title: Acute and Chronic Toxicities of an Annonin-Based Commercial Bioinsecticide and a Joint Mixture with a Limonoid-Based Formulation to the Fall Armyworm.
abstract: The bioactivity of a newly registered annonin-based formulation (Anosom® 1 EC) was investigated for use against the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), both singly and mixed with a limonoid-based formulation (Azamax® 1.2 EC) using dietary exposure bioassays. Anosom® 1 EC caused significant mortality in S. frugiperda larvae exposed to treated artificial media, with the activity level dependent on both the concentration and the exposure time. In addition to exhibiting acute toxicity, this formulation (tested at LC50) also caused growth inhibition of S. frugiperda, as demonstrated by a significant reduction in pupal weight and viable larval and pupal phases and an increase in the duration of the larval stage. Moreover, the bioinsecticide caused an increase in the proportion of deformed or defective pupae; these were characterized by the retention of exuvia from the last larval instar. The bioinsecticide (at the previously estimated LC90) was, in a time-dependent manner, equally as toxic as the limonoid-based biopesticide (Azamax® 1.2 EC), which was tested at concentrations recommended for the management of S. frugiperda in Brasil. Moreover, the binary mixture (1/2 LC90of Anosom® 1 EC + 1/2 the recommended rate of Azamax® 1.2 EC) of both bioinsecticides caused a similar level of mortality compared to the bioinsecticides tested individually (full concentration), demonstrating an additive effect of these commercial bioinsecticides. In light of these findings, this standardized formulation based on extract of Annona squamosa can constitute a useful component in the framework of S. frugiperda management, mainly in organic food production systems.
authors.affiliation: Dept of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, Univ of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: T F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Ansante
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Family Agriculture, Agricultural Research and Rural Extension Company of Santa Catarina (CEPAF/EPAGRI), Av. Servidão Ferdinando Tusset S/N - São Cristóvão, CEP 89801-970, Chapecó, SC, Brasil. leandro_universidade@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Dept of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, Univ of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Vendramim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D007814:Larva; D036701:Limonins; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D011679:Pupa; D018411:Spodoptera
chemical_list: D036701:Limonins
keywords: Botanical insecticides; IPM; acetogenins; azadirachtin; sublethal effects