title: Whole-tumor apparent diffusion coefficient measurements in nephroblastoma: Can it identify blastemal predominance?
abstract: To explore the potential relation between whole-tumor apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) parameters in viable parts of tumor and histopathological findings in nephroblastoma.
  
  
  
  Children (n = 52) with histopathologically proven nephroblastoma underwent diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (1.5T) before preoperative chemotherapy. Of these, 25 underwent an additional MRI after preoperative chemotherapy, shortly before resection. An experienced reader performed the whole-tumor ADC measurements of all lesions, excluding nonenhancing areas. An experienced pathologist reviewed the postoperative specimens according to standard SIOP guidelines. Potential associations between ADC parameters and proportions of histological subtypes were assessed with Pearson's or Spearman's rank correlation coefficient depending on whether the parameters tested were normally distributed. In case the Mann-Whitney U-test revealed significantly different ADC values in a subtype tumor, this ADC parameter was used to derive a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.
  
  
  
  The 25thpercentile ADC at presentation was the best ADC metric correlated with proportion of blastema (Pearson's r = -0.303, P = 0.026). ADC after preoperative treatment showed moderate correlation with proportion stromal subtype at histopathology (r = 0.579, P = 0.002). By ROC analysis, the optimal threshold of median ADC for detecting stromal subtype was 1.362 × 10-3mm2/s with sensitivity and specificity of 100% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65-1.00) and 78.9% (95% CI 0.57-0.92), respectively.
  
  
  
  ADC markers in nephroblastoma are related to stromal subtype histopathology; however, identification of blastemal predominant tumors using whole-tumor ADC measurements is probably not feasible.
  
  
  
  3 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1316-1324.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht/Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annemieke S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Littooij
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
authors.forename: Neil J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Sebire
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
authors.forename: Øystein E
authors.initials: ØE
authors.lastname: Olsen
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007223:Infant; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D009396:Wilms Tumor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: children; diffusion-weighted imaging; magnetic resonance imaging; nephroblastoma; whole-tumor apparent diffusion coefficient