title: Use of β-caryophyllene to combat bacterial dental plaque formation in dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Periodontal disease is a highly prevalent illness that affects many dogs, reaching up to 85 % prevalence in individuals over the age of 4 years. Currently the drug of choice for combating the formation of dental plaque in these animals, the etiologic agent of the disease, is chlorhexidine, which has several side effects reported. Thus, surveys are conducted throughout the world in order to identify potential substitutes for antimicrobial therapy and prevention of periodontal disease. The objective of the work was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of β-caryophyllene against bacteria from dog's dental plaque in vitro and in vivo. The minimum inhibitory concentration was evaluated by agar microdilution assay, the induction or inhibition of bacterial adherence by sub-inhibitory concentrations in 96-well plates, and reduction of dental plaque formation in mongrel dogs subjected to topical solution with β-caryophyllene for 15 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed minimum inhibitory concentrations above 100 mg/mL for 25 % of the isolates, 100 mg/mL for 3 %, 50 mg/mL for 25 %, 25 mg/mL for 12 %, 12.5 mg/mL for 19 % and 6.25 mg/mL for 16 %. Bacterial adherences of three Enterococcus sp., one Streptococcus sp., one Haemophilus sp., one Aerococcus sp., one Bacillus sp. and one Lactococcus sp. isolates were inhibited by subinhibitory concentration. One Lactococcus sp., one Bacillus sp. and one Streptococcus sp. were stimulated to adhere by concentrations of 0.19, 1.56 and 0.78 mg/mL, respectively. In vivo assay showed reduction in dental plaque formation by β-caryophyllene, with final plaque coverage of 23.3 ± 2.6 % of the total area of the teeth, with significant difference compared with chlorhexidine group (37.5 ± 3.7 % - p < 0.05) and negative control group (65.5 ± 2.5 % - p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that β-caryophyllene has antimicrobial activity against the proliferation of dog's dental plaque-forming bacteria representing a suitable alternative to the use of chlorhexidine in prophylaxis and treatment of periodontal disease of dogs.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Vida, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua Israel Pinheiro, 2000, Bairro Universitário, CEP: 35020-220, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brasil.|Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Câmpus UFV, CEP: 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
authors.forename: Fábio Alessandro
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Pieri
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Câmpus UFV, CEP: 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
authors.forename: Marina Campos de Castro
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Câmpus UFV, CEP: 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
authors.forename: Ligia Lobato Ramos
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Vermelho
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Câmpus UFV, CEP: 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
authors.forename: Marina Lobato Ramos
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Vermelho
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Câmpus UFV, CEP: 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
authors.forename: Pedro Griffo
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Perciano
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Coroado, CEP: 69.080-005, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil.
authors.forename: Fabiano Souza
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Câmpus UFV, CEP: 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
authors.forename: Andréa Pacheco Batista
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Coroado, CEP: 69.080-005, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil.
authors.forename: Valdir Florêncio
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: da Veiga-Junior
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Câmpus UFV, CEP: 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. masm@ufv.br.
authors.forename: Maria Aparecida Scatamburlo
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Moreira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D000081223:Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; D011897:Random Allocation; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000081223:Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C024714:caryophyllene; D002710:Chlorhexidine
keywords: Adhesion; Antimicrobial; Dental plaque; Dogs; Natural phytochemical