title: The antenna of horse stomach bot flies: morphology and phylogenetic implications (Oestridae, Gasterophilinae: Gasterophilus Leach).
abstract: Antennae are among the most elaborate sensory organs in adult flies, and they provide rich information for phylogenic studies. The antennae of five out of eight species of Gasterophilus Leach (G. haemorrhoidalis (Linnaeus), G. intestinalis (De Geer), G. nasalis (Linnaeus), G. nigricornis (Loew) and G. pecorum (Fabricius)), were examined using scanning electron microscopy. The general morphology, including distribution, type, size, and ultrastructure of antennal sensilla were presented, and the definition of auriculate sensilla and sensory pits were updated and clarified. Eighteen antennal characters were selected to construct the first species-level phylogeny of this genus. The monophyly of Gasterophilus was supported by the presence of coeloconic sensilla III on the antennal arista. The species-level cladogram showed G. pecorum branching off at the base, and the remaining species forming the topology (G. intestinalis+ (G. haemorrhoidalis+ (G. nasalis+ G. nigricornis))). Our research shows the importance of the antennal ultrastructure as a reliable source for phylogenetic analysis.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Non-Invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China.|Department of Zoology, School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Non-Invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China.
authors.forename: Xinyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Non-Invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China.|University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, America.
authors.forename: Xianhui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Non-Invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China.|School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Qike
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pape
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057506:Arthropod Antennae / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004175:Diptera / Q000145:classification* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D010802:Phylogeny; D013045:Species Specificity