title: Tunable and label-free virus enrichment for ultrasensitive virus detection using carbon nanotube arrays.
abstract: Viral infectious diseases can erupt unpredictably, spread rapidly, and ravage mass populations. Although established methods, such as polymerase chain reaction, virus isolation, and next-generation sequencing have been used to detect viruses, field samples with low virus count pose major challenges in virus surveillance and discovery. We report a unique carbon nanotube size-tunable enrichment microdevice (CNT-STEM) that efficiently enriches and concentrates viruses collected from field samples. The channel sidewall in the microdevice was made by growing arrays of vertically aligned nitrogen-doped multiwalled CNTs, where the intertubular distance between CNTs could be engineered in the range of 17 to 325 nm to accurately match the size of different viruses. The CNT-STEM significantly improves detection limits and virus isolation rates by at least 100 times. Using this device, we successfully identified an emerging avian influenza virus strain [A/duck/PA/02099/2012(H11N9)] and a novel virus strain (IBDV/turkey/PA/00924/14). Our unique method demonstrates the early detection of emerging viruses and the discovery of new viruses directly from field samples, thus creating a universal platform for effectively remediating viral infectious diseases.
authors.affiliation: Micro and Nano Integrated Biosystem Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.; Penn State Material Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Yin-Ting
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1512-9267
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Aswathy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sebastian
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Archi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Nestor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Perea-Lopez
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.; Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Istvan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Huaguang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Penn State Material Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.; Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.; Department of Physics and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.; Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Terrones
authors.affiliation: Micro and Nano Integrated Biosystem Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.; Penn State Material Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.; Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.; Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Si-Yang
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000175:diagnosis*; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D014422:Turkeys
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon
keywords: N-doped; NGS; PCR; Virus; carbon nanotubes; enrichment; field samples; improved detection; influenza; sensor