title: Impact of untreated urban waste on the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of human opportunistic pathogens in agricultural soils from Burkina Faso.
abstract: This study examined the long-term effects of the landfill disposal of untreated urban waste for soil fertilization on the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profiles of various human opportunistic pathogens in soils from Burkina Faso. Samples were collected at three sites in the periphery of Ouagadougou during two campaigns in 2008 and 2011. At each site, amendment led to changes in physico-chemical characteristics as shown by the increase in pH, CEC, total C, total N, and metal contents. Similarly, the numbers of total heterotrophic bacteria were higher in the amended fields than in the control ones. No sanitation indicators, i.e., coliforms, Staphylococci, and Enterococci, were detected. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) were detected at a low level in one amended field. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was detected from both campaigns at the three sites in the amended fields and only once in an unamended field. Diversity analysis showed some opportunistic pathogen isolates to be closely related to reference clinical strains responsible for nosocomial- or community-acquired infections in Northern countries. Antibiotic resistance tests showed that P. aeruginosa and Bcc isolates had a wild-type phenotype and that most S. maltophilia isolates had a multi-drug resistance profile with resistance to 7 to 15 antibiotics. Then we were able to show that amendment led to an increase of some human opportunistic pathogens including multi-drug resistant isolates. Although the application of untreated urban waste increases both soil organic matter content and therefore soil fertility, the consequences of this practice on human health should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Research Group on « Multi-résistance environnementale et efflux bactérien», UMR 5557 Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, VetAgro Sup and Université Lyon 1, 43, Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne Cedex, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Youenou
authors.affiliation: LMI IESOL, UMR Eco&Sols, IRD-Université de Ouagadougou, UFR/SVT 03 BP 7021, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Edmond
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hien
authors.affiliation: Research Group on « Multi-résistance environnementale et efflux bactérien», UMR 5557 Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, VetAgro Sup and Université Lyon 1, 43, Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne Cedex, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.
authors.forename: Amélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deredjian
authors.affiliation: Research Group on « Multi-résistance environnementale et efflux bactérien», UMR 5557 Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, VetAgro Sup and Université Lyon 1, 43, Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne Cedex, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brothier
authors.affiliation: Research Group on « Multi-résistance environnementale et efflux bactérien», UMR 5557 Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, VetAgro Sup and Université Lyon 1, 43, Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne Cedex, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Favre-Bonté
authors.affiliation: Research Group on « Multi-résistance environnementale et efflux bactérien», UMR 5557 Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS, VetAgro Sup and Université Lyon 1, 43, Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne Cedex, 69622, Villeurbanne, France. sylvie.nazaret@univ-lyon1.fr.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4141-451X
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nazaret
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D016956:Burkholderia cepacia / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002050:Burkina Faso; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria; D006801:Humans; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012722:Sewage; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D020615:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D064091:Waste Disposal Facilities
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D012987:Soil
keywords: Antibiotic resistance; Burkina Faso; Human opportunistic pathogen; Soil; Urban waste