title: Structure and Chemical Durability of Lead Crystal Glass.
abstract: Silicate glasses containing lead, also called lead crystal glasses, are commonly used as food product containers, in particular for alcoholic beverages. Lead's health hazards require major attention, which can first be investigated through the understanding of Pb release mechanisms in solution. The behavior of a commercial crystal glass containing 10.6 mol % of PbO (28.3 wt %) was studied in a reference solution of 4% acetic acid at 22, 40, and 70 °C at early and advanced stages of reaction. High-resolution solid-state17O and29Si NMR was used to probe the local structure of the pristine and, for the first time, of the altered lead crystal glass. Inserted into the vitreous structure between the network formers as Si-O-Pb bonds, Pb does not form Pb-O-Pb clusters which are expected to be more easily leached. A part of K is located near Pb, forming mixed Si-O-(Pb,K) near the nonbridging oxygens. Pb is always released into the solution following a diffusion-controlled dissolution over various periods of time, at a rate between 1 and 2 orders of magnitude lower than the alkalis (K and Na). The preferential release of alkalis is followed by an in situ repolymerization of the silicate network. Pb is only depleted in the outermost part of the alteration layer. In the remaining part, it stays mainly surrounded by Si in a stable structural configuration similar to that of the pristine glass. A simple model is proposed to estimate the Pb concentration as a function of glass surface, solution volume, temperature, and contact time.
authors.affiliation: CEA, DEN, DTCD, SECM, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Angeli
authors.affiliation: CEA, DEN, DTCD, SECM, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jollivet
authors.affiliation: NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay CEA Saclay , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
authors.forename: Thibault
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Charpentier
authors.affiliation: CEA, DEN, DTCD, SECM, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
authors.forename: Maxime
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.affiliation: CEA, DEN, DTCD, SECM, F-30207 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gin
mesh_terms: D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry*; D007477:Ions; D007854:Lead; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D012964:Sodium; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D017640:Silicates; D012996:Solutions; D007854:Lead; D012964:Sodium