title: Production of chlorothalonil hydrolytic dehalogenase from agro-industrial wastewater and its application in raw food cleaning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To reduce the fermentation cost for industrialization of chlorothalonil hydrolytic dehalogenase (Chd), agro-industrial wastewaters including molasses, corn steep liquor (CSL) and fermentation wastewater were used to substitute for expensive carbon and nitrogen sources and fresh water for lab preparation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that molasses and CSL could replace 5% carbon source and 100% organic nitrogen source respectively to maintain the same fermentation level. Re-fermentation from raffinate of ultra-filtered fermentation wastewater could achieve 61.03% of initial Chd activity and reach 96.39% activity when cultured in a mixture of raffinate and 50% of original medium constituent. Typical raw foods were chosen to evaluate the chlorothalonil removal ability of Chd. After Chd treatment for 2 h at room temperature, 97.40 and 75.55% of 30 mg kg-1chlorothalonil on cherry tomato and strawberry respectively and 60.29% of 50 mg kg-1chlorothalonil on Chinese cabbage were removed. Furthermore, the residual activity of the enzyme remained at 78-82% after treatment, suggesting its potential for reuse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study proved the cost-feasibility of large-scale production of Chd from agro-industrial wastewater and demonstrated the potential of Chd in raw food cleaning. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
authors.forename: Xi-Hui
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Kai
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Fei
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Dong
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis / Q000517:prevention & control; D005511:Food Handling; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006868:Hydrolysis; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D008965:Molasses / Q000032:analysis; D009570:Nitriles / Q000737:chemistry*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D003470:Culture Media; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007220:Industrial Waste; D009570:Nitriles; D062065:Wastewater; C005806:tetrachloroisophthalonitrile
keywords: biodegradation; chlorothalonil hydrolytic dehalogenase; corn steep liquor; fermentation wastewater; molasses; raw food