title: Antimicrobial filtration with electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers containing benzyl triethylammonium chloride: Immersion, leaching, toxicity, and filtration tests.
abstract: Antimicrobial electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofibers were synthesized by impregnating benzyl triethylammonium chloride (BTEAC) as an antimicrobial agent into PVA nanofibers. The BTEAC-PVA nanofibers were heat-methanol treated during the preparation for various tests. The BTEAC-PVA nanofibers became more hydrophilic than the PVA nanofibers due to incorporation of BTEAC. Through heat-methanol treatment, thermal property, crystallinity, and water stability of BTEAC-PVA nanofibers were improved considerably. The immersion test shows that heat-methanol treatment has an advantage over heat treatment to maintain BTEAC content in BTEAC-PVA nanofibers. The acute toxicity test demonstrates that the 24-h EC50and 48-h EC50values (EC50= median effective concentration) of BTEAC to Daphnia magna were 113 and 90 mg/L, respectively. The leaching test indicates that the BTEAC concentration leached from BTEAC-PVA nanofibers was far below the concentration affecting the immobilization of D. magna. For antimicrobial filtration tests, the BTEAC-PVA nanofibers were deposited onto glass fiber filter. The antimicrobial filtration test was conducted against bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) and bacteriophages (MS2, PhiX174), demonstrating that the BTEAC-PVA nanofibers could enhance the removal of E. coli and S. aureus considerably but not the removal of MS2 and PhiX174 under dynamic flow conditions.
authors.affiliation: Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong-Ann
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Environmental Functional Materials and Water Treatment Laboratory, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Department of Rural Systems Engineering/Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: songbkim@snu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Song-Bae
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005374:Filtration; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry*; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol / Q000737:chemistry*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol; C556155:benzyltriethylammonium
keywords: Antimicrobial agent; Benzyl triethylammonium chloride; Electrospun nanofiber; Poly(vinyl alcohol); Toxicity; Water filtration