title: The cytotoxic mechanisms of disulfiram and copper(ii) in cancer cells.
abstract: The anticancer activity of disulfiram (DS) is copper(ii) (Cu)-dependent. This study investigated the anticancer mechanisms of DS/Cu usingin vitrocytotoxicity and metabolic kinetic analysis. Our study indicates that DS/Cu targets cancer cells by the combination of two types of actions: (1) instant killing executed by DS/Cu reaction generated reactive oxygen species; (2) delayed cytotoxicity introduced by the end product, DDC-Cu. Nanoencapsulation of DS might shed light on repositioning of DS into cancer treatment.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute in Healthcare Science , Faculty of Science & Engineering , University of Wolverhampton , Wolverhampton WV1 1LY , UK . Email: w.wang2@wlv.ac.uk ; ; Tel: +44 (0)1902 322756.
authors.forename: Patricia Erebi
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Tawari
authors.affiliation: Research Institute in Healthcare Science , Faculty of Science & Engineering , University of Wolverhampton , Wolverhampton WV1 1LY , UK . Email: w.wang2@wlv.ac.uk ; ; Tel: +44 (0)1902 322756.
authors.forename: Zhipeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Medicine & Healthcare Science , Faculty of Medical Science , Anglia Ruskin University , UK.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Najlah
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry , University of Birmingham , UK.
authors.forename: Chi Wai
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.affiliation: Research Institute in Healthcare Science , Faculty of Science & Engineering , University of Wolverhampton , Wolverhampton WV1 1LY , UK . Email: w.wang2@wlv.ac.uk ; ; Tel: +44 (0)1902 322756.
authors.forename: Vinodh
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kannappan
authors.affiliation: Research Institute in Healthcare Science , Faculty of Science & Engineering , University of Wolverhampton , Wolverhampton WV1 1LY , UK . Email: w.wang2@wlv.ac.uk ; ; Tel: +44 (0)1902 322756.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy , Faculty of Science & Engineering , University of Wolverhampton , Wolverhampton WV1 1LY , UK.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McConville
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Res Centre for Biomaterials , Sichuan University , China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Research Institute in Healthcare Science , Faculty of Science & Engineering , University of Wolverhampton , Wolverhampton WV1 1LY , UK . Email: w.wang2@wlv.ac.uk ; ; Tel: +44 (0)1902 322756.
authors.forename: Angel L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Armesilla
authors.affiliation: Research Institute in Healthcare Science , Faculty of Science & Engineering , University of Wolverhampton , Wolverhampton WV1 1LY , UK . Email: w.wang2@wlv.ac.uk ; ; Tel: +44 (0)1902 322756.
authors.forename: Weiguang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang