title: The Responsiveness of the Lucerne ICF-Based Multidisciplinary Observation Scale: A Comparison with the Functional Independence Measure and the Barthel Index.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Good responsive functional outcome measures are important to measure change in stroke patients. The aim of study was to compare the internal and external responsiveness, floor and ceiling effects of the motor, cognition, and communication subscales of the Lucerne ICF-based Multidisciplinary Observation Scale (LIMOS) with the motor and cognition subscales of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and the Barthel Index (BI), in a large cohort of stroke patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighteen stroke patients participated in this study. Admission and discharge score distributions of the LIMOS motor, LIMOS cognition and communication, FIM motor and FIM cognition, and BI were analyzed based on skewness and kurtosis. Floor and ceiling effects of the scales were determined. Internal responsiveness was assessed witht-tests, effect sizes (ESs), and standardized response means (SRMs). External responsiveness was investigated with linear regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The LIMOS motor and LIMOS cognition and communication subscales were more responsive, expressed by higher ESs (ES = 0.65, SRM = 1.17 and ES = 0.52, SRM = 1.17, respectively) as compared with FIM motor (ES = 0.54, SRM = 0.96) and FIM cognition (ES = 0.41, SRM = 0.88) and the BI (ES = 0.41, SRM = 0.65). The LIMOS subscales showed neither floor nor ceiling effects at admission and discharge (all <15%). In contrast, ceiling effects were found for the FIM motor (16%), FIM cognition (15%) at discharge and the BI at admission (22%) and discharge (43%). LIMOS motor and LIMOS cognition and communication subscales significantly correlated (p< 0.0001) with a change in the FIM motor and FIM cognition subscales, suggesting good external responsiveness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that the LIMOS motor and LIMOS cognition and communication, which are ICF-based multidisciplinary standardized observation scales, might have the potential to better detect changes in functional outcome of stroke patients, compared with the FIM motor and FIM cognition and the BI.
authors.affiliation: Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Center, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Luzern, Switzerland; Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vanbellingen
authors.affiliation: Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Center, Luzerner Kantonsspital , Luzern , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ottiger
authors.affiliation: Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Center, Luzerner Kantonsspital , Luzern , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pflugshaupt
authors.affiliation: Wissenschaftliches Institut, Klinik Bavaria in Kreischa GmbH , Kreischa , Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mehrholz
authors.affiliation: Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Center, Luzerner Kantonsspital , Luzern , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bohlhalter
authors.affiliation: Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nef
authors.affiliation: Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Center, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Luzern, Switzerland; Gerontechnology and Rehabilitation Group, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nyffeler
keywords: BI; FIM; LIMOS; functional outcome; responsiveness; stroke