title: At the Roots of The World Health Organization's Challenges: Politics and Regionalization.
abstract: The World Health Organization's (WHO's) leadership challenges can be traced to its first decades of existence. Central to its governance and practice is regionalization: the division of its member countries into regions, each representing 1 geographical or cultural area. The particular composition of each region has varied over time-reflecting political divisions and especially decolonization. Currently, the 194 member countries belong to 6 regions: the Americas (35 countries), Europe (53 countries), the Eastern Mediterranean (21 countries), South-East Asia (11 countries), the Western Pacific (27 countries), and Africa (47 countries). The regions have considerable autonomy with their own leadership, budget, and priorities. This regional organization has been controversial since its beginnings in the first days of WHO, when representatives of the European countries believed that each country should have a direct relationship with the headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, whereas others (especially the United States) argued in favor of the regionalization plan. Over time, regional directors have inevitably challenged the WHO directors-general over their degree of autonomy, responsibilities and duties, budgets, and national composition; similar tensions have occurred within regions. This article traces the historical roots of these challenges.
authors.affiliation: Elizabeth Fee is with the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Marcos Cueto is with Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Theodore M. Brown is with the Departments of History and Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY. Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown are also AJPH editors.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fee
authors.affiliation: Elizabeth Fee is with the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Marcos Cueto is with Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Theodore M. Brown is with the Departments of History and Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY. Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown are also AJPH editors.
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cueto
authors.affiliation: Elizabeth Fee is with the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Marcos Cueto is with Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Theodore M. Brown is with the Departments of History and Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY. Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown are also AJPH editors.
authors.forename: Theodore M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D019049:Developed Countries / Q000266:history; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000266:history; D005061:Europe, Eastern; D014943:Global Health; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D011057:Politics; D014586:USSR; D014481:United States; D014944:World Health Organization / Q000191:economics / Q000266:history* / Q000458:organization & administration*