leaf tissue, thiamethoxam induced the highest mortality of the three insecticides, and dinotefuran was the least toxic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If the time needed to achieve effective thresholds of a systemic neonicotinoid is known, treatments at production facilities could be scheduled that would minimize unnecessary post-treatment holding periods and ensure maximum retention of effective concentrations after the plants have shipped to retail outlets. The rapid uptake of the insecticides and retention at effective concentrations in containerized citrus suggest that the current 30 day post-treatment shipping restriction from production facilities to retail outlets outside of quarantine could be shortened to 14 days. Thiamethoxam should be added to the list of approved nursery treatments. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Daugherty
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Grafton-Cardwell
authors.affiliation: University of California Cooperative Extension, San Diego County, CA, USA.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bethke
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Morse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002957:Citrus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006146:Guanidines; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000254:growth & development; D007093:Imidazoles; D007300:Insect Control; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D009758:Nymph; D010063:Ovum; D010078:Oxazines; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000502:physiology; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; D013844:Thiazoles
chemical_list: D006146:Guanidines; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D013844:Thiazoles; C465368:dinotefuran; C082359:imidacloprid; D000077922:Thiamethoxam
keywords: Asian citrus psyllid; Diaphorina citri; citrus production nursery; containerized citrus; dinotefuran; imidacloprid; neonicotinoid; thiamethoxam