title: Pharmacological interventions other than botulinum toxin for spasticity after stroke.
abstract: The long-term risk of stroke increases with age, and stroke is a common cause of disability in the community. Spasticity is considered a significantly disabling impairment that develops in people who have had a stroke. The burden of care is higher in stroke survivors who have spasticity when compared with stroke survivors without spasticity with regard to treatment costs, quality of life, and caregiver burden.
  
  
  
  To assess if pharmacological interventions for spasticity are more effective than no intervention, normal practice, or control at improving function following stroke.
  
  
  
  We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (May 2016), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, 2016, Issue 5), MEDLINE (1946 to May 2016), Embase (2008 to May 2016), CINAHL (1982 to May 2016), AMED (1985 to May 2016), and eight further databases and trial registers. In an effort to identify further studies, we undertook handsearches of reference lists and contacted study authors and commercial companies.
  
  
  
  We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared any systemically acting or locally acting drug versus placebo, control, or comparative drug with the aim of treating spasticity.
  
  
  
  Two review authors independently assessed the studies for inclusion and extracted the data. We assessed the included studies for both quality and risk of bias. We contacted study authors to request further information when necessary.
  
  
  
  We included seven RCTs with a total 403 participants. We found a high risk of bias in all but one RCT. Two of the seven RCTs assessed a systemic drug versus placebo. We pooled data on an indirect measure of spasticity (160 participants) from these two studies but found no significant effect (odds ratio (OR) 1.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21 to 13.07; I2= 85%). We identified a significant risk of adverse events per participant occurring in the treatment group versus placebo group (risk ratio (RR) 1.65, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.42; 160 participants; I2= 0%). Only one of these studies used a functional outcome measure, and we found no significant difference between groups.Of the other five studies, two assessed a systemic drug versus another systemic drug, one assessed a systemic drug versus local drug, and the final two assessed a local drug versus another local drug.
  
  
  
  The lack of high-quality RCTs limited our ability to make specific conclusions. Evidence is insufficient to determine if systemic antispasmodics are effective at improving function following stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust, Upper Newtownards Road, Belfast, Co Down, Northern Ireland, UK, BT161RH.
authors.forename: Cameron
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.forename: Aphrodite
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kouzouna
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simcox
authors.forename: Anand D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pandyan
mesh_terms: D001418:Baclofen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003000:Clonidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003975:Diazepam / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*; D014049:Tolperisone / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; C023754:tizanidine; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A; D014049:Tolperisone; D001418:Baclofen; D003000:Clonidine; D003975:Diazepam