title: Association of Retinopathy and Retinal Microvascular Abnormalities With Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease.
abstract: Abnormalities of the retinal circulation may be associated with cerebrovascular disease. We investigated associations between retinal microvascular abnormalities and (1) strokes and subclinical cerebral infarcts and (2) cerebral white matter lesions in a UK-based triethnic population-based cohort.
  
  
  
  A total of 1185 participants (age, 68.8±6.1 years; 77% men) underwent retinal imaging and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. Cerebral infarcts and white matter hyperintensities were identified on magnetic resonance imaging, retinopathy was graded, and retinal vessels were measured.
  
  
  
  Higher retinopathy grade (odds ratio [OR], 1.40 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.16-1.70]), narrower arteriolar diameter (OR, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.97-0.99]), fewer symmetrical arteriolar bifurcations (OR, 0.84 [95% CI, 0.75-0.95]), higher arteriolar optimality deviation (OR, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.00-1.34]), and more tortuous venules (OR, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.09-1.32]) were associated with strokes/infarcts and white matter hyperintensities. Associations with quantitative retinal microvascular measures were independent of retinopathy.
  
  
  
  Abnormalities of the retinal microvasculature are independently associated with stroke, cerebral infarcts, and white matter lesions.
authors.affiliation: From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (A.D.H., T.T., N.C.); School of Public Health (E.F.); National Heart & Lung Institute (N.W., S.W., S.A.M.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Gloucestershire Retinal Research Group, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, United Kingdom (S.J.A.). alun.hughes@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Alun D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (A.D.H., T.T., N.C.); School of Public Health (E.F.); National Heart & Lung Institute (N.W., S.W., S.A.M.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Gloucestershire Retinal Research Group, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, United Kingdom (S.J.A.).
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Falaschetti
authors.affiliation: From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (A.D.H., T.T., N.C.); School of Public Health (E.F.); National Heart & Lung Institute (N.W., S.W., S.A.M.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Gloucestershire Retinal Research Group, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, United Kingdom (S.J.A.).
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.affiliation: From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (A.D.H., T.T., N.C.); School of Public Health (E.F.); National Heart & Lung Institute (N.W., S.W., S.A.M.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Gloucestershire Retinal Research Group, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, United Kingdom (S.J.A.).
authors.forename: Sumangali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wijetunge
authors.affiliation: From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (A.D.H., T.T., N.C.); School of Public Health (E.F.); National Heart & Lung Institute (N.W., S.W., S.A.M.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Gloucestershire Retinal Research Group, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, United Kingdom (S.J.A.).
authors.forename: Simon A McG
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Thom
authors.affiliation: From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (A.D.H., T.T., N.C.); School of Public Health (E.F.); National Heart & Lung Institute (N.W., S.W., S.A.M.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Gloucestershire Retinal Research Group, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, United Kingdom (S.J.A.).
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tillin
authors.affiliation: From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (A.D.H., T.T., N.C.); School of Public Health (E.F.); National Heart & Lung Institute (N.W., S.W., S.A.M.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Gloucestershire Retinal Research Group, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, United Kingdom (S.J.A.).
authors.forename: Steve J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Aldington
authors.affiliation: From the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom (A.D.H., T.T., N.C.); School of Public Health (E.F.); National Heart & Lung Institute (N.W., S.W., S.A.M.T.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and Gloucestershire Retinal Research Group, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, United Kingdom (S.J.A.).
authors.forename: Nish
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001160:Arterioles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D049292:Leukoaraiosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D020521:Stroke / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: cerebral infarction; cerebrovascular disorders; retinal vessels; stroke; white matter