title: Perpetual superhydrophobicity.
abstract: A liquid droplet placed on a geometrically textured surface may take on a "suspended" state, in which the liquid wets only the top of the surface structure, while the remaining geometrical features are occupied by vapor. This superhydrophobic Cassie-Baxter state is characterized by its composite interface which is intrinsically fragile and, if subjected to certain external perturbations, may collapse into the fully wet, so-called Wenzel state. Restoring the superhydrophobic Cassie-Baxter state requires a supply of free energy to the system in order to again nucleate the vapor. Here, we use microscopic classical density functional theory in order to study the Cassie-Baxter to Wenzel and the reverse transition in widely spaced, parallel arrays of rectangular nanogrooves patterned on a hydrophobic flat surface. We demonstrate that if the width of the grooves falls below a threshold value of ca. 7 nm, which depends on the surface chemistry, the Wenzel state becomes thermodynamically unstable even at very large positive pressures, thus realizing a "perpetual" superhydrophobic Cassie-Baxter state by passive means. Building upon this finding, we demonstrate that hierarchical structures can achieve perpetual superhydrophobicity even for micron-sized geometrical textures.
authors.affiliation: Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale, 00184 Rome, Italy. alberto.giacomello@uniroma1.it and Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany. miko@mf.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2735-6982
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giacomello
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany. miko@mf.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Lothar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schimmele
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany. miko@mf.mpg.de and IV. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany. miko@mf.mpg.de and IV. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Mykola
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tasinkevych