title: A high-fat high-sucrose diet affects the long-term metabolic fate of grape proanthocyanidins in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Polyphenol metabolites are key mediators of the biological activities of polyphenols. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects of a high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet on the metabolism of proanthocyanidins from grape seed extract (GSE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult female Wistar-Kyoto rats were fed a standard (STD) or HFHS diet supplemented or not with GSE for 16 weeks. PA metabolites were determined by targeted HPLC-MS/MS analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A lower concentration of total microbial-derived PA metabolites was present in urine and the aqueous fraction of faeces in the HFHS + GSE group than in the STD + GSE group. In contrast, a tendency towards the formation of conjugated (epi)catechin metabolites in the HFHS + GSE group was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that a HFHS diet significantly modifies PA metabolism, probably via: (1) a shift in microbial communities not counteracted by the polyphenols themselves; and (2) an up-regulation of hepatic enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.|Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural, Exact Sciences and Technology, University of Panama, Panama City, Panama.
authors.forename: Eunice
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Molinar-Toribio
authors.affiliation: Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|Serra-Húnter Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fuguet
authors.affiliation: Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramos-Romero
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Núria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Taltavull
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
authors.forename: Lucía
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Méndez
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: M Rosa
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Nogués
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.affiliation: Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep Lluís
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain. jara.perez@ictan.csic.es.|Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain. jara.perez@ictan.csic.es.
authors.forename: Jara
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pérez-Jiménez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002392:Catechin / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000502:physiology; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D051381:Rats; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D027843:Vitis
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D002392:Catechin
keywords: Bioavailability; High-fat high-sucrose diet; Metabolites; Polyphenols; Proanthocyanidins