title: CT screened arterial calcification as a risk factor for mortality after trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arterial calcification on Computerised Tomography (CT) is a marker of cardiovascular disease. It is predictive of future adverse cardiac events and mortality in many disease states. The incidence of arterial disease and its impact on outcomes of the injured is not known. The objectives of this study were to describe the incidence of arterial calcification in trauma patients, and establish its impact on mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study of all injured patients aged over 45 years presenting to a major trauma centre over a 34-month period. The presence and quantity of coronary, aortic and abdominal arterial calcification on admission CT scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvis was established, and the association between cardiovascular disease and in-hospital mortality following trauma was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred ninety-one patients were included in the study. Cardiac calcium was visible on 432 (73 %) scans, and abdominal arterial calcification on 472 (79.9 %). Fifty (8.5 %) patients died. Patients with Superior Mesenteric (SMA) and Common Iliac Artery calcification had a significantly higher mortality than those without (p < 0.01). In multivariarate analysis, only SMA calcification was independently associated with mortality (OR 2.462, 95 % CI 1.08-5.60, p = 0.032). Coronary calcium demonstrated no independent statistical relationship with death (Left Anterior Descending Artery OR 1.189, 95 % CI 0.51-2.78, Circumflex OR 1.290, 95 % CI 0.56-2.98, Right Coronary Artery OR 0.483, 95 % CI 0.21-1.10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has demonstrated that the identification of arterial calcification on admission CT scans of trauma patients is possible. Calcification was common, and present in around three-quarters of injured individuals over the age of 45 years. SMA calcium was an independent predictor of mortality. However, whilst the presence of arterial calcium demonstrated a tendency towards lower survival, this association was not significant in other territories, including the coronary arteries. Future studies should investigate further the association and pathophysiology linking SMA disease and mortality in trauma, in addition to the relationship between longer tem survival, adverse cardiac events and arterial calcification in injured patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arterial calcification can be reliably identified on trauma CT scans, and is common in injured patients. Abdominal vascular calcification appears to be a better predictor of mortality than coronary artery disease.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Trauma Sciences, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK. henryde-ath@doctors.org.uk.
authors.forename: Henry D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: De'Ath
authors.affiliation: Centre for Trauma Sciences, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oakland
authors.affiliation: Centre for Trauma Sciences, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK.
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brohi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D061205:Vascular Calcification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality*
keywords: Aortic and arterial disease; Cardiac imaging and diagnostics; Coronary artery diseases; Outcomes; Trauma