title: Current status of diagnosis and treatment of hepatic echinococcosis.
abstract: Echinococcus granulosus(E. granulosus) andEchinococcus multilocularis(E. multilocularis) infections are the most common parasitic diseases that affect the liver. The disease course is typically slow and the patients tend to remain asymptomatic for many years. Often the diagnosis is incidental. Right upper quadrant abdominal pain, hepatitis, cholangitis, and anaphylaxis due to dissemination of the cyst are the main presenting symptoms. Ultrasonography is important in diagnosis. The World Health Organization classification, based on ultrasonographic findings, is used for staging of the disease and treatment selection. In addition to the imaging methods, immunological investigations are used to support the diagnosis. The available treatment options forE. granulosusinfection include open surgery, percutaneous interventions, and pharmacotherapy. Aggressive surgery is the first-choice treatment forE. multilocularisinfection, while pharmacotherapy is used as an adjunct to surgery. Due to a paucity of clinical studies, empirical evidence on the treatment ofE. granulosusandE. multilocularisinfections is largely lacking; there are no prominent and widely accepted clinical algorithms yet. In this article, we review the diagnosis and treatment ofE. granulosusandE. multilocularisinfections in the light of recent evidence.
authors.affiliation: Memmet Mihmanli, Ufuk Oguz Idiz, Cemal Kaya, Uygar Demir, Ozgur Bostanci, Sinan Omeroglu, Emre Bozkurt, Department of General Surgery, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, 34371 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Memmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mihmanli
authors.affiliation: Memmet Mihmanli, Ufuk Oguz Idiz, Cemal Kaya, Uygar Demir, Ozgur Bostanci, Sinan Omeroglu, Emre Bozkurt, Department of General Surgery, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, 34371 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ufuk Oguz
authors.initials: UO
authors.lastname: Idiz
authors.affiliation: Memmet Mihmanli, Ufuk Oguz Idiz, Cemal Kaya, Uygar Demir, Ozgur Bostanci, Sinan Omeroglu, Emre Bozkurt, Department of General Surgery, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, 34371 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cemal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kaya
authors.affiliation: Memmet Mihmanli, Ufuk Oguz Idiz, Cemal Kaya, Uygar Demir, Ozgur Bostanci, Sinan Omeroglu, Emre Bozkurt, Department of General Surgery, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, 34371 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Uygar
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.affiliation: Memmet Mihmanli, Ufuk Oguz Idiz, Cemal Kaya, Uygar Demir, Ozgur Bostanci, Sinan Omeroglu, Emre Bozkurt, Department of General Surgery, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, 34371 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozgur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bostanci
authors.affiliation: Memmet Mihmanli, Ufuk Oguz Idiz, Cemal Kaya, Uygar Demir, Ozgur Bostanci, Sinan Omeroglu, Emre Bozkurt, Department of General Surgery, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, 34371 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sinan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Omeroglu
authors.affiliation: Memmet Mihmanli, Ufuk Oguz Idiz, Cemal Kaya, Uygar Demir, Ozgur Bostanci, Sinan Omeroglu, Emre Bozkurt, Department of General Surgery, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, 34371 Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Emre
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bozkurt
keywords: Albendazole; Echinococcus granulosus; Echinococcus multilocularis; Liver; Ultrasonography