title: Short-Period Influence of Chronic Morphine Exposure on Serum Levels of Sexual Hormones and Spermatogenesis in Rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased rates of addiction and its broad societal complications are well known. One of the most important systems that may malfunction in drug abusers is the reproductive system, and evaluating patients for this potential risk may lead to increased awareness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty 60-day-old male rats were divided into control and target groups. The target group underwent 5 mg/kg intraperitoneal injections of morphine twice a day while the control group underwent normal saline injections (at the same dosage). After 60 days, the rats were anesthetized, and after blood sampling, they underwent bilateral orchiepididymectomy. Histological and hormonal evaluations were performed on the samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Levels of sex hormonal features and spermatogenesis were significantly reduced in the target group compared to the control group. LH levels showed a meaningful decrease in the target group, but FSH and testosterone levels did not. On histological section analysis, mature sperm were meaningfully decreased in the target group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic use of opioids may lead to alterations in sexual features and sexual hormones. Therefore, opioids have the potential to cause infertility. These changes may result from the effect of the drugs on the hypophysis or hypothalamus, the direct effect of the drugs on the seminiferous tubules, or a combination of both. The findings suggest that public awareness about addiction may cause decreased infertility rates.
authors.affiliation: Professor of Urology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahmadnia
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor of Urology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akhavan Rezayat
authors.affiliation: Associated Professor of Physiology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoseyni
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor of Pathology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Nooriye
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sharifi
authors.affiliation: Associated Professor of Social Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mohhamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khajedalooee
authors.affiliation: Member of Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akhavan Rezayat
keywords: FSH; LH; Morphine; Rat; Spermatogenesis; Testosterone