title: First Steps into Language? Examining the Specific Longitudinal Relations between Walking, Exploration and Linguistic Skills.
abstract: Recent empirical evidence demonstrates relationships between motor and language development that are partially mediated by exploration. This is in line with the embodied cognition approach to development that views language as grounded in real-life sensorimotor interactions with the environment. This view implies that the relations between motor and linguistic skills should be specific. Moreover, as motor developmentinitiallychanges the possibilities children have to explore the environment, initial relations between motor and linguistic skills should become weaker over time. Empirical evidence pertaining to the duration and specificity of these relations is still lacking. The current study investigated longitudinal relations between attainment of walking and the development of several linguistic skills, and tested whether exploration through self-locomotion mediated these relations. Linguistic skills were measured at age 43 months, which is later than the age used in previous studies. Three hypotheses were tested: (1) the relations between walking and language found at younger ages will decrease over time (2) exploration through self-locomotion will remain an important predictor of spatial language (3) no relation will be found between walking, exploration and the use of grammatical and lexical categories and between exploration and general vocabulary. Thirty-one Dutch children took part in a longitudinal study. Parents reported about age of attainment of walking. Exploration through self-locomotion was measured using observations of play with a standard set of toys at age 20 months. Receptive vocabulary, spatial language and use of grammatical and lexical categories were measured at age 43 months using (standard) tests. Results reveal that age of walking does not directly predict spatial language at age 43 months. Exploration through self-locomotion does significantly and completely mediate the indirect effect of age of walking on spatial language. Moreover, neither age of walking nor exploration predict general vocabulary and the use of grammatical and lexical categories. Results support the idea that the initial relations between motor development and linguistic skills decrease over time and that these relations are specific and intrinsically dependent on the information children pick up through the execution of specific motor activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child, Family and Education Studies, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ora
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Oudgenoeg-Paz
authors.affiliation: Department of Child, Family and Education Studies, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: M Chiel J M
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Volman
authors.affiliation: Department of Child, Family and Education Studies, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paul P M
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Leseman
keywords: embodiment; exploration; independent walking; language development; motor milestones; spatial language