title: Self-Other Differences in Student Drinking Norms Research: The Role of Impression Management, Self-Deception, and Measurement Methodology.
abstract: Data-driven student drinking norms interventions are based on reported normative overestimation of the extent and approval of an average student's drinking. Self-reported differences between personal and perceived normative drinking behaviors and attitudes are taken at face value as evidence of actual levels of overestimation. This study investigates whether commonly used data collection methods and socially desirable responding (SDR) may inadvertently impede establishing "objective" drinking norms.
  
  
  
  U.K. students (N = 421; 69% female; mean age 20.22 years [SD = 2.5]) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 versions of a drinking norms questionnaire: The standard multi-target questionnaire assessed respondents' drinking attitudes and behaviors (frequency of consumption, heavy drinking, units on a typical occasion) as well as drinking attitudes and behaviors for an "average student." Two deconstructed versions of this questionnaire assessed identical behaviors and attitudes for participants themselves or an "average student." The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding was also administered.
  
  
  
  Students who answered questions about themselves and peers reported more extreme perceived drinking attitudes for the average student compared with those reporting solely on the "average student." Personal and perceived reports of drinking behaviors did not differ between multitarget and single-target versions of the questionnaire. Among those who completed the multitarget questionnaire, after controlling for demographics and weekly drinking, SDR was related positively with the magnitude of difference between students' own reported behaviors/attitudes and those perceived for the average student.
  
  
  
  Standard methodological practices and socially desirable responding may be sources of bias in peer norm overestimation research.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health & Wellbeing (AJM), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ambrose J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Melson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology , Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Rebecca Louise
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Monk
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology , Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heim
mesh_terms: D000067292:Alcohol Drinking in College / Q000523:psychology*; D035841:Behavioral Research; D008192:Deception; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D066262:Social Norms; D012938:Social Perception; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Measurement Bias; Misperception; Socially Desirable Responding; Student Drinking Norms