title: Molecular Characterization of a Novel Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Isolate SD-15.
abstract: As one of the major pathogens, bovine viral diarrhea virus caused a significant economic loss to the livestock industry worldwide. Although BVDV infections have increasingly been reported in China in recent years, the molecular aspects of those BVDV strains were barely characterized. In this study, we reported the identification and characterization of a novel BVDV isolate designated as SD-15 from cattle, which is associated with an outbreak characterized by severe hemorrhagic and mucous diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality in Shandong, China. SD-15 was revealed to be a noncytopathic BVDV, and has a complete genomic sequence of 12,285 nucleotides that contains a large open reading frame encoding 3900 amino acids. Alignment analysis showed that SD-15 has 93.8% nucleotide sequence identity with BVDV ZM-95 isolate, a previous BVDV strain isolated from pigs manifesting clinical signs and lesions resembling to classical swine fever. Phylogenetic analysis clustered SD-15 to a BVDV-1m subgenotype. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of glycoproteins revealed that E2 has several highly conserved and variable regions within BVDV-1 genotypes. An additional N-glycosylation site (240NTT) was revealed exclusively in SD-15-encoded E2 in addition to four potential glycosylation sites (Asn-X-Ser/Thr) shared by all BVDV-1 genotypes. Furthermore, unique amino acid and linear epitope mutations were revealed in SD-15-encoded Erns glycoprotein compared with known BVDV-1 genotype. In conclusion, we have isolated a noncytopathic BVDV-1m strain that is associated with a disease characterized by high morbidity and mortality, revealed the complete genome sequence of the first BVDV-1m virus originated from cattle, and found a unique glycosylation site in E2 and a linear epitope mutation in Erns encoded by SD-15 strain. Those results will broaden the current understanding of BVDV infection and lay a basis for future investigation on SD-15-related pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine at Jilin University, Changchun, China 130062.|Key laboratory for Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, and Institute for Zoonosis of Jilin University, Changchun, China, 130062.
authors.forename: Lisai
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine at Jilin University, Changchun, China 130062.|Key laboratory for Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, and Institute for Zoonosis of Jilin University, Changchun, China, 130062.
authors.forename: Haibing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine at Jilin University, Changchun, China 130062.|Changchun Institute of Biological Products, Changchun, China 130062.
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine at Jilin University, Changchun, China 130062.|Key laboratory for Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, and Institute for Zoonosis of Jilin University, Changchun, China, 130062.
authors.forename: Xiaochun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gai
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine at Jilin University, Changchun, China 130062.
authors.forename: Changming
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine at Jilin University, Changchun, China 130062.|Key laboratory for Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, and Institute for Zoonosis of Jilin University, Changchun, China, 130062.
authors.forename: Yajing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Haid Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Guangzhou, China 511400.
authors.forename: Jiaxu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine at Jilin University, Changchun, China 130062.|Key laboratory for Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, and Institute for Zoonosis of Jilin University, Changchun, China, 130062.
authors.forename: Xinping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001912:Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease / Q000401:mortality / Q000821:virology; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000821:virology*; D002681:China; D001908:Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D059646:Genome Size; D016679:Genome, Viral; D030243:Hemorrhagic Syndrome, Bovine / Q000401:mortality / Q000821:virology; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010802:Phylogeny; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA / Q000379:methods*