title: Strategies for narrowing the maize yield gap of household farms through precision fertigation under irrigated conditions using CERES-Maize model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nitrogen (N) application significantly increases maize yield; however, the unreasonable use of N fertilizer is common in China. The analysis of crop yield gaps can reveal the limiting factors for yield improvement, but there is a lack of practical strategies for narrowing yield gaps of household farms. The objectives of this study were to assess the yield gap of summer maize using an integrative method and to develop strategies for narrowing the maize yield gap through precise N fertilization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that there was a significant difference in maize yield among fields, with a low level of variation. Additionally, significant differences in N application rate were observed among fields, with high variability. Based on long-term simulation results, the optimal N application rate was 193 kg ha-1, with a corresponding maximum attainable yield (AYmax) of 10 318 kg ha-1. A considerable difference between farmers' yields and AYmaxwas observed. Low agronomic efficiency of applied N fertilizer (AEN) in farmers' fields was exhibited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The integrative method lays a foundation for exploring the specific factors constraining crop yield gaps at the field scale and for developing strategies for rapid site-specific N management. Optimization strategies to narrow the maize yield gap include increasing N application rates and adjusting the N application schedule. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.|National Engineering Research Centre for Information Technology in Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China.
authors.forename: Jiangang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Bridgestone Americas Agricultural Operations, Eloy, AZ 85131, USA.
authors.forename: Guangyao
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Qingquan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Fu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation; D000383:Agriculture; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000032:analysis*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D003313:Zea mays / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: CERES-Maize; household farm; maize; nitrogen; yield gap