title: 1-year follow-up of neurofeedback treatment in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Estimates of the effectiveness of neurofeedback as a treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are mixed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the long-term additional effects of neurofeedback (NFB) compared with treatment as usual (TAU) for adolescents with ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a multicentre parallel-randomised controlled trial design, 60 adolescents with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of ADHD receiving NFB+TAU (n=41) or TAU (n=19) were followed up. Neurofeedback treatment consisted of approximately 37 sessions of theta/sensorimotor rhythm (SMR)-training on the vertex (Cz). Outcome measures included behavioural self-reports and neurocognitive measures. Allocation to the conditions was unmasked.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 1-year follow-up, inattention as reported by adolescents was decreased (rangeηp2=0.23-0.36, P<0.01) and performance on neurocognitive tasks was faster (rangeηp2=0.20-0.67,P<0.005) irrespective of treatment group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, NFB+TAU was as effective as TAU. Given the absence of robust additional effects of neurofeedback in the current study, results do not support the use of theta/SMR neurofeedback as a treatment for adolescents with ADHD and comorbid disorders in clinical practice.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  None.
  © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2016. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Non-Commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) licence.
authors.affiliation: , PhD, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Scientific Center for Care & Welfare (Tranzo), Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marleen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bink
authors.affiliation: , PhD, GGzECenter for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Eindhoven; Scientific Center for Care & Welfare (Tranzo), Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ilja L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Bongers
authors.affiliation: , MD, PhD, Academic Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, VUmc/De Bascule, Duivendrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Popma
authors.affiliation: , MSc, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tieme W P
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.affiliation: , PhD, Scientific Center for Care & Welfare (Tranzo), Tilburg University, Tilburg; GGzECenter for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Chijs
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Nieuwenhuizen