title: Sugar and Type 2 diabetes.
abstract: Consumption of sugar, specifically sugar-sweetened beverages, has been widely held responsible by the media for the global rise in Type 2 diabetes (T2DM).
  
  
  
  Systematic reviews and dietary guidelines relating dietary sugars to T2DM.
  
  
  
  Weight gain and T2DM incidence are associated with diet and lifestyle patterns characterized by high consumptions of any sweetened beverages. High sugar intakes impair risk factors for macrovascular complications of T2DM.
  
  
  
  Much of the association between sugars and T2DM is eliminated by adjusting data for body mass index (BMI). However, BMI adjustment does not fully account for adiposity (r2=0.65-0.75). Excess sugar can promote weight gain, thus T2DM, through extra calories, but has no unique diabetogenic effect at physiological levels.
  
  
  
  Ethical concerns about caffeine added to sweetened beverages, undetectable by consumers, to increase consumption.
  
  
  
  Evidence needed for limiting dietary sugar below 10% energy intake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK Mike.Lean@glasgow.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Michael E J
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lean
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition and Edgar Institute for Diabetes and Obesity Research, Otago University, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Te Morenga
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000073417:Dietary Sugars / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002149:Energy Intake; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D018673:Nutrition Policy / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011634:Public Health; D012307:Risk Factors; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D000073417:Dietary Sugars; D002110:Caffeine
keywords: beliefs; body mass index; diabetes; diet; evidence; soda