title: Preconcentration and determination of ceftazidime in real samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with the aid of experimental design.
abstract: A rapid and simple method for the extraction and preconcentration of ceftazidime in aqueous samples has been developed using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The extraction parameters, such as the volume of extraction solvent and disperser solvent, salt effect, sample volume, centrifuge rate, centrifuge time, extraction time, and temperature in the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction process, were studied and optimized with the experimental design methods. Firstly, for the preliminary screening of the parameters the taguchi design was used and then, the fractional factorial design was used for significant factors optimization. At the optimum conditions, the calibration curves for ceftazidime indicated good linearity over the range of 0.001-10 μg/mL with correlation coefficients higher than the 0.98, and the limits of detection were 0.13 and 0.17 ng/mL, for water and urine samples, respectively. The proposed method successfully employed to determine ceftazidime in water and urine samples and good agreement between the experimental data and predictive values has been achieved.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Dashtestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borazjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Rasoul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Razmi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Behrouz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shahpari
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Eslam
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pourbasheer
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Dashtestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borazjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hasan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Boustanifar
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Zhila
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Azari
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran.
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ebadi
mesh_terms: D002442:Ceftazidime / Q000032:analysis* / Q000652:urine*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction; D012107:Research Design; D012997:Solvents
chemical_list: D012997:Solvents; D002442:Ceftazidime
keywords: Ceftazidime; Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction; Experimental design; High-performance liquid chromatography