title: An efficient and economical treatment for batik textile wastewater containing high levels of silicate and organic pollutants using a sequential process of acidification, magnesium oxide, and palm shell-based activated carbon application.
abstract: Considering the chemical properties of batik effluents, an efficient and economical treatment process was established to treat batik wastewater containing not only high levels of Si and chemical oxygen demand (COD), but also toxic heavy metals. After mixing the effluents obtained from the boiling and soaking steps in the batik process, acidification using concentrated hydrochloric acid (conc. HCl) was conducted to polymerize the silicate under acidic conditions. Consequently, sludge was produced and floated. XRD and FT-IR analyses showed that wax molecules were coordinated by hydrogen bonding with silica (SiO2). The acidification process removed ∼78-95% of COD and ∼45-50% of Si, depending on the pH. In the next stage, magnesium oxide (MgO) was applied to remove heavy metals completely and almost 90% of the Si in the liquid phase. During this step, about 70% of COD was removed in the hydrogel that arose as a consequence of the crosslinking characteristics of the formed nano-composite, such as magnesium silicate or montmorillonite. The hydrogel was composed mainly of waxes with polymeric properties. Then, the remaining Si (∼300 mg/L) in the wastewater combined with the effluents from the rinsing steps was further treated using 50 mg/L MgO. As a final step, palm-shell activated carbon (PSAC) was used to remove the remaining COD to < 50 mg/L at pH 3. Overall, the sequential process of acidification and MgO/PSAC application developed could serve as an economical and effective treatment option for treating heavily polluted batik effluents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Payam Moradi
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Birgani
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Navid
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ranjbar
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Rosniah Che
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kien Tiek
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Gooyong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Shaliza
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chulhwan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
authors.forename: Yeomin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia; Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: minjang@kw.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jang
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000737:chemistry; D008277:Magnesium Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D013784:Textiles; D014197:Trees / Q000737:chemistry; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D006838:Hydrocarbons; D008277:Magnesium Oxide; D017640:Silicates; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Acidification; Batik; Magnesium oxide; Palm-shell activated carbon; Sequential process; Wastewater