title: Visualization of hydraulic conditions inside the feed channel of Reverse Osmosis: A practical comparison of velocity between empty and spacer-filled channel.
abstract: It is widely accepted that our understanding about the membrane process increases by investigation of the hydraulic conditions of membranes. While numerical studies have been broadly used for this purpose, the experimental studies of a comparable resolution are scarce. In this study, we compared the pressure drop, the temporal and the spatial velocity maps of a spacer-filled channel and an empty channel of the same size to determine the effect of presence of the feeds spacer on hydraulic conditions. The velocity maps are obtained experimentally by using of the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique. Application of the feed spacer caused 2-8.5 higher pressure drop increase in the experimental conditions in this research. The flow had a spatial distribution in the form of a unimodal symmetric curve of normal distribution in the empty channel and a bimodal asymmetric curve in the spacer-filled channel. The bimodal curve indicates the presence of high- and low-velocity zones. Additionally, the low-velocity zones showed also a lower variation of velocity in time, which indicates the high fouling potential of these locations. The results from this study may be uses for validation of numerical studies.
authors.affiliation: Delft University of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Stevinweg 01, 2628 CN, Delft, The Netherlands. Electronic address: a.h.haidari@tudelft.nl.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Haidari
authors.affiliation: Delft University of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Stevinweg 01, 2628 CN, Delft, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S G J
authors.initials: SGJ
authors.lastname: Heijman
authors.affiliation: Delft University of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, Stevinweg 01, 2628 CN, Delft, The Netherlands; Oasen NV, P.O. Box 122, 2800 AC, Gouda, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W G J
authors.initials: WGJ
authors.lastname: van der Meer
mesh_terms: D005374:Filtration; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009995:Osmosis; D011312:Pressure; D012212:Rheology
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial
keywords: Feed spacer; Membrane; Particle image velocimetry; Reverse Osmosis; Spiral wound modules