title: A passive sampling method for assessing the occurrence and risk of organophosphate flame retardants in aquatic environments.
abstract: A modified polar organic chemical integrative sampler (m-POCIS) was used to determine the occurrence of and risk posed by organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in the Yangtze River in Nanjing. Laboratory calibrations were performed to determine sampling rates (Rs) in different situations. Rsvalues increased with the flow rate, but the effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on Rswas relatively small. The validation of Rsin the m-POCIS for 15 days at the Yangtze River in 2015 showed that the Rsvalues for most of the test compounds are considerably larger than those obtained in the laboratory. The aqueous concentrations of OPFRs were estimated by using Rsvalues obtained in the field. OPFRs were widely distributed in the Yangtze River, with total concentrations as determined by the m-POCIS ranging from 44.95 ng/L to 118.38 ng/L. These suggest their widespread use and persistence in the river. This study also provided a protocol for the assessment of risk posed by OPFRs. It showed that tripentyl phosphate (TPeP) could pose medium risk to daphnia in the Yangtze River.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China.
authors.forename: Cunman
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China. Electronic address: hj6688@hhu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China.
authors.forename: Daoping
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zha
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China.
authors.forename: Guanghua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210098, China.
authors.forename: Donghai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002138:Calibration; D003621:Daphnia; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005411:Flame Retardants; D010755:Organophosphates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Modified polar organic chemical integrative sampler; Organophosphate flame retardants; Passive sampling rates; Risk assessment