title: Rapid, portable and cost-effective yeast cell viability and concentration analysis using lensfree on-chip microscopy and machine learning.
abstract: Monitoring yeast cell viability and concentration is important in brewing, baking and biofuel production. However, existing methods of measuring viability and concentration are relatively bulky, tedious and expensive. Here we demonstrate a compact and cost-effective automatic yeast analysis platform (AYAP), which can rapidly measure cell concentration and viability. AYAP is based on digital in-line holography and on-chip microscopy and rapidly images a large field-of-view of 22.5 mm2. This lens-free microscope weighs 70 g and utilizes a partially-coherent illumination source and an opto-electronic image sensor chip. A touch-screen user interface based on a tablet-PC is developed to reconstruct the holographic shadows captured by the image sensor chip and use a support vector machine (SVM) model to automatically classify live and dead cells in a yeast sample stained with methylene blue. In order to quantify its accuracy, we varied the viability and concentration of the cells and compared AYAP's performance with a fluorescence exclusion staining based gold-standard using regression analysis. The results agree very well with this gold-standard method and no significant difference was observed between the two methods within a concentration range of 1.4 × 105to 1.4 × 106cells per mL, providing a dynamic range suitable for various applications. This lensfree computational imaging technology that is coupled with machine learning algorithms would be useful for cost-effective and rapid quantification of cell viability and density even in field and resource-poor settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), USA. ozcan@ucla.edu and Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), USA and California Nanosystems Institute (CNSI), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), USA.
authors.forename: Alborz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Feizi
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), USA. ozcan@ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Yibo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), USA. ozcan@ucla.edu and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, USA.
authors.forename: Alon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greenbaum
authors.affiliation: Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), USA.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guziak
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California (UCLA), USA.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luong
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), USA. ozcan@ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Raymond Yan Lok
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), USA and Physics Department, University of Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), USA. ozcan@ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Haydar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), USA. ozcan@ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), USA. ozcan@ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), USA. ozcan@ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Yichen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), USA. ozcan@ucla.edu and Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), USA and California Nanosystems Institute (CNSI), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), USA and Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), USA.
authors.forename: Aydogan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozcan
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006696:Holography; D000069550:Machine Learning; D008853:Microscopy / Q000191:economics* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000166:cytology*; D013997:Time Factors