title: A feasibility study of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of individual cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder in a Japanese clinical setting: an uncontrolled pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Japan, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for panic disorder (PD) is not well established. Therefore, a feasibility study of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of CBT for PD in a Japanese clinical setting is urgently required. This was a pilot uncontrolled trial and the intervention consisted of a 16-week CBT program. The primary outcome was Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) scores. Quality of life was assessed using the EuroQol's EQ-5D questionnaire. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 8 weeks, and at the end of the study. Fifteen subjects completed outcome measures at all assessment points.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At post-CBT, the mean reduction in PDSS scores from baseline was -6.6 (95 % CI 3.80 to -9.40, p < 0.001) with a Cohen's d = 1.77 (95 % CI 0.88-2.55). Ten (66.7 %) participants achieved a 40 % or greater reduction in PDSS. By calculating areas under the curve for EQ-5D index changes, we estimated that patients gained a minimum of 0.102 QALYs per 1 year due to the CBT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that individual CBT for PD may be useful in Japanese clinical settings but further randomized control trials are needed.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  UMIN-CTR UMIN000022693 (retrospectively registered).
authors.affiliation: United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan. yoichi-seki@hotmail.co.jp.|Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. yoichi-seki@hotmail.co.jp.
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Seki
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinobu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagata
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.|Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshinaga
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Mizue
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yokoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Hanae
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ibuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Minamitani
authors.affiliation: Inada Clinic, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Muga
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kusunoki
authors.affiliation: Inada Clinic, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inada
authors.affiliation: Clinic Adachi, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawasoe
authors.affiliation: Clinic Adachi, Gifu, Japan.
authors.forename: Soichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adachi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Kensuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakazato
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaomi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iyo
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.|Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shimizu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D010865:Pilot Projects
keywords: Cognitive behavioral therapy; Japanese; Panic disorder; QALY; Quality of life