title: Energy efficiency of batch and semi-batch (CCRO) reverse osmosis desalination.
abstract: As reverse osmosis (RO) desalination capacity increases worldwide, the need to reduce its specific energy consumption becomes more urgent. In addition to the incremental changes attainable with improved components such as membranes and pumps, more significant reduction of energy consumption can be achieved through time-varying RO processes including semi-batch processes such as closed-circuit reverse osmosis (CCRO) and fully-batch processes that have not yet been commercialized or modelled in detail. In this study, numerical models of the energy consumption of batch RO (BRO), CCRO, and the standard continuous RO process are detailed. Two new energy-efficient configurations of batch RO are analyzed. Batch systems use significantly less energy than continuous RO over a wide range of recovery ratios and source water salinities. Relative to continuous RO, models predict that CCRO and batch RO demonstrate up to 37% and 64% energy savings, respectively, for brackish water desalination at high water recovery. For batch RO and CCRO, the primary reductions in energy use stem from atmospheric pressure brine discharge and reduced streamwise variation in driving pressure. Fully-batch systems further reduce energy consumption by not mixing streams of different concentrations, which CCRO does. These results demonstrate that time-varying processes can significantly raise RO energy efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Rohsenow Kendall Heat Transfer Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Warsinger
authors.affiliation: Rohsenow Kendall Heat Transfer Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA.
authors.forename: Emily W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Tow
authors.affiliation: Rohsenow Kendall Heat Transfer Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA.
authors.forename: Kishor G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Nayar
authors.affiliation: Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 98305, USA.
authors.forename: Laith A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Maswadeh
authors.affiliation: Rohsenow Kendall Heat Transfer Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA. Electronic address: lienhard@mit.edu.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lienhard V
mesh_terms: D005374:Filtration; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009995:Osmosis; D014867:Water; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D014867:Water
keywords: Batch reverse osmosis; Closed-circuit reverse osmosis; Desalination; Energy efficiency; Pressure recovery; Reverse osmosis