title: Environment impacts innate immune ontogeny.
abstract: Susceptibility to infection and response to vaccination differ between populations and as a function of age. The underlying mechanisms for this age- and population-dependent variation are not known. Specifically, it is unclear if these variations are due to differences in genetically encoded host programs or driven by environmental influences or a combination of both. To address the relationship between gene and environment regarding immune ontogeny, we determined the innate cytokine responses following PRR stimulation of blood mononuclear cells at birth, 1, and 2 yr of age in infants from Caucasian vs . Asian parents and were raised in the same city. At birth, we found that innate cytokine responses were significantly elevated in Asian compared with Caucasian infants. However, these differences waned and responses became more similar over the course of 1-2 yr of living in a similar environment. Our observations that innate response differences present at birth subsequently equalized rather than diverged suggest a key role for environmental effects common to both racial groups in shaping the innate immune responses early in life. Delineating the underlying environmental factors that modulate innate immune responses early in life could provide avenues for targeted beneficial immune modulation.
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garand
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.|2 Vaccine Evaluation Centre, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Tobias R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kollmann
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
keywords: Environment; age; cytokine; ethnic; immunity; infants; innate; race; responses