title: Antiviral Activity of Crude Hydroethanolic Extract from Schinus terebinthifolia against Herpes simplex Virus Type 1.
abstract: Herpes simplexvirus infections persist throughout the lifetime of the host and affect more than 80 % of the humans worldwide. The intensive use of available therapeutic drugs has led to undesirable effects, such as drug-resistant strains, prompting the search for new antiherpetic agents. Although diverse bioactivities have been identified inSchinus terebinthifolia, its antiviral activity has not attracted much attention. The present study evaluated the antiherpetic effects of a crude hydroethanolic extract from the stem bark ofS. terebinthifoliaagainstHerpes simplexvirus type 1in vitroandin vivoas well as its genotoxicity in bone marrow in mammals and established the chemical composition of the crude hydroethanolic extract based on liquid chromatography-diode array detector-mass spectrometry and MS/MS. The crude hydroethanolic extract inhibited all of the testedHerpes simplexvirus type 1 strainsin vitroand was effective in the attachment and penetration stages, and showed virucidal activity, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The micronucleus test showed that the crude hydroethanolic extract had no genotoxic effect at the concentrations tested. The crude hydroethanolic extract afforded protection against lesions that were caused byHerpes simplexvirus type 1in vivo. Liquid chromatography-diode array detector-mass spectrometry and MS/MS identified 25 substances, which are condensed tannins mainly produced by a B-type linkage and prodelphinidin and procyanidin units.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Samara Requena
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Nocchi
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mychelle Vianna Pereira
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Companhoni
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Carlos Palazzo
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: de Mello
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Benedito Prado
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Dias Filho
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Celso Vataru
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas (LaPNEM), Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Alexandre
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Carollo
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas (LaPNEM), Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise Brentan
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tânia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueda-Nakamura
mesh_terms: D027926:Anacardiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005260:Female; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013634:Tannins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013634:Tannins