title: Wnt signaling contributes to vascular calcification by induction of matrix metalloproteinases.
abstract: Vascular calcifications such as arteriosclerosis, which is characterized by a calcificiation of the tunica media, represent major comorbidities e.g. in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). An essential step during the development of arteriosclerosis is the transdifferentiation/calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) resembling osteogenesis. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and -9 were shown to promote these VSMC calcifications and their inhibition is of therapeutic value to prevent arteriosclerosis in preclinical studies. Aiming for an understanding of the underlying regulatory mechanisms of MMPs we here investigated, if the MMP-mediated VSMC calcification involves altered signaling of the Wnt pathway, which is known to impact osteogenesis.
  
  
  
  We used an experimental in vitro model of vascular calcification. Transdifferentiation/calcification of murine VSMC was induced by elevated calcium and phosphorus levels. Calcification was assessed by calcium and alkaline phosphatase measurements. Activation/activity of the gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 was assessed by conversion of fluorescence-labelled substrates. Activation of the Wnt pathway was analysed by a reporter gene assay.
  
  
  
  Besides pro-calcifying culture conditions, also activation of Wnt signaling by a specific agonist (under normal culture conditions) stimulated VSMC-calcification accompanied by enhanced expression and secretion of the gelatinases MMP-2 and -9. Vice versa, recombinant MMP-2 and -9 induced a time-delayed activation of Wnt signaling after 72 h in VSMC but showed no direct effects after 24-48 h. These effects were blocked by pharmacological inhibition of MMPs or of Wnt signaling.
  
  
  
  Our study suggests that the pro-calcifying environment in CKD induces Wnt signaling in VSMC which in turn contributes to the induction of MMPs which then foster the development of arteriosclerosis. Thus, besides MMP inhibition, the inhibition of Wnt signaling in VSMC might represent a therapeutic target for the prevention of vascular calcifications.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - University Medicine, Campus Mitte, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115, Berlin, Germany. christian.freise@charite.de.|Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Charité - University Medicine, Campus Virchow Clinic, 13353, Berlin, Germany. christian.freise@charite.de.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2602-226X
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Freise
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - University Medicine, Campus Mitte, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115, Berlin, Germany.|Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Charité - University Medicine, Campus Virchow Clinic, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Nadja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kretzschmar
authors.affiliation: Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité - University Medicine, Campus Mitte, Hessische Str. 3-4, 10115, Berlin, Germany.|Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Charité - University Medicine, Campus Virchow Clinic, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Querfeld
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054338:Cell Transdifferentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D051379:Mice; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D060449:Wnt Signaling Pathway / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012313:RNA; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases
keywords: Chronic kidney disease; MOVAS-1; Matrix metalloproteinases; Vascular calcification; Vascular smooth muscle cells; Wnt pathway