title: Comparison of Canadian and Swiss Surgical Training Curricula: Moving on Toward Competency-Based Surgical Education.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Quality of surgical training in the era of resident duty-hour restrictions (RDHR) is part of an ongoing debate. Most training elements are provided during surgical service. As exposure to surgical procedures is important but time-consuming, RDHR may affect quality of surgical training. Providing structured training elements may help to compensate for this shortcoming.
  
  
  METHODS
  This binational anonymous questionnaire-based study evaluates frequency, time, and structure of surgical training programs at 2 typical academic teaching hospitals with different RDHR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Departments of Surgery of University of Basel (Basel, Switzerland) and the Queen's University (Kingston, Ontario, Canada).
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgical consultants and residents of the Queen's University Hospital (Kingston, Ontario, Canada) and the University Hospital Basel (Basel, Switzerland) were eligible for this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Questionnaire response rate was 37% (105/284). Queen's residents work 80 hours per week, receiving 7 hours of formal training (8.8% of workweek). Basel residents work 60 hours per week, including 1 hour of formal training (1.7% of working time). Queen's faculty and residents rated their program as "structured" or "rather structured" in contrast to Basel faculty and residents who rated their programs as "neutral" in structure or "unstructured." Respondents identified specific structured training elements more frequently at Queen's than in Basel. Two-thirds of residents responded that they seek out additional surgical experiences through voluntary extra work. Basel participants articulated a stronger need for improvement of current surgical training. Although Basel residents and consultants in both institutions fear negative influence of RDHR on the training program, this was not the case in Queen's residents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Providing more structured surgical training elements may be advantageous in providing optimal-quality surgical education in an era of work-hour restrictions.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: henry.hoffmann@usb.ch.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oertli
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mechera
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Salome
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dell-Kuster
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Queen׳s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reznick
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Queen׳s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: MacDonald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003162:Competency-Based Education / Q000379:methods*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003479:Curriculum; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009864:Ontario; D013043:Specialties, Surgical / Q000193:education*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013557:Switzerland
keywords: Medical Knowledge; Practice-Based Learning and Improvement; Systems-Based Practice; resident duty-hour restriction; structured surgical training; surgical education; surgical skills assessment