title: Trunk deformity evaluation based on 3D measurements of front body surface landmarks in people with severe physical disabilities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess reliability and validity of a trunk deformity evaluation method expressed as rotational and lateral lean angles between the upper and the lower trunk and between the lower trunk and the pelvis using 3D positions of six front body surface landmarks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inter- and intra-rater reliabilities of the proposed method in adults with typical development (n = 22) were assessed, and its validity was also assessed through correlations between the Cobb angle and the analyzed trunk deformity parameters in adults with severe physical disabilities (n = 22).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean differences between two raters and between the initial and second measures were within 2°. Moderate correlations were found between the Cobb angle and both the upper and the lower trunk lateral lean angle and the upper trunk rotation angle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed trunk deformity evaluation appears to be a reliable and valid approach for bedridden people with physical disabilities.
authors.affiliation: a School of Allied Health Sciences , Kitasato University , Sagamihara , Japan.
authors.forename: Haruhiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: b Department of Physical Therapy , Shin-Yurigaoka General Hospital , Kawasaki , Japan.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: a School of Allied Health Sciences , Kitasato University , Sagamihara , Japan.
authors.forename: Itaru
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ojima
authors.affiliation: c Institute for People with Disabilities , Sagamihara Ryoikuen, Sagamihara , Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukasawa
authors.affiliation: c Institute for People with Disabilities , Sagamihara Ryoikuen, Sagamihara , Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higuchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000473:pathology*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000070496:Kinanthropometry / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013121:Spinal Curvatures / Q000473:pathology*; D060726:Torso / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Cerebral palsy; geometric analysis; pelvic tilt; scoliosis; windswept hip deformity