title: Complex responses of insect phenology to climate change.
abstract: Insect phenologies are changing in response to climate warming. Shifts toward earlier seasonal activity are widespread; however, responses of insect phenology to warming are often more complex. Many species have prolonged their activity periods; others have shown delays. Furthermore, because of interspecific differences in temperature sensitivity, warming can increase or decrease synchronization between insects and their food plants and natural enemies. Here, I review recent findings in three areas-shifts in phenology, changes in voltinism, and altered species interactions-and highlight counterintuitive responses to warming caused by the particularities of insect life cycles. Throughout, I emphasize how an appreciation of the evolutionary processes shaping insect life histories is necessary to forecast changes in insect phenology and their demographic consequences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada. Electronic address: jforrest@uottawa.ca.
authors.forename: Jessica Rk
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Forrest
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057231:Climate Change; D017753:Ecosystem; D007313:Insecta / Q000502:physiology*; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000502:physiology; D012621:Seasons; D013045:Species Specificity; D013696:Temperature