title: Earthworm Comet Assay for Assessing the Risk of Weathered Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soils: Need to Look Further than Target Contaminants.
abstract: Earthworm toxicity assays contribute to ecological risk assessment and consequently standard toxicological endpoints, such as mortality and reproduction, are regularly estimated. These endpoints are not enough to better understand the mechanism of toxic pollutants. We employed an additional endpoint in the earthworm Eisenia andrei to estimate the pollutant-induced stress. In this study, comet assay was used as an additional endpoint to evaluate the genotoxicity of weathered hydrocarbon contaminated soils containing 520 to 1450 mg hydrocarbons kg-1soil. Results showed that significantly higher DNA damage levels (two to sixfold higher) in earthworms exposed to hydrocarbon impacted soils. Interestingly, hydrocarbons levels in the tested soils were well below site-specific screening guideline values. In order to explore the reasons for observed toxicity, the contaminated soils were leached with rainwater and subjected to earthworm tests, including the comet assay, which showed no DNA damage. Soluble hydrocarbon fractions were not found originally in the soils and hence no hydrocarbons leached out during soil leaching. The soil leachate's Electrical Conductivity (EC) decreased from an average of 1665 ± 147 to 204 ± 20 µS cm-1. Decreased EC is due to the loss of sodium, magnesium, calcium, and sulphate. The leachate experiment demonstrated that elevated salinity might cause the toxicity and not the weathered hydrocarbons. Soil leaching removed the toxicity, which is substantiated by the comet assay and soil leachate analysis data. The implication is that earthworm comet assay can be included in future eco (geno) toxicology studies to assess accurately the risk of contaminated soils.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (Changed as Future Industries Institute), University of South Australia, Environmental Sciences Building, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA, 5095, Australia. kavitha.ramadass@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kavitha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ramadass
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Research (GCER), University of Newcastle, ATC Building, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.|CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, University of Newcastle, ATC Building, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Thavamani
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Palanisami
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (Changed as Future Industries Institute), University of South Australia, Environmental Sciences Building, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA, 5095, Australia.
authors.forename: Euan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (Changed as Future Industries Institute), University of South Australia, Environmental Sciences Building, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA, 5095, Australia.
authors.forename: Srinithi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mayilswami
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Research (GCER), University of Newcastle, ATC Building, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.|CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, University of Newcastle, ATC Building, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Mallavarapu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Megharaj
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Research (GCER), University of Newcastle, ATC Building, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.|CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, University of Newcastle, ATC Building, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naidu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020552:Comet Assay / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000502:physiology*; D010578:Petroleum / Q000633:toxicity*; D059392:Petroleum Pollution; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons; D010578:Petroleum; D012989:Soil Pollutants