title: Cephalometric risk factors of obstructive sleep apnea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies on risk factors of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are highly controversial and mostly identifying a few cephalometric risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  OSA diagnosis was made according to the patients' apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Included were 74 OSA patients (AHI > 10) and 52 control subjects (AHI ≤ 10 + free of other OSA symptoms). In both groups, 18 cephalometric parameters were traced (SNA, SNB, ANB, the soft palate's length (PNS-P), inferior airway space, the distance from the mandibular plane to the hyoid (MP-H), lengths of mandible (Go-Gn) and maxilla (PNS-ANS), vertical height of airway (VAL), vertical height of the posterior maxilla (S-PNS), superior posterior airway space (SPAS), middle airway space, distances from hyoid to third cervical vertebra and retrognathion (HH1), C3 (C3H), and RGN (HRGN), the maximum thickness of soft palate (MPT), tongue length (TGL), and the maximum height of tongue). These parameters were compared using t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant variables were SPAS (p = 0.027), MPT, TGL, HH1, C3H, HRGN, PNS-P, S-PNS, MP-H, VAL, and Go-Gn (all p values ≤ 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OSA patients exhibited thicker and longer soft palates, hyoid bones more distant from the vertebrae, retrognathion, and mandibular plane, higher posterior maxillae, longer mandibles, and smaller superior-posterior airways.
authors.affiliation: a Craniomaxillofacial Research Center, Shariati Hospital , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.|b Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bayat
authors.affiliation: a Craniomaxillofacial Research Center, Shariati Hospital , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Mahsa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shariati
authors.affiliation: c Research Council, Iranian Center for Tissue Engineering and Graft Research , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.|d Department of Dental Anatomy and Morphology, Dental Branch , Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rakhshan
authors.affiliation: e Craniomaxillofacial Research Center, Dental Branch , Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abbasi
authors.affiliation: e Craniomaxillofacial Research Center, Dental Branch , Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fateh
authors.affiliation: f Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran.
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sobouti
authors.affiliation: a Craniomaxillofacial Research Center, Shariati Hospital , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.|e Craniomaxillofacial Research Center, Dental Branch , Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Zeinab
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Davoudmanesh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002508:Cephalometry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Obstructive sleep apnea; cephalometric analysis; maxillofacial surgery; orthodontics