title: Effect of bioactive dental adhesive on periodontal and endodontic pathogens.
abstract: The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a new bioactive dental bonding agent with nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate for tooth root caries restorations and endodontic applications, and (2) investigate biofilm inhibition by the bioactive bonding agent against eight species of periodontal and endodontic pathogens for the first time. Bonding agent was formulated with 5 % of dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate. Nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate at 30 wt% was mixed into adhesive. Eight species of biofilms were grown on resins: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium. Colony-forming units, live/dead assay, biomass, metabolic activity and polysaccharide of biofilms were determined. The results showed that adding dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate and nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate into bonding agent did not decrease dentin bond strength (P > 0.1). Adding dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate reduced the colony-forming units of all eight species of biofilms by nearly three orders of magnitude. The killing efficacy of dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate resin was: P. gingivalis > A. actinomycetemcomitans > P. intermedia > P. nigrescens > F. nucleatum > P. micra > E. faecalis > E. faecium. Dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate resin had much less biomass, metabolic activity and polysaccharide of biofilms than those without dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (P < 0.05). In conclusion, a novel dental adhesive was developed for root caries and endodontic applications, showing potent inhibition of biofilms of eight species of periodontal and endodontic pathogens, and reducing colony-forming units by three orders of magnitude. The bioactive adhesive is promising for tooth root restorations to provide subgingival margins with anti-periodontal pathogen capabilities, and for endodontic sealer applications to combat endodontic biofilms.
authors.affiliation: VIP Integrated Department, Stomatological Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.|Department of Endodontics, Periodontics and Prosthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Periodontics and Prosthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.|Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xianju
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Periodontics and Prosthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Ashraf F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Fouad
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Periodontics and Prosthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. lzhaonf@126.com.|Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China. lzhaonf@126.com.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Periodontics and Prosthodontics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. hxu@umaryland.edu.|Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. hxu@umaryland.edu.|Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD, 21250, USA. hxu@umaryland.edu.
authors.forename: Hockin H K
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D003470:Culture Media; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D003773:Dental Plaque; D003804:Dentin / Q000737:chemistry; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D004708:Endodontics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D033081:Shear Strength; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D003738:Dental Cements; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D008689:Methacrylates; D011134:Polysaccharides; D019279:Resin Cements; D012997:Solvents; D012834:Silver