title: The Future of Diabetes Management by Healthy Probiotic Microorganisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes mellitus, a condition of multifactorial origin, is related to the intestinal microbiota by numerous molecular mechanisms. Controlling the vast increase in the prevalence of diabetes needs a natural and safe solution. Probiotics, known as live microorganisms that exert health benefits to the host, have anti-diabetic property.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review will highlight the current evidences in probiotic effectiveness and future prospects for exploring probiotic therapy in the prevention and control of diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched Pub Med and Science Direct by using "Probiotics" and "Diabetes" for searching the studies aiming the application of probiotics and the beneficial effects of probiotics in diabetes prevention and control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It has been shown that probiotics can increase insulin sensitivity and reduce autoimmune responses by modulating intestinal microbiota and decreasing the inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress. Recent evidences show that probiotics influences the host through modulating intestinal permeability and mucosal immune response, manipulating eating behaviors by appetite-regulating hormones and controlling gut endocannabinoid (eCB) system that is believed to be associated with inflammation and diabetes. Moreover, modulating the intestinal microbiota by probiotics controls host metabolism by affecting energy extraction from food and by biochemically converting molecules derived from the host or from gut microbes themselves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Experimental and clinical evidences support the hypothesis that the modulation of the gut microbiota by probiotics could be effective in prevention and management of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical, Sciences, Tabriz. Iran.
authors.forename: Aziz H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Rad
authors.affiliation: Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran.
authors.forename: Shamsi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abbasalizadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia. Iran.
authors.forename: Shabnam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vazifekhah
authors.affiliation: Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abbasalizadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran.
authors.forename: Tohid
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hassanalilou
authors.affiliation: Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran.
authors.forename: Parvin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bastani
authors.affiliation: Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences, Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran.
authors.forename: Hanieh-Sadat
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Ejtahed
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad-Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Soroush
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran.
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Javadi
authors.affiliation: Student of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran.
authors.forename: Amir M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mortazavian
authors.affiliation: Student of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz. Iran.
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Khalili
mesh_terms: D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000628:therapy*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
keywords: Diabetes; chronic diseases; gut microbes; inflammatory; intestinal microbiota; probiotics