title: Contribution of biomechanical forces to inflammation-induced bone resorption.
abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of biomechanical loading to inflammation-induced tissue destruction.
  
  
  
  A total of 144 adult Holtzman rats were randomly assigned into four experimental groups: control (C), ligature-induced periodontal disease (P), orthodontic movement (OM), and combination group (OMP). On days 1, 3, 7, and 15, following baseline, nine animals from each experimental group were killed. Bone volume fraction (BVF) and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured using micro-computed tomography. Expression and synthesis profile of cytokines and receptors of inflammation in gingival tissues were evaluated by PCR array assay and multiplex immunoassay.
  
  
  
  At 15 days, the OMP group presented a significantly (p < 0.05) lower BVF and BMD levels when compared to all the other groups. The OMP group presented the highest number of upregulated protein targets in comparison to the other groups. Furthermore, the gene expression and protein levels of CCL2, CCL3, IL-1β, IL1-α, IL-18, TNF-α, and VEGF were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the OMP group when compared to the P group.
  
  
  
  In summary, mechanical loading modulates the inflammatory response of periodontal tissues to periodontal disease by increasing the expression of several pro-inflammatory mediators and receptors, which leads to increased bone resorption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andressa Vilas Boas
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael Scaf
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1110-6233
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: de Molon
authors.affiliation: Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nokhbehsaim
authors.affiliation: Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deschner
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joni Augusto
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cirelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000209:etiology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
keywords: bone resorption; chemokines; cytokines; periodontal diseases; pro-inflammatory mediators; tooth movement