title: Individuals with high obsessive-compulsive tendencies or undermined confidence rely more on external proxies to access their internal states.
abstract: The Seeking Proxies for Internal States (SPIS) hypothesis predicts that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with a deficit in subjective convictions, which may lead to a reliance on external substitutes for the perceptions of an individual's internal states. Two well-designed studies were performed for the present work that adopted a false bio-feedback procedure in a muscle tension task to examine the SPIS hypothesis.
  
  
  
  The false bio-feedback paradigm was used to investigate our hypothesis. NeXus-10 Mark II hardware and V2011 BioTrace + software (Mind Media B.V., Herten, Netherlands) were utilized to measure the muscle tension of the flexor carpiulnaris muscle, which characterized the target's internal state. In addition, false EMG changes were recorded and displayed on a computer monitor and were considered external proxies.
  
  
  
  Study 1 demonstrated that the participants with high obsessive-compulsive (OC) tendencies were more affected by the false bio-feedback and exhibited lower confidence in their judgments regarding their muscle tension compared with the participants with low OC tendencies. These findings indicate that subjects with high OC tendencies were more influenced by self-perception effects. In contrast, the subjects in the undermined confidence group in Study 2 were more easily influenced by the false bio-feedback compared with the control group, which suggests that the subjects in the undermined confidence group were more affected by self-perception effects.
  
  
  
  We did not combine the undermined confidence with OC tendencies or OCD symptoms in our paradigm to investigate their joint effects on self-perception.
  
  
  
  Our findings provide further evidence that supports the SPIS hypothesis, which indicates that OC tendencies and the confidence in an individual's recognition of internal states appear to have similar effects on the assessment of internal states and reliance on proxies.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University (SWU), Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Zhongming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Bioimaging Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
authors.forename: Mengyun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University (SWU), Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaocui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University (SWU), Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Yijuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University (SWU), Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hitchman
authors.affiliation: Bioimaging Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China. Electronic address: zhenyuan@umac.mo.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D009129:Muscle Tonus / Q000502:physiology; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012649:Self Concept; D064232:Visual Analog Scale; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Obsessive-compulsive tendencies; Proxy; Reliance; Self-perception effect; Undermined confidence