title: Salivary Periodontopathic Bacteria in Children and Adolescents with Down Syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess and compare salivary periodontopathic bacteria between groups of Down syndrome and non-Down syndrome children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included a sample of 30 Down syndrome children and adolescents (G-DS) and 30 age- and sex-matched non-Down syndrome subjects (G-ND). Clinical examination determined the gingival bleeding index (GBI) and plaque index. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from all participants. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique identified the presence and density of eight periodontopathic bacteria in saliva. The statistical analysis included chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the G-DS group, bleeding on probing was more frequent (p = 0.037) and higher densities of Campylobacter rectus (p = 0.013), Porphyromonas gingivalis (p = 0.025), Treponema denticola (p = 0.026), Fusobacterium nucleatum (p = 0.013), Prevotella intermedia (p = 0.001) and Prevotella nigrescens (p = 0.008) were observed. Besides, in the G-DS, the densities of bacteria from the orange complex were significantly higher in the age group 3-7 years for F. nucleatum (p = 0.029), P. intermedia (p = 0.001) and P. nigrescens (p = 0.006). C. rectus was higher in the age group 8-12 years (p = 0.045).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that children and adolescents with Down syndrome have higher susceptibility to periodontal disease and number of periodontopathic bacteria.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3173-2904
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Faria Carrada
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Almeida Ribeiro Scalioni
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dionéia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Evangelista Cesar
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Clinic, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lopes Devito
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Cláudio
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosangela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Almeida Ribeiro
mesh_terms: D044883:Campylobacter rectus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008297:Male; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018713:Prevotella intermedia / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology*; D048373:Treponema denticola / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial