title: An empirical method for automatic determination of maximum number of segments in DMPO-based IMRT for Head and Neck cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An empirical scheme called "anatomy-guided segment counting (AGSC)" is proposed for automatic selection of maximum number of segments (NOS) for direct machine parameter optimization (DMPO).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Direct machine parameter optimization (DMPO) requires the user to define the maximum number of segments (NOS) in order to proceed with an optimization process. Till date there is no established approach to arrive at an optimal and case-specific maximum NOS in DMPO, and this step is largely left to the planner's experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  The AGSC scheme basically uses the Beam's-eye views (BEVs) and other planning parameters to decide on appropriate number of segments for the beam. The proposed algorithm was tested in eight H&N cases. We used Auto Plan feature available in Pinnacle3 (version 9.10.0) for driving the DMPO optimization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is about 13% reduction in the composite objective value in AGSC plans as compared to the plans employing 6 NOS per beam and 10% increase in the composite objective value in AGSC plans as compared to the plans employing 8 NOS per beam. On the delivery efficiency front, there is about 10% increase in NOS in AGSC plans as compared to the plans employing 6 NOS per beam specification. Similarly, there is about 19% reduction in NOS in AGSC plans as compared to the plans employing 8 NOS per beam specification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrates that the AGSC method allows specifying appropriate number of segments into the DMPO module accounting for the complexity of a given case.
authors.affiliation: Philips Radiation Oncology Systems, Philips India Ltd, Bangalore, India; Research & Development Center, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India.
authors.forename: Vaitheeswaran
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ranganathan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: K Joseph
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Maria Das
keywords: Anatomy-guided segments; Aperture-based IMRT; DMPO; IMRT; Number of segments