title: Effects of PVP/PEI coated and uncoated silver NPs and PVP/PEI coating agent on three species of marine microalgae.
abstract: In the last years, applications for silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) continue to increase together with the concerns about their potential input and hazards in aquatic ecosystems, where microalgae are key organisms. The aim of the present study was to assess the relative sensitivity of three marine microalgae species with differences in cell wall composition/structure exposed to Poly N-vinyl-2-pirrolidone/Polyethyleneimine (PVP/PEI) coated 5nm Ag NPs and uncoated 47nm Ag NP. As limited attention has been paid to the role of coating agents in NP toxicity, the effect of PVP/PEI alone was also evaluated. After 72h in artificial seawater, 47nm Ag NPs formed around 1400nm size aggregates while PVP/PEI coated 5nm Ag NPs reached around 90nm. Ag+release in seawater was around 3% for 47nm Ag NPs and 30% for PVP/PEI coated 5nm Ag NPs. PVP/PEI coated 5nm Ag NP aggregates entrapped the algal cells in a network of heteroaggregates, while uncoated 47nm Ag NPs interacted to a lesser extent with algae. The concentration of PVP/PEI coated 5nm Ag NPs that exerted the median effect (EC50) on algae growth pointed out differences in algae sensitivity: T. suecica was about 10 times more sensitive than I. galbana and P. tricornutum. Further, the coating agent alone was as toxic to algae as PVP/PEI coated 5nm Ag NPs, suggesting that presence of the coating agent was the main driver of toxicity of coated NPs. Uncoated 47nm Ag NPs instead, showed similar toxicity towards algae although P. tricornutum was slightly less sensitive than T. suecica and I. galbana, which agrees with the presence of a resistant silicified cell wall in the diatom. The present work demonstrates differences in sensitivity of three marine microalgae, possibly related to their cell surface and size characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Enea CR Portici, P. le E. Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schiavo
authors.affiliation: Dep. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duroudier
authors.affiliation: Dep. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bilbao
authors.affiliation: University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Allée Geoffroy St Hilaire, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mikolaczyk
authors.affiliation: University of Bordeaux, UMR 5805 EPOC, Allée Geoffroy St Hilaire, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.affiliation: Dep. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Cajaraville
authors.affiliation: Enea CR Portici, P. le E. Fermi, 1, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy. Electronic address: sonia.manzo@enea.it.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manzo
mesh_terms: D017377:Diatoms; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D058086:Microalgae / Q000187:drug effects*; D011094:Polyethyleneimine; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D012623:Seawater; D012834:Silver / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D012834:Silver; D011094:Polyethyleneimine
keywords: Coating agent; Isochrysis galbana; Phaeodactylum tricornutum; Seawater; Silver nanoparticles; Tetraselmis suecica