title: State-level medical and absenteeism cost of asthma in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For medically treated asthma, we estimated prevalence, medical and absenteeism costs, and projected medical costs from 2015 to 2020 for the entire population and separately for children in the 50 US states and District of Columbia (DC) using the most recently available data.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used multiple data sources, including the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, U.S. Census Bureau, Kaiser Family Foundation, Medical Statistical Information System, and Current Population Survey. We used a two-part regression model to estimate annual medical costs of asthma and a negative binomial model to estimate annual school and work days missed due to asthma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Per capita medical costs of asthma ranged from $1,860 (Mississippi) to $2,514 (Michigan). Total medical costs of asthma ranged from $60.7 million (Wyoming) to $3.4 billion (California). Medicaid costs ranged from $4.1 million (Wyoming) to $566.8 million (California), Medicare from $5.9 million (DC) to $446.6 million (California), and costs paid by private insurers ranged from $27.2 million (DC) to $1.4 billion (California). Total annual school and work days lost due to asthma ranged from 22.4 thousand (Wyoming) to 1.5 million days (California) and absenteeism costs ranged from $4.4 million (Wyoming) to $345 million (California). Projected increase in medical costs from 2015 to 2020 ranged from 9% (DC) to 34% (Arizona).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Medical and absenteeism costs of asthma represent a significant economic burden for states and these costs are expected to rise. Our study results emphasize the urgency for strategies to strengthen state level efforts to prevent and control asthma attacks.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Environmental Hazards and Health Effects, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Tursynbek
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nurmagambetov
authors.affiliation: b RTI International, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Khavjou
authors.affiliation: c Division of Population Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: d Division of Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Orenstein
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001249:Asthma / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007343:Insurance Carriers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008483:Medical Assistance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006278:Medicare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D017059:Models, Econometric; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Prevalence; medical expenditure; missed school days; payer