title: Nonconventional localizations of cytosolic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in yeast and human cells.
abstract: By definition, cytosolic aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) should be restricted to the cytosol of eukaryotic cells where they supply translating ribosomes with their aminoacyl-tRNA substrates. However, it has been shown that other translationally-active compartments like mitochondria and plastids can simultaneously contain the cytosolic aaRS and its corresponding organellar ortholog suggesting that both forms do not share the same organellar function. In addition, a fair number of cytosolic aaRSs have also been found in the nucleus of cells from several species. Hence, these supposedly cytosolic-restricted enzymes have instead the potential to be multi-localized. As expected, in all examples that were studied so far, when the cytosolic aaRS is imported inside an organelle that already contains its bona fide corresponding organellar-restricted aaRSs, the cytosolic form was proven to exert a nonconventional and essential function. Some of these essential functions include regulating homeostasis and protecting against various stresses. It thus becomes critical to assess meticulously the subcellular localization of each of these cytosolic aaRSs to unravel their additional roles. With this objective in mind, we provide here a review on what is currently known about cytosolic aaRSs multi-compartmentalization and we describe all commonly used protocols and procedures for identifying the compartments in which cytosolic aaRSs relocalize in yeast and human cells.
authors.affiliation: Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, GMGM UMR 7156, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Debard
authors.affiliation: Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, GMGM UMR 7156, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Gaétan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.affiliation: Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, GMGM UMR 7156, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Johan-Owen
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: De Craene
authors.affiliation: IBMC-CNRS, Evolution des ARN non codants chez la levure, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, 15 rue René Descartes, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Ludovic
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Enkler
authors.affiliation: Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, GMGM UMR 7156, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Séverine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bär
authors.affiliation: Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, GMGM UMR 7156, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Daphné
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Laporte
authors.affiliation: Plateforme Protéomique Strasbourg-Esplanade, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, FRC 1589, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hammann
authors.affiliation: Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, GMGM UMR 7156, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Evelyne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Myslinski
authors.affiliation: Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, GMGM UMR 7156, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Senger
authors.affiliation: Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, GMGM UMR 7156, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Friant
authors.affiliation: Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, GMGM UMR 7156, F-67000 Strasbourg, France. Electronic address: h.becker@unistra.fr.
authors.forename: Hubert Dominique
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000604:Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000906:Antibodies / Q000737:chemistry; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000379:methods; D002451:Cell Compartmentation; D002458:Cell Fractionation / Q000379:methods; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique / Q000379:methods; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D021381:Protein Transport; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000604:Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases
keywords: Fractionation; Human; MTS; Microscopy; NLS; Yeast; aaRS; tRNA