title: Immediate postpartum mood assessment and postpartum depressive symptoms.
abstract: Negative affect (NA) and positive affect (PA) in the early postpartum period have been associated with postpartum depressive symptoms, but the exact relationship is not well understood. This study aimed to determine if NA and PA in the immediate postpartum period predicted postpartum depressive symptoms over and above well-established predictors (previous trauma, history of depression).
  
  
  
  Participants were prospectively recruited from a Mother-Baby Unit at a large Midwestern academic medical center in the United States from April 2011 to April 2014. Participants (N=526) completed the Daily Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ), a self-report measure which assessed NA and PA, within three days post-delivery. Participants then reported their depressive symptoms at two weeks (n=364) and twelve weeks postpartum (n=271).
  
  
  
  Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that low PA and high NA after birth significantly predicted depressive symptoms early (at 2 weeks) and later (at 12 weeks) in the postpartum period, over and above previous traumatic experiences and history of depression.
  
  
  
  The sample was relatively homogenous, and data were from self-report instruments.
  
  
  
  The current study found NA and PA in the days immediately after birth predicted depressive symptoms at multiple time points in the postpartum period. Because the perinatal period places women at a higher risk for depressive symptomatology, prevention and early intervention are critical. Measuring affect in hospitals immediately after birth may provide a more normalized set of items that is predictive of later depression, which will allow physicians to identify those at highest risk for developing depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa, United States. Electronic address: michelle-miller-2@uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa, United States. Electronic address: michelle-miller-2@uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: Emily B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Kroska
authors.affiliation: University of Iowa, United States.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grekin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D036801:Parturition; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Birth; Immediate postpartum mood; Negative and positive affect; Trauma; Women's mental health