title: Vitamin D Deficiency and Metabolism in HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.
abstract: We evaluated associations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D) levels in a cohort of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men at risk for infection in the United States. Stored samples collected between 1999 and 2008 were tested for vitamin D metabolites between 2014 and 2015. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum concentration of 25[OH]D <20 ng/ml. Multivariate models were used to assess associations of various demographic and clinical factors with vitamin D status. HIV-infected men on effective antiretroviral therapy (n = 640) and HIV-uninfected men (n = 99) had comparable levels of 25[OH]D and 1,25[OH]2D, and prevalences of vitamin D deficiency were 41% in HIV-infected and 44% in HIV-uninfected men, respectively. Self-reported black or other non-white race, obesity, and normal kidney function were significant predictors of vitamin D deficiency regardless of HIV serostatus. Lower CD4+T cell count was associated with vitamin D deficiency in HIV-infected men, while current ritonavir use was protective. Self-reported black race was the only factor significantly associated with higher levels of 1,25[OH]2D (vs. whites; β = 4.85 pg/ml, p = .003). Levels of 1,25[OH]2D and 25[OH]D were positively correlated in HIV-infected men (β = 0.32 pg/ml, p < .001), but not in uninfected men (β = -0.09 pg/ml, p = .623; p < .05 for interaction). Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent regardless of HIV serostatus in this cohort, suggesting that HIV infection did not confer additional risk of deficiency in this cohort of well-treated HIV-infected men. However, HIV infection and race may have implications for vitamin D metabolism and 1,25[OH]2D levels.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tin
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Todd T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Margolick
authors.affiliation: 4 Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, California.
authors.forename: Mallory D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.affiliation: 5 Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Palella
authors.affiliation: 6 Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Lawrence A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kingsley
authors.affiliation: 7 Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.|8 Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Hoofnagle
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Lisa P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland.|9 Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Alison G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Abraham
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004100:Dihydroxycholecalciferols / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D004100:Dihydroxycholecalciferols; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: 1,25[OH]2D; 25[OH]D; HIV-infected; HIV-uninfected; vitamin D; vitamin D deficiency