title: Atrial-focused views improve the accuracy of two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements of the left and right atrial volumes: a contribution to the increase in normal values in the guidelines update.
abstract: Current guidelines recommend that the atria be measured in 2D echocardiographic (2DE) apical views using the method-of-disks (MOD) or area-length (AL) technique as an alternative, although no definitive data exists that these are interchangeable. However, standard apical views maximize the long-axis of the left ventricle, rather than the dimensions of the atria, resulting in atrial foreshortening. We hypothesized that the increase in normal values of atrial volumes in the recent guidelines update was driven by data obtained using either the AL technique or dedicated atrial-focused views, which maximize the longitudinal dimension of the atria and thus provide larger volumes than the MOD measurements in standard apical views. We prospectively studied 30 patients (Philips iE33) to compare 2DE measurements of left and right atrial volumes (LAV, RAV) using the MOD and AL techniques in standard and atrial-focused views, against 3D echocardiography (3DE) derived volumes (QLab) as a reference. Compared to standard views, atrial-focused views provided significantly larger MOD volumes for both atria, which were in better agreement with 3DE, as reflected by higher correlation coefficients (LAV: r = 0.95 vs. 0.89; RAV: r = 0.89 vs. 0.84), smaller biases (LAV: -1 ml vs. 7 ml; RAV: 3 ml vs. 7 ml) and tighter limits of agreement. This was also the case for the AL measurements, which were minimally larger than the MOD values (NS) for both atria. In conclusion, atrial-focused views are a more accurate alternative to standard apical views, which provides larger volumes. This finding can explain the increase in the normal values in the recent guidelines update, which was mostly driven by the use of atrial-focused views, rather than by the differences between MOD and AL techniques. This understanding is essential in order to correctly integrate the revised normal values into clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5758 S. Maryland Ave., MC9067, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Kalie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kebed
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5758 S. Maryland Ave., MC9067, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kruse
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5758 S. Maryland Ave., MC9067, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Karima
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Addetia
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5758 S. Maryland Ave., MC9067, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Boguslawa
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ciszek
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5758 S. Maryland Ave., MC9067, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Minnie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thykattil
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5758 S. Maryland Ave., MC9067, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Brittney
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guile
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5758 S. Maryland Ave., MC9067, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Roberto M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5758 S. Maryland Ave., MC9067, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. vmoravi@bsd.uchicago.edu.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mor-Avi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016279:Atrial Function, Left; D016280:Atrial Function, Right; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Atrial size; Echocardiography; Left atrium; Right atrium