title: Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollutants on the Inflammatory Response and Respiratory Symptoms: A Panel Study in Schoolchildren from Rural Areas of Japan.
abstract: The relationship between particulate air pollutants and respiratory symptoms in children has not been consistent among studies, potentially owing to differences in the inflammatory response to different particulate air pollutants. This study aimed to investigate the effect of particulate air pollutants on respiratory symptoms and the inflammatory response in schoolchildren. Three hundred-and-sixty children were included in the study. The children recorded daily respiratory symptom scores for October 2015. In addition, the daily amount of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production was assessed in THP1 cells stimulated with suspended particulate matter (SPM), which was collected every day during the study period. Generalized estimating equation logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the associations among respiratory symptoms and the daily levels of SPM, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. Daily SPM levels were not associated with respiratory symptoms or the daily IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α levels. Conversely, there was a significant association between respiratory symptoms and the daily IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α levels. These results suggested that the effects of particulate air pollutants on respiratory symptoms in schoolchildren might depend more on the pro-inflammatory response to them than on their mass concentration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan. watanabm@grape.med.tottori-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masanari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Data Science, Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan. noma@ism.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noma
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan. junkurajun@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kurai
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Kinki University, Ohnohigashi 377-2, Osakasayama 589-0014, Japan. hsano@med.kindai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan. degujirefu@med.tottori-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Degejirihu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hantan
authors.affiliation: Center for Promoting Next-Generation Highly Advanced Medicine, Tottori University Hospital, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan. masaruueki@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueki
authors.affiliation: The Board of Directors, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan. hkitano@med.tottori-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kitano
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago 683-8504, Japan. eiji@med.tottori-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shimizu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D052638:Particulate Matter; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: particulate air pollutants; pro-inflammatory cytokine; respiratory symptom; schoolchildren