title: Dangers of rubber bullet use in crowd control.
abstract: Between 1970 and 1975, over 55 000 rubber bullets were fired in Northern Ireland, with an estimated death rate of one in 18 000 rounds used, and serious injury rate of one in 1,100 rounds. Low-velocity rubber bullets were used by Israeli police to control riots by Israeli-Arabs in early October, 2000. The authors of this paper, which included doctors and members of the Israeli police, aimed to establish the factors that contribute to severity of blunt and penetrating injuries caused by these missiles.