title: The dietary biogenic amines tyramine and histamine show synergistic toxicity towards intestinal cells in culture.
abstract: Tyramine and histamine are the biogenic amines (BA) most commonly found at high concentrations in food; they may even appear together at toxic concentrations. The present work examines, via real-time cell analysis, whether histamine and tyramine show synergistic toxicity towards intestinal cell cultures. Employing a constant equipotency ratio, their interaction was examined via the combination index (CI) method of Chou & Talalay. Co-treatment with tyramine and histamine was associated with a stronger cytotoxic effect than was treatment with either BA or on its own. Indeed, a synergistic interaction (CI<1) was observed in the range of concentrations found in foods. The results also show that histamine, at concentrations below the legal limit, increases the cytotoxicity of tyramine at concentrations frequently reached in some foods. The synergistic cytotoxicity of tyramine and histamine should be taken into account when establishing legal limits designed to ensure consumer safety.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, IPLA-CSIC, Paseo Rio Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain. Electronic address: beadelrio@ipla.csic.es.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Del Rio
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, IPLA-CSIC, Paseo Rio Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain. Electronic address: bredruel@ipla.csic.es.
authors.forename: Begoña
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Redruello
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, IPLA-CSIC, Paseo Rio Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain. Electronic address: dani76939958@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Linares
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, IPLA-CSIC, Paseo Rio Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain. Electronic address: ladero@ipla.csic.es.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ladero
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, IPLA-CSIC, Paseo Rio Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain. Electronic address: mfernandez@ipla.csic.es.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, IPLA-CSIC, Paseo Rio Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain. Electronic address: mcm@ipla.csic.es.
authors.forename: Maria Cruz
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, IPLA-CSIC, Paseo Rio Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain. Electronic address: ruas-madiedo@ipla.csic.es.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruas-Madiedo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, IPLA-CSIC, Paseo Rio Linares s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Spain. Electronic address: maag@ipla.csic.es.
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Alvarez
mesh_terms: D001679:Biogenic Amines / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D005504:Food Analysis; D019073:HT29 Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D006632:Histamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D014439:Tyramine / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D001679:Biogenic Amines; D006632:Histamine; D014439:Tyramine
keywords: Biogenic amines; Cytotoxicity; Food safety; Histamine; Histamine (PubChem CID: 5818); Synergy; Tyramine; Tyramine (PubChem CID: 66449)