title: Control of cytokinin and auxin homeostasis in cyanobacteria and algae.
abstract: The metabolism of cytokinins (CKs) and auxins in vascular plants is relatively well understood, but data concerning their metabolic pathways in non-vascular plants are still rather rare. With the aim of filling this gap, 20 representatives of taxonomically major lineages of cyanobacteria and algae from Cyanophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, Porphyridiophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Ulvophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Zygnematophyceae and Klebsormidiophyceae were analysed for endogenous profiles of CKs and auxins and some of them were used for studies of the metabolic fate of exogenously applied radiolabelled CK, [3H]trans-zeatin (transZ) and auxin ([3H]indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)), and the dynamics of endogenous CK and auxin pools during algal growth and cell division.
  
  
  
  Quantification of phytohormone levels was performed by high-performance or ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS, UHPLC-MS/MS). The dynamics of exogenously applied [3H]transZ and [3H]IAA in cell cultures were monitored by HPLC with on-line radioactivity detection.
  
  
  
  The comprehensive screen of selected cyanobacteria and algae for endogenous CKs revealed a predominance of bioactive and phosphate CK forms while O- and N-glucosides evidently did not contribute greatly to the total CK pool. The abundance of cis-zeatin-type CKs and occurrence of CK 2-methylthio derivatives pointed to the tRNA pathway as a substantial source of CKs. The importance of the tRNA biosynthetic pathway was proved by the detection of tRNA-bound CKs during the course of Scenedesmus obliquus growth. Among auxins, free IAA and its oxidation catabolite 2-oxindole-3-acetic acid represented the prevailing endogenous forms. After treatment with [3H]IAA, IAA-aspartate and indole-3-acetyl-1-glucosyl ester were detected as major auxin metabolites. Moreover, different dynamics of endogenous CKs and auxin profiles during S. obliquus culture clearly demonstrated diverse roles of both phytohormones in algal growth and cell division.
  
  
  
  Our data suggest the existence and functioning of a complex network of metabolic pathways and activity control of CKs and auxins in cyanobacteria and algae that apparently differ from those in vascular plants.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Žižková
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.|Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kubeš
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Petre I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Dobrev
authors.affiliation: Centre for Phycology and Biorefinery Research Centre of Competence, Institute of Botany CAS, Dukelská 135, CZ-379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Přibyl
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Šimura
authors.affiliation: Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Lenka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zahajská
authors.affiliation: Department of Taxonomy and Biosystematics, Institute of Botany CAS, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Lenka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Záveská Drábková
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ondřej
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Novák
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS, Rozvojová 263, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic vmotyka@ueb.cas.cz.
authors.forename: Václav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Motyka
mesh_terms: D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D003583:Cytokinins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods; D057949:Streptophyta / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003583:Cytokinins; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators
keywords: Cytokinin; algae; auxin; cyanobacteria; cytokinin 2-methylthioderivatives; cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase; indole-3-acetic acid; metabolism; tRNA; trans-zeatin