title: Preneoplastic and Primary Scrotal Cancer: Updates on Pathogenesis and Diagnostic Evaluation.
abstract: Occupational exposure has been causally linked to scrotal cancer. Primary preventative care and avoiding carcinogenic substances have decreased the incidence and changed the treatment of scrotal cancer. The current incidence of scrotal malignancy is approximately 1 per 1,000,000 male persons/year. The rarity of cases and of research impedes our understanding of the changing nature of scrotal cancer. This article summarizes the current knowledge, focusing mainly on pathogenesis and diagnostic evaluation, which may influence prevention and early recognition of the disease. We stratify scrotal cancer into common histologic subtypes: squamous cell carcinoma, extramammary Paget's disease, and basal cell carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, No. 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China. Electronic address: dwyeli@163.com.
authors.forename: Ding-Wei
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005834:Genital Neoplasms, Male / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012611:Scrotum
keywords: Basal cell carcinoma; Extramammary Paget’s disease; Scrotal cancer; Squamous cell carcinoma