title: Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Chinese Men and Women.
abstract: Limited studies have examined the association between sodium (Na) and potassium (K) levels and the risk of atherosclerosis. This study examined whether higher Na and Na/K levels and low K levels were independent risk factors for atherosclerosis. This community-based cross-sectional study included 3290 subjects (1067 men and 2223 women) 40 to 75 years of age in Guangzhou, China, between 2011 and 2013. Urinary excretion of Na and K were measured from the first morning void, and creatinine-adjusted values were used. The intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid common artery and the carotid bifurcation was measured with high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography. Dietary K and Na intake and other covariates were obtained by face-to-face interviews. A significant positive association was seen between urinary Na excretion and carotid atherosclerosis after adjustment for age, sex, and other lifestyle covariates. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the highest (vs. lowest) quartile of urinary Na were 1.32 (1.04-1.66) for carotid plaques, 1.48 (1.18-1.87) for increased common carotid artery IMT, and 1.55 (1.23-1.96) for increased carotid bifurcation IMT (allp-trend < 0.01). A similar positive association was observed between urinary Na/K levels and carotid plaque and increased IMT, and between dietary Na intake and increased bifurcation IMT. Regarding potassium data, we only found a significantly lower presence of carotid plaque (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.57-0.91) for quartile 2 (vs. 1) of urinary K. Our findings suggest that higher levels of urinary excretion Na and Na/K are significantly associated with greater presence of carotid atherosclerosis in Chinese adults.
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China. dxwpc2004@126.com.|Nanshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518067, China. dxwpc2004@126.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-Wei
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China. wangch28@mail2.sysu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China. xuying_qiang@163.com.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China. guanke@163.com.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China. suyx@mail.sysu.edu.cn.|Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China. suyx@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yi-Xiang
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China. chenyum@mail.sysu.edu.cn.|Department of Medical Statistics & Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China. chenyum@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yu-Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000652:urine*; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000473:pathology; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D002681:China; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine*; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine*; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D012964:Sodium; D003404:Creatinine; D011188:Potassium
keywords: Chinese adults; carotid atherosclerosis; potassium; sodium