title: The impact of several craniotomies on transcranial motor evoked potential monitoring during neurosurgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE Transcranial motor evoked potential (tMEP) monitoring is popular in neurosurgery; however, the accuracy of tMEP can be impaired by craniotomy. Each craniotomy procedure and changes in the CSF levels affects the current spread. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of several craniotomies on tMEP monitoring by using C3-4 transcranial electrical stimulation (TES). METHODS The authors used the finite element method to visualize the electric field in the brain, which was generated by TES, using realistic 3D head models developed from T1-weighted MR images. Surfaces of 5 layers of the head (brain, CSF, skull, subcutaneous fat, and skin layer) were separated as accurately as possible. The authors created 5 models of the head, as follows: normal head; frontotemporal craniotomy; parietal craniotomy; temporal craniotomy; and occipital craniotomy. The computer simulation was investigated by finite element methods, and clinical recordings of the stimulation threshold level of upper-extremity tMEP (UE-tMEP) during neurosurgery were also studied in 30 patients to validate the simulation study. RESULTS Bone removal during the craniotomy positively affected the generation of the electric field in the motor cortex if the motor cortex was just under the bone at the margin of the craniotomy window. This finding from the authors' simulation study was consistent with clinical reports of frontotemporal craniotomy cases. A major decrease in CSF levels during an operation had a significantly negative impact on the electric field when the motor cortex was exposed to air. The CSF surface level during neurosurgery depends on the body position and location of the craniotomy. The parietal craniotomy and temporal craniotomy were susceptible to the effect of the changing CSF level, based on the simulation study. A marked increase in the threshold following a decrease in CSF was actually recorded in clinical reports of the UE-tMEP threshold from a temporal craniotomy. However, most frontotemporal craniotomy cases were minimally affected by a small decrease in CSF. CONCLUSIONS Bone removal during a craniotomy positively affects the generation of the electric field in the motor cortex if the motor cortex is just under the bone at the margin of the craniotomy window. The CSF decrease and the shifting brain can negatively affect tMEP ignition. These changes should be minimized to maintain the original conductivity between the motor cortex and the skull, and the operation team must remember the fluctuation of the tMEP threshold.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tomio
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takenori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toda
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohira
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazunari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods*; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: AC = alternating current; AVM = arteriovenous malformation; DC = direct current; FE = finite element; LSO = lateral suboccipital; TES = transcranial electrical stimulation; cMEP, tMEP, UE-tMEP = cortical motor evoked potential, transcranial MEP, upper-extremity tMEP; craniotomy; diagnostic technique; finite element method; neurosurgery; pEF, tEF = perpendicular electric field, tangential EF; transcranial electrical stimulation; transcranial motor evoked potential