title: OsHAC1;1 and OsHAC1;2 Function as Arsenate Reductases and Regulate Arsenic Accumulation.
abstract: Rice is a major dietary source of the toxic metalloid arsenic (As). Reducing its accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa) grain is of critical importance to food safety. Rice roots take up arsenate and arsenite depending on the prevailing soil conditions. The first step of arsenate detoxification is its reduction to arsenite, but the enzyme(s) catalyzing this reaction in rice remains unknown. Here, we identify OsHAC1;1 and OsHAC1;2 as arsenate reductases in rice. OsHAC1;1 and OsHAC1;2 are able to complement an Escherichia coli mutant lacking the endogenous arsenate reductase and to reduce arsenate to arsenite. OsHAC1:1 and OsHAC1;2 are predominantly expressed in roots, with OsHAC1;1 being abundant in the epidermis, root hairs, and pericycle cells while OsHAC1;2 is abundant in the epidermis, outer layers of cortex, and endodermis cells. Expression of the two genes was induced by arsenate exposure. Knocking out OsHAC1;1 or OsHAC1;2 decreased the reduction of arsenate to arsenite in roots, reducing arsenite efflux to the external medium. Loss of arsenite efflux was also associated with increased As accumulation in shoots. Greater effects were observed in a double mutant of the two genes. In contrast, overexpression of either OsHAC1;1 or OsHAC1;2 increased arsenite efflux, reduced As accumulation, and enhanced arsenate tolerance. When grown under aerobic soil conditions, overexpression of either OsHAC1;1 or OsHAC1;2 also decreased As accumulation in rice grain, whereas grain As increased in the knockout mutants. We conclude that OsHAC1;1 and OsHAC1;2 are arsenate reductases that play an important role in restricting As accumulation in rice shoots and grain.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China (S.S., Z.T., F.-J.Z.).|National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China (T.W., Z.C., D.-Y.C.).|State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Z.W.).|School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (D.E.S.); and.|Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (F.-J.Z.).
authors.forename: Shulin
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0850-4962
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China (S.S., Z.T., F.-J.Z.).|National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China (T.W., Z.C., D.-Y.C.).|State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Z.W.).|School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (D.E.S.); and.|Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (F.-J.Z.).
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China (S.S., Z.T., F.-J.Z.).|National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China (T.W., Z.C., D.-Y.C.).|State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Z.W.).|School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (D.E.S.); and.|Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (F.-J.Z.).
authors.forename: Ziru
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7679-911X
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China (S.S., Z.T., F.-J.Z.).|National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China (T.W., Z.C., D.-Y.C.).|State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Z.W.).|School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (D.E.S.); and.|Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (F.-J.Z.).
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China (S.S., Z.T., F.-J.Z.).|National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China (T.W., Z.C., D.-Y.C.).|State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Z.W.).|School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (D.E.S.); and.|Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (F.-J.Z.).
authors.forename: Zhongchang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China (S.S., Z.T., F.-J.Z.).|National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China (T.W., Z.C., D.-Y.C.).|State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Z.W.).|School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (D.E.S.); and.|Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (F.-J.Z.).
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Salt
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China (S.S., Z.T., F.-J.Z.); fangjie.zhao@njau.edu.cn dychao@sibs.ac.cn.|National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China (T.W., Z.C., D.-Y.C.); fangjie.zhao@njau.edu.cn dychao@sibs.ac.cn.|State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Z.W.); fangjie.zhao@njau.edu.cn dychao@sibs.ac.cn.|School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (D.E.S.); and fangjie.zhao@njau.edu.cn dychao@sibs.ac.cn.|Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (F.-J.Z.) fangjie.zhao@njau.edu.cn dychao@sibs.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Dai-Yin
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China (S.S., Z.T., F.-J.Z.); fangjie.zhao@njau.edu.cn dychao@sibs.ac.cn.|National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China (T.W., Z.C., D.-Y.C.); fangjie.zhao@njau.edu.cn dychao@sibs.ac.cn.|State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Z.W.); fangjie.zhao@njau.edu.cn dychao@sibs.ac.cn.|School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom (D.E.S.); and fangjie.zhao@njau.edu.cn dychao@sibs.ac.cn.|Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (F.-J.Z.) fangjie.zhao@njau.edu.cn dychao@sibs.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Fang-Jie
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0164-169X
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D053502:Arsenate Reductases / Q000378:metabolism*; D001151:Arsenic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D012275:Oryza / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D052584:Xylem / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D012987:Soil; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D053502:Arsenate Reductases; D001151:Arsenic