title: Child Health Disparities in the 21st Century.
abstract: The topic of persistent child health disparities remains a priority for policymakers and a concern for pediatric clinicians. Health disparities are defined as differences in adverse health outcomes for specific health indicators that exist across sub-groups of the population, frequently between minority and majority populations. This review will highlight the gains that have been made since the 1990s as well as describe disparities that have persisted or have worsened into the 21st century. It will also examine the most potent social determinants and their impact on the major disparities in mortality, preventive care, chronic disease, mental health, educational outcomes, and exposure to selected environmental toxins. Each section concludes with a description of interventions and innovations that have been successful in reducing child health disparities.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Pediatrics, Hennepin County Medical Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hennepin County Medical Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colianni
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hennepin County Medical Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: King-Schultz
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D000067576:Child Health; D046688:Child Mortality; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D004522:Educational Status; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D064890:Social Determinants of Health; D012935:Social Justice