title: The influence of drinking motives on hookah use frequency among young multi-substance users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present work examined the influence of drinking motives on hookah use frequency among individuals reporting both alcohol and hookah use (multi-substance users). Despite growing documentation of cross-substance effects between motives and substance use, limited research has examined these relationships specifically with respect to hookah use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 134 (75.37% female) hookah and alcohol users, aged 18-47 years (M= 22.17,SD= 3.66) who completed measures of substance use, drinking motives, and reported demographic information. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to investigate the predictive value of drinking motives on hookah use frequency, age taken into account.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings showed that hookah use was negatively associated with age (β = -.22,p≤ .01). The model regressing hookah use on the four drinking motives provided adequate fit (χ2= 314.31,df= 180,p< .05, CFI = .92, RMSEA = .075 [95% CI, .06-.09]). Hookah use was associated negatively with social motives (β = -.43,p< .001) and positively with conformity motives (β = .24,p≤ .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with multi-substance use literature suggesting that drinking motives are associated with the use of other substances, including increased hookah use frequency. Additional examinations of cross-substance cognitive processes are needed, particularly with respect to understanding whether hookah use among multi-substance users may be contingent in part on individual factors including negative affectivity.
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry; Connecticut Mental Health Center, Division of Substance Abuse.
authors.forename: Dawn W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.affiliation: University of Houston, Department of Psychology.
authors.forename: Maya R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.affiliation: Florida State University, Department of Psychology, Tallahassee FL.
authors.forename: Nicholas P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.affiliation: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Global Health and Population, Boston MA.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Geldsetzer
keywords: alcohol; hookah; motivation; motives