title: The associations between domain-specific sedentary behaviours and dietary habits in European adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the SPOTLIGHT survey.
abstract: Sedentary behaviour has been associated with obesity and related chronic diseases. Disentangling the nature of this association is complicated due to interactions with other lifestyle factors, such as dietary habits, yet limited research has investigated the relation between domain-specific sedentary behaviours and dietary habits in adults. The aim of this paper was to examine the association between domain-specific sedentary behaviours and dietary habits in adults and to test the moderating effect of age and gender on this association.
  
  
  
  A total of 6,037 participants from five urban regions in Europe completed an online survey, of which 6,001 were included in the analyses. Multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression analyses were used to examine main associations and interaction effects.
  
  
  
  All domain-specific sedentary behaviours, except transport-related sitting time, were significantly related to dietary habits. In general, having a higher sitting time was related to having less healthy dietary habits, especially for television viewing. Gender did not moderate any of the relations, and age was only a significant moderator in the relation between other leisure sitting time and alcohol consumption.
  
  
  
  Domain-specific sitting behaviours were related to unhealthy dietary behaviours. However, the small effect sizes suggest that individual level behavioural interventions focusing on sedentary behaviour will not be sufficient to improve dietary habits. The fact that almost none of the associations were moderated by age or gender suggests that these associations, and possibly also the effects of interventions targeting both behaviours, may hold across age and gender groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sofie
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7742-2592
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Compernolle
authors.affiliation: Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium.|Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Katrien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: De Cocker
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Pedro J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistiques, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, F-93017, Bobigny, France.|Department of Nutrition Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital (AP-HP), Centre for Research on Human Nutrition Ile-de-France (CRNH IdF), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Oppert
authors.affiliation: Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistiques, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, F-93017, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Célina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roda
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joreintje D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Mackenbach
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lakerveld
authors.affiliation: ECOHOST-The Centre for Health and Social Change, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McKee
authors.affiliation: ECOHOST-The Centre for Health and Social Change, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ketevan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Glonti
authors.affiliation: ECOHOST-The Centre for Health and Social Change, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rutter
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
authors.forename: Helga
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bardos
authors.affiliation: Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Greet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cardon
authors.affiliation: Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium. Ilse.DeBourdeaudhuij@Ugent.be.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: De Bourdeaudhuij
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005060:Europe; D015444:Exercise; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology; D011187:Posture; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013690:Television; D014937:Work
keywords: Eating behaviour; Obesity; Sitting time