title: A large-scale chloroplast phylogeny of the Lamiaceae sheds new light on its subfamilial classification.
abstract: Lamiaceae, the sixth largest angiosperm family, contains more than 7000 species distributed all over the world. However, although considerable progress has been made in the last two decades, its phylogenetic backbone has never been well resolved. In the present study, a large-scale phylogenetic reconstruction of Lamiaceae using chloroplast sequences was carried out with the most comprehensive sampling of the family to date (288 species in 191 genera, representing approximately 78% of the genera of Lamiaceae). Twelve strongly supported primary clades were inferred, which form the phylogenetic backbone of Lamiaceae. Six of the primary clades correspond to the current recognized subfamilies Ajugoideae, Lamioideae, Nepetoideae, Prostantheroideae, Scutellarioideae, and Symphorematoideae, and one corresponds to a portion of Viticoideae. The other five clades comprise: 1) Acrymia and Cymaria; 2) Hymenopyramis, Petraeovitex, Peronema, and Garrettia; 3) Premna, Gmelina, and Cornutia; 4) Callicarpa; and 5) Tectona. Based on these results, three new subfamilies-Cymarioideae, Peronematoideae, and Premnoideae-are described, and the compositions of other subfamilies are updated based on new findings from the last decade. Furthermore, our analyses revealed five strongly supported, more inclusive clades that contain subfamilies, and we give them phylogenetically defined, unranked names: Cymalamiina, Scutelamiina, Perolamiina, Viticisymphorina, and Calliprostantherina.
authors.affiliation: College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701-2979, USA.
authors.forename: Philip D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Cantino
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Burke Museum, University of Washington, Box 355325, Seattle, Washington 98195-5325, USA.
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Olmstead
authors.affiliation: Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK.
authors.forename: Gemma L C
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Bramley
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Chun-Lei
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Zhong-Hui
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, Yunnan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yun-Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Dian-Xiang
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000235:genetics*; D054628:Genome, Chloroplast; D019686:Lamiaceae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny