title: Preschool executive control and sleep problems in early adolescence.
abstract: Although numerous studies have documented the effects of sleep loss on executive control (EC) and related abilities, research examining the impact of early EC on subsequent sleep problems is lacking. Therefore, the current study reports on a longitudinal investigation of EC in preschool as a predictor of sleep-wake problems and daytime sleepiness in early adolescence.
  
  
  
  The participants were 141 children (48.6% female) recruited from the community for a longitudinal study spanning preschool through early adolescence, with an oversampling for high sociodemographic risk (34.1% based on eligibility for public medical insurance, free or reduced lunch status, or family income-to-needs below the federal poverty line).
  
  
  
  Participants completed a battery of developmentally appropriate tasks assessing major aspects of EC (working memory, inhibitory control, flexible shifting) during a laboratory visit at age 4 years, 6 months. Participants also completed a follow-up session in early adolescence (between ages 11 years and 13.5 years; mean age = 11.82 years, SD = .62 years), during which they completed self-report measures of sleep-wake problems and daytime sleepiness.
  
  
  
  Structural equation modeling results indicate that preschool EC (represented by a single latent construct) significantly negatively predicted both sleep-wake problems and daytime sleepiness in early adolescence, with poorer EC predicting greater subsequent sleep problems.
  
  
  
  Poorer EC abilities during the critical period of preschool may be a risk factor for later sleep problems in adolescence. Given that EC appears to be modifiable, early interventions to promote EC development may help prevent subsequent sleep problems and promote long-term health trajectories.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska.
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska.
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kidwell
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska.
authors.forename: Maren
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hankey
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska.|b Office of Research, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska.
authors.forename: Jennifer Mize
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska.|c Department of Psychology , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona.
authors.forename: Kimberly Andrews
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Espy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*