title: Asperger syndrome in childhood - personality dimensions in adult life: temperament, character and outcome trajectories.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Temperament and character have been shown to be important factors in understanding psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorder. Adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have repeatedly been shown to have a distinct temperament and character, but this has not been evaluated in relation to psychiatric comorbidity and ASD diagnostic stability.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine temperament and character in males that were diagnosed with ASD in childhood and followed prospectively over almost two decades.
  
  
  METHODS
  Temperament and character were assessed in 40 adult males with a childhood diagnosis of ASD. Results were analysed by the stability of ASD diagnosis over time and current psychiatric comorbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three distinct temperament and character profiles emerged from the data. Those no longer meeting criteria for ASD had high reward dependence while those with a stable ASD diagnosis and psychiatric comorbidity showed elevated harm avoidance and low self-directedness and cooperativeness. Finally, those with a stable ASD and no comorbidity showed low novelty seeking and somewhat elevated harm avoidance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Temperament and character are important factors correlated with long-term diagnostic stability and psychiatric comorbidity in males diagnosed with ASD in childhood.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  None.
  © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2016. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Non-Commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) licence.
authors.affiliation: , MSc, Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for Research & Development, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; County Council of Gävleborg, Gävle, Sweden.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Helles
authors.affiliation: , PhD, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Märta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wallinius
authors.affiliation: , MD, Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: I Carina
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Gillberg
authors.affiliation: , MD, Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gillberg
authors.affiliation: , PhD, Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Billstedt