title: Self-control mediates the relationship between time perspective and BMI.
abstract: Trait future time perspective measures the extent to which behaviour is dominated by a striving for future goals and rewards. Trait present time perspective measures orientation towards immediate pleasure. Previous research has explored the relationship between future and present time perspective and BMI with mixed findings. In addition, the psychological mechanism underlying this relationship is unclear. Self-control is a likely candidate, as it has been related to both BMI and time perspective, but the relationship between all of these concepts has not been examined in a single study. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine if trait self-control mediates the relationship between time perspective (future and present) and BMI. Self-report time perspective (ZTPI), self-control (SCS) and height/weight data were collected using an online survey from a mixed student and community sample (N = 218) with wide ranging age (mean 29, SD 11, range 18-73 years) and BMI (mean 24, SD 4, range 15-43). The results of a structural equation model including both facets of time perspective suggested that the traits are related yet distinct measures that independently predict BMI through changes in self-control. Bootstrap mediation analysis showed that self-control mediated the relationship between both future time perspective (95% CI, -0.10 to -0.02) and present time perspective (95% CI, 0.03 to 0.17), and BMI in opposite directions. Participants with higher future time perspective scores (higher present time perspective scores) had higher (lower) self-control, which predicted lower (higher) BMI. These results are consistent with previous research suggesting an important role for time perspective in health outcomes. Self-control likely mediates the relationship between temporal perspectives and BMI, suggesting that time perspective may be a target for individualised interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK. Electronic address: m.j.price@swansea.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Menna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higgs
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D065786:Delay Discounting; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D050177:Overweight / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D057566:Self Report; D000068356:Self-Control; D013851:Thinness / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: BMI; Self-control; Time perspective