title: Feasibility of electronic nose technology for discriminating between head and neck, bladder, and colon carcinomas.
abstract: Electronic nose (e-nose) technology has the potential to detect cancer at an early stage and can differentiate between cancer origins. Our objective was to compare patients who had head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) with patients who had colon or bladder cancer to determine the distinctive diagnostic characteristics of the e-nose. Feasibility study An e-nose device was used to collect samples of exhaled breath from patients who had HNSCC and those who had bladder or colon cancer, after which the samples were analyzed and compared. One hundred patients with HNSCC, 40 patients with bladder cancer, and 28 patients with colon cancer exhaled through an e-nose for 5 min. An artificial neural network was used for the analysis, and double cross-validation to validate the model. In differentiating HNSCC from colon cancer, a diagnostic accuracy of 81 % was found. When comparing HNSCC with bladder cancer, the diagnostic accuracy was 84 %. A diagnostic accuracy of 84 % was found between bladder cancer and colon cancer. The e-nose technique using double cross-validation is able to discriminate between HNSCC and colon cancer and between HNSCC and bladder cancer. Furthermore, the e-nose technique can distinguish colon cancer from bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands. rens.vande.goor@mumc.nl.
authors.forename: R M G E
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van de Goor
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Leunis
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M R A
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: van Hooren
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Francisca
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Masclee
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kremer
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kross
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001944:Breath Tests; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000295:instrumentation*; D062609:Electronic Nose; D004867:Equipment Design; D045853:Exhalation; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D000077195:Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*
keywords: Bladder cancer; Colon cancer; Diagnosis; Electronic nose technology; Head and neck cancer; Volatile organic compounds