title: Effect of toothbrushing duration and dentifrice quantity on enamel remineralisation: An in situ randomized clinical trial.
abstract: The influence of toothbrushing duration and dentifrice quantity on fluoride efficacy against dental caries is poorly understood. This study investigated effects of these two oral hygiene factors on enamel remineralisation (measured as surface microhardness recovery [SMHR]), enamel fluoride uptake (EFU), and net acid resistance (NAR) post-remineralisation in a randomized clinical study using an in situ caries model.
  
  
  
  Subjects (n=63) wore their partial dentures holding partially demineralised human enamel specimens and brushed twice-daily for two weeks, following each of five regimens: brushing for 120 or 45s with 1.5g of 1150ppm F (as NaF) dentifrice; for 120 or 45s with 0.5g of this dentifrice; and for 120s with 1.5g of 250ppm F (NaF) dentifrice.
  
  
  
  Comparing brushing for 120s against brushing for 45s, SMHR and EFU increased by 20.0% and 26.9% respectively when 1.5g dentifrice was used; and by 22.8% and 19.9% respectively when 0.5g dentifrice was used. Comparing brushing with 1.5g against brushing with 0.5g dentifrice, SMHR and EFU increased by 35.3% and 51.3% respectively when brushing for 120s, and by 38.4% and 43.0% respectively when brushing for 45s. Increasing brushing duration and dentifrice quantity also increased the NAR value. The effects of these two oral hygiene factors on SMHR, EFU, and NAR were statistically significant (p<0.05 in all cases).
  
  
  
  Brushing duration and dentifrice quantity have the potential to influence the anti-caries effectiveness of fluoride dentifrices. Study NCT01563172 on ClinicalTrials.gov.
  
  
  
  The effect of two key oral hygiene regimen factors - toothbrushing duration and dentifrice quantity - on fluoride's anticaries effectiveness is unclear. This 2-week home-use in situ remineralisation clinical study showed both these factors can influence fluoride bioactivity, and so can potentially affect fluoride's ability to protect against caries.
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey, UK. Electronic address: jonathan.e.creeth@gsk.com.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Creeth
authors.affiliation: Oral Health Research Institute, School of Dentistry, 415 Lansing Street, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA. Electronic address: sakelly@iu.edu.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Oral Health Research Institute, School of Dentistry, 415 Lansing Street, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA. Electronic address: carlosgc@umich.edu.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González-Cabezas
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, 5 Golf Course Road, Gurgaon, Haryana, India. Electronic address: ritu.y.karwal@gsk.com.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karwal
authors.affiliation: Oral Health Research Institute, School of Dentistry, 415 Lansing Street, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA. Electronic address: esmartin@iu.edu.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Martinez-Mier
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey, UK. Electronic address: richard.j.lynch@gsk.com.
authors.forename: R J M
authors.initials: RJM
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, St George's Avenue, Weybridge, Surrey, UK. Electronic address: marylynnbosma@gmail.com.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bosma
authors.affiliation: Oral Health Research Institute, School of Dentistry, 415 Lansing Street, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA. Electronic address: dzero@iu.edu.
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Zero
mesh_terms: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D003731:Dental Caries; D003743:Dental Enamel; D003802:Dentifrices; D005459:Fluorides; D006801:Humans; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D014089:Tooth Remineralization; D014099:Toothbrushing
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D003802:Dentifrices; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Caries; Dental; Dental hygiene; Fluorides; Time factors; Tooth; Toothpastes; Topical