title: Laboratory Evaluation of Two Commercial Abamectin-Based Insecticides Against Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae): Lethal and Sublethal Effects.
abstract: Toxic environmental effects of most insecticides have led to a search for bio-organic insecticides. In this study, we tested the effects of lethal and sublethal exposure to two abamectin-based insecticides (VOLIAM TARGO and LUQ-THOR) on survival, mating, and oviposition of the tephritid Anastrepha ludens (Loew). Different doses of insecticides (0.001-2.00% of the commercial products) were offered mixed with the phagostimulant bait Captor commonly used in spraying and in trapping activities for the control of flies. Both insecticides exhibited 90% killing effectiveness (Abbott index) when offered in doses between 0.02 to 2.00%. The LC50 obtained from the bioassay at 72 h after treatment was 0.003% of commercial product for TARGO and 0.008% for LUQ-THOR. Sublethal exposures to insecticides (0.003%; LC50 for TARGO and LC30 for LUQ-THOR) caused a reduction in oviposition but not in mating parameters, indicating that females were more susceptible than males to reduced doses of insecticide. The mean amount of eggs deposited 5 d after feeding on the insecticide-bait mixtures was reduced up to a third compared with the amount of eggs deposited by untreated females. Both insecticides are promising bio-organic alternatives to malathion in bait control programs against A. ludens.
authors.affiliation: INBIOTECA, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. de las Culturas Veracruzanas 101, Col. Emiliano Zapata, Xalapa, Veracruz, C.P. 91090, Mexico (fdiazfleischer@gmail.com; diperez@uv.mx).
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Díaz-Fleischer
authors.affiliation: INBIOTECA, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. de las Culturas Veracruzanas 101, Col. Emiliano Zapata, Xalapa, Veracruz, C.P. 91090, Mexico (fdiazfleischer@gmail.com; diperez@uv.mx).
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pérez-Staples
authors.affiliation: El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Carretera Antigua Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas, C.P. 30700, México (jvalle@ecosur.mx).
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valle-Mora
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Biología, Universidad Veracruzana, Circuito Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán s/n, Zona Universitaria, Xalapa, Veracruz, C.P. 91090, Mexico (antoniogarcia01@uv.mx).
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Antonio García-Pérez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007300:Insect Control; D007306:Insecticides; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D008297:Male; D033621:Tephritidae
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; C048324:abamectin; D007559:Ivermectin
keywords: bait-insecticide; control; fecundity; malathion; mating