title: PHYSIOLOGIC BIOMARKERS AND HENDRA VIRUS INFECTION IN AUSTRALIAN BLACK FLYING FOXES (PTEROPUS ALECTO).
abstract: Bats of the genus Pteropus (Pteropodidae), colloquially known as flying foxes, are recognized as the natural reservoir of Hendra virus, a zoonotic paramyxovirus responsible for mortality in horses and humans. Some previous studies have suggested that physiologic and ecologic factors promote Hendra virus infection in flying foxes, and by extension, spillover to horses and humans. However, the impact of Hendra virus infection on relevant physiologic biomarkers in flying foxes has not been measured. Over 12 mo in eastern Australia, we captured and sampled 446 individual black flying foxes ( Pteropus alecto ), a putative primary reservoir host species, and measured a suite of hematologic, plasma biochemistry, and urinary biomarkers. All mean hematologic and biochemical values in both Hendra virus-positive and virus-negative cohorts were within the published reference ranges for black flying foxes. We found no association between Hendra virus infection (as indicated by PCR detection of Hendra virus RNA) and biomarkers for nutritional stress, reproductive stress, or extreme metabolic demand. However, we identified associations between several other biomarkers and Hendra virus infection, which may partly elucidate the physiologic effects of Hendra virus infection in flying foxes. Our findings highlight the need for critical evaluation of putative risk factors for infection in flying foxes and provide insights for future epidemiologic studies of Hendra virus and related viruses in the Pteropus species.
authors.affiliation: 1   University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia.|2   Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Health and Food Science Precinct, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia.
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McMichael
authors.affiliation: 2   Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Health and Food Science Precinct, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia.|3   Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, GPO Box 858, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Edson
authors.affiliation: 4   Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Queensland 4102, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.affiliation: 2   Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Health and Food Science Precinct, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Broos
authors.affiliation: 1   University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kopp
authors.affiliation: 1   University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meers
authors.affiliation: 5   EcoHealth Alliance, 460 W 34th Street, New York, New York 10001, USA.
authors.forename: Hume
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Field
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D015415:Biomarkers; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000821:virology*; D045404:Hendra Virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D045464:Henipavirus Infections / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Biochemistry; Hendra virus; Pteropus alecto; black flying fox; hematology; risk factor