title: Microchip in situ electrosynthesis of silver metallic oxide clusters for ultra-FAST detection of galactose in galactosemic newborns' urine samples.
abstract: This work describes for the first time the coupling of microfluidic chips (MC) to electrosynthetized silver metallic oxide clusters (AgMOCs). As an early demonstration of this novel approach, the ultrafast detection of galactose in galactosemic newborns' urine samples is proposed. AgMOCs were in situ electrosynthetized on integrated microchip platinum electrodes using a double pulse technique and characterized in full using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical techniques revealing the presence of silver oxides and electrocatalysis towards galactose as a galactosemia biomarker. Galactose detection in galactosemic newborns' urine samples proceeded in less than 30 s, differentiating between ill and healthy urine samples and requiring negligible urine sample consumption. The significance of the newborns' urine samples confirmed the analytical potency of the MC-AgMOCs approach for future implementation of screening for rare disease diagnosis such as galactosemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. alberto.escarpa@uah.es.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: García-Carmona
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. alberto.escarpa@uah.es.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rojas
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. alberto.escarpa@uah.es.
authors.forename: María Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. alberto.escarpa@uah.es.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Escarpa
mesh_terms: D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004566:Electrodes; D005690:Galactose / Q000652:urine*; D005693:Galactosemias / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D018030:Silver Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission
chemical_list: D010087:Oxides; D018030:Silver Compounds; C040225:disilver oxide; D005690:Galactose