title: Fleas and trypanosomes of peridomestic small mammals in sub-Saharan Mali.
abstract: Fleas are obligate blood-feeding ectoparasites and vectors of several bacterial zoonotic pathogens as well as trypanosomes that parasitize rodents and other small mammals. During investigations of tick- and rodent-borne diseases in Mali, West Africa, we included fleas and rodent-borne trypanosomes, both of which are poorly known in this country, but are attracting greater public health interest.
  
  
  
  Small mammals were captured in 20 Malian villages from December 2007 to October 2011. Fleas were collected and identified to species, and thin blood smears were prepared, stained and examined microscopically for trypanosomes.
  
  
  
  We captured 744 small mammals, 68 (9.1 %) of which yielded fleas. Two species of fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis and Xenopsylla nubica, were collected from six species of rodents and one species of shrew. Multimammate rats, Mastomys natalensis, were hosts for 58.5 % of all fleas collected. Xenopsylla cheopis was found in the moister southern savannah while X. nubica was mostly restricted to the drier Sahel. Trypanosomes were found in 3 % of 724 blood smears, although 91 % of parasitemic animals originated from two villages where black rats (Rattus rattus) and M. natalensis were the primary hosts and X. cheopis the dominant flea. The trypanosomes were morphologically consistent with the Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) lewisi group, flea-borne hemoflagellates that parasitize domestic rats.
  
  
  
  Xenopsylla cheopis and trypanosomes parasitize peridomestic rats that commingle with people in southern Mali. Given the increasing awareness of flea-borne trypanosomes as possible human pathogens, we hope our findings will stimulate future investigators to examine the potential public health significance of flea-borne trypanosomosis in West Africa.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA. tschwan@niaid.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Tom G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Schwan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.|Pediatric Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Job E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.|Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Safronetz
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Twinbrook, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.|Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Ousmane
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Maïga
authors.affiliation: International Center of Excellence in Research (ICER-Mali), Faculty of Medicine and Odontostomatology (FMOS), University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Nafomon
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sogoba
mesh_terms: D000354:Africa, Western / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D058267:Flea Infestations / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008302:Mali / Q000453:epidemiology; D051189:Murinae / Q000469:parasitology; D051381:Rats; D012376:Rodent Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D012788:Shrews / Q000469:parasitology; D014345:Trypanosoma / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014352:Trypanosomiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D058260:Xenopsylla
keywords: Rodents; Shrews; Siphonaptera; Trypanosomosis; West Africa