title: Nanocellulose-Based Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN) Hydrogels for Cartilage Applications.
abstract: Double cross-linked interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels of sodium alginate and gelatin (SA/G) reinforced with 50 wt % cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) have been prepared via the freeze-drying process. The IPNs were designed to incorporate CNC with carboxyl surface groups as a part of the network contribute to the structural integrity and mechanical stability of the hydrogel. Structural morphology studies of the hydrogels showed a three-dimensional (3D) network of interconnected pores with diameters in the range of 10-192 μm and hierarchical pores with a nanostructured pore wall roughness, which has potential benefits for cell adhesion. Significant improvements in the tensile strength and strain were achieved in 98% RH at 37 °C for CNC cross-linked IPNs. The high porosity of the scaffolds (>93%), high phosphate buffered saline (PBS) uptake, and cytocompatibility toward mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are confirmed and considered beneficial for use as a substitute for cartilage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University , SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.|Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology , 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Narges
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Naseri
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Bishop Moore College , Mavelikara 690101, Kerala India.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Deepa
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University , SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.|Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology , 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Aji P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.affiliation: Division of Materials Science, Luleå University of Technology , 97187 Luleå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kristiina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oksman
authors.affiliation: Educell ltd., Prevale 9, 1236 Trzin, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Lenart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Girandon
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002356:Cartilage / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004392:Dwarfism; D019066:Facies; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008831:Microcephaly; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000187:drug effects; D023822:Tissue Engineering
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D011108:Polymers; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D005780:Gelatin; D002482:Cellulose