title: Syndromic Craniosynostosis.
abstract: Syndromic craniosynostosis affects up to 1:30,000 live births with characteristic craniofacial growth restrictions, deformities, and other associated abnormalities, such as carpal-pedal anomalies and cognitive function impairment. More than 150 syndromes are associated with craniosynostosis. This article describes some commonalities and distinguishing features and management of syndromic synostosis. Also addressed is secondary synostosis, which is often found in syndromic children with problems related to microcephaly, hydrocephalus, or shunt-induced craniosynostosis, although pathophysiologically and genetically different. The importance of obtaining a thorough history and a complete physical and examination is highlighted. Adjuvant testing and multidisciplinary management are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology---Head and Neck Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Stop 8312, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Otolaryngology---Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Pediatrics, West Texas Craniofacial Center of Excellence, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
authors.forename: Laszlo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.affiliation: Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology---Head and Neck Surgery, West Texas Craniofacial Center of Excellence, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Stop 8312, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA. Electronic address: joshua.demke@ttuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Joshua C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Demke
mesh_terms: D003394:Craniofacial Dysostosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D019857:Osteogenesis, Distraction; D013577:Syndrome
keywords: Apert syndrome; Craniofacial syndromes; Crouzon syndrome; FGFR mutations; Muenke syndrome; Pfeiffer syndrome; Saethre-Chotzen syndrome; Syndromic craniosynostosis