title: Antimicrobial efficacy of the combinations ofAcacia nilotica,Murrayakoenigii(Linn.)Sprengel,Eucalyptus,andPsidiumguajavaon primary plaque colonizers: Anin vitrostudy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rise in disease incidence, increased resistance of pathogenic bacteria to currently used antibiotics and chemotherapeutics, opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals, and financial considerations in developing countries necessitates alternate preventive and treatment strategies for oral diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study is to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of triple and quadruple combinations of Acacia nilotica (AN), Murraya koenigii (Linn.) (MKL) Sprengel, Eucalyptus (Euca), and Psidium guajava (PS) on primary plaque colonizers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The phytochemicals in four plants were extracted using Soxhlet apparatus. The dried extracts were diluted with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to prepare stock solutions (100 mg/ml) of each plant. The triple and quadruple combinations were prepared after mixing equal quantities of stock solutions from each plant extracts. The antimicrobial efficacy testing was done on Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus salivarius using agar well diffusion method. Chlorhexidine of 0.2% composition and DMSO were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The mean diameter of inhibition zone between different categories was compared using one-way analysis of variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combination of AN + MKL Sprengel + Euca + PS produced the highest mean diameter of inhibition zone (23.5 ± 2.17 mm) against S. mutans. The combination of AN + MKL Sprengel + Euca produced the maximum antimicrobial efficacy against S. sanguis (19.83 ± 1.33).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All the triple and quadruple combinations of the plant extracts offered antimicrobial benefits either superior or comparable to 0.2% chlorhexidine against S. mutans, S. sanguis, and S. salivarius.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Dentistry, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Byalakere Rudraiah
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Chandra Shekar
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Dentistry, Rama Dental College, Khanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nagarajappa
authors.affiliation: Center for Scientific Research and Development, People's University, Bhanpur, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Rupal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS University, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suma
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Center for Scientific Research and Development, People's University, Bhanpur, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Rupesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thakur
mesh_terms: D000045:Acacia; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005052:Eucalyptus; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D032101:Murraya; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031647:Psidium; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects; D000070001:Streptococcus salivarius / Q000187:drug effects; D013298:Streptococcus sanguis / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010936:Plant Extracts