title: Trends in Dietary Supplement Use Among US Adults From 1999-2012.
abstract: Dietary supplements are commonly used by US adults; yet, little is known about recent trends in supplement use.
  
  
  
  To report trends in dietary supplement use among US adults.
  
  
  
  Serial cross-sectional study using nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) collected between 1999 and 2012. Participants include noninstitutionalized adults residing in the United States, surveyed over 7 continuous 2-year cycles (sample size per cycle, 4863 to 6213).
  
  
  
  Calendar time, as represented by NHANES cycle.
  
  
  
  In an in-home interview, participants were queried on use of supplements in the preceding 30 days to estimate the prevalence of use within each NHANES cycle, and trends were evaluated across cycles. Outcomes included use of any supplements; use of multivitamins/multiminerals (MVMM; defined as a product containing ≥10 vitamins and/or minerals); and use of individual vitamins, minerals, and nonvitamin, nonmineral supplements. Data were analyzed overall and by population subgroup (including age, sex, race/ethnicity, and educational status), and were weighted to be nationally representative.
  
  
  
  A total of 37 958 adults were included in the study (weighted mean age, 46.4 years; women, 52.0% ), with an overall response rate of 74%. Overall, the use of supplements remained stable between 1999 and 2012, with 52% of US adults reporting use of any supplements in 2011-2012 (P for trend = .19). This trend varied by population subgroup. Use of MVMM decreased, with 37% reporting use of MVMM in 1999-2000 and 31% reporting use in 2011-2012 (difference, -5.7% [95% CI, -8.6% to -2.7%], P for trend < .001). Vitamin D supplementation from sources other than MVMM increased from 5.1% to 19% (difference, 14% [95% CI, 12% to 17%], P for trend  < .001) and use of fish oil supplements increased from 1.3% to 12% (difference, 11% [95% CI, 9.1% to 12%], P for trend < .001) over the study period, whereas use of a number of other supplements decreased.
  
  
  
  Among adults in the United States, overall use of dietary supplements remained stable from 1999-2012, use of MVMM decreased, and trends in use of individual supplements varied and were heterogeneous by population subgroups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Elizabeth D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Kantor
authors.affiliation: Office of Community and Population Health, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York.
authors.forename: Colin D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Rehm
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York3Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Mengmeng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington4Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts6Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Giovannucci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals; D014815:Vitamins