title: Development of a screening tool to prioritize testing for the carcinogenic hazard of residual aromatic extracts and related petroleum streams.
abstract: Residual aromatic extracts (RAE) are petroleum substances with variable composition predominantly containing aromatic hydrocarbons with carbon numbers greater than C25. Because of the high boiling nature of RAEs, the aromatics present are high molecular weight, with most above the range of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, refinery distillations are imperfect; some PAHs and their heteroatom-containing analogs (collectively referred to as polycyclic aromatic content or PAC) may remain in the parent stream and be extracted into the RAE, and overall PAC content is related to the carcinogenic potential of an RAE. We describe here a real-time analytical chemistry-based tool to assess the carcinogenic hazard of RAE via the development of a functional relationship between carcinogenicity and boiling point. Samples representative of steps along the RAE manufacturing process were obtained from five refineries to evaluate relationships between mutagenicity index (MI), PAC ring content and gas chromatographic distillation (GCD) curves. As expected, a positive linear relationship between MI and PAC ring content occurred, most specifically for 3-6 ring PAC (R2=0.68). A negative correlation was found between MI and temperature at 5% vaporization by GCD (R2=0.72), indicating that samples with greater amounts of lower boiling constituents were more likely to be carcinogenic. The inverse relationship between boiling range and carcinogenicity was further demonstrated by fractionation of select RAE samples (MI=0.50+0.07; PAC=1.70+0.51wt%; n=5) into low and high boiling fractions, where lower boiling fractions were both more carcinogenic than the higher boiling fractions (MI=2.36±0.55 and 0.17±0.11, respectively) and enriched in 3-6 ring PACs (5.20+0.70wt% and 0.97+0.35wt%, respectively). The criteria defining carcinogenicity was established as 479°C for the 5% vaporization points by GCD, with an approximate 95% probability of a future sample having an MI below the recommended limit of 0.4 for RAEs. Overall, these results provide a cost-efficient and real-time tool by which the carcinogenic potential of RAEs can be assessed at the refinery level, ultimately providing a means to readily monitor and minimize the carcinogenic potential of RAEs.
authors.affiliation: ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Toxicology and Environmental Sciences Division, Annandale, NJ, United States. Electronic address: katy.o.goyak@exxonmobil.com.
authors.forename: Katy O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Goyak
authors.affiliation: ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Toxicology and Environmental Sciences Division, Annandale, NJ, United States.
authors.forename: Ming H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kung
authors.affiliation: ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Occupational and Public Health Division, Annandale, NJ, United States.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: ExxonMobil Research and Engineering, Process Engineering and Optimization, Annandale, NJ, United States.
authors.forename: Keith K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Aldous
authors.affiliation: ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Toxicology and Environmental Sciences Division, Annandale, NJ, United States.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Freeman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D063646:Carcinogenesis; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000633:toxicity; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D006801:Humans; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity; D010578:Petroleum / Q000633:toxicity*; D059392:Petroleum Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D002273:Carcinogens; D009153:Mutagens; D010578:Petroleum; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
keywords: Carcinogenicity; Hazard assessment; Petroleum UVCB substances; Residual aromatic extracts