title: ADHD-associated risk taking is linked to exaggerated views of the benefits of positive outcomes.
abstract: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often assumed to be associated with increased engagement in risk-taking behaviors. The current study sought to understand the mental processes underlying this association using a theory-driven behavioral economics perspective. Psychological risk-return models suggest that risk and benefit are inherently subjective, and risk taking is best understood as the interplay between cognitions and motivations regarding the benefits and risks of alternatives. A sample of 244 adults was assessed for ADHD symptoms. The likelihood of engagement in a range of risky behaviors (e.g., driving without wearing a seat belt), the magnitude of perceived benefit and risk ascribed to these behaviors, and benefit and risk attitudes of each participant were extracted from the Domain Specific Risk Taking (DOSPERT) scales. ADHD symptoms were correlated with more risky behaviors and perception of greater benefits from engaging in these behaviors, but were not correlated with risk perception. Mediation analysis revealed that the association between ADHD symptoms and engagement in risk taking was mediated by perceived benefits. These findings highlight the idea that people with high level ADHD symptoms tend to engage in risky behaviors because they find such behavior particularly appealing, rather than because they seek risk per se.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.|Special Education department, Talpiot College, Holon, Israel.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shoham
authors.affiliation: Developmental Brain-Behaviour Laboratory, University of Southampton, UK.|Department of Experimental, Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
authors.forename: Edmund J S
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Sonuga-Barke
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Hamutal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aloni
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.|Federmann Center for Study of Rationality, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Ilan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yaniv
authors.affiliation: The Seymour Fox School of Education, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Yehuda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pollak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009042:Motivation; D010465:Perception; D012309:Risk-Taking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult