title: An Overview of Infections Associated With Soft Tissue Facial Fillers: Identification, Prevention, and Treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of infections associated with facial soft tissue fillers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was performed which evaluated infections associated with facial soft tissue fillers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infection rates with soft tissue fillers are low and are estimated at 0.04 to 0.2%. Most of these infections arise when skin contaminants infiltrate the injection site at the time of injection. These infections can occur early, up to several days after treatment, or delayed, occurring weeks to years after treatment. Reactions vary based on the filler absorbability and duration. Early recognition and treatment are important factors in managing our cosmetic surgery patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although facial fillers are safe and predictable, infections can still occur. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons need to be able to prevent, recognize, and properly manage infections related to these popular injections.
authors.affiliation: Medical Director, Beau Visage Med Spa, Cheshire; Private Practice, Greater Waterbury OMS, Cheshire; Assistant Clinical Professor, University of Connecticut, Cheshire, CT. Electronic address: eferneini@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Elie M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ferneini
authors.affiliation: Resident, General Practice Residency, Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center, Hartford, CT.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beauvais
authors.affiliation: Chief, Section of Infectious Disease, Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury; Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
authors.forename: Steven I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Aronin
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000067548:Dermal Fillers / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005145:Face / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous / Q000009:adverse effects; D018461:Soft Tissue Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000067548:Dermal Fillers