title: PPAR Agonists, Atherogenic Dyslipidemia and Cardiovascular Risk.
abstract: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) are implicated in the pathology of several metabolic diseases including obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. PPAR agonists exert multiple lipid modifying actions which are beneficial to the prevention of atherosclerosis. Such benefits in lipid lowering actions include improvements in atherogenic dyslipidemia that seems to be particularly expressed in individuals at higher cardiovascular (CV) risk. In addition, the favorable effects of PPAR agonists on different cardio-metabolic parameters are established in several metabolic conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, and heightened systemic inflammation. The goal of this review is to summarize the current evidence on PPAR agonists and their effects on atherogenic dyslipidemia and CV risk. The main findings indicate that PPAR agonists improve not only the lipid profile, but also lipoprotein subfractions associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia and other CV markers. However, future prospective studies are required to establish the long-term effects of such therapies on atherogenic lipoproteins and their benefit on CV outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Dragana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nikolic
authors.affiliation: Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castellino
authors.affiliation: Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Banach
authors.affiliation: CGH Medical Center, Sterling, Illinois, USA; University of Illinois, School of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States.
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Toth
authors.affiliation: Department of Development and Regeneration, Group of Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ekaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ivanova
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research (Skolkovo), Moscow, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Alexander N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Orekhov
authors.affiliation: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Montalto
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 141, 90127, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Manfredi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rizzo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors / Q000819:agonists*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: C425931:GW 501516; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors; D013844:Thiazoles
keywords: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors; atherogenic dyslipidemia; cardiovascular risk