title: Vestibular feedback maintains reaching accuracy during body movement.
abstract: Reaching movements can be perturbed by vestibular input, but the function of this response is unclear. Here, we applied galvanic vestibular stimulation concurrently with real body movement while subjects maintained arm position either fixed in space or fixed with respect to their body. During the fixed-in-space conditions, galvanic vestibular stimulation caused large changes in arm trajectory consistent with a compensatory response to maintain upper-limb accuracy in the face of body movement. Galvanic vestibular stimulation responses were absent during the body-fixed task, demonstrating task dependency in vestibular control of the upper limb. The results suggest that the function of vestibular-evoked arm movements is to maintain the accuracy of the upper limb during unpredictable body movement, but only when reaching in an earth-fixed reference frame.
  
  
  
  When using our arms to interact with the world, unintended body motion can introduce movement error. A mechanism that could detect and compensate for such motion would be beneficial. Observations of arm movements evoked by vestibular stimulation provide some support for this mechanism. However, the physiological function underlying these artificially evoked movements is unclear from previous research. For such a mechanism to be functional, it should operate only when the arm is being controlled in an earth-fixed rather than a body-fixed reference frame. In the latter case, compensation would be unnecessary and even deleterious. To test this hypothesis, subjects were gently rotated in a chair while being asked to maintain their outstretched arm pointing towards either earth-fixed or body-fixed memorized targets. Galvanic vestibular stimulation was applied concurrently during rotation to isolate the influence of vestibular input, uncontaminated by inertial factors. During the earth-fixed task, galvanic vestibular stimulation produced large polarity-dependent corrections in arm position. These corrections mimicked those evoked when chair velocity was altered without any galvanic vestibular stimulation, indicating a compensatory arm response to a sensation of altered body motion. In stark contrast, corrections were completely absent during the body-fixed task, despite the same chair movement profile and arm posture. These effects persisted when we controlled for differences in limb kinematics between the two tasks. Our results demonstrate that vestibular control of the upper limb maintains reaching accuracy during unpredictable body motion. The observation that such responses occurred only when reaching within an earth-fixed reference frame confirms the functional nature of vestibular-evoked arm movement.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Craig P
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0869-0726
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Raymond F
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5031-3473
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D058585:Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials; D014722:Vestibule, Labyrinth / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: galvanic vestibular stimulation; upper-limb control; vestibular system