title: The time dependence of the effect of ischemic preconditioning on successive sprint swimming performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to determine the effects of ischemic preconditioning on performance in three successive 50-m swimming trials and to measure stroke rate, stroke length and blood lactate accumulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Counterbalanced, repeated-measures cross-over study.
  
  
  METHODS
  On two separate days, eleven competitive male swimmers (20±3 years, 182±5cm, 77±5kg) performed three successive 50-m trials in a 50-m swimming pool, preceded by intermittent bilateral cuff inflation (4× 5-min of blood flow restriction+5-min of cuff deflation) at either 220 for thighs and 180mmHg for arms (ischemic preconditioning) or 20mmHg for both limbs (control-treatment). The 50-m trials were conducted 1-, 2-, and 8-h after the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While no ergogenic effect of ischemic preconditioning was observed for 1-h (0.4%, 95% confidence limits of ±0.6%, p=0.215), there were clear beneficial effects of ischemic preconditioning on 2- and 8-h (1.0% and 1.2%, respectively; 95% confidence limits of ±0.6% in both cases, p≤0.002). Furthermore, ischemic preconditioning increased blood lactate accumulation in 2-(p<0.001) and 8-h (p=0.010) and stroke rate for 2- and 8-h in specific 10-m segments (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest a time-dependent effect of ischemic preconditioning on 50-m swimming performance for competitive athletes, with the time window of the beneficial effect starting after about 2-h and lasting for at least 8-h after ischemic preconditioning. This change in performance was accompanied by an increase in blood lactate accumulation and faster strokes in front crawl.
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Research Group, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Brazil. Electronic address: felipedlisboa@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Felipe D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Lisbôa
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Research Group, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Turnes
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Research Group, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rogério S O
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Research Group, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Brazil.
authors.forename: João A G
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Raimundo
authors.affiliation: Aquatic Biomechanics Research Laboratory, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Research Group, College of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Caputo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000523:psychology*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006801:Humans; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid
keywords: Anaerobic metabolism; Ergogenic aid; Kinematics; Lactate; Stroke parameters