title: Influence of geography, seasons and pedology on chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oils from Lippia multiflora Mold leaves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lippia multiflora is a plant with nutritional and pharmaco-therapeutic properties that is native to central and occidental Africa. The potential effects of plants on health are associated with their chemical composition. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify chemical variations in essential oils of Lippia multiflora as a function of geographic origin and time of annual harvest to determine optimal chemical profiles for ethno-pharmacotherapeutic applications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental plants were cultivated at Abidjan (LPA), Toumodi (LPT) and Bondoukou (LPB). Natural Lippia multiflora seeds were sourced to produce standardized plants over a period of six months. Standard plants (n=40) were re-introduced into natural plots, cultivated for 12 months and leaves were sampled monthly in a standardized fashion. Essentials oils (n=36) were then extracted from these samples by hydro-distillation according to the European Pharmacopoeia and qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using GC/FID and GC/MS. These data were then analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Anti-inflammatory properties were also assessed against activated macrophages in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that chemical profiles and essential oil yields vary according to the location where the plants were cultivated. One essential oil chemotype corresponded to the LPA and LPT sites and one corresponded to the LPB site. Statistical analysis of the chemical profiles and monthly evolution of the three sites over a period of one year allowed assessment of variations in composition and the subsequent choice of the optimal harvest time for ethnopharmacological applications. Anti-inflammatory activity apparently correlated with chemical profiles of essential oils and the geographic origins of the plants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimal harvest time was associated with the maximum yield of pharmacological compounds with the most potential interest for health.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Nutrition et de Sécurité Alimentaire (LANUSA) 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02 Faculté des Sciences Alimentaires et Technologiques, Université Nangui-Abrogoua, Côte d'Ivoire.
authors.forename: Lêniféré Chantal
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Soro
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Phytothérapie et Aromathérapie, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, UMR 95 Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Munier
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Phytothérapie et Aromathérapie, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, UMR 95 Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pelissier
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Physique Moléculaire et Structurale, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, UMR 95 Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Lidwine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grosmaire
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Rickey
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yada
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kitts
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Nutrition et de Sécurité Alimentaire (LANUSA) 02 BP 801 Abidjan 02 Faculté des Sciences Alimentaires et Technologiques, Université Nangui-Abrogoua, Côte d'Ivoire.
authors.forename: Anin Louise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Ocho-Anin Atchibri
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UMR 95 Qualisud, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guzman
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'Immunologie, UMR 95 Qualisud, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boudard
authors.affiliation: Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université de Montpellier, "Équipe glyco et nanotransporteurs pour le ciblage thérapeutique", France.
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Menut
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biochimie, UMR 95 Qualisud, Université de Guyane, France.
authors.forename: Jean Charles
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et de Physiopathologie Expérimentale, UMR 95 Qualisud, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Montpellier, France. Electronic address: patrick.poucheret@umontpellier.fr.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poucheret
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D005843:Geography; D032411:Lippia / Q000737:chemistry*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D009822:Oils, Volatile
keywords: Essential oil; Geographic location; Harvest time; Lippia multiflora; Natural healing