title: Acute sensitivity of a broad range of freshwater mussels to chemicals with different modes of toxic action.
abstract: Freshwater mussels, one of the most imperiled groups of animals in the world, are generally underrepresented in toxicity databases used for the development of ambient water quality criteria and other environmental guidance values. Acute 96-h toxicity tests were conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of 5 species of juvenile mussels from 2 families and 4 tribes to 10 chemicals (ammonia, metals, major ions, and organic compounds) and to screen 10 additional chemicals (mainly organic compounds) with a commonly tested mussel species, fatmucket (Lampsilis siliquoidea). In the multi-species study, median effect concentrations (EC50s) among the 5 species differed by a factor of ≤2 for chloride, potassium, sulfate, and zinc; a factor of ≤5 for ammonia, chromium, copper, and nickel; and factors of 6 and 12 for metolachlor and alachlor, respectively, indicating that mussels representing different families or tribes had similar sensitivity to most of the tested chemicals, regardless of modes of action. There was a strong linear relationship between EC50s for fatmucket and the other 4 mussel species across the 10 chemicals (r2= 0.97, slope close to 1.0), indicating that fatmucket was similar to other mussel species; thus, this commonly tested species can be a good surrogate for protecting other mussels in acute exposures. The sensitivity of juvenile fatmucket among different populations or cultured from larvae of wild adults and captive-cultured adults was also similar in acute exposures to copper or chloride, indicating captive-cultured adult mussels can reliably be used to reproduce juveniles for toxicity testing. In compiled databases for all freshwater species, 1 or more mussel species were among the 4 most sensitive species for alachlor, ammonia, chloride, potassium, sulfate, copper, nickel, and zinc; therefore, the development of water quality criteria and other environmental guidance values for these chemicals should reflect the sensitivity of mussels. In contrast, the EC50s of fatmucket tested in the single-species study were in the high percentiles (>75th) of species sensitivity distributions for 6 of 7 organic chemicals, indicating mussels might be relatively insensitive to organic chemicals in acute exposures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:786-796. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
authors.affiliation: US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Ivey
authors.affiliation: US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Ingersoll
authors.affiliation: US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Brumbaugh
authors.affiliation: US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.affiliation: US Environmental Protection Agency, Water Quality Branch, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.affiliation: US Environmental Protection Agency, Water Quality Branch, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Candice R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: US Fish and Wildlife Service, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Augspurger
authors.affiliation: US Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Ecology Division, Gulf Breeze, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raimondo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: M Christopher
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Barnhart
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013045:Species Specificity; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D049876:Unionidae / Q000187:drug effects*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Acute toxicity; Juvenile mussels; Species sensitivity distribution; Water quality criteria; Water quality guidelines