title: A fuzzy-logic based decision-making approach for identification of groundwater quality based on groundwater quality indices.
abstract: Due to inherent uncertainties in measurement and analysis, groundwater quality assessment is a difficult task. Artificial intelligence techniques, specifically fuzzy inference systems, have proven useful in evaluating groundwater quality in uncertain and complex hydrogeological systems. In the present study, a Mamdani fuzzy-logic-based decision-making approach was developed to assess groundwater quality based on relevant indices. In an effort to develop a set of new hybrid fuzzy indices for groundwater quality assessment, a Mamdani fuzzy inference model was developed with widely-accepted groundwater quality indices: the Groundwater Quality Index (GQI), the Water Quality Index (WQI), and the Ground Water Quality Index (GWQI). In an effort to present generalized hybrid fuzzy indices a significant effort was made to employ well-known groundwater quality index acceptability ranges as fuzzy model output ranges rather than employing expert knowledge in the fuzzification of output parameters. The proposed approach was evaluated for its ability to assess the drinking water quality of 49 samples collected seasonally from groundwater resources in Iran's Sarab Plain during 2013-2014. Input membership functions were defined as "desirable", "acceptable" and "unacceptable" based on expert knowledge and the standard and permissible limits prescribed by the World Health Organization. Output data were categorized into multiple categories based on the GQI (5 categories), WQI (5 categories), and GWQI (3 categories). Given the potential of fuzzy models to minimize uncertainties, hybrid fuzzy-based indices produce significantly more accurate assessments of groundwater quality than traditional indices. The developed models' accuracy was assessed and a comparison of the performance indices demonstrated the Fuzzy Groundwater Quality Index model to be more accurate than both the Fuzzy Water Quality Index and Fuzzy Ground Water Quality Index models. This suggests that the new hybrid fuzzy indices developed in this research are reliable and flexible when used in groundwater quality assessment for drinking purposes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada. Electronic address: mey_vadiati@tabrizu.ac.ir.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vadiati
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: moghaddam@tabrizu.ac.ir.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asghari-Moghaddam
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Geology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: nakhaei@khu.ac.ir.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakhaei
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada. Electronic address: jan.adamowski@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adamowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada. Electronic address: hamid.akbarzadeh@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Akbarzadeh
mesh_terms: D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D017143:Fuzzy Logic; D060587:Groundwater; D062070:Hydrology / Q000379:methods; D007492:Iran; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D060753:Water Quality
keywords: Drinking water quality; Fuzzy logic; Groundwater quality; Mamdani fuzzy system; Physicochemical analysis