title: Cardioprotection: Where to from here?
abstract: The size of the myocardial infarction remains an important therapeutic target, because heart attack size correlates with mortality and heart failure. In this era, myocardial infarct size is reduced primarily by timely reperfusion of the infarct related coronary artery. Whereas numerous pre-clinical studies have shown that certain pharmacologic agents and therapeutic maneuvers reduce myocardial infarction size greater than reperfusion alone, very few of these therapies have translated to successful clinical trials or standard clinical use. In this review we discuss both the recent successes as well as recent disappointments, and describe some of the newer potential therapies from the preclinical literature that have not yet been tested in clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 10 Pico Street, Pasadena, CA, 91105, USA. kloner@hmri.org.|Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. kloner@hmri.org.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6258-0544
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kloner
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 10 Pico Street, Pasadena, CA, 91105, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 10 Pico Street, Pasadena, CA, 91105, USA.|Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Wangde
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 10 Pico Street, Pasadena, CA, 91105, USA.|Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jianru
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015425:Myocardial Reperfusion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents
keywords: Acute myocardial infarction; Adenosine; Beta blockade; Hypothermia; Myocardial infarct size reduction; ST elevation myocardial infarction