title: Clinicopathologic assessment of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus and evaluate its clinical and pathologic correlates.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cross-sectional survey of 200 type 2 diabetic males aged 32-69 years, total testosterone (TT), follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, waist circumference (WC), glycated hemoglobin, and lipids were measured. Clinical assessment of androgen deficiency was done using the androgen deficiency in aging male (ADAM) questionnaire. Overt hypogonadism was defined as a combination of positive ADAM score and TT < 8 nmol/L while possible hypogonadism was defined as positive ADAM score with TT 8-12 nmol/L.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overt and possible hypogonadism occurred in 29.5% and 23% of the participants, respectively. Majority (76.3%) of the subjects who had overt hypogonadism had the hypogonadotrophic pattern. Hypogonadal subjects were significantly older (P= 0.014) and had higher mean WC (P= 0.009) than eugonadal ones. Erectile dysfunction was the most common symptom, occurring in 79.7% of overtly hypogonadal subjects. There was a significant negative correlation between WC and serum TT (r= -0.41,P= 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a high frequency of symptomatic hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes and the frequency increases with advancing age and visceral adiposity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Theophilus E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Ugwu
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile Ife, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Rosemary T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Ikem
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile Ife, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Babatope A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kolawole
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ignatius U
authors.initials: IU
authors.lastname: Ezeani
keywords: Hypogonadism; Nigeria; prevalence; testosterone; type 2 diabetes