title: The safety of nanostructured synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) as a food additive (E 551).
abstract: Particle sizes of E 551 products are in the micrometre range. The typical external diameters of the constituent particles (aggregates) are greater than 100 nm. E 551 does not break down under acidic conditions such as in the stomach, but may release dissolved silica in environments with higher pH such as the intestinal tract. E 551 is one of the toxicologically most intensively studied substances and has not shown any relevant systemic or local toxicity after oral exposure. Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) meeting the specifications for use as a food additive (E 551) is and has always been produced by the same two production methods: the thermal and the wet processes, resulting in E 551 products consisting of particles typically in the micrometre size range. The constituent particles (aggregates) are typically larger than 100 nm and do not contain discernible primary particles. Particle sizes above 100 nm are necessary for E 551 to fulfil its technical function as spacer between food particles, thus avoiding the caking of food particles. Based on an in-depth review of the available toxicological information and intake data, it is concluded that the SAS products specified for use as food additive E 551 do not cause adverse effects in oral repeated-dose studies including doses that exceed current OECD guideline recommendations. In particular, there is no evidence for liver toxicity after oral intake. No adverse effects have been found in oral fertility and developmental toxicity studies, nor are there any indications from in vivo studies for an immunotoxic or neurotoxic effect. SAS is neither mutagenic nor genotoxic in vivo. In intact cells, a direct interaction of unlabelled and unmodified SAS with DNA was never found. Differences in the magnitude of biological responses between pyrogenic and precipitated silica described in some in vitro studies with murine macrophages at exaggerated exposure levels seem to be related to interactions with cell culture proteins and cell membranes. The in vivo studies do not indicate that there is a toxicologically relevant difference between SAS products after oral exposure. It is noted that any silicon dioxide product not meeting established specifications, and/or produced to provide new functionality in food, requires its own specific safety and risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: CATS Consultants GmbH, Ussenried 7, 87463, Dietmannsried, Germany. claudia@catsconsultants.com.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9567-7935
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fruijtier-Pölloth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards; D005062:European Union; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice; D005503:Food Additives / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards; D005524:Food Technology / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D017640:Silicates / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards; D013499:Surface Properties; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D005503:Food Additives; D017640:Silicates; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; C031293:calcium silicate
keywords: E 551; Food safety; Nanostructured; SAS; Silicon dioxide; Synthetic amorphous silica