title: Effectiveness of light-reflecting devices: A systematic reanalysis of animal-vehicle collision data.
abstract: Every year, approximately 500 human fatalities occur due to animal-vehicle collisions in the United States and Europe. Especially heavy-bodied animals affect road safety. For more than 50 years, light-reflecting devices such as wildlife warning reflectors have been employed to alert animals to traffic when crossing roads during twilight and night. Numerous studies addressed the effectiveness of light-reflecting devices in reducing collisions with animals in past decades, but yielded contradictory results. In this study, we conducted a systematic literature review to investigate whether light-reflecting devices contribute to an effective prevention of animal-vehicle collisions. We reviewed 53 references and reanalyzed original data of animal-vehicle collisions with meta-analytical methods. We calculated an effect size based on the annual number of animal-vehicle collisions per kilometer of road to compare segments with and without the installation of light-reflecting devices for 185 roads in Europe and North America. Our results indicate that light-reflecting devices did not significantly reduce the number of animal-vehicle collisions. However, we observed considerable differences of effect sizes with respect to study duration, study design, and country. Our results suggest that length of the road segment studied, study duration, study design and public attitude (preconception) to the functioning of devices may affect whether the documented number of animal-vehicle collisions in- or decrease and might in turn influence whether results obtained were published.
authors.affiliation: Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg, Wildlife Ecology Division, Wonnhaldestr. 4, 79100 Freiburg, Germany. Electronic address: falko.brieger@forst.bwl.de.
authors.forename: Falko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brieger
authors.affiliation: Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg, Wildlife Ecology Division, Wonnhaldestr. 4, 79100 Freiburg, Germany. Electronic address: robert.hagen@forst.bwl.de.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hagen
authors.affiliation: Freiburg University, Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Tennenbacher Straße 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany. Electronic address: daniela.vetter@wildlife.uni-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vetter
authors.affiliation: Freiburg University, Department of Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, Tennenbacher Straße 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany. Electronic address: carsten.dormann@biom.uni-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: Carsten F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Dormann
authors.affiliation: Freiburg University, Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Tennenbacher Straße 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany. Electronic address: ilse.storch@wildlife.uni-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Storch
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000818:Animals; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D011482:Protective Devices; D012107:Research Design; D012449:Safety; D014481:United States
keywords: Animal-vehicle collision; Cervids; Road ecology; Systematic review; Wildlife warning reflector