title: Amniotic fluid embolism as a cause of maternal mortality in China between 1996 and 2013: a population-based retrospective study.
abstract: To analyse the maternal mortality ratio, demographic and pregnancy related details in women who suffered a fatal amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) in China.
  
  
  
  A retrospective population based study using data collected as part of the National Maternal Mortality Surveillance System between 1996 and 2013. Data were collected onto a standardised form from women whose cause of death was listed as being secondary to AFE.
  
  
  
  Records were available for 640 deaths. Over the 17 year period the maternal mortality ratio for AFE decreased from 4.4 per 100,000 births (95 % confidence interval (CI):2.72-6.12) to 1.9 per 100,000 births (95 % CI:1.35-2.54). Over the same period the proportion of maternal deaths secondary to AFE increased from 6.8 to 12.5 %. The mean age of women who died was 30.1 years and the onset of the AFE occurred prior to delivery in 39 %. The most prominent presenting features included premonitory symptoms (29 %), acute fetal compromise (28 %), maternal haemorrhage (16 %) and shortness of breath (15 %).
  
  
  
  Maternal mortality secondary to AFE has decreased in China, however at a slower rate than mortality secondary to other conditions. Active surveillance is recommended to assess case fatality rates, risk factors and other lessons specific to this population.
authors.affiliation: National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance of China, Department of Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Ren Min South Road Section 3 No.17, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: School of Women's and Infants' Health and School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.|Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital for Women, 374 Bagot Road, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia.
authors.forename: Nolan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McDonnell
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, 235 Jones St, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
authors.forename: Zhuoyang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance of China, Department of Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Ren Min South Road Section 3 No.17, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance of China, Department of Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Ren Min South Road Section 3 No.17, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance of China, Department of Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Ren Min South Road Section 3 No.17, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. zhujun028@163.com.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, 235 Jones St, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia. elizabeth.sullivan@uts.edu.au.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004619:Embolism, Amniotic Fluid / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Amniotic fluid embolism; China; Maternal death; Maternal mortality; Maternal mortality ratio; Pregnancy