title: Voice and endocrinology.
abstract: Voice is one of the advanced features of natural evolution that differentiates human beings from other primates. The human voice is capable of conveying the thoughts into spoken words along with a subtle emotion to the tone. This extraordinary character of the voice in expressing multiple emotions is the gift of God to the human beings and helps in effective interpersonal communication. Voice generation involves close interaction between cerebral signals and the peripheral apparatus consisting of the larynx, vocal cords, and trachea. The human voice is susceptible to the hormonal changes throughout life right from the puberty until senescence. Thyroid, gonadal and growth hormones have tremendous impact on the structure and function of the vocal apparatus. The alteration of voice is observed even in physiological states such as puberty and menstruation. Astute clinical observers make out the changes in the voice and refer the patients for endocrine evaluation. In this review, we shall discuss the hormonal influence on the voice apparatus in normal and endocrine disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Command Hospital, Chandimandir, Panchkula, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: K V S
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Hari Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Command Hospital, Chandimandir, Panchkula, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Anurag
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Command Hospital, Chandimandir, Panchkula, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Ajai Chandra
authors.affiliation: Department of ENT, Command Hospital, Chandimandir, Panchkula, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of ENT, Command Hospital, Chandimandir, Panchkula, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Datta
keywords: Endocrinology; hormones; speech; voice