title: Evidence of distinct profiles of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) based on the new ICD-11 Trauma Questionnaire (ICD-TQ).
abstract: The WHO International Classification of Diseases, 11th version (ICD-11), has proposed two related diagnoses following exposure to traumatic events; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD). We set out to explore whether the newly developed ICD-11 Trauma Questionnaire (ICD-TQ) can distinguish between classes of individuals according to the PTSD and CPTSD symptom profiles as per ICD-11 proposals based on latent class analysis. We also hypothesized that the CPTSD class would report more frequent and a greater number of different types of childhood trauma as well as higher levels of functional impairment. Methods Participants in this study were a sample of individuals who were referred for psychological therapy to a National Health Service (NHS) trauma centre in Scotland (N=193). Participants completed the ICD-TQ as well as measures of life events and functioning.
  
  
  
  Overall, results indicate that using the newly developed ICD-TQ, two subgroups of treatment-seeking individuals could be empirically distinguished based on different patterns of symptom endorsement; a small group high in PTSD symptoms only and a larger group high in CPTSD symptoms. In addition, CPTSD was more strongly associated with more frequent and a greater accumulation of different types of childhood traumatic experiences and poorer functional impairment.
  
  
  
  Sample predominantly consisted of people who had experienced childhood psychological trauma or been multiply traumatised in childhood and adulthood.
  
  
  
  CPTSD is highly prevalent in treatment seeking populations who have been multiply traumatised in childhood and adulthood and appropriate interventions should now be developed to aid recovery from this debilitating condition.
authors.affiliation: Edinburgh Napier University, School of Health & Social Care,Edinburgh, UK; NHS Lothian, Rivers Centre for Traumatic Stress, Edinburgh, UK. Electronic address: Email.t.karatzias@napier.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Thanos
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karatzias
authors.affiliation: Ulster University, School of Psychology, Derry, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shevlin
authors.affiliation: NHS Lothian, Rivers Centre for Traumatic Stress, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fyvie
authors.affiliation: National College of Ireland, School of Business, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hyland
authors.affiliation: NHS Lothian, Rivers Centre for Traumatic Stress, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Erifili
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Efthymiadou
authors.affiliation: NHS Lothian, Rivers Centre for Traumatic Stress, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Psychology and Counselling Directorate, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Bisson
authors.affiliation: University College London, Clinical, Education & Health Psychology, London, UK.
authors.forename: Chris R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Brewin
authors.affiliation: New York University, School of Medicine, USA; National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Marylene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cloitre
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D057566:Self Report; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: ICD-11; ICD-11 Trauma Questionnaire (ICD-TQ); Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD)