title: Thyroid eye disease: a review.
abstract: Thyroid eye disease is a multifactorial autoimmune disease with a spectrum of signs and symptoms. Oftentimes, the diagnosis of thyroid eye disease is straightforward, based upon history and physical examination. The purpose of this review is to assist the eye-care practitioner in staging the severity of thyroid eye disease (mild, moderate-to-severe and sight-threatening) and correlating available treatment modalities. Eye-care practitioners play an important role in the multidisciplinary team by assessing functional vision while also managing ocular health.
authors.affiliation: Optometry Section, Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona, USA.|Southern California College of Optometry, Fullerton, California, USA.
authors.forename: Danielle L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Weiler
mesh_terms: D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D011788:Quality of Life
keywords: Graves’ ophthalmopathy; Graves’ orbitopathy; thyroid eye disease