title: Effect of lidocaine with and without epinephrine on lymphatic contractile activity in mice in vivo.
abstract: A local anesthetic, lidocaine, is known to affect cutaneous blood flow when injected into the skin. However, it is unknown if dermal lymphatic function can also be affected. Therefore, we characterized lymphatic function in response to administration of lidocaine with and without epinephrine. Non-invasive near-infrared fluorescence imaging (NIRFI) with intradermal injection of indocyanine green (ICG) was used to characterize the lymphatic "pumping" function in mice after subcutaneous injection of 2 % lidocaine with and without 1:100,000 epinephrine or saline. NIRFI was performed for 10-20 min immediately after and 1, 3, and 5 h after these interventions. Lymphatic contraction frequencies significantly decreased 10 min after subcutaneous injection of lidocaine and remained plateaued for another 5 min, before returning to baseline. However, addition of 1:100,000 epinephrine to 2 % lidocaine rapidly increased lymphatic contraction frequencies at 5 min post-injection, which returned to baseline levels 15 min later. Injection of saline also increased lymphatic contraction frequency 5 min after injection, which returned to baseline 10 min post-injection. Although lidocaine administration showed a decrease in lymphatic function, the combination of epinephrine with lidocaine resulted in a predominant net effect of increased contractile activity.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 1825 Pressler Street, SRB 330A, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. sunkuk.kwon@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Sunkuk
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 1825 Pressler Street, SRB 330A, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Sevick-Muraca
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D004837:Epinephrine
keywords: Epinephrine; Lidocaine; Local anesthetics; Lymphatic function; Near-infrared fluorescence imaging