title: Low-drift nozzles vs. standard nozzles for pesticide application in the biological efficacy trials of pesticides in apple pest and disease control.
abstract: The coarse spray air-induction nozzles have documented pesticide drift reducing potential and hence pose lower risk of environmental pollution than the standard fine spray hollow cone nozzles. However, it is questioned that use of the low-drift nozzles might not provide as effective crop protection as the standard nozzles. The objective of work was to assess the pest and disease control efficacy as affected by spray volume rate and nozzle type. The experiment was carried out in apple orchard, cv Jonagold/M26. The evaluated treatments were combinations of three spray volume rates: 250, 500 and 750lha-1, and two types of nozzles: hollow cone nozzles generating very fine spray, and flat fan air induction nozzles producing coarse droplets. The biological performance of treatments was determined based on severity of diseases: apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha) and bull's eye rot (Pezicula spp.), as well as population or damage caused by pests: green apple aphid (Aphis pomi), rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea Pass.), woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum), apple rust mite (Aculus schlechtendali) and apple blossom weevil (Anthonomus pomorum L.). In general apple scab was equally controlled by all treatments. Only in the years of high infection pressure efficacy of powdery mildew control was better for fine spray nozzles and high volume rates. Green and rosy apple aphids were better controlled with higher volume rates, though significance of the advantage over the lower rates was occasional. No effect of spray quality on efficacy of aphid and mite control was found for any spray volume rate. Better control of apple blossom weevil and woolly apple aphid was achieved with the high spray volume rate providing heavy coverage to the point of run-off. The air induction nozzles having drift reducing potential are biologically efficacious alternative to conventional hollow cone nozzles.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Horticulture, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland. Electronic address: grzegorz.doruchowski@inhort.pl.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Doruchowski
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Horticulture, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland. Electronic address: wademar.swiechowski@inhort.pl.
authors.forename: Waldemar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Świechowski
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Horticulture, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland. Electronic address: sylwester.masny@inhort.pl.
authors.forename: Sylwester
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Masny
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Horticulture, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland. Electronic address: alicja.maciesiak@inhort.pl.
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maciesiak
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Horticulture, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland. Electronic address: malgorzata.tartanus@inhort.pl.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tartanus
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Horticulture, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland. Electronic address: hanna.bryk@inhort.pl.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bryk
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Horticulture, Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland. Electronic address: ryszard.holownicki@inhort.pl.
authors.forename: Ryszard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hołownicki
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D000383:Agriculture; D027845:Malus / Q000254:growth & development*; D010571:Pest Control / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010575:Pesticides; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D010575:Pesticides
keywords: Air-induction nozzle; Hollow cone nozzle; Orchard; Plant health status; Spray quality; Spray volume