title: NMR-based metabolic characterization of chicken tissues and biofluids: a model for avian research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Poultry is one of the most consumed meat in the world and its related industry is always looking for ways to improve animal welfare and productivity. It is therefore essential to understand the metabolic response of the chicken to new feed formulas, various supplements, infections and treatments.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  As a basis for future research investigating the impact of diet and infections on chicken's metabolism, we established a high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolic atlas of the healthy chicken (Gallus gallus).
  
  
  METHODS
  Metabolic extractions were performed prior to1H-NMR and 2D NMR spectra acquisition on twelve biological matrices: liver, kidney, spleen, plasma, egg yolk and white, colon, caecum, faecal water, ileum, pectoral muscle and brain of 6 chickens. Metabolic profiles were then exhaustively characterized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly 80 metabolites were identified. A cross-comparison of these matrices was performed to determine metabolic variations between and within each section and highlighted that only eight core metabolites were systematically found in every matrice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work constitutes a database for future NMR-based metabolomic investigations in relation to avian production and health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP UK.
authors.forename: Caroline Ivanne
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Le Roy
authors.affiliation: Department of cancer research, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Luke John
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Mappley
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford, Surrey, GU2 7AL UK.
authors.forename: Roberto Marcello
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: La Ragione
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP UK.
authors.forename: Martin John
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP UK.
authors.forename: Sandrine Paule
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Claus
keywords: Chicken; Metabolite; Metabolome; Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)