title: In Vivo Near Infrared Virtual Intraoperative Surgical Photoacoustic Optical Coherence Tomography.
abstract: Since its first implementation in otolaryngological surgery nearly a century ago, the surgical microscope has improved the accuracy and the safety of microsurgeries. However, the microscope shows only a magnified surface view of the surgical region. To overcome this limitation, either optical coherence tomography (OCT) or photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has been independently combined with conventional surgical microscope. Herein, we present a near-infrared virtual intraoperative photoacoustic optical coherence tomography (NIR-VISPAOCT) system that combines both PAM and OCT with a conventional surgical microscope. Using optical scattering and absorption, the NIR-VISPAOCT system simultaneously provides surgeons with real-time comprehensive biological information such as tumor margins, tissue structure, and a magnified view of the region of interest. Moreover, by utilizing a miniaturized beam projector, it can back-project 2D cross-sectional PAM and OCT images onto the microscopic view plane. In this way, both microscopic and cross-sectional PAM and OCT images are concurrently displayed on the ocular lens of the microscope. To verify the usability of the NIR-VISPAOCT system, we demonstrate simulated surgeries, including in vivo image-guided melanoma resection surgery and in vivo needle injection of carbon particles into a mouse thigh. The proposed NIR-VISPAOCT system has potential applications in neurosurgery, ophthalmological surgery, and other microsurgeries.
authors.affiliation: Future IT Innovation Laboratory, Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Donghyun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Future IT Innovation Laboratory, Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Changho
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Future IT Innovation Laboratory, Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sehui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophtalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
authors.forename: Qifa
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeehyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Future IT Innovation Laboratory, Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chulhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D033401:Microscopy, Acoustic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D061088:Photoacoustic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface