title: Cross-Face Nerve Grafting with Infraorbital Nerve Pathway Protection: Anatomic and Histomorphometric Feasibility Study.
abstract: Smiling is an important aspect of emotional expression and social interaction, leaving facial palsy patients with impaired social functioning and decreased overall quality of life. Although there are several techniques available for facial reanimation, staged facial reanimation using donor nerve branches from the contralateral, functioning facial nerve connected to a cross-face nerve graft (CFNG) is the only technique that can reliably reproduce an emotionally spontaneous smile. Although CFNGs provide spontaneity, they typically produce less smile excursion than when the subsequent free functioning muscle flap is innervated with the motor nerve to the masseter muscle. This may be explained in part by the larger number of donor motor axons when using the masseter nerve, as studies have shown that only 20% to 50% of facial nerve donor axons successfully cross the nerve graft to innervate their targets. As demonstrated in our animal studies, increasing the number of donor axons that grow into and traverse the CFNG to innervate the free muscle transfer increases muscle movement, and this phenomenon may provide patients with the benefit of improved smile excursion. We have previously shown in animal studies that sensory nerves, when coapted to a nerve graft, improve axonal growth through the nerve graft and improve muscle excursion. Here, we describe the feasibility of and our experience in translating these results clinically by coapting the distal portion of the CFNG to branches of the infraorbital nerve.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Catapano
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Daniel R B
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Demsey
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Emily S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ronald M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Zuker
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Gregory H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Borschel