title: Nanodomain Regulation of Cardiac Cyclic Nucleotide Signaling by Phosphodiesterases.
abstract: Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) form an 11-member superfamily comprising 100 different isoforms that regulate the second messengers cyclic adenosine or guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP or cGMP). These PDE isoforms differ with respect to substrate selectivity and their localized control of cAMP and cGMP within nanodomains that target specific cellular pools and synthesis pathways for the cyclic nucleotides. Seven PDE family members are physiologically relevant to regulating cardiac function, disease remodeling of the heart, or both: PDE1 and PDE2, both dual-substrate (cAMP and cGMP) esterases; PDE3, PDE4, and PDE8, which principally hydrolyze cAMP; and PDE5A and PDE9A, which target cGMP. New insights regarding the different roles of PDEs in health and disease and their local signaling control are broadening the potential therapeutic utility for PDE-selective inhibitors. In this review, we discuss these PDEs, focusing on the different mechanisms by which they control cardiac function in health and disease by regulating intracellular nanodomains.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kokkonen
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; email: dkass@jhmi.edu.|Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kass
mesh_terms: D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000378:metabolism*; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000502:physiology; D000072417:Protein Domains / Q000502:physiology*; D015290:Second Messenger Systems / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; D015105:3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases; D006152:Cyclic GMP
keywords: cAMP; cGMP; cardiovascular disease; heart; phosphodiesterase