title: Development and psychometric evaluation of a context-based parental self-efficacy instrument for healthy dietary and physical activity behaviors in preschool children.
abstract: Parental self-efficacy (PSE) refers to beliefs of parents to effectively engage in behaviors that result in desired outcomes for their children. There are several instruments of PSE for promoting healthy dietary or physical activity (PA) behaviors in children. These measures typically assess PSE in relation to some quantity or frequency of behavior, for example, number of servings or times per week. However, measuring PSE in relation to contextual circumstances, for example, psychological states and situational demands, may be a more informative approach. The purpose of the present study was to develop and psychometrically evaluate a context-based PSE instrument.
  
  
  
  Swedish mothers of five-year-old children (n = 698) responded to the Parental Self-Efficacy for Healthy Dietary and Physical Activity Behaviors in Preschoolers Scale (PDAP) and a questionnaire on dietary and PA behaviors in children. Interviews were conducted to explore participant perceptions of the quality of the PDAP items. Psychometric evaluation was conducted using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Spearman correlations between PSE and child behaviors were examined.
  
  
  
  Twenty-seven interviews were conducted with participants, who perceived the items as highly comprehensible, relevant and acceptable. A four-factor model of a revised 21-item version of the PDAP fitted the data, with different factors of PSE for promoting healthy dietary or PA behaviors in children depending on whether circumstances were facilitating or impeding successful performance. Internal consistency was excellent for total scale (Cronbach's α = .94), and good for factors (α = .84-.88). Correlations were in the expected direction: positive correlations between PSE and healthy behaviors, and negative correlations between PSE and unhealthy behaviors (all rss ≤ .32).
  
  
  
  Psychometric evaluation of the PDAP provided preliminary support of construct validity and internal consistency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. benjamin.bohman@ki.se.|Centre for Psychiatric Research, Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Liljeholmstorget 7 B, SE-117 63, Stockholm, Sweden. benjamin.bohman@ki.se.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3415-7511
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bohman
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Finn
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghaderi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden
keywords: Diet; Pediatric obesity; Physical activity; Self-efficacy