title: Biofilm and toxin profile: A phenotypic and genotypic characterization of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from human bloodstream infections.
abstract: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) represent one of the most prevalent microorganisms in nosocomial infections worldwide, nevertheless little is known about their pathogenicity features. Thus, our aim was to characterize virulence aspects of CNS isolated from patients with bloodstream infections assisted in hospitals of Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Strains were identified using bioMérieuxVitek®and for biofilm production evaluation, Congo Red Agar (CRA) and polystyrene plates were used. PCR was applied to detect icaA, icaB, icaC, atlE, sea, sec, sed, tsst-1 and agr. For statistical analyses were used hierarchical cluster, chi-square test and correspondence. 59 strains were analyzed, being S. haemolyticus the most prevalent. On CRA, 96.5% were biofilm producer, whereas on polystyrene plate, 100% showed adhesion at different times evaluated. Regarding genotypic analyses, 15.2%, 38.9%, 8.4%, 49.1%, 76.2%, 23.7%, 1.6%, 30.5% and 38.9% were positive for icaA, icaB, icaC, atlE, sea, sec, sed, tsst-1 and agr, respectively. Six clusters were formed and frequency distributions of agr, atlE, icaA, icaB, sea, sec, tsst-1 differed (P < 0.001). In conclusion, all strains were biofilm producer, with high prevalence of atlE, and had potential of toxin production, with high prevalence of sea. According to the group-analyses, icaB showed relationship with the strong adherence in samples.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha - Campus UFMG, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: S H S P
authors.initials: SHSP
authors.lastname: Pedroso
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, C.P. 486, Pampulha - Campus UFMG, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: S H C
authors.initials: SHC
authors.lastname: Sandes
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Enterotoxinas de Alimentos, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro, 80, Gameleira, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: K C M
authors.initials: KCM
authors.lastname: Luiz
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Enterotoxinas de Alimentos, Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Rua Conde Pereira Carneiro, 80, Gameleira, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Rodovia LMG-818, Km 06, s/n - Zona Rural, 35690-000, Florestal, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: R A T
authors.initials: RAT
authors.lastname: Filho
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, UFMG, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigênia, 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Serufo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha - Campus UFMG, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Farias
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha - Campus UFMG, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: M A R
authors.initials: MAR
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Parasitologia e Biologia, Centro Universitário do Maranhão, Rua Josué Montello, 1, 65075-120, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.
authors.forename: M R Q
authors.initials: MRQ
authors.lastname: Bomfim
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha - Campus UFMG, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Electronic address: simonegsantos@icb.ufmg.br.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D001938:Brazil; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology; D005838:Genotype; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018805:Sepsis / Q000382:microbiology*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D037521:Virulence Factors
keywords: Biofilm; Enterotoxin; Hemoculture; Staphylococcus coagulase negative; Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1)