title: Increased anticipatory but decreased consummatory brain responses to food in sisters of anorexia nervosa patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously shown increased anticipatory and consummatory neural responses to rewarding and aversive food stimuli in women recovered from anorexia nervosa (AN).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether these differences are trait markers for AN, we examined the neural response in those with a familial history but no personal history of AN.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six volunteers were recruited: 15 who had a sister with anorexia nervosa (family history) and 21 control participants. Using fMRI we examined the neural response during an anticipatory phase (food cues, rewarding and aversive), an effort phase and a consummatory phase (rewarding and aversive tastes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Family history (FH) volunteers showed increased activity in the caudate during the anticipation of both reward and aversive food and in the thalamus and amygdala during anticipation of aversive only. FH had decreased activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, the pallidum and the superior frontal gyrus during taste consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased neural anticipatory but decreased consummatory responses to food might be a biomarker for AN. Interventions that could normalise these differences may help to prevent disorder onset.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  C.M. has acted as a consultant to P1VITAL, Givaudan, GWPharma, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and Channel 4.
  © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2016. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Non-Commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) license.
authors.affiliation: , MD, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK, and Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horndasch
authors.affiliation: MSc, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: O'Keefe
authors.affiliation: MSc, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Anneka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lamond
authors.affiliation: , MSc, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: , PhD, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Ciara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McCabe