title: Efficacy and risk profile of anti-diabetic therapies: Conventional vs traditional drugs-A mechanistic revisit to understand their mode of action.
abstract: An increasing array of anti-diabetic drugs are available today, yet Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) - remains a life threatening disease, causing high mortality and morbidity in developing and developed countries. As of now, no effective therapy is available for the complete eradication/cure of diabetes and its associated complications. Therefore, it is time to re-think and revisit molecular pathways and targets of each existing drug in order to identify multiple targets from different signaling pathways that may be manipulated simultaneously to treat or manage T2DM effectively. Bearing this goal in mind, the article reviews the mechanisms of action of available anti-diabetic drugs with in-depth mechanistic analysis of each therapy. The conventional and herbal strategies are analysed and compared for their benefits and the associated possible side effects. This critical information is necessary not only for the development of better, novel and potent anti-diabetic therapy in future but also for best possible combinational therapies and strategies with the available drugs.
authors.affiliation: Skeletal Muscle Lab, University College, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India.
authors.forename: Prachi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Skeletal Muscle Lab, University College, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India.
authors.forename: Manju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bala
authors.affiliation: Skeletal Muscle Lab, University College, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India.
authors.forename: Sanjeev
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Skeletal Muscle Lab, University College, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dua
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dabur
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cedarville University, Cedarville, OH, 45314, USA.
authors.forename: Elisha
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Injeti
authors.affiliation: Skeletal Muscle Lab, University College, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India. Electronic address: mittala@kuk.ac.in.
authors.forename: Ashwani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mittal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012306:Risk; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents
keywords: Acarbose (PubChem CID: 41774); Alogliptin (PubChem CID: 11450633); Anti-diabetic drugs; Canagliflozin (PubChem CID: 24812758); Dapagliflozin (PubChem CID: 9887712); Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; Exenatide (PubChem CID: 56927919); Gliclazide (PubChem CID: 3475); Glimepiride (PubChem CID: 3476); Glyburide (PubChem CID: 3488); Linagliptin (PubChem CID: 10096344); Liraglutide (PubChem CID: 16134956); Lixisenatide (PubChem CID: 90472060); Metformin; Metformin (PubChem CID: 4091); Miglitol (PubChem CID: 441314); Nateglinide (PubChem CID: 5311309); Phlorizin (PubChem CID: 6072); Phyto-drugs; Pioglitazone (PubChem CID: 4829); Pramlintide (PubChem CID: 16132446); Repaglinide (PubChem CID: 65981); Resveratrol (PubChem CID: 91745415); Rosiglitazone (PubChem CID: 77999); SGLT2; Saxagliptin (PubChem CID: 11243969); Sitagliptin (PubChem CID: 4369359); Sulfonylureas; Taspoglutide (PubChem CID: 56842233); Teneligliptin (PubChem CID: 11949652); Thiazolidinediones; Tolbutamide (PubChem CID: 5505); Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Vildagliptin (PubChem CID: 6918537); Voglibose (PubChem CID: 444020); miRNAs