title: Elemental and immunohistochemical analysis of the lungs and hilar lymph node in a patient with asbestos exposure, a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies have shown that inhaled mine dust, such as asbestos, can be translocated to various organs including the lymph nodes. Recently, we have established a protocol that enables us to identify inhaled elements using paraffin embedded lung specimens by in-air microparticle-induced X-ray emission (micro-PIXE). However, little research has examined the concentration of these inhaled fibers in various organs or the mechanisms of their translocation. In this study, we compared the concentration of inhaled fibers in the lung parenchyma to the concentration in the hilar lymph node as well as to determine the elemental spatial distribution of the inhaled fibers in a patient with occupational asbestos exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lung tissues and hilar lymph node in a patient with asbestos exposure were used in this study. Elemental analysis was performed by in-air micro-PIXE. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using anti CD163, smooth muscle actin, vimentin and β-catenin antibody.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis revealed that the amount of inhaled silicon was approximately 6 times higher in the lymph node than in the lungs. The spatial analysis showed that silicon, iron and aluminium were co-localized in the hilar lymph node. The immunohistochemical analysis showed localized agreement of the inhaled fibers with macrophages, smooth muscle actin, and vimentin in the hilar lymph node.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that in-air micro-PIXE could be useful for analyzing the elemental distribution and quantification of inhaled fibers in the human body. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry in combination with in-air micro-PIXE analyses may help to determine the mechanism of mine dust distribution in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 sho-wa machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan. ykoga@gunma-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.affiliation: Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-1292, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology Clinical Development, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 sho-wa machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyoichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaira
authors.affiliation: Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-1292, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koka
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 sho-wa machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hisada
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Gunma University Hospital, 3-39-22 sho-wa machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirato
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology Clinical Development, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 sho-wa machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Bolag
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Altan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 sho-wa machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Masakiyo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yatomi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 sho-wa machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 sho-wa machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.|Department of Allergy, Sagamihara National Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0392, Japan.
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kamide
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 sho-wa machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aoki-Saito
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 sho-wa machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsurumaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Visceral Organ Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 sho-wa machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Kimihiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 sho-wa machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mogi
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.
authors.forename: Tamotsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishizuka
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 sho-wa machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 sho-wa machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8514, Japan. dobashik@gunma-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kunio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dobashi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001194:Asbestos / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010865:Pilot Projects; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission
chemical_list: D001194:Asbestos
keywords: Asbestos; Elemental analysis; Lymph node; PIXE; Smooth muscle actin