title: Dietary sodium and potassium intake in relation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
abstract: A few epidemiological data are available assessing the associations of intakes of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to examine the associations of dietary intake of Na and K with the prevalence of ultrasound-diagnosed NAFLD. We performed a cross-sectional study of 100 177 participants (46 596 men and 53 581 women) who underwent a health screening examination and completed a FFQ at the Kangbuk Samsung Hospital Total Healthcare Centers, South Korea, between 2011 and 2013. NAFLD was defined by ultrasonographic detection of fatty liver in the absence of excessive alcohol intake or other known causes of liver disease. The proportion of NAFLD was 35·6 % for men and 9·8 % for women. Increasing prevalence of NAFLD was observed with increasing Na intake. The multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) of NAFLD comparing the highest with the lowest quintile of energy-adjusted Na intake were 1·25 (95 % CI 1·18, 1·32; P trend<0·001) in men and 1·32 (95 % CI 1·18, 1·47; P trend <0·001) in women. However, when we additionally adjusted for body fat percentage, the association became attenuated; the corresponding PR of NAFLD were 1·15 (95 % CI 1·09, 1·21) in men and 1·06 (95 % CI 0·95, 1·17) in women. No inverse association was observed for energy-adjusted K intake. Our findings suggest that higher Na intake is associated with a greater prevalence of NAFLD in young and middle-aged asymptomatic adults, which might be partly mediated by adiposity.
authors.affiliation: 1Center for Cohort Studies,Total Healthcare Center,Kangbuk Samsung Hospital,Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine,Seoul, 04514,Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yuni
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Food and Nutrition,Seoul National University,Seoul, 08826,Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: 1Center for Cohort Studies,Total Healthcare Center,Kangbuk Samsung Hospital,Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine,Seoul, 04514,Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yoosoo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: 5Department of Preventive Medicine,College of Medicine,Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763,Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Kyung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 6Department of Family Medicine,Kangbuk Samsung Hospital,Sungkyunkwan University,School of Medicine,Seoul, 03181,Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eunju
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.affiliation: 6Department of Family Medicine,Kangbuk Samsung Hospital,Sungkyunkwan University,School of Medicine,Seoul, 03181,Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hocheol
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: 1Center for Cohort Studies,Total Healthcare Center,Kangbuk Samsung Hospital,Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine,Seoul, 04514,Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seungho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ryu
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000208:ethnology; D000072001:Diet, Healthy / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D050177:Overweight / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011188:Potassium / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015995:Prevalence; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012306:Risk; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D011188:Potassium
keywords:  BF% body fat percentage;  BP blood pressure;  FLI fatty liver index;  NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease;  PR prevalence ratio; Diet; Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; Potassium; Sodium