title: Asymptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion after gamma knife radiosurgery for pituitary adenoma: Report of two cases and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gamma knife radiosurgery is an effective and safe treatment modality in the management of pituitary adenomas. Internal carotid occlusion is a rare but possible complication of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for lesions within the cavernous sinus.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To stress the importance of considering the Internal carotid artery as an organ at risk in cavernous sinus invading adenomas and reduce the dose delivered to this structure whenever possible.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report two cases of asymptomatic occlusion of the intracavernous segment of the internal carotid artery seven years after treatment in acromegalic patients. After trans-sphenoidal surgery, residual tumour was treated with gamma knife radiosurgery. The maximal doses to the affected artery were higher than 40 Gy and the 90% isodose was close to the arterial wall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Every effort should be done to minimize the radiation dose to the internal carotid artery. If not possible, "hot spots" exceeding the 90% isodose close to this vessel should be avoided.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spatola
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frosio
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy; Department of Endocrinology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Losa
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Del Vecchio
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piloni
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery and Stereotactic Radiosurgery, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mortini
keywords: Gamma knife radiosurgery; Growth hormone; Internal carotid artery occlusion; Pituitary adenoma