title: Hemodynamic Response to Exercise for Prediction of Development of Kidney Failure: Revealing a Cardiorenal Secret Cross Talk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kidney disease increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. The corollary of that observation should be that cardiovascular disease would not only increase the risk of kidney dysfunction, but also cause kidney damage, a concept not previously proposed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hemodynamic response to a graded exercise stress test was measured in 70 candidates to evaluate the association of heart rate and blood pressure change, heart rate reserve, chronotropic incompetence (percentage of achievement of maximal predicted heart rate), and circulatory power with development of kidney failure (glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2) during 123 months of follow-up period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kidney failure was more likely to develop in patients with lower heart rate change, heart rate reserve, percentage of achievement of maximal predicted heart rate, and circulatory power (P = .002, P = .01, P = .02, and P = .008, respectively), even after adjustment for age, resting pulse pressure, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and exercise test result (hazard ratios, 5.9, 2.9, 3.3, and 2.9, respectively). A resting pulse pressure of 60 mm Hg and higher was accompanied by 7.4 times (95% confidence interval, 1.8 to 30.9) greater risk of developing kidney failure, independent of age and resting systolic blood pressure (P = .006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hemodynamic responses to a standard graded exercise stress test independently predicted the development of kidney failure. Also, arterial stiffness (represented by resting pulse pressure) could be a factor linking ventricular and kidney function. Early diagnosis of kidney disease should include a cardiovascular assessment and vice versa.
authors.affiliation: AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; The University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia. alikhoshdel@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khoshdel
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carney
authors.forename: Saxon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gillies
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology*; D059289:Vascular Stiffness; D016276:Ventricular Function