title: N-type organic electrochemical transistors with stability in water.
abstract: Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are receiving significant attention due to their ability to efficiently transduce biological signals. A major limitation of this technology is that only p-type materials have been reported, which precludes the development of complementary circuits, and limits sensor technologies. Here, we report the first ever n-type OECT, with relatively balanced ambipolar charge transport characteristics based on a polymer that supports both hole and electron transport along its backbone when doped through an aqueous electrolyte and in the presence of oxygen. This new semiconducting polymer is designed specifically to facilitate ion transport and promote electrochemical doping. Stability measurements in water show no degradation when tested for 2 h under continuous cycling. This demonstration opens the possibility to develop complementary circuits based on OECTs and to improve the sophistication of bioelectronic devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giovannitti
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.|Materials Research Institute and School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
authors.forename: Christian B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: Dan-Tiberiu
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Sbircea
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioelectronics, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC Gardanne 13541, France.
authors.forename: Sahika
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inal
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioelectronics, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC Gardanne 13541, France.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.affiliation: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, SPERC, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Muhammad R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Niazi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hanifi
authors.affiliation: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, SPERC, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Aram
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amassian
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioelectronics, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC Gardanne 13541, France.
authors.forename: George G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Malliaras
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioelectronics, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC Gardanne 13541, France.|Palo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rivnay
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.|King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, SPERC, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Iain
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: McCulloch