title: Health Care Utilization and Costs Associated with Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Receiving Oral Immediate-Release Opioids for Outpatient Acute Pain Management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nausea and vomiting (NV) are common side effects of opioid use and limiting factors in pain management. This study sought to quantify the frequency of antiemetic prescribing and the impact of NV on health care resource utilization and costs in outpatients prescribed opioids for acute pain. The perspective was that of a commercial health plan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical and pharmacy claims from IMS PharMetrics Plus were used to identify patients initiating opioid therapy with a prescription for an oxycodone-, hydrocodone- or codeine-containing immediate-release product for acute use (≤15-day supply) between October 1, 2013 and September 30, 2014. Patients with a medical claim for NV (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes 787.0x), with or without an antiemetic prescription fill, were compared with patients with no NV claim or antiemetic prescription fill to assess differences in all-cause health care utilization and costs over 1 month. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to adjust for between-group differences in baseline patient characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The co-prescribing of opioids with antiemetic agents was 10.2%. After PSM (n = 45,790 per group), patients with NV claims had significantly more hospitalizations (11.5% vs 4.2%), emergency department visits (65.0% vs 12.1%), and physician office visits (85.2% vs 64.5%) compared with patients with no NV claims (all P < 0.0001). Mean total health care costs were higher among patients with a NV claim versus those without evidence of the side effect ($6290 vs $2309; P < 0.0001). Among patients with a recent hospitalization, patients with NV claims had higher rates of 30-day rehospitalization than those with no NV claims (24.4% vs 3.0%; P < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among outpatients prescribed opioids for management of acute pain, co-prescribing with antiemetics was low, and the economic burden associated with NV was high. Efforts to prevent NV in patients receiving opioid therapy may improve patient outcomes and provide cost savings to the health care system.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Daiichi Sankyo, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Parsippany, NJ, USA. emarrett@dsi.com.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8881-6455
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marrett
authors.affiliation: Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Parsippany, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Winghan Jacqueline
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kwong
authors.affiliation: , Spring, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Feride
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Frech
authors.affiliation: Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Parsippany, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Chunlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qian
keywords: Acute pain; Analgesia; Analgesics; Antiemetics; Health care costs; Health care utilization; Opioid; Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting; Outpatient; Rehospitalization