title: Oxidative damage and hepatotoxicity associated with deltamethrin in rats: The protective effects of Amaranthus spinosus seed extract.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The liver plays a major role in detoxification and metabolism of toxic compound and xenobiotics like pesticides. Thereby, any type of modification in its function causes hepatotoxicity. So, the aim of this study was designed to assess the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of methanol extract Amaranthus spinosus seed (ASS) on liver injury induced by deltamethrin (DLM), a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide.
  
  
  METHODS
  ASS was subjected to different phytochemical analyses including total phenolic and flavonoid content. In vitro, antioxidant activities was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays. In vivo hepatoprotective effect of A. spinosus seeds against DLM induced liver injury in rats was tested in plasma and liver tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ASS reverses hepatotoxicity in DLM-intoxicated rats: serum liver biomarkers (alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and aminotransferases), hepatic levels of lipid peroxidation (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were restored to normal levels. The protective effects of ASS was confirmed by histological studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hepatoprotective potential of ASS could be explained by its high phenolic content, antioxidant properties and phytochemical contents.
authors.affiliation: Research unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetic, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisie; Laboratory Animal Eco Physiology, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Sidi Ahmed Zarrouk, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisie. Electronic address: rjeibii@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Ilhem
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rjeibi
authors.affiliation: Research unit of Macromolecular Biochemistry and Genetic, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisie.
authors.forename: Anouar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ben Saad
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Animal Eco Physiology, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Sidi Ahmed Zarrouk, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisie; Laboratory of Environmental Physiopathology, Valorization of Bioactive Molecules and Mathematical Modeling, Faculty of Sciences Sfax, Road Soukra km 3.5, PB no 1171-3000, Sfax, Tunisie.
authors.forename: Najla
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hfaiedh
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D027721:Amaranthus / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002374:Catalase / Q000097:blood; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity*; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D009570:Nitriles; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D020011:Protective Agents; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase
keywords: Amaranthus spinosus seed; Antioxidant; Deltamethrin; Liver; Phytochemicals; Rats