title: Characterization of polyurethane foam (PUF) and sorbent impregnated PUF (SIP) disk passive air samplers for measuring organophosphate flame retardants.
abstract: This study aimed to characterize the uptake of organophosphate esters (OPEs) by polyurethane foam (PUF) and sorbent-impregnated polyurethane foam (SIP) disk passive air samplers (PAS). Atmospheric OPE concentrations were monitored with high-volume active air samplers (HV-AAS) that were co-deployed with passive air samplers. Samples were analyzed for tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tri(phenyl) phosphate (TPhP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), and tris(2,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP). The mean concentration of ∑OPEs in air was 2650 pg/m3for the HV-AAS. Sampling rates and the passive sampler medium (PSM)-air partition coefficient (KPSM-Air) were calculated for individual OPEs. The average calculated sampling rates (R) for the four OPEs were 3.6 ± 1.2 and 4.2 ± 2.0 m3/day for the PUF and SIP disks, respectively, and within the range of the recommended default value of 4 ± 2 m3/day. Since most of the OPEs remained in the linear uptake phase during the study, COSMO-RS solvation theory and an oligomer-based model were used to estimate KPUF-Airfor the OPEs. The estimated values of log KPUF-Airwere 7.45 (TCIPP), 9.35 (TPhP), 8.44 (TCEP), and 9.67 (TDCIPP). Finally, four configurations of the PUF and SIP disks were tested by adjusting the distance of the gap opening between the upper and lower domes of the sampler housing: i.e. 2 cm, 1 cm, no gap and 1 cm overlap. The sampling rate did not differ significantly between these four configurations (p < 0.05).
authors.affiliation: Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada.
authors.forename: Atousa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdollahi
authors.affiliation: Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.affiliation: Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 6248 Eighth Line, Egbert, ON, L0L 1N0, Canada.
authors.forename: Liisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Jantunen
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ahrens
authors.affiliation: Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada.
authors.forename: Mahiba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shoeib
authors.affiliation: Chemical Properties Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9J 0G2, Canada.
authors.forename: J Mark
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Parnis
authors.affiliation: Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada. Electronic address: Tom.Harner@canada.ca.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harner
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000032:analysis*; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005411:Flame Retardants; D010755:Organophosphates; D011140:Polyurethanes; C028279:polyurethane foam
keywords: COSMO-RS; Organophosphate esters; PUF disk; SIP disk