title: Under-reporting of sputum smear-positive tuberculosis cases in Kenya.
abstract: Although an estimated three million tuberculosis (TB) cases worldwide are missed by national TB programs annually, the level of under-reporting of diagnosed cases in high TB burden settings is largely unknown.
  
  
  
  To quantify and describe under-reporting of sputum smear-positive TB cases in Kenya.
  
  
  
  A national-level retrospective TB inventory study was conducted. All sputum smear-positive TB cases diagnosed by public or private laboratories during 1 April-30 June 2013 were extracted from laboratory registers in 73 randomly sampled subcounties and matched to TB cases in the national TB surveillance system (TIBU). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted.
  
  
  
  In the subcounties sampled, 715 of 3409 smear-positive TB cases in laboratory registers were not found in TIBU. The estimated level of under-reporting of smear-positive TB cases in Kenya was 20.7% (95%CI 18.4-23.0). Under-reporting was greatest in subcounties with a high TB burden. Unreported cases were more likely to be patients aged ⩾55 years, have scanty smear results, and be diagnosed at large facilities, private facilities, and facilities in high TB burden regions.
  
  
  
  In Kenya, one fifth of smear-positive TB cases diagnosed during the study period went unreported, suggesting that the true TB burden is higher than reported. TB surveillance in Kenya should be strengthened to ensure all diagnosed TB cases are reported.
authors.affiliation: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tollefson
authors.affiliation: National Tuberculosis, Leprosy, and Lung Disease Program, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ngari
authors.affiliation: National Tuberculosis, Leprosy, and Lung Disease Program, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mwakala
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gethi
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kipruto
authors.affiliation: CDC, Kisumu, Kenya.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cain
authors.affiliation: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bloss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017281:Cost of Illness; D018563:Disease Notification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents