title: Solid-phase microextraction of ultra-trace amounts of tramadol from human urine by using a carbon nanotube/flower-shaped zinc oxide hollow fiber.
abstract: A new method is successfully developed for the separation and determination of a very low amount of tramadol in urine using functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes/flower-shaped zinc oxide before solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography. Under ultrasonic agitation, a sol of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and flower-shaped zinc oxide were forced into and trapped within the pore structure of the polypropylene and the sol solution immobilized into the hollow fiber. Flower-shaped zinc oxide was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The morphology of the fabricated solid-phase microextraction surface was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The parameters affecting the extraction efficiencies were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the method shows linearity in a wide range of 0.12-7680 ng/mL, and a low detection limit (S/N = 3) of 0.03 ng/mL. The precision of the method was determined and a relative standard deviation of 3.87% was obtained. This method was successfully applied for the separation and determination of tramadol in urine samples. The relative recovery percentage obtained for the spiked urine sample at 1000 ng/mL was 94.2%.
authors.affiliation: Separation Science Lab, Department of Chemical Technology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abbasian
authors.affiliation: Medical Toxicology Research Centre, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balali-Mood
authors.affiliation: Separation Science Lab, Department of Chemical Technology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sayed Ahmad
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mozaffari
authors.affiliation: Separation Science Lab, Department of Chemical Technology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein Salar
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Amoli
mesh_terms: D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D006801:Humans; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction; D014147:Tramadol / Q000652:urine*; D015034:Zinc Oxide
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D014147:Tramadol; D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: Gas chromatography; Multiwalled carbon nanotubes; Solid-phase microextraction; Tramadol; Zinc