title: Activation of ethylene signaling pathways enhances disease resistance by regulating ROS and phytoalexin production in rice.
abstract: Ethylene plays diverse roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. However, the roles of ethylene signaling in immune responses remain largely unknown. In this study, we showed that the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae infection activated ethylene biosynthesis in rice. Resistant rice cultivars accumulated higher levels of ethylene than susceptible ones. Ethylene signaling components OsEIN2 and the downstream transcription factor OsEIL1 positively regulated disease resistance. Mutation of OsEIN2 led to enhanced disease susceptibility. Whole-genome transcription analysis revealed that responsive genes of ethylene, jasmonates (JAs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling as well as phytoalexin biosynthesis genes were remarkably induced. Transcription of OsrbohA/B, which encode NADPH oxidases, and OsOPRs, the JA biosynthesis genes, were induced by M. oryzae infection. Furthermore, we demonstrated that OsEIL1 binds to the promoters of OsrbohA/OsrbohB and OsOPR4 to activate their expression. These data suggest that OsEIN2-mediated OsrbohA/OsrbohB and OsOPR transcription may play essential roles in ROS generation, JA biosynthesis and the subsequent phytoalexin accumulation. Therefore, the involvement of ethylene signaling in disease resistance is probably by activation of ROS and phytoalexin production in rice during M. oryzae infection.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
authors.forename: Jidong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
authors.forename: Fanwei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
authors.forename: Yongqi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
authors.forename: Junkai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
authors.forename: Muxing
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
authors.forename: Zhengguang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
authors.forename: Xuewei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, 320-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya, 320-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisakazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamane
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
authors.forename: Jinsong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
authors.forename: Shouyi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D020082:Magnaporthe / Q000472:pathogenicity; D009154:Mutation; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000094162:Phytoalexins
chemical_list: D005030:Ethylenes; D010940:Plant Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C036216:ethylene; D000094162:Phytoalexins
keywords: 
  Magnaporthe oryzae
  ; 
  ROS
  ; ethylene; phytoalexin; rice