title: Reduction of the Harmonic Series Influences Musical Enjoyment With Cochlear Implants.
abstract: Cochlear implantation is associated with poor music perception and enjoyment. Reducing music complexity has been shown to enhance music enjoyment in cochlear implant (CI) recipients. In this study, we assess the impact of harmonic series reduction on music enjoyment.
  
  
  
  Prospective analysis of music enjoyment in normal-hearing (NH) individuals and CI recipients.
  
  
  
  Single tertiary academic medical center.
  
  
  
  NH adults (N = 20) and CI users (N = 8) rated the Happy Birthday song on three validated enjoyment modalities-musicality, pleasantness, and naturalness.
  
  
  
  Subjective rating of music excerpts.
  
  
  
  Participants listened to seven different instruments play the melody, each with five levels of harmonic reduction (Full, F3+F2+F1+F0, F2+F1+F0, F1+F0, F0). NH participants listened to the segments both with and without CI simulation. Linear mixed effect models (LME) and likelihood ratio tests were used to assess the impact of harmonic reduction on enjoyment.
  
  
  
  NH listeners without simulation rated segments with the first four harmonics (F3+F2+F1+F0) most pleasant and natural (p <0.001, p = 0.004). NH listeners with simulation rated the first harmonic alone (F0) most pleasant and natural (p <0.001, p = 0.003). Their ratings demonstrated a positive linear relationship between harmonic reduction and both pleasantness (slope estimate = 0.030, SE = 0.004, p <0.001, LME) and naturalness (slope estimate = 0.012, SE = 0.003, p = 0.003, LME). CI recipients also found the first harmonic alone (F0) to be most pleasant (p = 0.003), with a positive linear relationship between harmonic reduction and pleasantness (slope estimate = 0.029, SE = 0.008, p <0.001, LME).
  
  
  
  Harmonic series reduction increases music enjoyment in CI and NH individuals with or without CI simulation. Therefore, minimization of the harmonics may be a useful strategy for enhancing musical enjoyment among both NH and CI listeners.
authors.affiliation: *Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons †Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Columbia University Cochlear Implant Center, New York, New York.
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Nemer
authors.forename: Gavriel D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Kohlberg
authors.forename: Dean M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mancuso
authors.forename: Brianna M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Certo
authors.forename: Stephanie Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.forename: Jaclyn B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Spitzer
authors.forename: Anil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Lalwani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001307:Auditory Perception; D019929:Cochlear Implantation; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D005260:Female; D006320:Hearing Tests; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music; D057181:Pleasure; D011446:Prospective Studies