title: Reactive Diazonium-Modified Silica Fillers for High-Performance Polymers.
abstract: We describe a simple way of modification of three silica-based fillers with in situ generated 4-hydroxymethylbenzenediazonium salt (+N2-C6H4-CH2OH). The rationale for using a hydroxyl-functionalized diazonium salt is that it provides surface-functionalized fillers that can react with phenolic resins. The modification of silica by diazonium salts was assessed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). FTIR spectroscopy permitted the tracking of benzene ring breathing and C-C. The absence of the characteristic N≡N stretching vibration in the 2200-2300 cm-1range indicates the loss of the diazonium group. XPS results indicate a higher C/Si atomic ratio after the diazonium modification of fillers and the presence of π-π* C1s satellite peaks characteristic of the surface-tethered aromatic species. Adhesion of aryl layers to the silicas is excellent because they withstand harsh thermal and organic solvent treatments. Phenolic resins (used, for example, as binders in abrasive products) were filled with diazonium-modified silicas at 10-25 wt %. The reactivity of the fillers toward phenolic resins was evaluated by the determination of the flow distance. After annealing at 180 °C, the diazonium-modified silica/phenolic resin composites were mechanically tested using the three-point flexural method. The flexural strength was found to be up to 35% higher than that of the composites prepared without any diazonium salts. Diazonium-modified silica with surface-bound -CH2-OH groups is thus ideal reactive filler for phenolic resins. Such filler ensures interfacial chemical reactions with the matrix and imparts robust mechanical properties to the final composites. This specialty diazonium-modified silica will find potential application as fillers in the composites for the abrasive industry. More generally, aryl diazonium salts are a unique new series of compounds for tailoring the surface properties of fillers and tuning the physicochemical and mechanical properties of polymer composites.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology , Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Mariusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandomierski
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology , Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Strzemiecka
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Est, ICMPE (UMR 7182), CNRS, UPEC , 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, Thiais 94320, France.
authors.forename: Mohamed M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Chehimi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology , Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Voelkel