title: Ovarian Cancer: An Evidence-Based, Easy-to-Use Prediction Rule to Optimize the Use of Follow-up Chest CT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To create and validate an evidence-based prediction rule to optimize use of follow-up chest CT for ovarian cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective study performed at two academic medical centers, electronic medical records from January through December 2013 at center 1 (USA) and January 2012 through December 2013 at center 2 (South Korea) were searched to identify consecutive chest CTs performed within 5 years of initial cytoreductive surgery in patients with pathologically proven ovarian cancer. Three separate study cohorts were created: cohort 1, 316 CTs (in 150 patients) with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) from center 1; cohort 2, 374 CTs (81 patients) with HGSC from center 2; and cohort 3, 87 CTs (56 patients) with non-HGSC histologies from center 1. A radiologist blinded to outcome of CT, using a prediction rule that utilized previously available information, categorized each CT into "high-risk" (stage 4 at presentation and/or preexisting abdominal disease [disease below diaphragmatic dome, visualized on abdominal CT]) or "low-risk" (neither of above). A blinded radiologist then reviewed chest CTs in random order to record thoracic metastases above the diaphragmatic dome, and outcome was compared with prediction rule risk category.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the three cohorts and in the total population, the prediction rule identified 94 of 316 (30%), 170 of 374 (45%), 53 of 87 (61%), and 317 of 777 (41%) CTs as "low-risk," respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio were as follows: cohort 1: 95%, 35%, 24%, 97%, 1.46, 0.14; cohort 2: 88%, 53%, 29%, 95%, 1.87, 0.22; cohort 3: 88%, 66%, 21%, 98%, 2.59, 0.18; total population: 91%, 47%, 26%, 96%, 1.72, 0.19. False-negative rate in the three cohorts and in total population was 3 of 94 (3%), 8 of 170 (5%), 1 of 53 (2%), and 12 of 317 (4%); however, in each of these cases there was concurrent new abdominal disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The easy-to-use prediction rule helps avoid unnecessary chest CTs in patients with ovarian cancer with high sensitivity and negative predictive value, and with minimal risk of missing thoracoabdominal metastases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address: ashinagare@partners.org.
authors.forename: Atul B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Shinagare
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Radiology, Namwon Medical Center, Jeollabuk-Do, South Korea.
authors.forename: Chong Hyun
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Won
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Bhanusupriya
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Somarouthu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Annick D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Van den Abbeele
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Nikhil H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Ramaiya
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013899:Thoracic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000556:secondary*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Ovarian cancer; chest CT; metastatic spread; prediction rule; thoracic metastases