title: Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation Alters Prefrontal Correlates of Emotion Induction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) improves motor symptoms in advanced Parkinson's disease. STN DBS may also affect emotion, possibly by impacting a parallel limbic cortico-striatal circuit. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in prefrontal cortical activity related to DBS during an emotion induction task.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used near infrared spectroscopy to monitor prefrontal cortex hemodynamic changes during an emotion induction task. Seven DBS patients were tested sequentially in the stimulation-on and stimulation-off states while on dopaminergic medication. Patients watched a series of positive, negative, and neutral videos. The general linear model was used to compare prefrontal oxygenated hemoglobin concentration between DBS states.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Deep brain stimulation was correlated with prefrontal oxygenated hemoglobin changes relative to the stimulation off state in response to both positive and negative videos. These changes were specific to emotional stimuli and were not seen during neutral stimuli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that STN stimulation influences the prefrontal cortical representation of positive and negative emotion induction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.|Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah K B
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Bick
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.|Norton Neuroscience Institute, Louisville, KY, USA.
authors.forename: Bradley S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Folley
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.|Department of Psychology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Jutta S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Sohee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: P David
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Corrie R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Camalier
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Srivatsan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pallavaram
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Konrad
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Neimat
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010108:Oxyhemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010108:Oxyhemoglobins
keywords: Deep brain stimulation; Parkinson's disease; emotion; near infrared spectroscopy; subthalamic nucleus