title: Green tea (Cammellia sinensis) attenuates ventricular remodeling after experimental myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Considering the high morbidity and mortality after myocardial infarction (MI), the study of compounds with potential benefits for cardiac remodeling is reasonable. Green tea (GT) (Cammellia sinensis) is the most consumed beverage in the world. The potential action mechanisms of GT include anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and lipid-lowering properties.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study analyzed the effects of GT on cardiac remodeling following coronary occlusion in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control (C), control green tea (GT), myocardial infarction (MI), and myocardial infarction and green tea (MI-GT). GT and MI-GT were fed with standard chow with 0.25% Polyphenon 60 (Sigma-Aldrich Canada, Oakville, ON, Canada). After 3months of observation, echocardiographic and isolated heart study, oxidative stress, energy metabolism, serum lipids, extracellular matrix, and apoptosis were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GT reduced cardiac hypertrophy and improved systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Concerning oxidative stress, GT reduced protein carbonyl, increased Nrf-2, and restored antioxidant enzyme activity to the control pattern. Energy metabolism was affected by MI that presented with lower fatty acid oxidation and accumulation of triacylglycerol, increased serum lipids, impairment of the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. GT stimulated the glucose pathway and mitochondrial function after MI by increasing pyruvate dehydrogenase, Complex I, ATP synthase, and glycogen storage. In addition, MI changed the extracellular matrix including MMP-2 and TIMP-1 activity and increased apoptosis by 3-caspase, all of which were attenuated by GT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GT attenuated cardiac remodeling after MI, associated with improvement in systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Oxidative stress, energy metabolism, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix alterations are all potential mechanisms by which GT may take part.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Beatriz B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Lustosa
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bertha
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Polegato
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Minicucci
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rafacho
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Priscila P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Institute of Bioscience, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Angélica
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Katashi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okoshi
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Batista
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Modesto
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elenize J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paiva
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zornoff
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: paulasa@fmb.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Paula S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Azevedo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013662:Tea; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D013662:Tea
keywords: Antioxidant; Cardiac remodeling; Green tea; Myocardial infarction