title: Foam cell formation by particulate matter (PM) exposure: a review.
abstract: Increasing evidence suggests that exposure of particulate matter (PM) from traffic vehicles, e.g., diesel exhaust particles (DEP), was associated with adverse vascular effects, e.g., acceleration of atherosclerotic plaque progression. By analogy, engineered nanoparticles (NPs) could also induce similar effects. The formation of lipid laden foam cells, derived predominately from macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), is closely associated with the development of atherosclerosis and adverse vascular effects. We reviewed current studies about particle exposure-induced lipid laden foam cell formation. In vivo studies using animal models have shown that exposure of air pollution by PM promoted lipid accumulation in alveolar macrophages or foam cells in plaques, which was likely associated with pulmonary inflammation or systemic oxidative stress, but not blood lipid profile. In support of these findings, in vitro studies showed that direct exposure of cultured macrophages to DEP or NP exposure, with or without further exposure to external lipids, promoted intracellular lipid accumulation. The mechanisms remained unknown. Although a number studies found increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) or an adaptive response to oxidative stress, the exact role of oxidative stress in mediating particle-induced foam cell formation requires future research. There is currently lack of reports concerning VSMC as a source for foam cells induced by particle exposure. In the future, it is necessary to explore the role of foam cell formation in particle exposure-induced atherosclerosis development. In addition, the formation of VSMC derived foam cells by particle exposure may also need extensive studies.
authors.affiliation: a Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan , China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: a Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan , China.
authors.forename: Jimin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: a Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan , China.
authors.forename: Yuejia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: a Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan , China.
authors.forename: Gui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: a Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan , China.
authors.forename: Yuexin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: a Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan , China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: a Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan , China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005487:Foam Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: atherosclerosis; diesel exhaust particle; foam cell; nanoparticle; particulate matter