title: Extraction, characterization and evaluation of Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae) rhizome extracts against acute and chronic inflammation in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rhizomes of an acaulescent perennial herb, Kaempferia galanga Linn (Family: Zingiberaceae), used as traditional ayurvedic herb to get relief from indigestion, swelling, pain, high blood pressure and dyslipidemia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To prepare and characterize various extracts of Kaempferia galanga (K. galanga) for their comparative evaluation for the identification of the most efficacious extract and its possible pharmacological implication in acute and chronic inflammatory paradigm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dried and powdered rhizome of K. galanga was subjected to alcoholic extraction as well as successive extractions with various solvents. After phytochemical characterization, all the extracts were standardized for the presence of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate. The extracts, and the isolated compound, were tested against carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rats. The most promising extract was tested against adjuvant-induced chronic inflammation in rats. Further, local myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were investigated to establish the possible mechanism of action.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the extracts, petroleum ether extract (SKG-1) and crude alcoholic extract (KG) had the maximum quantity of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate. SKG-1 (300mg/kg) was found effective against acute inflammation in rats. Further, SKG-1 (100mg/kg) reversed the inflammation and elevated MPO levels found in the chronic model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that among all the extracts of K. galanga, SKG-1 effectively suppresses the progression of acute and chronic inflammation in rats by inhibition of neutrophil infiltration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Puralae Channabasavaiah
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Jagadish
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, P.G. Studies and Research in Chemistry, Sahyadri Science College (Autonomous), Shivamogga 577201, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Kotehal Parameshwarappa
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Latha
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Jayesh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mudgal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India. Electronic address: ng.kutty@manipal.edu.
authors.forename: Gopalan Kutty
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Nampurath
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002908:Chronic Disease; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D027343:Rhizome / Q000737:chemistry*; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D030521:Zingiberaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Adjuvant; Diclofenac (PubChem CID: 5018304); Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (PubChem CID: 5281783); Inflammation; Kaempferia galanga L.; Myeloperoxidase; Rhizomes