title: Illicit Fentanyl-Related Fatalities in Florida: Toxicological Findings.
abstract: Fentanyl induces pharmacological effects and abuse liability comparable to other prescription opioids and heroin. A surge in fentanyl-related fatalities has been periodically reported throughout the USA. The University of Florida Forensic Toxicology Laboratory observed a significant increase in fentanyl-related deaths starting in mid-2014. The present report evaluated toxicological findings, demographics of the decedents and circumstances of death in the postmortem cases that were submitted to the laboratory for toxicological analysis from July 2014 to January 2015 and that were tested for fentanyl in biological specimens. The cases originated from 6 of the 24 Florida Medical Examiner Districts, with the majority from District 12 (Desoto, Manatee and Sarasota counties). The specimens were analyzed for fentanyl by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.62 ng/mL and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 2.5 ng/mL. During the 7-month period, the laboratory tested 143 postmortem cases for fentanyl and 50% had quantifiable fentanyl in postmortem blood. Fentanyl concentrations ranged from 2.5 to 68 ng/mL (n = 66; median: 9.8 ng/mL); six cases were positive for fentanyl >LOD but <LOQ. The majority of the cases (85%) had indications of possible drug abuse with heroin use being the most often suspected. Concurrent detection of 6-acetylmorphine, morphine and cocaine along with other opioids and benzodiazepines was common. Of the 59 deaths from District 12, the cause of death was accidental drug intoxication with fentanyl as a sole or contributing factor for 57 cases (two non-drug intoxication deaths). The median age of the 57 decedents was 35 (range: 19-63) years. Males represented 87% of the deaths and 96% were Whites. Most of the decedents (n = 53) had no prescription for fentanyl. Considering fentanyl's high potency and abuse liability, the recent rise in fentanyl-related deaths is a serious public health concern and signifies the urgent need to establish prevention and treatment efforts.
authors.affiliation: Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Division of Forensic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA Houston Forensic Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Dayong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Division of Forensic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Chris W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Chronister
authors.affiliation: District Twelfth Medical Examiner's Office, Sarasota, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Wilson A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Broussard
authors.affiliation: District Twelfth Medical Examiner's Office, Sarasota, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Suzanne R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Utley-Bobak
authors.affiliation: District Twelfth Medical Examiner's Office, Sarasota, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.affiliation: District Twelfth Medical Examiner's Office, Sarasota, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Russell S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Vega
authors.affiliation: Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Division of Forensic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA bruce-goldberger@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Goldberger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning; D001344:Autopsy; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning; D002423:Cause of Death; D003042:Cocaine / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000097:blood* / Q000506:poisoning*; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D003932:Heroin / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning; D009022:Morphine Derivatives / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning; D015995:Prevalence; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009022:Morphine Derivatives; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D003932:Heroin; D009020:Morphine; D003042:Cocaine; C026979:6-O-monoacetylmorphine; D005283:Fentanyl