title: Small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was associated with future cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease patients.
abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is often comorbid with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Small low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) has also been found to increase risk for CVD. The goal of the present study was to determine the nature of the relationship between sdLDL-C concentration and CVD in patients with CKD.
  
  
  
  One-hundred and forty-five subjects (113 men and 32 women) with CKD (Stage 3 and Stage 4) participated this retrospective study. The concentration of sdLDL-C was measured in samples from 145 CKD patients between 2010 and 2012 during a four-year follow-up period.
  
  
  
  A total of eight fatal cardiovascular events (CVs) and 46 nonfatal CVs were registered in the four-year follow-up period. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that sdLDL-C [1.278, 95 % (1.019-1.598)] and sdLDL-C/LDL-C [2.456, 95 % (1.421-15.784)], at final observation, were independent risks of CVs. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with sdLDL-C >38 mg/dl (logrank: 4.375, P = 0.037), and sdLDL-C/LDL-C ratio >0.3 levels (logrank: 11.94, P = 0.018) were at increased risk for CVs.
  
  
  
  The results of this study indicated that for patients suffering CKD, a significant relationship exists between an elevated sdLDL-C concentration and the risk of cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, First People's Hospital of Wujiang District, Nantong University, Suzhou, China. shenhaojyk@126.com.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, First People's Hospital of Wujiang District, Nantong University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, First People's Hospital of Wujiang District, Nantong University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jingfen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, First People's Hospital of Wujiang District, Nantong University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Chunfang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, First People's Hospital of Wujiang District, Nantong University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yadong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, First People's Hospital of Wujiang District, Nantong University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, First People's Hospital of Wujiang District, Nantong University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, First People's Hospital of Wujiang District, Nantong University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Ao
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, First People's Hospital of Wujiang District, Nantong University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Guorong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL
keywords: Cardiovascular diseases; Chronic kidney disease; Lipids; sdLDL-C