title: A novel model for studying ileitis-induced visceral hypersensitivity in goats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Visceral hypersensitivity (VH) is a common condition in many gastrointestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) in human and animals. Most studies often induce Crohn's disease/colitis to investigate VH in small experimental animals. Although farm animals commonly suffer from IBDs, their VH has not been investigated so far. Because goats can suffer from Johne's disease, a naturally occurring Crohn's-like disease, they may be suitable to be used for studying the mechanism underlying VH in common intestinal disorders of large animals. In the present study, 60 healthy goats of either sex were equally divided into a 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) group and saline group. A volume of 1.2 ml of TNBS-ethanol solution (30 mg TNBS in 40 % ethanol) or an equal volume of isotonic saline was injected into the wall of the terminal ileum through laparotomy. The severity of the developing ileitis was determined according to macro- and microscopic pathologic scores and the levels of myeloperoxidase, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and VH was evaluated with visceromotor responses (VMR) to colorectal distension on days 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28. VMRs were assessed with a continuous ramp distention mode with 6 s for each pressure (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mmHg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the saline group, the TNBS-treated goats showed apparent transmural pathological changes and a significant increase (P < 0.05) in macroscopic and microscopic change scores, and levels of myeloperoxidase, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the ileum, and VMR to colorectal distension. The goats exhibited apparent ileitis at days 3 to 21, and VH at days 7 to 28 following TNBS treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This experiment successfully established a reproducible ileitis and VH with administration of TNBS-ethanol solution in the ileal wall of goats. This model is useful for studying the pathogenesis of the IBD and the mechanism underlying VH, and for evaluating the efficacy of new therapeutic regimens.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Adnan Hassan
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Tahir
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Manoj Kumar
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Habibullah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Janyaro
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Jing
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China. dmx@mail.hzau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ming-Xing
authors.initials: MX
authors.lastname: Ding
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000431:Ethanol; D005260:Female; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006041:Goats; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000209:etiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D007079:Ileitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary*; D007082:Ileum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid; D014781:Viscera / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D000431:Ethanol; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid; D009195:Peroxidase
keywords: Ileitis; Inflammatory bowel disease; Johne’s disease; TNBS; Visceral hypersensitivity; Visceromotor response