title: Types of studies and research design.
abstract: Medical research has evolved, from individual expert described opinions and techniques, to scientifically designed methodology-based studies. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) was established to re-evaluate medical facts and remove various myths in clinical practice. Research methodology is now protocol based with predefined steps. Studies were classified based on the method of collection and evaluation of data. Clinical study methodology now needs to comply to strict ethical, moral, truth, and transparency standards, ensuring that no conflict of interest is involved. A medical research pyramid has been designed to grade the quality of evidence and help physicians determine the value of the research. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have become gold standards for quality research. EBM now scales systemic reviews and meta-analyses at a level higher than RCTs to overcome deficiencies in the randomised trials due to errors in methodology and analyses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Max Smart Super Specialty Hospital, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Mukul Chandra
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kapoor
keywords: Clinical trials; evidence-based medicine; medical research; meta-analysis