title: Prognostic and predictive value of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in early breast cancer.
abstract: It is well recognized that the immune system plays an essential role in tumor defense. The presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes reflects an individual immunological response. In early breast cancer, the presence of TILs is associated with a more favorable outcome and response to therapy. In this review, we describe how TILs are assessed. Also, we discuss their role as prognostic and predictive biomarker in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings as well as in residual disease. Moreover, we discuss the possible implementation of TILs in daily clinical practice as well as in future clinical trials in order to fine tune prognosis and improve treatments.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milano, Italy. Electronic address: carmen.criscitiello@ieo.it.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Criscitiello
authors.affiliation: Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milano, Italy. Electronic address: Angela.esposito@ieo.it.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.affiliation: Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milano, Italy. Electronic address: Dario.trapanie@ieo.it.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trapani
authors.affiliation: Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milano, Italy. Electronic address: giuseppe.curigliano@ieo.it.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Curigliano
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / Q000276:immunology*; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual; D011379:Prognosis
keywords: Biomarker; Breast cancer; Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes