title: Protective Effects of S-Adenosylmethionine and Its Combinations With Taurine and/or Betaine Against Lipopolysaccharide or Polyinosinic-polycytidylic Acid-induced Acute Hepatotoxicity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several mechanisms for the pathogenesis of many liver diseases are related with oxidative stress, endotoxins, and infections by many microorganisms. These can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and even liver cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) and its combinations with taurine and/or betaine against hepatotoxicites induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C).
  
  
  METHODS
  RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and seven-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with SAMe (SAM or AdoMet), taurine, and/or betaine. In order to mimic hepatic injury like endotoxemia or viral infection, cells and mice were treated with LPS or polyI:C. Concentrations of glutathione (GSH), mRNA expressions of GSH synthesizing enzymes, and inflammatory markers were measured by biochemical assays and quantitative real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In RAW 264.7 cells and mice, pretreatment of SAMe alone or SAMe with taurine and/or betaine attenuated the decrease in GSH levels and mRNA expressions of GSH synthesizing enzymes. In addition, pretreatment of SAMe with taurine and/or betaine prevented the excessive increase in inflammatory mediators produced by LPS or polyI:C treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with SAMe in combination with taurine and betaine, would have anti-oxidant functions in addition to anti-inflammatory action against bacterial and/or viral inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seo Yeon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kwang Suk
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Ko
keywords: Betaine; Lipopolysaccharides; Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid; S-adenosylmethionine; Taurine