title: Ascending testis after repair of pediatric inguinal hernia and hydrocele: A misunderstood operative complication.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ascending testis (AT) is a rare complication after repair of an inguinal hernia/hydrocele. However, there has been some controversy concerning the AT following laparoscopic and open procedures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the experience of, and discuss the associated mechanisms with, testicular ascent after pediatric inguinal hernia/hydrocele surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of the medical records of male children who underwent inguinal hernia/hydrocele repair at the present hospital between January 2000 and December 2014. Those who underwent subsequent orchiopexies due to ipsilateral cryptorchidism were identified. The ATs that were misdiagnosed, caused by improper operation, and retractile testes were excluded. The Poisson distribution evaluated the incidences of subgroups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 17,295 inguinal hernias and hydroceles were repaired on 12,849 males; of whom, 10 testes (0.058%) developed ATs on nine individuals postoperatively (Summary Table). The difference of AT incidences between subgroups was insignificant (P > 0.05), except for that grouped by the age at initial operation (cutoff = 1 year, P = 0.008; cutoff = 2 years, P = 0.012). During orchiopexy, extensive adhesions were found in the inguinal canal only in the two cases following open repair. The hernia sac/processus vaginalis remained intact in the canal of AT after laparoscopic repair, and partial after open herniotomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was generally assumed that testicular ascent after repair of an inguinal hernia/hydrocele was caused by adhesion of the spermatic cord. However, the cord was not dissected during laparoscopic procedure, so adhesion was not the major reason for AT following laparoscopic surgery. The sac/processus were partially excised during open repair, but kept intact in laparoscopic procedure. Therefore, remnants of the sac/processus might play a greater role in postoperative testicular ascent than adhesions. Furthermore, it was found that AT incidence after the repair was not higher than that in 'normal' males. Ascending testis was probably not an operative complication, but a natural descent process of testis independent of the operation. Moreover, the testis descended further due to dissection of the cord and excision of the sac/processus, so the AT incidence was extremely low following open operation. From this point of view, open repair of an inguinal hernia/hydrocele was probably a protective factor for preventing testicular ascent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ascending testis is rare in male pediatric patients who have had repair of an inguinal hernia/hydrocele. Currently, the mechanism of testicular ascent is still unclear, and should be further investigated in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Ningbo Women & Children's Hospital, Cicheng New Town, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China. Electronic address: pheonix925@live.cn.
authors.forename: Furan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Ningbo Women & Children's Hospital, Cicheng New Town, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Hongji
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Ningbo Women & Children's Hospital, Cicheng New Town, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Junfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D059685:Herniorrhaphy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D056126:Orchiopexy / Q000379:methods*; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012086:Reoperation / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D006848:Testicular Hydrocele / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Ascending testis; Cryptorchidism; Hydrocele; Inguinal hernia; Laparoscopy