title: A chronological review of experimental infection studies of the role of wild animals and livestock in the maintenance and transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.
abstract: This article provides a definitive review of experimental studies of the role of wild animals and livestock in the maintenance and transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), the etiologic agent of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), beginning with the first recognized outbreak of the human disease in Crimea in 1944. Published reports by researchers in the former Soviet Union, Bulgaria, South Africa, and other countries where CCHF has been observed show that CCHFV is maintained in nature in a tick-vertebrate-tick enzootic cycle. Human disease most commonly results from the bite of an infected tick, but may also follow crushing of infected ticks or exposure to the blood and tissues of infected animals during slaughter. Wild and domestic animals are susceptible to infection with CCHFV, but do not develop clinical illness. Vertebrates are important in CCHF epidemiology, as they provide blood meals to support tick populations, transport ticks across wide geographic areas, and transmit CCHFV to ticks and humans during the period of viremia. Many aspects of vertebrate involvement in the maintenance and spread of CCHFV are still poorly understood. Experimental investigations in wild animals and livestock provide important data to aid our understanding of CCHFV ecology. This article is the second in a series of reviews of more than 70 years of research on CCHF, summarizing important findings, identifying gaps in knowledge, and suggesting directions for future research.
authors.affiliation: Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: JSpengler@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Jessica R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Spengler
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Agustín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Estrada-Peña
authors.affiliation: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Aura R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Garrison
authors.affiliation: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Connie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmaljohn
authors.affiliation: Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Christina F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Spiropoulou
authors.affiliation: Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Éric
authors.initials: É
authors.lastname: Bergeron
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bente
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000821:virology*; D035843:Biomedical Research; D002044:Bunyaviridae Infections / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D003225:Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D006479:Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission* / Q000662:veterinary; D006801:Humans; D058751:Livestock / Q000821:virology*; D051379:Mice; D016851:Orthobunyavirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013987:Ticks / Q000821:virology*
keywords: Bunyavirus; Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever; Tick-borne; Transmission; Viral hemorrhagic fever