title: The Impact of School Social Support and Bullying Victimization on Psychological Distress among California Adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  National reports showed that over 20% of high school students were victims of bullying, which could potentially lead to psychological problems. School social support may be protective against mental distress linked with victimization. This study examined the main and moderating effects of social support from adults in schools on non-specific serious psychological distress (SPD) related to victimization among California adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Utilizing the 2011-2012 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS), we analyzed a representative sample of 2,799 adolescents aged 12-17 years old. Logistic regression analyses were conducted modeling the odds of SPD in relation to school social support and victimization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adolescents who were victimized were twice as likely to have SPD compared to non-victims. Higher level of social support from adults in schools was protective against SPD, but did not buffer the effect of bullying exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from the present study suggested that adult support from schools can help with students' psychological problems but does not appear to prevent the psychological consequences of victimization. Additional intervention is needed, above and beyond social support, to prevent victimization and its psychological consequences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Chaelin Karen
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Ra
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, University of Georgia.
authors.forename: Donglan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai.
authors.forename: Yunting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA.
authors.forename: Kara E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: MacLeod
keywords: adolescents; mental health; school programs; social support; victimization