title: Training Enhances Immune Cells Mitochondrial Biosynthesis, Fission, Fusion, and Their Antioxidant Capabilities Synergistically with Dietary Docosahexaenoic Supplementation.
abstract: Exercise training induces adaptations in mitochondrial metabolism, dynamics, and oxidative protection. Omega-3 fatty acids change membrane lipid composition and modulate mitochondrial function. The aim was to investigate the effect of 8-week training and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation (1.14 g/day) on the mitochondria dynamics and antioxidant status in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from sportsmen. Subjects were assigned to an intervention (N= 9) or placebo groups (N= 7) in a randomized double-blind trial. Nutritional intervention significantly increased the DHA content in erythrocyte membranes from the experimental group. No significant differences were reported in terms of circulating PBMCs, Mn-superoxide dismutase protein levels, and their capability to produce reactive oxygen species. The proteins related to mitochondrial dynamics were, in general, increased after an 8-week training and this increase was enhanced by DHA supplementation. The content in mitofusins Mtf-1 and Mtf-2, optic atrophy protein-1 (Opa-1), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) were significantly higher in the DHA-supplemented group after intervention. Cytochrome c oxidase (COX-IV) activity and uncoupling proteins UCP-2 and UCP-3 protein levels were increased after training, with higher UCP-3 levels in the supplemented group. In conclusion, training induced mitochondrial adaptations which may contribute to improved mitochondrial function. This mitochondrial response was modulated by DHA supplementation.
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Science Laboratory of Physical Activity, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Busquets-Cortés
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Science Laboratory of Physical Activity, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Capó
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile.
authors.forename: Miquel
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8656-6838
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martorell
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Science Laboratory of Physical Activity, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER: CB12/03/30038 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad la Nutrición, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tur
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Science Laboratory of Physical Activity, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER: CB12/03/30038 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad la Nutrición, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sureda
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Science Laboratory of Physical Activity, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER: CB12/03/30038 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad la Nutrición, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2447-3868
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pons
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000293:Adolescent; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D063154:Mitochondrial Dynamics / Q000187:drug effects*; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D064797:Physical Conditioning, Human / Q000379:methods*; D010809:Physical Fitness; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000097:blood; D012916:Soccer; D013030:Spain; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase