title: An implicit solver for 1D arterial network models.
abstract: In this study, the 1D blood flow equations are solved using a newly proposed enhanced trapezoidal rule method (ETM), which is an extension to the simplified trapezoidal rule method. At vessel junctions, the conservation of mass and conservation of total pressure are held as system constraints using Lagrange multipliers that can be physically interpreted as external flow rates. The ETM scheme is compared with published arterial network benchmark problems and a dam break problem. Strengths of the ETM scheme include being simple to implement, intuitive connection to lumped parameter models, and no restrictive stability criteria such as the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) number. The ETM scheme does not require the use of characteristics at vessel junctions, or for inlet and outlet boundary conditions. The ETM forms an implicit system of equations, which requires only one global solve per time step for pressure, followed by flow rate update on the elemental system of equations; thus, no iterations are required per time step. Consistent results are found for all benchmark cases, and for a 56-vessel arterial network problem, it gives very satisfactory solutions at a spatial and time discretization that results in a maximum CFL of 3, taking 4.44 seconds per cardiac cycle. By increasing the time step and element size to produce a maximum CFL number of 15, the method takes only 0.39 second per cardiac cycle with only a small compromise on accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carson
authors.affiliation: Zienkiewicz Centre for Computational Engineering, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK.
authors.forename: Raoul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van Loon
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: 1D arterial network; Lagrange multipliers; finite elements; implicit solvers; lumped models; penalty method