title: Green and facile method for the recovery of spent Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) based Lithium ion batteries.
abstract: The research reports a novel green method to use citrus fruits for the management of spent NMC based lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Citrus fruit juice (CJ) can provide an excellent chemical combination to remove the binder and support the leaching with efficiency in between 94% to 100%. CJ have many advantages in LIBs recycling as an economic and green method due to rich in many organic acids like citric and malic acid as complexing agents with ascorbic acid and citrus flavonoids, for the reduction of many heavy metals. Application of CJ can avoid the use of N-Methylpyrrolidine, γ-Butyrolactone, dimethylformamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide like toxic solvents commonly used for peeling off Al/Cu. Furthermore, counterions (like Na+, Mg+, Ca2+) present in CJ was responsible for the improvement in the leaching efficiency of organic acids. A mechanistic pattern of the overall reaction was also proposed and duly supported by various spectroscopic techniques. Binder removal experiment was supported by analytical techniques like XRD, XRF, IR, and FE-SEM, while the metal concentration was monitored by using ICP-MS analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh 176215, India. Electronic address: dpant2003@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pant
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh 176215, India.
authors.forename: Tenzin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dolker
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry; D003035:Cobalt / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology / Q000379:methods*; D008094:Lithium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008345:Manganese / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D059027:Recycling / Q000379:methods*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D008670:Metals; D010087:Oxides; C488552:lithium manganese oxide; D003035:Cobalt; D008345:Manganese; D009532:Nickel; D008094:Lithium; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; C060728:cobalt oxide
keywords: Binder removal; Citrus fruit; Counterion; Flavonoids; Lithium ion batteries