title: Foreign Bodies in the Urinary Bladder and Their Management: A Single-Centre Experience From North India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was performed to characterise the nature, clinical presentation, mode of insertion, and management of intravesical foreign bodies in patients treated at our hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 2008 and December 2014, 49 patients were treated for intravesical foreign bodies at King George Medical University, Lucknow. All records of these patients were retrospectively analysed to characterise the nature of the foreign body, each patient's clinical presentation, the mode of insertion, and how the case was managed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 49 foreign bodies were retrieved from patients' urinary bladders during the study period. The patients ranged in age from 11 to 68 years. Thirty-three patients presented with complaints of haematuria (67.3%), 29 complained of frequency of urination and dysuria (59.1%), and 5 patients reported pelvic pain (10.2%). The circumstances of insertion were iatrogenic in 20 cases (40.8%), self-insertion in 17 cases (34.6%), sexual abuse in 4 cases (8.1%), migration from another organ in 4 cases (8.1%), and assault in 4 cases (8.1%). Of the foreign bodies, 33 (67.3%) were retrieved by cystoscopy, while transurethral cystolitholapaxy was required in 10 patients (20.4%), percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy was performed in 4 patients (8.1%), and holmium laser lithotripsy was performed in 2 patients (4.08%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Foreign bodies should always be included in the differential diagnosis when evaluating a patient who presents with chronic lower urinary tract symptoms. A large percentage of foreign bodies can be retrieved using endoscopic techniques. Open surgical removal may be performed in cases where endoscopic techniques are unsuitable or have failed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Ankur
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6396-4403
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Priyank
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2509-0116
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8470-4563
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Satyanarayan
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9875-5505
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sankhwar
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Bimalesh
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3138-3799
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Purkait
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Ankur
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0554-0087
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jhanwar
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Siddharth
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4783-3686
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
keywords: Endoscopy; Foreign Bodies; Iatrogenic Disease; Urinary Bladder