title: Betalains increase vitexin-2-O-xyloside cytotoxicity in CaCo-2 cancer cells.
abstract: Vitexin-2-O-xyloside (XVX) from Beta vulgaris var. cicla L. (BVc) seeds, betaxanthin (R1) and betacyanin (R2) fractions from Beta vulgaris var. rubra L. (BVr) roots were combined and tested for cytotoxicity in CaCo-2 colon cancer cells. XVX was the most cytotoxic molecule, but the combination of XVX with R1 and R2 significantly prolonged its cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity was mediated by the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, as shown by an increase in Bcl2-like protein 4, cleaved Poly ADP-Ribosyl Polymerase 1 and cleaved Caspase 3 levels with a parallel decrease in anti-apoptotic protein B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 levels. R1 and R2, used alone or in combination, reduced oxidative stress triggered by H2O2in CaCo-2 cells. Betalains dampened cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin-8 mRNA expression after lipopolysaccharide induction in CaCo-2, showing an anti-inflammatory action. Our results support the use of a cocktail of R1, R2 and XVX as a chemopreventive tool against colon cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Farabegoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", 61029 Urbino, Italy.
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Scarpa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", 61029 Urbino, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frati
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", 61029 Urbino, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Serafini
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papi
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spisni
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", 61029 Urbino, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Antonini
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", 61029 Urbino, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benedetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", 61029 Urbino, Italy. Electronic address: paolino.ninfali@uniurb.it.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ninfali
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D027461:Beta vulgaris / Q000737:chemistry*; D050858:Betalains / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018890:Chemoprevention; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006027:Glycosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; D005419:Flavonoids; D006027:Glycosides; D016209:Interleukin-8; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C118687:PARP4 protein, human; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C586695:vitexin-2-O-xyloside; D050858:Betalains; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3
keywords: Antitumoral activity; Beta vulgaris; Betalains; CaCo-2 cancer cell line; Nutraceutical products; Vitexin-2-O-xyloside