title: Toward laboratory blood test-comparable photometric assessments for anemia in veterinary hematology.
abstract: Anemia associated with intestinal parasites and malnutrition is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in small ruminants worldwide. Qualitative scoring of conjunctival redness has been developed so that farmers can gauge anemia in sheep and goats to identify animals that require treatment. For clinically relevant anemia diagnosis, complete blood count-comparable quantitative methods often rely on complicated and expensive optical instruments, requiring detailed spectral information of hemoglobin. We report experimental and numerical results for simple, yet reliable, noninvasive hemoglobin detection that can be correlated with laboratory-based blood hemoglobin testing for anemia diagnosis. In our pilot animal study using calves, we exploit the third eyelid (i.e., palpebral conjunctiva) as an effective sensing site. To further test spectrometer-free (or spectrometerless) hemoglobin assessments, we implement full spectral reconstruction from RGB data and partial least square regression. The unique combination of RGB-based spectral reconstruction and partial least square regression could potentially offer uncomplicated instrumentation and avoid the use of a spectrometer, which is vital for realizing a compact and inexpensive hematology device for quantitative anemia detection in the farm field.
authors.affiliation: Purdue University, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, 206 South Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
authors.forename: Taehoon
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Purdue University, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, 206 South Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
authors.forename: Seung Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Purdue University, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, 206 South Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lambert-Cheatham
authors.affiliation: Purdue University, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, 206 South Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
authors.forename: Zhengbin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Purdue University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
authors.forename: Janice E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kritchevsky
authors.affiliation: University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Outer Ring Road, UQ Gatton Campus, Gatton QLD 4343, Australia.
authors.forename: Francois-René
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Bertin
authors.affiliation: Purdue University, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, 206 South Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United StatesdKyung Hee University, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Yongin 7104, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000662:veterinary*; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000098:blood supply; D004867:Equipment Design; D006452:Hemoglobinometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000662:veterinary; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000662:veterinary; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010783:Photometry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D014730:Veterinary Medicine
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins