title: Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin and its Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Brain Regions: Differential Findings in AD with and without Depression.
abstract: Co-existing depression worsens Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a newly identified (neuro)inflammatory mediator in the pathophysiologies of both AD and depression. This study aimed to compare NGAL levels in healthy controls, AD without depression (AD-D), and AD with co-existing depression (AD+D) patients. Protein levels of NGAL and its receptors, 24p3R and megalin, were assessed in nine brain regions from healthy controls (n = 19), AD-D (n = 19), and AD+D (n = 21) patients. NGAL levels in AD-D patients were significantly increased in brain regions commonly associated with AD. In the hippocampus, NGAL levels were even further increased in AD+D subjects. Unexpectedly, NGAL levels in the prefrontal cortex of AD+D patients were comparable to those in controls. Megalin levels were increased in BA11 and amygdala of AD+D patients, while no changes in 24p3R were detected. These findings indicate significant differences in neuroimmunological regulation between AD patients with and without co-existing depression. Considering its known effects, elevated NGAL levels might actively promote neuropathological processes in AD with and without depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Doortje W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dekens
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Petrus J W
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Naudé
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA), Antwerp, Belgium.|Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sebastiaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Engelborghs
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.|Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Yannick
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Vermeiren
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.|Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Debby
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Dam
authors.affiliation: University Center of Psychiatry & Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology of Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Oude Voshaar
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.|University Center of Psychiatry & Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology of Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ulrich L M
authors.initials: UL
authors.lastname: Eisel
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA), Antwerp, Belgium.|Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: De Deyn
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000071068:Lipocalin-2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D026561:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D026561:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-2; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface
keywords: 24p3R; Alzheimer’s disease; NGAL; depression; hippocampus; inflammation; lipocalin 2; megalin