title: The relationship between sodium excretion and blood pressure, urine albumin, central retinal arteriolar equivalent.
abstract: Many studies showed an association between dietary salt intake, blood pressure and increased CVD risk. The potential reason may be related to vascular structural and functional changes, through alterations in endothelial function. The central retinal arteriolar equivalent and urinary albumin reflected vascular endothelial dysfunction in different part of the body. The urinary sodium-creatinine ratio of causal urine specimens could represent the 24-h urinary sodium intake to estimate sodium intake.
  
  
  
  The 24-h sodium excretion was estimated by urinary sodium-creatinine ratio. Urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR), reflecting renal arterial damage, was also determined. The central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) was detected by fundus photography and was further analyzed by semi-quantitative software.
  
  
  
  Participants included 951 hypertensive patients with the average sodium excretion of 11.62 ± 3.01 g. The sodium excretion was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the hypertensive as compared to that of the non-hypertensive participants. Prevalence of hypertension was increased with increasing sodium excretion. The sodium excretion was positively correlated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), respectively (r = 0.20 and 0.14; P < 0.01). Furthermore, UACR and CRAE were significantly (P < 0.01) different within the sodium excretion quartiles (Q1-Q4). After adjusting the confounding variables, such as age and sex, the binary logistic regression analysis showed that sodium excretion was an independent factor of UACR and CRAE (P < 0.01).
  
  
  
  Our results suggest that sodium excretion in the hypertensive participants were higher. The high sodium excretion was related with the renal arterial damage as well as retinal arteriolar changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Institute of Clinical Geriatrics, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Institute of Clinical Geriatrics, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Institute of Clinical Geriatrics, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Institute of Clinical Geriatrics, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
authors.forename: Qiaowei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Institute of Clinical Geriatrics, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Institute of Clinical Geriatrics, the Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
authors.forename: Zhonghai
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Clinical Laboratory Center, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Institute of Clinical Geriatrics, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
authors.forename: Falin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Provincial Institute of Clinical Geriatrics, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China. zpl7755@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Pengli
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9619-0723
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012161:Retinal Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium
keywords: Blood pressure; Central retinal arteriolar equivalent; Sodium excretion; Urinary albumin-creatinine ratio