title: Glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA): Chemical synthesis and correlation between their urinary levels and plasma TBBPA content in voluntary human donors.
abstract: 3,3',5,5'-Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) is an important brominated flame retardant in epoxy, vinyl esters and polycarbonate resins. Previous studies have already shown the occurrence of its Phase II metabolites, TBBPA-glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, in human urine, after oral administration of TBBPA. The main objective of this work is to examine correlations among level of TBBPA in human blood and those of its Phase II metabolites in human urine. Four water-soluble TBBPA conjugates were synthesized, purified and characterized. An analytical protocol using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) quantification was developed for the simultaneous analysis of these glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in human urine samples. TBBPA and its Phase II metabolites in paired human plasma and urine samples collected randomly from 140 voluntary donors in Hong Kong SAR, China, were determined. One or more TBBPA conjugates were detected in all of the urine samples, with concentration ranging from 0.19 to 127.24μgg-1-creatinine. TBBPA was also quantified in >85% of the plasma and urine samples. Strong correlations were observed between TBBPA content in plasma and the total amount of TBBPA-related compounds in urine.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Ka-Lok
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Ka-Ki
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Man-Shan
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Yau
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Margaret B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Veterinary Sciences, Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Bonnie M-W
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Sidney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Biomedical Veterinary Sciences, Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, USA.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Giesy
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Kelvin S-Y
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. Electronic address: bhmhwlam@cityu.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Michael H-W
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013431:Sulfates / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005411:Flame Retardants; D020719:Glucuronides; D011075:Polybrominated Biphenyls; D013431:Sulfates; C020806:tetrabromobisphenol A
keywords: Body fluids; Glucuronide and sulfate conjugates; Human plasma; Human urine; Tetrabromobisphenol-A