title: Hypogammaglobulinemia in infants receiving chronic peritoneal dialysis.
abstract: Peritonitis is a severe complication of chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) in infants. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the relationship between hypogammaglobulinemia and peritonitis risk, and the potential benefit of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) therapy in infants receiving CPD.
  
  
  
  Patients aged 0-12 months at initiation of CPD between 1985 and 2012 were eligible for inclusion in this retrospective study. Data collected from the start of CPD up to 2 years post-dialysis initiation included patient demographics, dialysis characteristics, serum immunoglobulin (IgG) levels, IVIG administration history, infectious complications and outcomes. Cox regression analysis and linear mixed model analysis were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  
  Twenty-six consecutive patients were included in the study. Annualized peritonitis rates for infants aged 0-30 days (≤1-month age group; n = 16; 320.3 patient-months) and 31-365 days (>1-12-month age group; n = 10; 163.3 patient-months) at dialysis initiation were 0.27 (1 episode per 45.8 patient-months) and 0.15 (one episode per 81.7 patient-months), respectively. Seventy-six percent of the serum IgG levels were >1 standard deviation below the age-appropriate mean levels, and these did not differ in those who developed peritonitis versus those who did not (p = 0.39). Serum IgG levels were significantly lower in patients on CPD with oligoanuria than in non-oliguric patients (p = 0.04) and in patients on CPD for >90 days as compared to those who had received CPD for <90 days (p = 0.018). IVIG therapy was provided to 20 patients with hypogammaglobulinemia; this high prevalence of IVIG usage precluded any drawing of conclusion on the potential role of IVIG in the prevention of peritonitis.
  
  
  
  Hypogammaglobulinemia is a frequent complication of CPD during infancy. In our experience, it was not associated with an increased risk for peritonitis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
authors.forename: Shwetal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lalan
authors.affiliation: Health Services and Outcomes Research, Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Hongying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA. bwarady@cmh.edu.
authors.forename: Bradley A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Warady
mesh_terms: D000361:Agammaglobulinemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000032:analysis; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007239:Infections / Q000150:complications; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D016756:Immunoglobulins, Intravenous
keywords: Hypogammaglobulinemia; Immunoglobulin; Infant dialysis; Neonates; Peritoneal dialysis