title: Identification of a novel aviadenovirus, designated pigeon adenovirus 2 in domestic pigeons (Columba livia).
abstract: The young pigeon disease syndrome (YPDS) affects mainly young pigeons of less than one year of age and leads to crop stasis, vomitus, diarrhea, anorexia and occasionally death. This disease is internationally a major health problem because of its seasonal appearance during competitions such as homing pigeon races or exhibitions of ornamental birds. While the etiology of YPDS is still unclear, adenoviruses are frequently discussed as potential causative agents. Electron microscopy of feces from a YPDS outbreak revealed massive shedding of adenovirus-like particles. Whole genome sequencing of this sample identified a novel adenovirus tentatively named pigeon adenovirus 2 (PiAdV-2). Phylogenetic and comparative genome analysis suggest PiAdV-2 to belong to a new species within the genus Aviadenovirus, for which we propose the name Pigeon aviadenovirus B. The PiAdV-2 genome shares 54.9% nucleotide sequence identity with pigeon adenovirus 1 (PiAdV-1). In a screening of further YPDS-affected flocks two variants of PiAdV-2 (variant A and B) were detected which shared 97.6% nucleotide identity of partial polymerase sequences, but only 79.7% nucleotide identity of partial hexon sequences. The distribution of both PiAdV-2 variants was further investigated in fecal samples collected between 2008 and 2015 from healthy or YPDS-affected racing pigeons of different lofts. Independent of their health status, approximately 20% of young and 13% of adult pigeon flocks harbored PiAdV-2 variants. Birds were free of PiAdV-1 or other aviadenoviruses as determined by PCRs targeting the aviadenovirus polymerase or the PiAdV-1 fiber gene, respectively. In conclusion, there is no indication of a correlation between YPDS outbreaks and the presence of PiAdV-2 or other aviadenoviruses, arguing against an causative role in this disease complex.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Teske
authors.affiliation: Institute for Virology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder Str. 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rubbenstroth
authors.affiliation: SMB Services in Molecular Biology GmbH, Rudolf-Breitscheid-Str. 70, D-15562 Rüdersdorf, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meixner
authors.affiliation: SMB Services in Molecular Biology GmbH, Rudolf-Breitscheid-Str. 70, D-15562 Rüdersdorf, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liere
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bartels
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: silke.rautenschlein@tiho-hannover.de.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rautenschlein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D000259:Aviadenovirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001483:Base Sequence; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D010856:Columbidae / Q000821:virology*; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D023061:Gene Order; D005814:Genes, Viral; D016679:Genome, Viral; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods; D005858:Germany; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
keywords: Aviadenovirus; Domestic pigeons; Epidemiology; Novel adenovirus; Whole genome sequencing; Young pigeon disease syndrome