title: The RNA-editing deaminase ADAR is involved in stress resistance of Artemia diapause embryos.
abstract: The most widespread type of RNA editing, conversion of adenosine to inosine (A→I), is catalyzed by two members of the adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) family, ADAR1 and ADAR2. These enzymes edit transcripts for neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels during adaption to changes in the physical environment. In the primitive crustacean Artemia, when maternal adults are exposed to unfavorable conditions, they release diapause embryos to withstand harsh environments. The aim of the current study was therefore to elucidate the role of ADAR of Artemia diapause embryos in resistance to stress. Here, we identified Artemia ADAR (Ar-ADAR), which harbors a putative nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and two double-stranded RNA-binding motifs (dsRBMs) in the amino-terminal region and an adenosine deaminase (AD) domain in the carboxyl-terminal region. Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that Ar-ADAR is expressed abundantly in post-diapause embryos. Artemia (n = 200, three replicates) were tested under basal and stress conditions. We found that Ar-ADAR was significantly induced in response to the stresses of salinity and heat-shock. Furthermore, in vivo knockdown of Ar-ADAR (n = 100, three replicates) by RNA interference induced formation of pseudo-diapause embryos, which lack resistance to the stresses and exhibit high levels of apoptosis. These results indicate that Ar-ADAR contributes to resistance to stress in Artemia diapause embryos.
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China.
authors.forename: Xue-Chen
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China.
authors.forename: Sen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China.
authors.forename: Hua-Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China.
authors.forename: Dian-Fu
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Jian
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China.
authors.forename: Xue-Ting
authors.initials: XT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China.
authors.forename: Jin-Shu
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China.
authors.forename: Wei-Jun
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000243:Adenosine Deaminase / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D001156:Artemia / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D019295:Computational Biology; D000074767:Diapause; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D017393:RNA Editing / Q000235:genetics*; D034622:RNA Interference; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded / Q000235:genetics; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D019913:Nuclear Localization Signals; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded; D000243:Adenosine Deaminase
keywords: ADAR; Artemia; RNA editing; RNA interference; diapause; stress resistance