title: Interhemispheric resting-state functional connectivity of the claustrum in the awake and anesthetized states.
abstract: The claustrum is a brain region whose function remains unknown, though many investigators suggest it plays a role in conscious attention. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) has revealed how anesthesia alters many functional connections in the brain, but the functional role of the claustrum with respect to the awake versus anesthetized states remains unknown. Therefore, we employed a combination of seed-based RS-fMRI and neuroanatomical tracing to reveal how the anatomical connections of the claustrum are related to its functional connectivity during quiet wakefulness and the isoflurane-induced anesthetic state. In awake rats, RS-fMRI indicates that the claustrum has interhemispheric functional connections with the mediodorsal thalamus (MD) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), as well as other known connections with cortical areas that correspond to the connections revealed by neuroanatomical tracing. During deep isoflurane anesthesia, the functional connections of the claustrum with mPFC and MD were significantly attenuated, while those with the rest of cortex were not significantly altered. These changes in claustral functional connectivity were also observed when seeds were placed in mPFC or MD during RS-fMRI comparisons of the awake and deeply anesthetized states. Collectively, these data indicate that the claustrum has functional connections with mPFC and MD-thalamus that are significantly lessened by anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.|Center for Neural Engineering, Penn State University, W-316 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.|Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.|Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Jared B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Center for Neural Engineering, Penn State University, W-316 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, W-341 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.|The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.|Laboratory of Comparative Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
authors.forename: Zhifeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Center for Neural Engineering, Penn State University, W-316 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.|The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.|Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
authors.forename: Glenn D R
authors.initials: GDR
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.affiliation: Center for Neural Engineering, Penn State University, W-316 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. kda1@psu.edu.|The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. kda1@psu.edu.|Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA. kda1@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Alloway
authors.affiliation: Center for Neural Engineering, Penn State University, W-316 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. nxzbio@engr.psu.edu.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Penn State University, W-341 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. nxzbio@engr.psu.edu.|The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. nxzbio@engr.psu.edu.
authors.forename: Nanyin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D003243:Consciousness / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Anatomical connectivity; Anesthesia; Claustrum; Consciousness; Functional connectivity