title: Bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine coronavirus antibodies in bulk tank milk - risk factors and spatial analysis.
abstract: Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine coronavirus (BCoV) are considered widespread among cattle in Norway and worldwide. This cross-sectional study was conducted based on antibody-ELISA of bulk tank milk (BTM) from 1347 herds in two neighboring counties in western Norway. The study aims were to determine the seroprevalence at herd level, to evaluate risk factors for BRSV and BCoV seropositivity, and to assess how these factors were associated with the spatial distribution of positive herds. The overall prevalence of BRSV and BCoV positive herds in the region was 46.2% and 72.2%, respectively. Isopleth maps of the prevalence risk distribution showed large differences in prevalence risk across the study area, with the highest prevalence in the northern region. Common risk factors of importance for both viruses were herd size, geographic location, and proximity to neighbors. Seropositivity for one virus was associated with increased odds of seropositivity for the other virus. Purchase of livestock was an additional risk factor for BCoV seropositivity, included in the model as in-degree, which was defined as the number of incoming movements from individual herds, through animal purchase, over a period of five years. Local dependence and the contribution of risk factors to this effect were assessed using the residuals from two logistic regression models for each virus. One model contained only the x- and y- coordinates as predictors, the other had all significant predictors included. Spatial clusters of high values of residuals were detected using the normal model of the spatial scan statistic and visualized on maps. Adjusting for the risk factors in the final models had different impact on the spatial clusters for the two viruses: For BRSV the number of clusters was reduced from six to four, for BCoV the number of clusters remained the same, however the log-likelihood ratios changed notably. This indicates that geographical differences in proximity to neighbors, herd size and animal movements explain some of the spatial clusters of BRSV- and BCoV seropositivity, but far from all. The remaining local dependence in the residuals show that the antibody status of one herd is influenced by the antibody status of its neighbors, indicating the importance of indirect transmission and that increased biosecurity routines might be an important preventive strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: ingrid.toftaker@nmbu.no.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Toftaker
authors.affiliation: Centre for Veterinary Epidemiological Research, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, C1A 4P3, Canada.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: maria.stokstad@nmbu.no.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stokstad
authors.affiliation: Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: ane.nodtvedt@nmbu.no.
authors.forename: Ane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nødtvedt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D018352:Coronavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D017938:Coronavirus, Bovine / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000662:veterinary; D016015:Logistic Models; D008892:Milk / Q000821:virology*; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D018112:Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D062206:Spatial Analysis
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral
keywords: BCoV; BRSV; Dairy cattle; Risk factors; Serology; Spatial scan statistic