title: Insights into selenite reduction and biogenesis of elemental selenium nanoparticles by two environmental isolates of Burkholderia fungorum.
abstract: Microorganisms capable of transforming toxic selenium oxyanions into non-toxic elemental selenium (Se°) may be considered as biocatalysts for the production of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), eventually exploitable in different biotechnological applications. Two Burkholderia fungorum strains (B. fungorum DBT1 and B. fungorum 95) were monitored during their growth for both capacity and efficiency of selenite (SeO32-) reduction and elemental selenium formation. Both strains are environmental isolates in origin: B. fungorum DBT1 was previously isolated from an oil refinery drainage, while B. fungorum 95 has been enriched from inner tissues of hybrid poplars grown in a soil contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Our results showed that B. fungorum DBT1 is able to reduce 0.5mM SeO32-to Se° when cultured aerobically in liquid medium at 27°C, while B. fungorum 95 can reduce more than 1mM SeO32-to Se° within 96h under the same growth conditions, with the appearance of SeNPs in cultures of both bacterial strains. Biogenic SeNPs were spherical, with pH-dependent charge and an average hydrodynamic diameter of 170nm and 200nm depending on whether they were produced by B. fungorum 95 or B. fungorum DBT1, respectively. Electron microscopy analyses evidenced that Se nanoparticles occurred intracellularly and extracellularly. The mechanism of SeNPs formation can be tentatively attributed to cytoplasmic enzymatic activation mediated by electron donors. Biogenic nanoparticles were then probably released outside the bacterial cells as a consequence of a secretory process or cell lysis. Nevertheless, formation of elemental selenium nanoparticles under aerobic conditions by B. fungorum DBT1 and B. fungorum 95 is likely due to intracellular reduction mechanisms. Biomedical and other high tech sectors might exploit these biogenic nanoparticles in the near future, once fully characterized and tested for their multiple properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy. Electronic address: nazaninalsadat.seyedkhoei@univr.it.
authors.forename: Nazanin Seyed
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Khoei
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy. Electronic address: silvia.lampis@univr.it.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lampis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zonaro
authors.affiliation: MEM-group, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yrjälä
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vallini
mesh_terms: D055162:Biocatalysis; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001709:Biotechnology; D019117:Burkholderia / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D020887:Selenious Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D012643:Selenium / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020887:Selenious Acid; D012643:Selenium
keywords: Biogenic selenium nanoparticles; Burkholderia fungorum; Environmental bacterial isolates; Selenite reduction