title: Functional, Structural, and Neurotoxicity Biomarkers in Integrative Assessment of Concussions.
abstract: Concussion is a complex, heterogeneous process affecting the brain. Accurate assessment and diagnosis and appropriate management of concussion are essential to ensure that athletes do not prematurely return to play or others to work or active military duty, risking re-injury. To date, clinical diagnosis relies primarily on evaluating subjects for functional impairment using instruments that include neurocognitive testing, subjective symptom report, and neurobehavioral assessments, such as balance and vestibular-ocular reflex testing. Structural biomarkers, defined as advanced neuroimaging techniques and biomarkers assessing neurotoxicity and immunoexcitotoxicity, may complement the use of functional biomarkers. We hypothesize that neurotoxicity AMPA, NMDA, and kainite receptor biomarkers might be utilized as a part of comprehensive approach to concussion evaluations, with the goal of increasing diagnostic accuracy and facilitating treatment planning and prognostic assessment.
authors.affiliation: Brain Biomarkers Research Laboratory, DeKalb Medical Center , Decatur, GA , USA.
authors.forename: Svetlana A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Dambinova
authors.affiliation: Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA.
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Maroon
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA , USA.
authors.forename: Alicia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sufrinko
authors.affiliation: Surgery, Piedmont Hospital , Atlanta, GA , USA.
authors.forename: John David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Mullins
authors.affiliation: Neurotrauma, Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute , Moscow , Russia.
authors.forename: Eugenia V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Alexandrova
authors.affiliation: Neurotrauma, Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute , Moscow , Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Potapov
keywords: advanced MRI sequences; concussion; mild TBI; neuropsychological evaluations; neurotoxicity and neuroplasticity biomarkers