title: Evaluation of 3D printed PCL/PLGA/β-TCP versus collagen membranes for guided bone regeneration in a beagle implant model.
abstract: Here, we compared 3D-printed polycaprolactone/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/β-tricalcium phosphate (PCL/PLGA/β-TCP) membranes with the widely used collagen membranes for guided bone regeneration (GBR) in beagle implant models. For mechanical property comparison in dry and wet conditions and cytocompatibility determination, we analyzed the rate and pattern of cell proliferation of seeded fibroblasts and preosteoblasts using the cell counting kit-8 assay and scanning electron microscopy. Osteogenic differentiation was verified using alizarin red S staining. At 8 weeks following implantation in vivo using beagle dogs, computed tomography and histological analyses were performed after sacrifice. Cell proliferation rates in vitro indicated that early cell attachment was higher in collagen than in PCL/PLGA/β-TCP membranes; however, the difference subsided by day 7. Similar outcomes were found for osteogenic differentiation, with approximately 2.5 times greater staining in collagen than PCL/PLGA/β-TCP, but without significant difference by day 14. In vivo, bone regeneration in the defect area, represented by new bone formation and bone-to-implant contact, paralleled those associated with collagen membranes. However, tensile testing revealed that whereas the PCL/PLGA/β-TCP membrane mechanical properties were conserved in both wet and dry states, the tensile property of collagen was reduced by 99% under wet conditions. Our results demonstrate in vitro and in vivo that PCL/PLGA/β-TCP membranes have similar levels of biocompatibility and bone regeneration as collagen membranes. In particular, considering that GBR is always applied to a wet environment (e.g. blood, saliva), we demonstrated that PCL/PLGA/β-TCP membranes maintained their form more reliably than collagen membranes in a wet setting, confirming their appropriateness as a GBR membrane.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute, T&R Biofab Co. Ltd, 237 Sangidaehak-Ro, Siheung-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 15073, Korea. These authors contributed equally to this work.
authors.forename: J-Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Won
authors.forename: C-Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: J-H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: D-H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: D-W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: W-S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: J-H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.forename: J-B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Huh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry; D004285:Dogs; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D010012:Osteogenesis; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011184:Postoperative Period; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D011091:Polyesters; C485817:beta-tricalcium phosphate; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; C016240:polycaprolactone; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D003094:Collagen