title: Placental exosomes and pre-eclampsia: Maternal circulating levels in normal pregnancies and, early and late onset pre-eclamptic pregnancies.
abstract: Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicle (20-130 nm) released by biological cells under normal and pathological conditions. Although there have been reports of circulating exosomes in normal pregnancy, the relevance of placental-derived exosomes in normal and abnormal pregnancies still needs to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to quantify total and placental-derived exosomes in maternal plasma from normal (N), early onset- and late onset-preeclampsia (PE).
  
  
  
  Plasma samples were obtained from pregnant women in the third trimester, for the isolation of exosomes by differential ultracentrifugation. Total exosomes were quantified using nanoparticle tracking analysis and immuno-reactive exosomal CD63 quantification. Placental-derived exosomes were quantified using placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) as a specific marker. The contribution of placental-derived exosomes to total exosomes in maternal plasma was determined by the ratio of PLAP+exosomes to CD63+exosomes.
  
  
  
  The concentration of total exosomes significantly increased in early onset-PE and late onset-PE compared to N (≤33 weeks) and N (≥34 weeks). The relative concentration of placental-derived exosomes significantly increased in early onset-PE but decreased in late onset-PE compared to N. The ratio of PLAP+exosomes to total number of exosomes significantly decreased in early onset-PE and late onset-PE. A positive correlation between total and placental-derived exosomes were obtained in N (≤33 weeks: Pearson's r = 0.60, ≥34 weeks: Pearson's r = 0.67) and early onset-PE (Pearson's r = 0.51, p < 0.05) with the inverse in late onset-PE (Pearson's r = -0.62, p < 0.01).
  
  
  
  The differences in the contribution of placental-derived exosomes to total exosomes in maternal circulation suggests a possible pathophysiological role of placental-derived exosomes in pre-eclampsia.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Human Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: Preenan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pillay
authors.affiliation: Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: Niren
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maharaj
authors.affiliation: Women's Health and HIV Research Group, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
authors.forename: Jagidesa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moodley
authors.affiliation: Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. Electronic address: mackraji@ukzn.ac.za.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mackraj
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D055354:Exosomes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism*; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Early onset preeclampsia; Exosomes; Late onset pre-eclampsia; Placental-derived exosomes