title: Direct imaging of glycans in Arabidopsis roots via click labeling of metabolically incorporated azido-monosaccharides.
abstract: Carbohydrates, also called glycans, play a crucial but not fully understood role in plant health and development. The non-template driven formation of glycans makes it impossible to image them in vivo with genetically encoded fluorescent tags and related molecular biology approaches. A solution to this problem is the use of tailor-made glycan analogs that are metabolically incorporated by the plant into its glycans. These metabolically incorporated probes can be visualized, but techniques documented so far use toxic copper-catalyzed labeling. To further expand our knowledge of plant glycobiology by direct imaging of its glycans via this method, there is need for novel click-compatible glycan analogs for plants that can be bioorthogonally labelled via copper-free techniques.
  
  
  
  Arabidopsis seedlings were incubated with azido-containing monosaccharide analogs of N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, L-fucose, and L-arabinofuranose. These azido-monosaccharides were metabolically incorporated in plant cell wall glycans of Arabidopsis seedlings. Control experiments indicated active metabolic incorporation of the azido-monosaccharide analogs into glycans rather than through non-specific absorption of the glycan analogs onto the plant cell wall. Successful copper-free labeling reactions were performed, namely an inverse-electron demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction using an incorporated N-acetylglucosamine analog, and a strain-promoted azide-alkyne click reaction. All evaluated azido-monosaccharide analogs were observed to be non-toxic at the used concentrations under normal growth conditions.
  
  
  
  Our results for the metabolic incorporation and fluorescent labeling of these azido-monosaccharide analogs expand the possibilities for studying plant glycans by direct imaging. Overall we successfully evaluated five azido-monosaccharide analogs for their ability to be metabolically incorporated in Arabidopsis roots and their imaging after fluorescent labeling. This expands the molecular toolbox for direct glycan imaging in plants, from three to eight glycan analogs, which enables more extensive future studies of spatiotemporal glycan dynamics in a wide variety of plant tissues and species. We also show, for the first time in metabolic labeling and imaging of plant glycans, the potential of two copper-free click chemistry methods that are bio-orthogonal and lead to more uniform labeling. These improved labeling methods can be generalized and extended to already existing and future click chemistry-enabled monosaccharide analogs in Arabidopsis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jorin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoogenboom
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nathalja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Berghuis
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Science, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Geurts
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zuilhof
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands. t.wennekes@uu.nl.|Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. t.wennekes@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2368-7728
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wennekes
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000378:metabolism*; D001386:Azides / Q000378:metabolism; D057930:Click Chemistry / Q000379:methods*; D009005:Monosaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001386:Azides; D009005:Monosaccharides; D011134:Polysaccharides
keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana; Cell wall; Click chemistry; D-Galactosamine; D-Glucosamine; Glycans; L-Arabinofuranose; L-Fucose; Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering