title: Biofilm Impeding AgNPs Target Skin Carcinoma by Inducing Mitochondrial Membrane Depolarization Mediated through ROS Production.
abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a double-edged sword that possesses both beneficial and harmful effects. Although basic research on skin cancer prevention has undergone a huge transformation, cases of recurrence with higher rates of drug resistance are some of its drawbacks. Therefore, targeting mitochondria by ROS overproduction provides an alternate approach for anticancer therapy. In the present study, green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were explored for triggering the ROS production in A431 skin carcinoma cells. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized for size, charge, morphology, and phase through high-throughput DLS, Fe-SEM, XRD, and ATR-FTIR techniques. Their physiochemical properties with hemoglobin and blood plasma were screened through hemolysis, hemagglutination assay, and circular dichroism spectroscopy confirmed their nontoxic nature. The AgNPs also exhibited additional efficacy in inhibiting biofilm produced by V. cholerae and B. subtilis, thereby facilitating better applicability in wound-healing biomaterials. The depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential ΔΨm through excess ROS production was deduced to be the triggering force behind the apoptotic cell death mechanism of the skin carcinoma. Subsequent experimentation through DNA fragmentation, comet tail formation, cell membrane blebbing, and reduced invasiveness potentials through scratch assay confirmed the physiological hallmarks of apoptosis. Thus, depolarizing mitochondrial membrane potential through green-synthesized AgNPs provides an economic, nontoxic, specific approach for targeting skin carcinoma with additional benefits of antibacterial activities.
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology , Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
authors.forename: Debasis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology , Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
authors.forename: Manisha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumari
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology , Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
authors.forename: Sripathi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajachandar
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology , Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
authors.forename: Sarbani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ashe
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology , Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
authors.forename: Neethi Chandra
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Thathapudi
authors.affiliation: Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology , Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
authors.forename: Bismita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nayak
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D051336:Mitochondrial Membranes; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012834:Silver
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012834:Silver
keywords: apoptosis; green synthesis; membrane potential; mitochondria; reactive oxygen species; silver nanoparticles