title: Inherent functional dependence among cochlear dose surrogates for stereotactic radiosurgery of vestibular schwannomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Various cochlear dose surrogates have been reported as associated with hearing outcome in studies of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for vestibular schwannomas. In this study, we investigated whether an inherent functional relationship exists among these reported surrogates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 85 serial patient cases treated with single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery from 1997 through 2013 at our institution was analyzed. For all the cases, the mean prescription dose was 12.5 ± 0.3 Gy (range, 12-13 Gy) and mean target volume 1.32 ± 1.51 mL (range, 0.80-8.77 mL). The mean cochlea volume was 0.078 ± 0.016 mL (range, 0.048-0.131 mL; median, 0.076 mL). Correlation analysis among mean cochlear dose, point maximum dose and modiolus dose was performed and also parameterized with new variables such as the effective dose radius (EDR) as derived from a general dose fall-off model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Weak correlation via linear regression was found between the point maximum dose and the mean cochlear dose (R2= 0.719) as well as the modiolus dose (R2= 0.568). However, when parameterized with EDR, a near-perfect correlation (P < .0001) via linear regression was found between the EDR for the point maximum dose and the EDR for the mean cochlear dose (R2= 0.996), and with the EDR for the modiolus dose (R2= 0.993). Such a result led to a functional formula relating these dose surrogates, yielding dose equivalence results such as: 12-Gy point maximum dose is equivalent to mean cochlear dose of 5.6 ± 0.1 Gy (95% confidence level), or modiolus dose of 6.0 ± 0.2 Gy (95% confidence level).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An inherent functional relationship was found among point maximum, modiolus, and mean cochlear doses for SRS of vestibular schwannomas. As such, clinical hearing outcome can be interchangeably analyzed or reported via any of these dose surrogates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California. Electronic address: lijun.ma@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Steve E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Braunstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Philip V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Theodosopoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Penny K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Sneed
mesh_terms: D003051:Cochlea / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D009464:Neuroma, Acoustic / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D016634:Radiosurgery; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage