title: The relationship between macro- and micro-nutrients intake and risk of preterm premature rupture of membranes in pregnant women of Isfahan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Since preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) is one of the most important complications of pregnancy and its relationship with nutrition status have not been surveyed comprehensively, we decided to study the relationship of maternal received nutrients (36 macro- and micro-nutrients) in three trimesters and PPROM which could be considered as a unique study.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective cohort study, data was collected by filling a questionnaire through interviews with 620 pregnant women who had no parameters to affect pregnancy outcome. 48-hr dietary recalls were completed for eligible women at 11th-15th, 26th, 34th-37thweeks of gestation. Physical activity was also assessed using a standard questionnaire. Also pregnant mother's reproductive and demographic characteristic and supplementation are considered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean value of received saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and energy, in the first trimester (P< 0.001,P= 0.007, andP< 0.001 respectively), the mean values of calcium, sodium intake in the second trimester (P= 0.045,P= 0.006, andP= 0.004 respectively), Vitamins C, A (mg), β-carotene, cartenoids intake in the second trimester (P= 0.03,P= 0.001,P= 0.007, andP= 0.01 respectively), and higher Vitamin C intake during the first trimester (P= 0.02) was significantly greater among subjects with PPROM compared to the others.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mean value of mentioned received nutrients in subjects who experienced PPROM later in pregnancy was higher than the others, which is independent of demographic and reproductive characteristic, estimated physical activity, and supplementation. Therefore, these findings could be considered in the nutritional programming for pregnant women to manage the risk of PPROM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Akbar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hassanzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Zamzam
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Paknahad
authors.affiliation: Department of Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Masoomeh Goodarzi
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Khoigani
keywords: Macro nutrients; minerals; pregnancy outcome; preterm premature rupture of membranes; vitamins