title: Legal and ethical issues in research.
abstract: Legal and ethical issues form an important component of modern research, related to the subject and researcher. This article seeks to briefly review the various international guidelines and regulations that exist on issues related to informed consent, confidentiality, providing incentives and various forms of research misconduct. Relevant original publications (The Declaration of Helsinki, Belmont Report, Council for International Organisations of Medical Sciences/World Health Organisation International Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects, World Association of Medical Editors Recommendations on Publication Ethics Policies, International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, CoSE White Paper, International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use-Good Clinical Practice) form the literature that are relevant to the ethical and legal aspects of conducting research that researchers should abide by when conducting translational and clinical research. Researchers should note the major international guidelines and regional differences in legislation. Hence, specific ethical advice should be sought at local Ethics Review Committees.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's Anaesthesia, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Bukit Timah, Singapore.
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yip
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Support Services, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Bukit Timah, Singapore.
authors.forename: Nian-Lin Reena
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's Anaesthesia, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Bukit Timah, Singapore; Anesthesiology and Perioperative Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ban Leong
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Sng
keywords: Confidentiality; ethics; informed consent; legal issues; plagiarism; professional misconduct