title: Calcium polysulphide, its applications and emerging risk of environmental pollution-a review article.
abstract: Easy availability, preparation technique, and economic value make calcium polysulphide (CaSx) a very useful inorganic chemical for various field and industrial applications. In this article, disparate applications of CaSxsolution have been reviewed to suggest potential and future consolidation. This article also encompasses the physiochemical properties and production of CaSxsolution, with critical appraisal on research focusing on CaSxapplication in agriculture industries and removal of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) from the environment. The kinetics of CaSx, technical issues associated with optimization of its dosage and environmental fate is also discussed in detail. This study covers almost all of the peer-reviewed research that has been performed since 1914. Some of the critiques in this article include the lack of integration between the exposure effect and the efficiency of treatment method, effects of oxidizing environments on the long-term performance of CaSxsolution, and kinetics of CaSxsolution with the PTEs. The working model of CaSxwith PTEs is still system dependent, and therefore cannot be used with other applications. The kinetics of CaSxis described in detail with various phase stoichiometric reactions. Environmental fate is discussed based on applications, government reports, peer-reviewed articles and kinetics of CaSx, which provides a clear picture of emerging contaminants in the environment in relation to the insect resistance and ecotoxicology. Real time, lab based research articles are needed to identify toxicity limits of CaSxin environment in order to describe its effective permissible limit in environmental system. This review article provides a risk assessment of environmental pollution by CaSxbased on its physicochemical characteristic, stoichiometry, kinetics, field, and industrial applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Dammam, P. O Box 2435, Dammam, 31441, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. smdahlawi@uod.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Saad Mohammed
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dahlawi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, The Coastal Health and Water Quality (C-HaWQ) Laboratory, Texas A&M University Corpus Christy, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA.
authors.forename: Samreen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D013440:Sulfides / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D013440:Sulfides; C033907:calcium sulfide
keywords: COPR; Calcium polysulphide; Groundwater; Heavy metals; Soil; Wastewater