title: Pesticides in human milk of Western Australian women and their influence on infant growth outcomes: A cross-sectional study.
abstract: Persistent organic pollutants in human milk (HM) at high levels are considered to be detrimental to the breastfed infant. To determine the pesticide concentration in HM, a pilot cross-sectional study of 40 Western Australian (WA) women was carried out. Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) with a validated QuEChERS was used for the analysis of 88 pesticides in HM. p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) with a mean concentration of 62.8 ± 54.5 ng/g fat was found, whereas other organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids were not detected in HM. Overall, no association was observed between HM p,p'-DDE concentrations and maternal age, parity, body mass index and percentage fat mass. Furthermore, for the first time no significant association was found between p,p'-DDE concentrations in HM and infant growth outcomes such as weight, length, head circumference and percentage fat mass. The calculated daily intake was significantly different to the estimated daily intake of total DDTs and was well below the guideline proposed by WHO. The DDTs levels in WA have also significantly decreased by 42 - fold since the 1970s and are currently the lowest in Australia.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Zoya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gridneva
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia. Electronic address: Melvin.gay@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Melvin C L
authors.initials: MCL
authors.lastname: Gay
authors.affiliation: Separation Science Laboratory, Research and Development, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia; Metabolomics Australia, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Trengove
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia. Electronic address: Donna.geddes@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Donna T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Geddes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001315:Australia; D001823:Body Composition; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007774:Lactation; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D010298:Parity; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011247:Pregnancy; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene
keywords: Calculated daily intake; Gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; Human milk; Persistent organic pollutants; Pesticide residues; Western Australia