title: Blood Biomarkers as Outcome Measures in Inflammatory Neurologic Diseases.
abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Only a few biomarkers are available in MS clinical practice, such as cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands and immunoglobulin index, serum anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies, and serum anti-John Cunningham virus antibodies. Thus, there is a significant unmet need for biomarkers to assess prognosis, response to therapy, or potential treatment complications. Here we describe emerging biomarkers that are in development, focusing on those from peripheral blood. There are several limitations in the process of discovery and validation of a good biomarker, such as the pathophysiological complexity of MS and the technical difficulties in globally standardizing methods for sampling, processing, and conserving biological specimens. In spite of these limitations, ongoing international collaborations allow the exploration of many interesting molecules and markers to validate diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic-response biomarkers.
authors.affiliation: American University of Beirut and Medical Center, Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Nabil K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: El Ayoubi
authors.affiliation: American University of Beirut and Medical Center, Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon. sk88@aub.edu.lb.
authors.forename: Samia J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Khoury
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Autoimmune demyelination; Biomarkers; Disease progression; Multiple sclerosis; Therapeutic response