title: Quantification of three beta-lactam antibiotics in breast milk and human plasma by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/positive-ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
abstract: The use of cephalosporins during breast feeding raises several issues, including the risk of drug exposure through breast milk for the infant. In this paper, a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/positive ion electrospray mass spectrometric assay (HILIC/ESI-MS) was developed for the quantitation of cefuroxime, cefoxitin, and cefazolin in breast milk and human plasma. The assay was based on the use of small sample size, 25 μL of biological samples, following acetonitrile precipitation of proteins and filtration that enabled injection into the HILIC/ESI-MS system. All analytes and the internal standard, alfuzosin, were separated by using a ZIC®-HILIC analytical column (150.0 × 2.1 mm i.d., particle size 3.5 µm, 200 Å) with isocratic elution. The mobile phase was composed of a 6% 12.5 mM ammonium acetate water solution in acetonitrile and pumped at a flow rate of 0.25 mL min-1. The assay was linear over a concentration range of 0.2 to 5 µg mL-1and 0.4 to 20 µg mL-1for all the analytes in breast milk and in human plasma, respectively. Intermediate precision was found to be less than 4.2% over the tested concentration ranges. A run time of less than 12 min for each sample made it possible to analyze a large number of biological samples per day. The method is the first reported application of HILIC in the analysis of antibiotics in breast milk and human plasma and it can be used to support a wide range of clinical studies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Evaggelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kiriazopoulos
authors.affiliation: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zaharaki
authors.affiliation: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Athens, Greece.|Qatar Doping Analysis Laboratory, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Ariadni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vonaparti
authors.affiliation: General - Maternity District Hospital Elena Venizelou, Milk Bank and Maternal Breast-feeding Department, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Panagiota
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vourna
authors.affiliation: Sismanoglio General Hospital, Melissia, Greece.
authors.forename: Eirini
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Panteri-Petratou
authors.affiliation: General Hospital 'Korgialenio-Benakio National Red Cross', Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gennimata
authors.affiliation: Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School, Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lombardo
authors.affiliation: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Panderi
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood*; D002437:Cefazolin / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D002440:Cefoxitin / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D002444:Cefuroxime / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D047090:beta-Lactams / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D047090:beta-Lactams; D002440:Cefoxitin; D002437:Cefazolin; D002444:Cefuroxime
keywords: antibiotics; breast milk; human plasma; hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography; liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry