title: [Normal and pathologic mandible development: practical deductions in maxillo-dento-facial orthopedics].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mandible consists of different segments, each of which possess its own specific characteristics regarding emergence, ossification during growth and pathologies. Orthodontists need to be very familiar with these developmental anomalies if they are to avoid failure in their orthopedic or orthodontic treatments and in order to understand the reasons for the lack of success of "conventional" treatments. Each segment must develop correctly if the mandible is to achieve optimal development and occupy a normal position within the cranio-facial complex. The position of the mandible in the cranio-facial block is also conditioned by its attachment to the base of the skull.
  
  
  METHODS
  Combining a detailed semiologic study and a three-dimensional architectural and structural radiologic analysis of clinical cases, this article investigates the various anomalies affecting the mandibular segments and their impact on the craniofacial structure as a whole.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An understanding of these anomalies and this analytical method can enable clinicians to perform early diagnosis, avoid undertaking orthopedic and orthodontic treatments which are likely to fail, understand the reasons for unsuccessful "conventional" treatments, provide an orthopedic-surgical guide and make it possible to inform patients correctly. Anomalies affecting the growth of the mandible and its position on the cranial base and their impact on cranio-facial skeletal balance are clearly revealed by structural and architectural analysis, which pinpoints the different clinical elements in skeletal Class II et III cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In maxilla-dento-facial orthopedics when confronted with a pathology of mandibular origin, it is essential to carefully study the radiographs of each segment of the mandible, to seek out the minor forms of the anomalies and to calculate the position of the mandible on the cranial base relative to the neighboring structures; the skull, the cervical vertebrae and the maxilla.
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Salagnac
mesh_terms: D005145:Face / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000601:surgery; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*