title: An ex vivo porcine skin model to evaluate pressure-reducing devices of different mechanical properties used for pressure ulcer prevention.
abstract: Pressure ulcers are complex wounds caused by pressure- and shear-induced trauma to skin and underlying tissues. Pressure-reducing devices, such as dressings, have been shown to successfully reduce pressure ulcer incidence, when used in adjunct to pressure ulcer preventative care. While pressure-reducing devices are available in a range of materials, with differing mechanical properties, understanding of how a material's mechanical properties will influence clinical efficacy remains limited. The aim of this study was to establish a standardized ex vivo model to allow comparison of the cell protection potential of two gel-like pressure-reducing devices with differing mechanical properties (elastic moduli of 77 vs. 35 kPa). The devices also displayed differing energy dissipation under compressive loading, and resisted strain differently under constant load in compressive creep tests. To evaluate biological efficacy we employed a new ex vivo porcine skin model, with a confirmed elastic moduli closely matching that of human skin (113 vs. 119 kPa, respectively). Static loads up to 20 kPa were applied to porcine skin ex vivo with subsequent evaluation of pressure-induced cell death and cytokine release. Pressure application alone increased the percentage of epidermal apoptotic cells from less than 2% to over 40%, and increased cellular secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha. Co-application of a pressure-reducing device significantly reduced both cellular apoptosis and cytokine production, protecting against cellular damage. These data reveal new insight into the relationship between mechanical properties of pressure-reducing devices and their biological effects. After appropriate validation of these results in clinical pressure ulcer prevention with all tissue layers present between the bony prominence and external surface, this ex vivo porcine skin model could be widely employed to optimize design and evaluation of devices aimed at reducing pressure-induced skin damage.
authors.affiliation: The Healing Foundation, Faculty of Life Sciences.
authors.forename: Ching-Yan C
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7076-8109
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.affiliation: The Healing Foundation, Faculty of Life Sciences.
authors.forename: Helen A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Thomason
authors.affiliation: Crawford Healthcare Limited, Knutsford, Cheshire East, United Kingdom, and.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.affiliation: School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Derby
authors.affiliation: The Healing Foundation, Faculty of Life Sciences.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hardman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019245:Compressive Strength; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009779:Occlusive Dressings; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012828:Silicones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D012828:Silicones; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha