title: Changes in the psychosocial work characteristics and insulin resistance among Japanese male workers: a three-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the impact of changes in psychosocial work characteristics on insulin resistance (IR) among Japanese male workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 1,815 male workers who received a comprehensive health examination and requested measurement of their serum insulin level in Fiscal Years (FY) 2008 and 2011. Psychosocial work characteristics, including job demands, job control, and workplace social support (from supervisors and coworkers), were assessed in each of the job demands-control and demand-control-support models. Psychosocial work characteristics were assessed by the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire. Changes in the psychosocial work characteristics were measured by creating a four-category variable for each of the psychosocial work characteristics: (1) stable low group, (2) increased group, (3) decreased group, and (4) stable high group. We defined IR as a value of 2.5 or more on the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), or having a diagnosis of diabetes. A series of multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The group experiencing a decrease in supervisor support had a significantly higher risk of having IR compared to the stable high group with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.44; 95% CI: 1.48-4.02. After adjusting for covariates, this significant association was unchanged; the OR was 2.19; 95% CI: 1.23-3.91. On the other hand, there was no significant association of changes in the psychosocial work characteristics, expect for decrease in supervisor support, with IR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A decrease in supervisor support was found to be an independent risk factor for worsening IR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health.
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hino
authors.forename: Akiomi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Kosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mafune
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Hisanori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hiro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin