title: Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors in Postprostatectomy Incontinence: A Review.
abstract: The incidence and awareness of postprostatectomy incontinence (PPI) has increased during the past few years, probably because of an increase in prostate cancer surgery. Many theories have been postulated to explain the pathophysiology of PPI.
  
  
  
  The current review scrutinizes various pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the occurrence of PPI.
  
  
  
  A search was conducted on PubMed and EMBASE for publications on PPI. The primary search returned 2518 publications. Animal and basic research studies, letters, publications on prostatectomy for benign reasons, pathology of prostatic carcinoma, radiotherapy and hormone therapy of prostatic carcinoma, and review articles were all used as criteria for exclusion from the study. A total of 128 publications were selected for final analysis.
  
  
  
  Neuromuscular anatomic elements and pelvic support are known to influence PPI as evidenced by multiple publications. A number of non-anatomic and surgical elements have been postulated as contributing factors to PPI. Biological factors and preoperative parameters include: functional bladder changes, age, body mass index (BMI), pre-existing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), prostate size, and oncologic factors. Multiple studies reported the impact of specific anatomic/surgical factors, including fibrosis, shorter membranous urethral length (MUL), anastomotic stricture, damage to the neurovascular bundle, and extensive dissection, all of which have a negative impact on the continence status of patients following radical prostatectomy (RP). Investigation of the impact of techniques to spare the bladder neck and additional procedures to reconstruct the posterior or anterior support structures (eg, the Rocco stitch) on continence status is ongoing.
  
  
  
  Anatomic support and pelvic innervation appear to be important factors in the etiology of PPI. Biological/preoperative factors including greater age at time of surgery, pre-existing LUTS, high BMI, shorter MUL, and functional bladder changes have a negative impact on continence after RP. Extensive dissection during surgery, damage to the neurovascular bundle, and postoperative fibrosis also have a substantial negative impact on the continence status of men undergoing RP. Sparing of the bladder neck and anterior fixation of the bladder-urethra anastomosis are associated with better continence rates. There is still debate about whether posterior pelvic reconstruction leads to better postoperative continence rates.
  
  
  
  Radical prostatectomy is an oncologic procedure and thus requires removal of the entire prostate gland and seminal vesicles, ideally with negative surgical margins. This sometimes results in urinary incontinence. The factors contributing to urinary incontinence are explained in this article.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heesakkers
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Sohag University Hospital, Sohag, Egypt. Electronic address: fawzy.farag@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Fawzy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Farag
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Ricarda M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jaspreet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sandhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital KU, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Ridder
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Arnulf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stenzl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005355:Fibrosis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010388:Pelvis / Q000294:innervation*; D059348:Peripheral Nerve Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014521:Urethra / Q000294:innervation*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation* / Q000473:pathology; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014563:Urodynamics
keywords: Fibrosis; Innervation; Pathophysiology; Prostatectomy; Urinary incontinence; Urinary sphincter