title: Cardiac Regenerative Medicine: The Potential of a New Generation of Stem Cells.
abstract: Cardiac stem cell therapy holds great potential to prompt myocardial regeneration in patients with ischemic heart disease. The selection of the most suitable cell type is pivotal for its successful application. Various cell types, including crude bone marrow mononuclear cells, skeletal myoblast, and hematopoietic and endothelial progenitors, have already advanced into the clinical arena based on promising results from different experimental and preclinical studies. However, most of these so-called first-generation cell types have failed to fully emulate the promising preclinical data in clinical trials, resulting in heterogeneous outcomes and a critical lack of translation. Therefore, different next-generation cell types are currently under investigation for the treatment of the diseased myocardium. This review article provides an overview of current stem cell therapy concepts, including the application of cardiac stem (CSCs) and progenitor cells (CPCs) and lineage commitment via guided cardiopoiesis from multipotent cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or pluripotent cells such as embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Furthermore, it introduces new strategies combining complementary cell types, such as MSCs and CSCs/CPCs, which can yield synergistic effects to boost cardiac regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cambria
authors.affiliation: Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steiger
authors.affiliation: Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Günter
authors.affiliation: Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Annina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bopp
authors.affiliation: Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wolint
authors.affiliation: Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Wyss Translational Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Simon P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Hoerstrup
authors.affiliation: Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Surgical Research, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Heart Center Zurich, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Wyss Translational Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Maximilian Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Emmert
keywords: Allogeneic stem cell; Bone marrow; Cardiac progenitors; Cardiac stem cell therapy; Cardiac stem cells; Cardiopoietic cells; Embryonic stem cells; Induced pluripotent cells; Stem cell transplantation; Stem cells