title: Glymphatic fluid transport controls paravascular clearance of AAV vectors from the brain.
abstract: Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for gene therapy of CNS disorders. However, host factors that influence the spread, clearance, and transduction efficiency of AAV vectors in the brain are not well understood. Recent studies have demonstrated that fluid flow mediated by aquaporin-4 (AQP4) channels located on astroglial end feet is essential for exchange of solutes between interstitial and cerebrospinal fluid. This phenomenon, which is essential for interstitial clearance of solutes from the CNS, has been termed glial-associated lymphatic transport or glymphatic transport. In the current study, we demonstrate that glymphatic transport profoundly affects various aspects of AAV gene transfer in the CNS. Altered localization of AQP4 in aged mouse brains correlated with significantly increased retention of AAV vectors in the parenchyma and reduced systemic leakage following ventricular administration. We observed a similar increase in AAV retention and transgene expression upon i.c.v. administration in AQP4-/-mice. Consistent with this observation, fluorophore-labeled AAV vectors showed markedly reduced flux from the ventricles of AQP4-/-mice compared with WT mice. These results were further corroborated by reduced AAV clearance from the AQP4-null brain, as demonstrated by reduced transgene expression and vector genome accumulation in systemic organs. We postulate that deregulation of glymphatic transport in aged and diseased brains could markedly affect the parenchymal spread, clearance, and gene transfer efficiency of AAV vectors. Assessment of biomarkers that report the kinetics of CSF flux in prospective gene therapy patients might inform variable treatment outcomes and guide future clinical trial design.
authors.affiliation: Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology.|Gene Therapy Center.
authors.forename: Giridhar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Murlidharan
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology Curriculum.|University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Crowther
authors.affiliation: Gene Therapy Center.
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Reardon
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology.|University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Gene Therapy Center.|Department of Genetics, and.|Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Aravind
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asokan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051401:Aquaporin 4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D001692:Biological Transport; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D000229:Dependovirus; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D014161:Transduction, Genetic
chemical_list: C496031:Aqp4 protein, mouse; D051401:Aquaporin 4