title: Fear of Movement Is Not Associated With Objective and Subjective Physical Activity Levels in Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain.
abstract: To assess the association of physical activity measures, derived with an accelerometer and a self-reported questionnaire, with fear of movement in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain (LBP) and to investigate the association between disability and fear of movement in this population.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  
  Outpatient physical therapy university clinics.
  
  
  
  Patients (N=119) presenting with nonspecific LBP of >3 months' duration.
  
  
  
  Not applicable.
  
  
  
  Physical activity levels measured objectively with an accelerometer (ie, counts per minute, time spent in moderate-to-vigorous and light physical activity per day, number of steps per day, and number of 10-minute bouts of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per day) and subjectively with a self-reported questionnaire (Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire); fear of movement (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia); pain (11-point numerical rating scale); disability (Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire); and depression (Beck Depression Inventory). The associations were examined with correlational, univariate, and multivariable linear regression analyses.
  
  
  
  None of the objective physical activity measures were associated with fear of movement. The apparent association of self-reported physical activity levels with fear of movement (correlational analyses: r=-.18; P<.05; univariate regression analyses: β=-.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], -.07 to -.01; P=.04) was not confirmed in multivariable analyses. Fear of movement was consistently associated with disability in both correlational (r=.42; P<.01) and multivariable (β=.21; 95% CI, .11-.31; P<.001) analyses.
  
  
  
  Our data support one aspect of the fear-avoidance model-that higher fear of movement is associated with more disability-but not the aspect of the model linking fear of movement with inactivity.
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávia A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Musculoskeletal Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Chris G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcia R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, Brazil.
authors.forename: Priscila K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Morelhão
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, Brazil.
authors.forename: Crystian B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, Brazil; Musculoskeletal Division, The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. Electronic address: rafaelzambelli@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rafael Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Pinto
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry; D000328:Adult; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D010147:Pain Measurement; D005082:Physical Exertion; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016138:Walking
keywords: Activities of daily living; Fear; Low back pain; Motor activity; Rehabilitation