title: Risk Factors of End Stage Renal Disease in Peshawar, Pakistan: Odds Ratio Analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The basic aim of this study was to discover the association of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) with various risk factors. End Stage Renal Failure is the last stage of the chronic renal failure in which kidneys become completely fail to function.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data were collected from the patients of renal diseases from three major hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan. Odds ratio analysis was performed to examine the relationship of ESRD (a binary response variable) with various risk factors: Gender, Diabetic, Hypertension, Glomerulonephritis, Obstructive Nephropathy, Polycystic kidney disease, Myeloma, SLE Nephritis, Heredity, Hepatitis, Excess use of Drugs, heart problem and Anemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using odds ratio analysis, the authors found that the ESRD in diabetic patients was 11.04 times more than non-diabetic patients and the ESRD were 7.29 times less in non-hypertensive patients as compared to hypertensive patients. Similarly, glomerulonephritis patients had 3.115 times more risk of having ESRD than non-glomerulonephritis. Other risk factors may also, to some extent, were causes of ESRD but turned out insignificant due to stochastic sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors concluded that there is a strong association between ESRD and three risk factors, namely diabetes, hypertension and glomerulonephritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Salahuddin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Higher Education Department, Peshawar, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Tariq
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Najma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Salahuddin
authors.affiliation: Medical Officer, North West Hospital, Phase 5 Hayatabad, Peshawar, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Salahuddin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mehreen
keywords: ESRD; Odds ratio; association; confidence interval; risk factors