title: Lateral gene transfer, bacterial genome evolution, and the Anthropocene.
abstract: Lateral gene transfer (LGT) has significantly influenced bacterial evolution since the origins of life. It helped bacteria generate flexible, mosaic genomes and enables individual cells to rapidly acquire adaptive phenotypes. In turn, this allowed bacteria to mount strong defenses against human attempts to control their growth. The widespread dissemination of genes conferring resistance to antimicrobial agents has precipitated a crisis for modern medicine. Our actions can promote increased rates of LGT and also provide selective forces to fix such events in bacterial populations. For instance, the use of selective agents induces the bacterial SOS response, which stimulates LGT. We create hotspots for lateral transfer, such as wastewater systems, hospitals, and animal production facilities. Conduits of gene transfer between humans and animals ensure rapid dissemination of recent transfer events, as does modern transport and globalization. As resistance to antibacterial compounds becomes universal, there is likely to be increasing selection pressure for phenotypes with adverse consequences for human welfare, such as enhanced virulence, pathogenicity, and transmission. Improved understanding of the ecology of LGT could help us devise strategies to control this fundamental evolutionary process.
authors.affiliation: Genes to Geoscience Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Gillings
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000235:genetics; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D017753:Ecosystem; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D010641:Phenotype
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial
keywords: antibiotic resistance; horizontal gene transfer; microbial ecology; mobile DNA; resistome