title: Closed-loop approach to thermodynamics.
abstract: We present the closed-loop approach to linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics considering a generic heat engine dissipatively connected to two temperature baths. The system is usually quite generally characterized by two parameters: the output power P and the conversion efficiency η, to which we add a third one, the working frequency ω. We establish that a detailed understanding of the effects of the dissipative coupling on the energy conversion process requires only knowing two quantities: the system's feedback factor β and its open-loop gain A_{0}, which product A_{0}β characterizes the interplay between the efficiency, the output power, and the operating rate of the system. By raising the abstract hermodynamic analysis to a higher level, the feedback loop approach provides a versatile and economical, hence fairly efficient, tool for the study of any conversion engine operation for which a feedback factor can be defined.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, LIED/CNRS UMR 8236 Université Paris Diderot, Bât. Lamarck B 35 rue Hélène Brion 75013 Paris, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goupil
authors.affiliation: Russian Quantum Center, 100 Novaya Street, Skolkovo, Moscow Region 143025, Russia.|UFR Langues Vivantes Etrangères, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix 14032 Caen, France.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ouerdane
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, LIED/CNRS UMR 8236 Université Paris Diderot, Bât. Lamarck B 35 rue Hélène Brion 75013 Paris, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.affiliation: Center for Nonlinear and Complex Systems, Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy.|Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benenti
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, LIED/CNRS UMR 8236 Université Paris Diderot, Bât. Lamarck B 35 rue Hélène Brion 75013 Paris, France.|Laboratory of Mathematics J.A. Dieudonné, CNRS UMR 7351 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis Parc Valrose, Nice, France.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: D'Angelo
authors.affiliation: Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale, Université Paris Sud CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, CNRS, UMR 8622, 91405 Orsay, France.
authors.forename: Ph
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lecoeur