title: Global production, use, and emission volumes of short-chain chlorinated paraffins - A minimum scenario.
abstract: Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) show high persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity (PBT properties). Consequently, restrictions on production and use have been enforced in several countries/regions. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants recognized the PBT properties and long-range transport potential of SCCPs in 2015 and is now evaluating a possible global phase-out or restrictions. In this context, it is relevant to know which countries are producing/using SCCPs and in which amounts, and which applications contribute most to their environmental emissions. To provide a first comprehensive overview, we review and integrate all publicly available data on the global production and use of both chlorinated paraffins (CPs) as a whole and specifically SCCPs. Considerable amount of data on production/use of CPs and SCCPs are missing. Based on the available data and reported emission factors, we estimate the past and current worldwide SCCP emissions from individual applications. Using the available data as a minimum scenario, we conclude: (i) SCCP production and use is increasing, with the current worldwide production volume being 165,000t/year at least, whereas the global production of total CPs exceeds 1milliont/year. (ii) The worldwide release of SCCPs from their production and use to air, surface water, and soil between 1935 and 2012 has been in the range of 1690-41,400t, 1660-105,000t, and 9460-81,000t, respectively. (iii) The SCCP manufacture and use in PVC, the use in metal working applications and sealants/adhesives, and the use in plastics and rubber contribute most to the emissions to air, surface water, and soil. Thus, the decrease in the environmental emissions of SCCPs requires reduction of SCCP use in (almost) all applications. (iv) Emissions due to the disposal of waste SCCPs cannot be accurately estimated, because relevant information is missing. Instead, we conduct a scenario analysis to provide some insights into it.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Glüge
authors.affiliation: Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Zhanyun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Agroscope, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland. Electronic address: christian.bogdal@chem.ethz.ch.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bogdal
authors.affiliation: Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheringer
authors.affiliation: Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hungerbühler
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002617:Chemical Industry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010232:Paraffin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D010232:Paraffin
keywords: CPs; Chlorinated paraffins; Emissions; Production; SCCPs; Use