title: Simultaneous display of multiple three-dimensional electrophysiological datasets (dot mapping).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Complex ablation procedures are supported by accurate representation of an increasing variety of electrophysiological and imaging data within electroanatomic mapping systems (EMS). This study aims to develop a novel method for representing multiple complementary datasets on a single cardiac chamber model. Validation of the system and its application to both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias is examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dot mapping was conceived to display multiple datasets by utilizing quantitative surface shading to represent one dataset and finely spaced dots to represent others. Dot positions are randomized within triangular (surface meshes) or tetrahedral (volumetric meshes) simplices making the approach directly transferrable to contemporary EMS. Test data representing uniform electrical activation (n = 10) and focal scarring (n = 10) were used to test dot mapping data perception accuracy. User experience of dot mapping with atrial and ventricular clinical data is evaluated. Dot mapping ensured constant screen dot density for regions of uniform dataset values, regardless of user manipulation of the cardiac chamber. Perception accuracy of dot mapping was equivalent to colour mapping for both propagation direction (1.5 ± 1.8 vs. 4.8 ± 5.3°, P = 0.24) and focal source localization (1.1 ± 0.7 vs. 1.4 ± 0.5 mm, P = 0.88). User acceptance testing revealed equivalent diagnostic accuracy and display fidelity when compared with colour mapping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dot mapping provides the unique ability to display multiple datasets from multiple sources on a single cardiac chamber model. The visual combination of multiple datasets may facilitate interpretation of complex electrophysiological and imaging data.
authors.affiliation: Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Imaging, King's College London, 4th Floor, North Wing, St. Thomas' Hospital, 249 Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK.
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Imaging, King's College London, 4th Floor, North Wing, St. Thomas' Hospital, 249 Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK.
authors.forename: Nick W F
authors.initials: NWF
authors.lastname: Linton
authors.affiliation: Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Imaging, King's College London, 4th Floor, North Wing, St. Thomas' Hospital, 249 Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niederer
authors.affiliation: Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Imaging, King's College London, 4th Floor, North Wing, St. Thomas' Hospital, 249 Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK.
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: O'Neill
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000465:Algorithms; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D003196:Computer Graphics; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D066230:Patient-Specific Modeling; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Atrial fibrillation; Data representation; Electroanatomic mapping; Substrate mapping; Ventricular tachycardia