title: Minimal intervention delivered by 2-1-1 information and referral specialists promotes smoke-free homes among 2-1-1 callers: a Texas generalisation trial.
abstract: Replication of intervention research is reported infrequently, limiting what we know about external validity and generalisability. The Smoke Free Homes Program, a minimal intervention, increased home smoking bans by United Way 2-1-1 callers in randomised controlled trials in Atlanta, Georgia and North Carolina.
  
  
  
  Test the programme's generalisability-external validity in a different context.
  
  
  
  A randomised controlled trial (n=508) of English-speaking callers from smoking-discordant households (≥1 smoker and ≥1 non-smoker). 2-1-1 Texas/United Way HELPLINE call specialists serving the Texas Gulf Coast recruited callers and delivered three mailings and one coaching call, supported by an online tracking system. Data collectors, blind to study assignment, conducted telephone interviews 3 and 6 months postbaseline.
  
  
  
  At 3 months, more intervention households reported a smoke-free home (46.6% vs 25.4%, p<0.0001; growth model intent-to-treat OR=1.48, 95% CI 1.241 to 1.772, p<0.0001). At 6 months, self-reported full bans were 62.9% for intervention participants and 38.4% for controls (OR=2.19). Texas trial participants were predominantly women (83%), single-smoker households (76%) and African-American (65%); half had incomes ≤US$10 000/year (50%). Texas recruitment was <50% of the other sites. Fewer callers reported having a smoker in the household. Almost twice the callers with a household smoker declined interest in the programme/study.
  
  
  
  Our findings in a region with lower smoking rates and more diverse callers, including English-speaking Latinos, support programme generalisability and convey evidence of external validity. Our recruitment experience indicates that site-specific adjustments might improve recruitment efficiency and reach.
  
  
  
  NCT02097914, Results.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia Dolan
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Mullen
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Lara S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Savas
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory Prevention Research Center, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Łucja T
authors.initials: ŁT
authors.lastname: Bundy
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory Prevention Research Center, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Regine
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haardörfer
authors.affiliation: Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Mel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hovell
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Jo Ann A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Monroy
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention and Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Health Communication Research Laboratory, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kreuter
authors.affiliation: 2-1-1 Texas/United Way HELPLINE, United Way of Greater Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jobe
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory Prevention Research Center, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kegler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005845:Georgia; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D013689:Telephone; D013781:Texas; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: Environment; Prevention; Secondhand smoke; Socioeconomic status