title: Compatibility of Hydroxyethyl Starch and Tranexamic Acid for Battlefield Co-Administration.
abstract: The current Tactical Combat Casualty Care Guidelines recommend tranexamic acid (TXA) administration for casualties in whom massive blood transfusion is anticipated. However, despite Hextend being the recommended resuscitation fluid, the guidelines recommend against using TXA with Hextend. This appears to be due to a concern about pharmaceutical compatibility, despite the absence of a direct study of compatibility in the literature.
  
  
  
  Two solutions of Hextend and TXA were examined for compatibility. One solution simulated direct Y-site injection of TXA, and a second solution replicated a typical piggyback infusion. These solutions, along with two control solutions, were observed for the formation of precipitants immediately on mixing, at 1 hour, and at 4 hours by unaided visual inspection, as well as with the use of a basic digital turbidimeter.
  
  
  
  No evidence of chemical or physical interaction was noted by visual inspection at any time in either solution. In addition, turbidimeter results did not demonstrate a difference of greater than 10% from the control solutions, falling below the cutoff set in other studies as an indicator for precipitant formation.
  
  
  
  There was no evidence of incompatibility between the solutions of Hextend and TXA by either visual inspection or by digital turbidimeter.
authors.affiliation: Aviation Company, 1st United States Support Battalion, Multinational Force & Observers, Unit 31530, APO, AE 09833.
authors.forename: Nicholas M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Studer
authors.affiliation: Aviation Company, 1st United States Support Battalion, Multinational Force & Observers, Unit 31530, APO, AE 09833.
authors.forename: Ahmad H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Yassin
authors.affiliation: Army Medical Department Center & School, 3630 Stanley Road, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234.
authors.forename: Donald E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Keen
mesh_terms: D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014148:Tranexamic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives; D014148:Tranexamic Acid