title: Rice endosperm protein slows progression of fatty liver and diabetic nephropathy in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.
abstract: We previously reported that rice endosperm protein (REP) has renoprotective effects in Goto-Kakizaki rats, a non-obese diabetic model. However, whether these effects occur in obese diabetes remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify the effects of REP on obese diabetes, especially on fatty liver and diabetic nephropathy, using the obese diabetic model Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. In total, 7-week-old male ZDF rats were fed diets containing 20 % REP or casein (C) for 8 weeks. Changes in fasting blood glucose levels and urinary markers were monitored during the experimental period. Hepatic lipids and metabolites were measured and renal glomeruli were observed morphologically. HbA1c levels were significantly lower in rats fed REP, compared with C (P<0·05). Compared with C in the liver, REP prevented lipid accumulation (total lipid, TAG and total cholesterol, P<0·01). Liver metabolome analysis indicated that levels of metabolites associated with glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway and carnitine metabolism were significantly greater in the REP group than in the C group (P<0·05), suggesting activation of both glucose catabolism and fatty acid oxidation. The metabolite increases promoted by REP may contribute to suppression of liver lipid accumulation. Urinary excretion of albumin and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase was significantly reduced in rats fed REP for 8 weeks (P<0·01). In addition, there was a distinct suppression of mesangial matrix expansion and glomerular hypertrophy in response to REP (P<0·01). Thus, REP had preventive effects on obese diabetes, fatty liver and diabetic nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: 1Center for Transdisciplinary Research,Niigata University,8050,Ikarashi 2-no-cho,Nishi-ku,Niigata 950-2181,Japan.
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Health and Nutrition,University of Niigata Prefecture,471,Ebigase,Higashi-ku,Niigata 950-8680,Japan.
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: 3Graduate School of Science and Technology,Niigata University,8050,Ikarashi 2-no-cho,Nishi-ku,Niigata 950-2181,Japan.
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: 4Department of Clinical Nutrition Science,Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University,757,Ichibancho,Asahimachidori,Chuo-ku,Niigata 951-8510,Japan.
authors.forename: Michihiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosojima
authors.affiliation: 5Department of Applied Molecular Medicine,Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences,Niigata University,757,Ichibancho,Asahimachidori,Chuo-ku,Niigata 951-8510,Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: 6Kameda Seika Company Limited,3-1-1,Kameda Kogyo Danchi,Konan-ku,Niigata 950-0198,Japan.
authors.forename: Mikio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.affiliation: 1Center for Transdisciplinary Research,Niigata University,8050,Ikarashi 2-no-cho,Nishi-ku,Niigata 950-2181,Japan.
authors.forename: Shinobu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujimura
authors.affiliation: 1Center for Transdisciplinary Research,Niigata University,8050,Ikarashi 2-no-cho,Nishi-ku,Niigata 950-2181,Japan.
authors.forename: Motoni
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kadowaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D002239:Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D014676:Diet, Vegetarian / Q000009:adverse effects; D018450:Disease Progression; D056625:Endosperm / Q000737:chemistry*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005991:Glycerol Kinase / Q000172:deficiency; D054559:Hyperphosphatemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000075262:Hypoadrenocorticism, Familial; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D009929:Organ Size; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary; D005991:Glycerol Kinase
keywords:  C casein;  CKD chronic kidney disease;  GK rat Goto–Kakizaki rat;  NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease;  NAG 
                    N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase;  NO nitric oxide;  REP rice endosperm protein;  T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus;  TC total cholesterol;  TL total lipid;  TOFMS time-of-flight MS;  UAE urinary albumin excretion;  ZDF rat Zucker diabetic fatty rat; Diabetic nephropathy; Fatty liver; Rice endosperm protein; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Zucker diabetic fatty rats