title: A subtle mimicker in emergency department: Illustrated case reports of acute drug-induced dystonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Movement disorder emergencies include any movement disorder which develops over hours to days, in which failure to appropriately diagnose and manage can result in patient morbidity or mortality.Movement disorder emergencies include acute dystonia: sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive, movements. Acute dystonia is a serious challenge for emergency room doctors and neurologists, because of the high probability of misdiagnosis, due to the presence of several mimickers including partial seizures, meningitis, localized tetanus, serum electrolyte level abnormalities, strychnine poisoning, angioedema, malingering, catatonia, and conversion.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe 2 examples, accompanied by videos, of acute drug-induced oro-mandibular dystonia, both subsequent to occasional haloperidol intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Management and treatment of this movement disorder are often difficult: neuroleptics withdrawal, treatment with benzodiazepines, and anticholinergics are recommended.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alternative treatment options are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Neurology Clinic (MVD, AD, RD,LB, MO), "SS Annunziata" Hospital Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences (RD, MO, LB) University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Vittoria De
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Angelis
authors.forename: Roberta Di
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Giacomo
authors.forename: Antonio Di
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Muzio
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Onofrj
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bonanni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D019468:Disease Management; D004421:Dystonia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D004630:Emergencies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged