title: Frontal Hypoactivation During a Working Memory Task in Children With 22q11 Deletion Syndrome.
abstract: Impairments in executive function, such as working memory, are almost universal in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Delineating the neural underpinnings of these functions would enhance understanding of these impairments. In this study, children and adolescents with 22q11 deletion syndrome were compared with healthy control participants in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of working memory. When the 2-back condition was contrasted with the 1-back and 0-back conditions, the participants with 22q11 deletion syndrome showed lower activation in several brain areas involved in working memory-notably dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and precuneus. This hypoactivation may be due to reduced gray matter volumes or white matter connectivity in the frontal and parietal regions, differences that have previously been documented in children with 22q11 deletion syndrome. Understanding differences in brain function will provide a foundation for future interventions to address the wide range of neurodevelopmental deficits observed in 22q11 deletion syndrome.
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Waverly
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Harrell
authors.affiliation: 2 Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.|3 Huaxi MR Research Center, Radiology Department, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: 2 Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Zoe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Englander
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.|5 Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.affiliation: 6 Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Matcheri S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Keshavan
authors.affiliation: 2 Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.|7 Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, Psychiatry, and Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Vandana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shashi
mesh_terms: D058165:22q11 Deletion Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009929:Organ Size
keywords: 22q; DiGeorge; fMRI; velocardiofacial