title: [Orthodontic Management of the Impacted Mandibular Second Molar Tooth].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When the mandibular permanent second molar becomes impacted, it is identified as a malocclusion that needs treatment as it often leads to unwanted complications such as caries and periodontitis of the adjacent permanent first molar. Other less common complications include root resorption of the adjacent first molar root or continued root development to be in close proximity to the inferior dental alveolar nerve.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper seeks to differentiate various levels of severity of impaction and review treatment options that are considered clinically available for the proper management of the impacted mandibular permanent second molar. Treatment options that will be discussed in this article include timing of second molar removal for replacement by the third molar, relief of impaction via second premolar removal, surgical repositioning and the combination of third molar removal, surgical exposure and orthodontic uprighting of the impacted tooth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depending on the severity of the impaction, most impactions can be easily and predictably corrected with nickel titanium archwires or auxillary open coil springs or uprighting springs. Uncommonly, the mandibular permanent second molar can become severely impacted and in close proximity to the inferior dentoalveolar nerve. In these instances, the use of temporary anchorage devices such as microimplants has shown to be successful in uprighting the severely impacted mandibular permanent second molars.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mah
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takada
mesh_terms: D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible; D008963:Molar; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*