title: The elimination half-life of crystalloid fluid is shorter in female than in male volunteers: a retrospective population kinetic analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A recent review article suggests that elimination of infused crystalloid fluid might occur faster in females than in males. To study this question, a population kinetic analysis was performed to compare the turnover of buffered Ringer's solution when infused at different rates in males and females.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were retrieved from seven series of experiments where 44 intravenous infusions of Ringer's acetate had been given to female volunteers and 67 to male volunteers. Frequent measurements of the blood hemoglobin and the urinary excretion were used as input in a kinetic two-volume model with micro-constants and covariates, using a nonlinear mixed effects software. The key outcome measure was the rate of irreversible elimination of infused fluid, which was expressed as the half-life, obtained as the excreted urine divided by the modeled plasma volume expansion over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The half-life amounted to 24 min (95 % confidence interval, 21-27) in the females and 38 min (33-42) in the males. The urinary excretion differed somewhat less than suggested by these figures during the experimental period (3-4 h) because the plasma volume became less expanded in the females. This was due to that fluid that had been distributed peripheral tissues (the interstitium) returned slightly more slowly to the central fluid space (the plasma) in the females. Gender did not serve as a statistically significant covariate to other rate constants in the kinetic model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The half-life of infused Ringer's acetate was 60 % longer in healthy male volunteers than in female volunteers.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit, Södertälje Hospital, 152 86 Södertälje, Sweden ; Karolinska Institutet at Danderyd (KIDS), Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Hahn
keywords: Crystalloid fluid; Kinetic model; Sex differences