title: Children as ethnobotanists: methods and local impact of a participatory research project with children on wild plant gathering in the Grosses Walsertal Biosphere Reserve, Austria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ethically sound research in applied ethnobiology should benefit local communities by giving them full access to research processes and results. Participatory research may ensure such access, but there has been little discussion on methodological details of participatory approaches in ethnobiological research. This paper presents and discusses the research processes and methods developed in the course of a three-year research project on wild plant gathering, the involvement of children as co-researchers and the project's indications for local impact.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research was conducted in the Grosses Walsertal Biosphere Reserve, Austria, between 2008 and 2010 in four research phases. In phase 1, 36 freelist interviews with local people and participant observation was conducted. In phase 2 school workshops were held in 14 primary school classes and their 189 children interviewed 506 family members with structured questionnaires. In phase 3, 27 children and two researchers co-produced participatory videos. In phase 4 indications for the impact of the project were investigated with questionnaires from ten children and with participant observation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children participated in various ways in the research process and the scientific output and local impact of the project was linked to the phases, degrees and methods of children's involvement. Children were increasingly involved in the project, from non-participation to decision-making. Scientific output was generated from participatory and non-participatory activities whereas local impact - on personal, familial, communal and institutional levels - was mainly generated through the participatory involvement of children as interviewers and as co-producers of videos. Creating scientific outputs from participatory video is little developed in ethnobiology, whereas bearing potential.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As ethnobotanists and ethnobiologists, if we are truly concerned about the impact and benefits of our research processes and results to local communities, the details of the research processes need to be deliberately planned and evaluated and then reported and discussed in academic publications.
authors.affiliation: Working Group Knowledge Systems and Innovation, Division of Organic Farming, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grasser
authors.affiliation: Working Group Knowledge Systems and Innovation, Division of Organic Farming, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria. christoph.schunko@boku.ac.at.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6910-3209
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schunko
authors.affiliation: Working Group Knowledge Systems and Innovation, Division of Organic Farming, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Christian R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Vogl
mesh_terms: D001317:Austria; D001695:Biology; D002648:Child; D032984:Ethics, Research; D019448:Ethnobotany; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010944:Plants; D012107:Research Design
keywords: Citizen science; Ethnobiology; Ethnobotany; Local knowledge; Participatory research; Participatory video; Research with children; Wild gathered plant species