title: Genetic Research and Women's Heart Disease: a Primer.
abstract: This review provides a brief synopsis of sexual dimorphism in atherosclerosis with an emphasis on genetic studies aimed to better understand the atherosclerotic process and clinical outcomes in women. Such studies are warranted because development of atherosclerosis, impact of several traditional risk factors, and burden of coronary heart disease (CHD) differ between women and men.
  
  
  
  While most candidate gene studies pool women and men and adjust for sex, some sex-specific studies provide evidence of association between candidate genes and prevalent and incident CHD in women. So far, most genome-wide association studies (GWAS) also failed to consider sex-specific associations. The few GWAS focused on women tended to have small sample sizes and insufficient power to reject the null hypothesis of no association even if associations exist. Few studies consider that sex can modify the effect of gene variants on CHD. Sufficiently large-scale genetic studies in women of different race/ethnic groups, taking into account possible gene-gene and gene-environment interactions as well as hormone-mediated epigenetic mechanisms, are needed. Using the same disease definition for women and men might not be appropriate. Accurate phenotyping and inclusion of relevant outcomes in women, together with targeting the entire spectrum of atherosclerosis, could help address the contribution of genes to sexual dimorphism in atherosclerosis. Discovered genetic loci should be taken forward for replication and functional studies to elucidate the plausible underlying biological mechanisms. A better understanding of the etiology of atherosclerosis in women would facilitate future prevention efforts and interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. m.kavousi@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kavousi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Bielak
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Peyser
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D036281:Genetic Research; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics
keywords: Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular disease; Coronary heart disease; Genes; Sex-differences; Women