title: Nano-materials for use in sensing of salmonella infections: Recent advances.
abstract: Salmonella infectious diseases spreading every day through food have become a life-threatening problem for millions of people and growing menace to society. Health expert's estimate that the yearly cost of all the food borne diseases is approximately $5-6 billion. Traditional methodologies for salmonella analysis provide high reliability and very low limits of detection. Among them immunoassays and Nucleic acid-based assays provide results within 24h, but they are expensive, tedious and time consuming. So, there is an urgent need for development of rapid, robust and cost-effective alternative technologies for real-time monitoring of salmonella. Several biosensors have been designed and commercialized for detection of this pathogen in food and water. In this overview, we have updated the literature concerning novel biosensing methods such as various optical and electrochemical biosensors and newly developed nano- and micro-scaled and aptamers based biosensors for detection of salmonella pathogen. Furthermore, attention has been focused on the principal concepts, applications, and examples that have been achieved up to diagnose salmonella. In addition, commercial biosensors and foreseeable future trends for onsite detecting salmonella have been summarized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Gorgan Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Golestan Province, Iran.
authors.forename: Paria
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pashazadeh
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: Mokhtarzadeha891@mums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Ahad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mokhtarzadeh
authors.affiliation: Drug Applied Research Center, Tabhriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51664 Iran; Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51664 Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasanzadeh
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hejazi
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain. Electronic address: miguel.delaguardia@uv.es.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de la Guardia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide / Q000737:chemistry; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008958:Models, Molecular; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D052157:Aptamers, Nucleotide
keywords: Biosensor; Detection; Infection; Nanotechnology; Salmonella