title: Population Structure of the Raccoon Dog on the Grounds of the Imperial Palace, Tokyo, Revealed by Microsatellite Analysis of Fecal DNA.
abstract: The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides, Canidae, Carnivora) is highly adaptable to urban environments. Populations of carnivorans inhabiting urban areas sometimes differ ecologically and genetically from those in rural areas. However, there is little information on urban raccoon dogs. This study focused on raccoon dog populations in Tokyo, one of the most highly urbanized cities in the world. We examined the genotypes of 10 microsatellites for 101 fecal samples from raccoon dogs inhabiting the grounds of the Imperial Palace, a green space in central Tokyo. We successfully genotyped 58 samples originating from 31 individuals. We also analyzed muscle tissue samples from raccoon dogs from the grounds of the Imperial Palace, the Akasaka Imperial Grounds (a green space close to the Imperial Palace), and the surrounding urban area, and then investigated the genetic structure and diversity of these populations, and the genetic differentiation among them. The population on the grounds of the Imperial Palace was genetically differentiated from that in the Akasaka Imperial Grounds, suggesting that the roads and buildings act as barriers to gene flow. In addition, the population on the grounds of the Imperial Palace showed greater genetic difference from that in the surrounding area than that in the Akasaka Imperial Grounds. We speculate that the moats around the Imperial Palace restrict individual ranges within the palace grounds and limit migration and gene flow to other areas.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University,Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University,Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Amaike
authors.affiliation: 2 Imperial Household Agency, Tokyo 100-8111, Japan.
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sako
authors.affiliation: 3 Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0057, Japan.
authors.forename: Yayoi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University,Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.|4 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University,Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryuichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Masuda
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D063147:Animal Distribution; D000818:Animals; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D014644:Genetic Variation; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D046031:Raccoon Dogs / Q000235:genetics*; D014041:Tokyo
chemical_list: D004247:DNA
keywords: Imperial Palace; Nyctereutes procyonoides; genetic differentiation; microsatellite; population genetics; raccoon dog; urban habitat