title: Utility Estimates of Disease-Specific Health States in Prostate Cancer from Three Different Perspectives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a statistical model generating utility estimates for prostate cancer specific health states, using preference weights derived from the perspectives of prostate cancer patients, men at risk for prostate cancer, and society.
  
  
  METHODS
  Utility estimate values were calculated using standard gamble (SG) methodology. Study participants valued 18 prostate-specific health states with the five attributes: sexual function, urinary function, bowel function, pain, and emotional well-being. Appropriateness of model (linear regression, mixed effects, or generalized estimating equation) to generate prostate cancer utility estimates was determined by paired t-tests to compare observed and predicted values. Mixed-corrected standard SG utility estimates to account for loss aversion were calculated based on prospect theory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  132 study participants assigned values to the health states (n = 40 men at risk for prostate cancer; n = 43 men with prostate cancer; n = 49 general population). In total, 792 valuations were elicited (six health states for each 132 participants). The most appropriate model for the classification system was a mixed effects model; correlations between the mean observed and predicted utility estimates were greater than 0.80 for each perspective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Developing a health-state classification system with preference weights for three different perspectives demonstrates the relative importance of main effects between populations. The predicted values for men with prostate cancer support the hypothesis that patients experiencing the disease state assign higher utility estimates to health states and there is a difference in valuations made by patients and the general population.
authors.affiliation: Evidera, 1417 4th Ave, Suite 510, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA. kt04@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: Katharine S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Gries
authors.affiliation: Canadian Centre for Applied Research in Cancer Control, BC Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.|School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Dean A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Regier
authors.affiliation: Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Ramsey
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Patrick
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003657:Decision Making; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires