title: Anesthesia reduces discharge rates in the human pallidum without changing the discharge rate ratio between pallidal segments.
abstract: Classical rate models of basal ganglia circuitry associate discharge rate of the globus pallidus external and internal segments (GPe, GPi respectively) solely with dopaminergic state and predict an inverse ratio between the discharge rates of the two pallidal segments. In contrast, the effects of other rate modulators such as general anesthesia (GA) on this ratio have been ignored. To respond to this need, we recorded the neuronal activity in the GPe and GPi in awake and anesthetized human patients with dystonia (57 and 53 trajectories respectively) and in awake patients with Parkinson's disease (PD, 16 trajectories) undergoing deep brain stimulation procedures. This triad enabled us to dissociate pallidal discharge ratio from general discharge modulation. An automatic offline spike detection and isolation quality system was used to select 1560 highly isolated units for analysis. The mean discharge rate in the GPi of awake PD patients was dramatically higher than in awake dystonia patients although the firing rate in the GPe was similar. Firing rates in dystonic patients under anesthesia were lower in both nuclei. Surprisingly, in all three groups, GPe firing rates were correlated with firing rates in the ipsilateral GPi. Thus, the firing rate ratio of ipsilateral GPi/GPe pairs was similar in awake and anesthetized patients with dystonia and significantly higher in PD. We suggest that pallidal activity is modulated by at least two independent processes: dopaminergic state which changes the GPi/GPe firing rate ratio, and anesthesia which modulates firing rates in both pallidal nuclei without changing the ratio between their firing rates.
authors.affiliation: Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.|Inserm U1216, Grenoble, France.|Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castrioto
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Odeya
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Marmor
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.|Edmond and Lily Safra Centre for Brain Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Deffains
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Dafna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Willner
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Linetsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Neurobiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.|Edmond and Lily Safra Centre for Brain Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Hagai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bergman
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional and Restorative Neurosurgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Zvi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Israel
authors.affiliation: Edmond and Lily Safra Centre for Brain Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Renana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eitan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arkadir
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000328:Adult; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D004421:Dystonia / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000628:therapy; D015742:Propofol / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D015742:Propofol
keywords: Basal ganglia; Parkinson's disease; anesthesia; dystonia; human