title: An Evaluation of Passive and Active Approaches to Improve Tuberculosis Notifications in Afghanistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Afghanistan, improving TB case detection remains challenging. In 2014, only half of the estimated incident TB cases were notified, and notifications have decreased since peaking in 2007. Active case finding has been increasingly considered to improve TB case notifications. While access to health services has improved in Afghanistan, it remains poor and many people seeking health services won't receive proper care.
  
  
  METHODS
  From October 2011 through December 2012 we conducted three separate case finding strategies in six provinces of Afghanistan and measured impact on TB case notification. Systematically screening cough among attendees at 47 health facilities, active household contact investigation of smear-positive index TB patients, and active screening at 15 camps for internally displaced people were conducted. We collected both intervention yield and official quarterly notification data. Additional TB notifications were calculated by comparing numbers of cases notified during the intervention with those notified before the intervention, then adjusting for secular trends in notification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We screened 2,022,127 people for TB symptoms during the intervention, tested 59,838 with smear microscopy and detected 5,046 people with smear-positive TB. Most cases (81.7%, 4,125) were identified in health facilities while nearly 20% were found through active case finding. A 56% increase in smear-positive TB notifications was observed between the baseline and intervention periods among the 47 health facilities, where cases detected by all three strategies were notified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While most people with TB are likely to be identified through health facility screening, there are many people who remain without a proper diagnosis if outreach is not attempted. This is especially true in places like Afghanistan where access to general services is poor. Targeted active case finding can improve the number of people who are detected and treated for TB and can push towards the targets of the Stop TB Global Plan and End TB Strategy.
authors.affiliation: Anti-TB Association Afghanistan, Kabul, Afghanistan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanaie
authors.affiliation: Stop TB Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9936-9446
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mergenthaler
authors.affiliation: ACREOD, Kabul, Afghanistan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nasrat
authors.affiliation: National TB Program, Kabul, Afghanistan.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Seddiq
authors.affiliation: National TB Program, Kabul, Afghanistan.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Mahmoodi
authors.affiliation: Mott McDonald, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.affiliation: Stop TB Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Creswell
mesh_terms: D000346:Afghanistan; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis*