title: Polydatin attenuates d-galactose-induced liver and brain damage through its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in mice.
abstract: Accumulating evidence has shown that chronic injection of d-galactose (d-gal) can mimic natural aging, with accompanying liver and brain injury. Oxidative stress and apoptosis play a vital role in the aging process. In this study, the antioxidant ability of polydatin (PD) was investigated using four established in vitro systems. An in vivo study was also conducted to investigate the possible protective effect of PD on d-gal-induced liver and brain damage. The results showed that PD had remarkable in vitro free radical scavenging activity on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH˙), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+˙) radical ions, and hydroxyl and superoxide anions. Results in vivo indicated that, in a group treated with d-gal plus PD, PD remarkably decreased the depression of body weight and organ indexes, reduced the levels of the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alleviated alterations in liver and brain histopathology. PD also significantly decreased the level of MDA and elevated SOD, GSH-Px, CAT activity and T-AOC levels in the liver and brain. In addition, the levels of inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in serum were markedly reduced after PD treatment. Western blotting results revealed that PD treatment noticeably attenuated the d-gal-induced elevation of Bcl-2/Bax ratio and caspase-3 protein expression in liver and brain. Overall, our findings indicate that PD treatment could effectively attenuate d-gal-induced liver and brain damage, and the mechanism might be associated with decreasing the oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis caused by d-gal. PD holds good potential for further development into a promising pharmaceutical candidate for the treatment of age-associated diseases.
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China. suziren@126.com.
authors.forename: Lie-Qiang
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China. suziren@126.com.
authors.forename: You-Liang
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China. suziren@126.com.
authors.forename: Shu-Hua
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Gui
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China. suziren@126.com.
authors.forename: Xie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China. suziren@126.com.
authors.forename: Zhi-Zhun
authors.initials: ZZ
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, P.R. China. xiejianhui888@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Chao-Yue
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China. suziren@126.com.
authors.forename: Cai-Lan
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China. suziren@126.com.
authors.forename: Dan-Dan
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China. suziren@126.com.
authors.forename: Zhen-Biao
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China. suziren@126.com.
authors.forename: Zi-Ren
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, P.R. China. xiejianhui888@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jian-Hui
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016207:Cytokines; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005690:Galactose / Q000633:toxicity*; D005960:Glucosides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008099:Liver; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D005960:Glucosides; D013267:Stilbenes; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005690:Galactose; C058229:polydatin