title: Comparison between marked versus unmarked introducer needle in real-time ultrasound-guided central vein cannulation: A prospective randomized study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Introducer needle tip is not clearly visible during the real-time ultrasound (US)-guided central vein cannulation (CVC). Blind tip leads to mechanical complications. This study was designed to evaluate whether real-time US-guided CVC with a marked introducer needle is superior to the existing unmarked needle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-two critically ill patients aged 18-60 years of either sex were included in the study. The patients were randomized into two groups based on whether a marked or unmarked introducer needle was used. Both groups underwent real-time US-guided CVC by a single experienced operator. Aseptically, introducer needle was indented with markings spaced 0.5 cm (single marking) and every 1 cm (double marking). This needle was used in the marked group. Approximate depths (centimeter) of the anterior and posterior wall of the internal jugular vein, anterior wall of the internal carotid artery, and lung pleura were appreciated from the midpoint of the probe in short-axis view at the level of the cricoid cartilage. Access time (seconds) was recorded using a stopwatch. A number of attempts and complications such as arterial puncture, hematoma, and pneumothorax of either procedure were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both marked needle and unmarked needle groups were comparable with regard to age, gender, severity scores, platelet counts, prothrombin time, and distance from the midpoint of the probe to the vein, artery, and pleura and skin-to-guide wire insertion access time. However, an average number of attempts (P = 0.03) and complications such as hematoma were significantly lower (P = 0.02) with the marked introducer needle group. Pneumothorax was not reported in any of the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study supports the idea that marked introducer needle can further reduce the iatrogenic complications of US-guided CVC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, IIMS and R, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Tanmoy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ghatak
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Ratender Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Arvind Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Baronia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult