title: Enhanced removal of lead from contaminated soil by polyol-based deep eutectic solvents and saponin.
abstract: Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a class of green solvents analogous to ionic liquids, but less costly and easier to prepare. The objective of this study is to remove lead (Pb) from a contaminated soil by using polyol based DESs mixed with a natural surfactant saponin for the first time. The DESs used in this study were prepared by mixing a quaternary ammonium salt choline chloride with polyols e.g. glycerol and ethylene glycol. A natural surfactant saponin obtained from soapnut fruit pericarp, was mixed with DESs to boost their efficiency. The DESs on their own did not perform satisfactory due to higher pH; however, they improved the performance of soapnut by up to 100%. Pb removal from contaminated soil using mixture of 40% DES-Gly and 1% saponin and mixture of 10% DES-Gly and 2% saponin were above 72% XRD and SEM studies did not detect any major corrosion in the soil texture. The environmental friendliness of both DESs and saponin and their affordable costs merit thorough investigation of their potential as soil washing agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: soumya_m@ymail.com.
authors.forename: Soumyadeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukhopadhyay
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sumona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.affiliation: University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Institute of Halal Research University of Malaya (IHRUM), Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Adeeb
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hayyan
authors.affiliation: University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Maan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayyan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hashim
authors.affiliation: Water Academy, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, Scotland EH14 4AS, UK.
authors.forename: Bhaskar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sen Gupta
mesh_terms: D002794:Choline / Q000737:chemistry; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D019855:Ethylene Glycol / Q000737:chemistry; D005990:Glycerol / Q000737:chemistry; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry*; D012503:Saponins / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D012503:Saponins; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D012997:Solvents; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D007854:Lead; D019855:Ethylene Glycol; D002794:Choline; D005990:Glycerol
keywords: Choline chloride; DES; Deep eutectic solvents; Lead; Sapindus mukorossi; Soapnut; Soil washing