title: NMR Hyperpolarization Techniques of Gases.
abstract: Nuclear spin polarization can be significantly increased through the process of hyperpolarization, leading to an increase in the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments by 4-8 orders of magnitude. Hyperpolarized gases, unlike liquids and solids, can often be readily separated and purified from the compounds used to mediate the hyperpolarization processes. These pure hyperpolarized gases enabled many novel MRI applications including the visualization of void spaces, imaging of lung function, and remote detection. Additionally, hyperpolarized gases can be dissolved in liquids and can be used as sensitive molecular probes and reporters. This Minireview covers the fundamentals of the preparation of hyperpolarized gases and focuses on selected applications of interest to biomedicine and materials science.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
authors.forename: Danila A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2819-7584
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Barskiy
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
authors.forename: Panayiotis
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authors.lastname: Nikolaou
authors.affiliation: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 100044, China.
authors.forename: Dmitry M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8333-6487
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mikhaylov
authors.affiliation: Southern Illinois University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Technology Center, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
authors.forename: Boyd M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6079-5077
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Goodson
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Rosa T
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6871-1824
authors.initials: RT
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authors.affiliation: Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
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authors.affiliation: Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
authors.forename: Mikhail G
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0291-4215
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.affiliation: NMR Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Ville-Veikko
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0846-6852
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Telkki
authors.affiliation: International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.|Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Vladimir V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Zhivonitko
authors.affiliation: International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.|Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Igor V
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3480-7649
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Koptyug
authors.affiliation: International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.|Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Oleg G
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: Salnikov
authors.affiliation: International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.|Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Kirill V
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7577-9619
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Kovtunov
authors.affiliation: Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Valerii I
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4382-1207
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Bukhtiyarov
authors.affiliation: MGH/A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, 02129, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3609-6043
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
authors.forename: Shahideh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Safavi
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
authors.forename: Ian P
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9933-3216
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Leif
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4901-0325
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.|Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Eduard Y
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8745-8801
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Chekmenev
keywords: MRI; NMR; Xe-129; gas; hyperpolarization; propane