title: Fouling-Release Performance of Silicone Oil-Modified Siloxane-Polyurethane Coatings.
abstract: The effect of incorporation of silicone oils into a siloxane-polyurethane fouling-release coatings system was explored. Incorporation of phenylmethyl silicone oil has been shown to improve the fouling-release performance of silicone-based fouling-release coatings through increased interfacial slippage. The extent of improvement is highly dependent upon the type and composition of silicone oil used. The siloxane-polyurethane (SiPU) coating system is a tough fouling-release solution, which combines the mechanical durability of polyurethane while maintaining comparable fouling-release performance with regard to commercial standards. To further improve the fouling-release performance of the siloxane-PU coating system, the use of phenylmethyl silicones oils was studied. Coatings formulations were prepared incorporating phenylmethyl silicone oils having a range of compositions and viscosities. Contact angle and surface energy measurements were conducted to evaluate the surface wettability of the coatings. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling experiments demonstrated self-stratification of silicone oil along with siloxane to the coating-air interface. Several coating formulations displayed improved or comparable fouling-release performance to commercial standards during laboratory biological assay tests for microalgae (Navicula incerta), macroalgae (Ulva linza), adult barnacles (Balanus amphitrite syn. Amphibalanus amphitrite), and mussels (Geukensia demissa). Selected silicone-oil-modified siloxane-PU coatings also demonstrated comparable fouling-release performance in field immersion trials. In general, modifying the siloxane-PU fouling-release coatings with a small amount (1-5 wt % basis) of phenylmethyl silicone oil resulted in improved performance in several laboratory biological assays and in long-term field immersion assessments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University , Fargo North Dakota 58108, United States.
authors.forename: Teluka P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Galhenage
authors.affiliation: Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University , Fargo North Dakota 58108, United States.
authors.forename: Dylan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.affiliation: Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University , Fargo North Dakota 58108, United States.
authors.forename: Samantha D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Silbert
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.
authors.forename: Shane J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Stafslien
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Miami University , Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States.
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miljkovic
authors.affiliation: School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Finlay
authors.affiliation: School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K.
authors.forename: Sofia C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: School of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K.
authors.forename: Anthony S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Clare
authors.affiliation: Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu Hawaii 96813, United States.
authors.forename: Brian T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Nedved
authors.affiliation: Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu Hawaii 96813, United States.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hadfield
authors.affiliation: Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo California 93407, United States.
authors.forename: Dean E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wendt
authors.affiliation: Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo California 93407, United States.
authors.forename: Grant
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Waltz
authors.affiliation: Center for Coastal Marine Sciences, Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo California 93407, United States.
authors.forename: Lenora
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.affiliation: Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore 119227.
authors.forename: Serena L M
authors.initials: SLM
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.affiliation: Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore 119227.
authors.forename: Chin-Sing
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University , Fargo North Dakota 58108, United States.
authors.forename: Dean C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Webster
keywords: field immersion assessments; fouling release coatings; phenylmethyl silicone oil; siloxane-polyurethane coatings