title: The Endothelial Glycocalyx: New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches in Sepsis.
abstract: Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. The endothelial glycocalyx is one of the earliest sites involved during sepsis. This fragile layer is a complex network of cell-bound proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycan side chains, and sialoproteins lining the luminal side of endothelial cells with a thickness of about 1 to 3μm. Sepsis-associated alterations of its structure affect endothelial permeability and result in the liberation of endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Once liberated in the circulatory system, DAMPs trigger the devastating consequences of the proinflammatory cascades in sepsis and septic shock. In this way, the injury to the glycocalyx with the consecutive release of DAMPs contributes to a number of specific clinical effects of sepsis, including acute kidney injury, respiratory failure, and septic cardiomyopathy. Moreover, the extent of glycocalyx degradation serves as a marker of endothelial dysfunction and sepsis severity. In this review, we highlight the crucial role of the glycocalyx in sepsis as a diagnostic tool and discuss the potential of members of the endothelial glycocalyx serving as hopeful therapeutic targets in sepsis-associated multiple organ failures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care and Intermediate Care, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8650-5090
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care and Intermediate Care, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koczera
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care and Intermediate Care, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3662-9102
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zechendorf
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care and Intermediate Care, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3830-3499
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schuerholz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004727:Endothelium / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005966:Glucuronidase; D019276:Glycocalyx / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D018448:Models, Immunological; D018805:Sepsis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000099175:Heparanase
chemical_list: D005966:Glucuronidase; D000099175:Heparanase