title: Mediterranean meal versus Western meal effects on postprandial ox-LDL, oxidative and inflammatory gene expression in healthy subjects: a randomized controlled trial for nutrigenomic approach in cardiometabolic risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammation and oxidative damage contribute significantly to the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Postprandial oxidative stress and inflammation are characterized by an increased susceptibility of the organism toward oxidative damage after consumption of a meal rich in lipids and/or carbohydrates. Micronutrients modulate immune system and exert a protective action by reducing oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) level. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the postprandial plasma ox-LDL level and the gene expression of 13 genes related to oxidative stress (HOSp) and human inflammasome pathways (HIp), after a tocopherol-enriched Mediterranean meal (TEM), and a Western high-fat meal (HFM). Moreover, Mediterranean Adequacy Index was calculated to define the quality of both meals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We set up a randomized and crossover trial in healthy human volunteers. Ox-LDL level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the gene expression of 13 genes related to HOSp and HIp by qRT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ox-LDL levels significantly decreased comparing HFM versus TEM (p < 0.05). Percentages of significantly overexpressed genes after each dietary treatment are as follows: (A) baseline versus HFM: 7.69 % HIp and 23.08 % HOSp; (B) baseline versus TEM: 7.69 % HIp and 7.69 % HOSp; (C) HFM versus TEM: 15.38 % HIp and 15.38 % HOSp.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TEM reduced postprandial risk factors of CVD, such as ox-LDL, and the expression of inflammation and oxidative stress-related genes. Chronic studies on larger population are necessary before definitive conclusions.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov Id: NCT01890070.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomics, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy. delorenzo@uniroma2.it.
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Lorenzo
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bernardini
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomics, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gualtieri
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cabibbo
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.|Division of Cardiology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco Alfonso
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Perrone
authors.affiliation: Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Giambini
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Nutrition and Nutrigenomics, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Renzo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean / Q000009:adverse effects*; D066273:Diet, Western / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D054647:Nutrigenomics; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D019518:Postprandial Period
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein
keywords: CVD; Mediterranean meal; Nutrigenomic; Oxidized-LDL