title: 1H-NMR-based metabolomic study on toxicity of methomyl and methidathion in fish.
abstract: A1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with multivariate analysis was applied to detect the toxicity of antiacetylcholinesterase insecticides, methomyl (methyl (1E)-N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)ethanimidothioate) and methidathion (3-(dimethoxyphosphinothioyl sulfanylmethyl)-5-methoxy-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-one), using zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Chinese bleak (Aphyocypris chinensis). Generally, methomyl and methidathion have been believed not to highly accumulate in fish tissues. However, these pesticides showed their toxicity by altering patterns of whole-body metabolites in neurotransmitter balance, energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and muscle maintenance in low concentrations. We used Pearson correlation analysis to contextualize the metabolic markers in pesticide treated groups. We observed that the positive correlations of choline with acetate and betaine in untreated control were shifted to null correlations showing acetylcholinesterase specific toxicity. This research demonstrated the applicability and potential of NMR metabolomics in detecting toxic effects of insecticide with a modicum of concentrations in aquatic environment.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry , Center for Proteome Biophysics and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University , Busan , Korea.
authors.forename: Dahye
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: b National Forensic Service Busan Institute , Yangsan-si , Korea.
authors.forename: Siwon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry , Center for Proteome Biophysics and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University , Busan , Korea.
authors.forename: Minji
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry , Center for Proteome Biophysics and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University , Busan , Korea.
authors.forename: Changshin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: a Department of Chemistry , Center for Proteome Biophysics and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University , Busan , Korea.
authors.forename: Suhkmann
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D008724:Methomyl / Q000633:toxicity*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010575:Pesticides / Q000378:metabolism; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds; D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008724:Methomyl; C005828:methidathion
keywords: 1H NMR spectroscopy; Chinese bleak (Aphyocypris chinensis); metabolomics; methidathion; methomyl; zebrafish (Danio rerio)