title: Prevalence of Angiostrongylus vasorum in southern Belgium, a coprological and serological survey.
abstract: Canine angiostrongylosis, a gastropod-borne helminthic infection, is increasingly being described in North America and is now reported in many European countries. In dogs, Angiostrongylus vasorum may cause a wide spectrum of clinical signs. Respiratory distress such as coughing and dyspnoea are the most frequently described manifestations. The aim of the present study was to gain additional information on the distribution, prevalence and risk factors associated with A. vasorum infection in dog from southern Belgium through the combined used of a commercially available in-clinic assay for detection of circulating antigen (Angio Detect™, IDEXX, Westbrook, USA) and coprology in two different canine populations: dogs with clinical signs compatible with angiostrongylosis and asymptomatic dogs or dogs presented for unrelated conditions (control).
  
  
  
  A total of 979 dogs were enrolled in the study from November 2014 until February 2016. Seven hundred fifty-seven dogs were included in the control group, whereas 222 dogs had clinical signs compatible with angiostrongylosis. Forty-six dogs out of 979 (4.7 %) had A. vasorum circulating antigen. There was a highly significant difference between the two populations (3.6 % (27/747) and 8.6 % (19/222) in control and symptomatic dogs, respectively) (P = 0.00379). First stage larvae (L1) of A. vasorum were found in seven out of 24 serologically positive control dogs and in six out of 17 serologically positive symptomatic dogs. Interestingly, L1 of Crenosoma vulpis were detected by Baermann technique in one control and nine symptomatic dogs, respectively. Out of 17 Angio Detect™ (IDEXX, Westbrook, USA) positive dogs with negative (14) or not performed Baermann test (three), one dog was positive in both in-house ELISAs (Ag and Ab) and one dog was positive for Ag. Statistical analysis was unable to detect any risk factors associated with the direct and/or indirect detection of A. vasorum.
  
  
  
  This seroepidemiological study demonstrated for the first time a high seroprevalence in Southern Belgium for A. vasorum. The Angio Detect™ was found to be suitable in this context as the collection, preservation and examination of stools were difficult. Nevertheless, discrepancies were observed between the different available tests. Additional research is clearly needed. Also, coproscopy remains a very useful tool in dogs infected for less than nine weeks and for the identification of other canine lung nematodes such as C. vulpis. This study also demonstrates that asymptomatic dogs may shed A. vasorum L1 in their faeces and therefore contribute to the maintenance of A. vasorum life-cycle.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium. llempereur@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Laetitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lempereur
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Experimental Station CARE - FePex, Center for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liege, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ludovic
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martinelle
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marechal
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Pathology Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Calixte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bayrou
authors.affiliation: Bayer Animal Health Benelux, Diegem, Belgium.
authors.forename: Anne Catherine
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Dalemans
authors.affiliation: Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schnyder
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Center for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH), Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Losson
mesh_terms: D000801:Angiostrongylus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000818:Animals; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth / Q000097:blood; D000947:Antigens, Helminth / Q000097:blood* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D058345:Asymptomatic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D001530:Belgium / Q000453:epidemiology; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D004285:Dogs; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D017206:Strongylida Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000909:Antibodies, Helminth; D000947:Antigens, Helminth; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic
keywords: Angiostrongylus vasorum; Belgium; Coprology; Crenosoma vulpis; Dog; Serology