title: Methylene Blue: The Long and Winding Road From Stain to Brain: Part 2.
abstract: Methylene blue was the first synthetic drug ever used in medicine, having been used to treat clinical pain syndromes, malaria, and psychotic disorders more than one century ago. Methylene blue is a cationic thiazine dye with redox-cycling properties and a selective affinity for the nervous system. This drug also inhibits the activity of monoamine oxidase, nitric oxide synthase, and guanylyl cyclase, as well as tau protein aggregation; increases the release of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine; reduces amyloid-beta levels; and increases cholinergic transmission. The action of methylene blue on multiple cellular and molecular targets justifies its investigation in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Investigations of methylene blue were instrumental in the serendipitous development of phenothiazine antipsychotic drugs. Although chlorpromazine is heralded as the first antipsychotic drug used in psychiatry, methylene blue is a phenothiazine drug that had been used to treat psychotic patients half a century earlier. It has also been studied in bipolar disorder and deserves further investigation for the treatment of unipolar and bipolar disorders. More recently, methylene blue has been the subject of preclinical and clinical investigations for cognitive dysfunction, dementia, and other neurodegenerative disorders. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 54(10), 21-26.].
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Howland
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain; D002746:Chlorpromazine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008995:Monoamine Oxidase / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D008995:Monoamine Oxidase; D008751:Methylene Blue; D002746:Chlorpromazine