title: Occupational Safety and Health System for Workers Engaged in Emergency Response Operations in the USA.
abstract: To study the occupational safety and health systems used for emergency response workers in the USA, we performed interviews with related federal agencies and conducted research on related studies.
  
  
  
  We visited the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the USA and performed interviews with their managers on the agencies' roles in the national emergency response system. We also obtained information prepared for our visit from the USA's Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). In addition, we conducted research on related studies and information on the website of the agencies.
  
  
  
  We found that the USA had an established emergency response system based on their National Incident Management System (NIMS). This enabled several organizations to respond to emergencies cooperatively using a National Response Framework (NRF) that clarifies the roles and cooperative functions of each federal agency. The core system in NIMS was the Incident Command System (ICS), within which a Safety Officer was positioned as one of the command staff supporting the commander. All ICS staff were required to complete a training program specific to their position; in addition, the Safety Officer was required to have experience. The All-Hazards model was commonly used in the emergency response system. We found that FEMA coordinated support functions, and OSHA and NIOSH, which had specific functions to protect workers, worked cooperatively under NRF. These agencies employed certified industrial hygienists that play a professional role in safety and health. NIOSH recently executed support activities during disasters and other emergencies.
  
  
  
  The USA's emergency response system is characterized by functions that protect the lives and health of emergency response workers. Trained and experienced human resources support system effectiveness. The findings provided valuable information that could be used to improve the occupational safety and health function in the Japanese system.
authors.affiliation: Occupational Health Training Center, University of Occupational and Environmental Health.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toyoda
authors.forename: Tatsuhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mori
mesh_terms: D004189:Disaster Planning / Q000458:organization & administration; D004630:Emergencies; D006077:Government Agencies; D006801:Humans; D016272:Occupational Health; D014481:United States