title: In vitro skin permeation of sinigrin from its phytosome complex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sinigrin is a major glucosinolate present in plants of the Brassicaceae family. Recently, sinigrin and its phytosome formulations have been investigated for its wound-healing actions, by our research group. The aim of this study was to demonstrate sinigrin drug release from its phytosome complex and also to determine whether the phytosome complex enhances the delivery of sinigrin into the skin when compared to free sinigrin.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro Franz cell diffusion studies were performed on human abdominal skin. The morphology of the phytosome complex was examined by transmission electron microscopy. The in vitro drug release was determined using dialysis sacks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The in vitro drug release indicated a controlled and sustained release of sinigrin from the phytosome complex. Tape stripping results showed that the sinigrin-phytosome complex (0.5155 μg/ml) statistically significantly enhanced the delivery of sinigrin into the stratum corneum-epidermis when compared to the free sinigrin (0.0730 μg/ml).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggested the possibility of utilizing sinigrin-phytosome complex, to optimally deliver sinigrin to the skin which can be further used for various skin-related diseases including wound healing.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
authors.forename: Anisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mazumder
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
authors.forename: Anupma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dwivedi
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
authors.forename: Lizelle T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brümmer
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
authors.forename: Jan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: du Preez
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
authors.forename: Minja
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1473-5767
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
authors.forename: Jeanetta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: du Plessis
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004058:Diffusion; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004339:Drug Compounding; D005260:Female; D005961:Glucosinolates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007700:Kinetics; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010316:Particle Size; D010539:Permeability; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000737:chemistry*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005961:Glucosinolates; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; C010330:sinigrin
keywords: phytosome; sinigrin; sinigrin-phytosome complex; skin permeation; tape stripping