title: Comparison of breaking tests for the characterization of the interfacial strength of bilayer tablets.
abstract: The bilayer tableting technology is gaining more acceptance in the drug industry, due to its ability to improve the drug delivery strategies. It is currently assessed by the European Pharmacopoeia, that the mechanical strength of tablets can be evaluated using a diametral breaking tester. This device applies a force diametrically, and records the tablet breaking point. This approach has been used to measure the structural integrity of single layer tablets as well as bilayer (and multi-layer) tablets. The latter ones, however, have a much complex structure. Therefore, testing a bilayer tablet with the currently used breaking test methodology might not be appropriate. The aim of this work was to compare results from several tests that have been proposed to quantify the interfacial strength of bilayer tablets. The obtained results would provide an indication on which tests are appropriate to evaluate the robustness of a bilayer tablet. Bilayer tablets were fabricated using a model formulation: Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) for the first layer, and spray dried lactose (SDLac) as second layer. Each set of tablets were tested using the following tests: Diametral Test, Shear Test and Indentation Test. The tablets were examined before and after the breaking test using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). When a bilayer tablet was subjected to shearing or indentation, it showed signs of clear delamination. Differently, using the diametral test system, the tablets showed no clear difference, before and after the testing. However, when examining each layer via SEM, it was clear that a fracture occurred in the layer made of SDLac. Thus, the diametral test is a measure of the strength of one of the two layers and therefore it is not suited to test the mechanical strength of bilayer tablets.
authors.affiliation: University of Parma, Department of Pharmacy, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43125 Parma, Italy; Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, I2M, UMR 5295, Bordeaux, France. Electronic address: lucacastrati@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Castrati
authors.affiliation: Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, I2M, UMR 5295, Bordeaux, France. Electronic address: vincent.mazel@u-bordeaux.fr.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mazel
authors.affiliation: Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, I2M, UMR 5295, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Busignies
authors.affiliation: Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, I2M, UMR 5295, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Harona
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Diarra
authors.affiliation: University of Parma, Department of Pharmacy, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43125 Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: University of Parma, Department of Pharmacy, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43125 Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.affiliation: Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, I2M, UMR 5295, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tchoreloff
mesh_terms: D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry; D007785:Lactose / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013607:Tablets / Q000737:chemistry*; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D013607:Tablets; D002482:Cellulose; D007785:Lactose; C109691:microcrystalline cellulose
keywords: Bilayer; Breaking test; Diametral compression; FEM; Indentation; Shear; Tablet