title: Dysregulation of Autophagy Contributes to Anal Carcinogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process that removes and recycles unnecessary/dysfunctional cellular components, contributing to cellular health and survival. Autophagy is a highly regulated cellular process that responds to several intracellular signals, many of which are deregulated by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection through the expression of HPV-encoded oncoproteins. This adaptive inhibitory response helps prevent viral clearance. A strong correlation remains between HPV infection and the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the anus, particularly in HIV positive and other immunosuppressed patients. We hypothesize that autophagy is inhibited by HPV-encoded oncoproteins thereby promoting anal carcinogenesis (Fig 1).
  
  
  METHODS
  HPV16 transgenic mice (K14E6/E7) and non-transgenic mice (FVB/N), both of which do not spontaneously develop anal tumors, were treated topically with the chemical carcinogen, 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), to induce anal cancer. The anuses at different time points of treatment (5, 10, 15 and 20 weeks) were analyzed using immunofluorescence (IF) for two key autophagy marker proteins (LC3β and p62) in addition to histological grading. The anuses from the K14E6/E7 mice were also analyzed for visual evidence of autophagic activity by electron microscopy (EM). To see if there was a correlation to humans, archival anal specimens were assessed histologically for grade of dysplasia and then analyzed for LC3β and p62 protein content. To more directly examine the effect of autophagic inhibition on anal carcinogenesis, nontransgenic mice that do not develop anal cancer with DMBA treatment were treated with a known pharmacologic inhibitor of autophagy, chloroquine, and examined for tumor development and analyzed by IF for autophagic proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histologically, we observed the progression of normal anoderm to invasive SCC with DMBA treatment in K14E6/E7 mice but not in nontransgenic, syngeneic FVB/N background control mice. With the development of low-grade dysplasia in the K14E6/E7 mice, there was an increase in both punctate LC3β and p62 expression while EM revealed increased autophagosomes without evidence of autophagolysosomes. These observations are consistent with autophagy being inhibited at a later stage in the autophagic process. In contrast, in high-grade dysplasia and SCC in the DMBA-treated K14E6/E7 mice, there were decreased levels of p62 with a continued increase in punctate LC3β expression by IF, while autophagolysosomes were seen on EM, consistent with the process of autophagy proceeded to completion. Similar findings, including histological grade dependent changes in LC3β and p62 expression, were noted with human samples upon analysis of IF. Finally, with pharmacologic inhibition of autophagy in DMBA-treated, nontrangenic FVB/N mice, there was a significant increase in anal cancer development similar to that observed in DMBA- treated K14E6/E7 mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Autophagic dysregulation is noted early on in HPV-associated anal carcinogenesis (low-grade dysplasia), with normalization of the autophagic process arising in late stages of HPV-associated anal carcinogenesis (high-grade dysplasia and invasive carcinoma).
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America.
authors.forename: Evie H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Carchman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kristina A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Matkowskyj
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meske
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America.
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Lambert
mesh_terms: D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D001005:Anus Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D001343:Autophagy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D050725:Papillomavirus E7 Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C502070:MAP1LC3B protein, human; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral; C118585:P62 protein, human; D050725:Papillomavirus E7 Proteins; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene