title: Sarcopenia in daily practice: assessment and management.
abstract: Sarcopenia is increasingly recognized as a correlate of ageing and is associated with increased likelihood of adverse outcomes including falls, fractures, frailty and mortality. Several tools have been recommended to assess muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance in clinical trials. Whilst these tools have proven to be accurate and reliable in investigational settings, many are not easily applied to daily practice.
  
  
  
  This paper is based on literature reviews performed by members of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) working group on frailty and sarcopenia. Face-to-face meetings were afterwards organized for the whole group to make amendments and discuss further recommendations.
  
  
  
  This paper proposes some user-friendly and inexpensive methods that can be used to assess sarcopenia in real-life settings. Healthcare providers, particularly in primary care, should consider an assessment of sarcopenia in individuals at increased risk; suggested tools for assessing risk include the Red Flag Method, the SARC-F questionnaire, the SMI method or different prediction equations. Management of sarcopenia should primarily be patient centered and involve the combination of both resistance and endurance based activity programmes with or without dietary interventions. Development of a number of pharmacological interventions is also in progress.
  
  
  
  Assessment of sarcopenia in individuals with risk factors, symptoms and/or conditions exposing them to the risk of disability will become particularly important in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 13, CHU B23, 4000, Liège, Belgium. c.beaudart@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0827-5303
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beaudart
authors.affiliation: Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.|MRC and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated research in Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), London, UK.
authors.forename: Eugène
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McCloskey
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 13, CHU B23, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bruyère
authors.affiliation: Gérontopôle, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France.|INSERM UMR1027, University of Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cesari
authors.affiliation: Gérontopôle of Toulouse, University of Toulouse III, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rolland
authors.affiliation: Service of Bone Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rizzoli
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Islène
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Araujo de Carvalho
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jotheeswaran
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Amuthavalli Thiyagarajan
authors.affiliation: Gerontology and Frailty in Ageing Research Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bautmans
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche et d'information Nutritionnelles, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Claude
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bertière
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, viale Pieraccini 6, 59139, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Brandi
authors.affiliation: Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Nasser M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Al-Daghri
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 13, CHU B23, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Nansa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Burlet
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Bât B35, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Etienne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cavalier
authors.affiliation: Human Medicines Research and Development Support Division, Scientific Advice, London, UK.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cerreta
authors.affiliation: Geriatrics and Geriatric Emergency Care, IRCCS-INRCA, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cherubini
authors.affiliation: Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fielding
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Evelien
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gielen
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart Rome, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Landi
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Department, CHU Sart-Tilman, Bât B35, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petermans
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate 13, CHU B23, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jean-Yves
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Reginster
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.|Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marjolein
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.affiliation: Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.|Institute for Health and Aging, Catholic University of Australia, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kanis
authors.affiliation: MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, UK.|NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Cyrus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005080:Exercise Test; D006801:Humans; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D009929:Organ Size; D011320:Primary Health Care; D018570:Risk Assessment; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Assessment; Daily practice; Management; Sarcopenia; Tools