title: The influence of PSA autoantibodies in prostate cancer patients: a prospective clinical study-II.
abstract: The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has recommended against PSA-based screening for prostate cancer due to potential possibilities of false-results. Since no alternative test is available to replace it, we have initiated a trial with the purpose of establishing whether Galectin-3 (Gal-3) serum level and/or the patients' immune response to PSA and Gal-3 antigens could complement the PSA test as diagnostic tools for prostate cancer patients. A blind, prospective, single institution, pilot study was conducted. A total of 95 men were recruited and classified into 5 different groups: healthy controls (Group1), newly diagnosed patients (Group2), no recurrence after local therapy (Group3), rising PSA after local therapy (Group4), and metastatic patients (Group5). The primary endpoints were the levels of serum PSA, PSA autoantibodies (AAPSA), Gal-3, and Gal-3 autoantibodies (AAGal-3). Data were analyzed by Spearman's rank correlation (rho) and least squares linear regression modeling. The expression levels of PSA, AAPSA, Gal-3, and AAGal-3 were determined in both healthy controls and prostate cancer patients. Negative correlations were observed between PSA and AAPSA levels among all 95 men combined (rho = -0.321, P = 0.0021; fitted slope -0.288, P = 0.0048), and in metastatic patients (rho = -0.472, P = 0.0413; fitted slope -1.145, P = 0.0061). We suggest an association between PSA and AAPSA, whereby the AAPSA may alter PSA levels. It provides a novel outlook for prostate cancer diagnosis, and should serve as a basis for an all-inclusive diagnostic trial centering on patients with metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.|Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Kosei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.|Biostatistics Core, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Lance K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Heilbrun
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.|Biostatistics Core, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Daryn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.|Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.|Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Avraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raz
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heath
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000276:immunology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D037502:Galectin 3 / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D001324:Autoantigens; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D037502:Galectin 3; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: Galectin-3; PSA autoantibody; PSA test; false-results; prostate cancer