title: Extracellular ATP induces graded reactive response of astrocytes and strengthens their antioxidative defense in vitro.
abstract: It is widely accepted that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) acts as a universal danger-associated molecular pattern with several known mechanisms for immune cell activation. In the central nervous system, ATP activates microglia and astrocytes and induces a neuroinflammatory response. The aim of the present study was to describe responses of isolated astrocytes to increasing concentrations of ATP (5 µM to 1 mM), which were intended to mimic graded intensity of the extracellular stimulus. The results show that ATP induces graded activation response of astrocytes in terms of the cell proliferation, stellation, shape remodeling, and underlying actin and GFAP filament rearrangement, although the changes occurred without an apparent increase in GFAP and actin protein expression. On the other hand, ATP in the range of applied concentrations did not evoke IL-1β release from cultured astrocytes, nor did it modify the release from LPS and LPS+IFN-γ-primed astrocytes. ATP did not promote astrocyte migration in the wound-healing assay, nor did it increase production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and lipid peroxidation. Instead, ATP strengthened the antioxidative defense of astrocytes by inducing Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD activities and by increasing their glutathione content. Our current results suggest that although ATP triggers several attributes of activated astrocytic phenotype with a magnitude that increases with the concentration, it is not sufficient to induce full-blown reactive phenotype of astrocytes in vitro. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.|Centre for Laser Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Marija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adzic
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stevanovic
authors.affiliation: Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Natasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Josipovic
authors.affiliation: Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Danijela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Laketa
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic,", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lavrnja
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic,", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Ivana M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Bjelobaba
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic,", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Iva
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bozic
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic,", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Marija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jovanovic
authors.affiliation: Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.|Centre for Laser Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milosevic
authors.affiliation: Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Nadezda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nedeljkovic
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000378:metabolism; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D017304:Annexin A5; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: ATP; IL-1β; antioxidative defense; reactive astrocytes; reactive gliosis