title: Identification of factors influencing teat dip efficacy trial results by meta-analysis.
abstract: Two meta-analyses were conducted using data from peer-reviewed natural exposure (NE) and experimental challenge (EC) teat dip efficacy trials to identify factors influencing the new intramammary infection (IMI) rate. A NE data set containing 16 studies and an EC data set containing 21 studies were created. New IMI rate was calculated based on the percentage of new quarter infections per month (PNQI/mo) for each observation, in both data sets, and used as the dependent variable for model derivation. A linear, mixed-effects model with a random study effect, weighted by number of quarters eligible for infection, was derived for each data set. The final NE model included the effects of experimental design (split herd or split udder), mastitis pathogen group (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, environmental streptococci, gram-negative species, Corynebacterium spp., or coagulase-negative staphylococci), postmilking treatment (iodine, chlorhexidine, linear dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid, chlorine compounds, phenol compounds, or undipped negative controls), and the interaction between mastitis pathogen group and postmilking treatment. Overall, Corynebacterium spp. had the highest new IMI rate (0.0139±0.0018 PNQI/mo), and environmental streptococci and gram-negative species had the lowest (0.0023±0.0022 PNQI/mo). Additionally, trials utilizing a split herd experimental design had a 2-fold higher new IMI rate than trials using a split udder design. The final EC model included the effects of mastitis pathogen (Staph. aureus and Strep. agalactiae), postmilking treatment (iodine, chlorine compounds, "other" active ingredients, or undipped negative controls), geographic region of study (Eastern, Southern, and Pacific Northwest), and the 2-way interactions of region and pathogen group and postmilking treatment and pathogen group. Overall, Staph. aureus and Strep. agalactiae had similar new IMI rates. Quarters dipped postmilking in either iodine (0.0127±0.0099 PNQI/mo), chlorine compounds (0.0258±0.0095 PNQI/mo), or "other" active ingredient teat dips (0.0263±0.0106 PNQI/mo) had lower new IMI rates than undipped quarters (0.0859±0.0087 PNQI/mo). These results indicate that experimental design influences the new IMI rate of teat dip efficacy trials and that using an effective postmilking teat dip has a greater effect on controlling the new Staph. aureus and Strep. agalactiae IMI rate than the teat dip's active ingredient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061. Electronic address: benger@vt.edu.
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Enger
authors.affiliation: Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Nickerson
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman 99164.
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000382:microbiology; D008414:Mastitis, Bovine / Q000382:microbiology*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000662:veterinary; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*; D013292:Streptococcus agalactiae / Q000187:drug effects
keywords: experimental challenge; mastitis; natural exposure; split udder