title: Stress test of a biological early warning system with zebrafish (Danio rerio).
abstract: The aim of this work was to develop a novel methodology to stress test the diagnostic capability of a video tracking system with zebrafish (Danio rerio), against two pre-established disturbances. Eight different treatments were tested varying the presence or absence of a toxicant (NaOCl) and two disturbances: the passing of a shadow (mimicking a predator) and entrapment of the fish. The concentration tested corresponded to a sublethal (1 % 24 h-LC50) and short term exposure (2 h). A total of 56 organisms were tested resulting in 112 diagnoses (before and after the contamination). A statistical model of diagnosis was developed using Self-organizing Map (SOM) and Correspondence Analysis (CA). Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, false positive and false negative values were calculated to evaluate the diagnostic performance. The disturbances did not negatively affect the capability of the model. In the presence of at least one of these variables, the diagnostic performance was similar or even superior to the baseline results without disturbances. Furthermore, the system produced a large number of correct diagnoses, at an ecologically relevant concentration of exposure, in a non-invasive way.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre (s/n), Porto, 4169-007, Portugal. joaoasamorim@gmail.com.
authors.forename: João
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9402-8327
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Amorim
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre (s/n), Porto, 4169-007, Portugal.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre (s/n), Porto, 4169-007, Portugal.|CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Rua dos Bragas n° 289, Porto, 4050-123, Portugal.
authors.forename: Vitor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre (s/n), Porto, 4169-007, Portugal.|CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Rua dos Bragas n° 289, Porto, 4050-123, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oliva Teles
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D015233:Models, Statistical; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014741:Video Recording; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Behavior; Diagnostic performance; Disturbances; Sodium hypochlorite; Zebrafish