title: Associations Between Neurotransmitter Genes and Fatigue and Energy Levels in Women After Breast Cancer Surgery.
abstract: Fatigue is a common problem in oncology patients. Less is known about decrements in energy levels and the mechanisms that underlie both fatigue and energy.
  
  
  
  In patients with breast cancer, variations in neurotransmitter genes between lower and higher fatigue latent classes and between the higher and lower energy latent classes were evaluated.
  
  
  
  Patients completed assessments before and monthly for six months after surgery. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify distinct latent classes for fatigue severity and energy levels. Thirty candidate genes involved in various aspects of neurotransmission were evaluated.
  
  
  
  Eleven single-nucleotide polymorphisms or haplotypes (i.e., ADRB2 rs1042718, BDNF rs6265, COMT rs9332377, CYP3A4 rs4646437, GALR1 rs949060, GCH1 rs3783642, NOS1 rs9658498, NOS1 rs2293052, NPY1R Haplotype A04, SLC6A2 rs17841327, and 5HTTLPR + rs25531 in SLC6A4) were associated with latent class membership for fatigue. Seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms or haplotypes (i.e., NOS1 rs471871, SLC6A1 rs2675163, SLC6A1 Haplotype D01, SLC6A2 rs36027, SLC6A3 rs37022, SLC6A4 rs2020942, and TAC1 rs2072100) were associated with latent class membership for energy. Three of 13 genes (i.e., NOS1, SLC6A2, and SLC6A4) were associated with latent class membership for both fatigue and energy.
  
  
  
  Molecular findings support the hypothesis that fatigue and energy are distinct, yet related symptoms. Results suggest that a large number of neurotransmitters play a role in the development and maintenance of fatigue and energy levels in breast cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jasmine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eshragh
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dhruva
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mastick
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hamolsky
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miaskowski
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. Electronic address: kord.kober@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Kord M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kober
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000235:genetics; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase / Q000235:genetics; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A / Q000235:genetics; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011184:Postoperative Period; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 / Q000235:genetics; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C553443:ADRB2 protein, human; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; C488081:NOS1AP protein, human; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human; C588010:COMT protein, human; D002394:Catechol O-Methyltransferase
keywords: Fatigue; breast cancer; candidate genes; energy; growth mixture modeling; neurotransmitter genes