title: Contamination by Norovirus and Adenovirus on Environmental Surfaces and in Hands of Conscripts in Two Finnish Garrisons.
abstract: This study investigated the presence of norovirus and adenovirus, especially enteric adenovirus, on the environmental surfaces (n = 481) and military conscripts' hands (n = 109) in two Finnish garrisons (A and B) in 2013 and 2014. A questionnaire study was conducted to reveal possible correlations between viral findings on the conscripts' hands and their acute gastroenteritis symptoms. In addition to the swab samples, 14 fecal samples were obtained for viral analysis. In total, norovirus was present in 9.0 % of the surface swabs in 2013, whereas enteric adenovirus was present in 0.0 % and non-enteric adenovirus in 9.4 %. In the same year, 2.6 % of the hand swabs contained norovirus, 2.6 % enteric adenovirus, and 40.3 % non-enteric adenovirus. Norovirus GI.6 was continually detected on the surfaces of garrison A, and identical virus was detected in some of the fecal samples. In garrison B, two slightly different norovirus GII.4 strains were present on the surfaces. The questionnaires revealed no recent acute gastroenteritis cases in garrison A, but in garrison B, where the norovirus-positive hand swabs were collected, 30.6 % of the conscripts reported of recent symptoms. In 2014, norovirus was rarely detected, but adenovirus was again frequently present, both on the surfaces and hands. Taken together, our results suggest that gastroenteritis outbreaks occurred in 2013, but not in 2014. Due to the low number of hand swabs positive for enteric viruses, no conclusions about associations between viral findings and gastroenteritis symptoms could be drawn. This study increased our understanding of the possible transmission of viruses via contaminated environment and hands.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland. satu.oristo@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Satu
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6638-8691
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oristo
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.|Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rönnqvist
authors.affiliation: Centre for Military Medicine, Tukholmankatu 8 A, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aho
authors.affiliation: Centre for Military Medicine, Tukholmankatu 8 A, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Ava
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sovijärvi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Military Medicine, Tukholmankatu 8 A, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tuula
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hannila-Handelberg
authors.affiliation: Finnish Defence Command Logistics Division, Fabianinkatu 2, 00130, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hörman
authors.affiliation: Centre for Military Medicine, Tukholmankatu 8 A, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Simo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nikkari
authors.affiliation: Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.|Centre for Military Medicine, Tukholmankatu 8 A, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Paula M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kinnunen
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maunula
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000257:Adenoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005387:Finland; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D006225:Hand / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D029322:Norovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*
keywords: Adenovirus; Environmental contamination; Gastroenteritis; Norovirus; Questionnaire; Surface swab