title: Membrane patches as ion channel probes for scanning ion conductance microscopy.
abstract: We describe dual-barrel ion channel probes (ICPs), which consist of an open barrel and a barrel with a membrane patch directly excised from a donor cell. When incorporated with scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), the open barrel (SICM barrel) serves to measure the distance-dependent ion current for non-invasive imaging and positioning of the probe in the same fashion of traditional SICM. The second barrel with the membrane patch supports ion channels of interest and was used to investigate ion channel activities. To demonstrate robust probe control with the dual-barrel ICP-SICM probe and verify that the two barrels are independently addressable, current-distance characteristics (approach curves) were obtained with the SICM barrel and simultaneous, current-time (I-T) traces were recorded with the ICP barrel. To study the influence that the distance between ligand-gated ion channels (i.e., large conductance Ca2+-activated K+channels/BK channels) and the ligand source (i.e., Ca2+source) has on channel activations, ion channel activities were recorded at two fixed probe-substrate distances (Dps) with the ICP barrel. The two fixed positions were determined from approach curves acquired with the SICM barrel. One position was defined as the "In-control" position, where the probe was in close proximity to the ligand source; the second position was defined as the "Far" position, where the probe was retracted far away from the ligand source. Our results confirm that channel activities increased dramatically with respect to both open channel probability and single channel current when the probe was near the ligand source, as opposed to when the probe was far away from the ligand source.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA. lanbaker@indiana.edu.
authors.forename: Wenqing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA. lanbaker@indiana.edu.
authors.forename: Yuhan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA. lanbaker@indiana.edu.
authors.forename: Lushan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, 320 W. 15th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. trcummin@iupui.edu.
authors.forename: Yucheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, 320 W. 15th St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. trcummin@iupui.edu.
authors.forename: Theodore R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Cummins
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA. lanbaker@indiana.edu.
authors.forename: Lane A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Baker