title: Pretreatmet with 5% lidocaine patch reduces cannula-induced and propofol-induced pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of 5% lidocaine patch in reducing propofol-induced pain and cannula-induced pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized, double-blind study, 126 patients were divided into one of three groups: pretreatment with a 5% lidocaine patch (Lidotop®) and premixed 2 ml of normal saline with 1.5 mg/kg of 1% propofol (Group A); pretreatment with a placebo patch and premixed 2 ml of normal saline with 1.5 mg/kg of 1% propofol (Group B); or pretreatment with a placebo patch and premixed 2 ml of 2% lidocaine (40 mg) with 1.5 mg/kg of 1% propofol (Group C) for induction of anesthesia. Pain severity was evaluated on a four-point verbal rating scale during intravenous cannulation, propofol injection, and 24 h after the operation (recall).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen patients (47.4%) in Group A complained of cannula-induced pain compared with 35 (94.6%) in Group B and 36 (94.7%) in Group C (P < 0.001). Group A patients showed significantly lower incidence of propofol-induced pain and recall of propofol-induced pain compared with Group B (P < 0.001 and P = 0.01), whereas there was no difference compared with Group C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative transdermal administration of 5% lidocaine patch is an effective and simple method in reducing propofol-induced pain as well as cannula-induced pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.; Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.; Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeon Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.; Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Ah Reum
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.; Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Seok
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Baik
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.; Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Do Won
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Young Tae
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Ki Chan
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea.; Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Hae-Kyu
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Cutaneous administration; Lidocaine; Pain; Propofol