title: Effects of temperature and gas-liquid mass transfer on the operation of small electrochemical cells for the quantitative evaluation of CO2reduction electrocatalysts.
abstract: In the last few years, there has been increased interest in electrochemical CO2reduction (CO2R). Many experimental studies employ a membrane separated, electrochemical cell with a mini H-cell geometry to characterize CO2R catalysts in aqueous solution. This type of electrochemical cell is a mini-chemical reactor and it is important to monitor the reaction conditions within the reactor to ensure that they are constant throughout the study. We show that operating cells with high catalyst surface area to electrolyte volume ratios (S/V) at high current densities can have subtle consequences due to the complexity of the physical phenomena taking place on electrode surfaces during CO2R, particularly as they relate to the cell temperature and bulk electrolyte CO2concentration. Both effects were evaluated quantitatively in high S/V cells using Cu electrodes and a bicarbonate buffer electrolyte. Electrolyte temperature is a function of the current/total voltage passed through the cell and the cell geometry. Even at a very high current density, 20 mA cm-2, the temperature increase was less than 4 °C and a decrease of <10% in the dissolved CO2concentration is predicted. In contrast, limits on the CO2gas-liquid mass transfer into the cells produce much larger effects. By using the pH in the cell to measure the CO2concentration, significant undersaturation of CO2is observed in the bulk electrolyte, even at more modest current densities of 10 mA cm-2. Undersaturation of CO2produces large changes in the faradaic efficiency observed on Cu electrodes, with H2production becoming increasingly favored. We show that the size of the CO2bubbles being introduced into the cell is critical for maintaining the equilibrium CO2concentration in the electrolyte, and we have designed a high S/V cell that is able to maintain the near-equilibrium CO2concentration at current densities up to 15 mA cm-2.
authors.affiliation: Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA. alexbell@berkeley.edu jwager@lbl.gov and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lobaccaro
authors.affiliation: Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA. alexbell@berkeley.edu jwager@lbl.gov and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Meenesh R
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3638-8866
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA. alexbell@berkeley.edu jwager@lbl.gov and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Ezra Lee
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA. alexbell@berkeley.edu jwager@lbl.gov and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Youngkook
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA. alexbell@berkeley.edu jwager@lbl.gov and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Alexis T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA. alexbell@berkeley.edu jwager@lbl.gov and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Joel W
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9334-9751
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ager