title: The glass is not yet half empty: agitation but not Varroa treatment causes cognitive bias in honey bees.
abstract: Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are prone to judge an ambiguous stimulus negatively if they had been agitated through shaking which simulates a predator attack. Such a cognitive bias has been suggested to reflect an internal emotional state analogous to humans who judge more pessimistically when they do not feel well. In order to test cognitive bias experimentally, an animal is conditioned to respond to two different stimuli, where one is punished while the other is rewarded. Subsequently a third, ambiguous stimulus is presented and it is measured whether the subject responds as if it expects a reward or a punishment. Generally, it is assumed that negative experiences lower future expectations, rendering the animals more pessimistic. Here we tested whether a most likely negatively experienced formic acid treatment against the parasitic mite Varroa destructor also affects future expectations of honey bees. We applied an olfactory learning paradigm (i.e., conditioned proboscis extension response) using two odorants and blends of these odorants as the ambiguous stimuli. Unlike agitating honey bees, exposure to formic acid did not significantly change the response to the ambiguous stimuli in comparison with untreated bees. Overall evidence suggests that the commonest treatment against one of the most harmful bee pests has no detrimental effects on cognitive bias in honey bees.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Osnabrueck, Barbarastr. 11, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany.
authors.forename: Helge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schlüns
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Osnabrueck, Barbarastr. 11, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Welling
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Osnabrueck, Barbarastr. 11, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany.
authors.forename: Julian René
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Federici
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Biology, University of Osnabrueck, Barbarastr. 11, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany. Ljohann@phenotyping.com.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0202-4351
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lewejohann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000469:parasitology*; D003071:Cognition; D007858:Learning; D012903:Smell; D057077:Varroidae / Q000472:pathogenicity*
keywords: Appetitive learning; Aversive learning; Formic acid; Invertebrate emotion; Olfactory conditioning; Proboscis extension reflex