title: Serum levels of second-generation antipsychotics are associated with cognitive function in psychotic disorders.
abstract: Antipsychotics are effective in treating psychosis and mood episodes; however, the effect on cognition is less known. We investigated the association between serum levels of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and cognitive performance in psychosis spectrum disorders in a naturalistic setting.
  
  
  
  A total of 495 patients with a DSM-IV Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders (SCZ, n = 373) or Bipolar Disorder (BD, n = 122) diagnosis treated with olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole or risperidone were tested neuropsychologically with concurrent measurement of the serum concentration of the drug. Linear regression was used for association analyses.
  
  
  
  Attention was positively associated with the olanzapine concentration (standardised beta (β) coefficient = 0.19, P = .006), and short-term verbal memory and verbal fluency were negatively associated with the quetiapine (β = -0.24, P = .004) and risperidone (β = -0.37, P = .007) concentrations respectively.
  
  
  
  The present results suggest that SGA serum concentration is associated with better attention (small effect size), and worse verbal memory (small effect size) and verbal fluency (medium effect size). These findings are in line with the notion that SGAs affect aspects of cognitive function, and suggest careful dosing in patients with severe memory and executive problems.
authors.affiliation: a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.|b Drammen District Psychiatric Center, Clinic of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust , Drammen , Norway.
authors.forename: Nils Eiel
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Steen
authors.affiliation: a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aas
authors.affiliation: a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simonsen
authors.affiliation: a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dieset
authors.affiliation: a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tesli
authors.affiliation: a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nerhus
authors.affiliation: a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Erlend
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gardsjord
authors.affiliation: a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Ragni
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mørch
authors.affiliation: a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.|c Department of Psychiatric Research , Diakonhjemmet Hospital , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Agartz
authors.affiliation: a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Melle
authors.affiliation: a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.|d Department of Psychology , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Torill
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueland
authors.affiliation: e Department of Clinical Pharmacology , St. Olav University Hospital , Trondheim , Norway.|f Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway.
authors.forename: Olav
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Spigset
authors.affiliation: a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Ole A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Andreassen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D056344:Executive Function / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
keywords: Antipsychotic agents; bipolar disorder; neuropsychological tests; psychotic disorders; schizophrenia