title: Genetic and Phytochemical Analysis to Evaluate the Diversity and Relationships of Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.) Elite Genetic Resources in a Germplasm Collection.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical and genetic diversity, relationships and identification of mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.) elite genetic resources belonging to the Brazilian germplasm collection and mate breeding program. Mate has been studied due to the presence of phytochemical compounds, especially methylxanthines and phenolic compounds. The samples were collected from the leaves of 76 mate elite genetic resources (16 progenies × 5 localities). Total DNA was extracted from mate leaves and 20 random primers were used for DNA amplification. Methylxanthines (caffeine and theobromine) and phenolic compounds (chlorogenic, neochlorogenic, and criptochlorogenic acids) were quantified by HPLC. The genetic divergence estimated was higher within (92%) than among (8%) the different populations. Analysis of genetic distance between origins provided the formation of two groups by UPGMA cluster analysis, with higher polymorphism (94.9%). The average content of caffeine ranged from 0.01 to 1.38% and theobromine of 0.10 - 0.85% (w/w). The caffeoylquinic acids concentrations (1.43 - 5.38%) showed a gradient 3-CQA > 5-CQA > 4-CQA. The coefficient of genetic variation (CVg) was of low magnitude for all mono-caffeoylquinics acids. Significant correlations (positive and negative) were observed between the phytochemical compounds. Genetic diversity analysis performed by RAPD markers showed a greater intra-populational diversity; genetic resources with low caffeine and higher theobromine content were identified and can be used in breeding programs; the correlation between methylxanthines and phenolic compounds can be used as a good predictor in future studies.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry and Pharmacology of Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biological, Medical and Health Sciences, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Av. Parigot de Souza 3636, Toledo, PR, 85.903-170, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Cristhina
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.affiliation: Agronomy Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo 5790 - Vila Esperança, Maringá, PR, 87.020-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonela
authors.affiliation: Agronomy Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo 5790 - Vila Esperança, Maringá, PR, 87.020-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Celeste
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gonçalves Vidigal
authors.affiliation: Agronomy Department, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av. Colombo 5790 - Vila Esperança, Maringá, PR, 87.020-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro Soares
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Vidigal Filho
authors.affiliation: Embrapa Florestas - Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Km 111, Estrada da Ribeira, Colombo, PR, 83.411-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Alfredo
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sturion
authors.affiliation: Chemistry and Pharmacology of Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biological, Medical and Health Sciences, Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR), Av. Parigot de Souza 3636, Toledo, PR, 85.903-170, Brazil.
authors.forename: Euclides Lara
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Cardozo Junior
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014644:Genetic Variation; D030019:Ilex paraguariensis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011801:Quinic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D014970:Xanthines / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014970:Xanthines; C472707:caffeoylquinic acid; D011801:Quinic Acid; C008514:methylxanthine
keywords: 
  Ilex paraguariensis
  ; Genetic diversity; Mate; Methylxanthines; Phenolic compounds; Phytochemical composition