title: Strong and Rapidly Self-Healing Hydrogels: Potential Hemostatic Materials.
abstract: Benzaldehyde-terminated telechelic four-armed polyethylene glycol (PEG-BA) is synthesized and cross-linked with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) to form dynamic hydrogels with strong mechanical performance. The gelation temperature and time, mechanical performance, and self-healing behaviors are systematically investigated. The hydrogels have good storage modulus up to 3162.06 ± 21.06 Pa, comparable to conventional bulk hydrogels. The separated alternate hydrogel lines connect together to become an integrated hydrogel film after 5 min at room temperature without any external intervention. This is due to the dynamic equilibrium between the Schiff base linkages and the aldehyde groups of PEG-BA and amine groups on CMC backbone. The hydrogel shows excellent cytocompatibility and the cell viability is as high as 90.7 ± 6.8% after 2 d 3D encapsulation in the hydrogel. In vivo tests indicate that the hydrogels can effectively stop bleeding when the hydrogel is directly injected into a rabbit liver incision. The total blood loss is reduced from 0.65 ± 0.10 g to 0.29 ± 0.11 g, and the hemostasis time is decreased from 167 ± 21 s to 120 ± 10 s, when compared to a gauze treatment with physical compression. These self-healing hydrogels have potential to be used as a novel hemostatic material.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada.
authors.forename: Weijuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada.
authors.forename: Yixiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yanteng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada.
authors.forename: Lingyun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry & Molecule Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001547:Benzaldehydes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007094:Imides / Q000737:chemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects; D009025:Morpholines / Q000737:chemistry; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011817:Rabbits; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D001547:Benzaldehydes; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D006490:Hemostatics; D020100:Hydrogels; D007094:Imides; D009025:Morpholines; C527904:N-cyclohexyl-N'-beta-(4-methylmorpholinium)ethylcarbodiimide; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C032175:benzaldehyde
keywords: 3D cell encapsulation; carboxymethyl chitosan; four-arm polyethylene glycol; self-healing hydrogels; stop bleeding