title: Humanistic and economic outcomes of pharmacist-provided medication review in the community-dwelling elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent reviews have shown that pharmacist-provided medication review in the elderly can improve clinical outcomes and reduce medication discrepancies compared with usual care. However, none determined whether these translate to improved humanistic and economic outcomes. This review sought to evaluate the effects of medication review on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and healthcare costs in the elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science and the Cochrane library for studies published in English from inception to 31 August 2015 was conducted. The review included studies lasting at least 3 months that randomly assigned community-dwelling participants aged at least 65 years to receive either pharmacist-provided medication review or usual care. Studies set in nursing homes were excluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The review identified 25 studies that included 15 341 participants and lasted between 3 and 36 months. Twenty and 13 studies reported HRQoL and economic outcomes, respectively. Overall, there was no significant difference in HRQoL and healthcare costs between pharmacist-provided medication review and usual care. Meta-analysis of studies that reported the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey found significant differences in favour of usual care in the body pain (mean difference: 2·94, 95% CI: 0·54-5·34, P = 0·02) and general health perception (mean difference: 1·83, 95% CI: 0·16-3·50, P = 0·03) domains, whereas there were no significant differences in other domains. Meta-analysis of the EuroQol-5D utility (mean difference: -0·01, 95% CI: -0·02-0·01, P = 0·57) and visual analogue scale (mean difference: 0·01, 95% CI: -3·24-3·26, P = 1·00) found no significant differences. Costs of hospitalization, medication and other healthcare resources consumed were similar between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Humanistic and economic outcomes of pharmacist-provided medication review were largely similar to those of usual care. Further research using more robust methodology is needed to determine whether improved medication management can improve HRQoL and reduce healthcare costs. Careful thought should be given to capturing relevant outcomes that reflect the potential benefits of this intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Z W R
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore. mcvin.cheen.h.h@sgh.com.sg.|Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore. mcvin.cheen.h.h@sgh.com.sg.
authors.forename: M H H
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1108-1494
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Cheen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Wee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000191:economics*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D010595:Pharmacists; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D055553:Prescription Drugs
keywords: costs; elderly; pharmacists; quality of life; systematic review