title: In vitrohistological evaluation of the surgical margins made by different laser wavelengths in tongue tissues.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lasers have become standard tools for the surgical treatment of oral lesions. The purpose of this study is to determine the surgical margins and histologically evaluate the tissue thermal effects induced by different types of surgical instruments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cuts were made in pork tongues' mucosa with different lasers (Er:YAG at 2W with and without air / water spray and at 4W with and without air / water spray; CO2 at 3.5W and 7W in pulsed mode and at 7W in continuous mode; the diode laser at 3.5W and boost 3.5W in pulsed mode; Nd:YAG at 6W, 40Hz and electroscalpel at 5W and conventional scalpel as control. Macroscopic and microscopic morphological changes were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of this study showed that the surgical instruments that caused greater tissue damage extension were: the Nd:YAG laser (670.68μm), the diode 3.5W and boost PW (626.82μm), the CO2 7W CW (571.18μm), the CO2 at 7W PW (485.45μm), the diode 3.5W PW (456.15μm), the electroscalpel (409.57μm) and lastly the CO2 laser 3.5W PW (306.19μm) and Er:YAG (74.66μm) laser, regardless of power, mode or air / water spray used. An association between the Tissue Damage Extension and the Degree of Carbonization (r = 0.789;P= 0.01), and an association between the Tissue Damage Extension and Regularity of the Incision were found (r = -, 299;P= 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that lasers can be used in soft tissues biopsies of the oral cavity, enabling a correct histopathological analysis, as long as the biological effects of each laser type are considered. The Er:YAG laser revealed its potential for biopsies of the oral mucosa ensuring a successful histological evaluation and the CO2 laser at 3,5W in pulsed mode presented itself as the best choice for surgeries with hemostasis.Key words:CO2 laser, diode laser, Er:YAG laser, laser surgery, Nd:YAG laser, oral mucosa, thermal effect.
authors.affiliation: Stomatology Department, Valongo Unit - São João Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal; Morphology Department, University Institute of Health Sciences, Paredes, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana-Salvaterra
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.affiliation: Stomatology Department, Valongo Unit - São João Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal; Medicine and Oral Surgery Department, University Institute of Health Sciences, Paredes, Portugal; Pathology Department, University Institute of Health Sciences, Paredes, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luís-Silva
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: Morphology Department, University Institute of Health Sciences, Paredes, Portugal; Pathology Department, University Institute of Health Sciences, Paredes, Portugal.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Pathology Department, University Institute of Health Sciences, Paredes, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria-Leonor
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.affiliation: Pathology Department, University Institute of Health Sciences, Paredes, Portugal.
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Garcês
authors.affiliation: Physiology Department, University Institute of Health Sciences, Paredes, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carreira
authors.affiliation: Stomatology Department, Valongo Unit - São João Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal; Physiology Department, University Institute of Health Sciences, Paredes, Portugal.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Medical Morphology Department, University of Santiago de Compostela, Coruña, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suarez-Quintanilla