title: High resolution MR imaging of pelvic lymph nodes at 7 Tesla.
abstract: Pelvic lymph node (PLN) metastases are often smaller than 5 mm and difficult to detect. This work presents a method to perform PLN imaging with ultrahigh-field MRI, using spectrally selective excitation to acquire water and lipid-selective imaging at high spatial resolution.
  
  
  
  A 3D water-selective multigradient echo (mGRE) sequence and lipid-selective gradient echo (GRE) sequence were tested in six healthy volunteers on a 7 Tesla (T) MRI system, using time interleaved acquisition of modes (TIAMO) to improve image homogeneity. The size distribution of the first 10 iliac PLNs detected in each volunteer was determined, and the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of these lymph nodes (LNs) was compared with the individual mGRE images, sum-of-squares echo addition, and computed T2*-weighted images derived from the T2* fits.
  
  
  
  LN imaging was acquired robustly at ultrahigh field with high resolution and homogeneous lipid or water-selective contrast. PLNs down to 1.5-mm short axis were detected with mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) short and long axes of 2.2 ± 0.1 and 3.7 ± 0.2 mm, respectively. Computed T2*-weighted imaging allowed flexibility in T2* contrast while featuring a CNR up to 90% of the sum-of-squares echo addition.
  
  
  
  Ultrahigh-field MRI in combination with TIAMO and frequency-selective excitation enables high-resolution, large field-of-view MRI of the lower abdomen, and may ultimately be suitable for detecting small PLN metastases. Magn Reson Med 78:1020-1028, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (766), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bart W J
authors.initials: BWJ
authors.lastname: Philips
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (766), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ansje S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Fortuin
authors.affiliation: Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Zollverein, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Orzada
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (766), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.|Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Zollverein, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Tom W J
authors.initials: TWJ
authors.lastname: Scheenen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (766), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marnix C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Maas
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010388:Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: MRI; lower abdomen; lymph nodes; pelvic imaging; ultrahigh field