title: Are milk and alternatives and fruit and vegetable intakes during adolescence associated with cortical and trabecular bone structure, density, and strength in adulthood?
abstract: We investigated the impact of food group intake during adolescence on bone structure and strength during adulthood. In females, we found a beneficial effect of adolescent milk and alternatives and fruit and vegetable intake on adult radius shaft and distal tibia bone structure, respectively. No association was observed in males.
  
  
  
  The purpose of this study was to investigate whether adolescents with high intake of milk and alternatives (M&A) or fruit and vegetables (F&V) had better adult bone structure and strength compared to those with low intake levels.
  
  
  
  We analyzed data from 47 males and 69 females enrolled in the Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study (PBMAS 1991-2011), who had one peripheral quantitative computed tomography scan at age 29 ± 2 years. We measured radius and tibia shaft total area (ToA), cortical area (CoA), cortical content (CoC), cortical density, bone strength (SSIp), and muscle area, as well as distal radius and tibia ToA, total density, trabecular area, trabecular content, trabecular density, and bone strength (BSIc). Sequential 24-h recalls were used to assess M&A and F&V intake; participants were grouped for their mean intake during adolescence (low = bottom quartile, moderate = middle quartiles, high = top quartile) and were compared using multivariate analysis of covariance while adjusting for adult height, muscle area, physical activity, energy and calcium intake and adolescent energy intake, and physical activity.
  
  
  
  Females with high M&A intake compared to low M&A intake group (mean 3.8 vs. 1.3 servings/day, respectively) had greater adult ToA (14 %, p < 0.05), CoA (15 %, p < 0.01), and CoC (16 %, p < 0.01) at radius shaft. Females with moderate F&V intake compared to low F&V intake group (mean 3.7 vs. 2.1 servings/day, respectively) had greater adult ToA (8.5 %, p < 0.05) at distal tibia.
  
  
  
  Higher intake of M&A or F&V during adolescence had a long-term beneficial effect on bone structure in females, an association not observed in males.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Z Movassagh
authors.affiliation: College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, 87 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5B2, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kontulainen
authors.affiliation: College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, 87 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5B2, Canada.|College of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Administration place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A2, Canada.
authors.forename: A D G
authors.initials: ADG
authors.lastname: Baxter-Jones
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Whiting
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szafron
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Papadimitropoulos
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada. vatan.h@usask.ca.|School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada. vatan.h@usask.ca.
authors.forename: H
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2621-8385
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vatanparast
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017195:Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk; D011884:Radius / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013977:Tibia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014675:Vegetables
keywords: Adolescence; Bone strength; Cortical bone; Fruit and vegetables; Milk and alternatives; Trabecular bone