title: Cancer heterogeneity and imaging.
abstract: There is interest in identifying and quantifying tumor heterogeneity at the genomic, tissue pathology and clinical imaging scales, as this may help better understand tumor biology and may yield useful biomarkers for guiding therapy-based decision making. This review focuses on the role and value of using x-ray, CT, MRI and PET based imaging methods that identify, measure and map tumor heterogeneity. In particular we highlight the potential value of these techniques and the key challenges required to validate and qualify these biomarkers for clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Radiology, The Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, UK. Electronic address: james.oconnor@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: James P B
authors.initials: JPB
authors.lastname: O'Connor
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: Biomarker; Cancer; Heterogeneity; Imaging