title: Current views on HIV-1 latency, persistence, and cure.
abstract: HIV-1 infection cannot be cured as it persists in latently infected cells that are targeted neither by the immune system nor by available therapeutic approaches. Consequently, a lifelong therapy suppressing only the actively replicating virus is necessary. The latent reservoir has been defined and characterized in various experimental models and in human patients, allowing research and development of approaches targeting individual steps critical for HIV-1 latency establishment, maintenance, and reactivation. However, additional mechanisms and processes driving the remaining low-level HIV-1 replication in the presence of the suppressive therapy still remain to be identified and targeted. Current approaches toward HIV-1 cure involve namely attempts to reactivate and purge HIV latently infected cells (so-called "shock and kill" strategy), as well as approaches involving gene therapy and/or gene editing and stem cell transplantation aiming at generation of cells resistant to HIV-1. This review summarizes current views and concepts underlying different approaches aiming at functional or sterilizing cure of HIV-1 infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studnickova 7, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic. zmelk@LF1.cuni.cz.|BIOCEV, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic. zmelk@LF1.cuni.cz.
authors.forename: Zora
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Melkova
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studnickova 7, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Prakash
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shankaran
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studnickova 7, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic.|BIOCEV, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Madlenakova
authors.affiliation: BIOCEV, Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bodor
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000639:trends; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000639:trends; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D017735:Virus Latency / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents