title: Effectiveness of Pressure Ulcer Prevention Strategies for Adult Patients in Intensive Care Units: A Systematic Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pressure ulcers are associated with substantial health burden, but could be preventable. Hospital-acquired pressure ulcers (HAPUs) prevention has become a priority for all healthcare settings, as it is considered a sign of quality of care providing. Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are at higher risk for HAPUs development. Despite the availability of published prevention strategies, there is a little evidence about which strategies can be safely integrated into routine standard care and have an impact on HAPUs prevention.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to synthesize the best available evidence regarding the effectiveness of single strategies designed to reduce the incidence and prevalence of HAPUs development in ICUs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The search strategy was designed to retrieve studies published in English across CINAHL, Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, Scopus, and Mednar between 2000 and 2015. All adult ICU participants were aged 18 years or over. This review included randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental and comparative studies. The studies that were selected for retrieval were assessed by two independent reviewers for methodological validity prior to inclusion in the review using standardized critical-appraisal instruments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The review included 25 studies, and the meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant effect of a silicon foam dressing strategy in reducing HAPUs incidence (effect size = 4.62; 95% CI: 0.05-0.29; p < .00001, effect size = 4.50; 95% CI: 0.05-0.31; p = .00001, respectively) in critically ill patients. Evidence of the effectiveness of nutrition, skin-care regimen, positioning and repositioning schedule, support surfaces, and the role of education in prevention of HAPUs development in the ICU was limited, which precludes strong conclusions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The review provides an evidence-based guide to future priorities for clinical practice. In particular, a silicone foam dressing has positive impact in reducing sacrum and heel HAPUs incidence in the ICU.
authors.affiliation: Doctoral Candidate, School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia.|Lecturer, School of Nursing, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Nahla
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tayyib
authors.affiliation: Professor of Nursing, School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia.|Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Coyer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000592:standards*
keywords: critical care/intensive care; evidence-based practice; injury/trauma/wounds; intervention research; meta-analysis/data pooling; nursing practice