title: Vasopressin Receptor Antagonists for the Correction of Hyponatremia in Chronic Heart Failure: An Underutilized Therapeutic Option in Current Clinical Practice?
abstract: In the congestive heart failure (CHF) setting, chronic hyponatremia is very common. The present review aims at addressing topics relevant to the pathophysiology of hyponatremia in the course of CHF as well as its optimal treatment, including the main advantages and the limitations resulting from the use of the available dietary and pharmacological measures approved for the treatment of this electrolytic trouble. A narrative review is carried out in order to represent the main modalities of therapy for chronic hyponatremia that frequently complicates CHF. The limits of usual therapies implemented for CHF-related chronic hyponatremia are outlined, while an original analysis of the main advancements achieved with the use of vasopressin receptor antagonists (VRAs) is also executed. The European regulatory restrictions that currently limit the use of VRAs in the management of CHF are substantially caused by financial concerns, i.e., the high costs of VRA therapy. A thoughtful reworking of current restrictions would be warranted in order to enable VRAs to be usefully associated to loop diuretics for decongestive treatment of CHF patients with hyponatremia.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Unit, Presidio Sanitario Intermedio "Elena d'Aosta", ASL Napoli 1 Centro, via Cagnazzi 29, 80137 Naples, Italy. devecchis.erre@virgilio.it.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Vecchis
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Unit, Presidio Sanitario Intermedio "Elena d'Aosta", ASL Napoli 1 Centro, via Cagnazzi 29, 80137 Naples, Italy. corneliagracchi58@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cantatrione
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Unit, Presidio Sanitario Intermedio "Elena d'Aosta", ASL Napoli 1 Centro, via Cagnazzi 29, 80137 Naples, Italy. agrippine268@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Damiana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mazzei
authors.affiliation: Heart Department, Interventional Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", via San Leonardo 1, 84131 Salerno, Italy. cesare.baldi@tiscali.it.
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baldi
keywords: chronic heart failure; hyponatremia; vasopressin receptor antagonists