title: Survival and Evolution of CRISPR-Cas System in Prokaryotes and Its Applications.
abstract: Prokaryotes have developed numerous innate immune mechanisms in order to fend off bacteriophage or plasmid attack. One of these immune systems is clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR). CRISPR-associated proteins play a key role in survival of prokaryotes against invaders, as these systems cleave DNA of foreign genetic elements. Beyond providing immunity, these systems have significant impact in altering the bacterial physiology in term of its virulence and pathogenicity, as well as evolution. Also, due to their diverse nature of functionality, cas9 endoribonuclease can be easily reprogrammed with the help of guide RNAs, showing unprecedented potential and significance for gene editing in treating genetic diseases. Here, we also discuss the use of NgAgo-gDNA system in genome editing of human cells.
authors.affiliation: MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.
authors.forename: Muhammad Abu Bakr
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Shabbir
authors.affiliation: MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.
authors.forename: Haihong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Quality Operations Laboratory at University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Zubair
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Shabbir
authors.affiliation: MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.
authors.forename: Hafiz Iftikhar
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.
authors.forename: Zahid
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.affiliation: MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Adeel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sattar
authors.affiliation: National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Mujahid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.affiliation: MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Zonghui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
keywords: CRISPR–Cas; Cas9; gene editing; gene expression; sgRNA