title: Oxidative stress, histopathological and electron microscopic alterations induced by dimethylnitrosamine in renal male mice and the protective effect of α-lipoic acid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) is a waste product of several industrial processes. α-Lipoic acid (ALA) is a vitamin-like chemical also called as an antioxidant. Therefore, the study was designed to investigate the potential benefits of ALA in reducing the nephropathy of DMN in male mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals were divided into 6 groups (n=8) and received their treatment for 4 weeks as follows: groups 1-4 served as control, ALA-treatment (16.12 mg/kg), DMN low dose treatment and DMN high dose treatment, respectively. Groups 5 and 6 received ALA before DMN low dose and DMN high dose, respectively. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and xanthine oxidase, total antioxidant capacity, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation as well as the levels of uric acid and creatinine were determined. The histological and ultrastructure changes of renal tissue were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of the DMN mice with ALA showed a reduction in the levels of kidney nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, as well as creatinine and uric acid levels as compared with the DMN group. The results show that ALA plays an important role in quenching the free radicals resulting from the metabolism of DMN, thereby inhibiting lipid peroxidation and protecting membrane lipids from oxidative damage and, in turn, preventing oxidative stress and apoptosis. Histopathological and ultrastructure analysis of renal tissue confirmed the oxidative stress results occurred in DMN renal mice. Concomitant administration of ALA with DMN significantly decreased all the histopathological changes induced by DMN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study elucidated the therapeutic effects of ALA administered in combination with DMN to minimize its renal toxicity.
authors.forename: Reham Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Hamza
authors.forename: Hayat A A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Nahla S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: El-Shenawy
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008063:Thioctic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008063:Thioctic Acid; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine