title: The Effectiveness of Lower-Limb Wearable Technology for Improving Activity and Participation in Adult Stroke Survivors: A Systematic Review.
abstract: With advances in technology, the adoption of wearable devices has become a viable adjunct in poststroke rehabilitation. Regaining ambulation is a top priority for an increasing number of stroke survivors. However, despite an increase in research exploring these devices for lower limb rehabilitation, little is known of the effectiveness.
  
  
  
  This review aims to assess the effectiveness of lower limb wearable technology for improving activity and participation in adult stroke survivors.
  
  
  
  Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of lower limb wearable technology for poststroke rehabilitation were included. Primary outcome measures were validated measures of activity and participation as defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Databases searched were MEDLINE, Web of Science (Core collection), CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was used to assess the methodological quality of the RCTs.
  
  
  
  In the review, we included 11 RCTs with collectively 550 participants at baseline and 474 participants at final follow-up including control groups and participants post stroke. Participants' stroke type and severity varied. Only one study found significant between-group differences for systems functioning and activity. Across the included RCTs, the lowest number of participants was 12 and the highest was 151 with a mean of 49 participants. The lowest number of participants to drop out of an RCT was zero in two of the studies and 19 in one study. Significant between-group differences were found across three of the 11 included trials. Out of the activity and participation measures alone, P values ranged from P=.87 to P ≤.001.
  
  
  
  This review has highlighted a number of reasons for insignificant findings in this area including low sample sizes, appropriateness of the RCT methodology for complex interventions, a lack of appropriate analysis of outcome data, and participant stroke severity.
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom. l.a.powell@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0230-8722
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Jack
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4684-7330
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Marrissa
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4679-7831
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martyn St-James
authors.forename: Susan
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2795-8983
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mawson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000523:psychology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017741:Survivors; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: gait; rehabilitation; stroke; wearable technology