title: Expressive flexibility in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and depression.
abstract: A growing body of evidence suggests that the ability to flexibly express and suppress emotions ("expressive flexibility") supports successful adaptation to trauma and loss. However, studies have yet to examine whether individuals that meet criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or depression exhibit alterations in expressive flexibility. The present study aims to test whether lower levels of expressive flexibility are associated with PTSD and depression in combat-exposed veterans.
  
  
  
  Fifty-nine combat veterans with and without PTSD completed self-report measures assessing symptoms of depression, PTSD, and combat exposure. Participants also completed an expressive flexibility task in which they were asked to either enhance or suppress their expressions of emotion while viewing affective images on a computer screen. Expressive flexibility was assessed by both expressive enhancement ability and expressive suppression ability.
  
  
  
  Repeated measures ANOVA's showed that both PTSD and depression were associated with lower levels of emotional enhancement ability. In addition, a series of linear regressions demonstrated that lower levels of emotional enhancement ability were associated with greater symptom severity of PTSD and depression. The ability to suppress emotional responses did not differ among individuals with and without PTSD or depression.
  
  
  
  of the study include a cross-sectional design, precluding causality; the lack of a non-trauma exposed group and predominantly male participants limit the generalizability to other populations.
  
  
  
  Alterations in expressive flexibility is a previously unrecognized affective mechanism associated with PTSD and depression. Clinical strategies aimed at enhancing emotional expression may aid in the treatment of these disorders.
authors.affiliation: Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Canada; Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, United States; The Mach-Gaensslen Foundation of Canada, Canada. Electronic address: rebecca.rodin@medportal.ca.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodin
authors.affiliation: Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University, United States.
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Bonanno
authors.affiliation: Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, United States.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, United States.
authors.forename: Nicole A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Kouri
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bryant
authors.affiliation: Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, United States.
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Marmar
authors.affiliation: Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, United States; Department of Psychology, Sarah Lawrence College, United States.
authors.forename: Adam D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003130:Combat Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D003142:Communication; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D057566:Self Report; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*; D058014:Veterans Health; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Emotional flexibility; Expressive flexibility; Major depressive disorder; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Veterans