title: [Acute scaphoid fractures : Management under consideration of the new S3-level guideline].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Scaphoid fractures represent the most common carpal fractures and are often problematic and frequently lead to nonunion with osteoarthritis and collapse of the wrist. The reasons for the nonunion are manifold. Therefore, the main goal of diagnosis and therapy of acute fractures is to achieve bony union and to restore the anatomic shape of the scaphoid. In the long run, only this can preserve the normal function of the wrist.
  
  
  METHODS
  The given recommendations are based on the new S3-level guideline of the AWMF (Association of the Scientific Medical Societies). This guideline was established with involvement of all relevant medical societies based on a comprehensive and systematic review of the literature and after a process of formal consent. The focus of the guideline is recommendations regarding diagnosis and therapy of acute scaphoid fractures.
  After careful clinical examination consequent imaging must be performed, starting with X‑rays in three standard projections. Computed tomography is indispensable for proof of a fracture and for therapy planning. The classification of Herbert and Krimmer is based on the CT under special consideration of instability and displacement of the fracture. Thus, indication for operative and non-operative treatment is mainly CT-dependent. Non-operative treatment may be indicated only for stable fractures (type A). However, operative treatment is strongly recommended for all unstable fractures (type B). For fixation, double-threaded headless screws are preferred. The operative technique depends on the fracture morphology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diagnosis and therapy of acute scaphoid fractures are primarily aimed at the prevention of nonunion and arthritic carpal collapse with painful impairment of the wrist function. To achieve this, the S3-level guideline contains explicit recommendations.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Unfallchirurgie, Orthopädie und Handchirurgie, Städtische Kliniken Neuss, Lukaskrankenhaus GmbH, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Preußenstraße 84, 41464, Neuss, Deutschland. schaehoe@gmail.com.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schädel-Höpfner
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Hand-, Plastische und Rekonstruktive Chirurgie, Schwerbrandverletztenzentrum, BG Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Deutschland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bickert
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Unfallchirurgie und Orthopädische Chirurgie, Klinikum Kassel GmbH, Kassel, Deutschland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dumont
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Orthopädische Chirurgie, Klinikum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Deutschland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laier
authors.affiliation: , Offenburg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Hand-, Plastische, Rekonstruktive und Verbrennungschirurgie, BG Unfallklinik Tübingen, Tübingen, Deutschland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nusche
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Handchirurgie, Rhön-Klinikum Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt, Deutschland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pillukat
authors.affiliation: Institut für Radiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Deutschland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Herz- und Gefäßklinik GmbH, Rhön-Klinikum Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt, Deutschland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Plastische und Handchirurgie, Brandverletztenzentrum, BG-Kliniken Bergmannstrost, Halle/Saale, Deutschland.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Siemers
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Unfallchirurgie, HELIOS Hanseklinikum Stralsund, Stralsund, Deutschland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zach
authors.affiliation: Orthopädische Chirurgie München, München, Deutschland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jung
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000592:standards*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000592:standards*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D021361:Scaphoid Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Bone fractures; Diagnosis and examinations; Guideline; Os scaphoideum; Therapy