title: Effect of acoustic parameters on the cavitation behavior of SonoVue microbubbles induced by pulsed ultrasound.
abstract: SonoVue microbubbles could serve as artificial nuclei for ultrasound-triggered stable and inertial cavitation, resulting in beneficial biological effects for future therapeutic applications. To optimize and control the use of the cavitation of SonoVue bubbles in therapy while ensuring safety, it is important to comprehensively understand the relationship between the acoustic parameters and the cavitation behavior of the SonoVue bubbles. An agarose-gel tissue phantom was fabricated to hold the SonoVue bubble suspension. 1-MHz transmitting transducer calibrated by a hydrophone was used to trigger the cavitation of SonoVue bubbles under different ultrasonic parameters (i.e., peak rarefactional pressure (PRP), pulse repetition frequency (PRF), and pulse duration (PD)). Another 7.5-MHz focused transducer was employed to passively receive acoustic signals from the exposed bubbles. The ultraharmonics and broadband intensities in the acoustic emission spectra were measured to quantify the extent of stable and inertial cavitation of SonoVue bubbles, respectively. We found that the onset of both stable and inertial cavitation exhibited a strong dependence on the PRP and PD and a relatively weak dependence on the PRF. Approximate 0.25MPa PRP with more than 20μs PD was considered to be necessary for ultraharmonics emission of SonoVue bubbles, and obvious broadband signals started to appear when the PRP exceeded 0.40MPa. Moreover, the doses of stable and inertial cavitation varied with the PRP. The stable cavitation dose initially increased with increasing PRP, and then decreased rapidly after 0.5MPa. By contrast, the inertial cavitation dose continuously increased with increasing PRP. Finally, the doses of both stable and inertial cavitation were positively correlated with PRF and PD. These results could provide instructive information for optimizing future therapeutic applications of SonoVue bubbles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yutong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lizhou
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Mouwen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lifang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lianfang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Alfred C H
authors.initials: ACH
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: pqin@sjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Qin
keywords: Inertial cavitation; Passive cavitation detection; SonoVue microbubbles; Stable cavitation; Ultrasound