title: Immunotoxic effects of atrazine and its main metabolites at environmental relevant concentrations on larval zebrafish (Danio rerio).
abstract: Atrazine (ATZ) and its main metabolites, i.e., diaminochlorotriazine (DACT), deisopropylatrazine (DIP), and deethylatrazine (DE), have been widely detected in surface water around the world. In the present study, to determine their immunotoxic effects, zebrafish during the early developmental stage were exposed to ATZ and its main metabolites at environmental concentrations (30, 100, 300 μg L-1). It was observed that ATZ, DACT, DIP and DE selectively induced the transcription of immunotoxic related genes including Tnfα, Il-1β, Il-6, Il-8, Cxcl-clc and Cc-chem in larval zebrafish. Pretreatment with ATZ and its metabolites also changed the immune response of larval zebrafish to LPS and E. coli challenge, which was indicated by the alternation in the mRNA levels of some cytokines. In addition, 300 μg L-1ATZ and DACT exposure could also increase the release of tryptase into water, indicating that they increased the anaphylactoid reaction in the larval zebrafish. According to these results, both of ATZ and its metabolites exposure could cause the immunotoxicity in larval zebrafish. Thus, we thought that the ecological risks of the metabolites of ATZ on aquatic organisms could not be ignored.
authors.affiliation: College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Zhenzhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
authors.forename: Zhengwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China. Electronic address: jinyx@zjut.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yuanxiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity*; D004777:Environment; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014227:Triazines / Q000633:toxicity; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology
chemical_list: C445502:6-chloro-N-ethyl-1,3-5-triazine-2,4-diamine; D006540:Herbicides; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014227:Triazines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; C446541:deethylatrazine; D001280:Atrazine
keywords: Atrazine; Deethylatrazine; Deisopropylatrazine; Diaminochlorotriazine; Immunotoxicity; Zebrafish