title: Functional eye movement disorders.
abstract: Functional (psychogenic) eye movement disorders are perhaps less established in the medical literature than other types of functional movement disorders. Patients may present with ocular symptoms (e.g., blurred vision or oscillopsia) or functional eye movements may be identified during the formal examination of the eyes in patients with other functional disorders. Convergence spasm is the most common functional eye movement disorder, but functional gaze limitation, functional eye oscillations (also termed "voluntary nystagmus"), and functional convergence paralysis may be underreported. This chapter reviews the different types of functional eye movement abnormalities and provides a practical framework for their diagnosis and management.
authors.affiliation: Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Neuro-otology, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Neuro-otology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kaski
authors.affiliation: Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Neuro-otology, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Neuro-otology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK. Electronic address: a.bronstein@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bronstein
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*
keywords: convergence spasm; eye movements; functional; gaze; nystagmus; psychogenic