title: Incidence and clinical features of intracranial hemorrhage causing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a multicenter retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The general incidence of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) as a cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains unclear, although the incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage has been determined to be 4% to 18%. The main objectives of our study were to describe the incidence of ICH in OHCA and the different laboratory findings between ICH and non-ICH groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study using the prospective OHCA registry was conducted at three university hospitals in Korea. All cases of OHCA that occurred over a period of 6 years, from January 2009 to December 2014, were examined. Pre-hospital and in-hospital variables and laboratory data taken during CPR were examined in order to compare the ICH and non-ICH groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2716 patients with OHCA were registered in the database. Among the 804 patients included in the final analysis, ICH was the cause of cardiac arrest in 92 patients (11.4%). Of those with ICH, 79 (86%) patients also had subarachnoid hemorrhage. No patient had a good neurological outcome in the ICH group. There were statistically significant differences in gender, age, pre-hospital return of spontaneous circulation, survival to hospital discharge, good neurologic outcomes, serum sodium, potassium, glucose, Pco2, and Po2during CPR between the ICH and non-ICH groups. In multivariate analysis, gender, age, potassium, glucose and Po2levels differed significantly between the two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OHCA patients with confirmed ICH were identified in about 11% of cases after return of spontaneous circulation. Gender, age, higher glucose, and lower potassium and Po2levels during CPR were associated with ICH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jonghwan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 166 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: dremkks@snubh.org.
authors.forename: Kyuseok
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21, Namdong-daero 774 beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Su
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hui Jai
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Se Jong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Euigi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 166 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Joonghee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21, Namdong-daero 774 beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyuk Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21, Namdong-daero 774 beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Joo
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 158, Palyong-ro, MasanHolwon-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsamnam-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seong Youn
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D058687:Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010313:Partial Pressure; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D011188:Potassium; D010100:Oxygen