title: Evaluation of Sulfadiazine Degradation in Three Newly Isolated Pure Bacterial Cultures.
abstract: This study is aimed to assess the biodegradation of sulfadiazine (SDZ) and characterization of heavy metal resistance in three pure bacterial cultures and also their chemotactic response towards 2-aminopyrimidine. The bacterial cultures were isolated from pig manure, activated sludge and sediment samples, by enrichment technique on SDZ (6 mg L-1). Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the microorganisms were identified within the genera of Paracoccus, Methylobacterium and Kribbella, which were further designated as SDZ-PM2-BSH30, SDZ-W2-SJ40 and SDZ-3S-SCL47. The three identified pure bacterial strains degraded up to 50.0, 55.2 and 60.0% of SDZ (5 mg L-1), respectively within 290 h. On the basis of quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography, 2-aminopyrimidine and 4-hydroxy-2-aminopyrimidine were identified as the main intermediates of SDZ biodegradation. These bacteria were also able to degrade the metabolite, 2-aminopyrimidine, of the SDZ. Furthermore, SDZ-PM2-BSH30, SDZ-W2-SJ40 and SDZ-3S-SCL47 also showed resistance to various heavy metals like copper, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, nickel and zinc. Additionally, all three bacteria exhibited positive chemotaxis towards 2-aminopyrimidine based on the drop plate method and capillary assay. The results of this study advanced our understanding about the microbial degradation of SDZ, which would be useful towards the future SDZ removal in the environment.
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
authors.forename: Sikandar I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Mulla
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
authors.forename: Anyi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
authors.forename: Yuwen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashfaq
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
authors.forename: Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Eqani
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chang-Ping
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D002633:Chemotaxis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000633:toxicity; D020580:Methylobacterium / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010230:Paracoccus / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010802:Phylogeny; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology; D013411:Sulfadiazine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D008372:Manure; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D011743:Pyrimidines; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012722:Sewage; D013411:Sulfadiazine; C012180:2-aminopyrimidine