title: Velopharyngeal Dysfunction Evaluation and Treatment.
abstract: Velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) can significantly impair a child's quality of life and may have lasting consequences if inadequately treated. This article reviews the work-up and management options for patients with VPD. An accurate perceptual speech analysis, nasometry, and nasal endoscopy are helpful to appropriately evaluate patients with VPD. Treatment options include nonsurgical management with speech therapy or a speech bulb and surgical approaches including double-opposing Z-plasty, sphincter pharyngoplasty, pharyngeal flap, or posterior wall augmentation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 50 North Medical Drive, Room 3C120 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 50 North Medical Drive, Room 3C120 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA. Electronic address: Harlan.muntz@imail.org.
authors.forename: Harlan R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Muntz
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy; D006801:Humans; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000601:surgery*; D010614:Pharynx / Q000601:surgery*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D055158:Velopharyngeal Sphincter / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Double-opposing Z-plasty; Hypernasality; Pharyngeal flap; Speech endoscopy; Sphincter pharyngoplasty; Velopharyngeal dysfunction