title: Induction, Subculture Cycle, and Regeneration of Callus in Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) using Different Types of Phytohormones.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chlorophytum borivilianumis an industrially valued medicinal crop. Propagation through seeds is not feasible because of low germination percentage and long dormancy period. Therefore, callus culture and plant regeneration can be an alternative to improve this crop production. Also, callus can serve as an alternative source of bioactive compounds.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of different phytohormones on callus induction, subculture cycle, and regeneration studies of callus inC. borivilianum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Young shoot buds ofC. borivilianumwere inoculated on Murashige and Skoog medium fortified with 3% sucrose and different concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, and 15 mg/L) of either naphthalene acetic acid or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or indole-3-acetic acid and callus induction was evaluated up to four subcultures cycles. Shoot regeneration from callus was studied on Murashige and Skoog media fortified with 6-benzylaminopurine andkinetin or thidiazuron at varied levels (0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mg/L). Microshoots were rooted on Murashige and Skoog media supplemented with 1.0 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid and plantlets were acclimatized before transferred to the natural conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Callus induction was better evidenced on Murashige and Skoog media containing 5 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid up to fourth subculture. Callus differentiated into shoots on Murashige and Skoog media fortified with 6-benzylaminopurine or kinetin, whereas thidiazuron completely failed to regenerate shoots. Furthermore, microshoots rooted on 1.0 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid containing Murashige and Skoog media. The rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized and established in soil with 88.3% survivability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The type of auxins played an important role in inducing callus tissue from shoot bud explants of Safed musli. In future, thisin vitroprotocol could benefit in crop improvement programs and serve as a new source of bioactive compounds from Safed musli callus tissue for various therapeutic applications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Explants de-differentiated to form callus on Murashige and Skoog media containing 5 mg/L 2,4-D up to fourth subculture.Callus re-differentiated into shoots on Murashige and Skoog media fortified with 0.5 mg/L BAP.In vitrorooting of shoots was achieved on 1.0 mg/L IBA containing Murashige and Skoog media.The rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized and established in soil with 88.3% survivability.Abbreviations used:MS: Murashige and Skoog, NAA: naphthalene acetic acid, 2,4-D: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, IAA: indole-3-acetic acid, BAP: 6-benzylaminopurine, Kn: Kinetin, TDZ: thidiazuron, IBA: indole-3-butyric acid, RCBD: Randomized Complete Block Design, DMRT: Duncan's Multiple Range Test.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Jaafar Juju
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Nakasha
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Uma Rani
authors.initials: UR
authors.lastname: Sinniah
authors.affiliation: Agriculture Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nurashikin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kemat
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kumara Swamy
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Mallappa
keywords: Callus; Safed musli; phytohormones; regeneration; saponins