title: The current and future financial burden of hospital admissions for heart failure in Canada: a cost analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart failure is a costly health condition and a major public health concern. We sought to examine the costs of hospital admissions for heart failure between fiscal years 2004 and 2013 in Canada and to model the future costs to 2030.
  
  
  METHODS
  Canadian Institutes for Health Information Discharge Abstract Database was used to identify admissions to hospital with heart failure as the primary diagnosis between fiscal years 2004 and 2013. Multiple linear regression models were used to calculate the trend in prevalence and extrapolate these to 2030. Canadian Institutes for Health Information patient cost estimates were used to identify costs of hospital admissions for heart failure. Generalized linear models were used to estimate average annual costs per heart failure patient. We conducted a sensitivity analysis including all admissions for heart failure in any diagnostic field.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2013, 45 600 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 43 800-47 200) patients were admitted with heart failure as the primary diagnosis, accounting for $482 (95% CI $464-$500) million. By 2030, we estimate 54 000 (95% CI 49 000-60 000) patients and costs of $722 (95% CI $650-$801) million, with older adults (age ≥ 80 yr) accounting for 52% of costs. Including admissions for which heart failure was a secondary diagnosis increases the total cost to $2.8 (95% CI $2.6-$3.0) billion in 2030.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As in other developed countries, hospital costs related to heart failure in Canada are on the rise. Older adults are the main consumers of such hospital services. Strategies to improve outpatient care to reduce rates of admission for heart failure are needed.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health (Tran, Ohinmaa, Thanh), University of Alberta; Institute of Health Economics (Ohinmaa, Thanh), Edmonton; Department of Medicine (Howlett), University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz, McAlister, Kaul), University of Alberta; Canadian VIGOUR Centre (Ezekowitz, McAlister, Kaul), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
authors.forename: Dat T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health (Tran, Ohinmaa, Thanh), University of Alberta; Institute of Health Economics (Ohinmaa, Thanh), Edmonton; Department of Medicine (Howlett), University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz, McAlister, Kaul), University of Alberta; Canadian VIGOUR Centre (Ezekowitz, McAlister, Kaul), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
authors.forename: Arto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ohinmaa
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health (Tran, Ohinmaa, Thanh), University of Alberta; Institute of Health Economics (Ohinmaa, Thanh), Edmonton; Department of Medicine (Howlett), University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz, McAlister, Kaul), University of Alberta; Canadian VIGOUR Centre (Ezekowitz, McAlister, Kaul), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
authors.forename: Nguyen X
authors.initials: NX
authors.lastname: Thanh
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health (Tran, Ohinmaa, Thanh), University of Alberta; Institute of Health Economics (Ohinmaa, Thanh), Edmonton; Department of Medicine (Howlett), University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz, McAlister, Kaul), University of Alberta; Canadian VIGOUR Centre (Ezekowitz, McAlister, Kaul), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
authors.forename: Jonathan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Howlett
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health (Tran, Ohinmaa, Thanh), University of Alberta; Institute of Health Economics (Ohinmaa, Thanh), Edmonton; Department of Medicine (Howlett), University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz, McAlister, Kaul), University of Alberta; Canadian VIGOUR Centre (Ezekowitz, McAlister, Kaul), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
authors.forename: Justin A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ezekowitz
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health (Tran, Ohinmaa, Thanh), University of Alberta; Institute of Health Economics (Ohinmaa, Thanh), Edmonton; Department of Medicine (Howlett), University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz, McAlister, Kaul), University of Alberta; Canadian VIGOUR Centre (Ezekowitz, McAlister, Kaul), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
authors.forename: Finlay A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: McAlister
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health (Tran, Ohinmaa, Thanh), University of Alberta; Institute of Health Economics (Ohinmaa, Thanh), Edmonton; Department of Medicine (Howlett), University of Calgary, Calgary; Department of Medicine (Ezekowitz, McAlister, Kaul), University of Alberta; Canadian VIGOUR Centre (Ezekowitz, McAlister, Kaul), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
authors.forename: Padma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaul