title: An automated method for coding sleep states in human infants based on respiratory rate variability.
abstract: A novel quantitative method for coding epochs of active and quiet sleep in infants using respiration is reported. The approach uses the variance of the instantaneous breathing rate within brief epochs of sleep. Variances are normalized within subject by dividing by the 75th percentile variance across epochs. Then, a normalized variance active sleep threshold of 0.29 was determined to produce the highest concordance with a method based on visual inspection of respiratory variability (100% and 90% for quiet and active sleep, respectively). The method was independently validated by comparing to standard polysomnographic state coding (87% and 80% concordance for quiet and active sleep) as well as with behavioral state coding (92% and 78% for quiet and active sleep). Validity was also demonstrated by showing that sleep states identified by the method resulted in the expected state differences in infant heart rate variability and electrocortical activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Isler
authors.affiliation: Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thai
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.|Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY.|Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.|Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY.|Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Fifer
mesh_terms: D004569:Electroencephalography; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D017286:Polysomnography; D056152:Respiratory Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: EEG power; automated state scoring; breathing rate; heart rate variability; human infant; sleep state