title: Leadership and management in UK medical school curricula.
abstract: Purpose Although medical leadership and management (MLM) is increasingly being recognised as important to improving healthcare outcomes, little is understood about current training of medical students in MLM skills and behaviours in the UK. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative study used validated structured interviews with expert faculty members from medical schools across the UK to ascertain MLM framework integration, teaching methods employed, evaluation methods and barriers to improvement. Findings Data were collected from 25 of the 33 UK medical schools (76 per cent response rate), with 23/25 reporting that MLM content is included in their curriculum. More medical schools assessed MLM competencies on admission than at any other time of the curriculum. Only 12 schools had evaluated MLM teaching at the time of data collection. The majority of medical schools reported barriers, including overfilled curricula and reluctance of staff to teach. Whilst 88 per cent of schools planned to increase MLM content over the next two years, there was a lack of consensus on proposed teaching content and methods. Research limitations/implications There is widespread inclusion of MLM in UK medical schools' curricula, despite the existence of barriers. This study identified substantial heterogeneity in MLM teaching and assessment methods which does not meet students' desired modes of delivery. Examples of national undergraduate MLM teaching exist worldwide, and lessons can be taken from these. Originality/value This is the first national evaluation of MLM in undergraduate medical school curricula in the UK, highlighting continuing challenges with executing MLM content despite numerous frameworks and international examples of successful execution.
authors.affiliation: Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jefferies
authors.affiliation: GKT School of Medical Education, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ibrahim H N
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Sheriff
authors.affiliation: College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Jacob H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medical Leadership and Management, London, UK.
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jagger
authors.affiliation: St George's Medical School, University of London , London, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medical Leadership and Management, London, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lees
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Leadership, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Spurgeon
authors.affiliation: School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Daniel Mark
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6227-9930
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Fountain
authors.affiliation: Medical School, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oldman
authors.affiliation: Medical School, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Habib
authors.affiliation: Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Azam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saied
authors.affiliation: College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Court
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Education, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
authors.forename: Marilena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giannoudi
authors.affiliation: Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK.
authors.forename: Meelad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sayma
authors.affiliation: Manchester Medical School, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cork
authors.affiliation: University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Olamide
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Olatokun
authors.affiliation: Medical School, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Devine
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Phoebe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK.
authors.forename: Rafail Angelos
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kotronias
authors.affiliation: Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gardiner
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Rory T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Buckle
authors.affiliation: University of Oxford Medical School, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Ross J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.affiliation: St George’s Medical School, University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Usman
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Goga
mesh_terms: D003479:Curriculum; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007857:Leadership; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012577:Schools, Medical / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Curriculum; Leadership; Management; Medical leadership and management; Medical management; Medical schools