title: Visual Impairment Screening at the Geriatric Frailty Clinic for Assessment of Frailty and Prevention of Disability at the Gérontopôle.
abstract: To evaluate visual performance and factors associated with abnormal vision in patients screened for frailty at the Geriatric Frailty Clinic (GFC) for Assessment of Frailty and Prevention of Disability at Toulouse University Hospital.
  
  
  
  Retrospective, observational cross-sectional, single-centre study.
  
  
  
  Institutional practice.
  
  
  
  Patients were screened for frailty during a single-day hospital stay between October 2011 and October 2014 (n = 1648).
  
  
  
  Collected medical records included sociodemographic data (including living environment and educational level), anthropometric data, and clinical data. The general evaluation included the patient's functional status using the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale and the Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL) scale, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for cognition testing, and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) for physical performance. We also examined Body Mass Index (BMI), the Mini-Nutritional Assessment (MNA), and the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly Screening (HHIE-S) tool. The ophthalmologic evaluation included assessing visual acuity using the Snellen decimal chart for distant vision, and the Parinaud chart for near vision. Patients were divided into groups based on normal distant/near vision (NDV and NNV groups) and abnormal distant/near vision (ADV and ANV groups). Abnormal distant or near vision was defined as visual acuity inferior to 20/40 or superior to a Parinaud score of 2, in at least one eye. Associations with frailty-associated factors were evaluated in both groups.
  
  
  
  The mean age of the population was 82.6 ± 6.2 years. The gender distribution was 1,061 females (64.4%) and 587 males (35.6%). According to the Fried criteria, 619 patients (41.1%) were pre-frail and 771 (51.1%) were frail. Distant and near vision data were available for 1425 and 1426 patients, respectively. Distant vision was abnormal for 437 patients (30.7%). Near vision was abnormal for 199 patients (14%). Multiple regression analysis showed that abnormal distant vision as well as abnormal near vision were independently associated with greater age (P < 0.01), lower educational level (P < 0.05), lower performance on the MMSE (P < 0.001), and lower autonomy (P < 0.02), after controlling for age, gender, educational level, Fried criteria, and MMSE score.
  
  
  
  The high prevalence of visual disorders observed in the study population and their association with lower autonomy and cognitive impairment emphasises the need for systematic screening of visual impairments in the elderly. Frailty was not found to be independently associated with abnormal vision.
authors.affiliation: Vincent Soler, Retina Unit, Ophthalmology Department, Hôpital Pierre Paul Riquet, Place du Docteur Baylac, TSA 40031, 31059 TOULOUSE Cedex 9, France, Phone number: (+33)-5-61-77-71-74, Fax number: (+33)-5-34-55-74-71, Email address : vincesoler@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Soler
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sourdet
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Balardy
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abellan van Kan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brechemier
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rougé-Bugat
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tavassoli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cassagne
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Malecaze
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nourhashémi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vellas
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000523:psychology; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*