title: Protein Kinases as Drug Development Targets for Heart Disease Therapy.
abstract: Protein kinases are intimately integrated in different signal transduction pathways for the regulation of cardiac function in both health and disease. Protein kinase A (PKA), Ca²⁺-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK), protein kinase C (PKC), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) are not only involved in the control of subcellular activities for maintaining cardiac function, but also participate in the development of cardiac dysfunction in cardiac hypertrophy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Although all these kinases serve as signal transducing proteins by phosphorylating different sites in cardiomyocytes, some of their effects are cardioprotective whereas others are detrimental. Such opposing effects of each signal transduction pathway seem to depend upon the duration and intensity of stimulus as well as the type of kinase isoform for each kinase. In view of the fact that most of these kinases are activated in heart disease and their inhibition has been shown to improve cardiac function, it is suggested that these kinases form excellent targets for drug development for therapy of heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research, and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada. nsdhalla@sbrc.ca.
authors.forename: Naranjan S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Dhalla
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research, and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada. amuller@sbrc.ca.
authors.forename: Alison L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Müller
keywords: Ca2+ calmodulin protein kinase; mitogen-activated protein kinases; phosphoinositide 3-kinase; protein kinase A; protein kinase C