title: Widespread brain transcriptome alterations underlie the neuroprotective actions of dietary saffron.
abstract: Dietary saffron has shown promise as a neuroprotective intervention in clinical trials of retinal degeneration and dementia and in animal models of multiple CNS disorders, including Parkinson's disease. This therapeutic potential makes it important to define the relationship between dose and protection and the mechanisms involved. To explore these two issues, mice were pre-conditioned by providing an aqueous extract of saffron (0.01% w/v) as their drinking water for 2, 5 or 10 days before administration of the parkinsonian neurotoxin MPTP (50 mg/kg). Five days of saffron pre-conditioning provided the greatest benefit against MPTP-induced neuropathology, significantly mitigating both loss of functional dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (p < 0.01) and abnormal neuronal activity in the caudate-putamen complex (p < 0.0001). RNA microarray analysis of the brain transcriptome of mice pre-conditioned with saffron for 5 days revealed differential expression of 424 genes. Bioinformatics analysis identified enrichment of molecular pathways (e.g. adherens junction, TNFR1 and Fas signaling) and expression changes in candidate genes (Cyr61, Gpx8, Ndufs4, and Nos1ap) with known neuroprotective actions. The apparent biphasic nature of the dose-response relationship between saffron and measures of neuroprotection, together with the stress-inducible nature of many of the up-regulated genes and pathways, lend credence to the idea that saffron, like various other phytochemicals, is a hormetic stimulus, with functions beyond its strong antioxidant capacity. These findings provide impetus for a more comprehensive evaluation of saffron as a neuroprotective intervention.
authors.affiliation: Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.|Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicholas V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Skladnev
authors.affiliation: Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.|Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Varshika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ganeshan
authors.affiliation: Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.|Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.|School of Medicine, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: Ji Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.|Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3874-6794
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.affiliation: Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.|Discipline of Anatomy & Histology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mitrofanis
authors.affiliation: Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.|Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.affiliation: Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.|Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Johnstone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D027622:Crocus; D020267:MPTP Poisoning / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: 
  MPTP
  ; microarray; mouse model; neuroprotection; parkinsonism; saffron