title: Macrosomia.
abstract: Fetal macrosomia is defined as birth weight >4000 g and is associated with several maternal and fetal complications such as maternal birth canal trauma, shoulder dystocia, and perinatal asphyxia. Early identification of risk factors could allow preventive measures to be taken to avoid adverse perinatal outcomes. Prenatal diagnosis is based on two-dimensional ultrasound formulae, but accuracy is low, particularly at advanced gestation. Three-dimensional ultrasound could be an alternative to soft tissue monitoring, allowing better prediction of birth weight than two-dimensional ultrasound. In this article, we describe the definition, risk factors, diagnosis, prevention, ultrasound monitoring, prenatal care, and delivery in fetal macrosomia cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Paulista School of Medicine - Federal University of São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo-SP, Brazil. Electronic address: araujojred@terra.com.br.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Araujo Júnior
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Paulista School of Medicine - Federal University of São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alberto Borges
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Peixoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Paulista School of Medicine - Federal University of São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Cristina Perez
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Zamarian
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Paulista School of Medicine - Federal University of São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Júlio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Elito Júnior
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guastalla Civil Hospital, AUSL Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tonni
mesh_terms: D001720:Birth Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002585:Cesarean Section; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D004420:Dystocia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005311:Fetal Hypoxia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007751:Labor, Induced; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care; D013997:Time Factors; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
keywords: birth weight; fetal macrosomia; gestational diabetes mellitus; induction of labor; shoulder dystocia; three-dimensional ultrasound; two-dimensional ultrasound