title: Distinct brain networks underlie cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease (PD) and Alzheimer disease (AD) derives from the same network pathology.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET scans from 40 patients with AD and 40 age-matched healthy controls from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and scanned an additional 10 patients with AD and 10 healthy controls at The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research to derive an AD-related metabolic pattern (ADRP) analogous to our previously established PD cognition-related pattern (PDCP) and PD motor-related pattern (PDRP). We computed individual subject expression values for ADRP and PDCP in 89 patients with PD and correlated summary scores for cognitive functioning with network expression. We also evaluated changes in ADRP and PDCP expression in a separate group of 15 patients with PD scanned serially over a 4-year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis revealed a significant AD-related metabolic topography characterized by covarying metabolic reductions in the hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and parietal and temporal association regions. Expression of ADRP, but not PDCP, was elevated in both AD groups and correlated with worse cognitive summary scores. Patients with PD showed slight ADRP expression, due to topographic overlap with the network underlying PD motor-related pattern degeneration, but only their PDCP expression values increased as cognitive function and executive performance declined. Longitudinal data in PD disclosed an analogous dissociation of network expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitive dysfunction in PD is associated with a specific brain network that is largely spatially and functionally distinct from that seen in relation to AD.
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Neurosciences (P.J.M., M.N., W.S., C.C.T., A.N., V.B., V.D., D.E.) and Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease (M.L.G.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset; and Department of Neurology (P.J.M., M.N., M.L.G., D.E.), Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Mattis
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Neurosciences (P.J.M., M.N., W.S., C.C.T., A.N., V.B., V.D., D.E.) and Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease (M.L.G.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset; and Department of Neurology (P.J.M., M.N., M.L.G., D.E.), Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niethammer
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Neurosciences (P.J.M., M.N., W.S., C.C.T., A.N., V.B., V.D., D.E.) and Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease (M.L.G.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset; and Department of Neurology (P.J.M., M.N., M.L.G., D.E.), Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sako
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Neurosciences (P.J.M., M.N., W.S., C.C.T., A.N., V.B., V.D., D.E.) and Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease (M.L.G.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset; and Department of Neurology (P.J.M., M.N., M.L.G., D.E.), Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.
authors.forename: Chris C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Neurosciences (P.J.M., M.N., W.S., C.C.T., A.N., V.B., V.D., D.E.) and Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease (M.L.G.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset; and Department of Neurology (P.J.M., M.N., M.L.G., D.E.), Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nazem
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Neurosciences (P.J.M., M.N., W.S., C.C.T., A.N., V.B., V.D., D.E.) and Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease (M.L.G.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset; and Department of Neurology (P.J.M., M.N., M.L.G., D.E.), Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.
authors.forename: Marc L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Neurosciences (P.J.M., M.N., W.S., C.C.T., A.N., V.B., V.D., D.E.) and Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease (M.L.G.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset; and Department of Neurology (P.J.M., M.N., M.L.G., D.E.), Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.
authors.forename: Vicky
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Neurosciences (P.J.M., M.N., W.S., C.C.T., A.N., V.B., V.D., D.E.) and Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease (M.L.G.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset; and Department of Neurology (P.J.M., M.N., M.L.G., D.E.), Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dhawan
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Neurosciences (P.J.M., M.N., W.S., C.C.T., A.N., V.B., V.D., D.E.) and Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease (M.L.G.), The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset; and Department of Neurology (P.J.M., M.N., M.L.G., D.E.), Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY. deidelbe@northwell.edu.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eidelberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18