title: Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic offsets between diet and hair/feces in captive chimpanzees.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Estimation of the stable isotopic offsets between tissue and diet is important for dietary reconstructions. Although stable isotopic studies of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are increasing, the isotopic offsets in chimpanzees have never been studied. In this study, the carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic offset values in hair and feces were measured for 13 captive chimpanzees for the first time.
  
  
  METHODS
  All consumed food items and quantities were recorded for each individual for 1 week. Food samples were typically collected three times, hair was collected 3 weeks after the experimental week, and feces were collected ad libitum during the experimental week. The stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were measured using elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  As the results of Monte Carlo analysis, the estimated carbon and nitrogen offsets between the hair and diet were +3.0 to +3.9‰ and +2.8 to +3.7‰, respectively, for the 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The 95% CIs of the carbon and nitrogen offset values between the feces and diet were -1.6 to 0.0‰ and +1.2 to +2.7‰, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These offset values are generally consistent with those of the other primate species reported in previous studies. However, potential variations in the offset values due to dietary and physiological factors should be studied in detail in the future. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Takumi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5104-5223
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsutaya
authors.affiliation: Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
authors.forename: Yui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujimori
authors.affiliation: Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-0081, Japan.
authors.forename: Misato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoneda
authors.affiliation: Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-0081, Japan.
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyabe-Nishiwaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D004032:Diet; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D002679:Pan troglodytes
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes