title: Nicotine self-administration research: the legacy of Steven R. Goldberg and implications for regulation, health policy, and research.
abstract: Steven R. Goldberg was a pioneering behavioral pharmacologist whose intravenous drug self-administration studies advanced the understanding of conditioned stimuli and schedules of reinforcement as determinants of pattern and persistence of drug-seeking behavior, and in particular, the importance of nicotine in tobacco use. His passing in 2014 led to invitations to contribute articles to psychopharmacology dedicated to his work.
  
  
  
  The objectives of this review are to summarize and put into historical perspective Goldberg's contributions to elucidate the reinforcing effects of nicotine and to summarize the implications of his research for medication development, tobacco regulation, and potential tobacco control policy options. This includes a review of intravenous nicotine self-administration research from the 1960s to 2016.
  
  
  
  Goldberg's application of behavioral pharmacology methods to investigate nicotine reinforcement and the influence of schedule of reinforcement and conditioned stimuli on nicotine administration contributed to the conclusions of the US National Institute on Drug Abuse, and the Surgeon General, that nicotine met the criteria as a dependence-producing drug and cigarette smoking as a prototypic drug dependency or "addiction." Equally important, this work has been systematically extended to other species and applied to address a range of factors relevant to tobacco use, medication development, regulation, and public health policy.
  
  
  
  Steven R. Goldberg was a pioneering scientist whose systematic application of the science of behavioral pharmacology advanced the understanding of tobacco and nicotine use and contributed to the scientific foundation for tobacco product regulation and potential public health tobacco control policy development.
authors.affiliation: Pinney Associates, 4800 Montgomery Lane, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA. jhenning@pinneyassociates.com.|Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. jhenning@pinneyassociates.com.
authors.forename: Jack E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Henningfield
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 4120 Sennott Square, 210 S. Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.|Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 4120 Sennott Square, 210 S. Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
authors.forename: Tracy T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Pinney Associates, 4800 Montgomery Lane, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
authors.forename: Bethea A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kleykamp
authors.affiliation: Pinney Associates, 4800 Montgomery Lane, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
authors.forename: Reginald V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Fant
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 S. Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Donny
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000266:history*; D000073865:Cigarette Smoking; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects; D058999:Drug-Seeking Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D033161:Government Regulation; D006291:Health Policy; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011600:Psychopharmacology; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012646:Self Administration; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Antagonists; Behavioral pharmacology; Intravenous; Nicotine; Punishment; Reinforcement; Second-order schedule; Self-administration; Sensory; Tobacco