title: Nutritional interventions or exposures in infants and children aged up to 3 years and their effects on subsequent risk of overweight, obesity and body fat: a systematic review of systematic reviews.
abstract: This study, performed as part of the international EarlyNutrition research project (http://www.project-earlynutrition.eu), provides a systematic review of systematic reviews on the effects of nutritional interventions or exposures in children (up to 3 years of age) on the subsequent risk of obesity, overweight and adiposity. Electronic databases (including MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library) were searched up until September 2015. Forty systematic reviews were included. A consistent association of breastfeeding with a modest reduction in the risk of later overweight and obesity in childhood and adulthood was found (the odds decreased by 13% based on high-quality studies), but residual confounding cannot be excluded. Lowering the protein content of infant formula is a promising intervention to reduce the risk of later overweight and obesity in children. There is no consistent evidence of an association of the age of introducing complementary foods, sugar-sweetened beverage or energy intake in early childhood with later overweight/obesity, but there are some indications of an association of protein intake during the complementary feeding period with later overweight/obesity. There was inadequate evidence to determine the effects of other nutritional interventions or exposures, including modifications of infant formula composition, fat intake or consumption of different food groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Bernadeta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Patro-Gołąb
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Bartłomiej M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Zalewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kołodziej
authors.affiliation: VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kouwenhoven
authors.affiliation: KCL Division of Women's Health, Women's Health Academic Centre, King's College London and Kings Health Partners, UK.
authors.forename: Lucilla
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Poston
authors.affiliation: MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.affiliation: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, München, Germany.
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koletzko
authors.affiliation: VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Paediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johannes Bernard
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: van Goudoever
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Hania
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Szajewska
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D050177:Overweight / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012196:Review Literature as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Nutrition; obesity; systematic review