title: Advances in Stallion Semen Cryopreservation.
abstract: The use of stallion frozen semen minimizes the spread of disease, eliminates geographic barriers, and preserves the genetic material of the animal for an unlimited time. Significant progress on the frozen thawed stallion semen process and consequently fertility has been achieved over the last decade. These improvements not only increased fertility rates but also allowed cryopreservation of semen from "poor freezers." This article reviews traditional steps and new strategies for stallion semen handling and processing that are performed to overcome the deleterious effects of semen preservation and consequently improve frozen semen quality and fertility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil. Electronic address: malvarenga.fmvz.unesp.br@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marco Antonio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Alvarenga
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil.
authors.forename: Frederico Ozanam
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Papa
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramires Neto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000662:veterinary*; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male; D012661:Semen / Q000502:physiology*; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: Centrifugation; Cushion; Epididymal sperm; Frozen semen; Sperm selection; Spermfilter; Stallion