title: Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in India.
abstract: Historically, malaria in India was predominantly caused by Plasmodium vivax, accounting for 53% of the estimated cases. After the spread of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in the 1990s, the prevalence of the two species remained equivalent at the national level for a decade. By 2014, the proportion of P. vivax has decreased to 34% nationally, but with high regional variation. In 2014, P. vivax accounted for around 380,000 malaria cases in India; almost a sixth of all P. vivax cases reported globally. Plasmodium vivax has remained resistant to control measures, particularly in urban areas. Urban malaria is predominantly caused by P. vivax and is subject to outbreaks, often associated with increased mortality, and triggered by bursts of migration and construction. The epidemiology of P. vivax varies substantially within India, including multiple relapse phenotypes with varying latencies between primary infection and relapse. Moreover, the hypnozoite reservoir maintains transmission potential and enables reestablishment of the parasite in areas in which it was thought eradicated. The burden of malaria in India is complex because of the highly variable malaria eco-epidemiological profiles, transmission factors, and the presence of multiple Plasmodium species and Anopheles vectors. This review of P. vivax malaria in India describes epidemiological trends with particular attention to four states: Gujarat, Karnataka, Haryana, and Odisha.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Anupkumar R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Anvikar
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Naman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Akshay C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Dhariwal
authors.affiliation: National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Gagan Singh
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Sonal
authors.affiliation: National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme, Bhubaneswar, India.
authors.forename: Madan Mohan
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Pradhan
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research Field Unit, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Susanta K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Neena
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Valecha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010966:Plasmodium vivax
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials