title: Design of a potentially prebiotic and responsive encapsulation material for probiotic bacteria based on chitosan and sulfated β-glucan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chitosan and sulfated oat β-glucan are materials suitable to create a prebiotic coating for targeted delivery to gastrointestinal system, using the layer by layer technology.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to assess the multilayer formation capacity and characterize the resulting coatings in terms of morphology and material properties such as structure and rigidity. The coating of colloidal materials was proven, specifically on L. acidophilus bacteria as measured by changes in the bacterial suspension zeta potential. Viability of coated cells was shown using plate counting method. The coatings on solid surfaces were examined after exposure to mimics of gastrointestinal fluids and a commercially available β-glucanase.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Successful build-up of multilayers was confirmed with QCM-D and SE. Zeta potential values proved the coating of cells. There was 2 log CFU/mL decrease after coating cells with four alternating layers of chitosan and sulfated β-glucan when compared to viability of uncoated cells. The coatings were partially degraded after exposure to simulated intestinal fluid and restructured as a result of β-glucanase treatment, mimicking enzymes present in the microflora of the human gut, but seemed to resist acidic gastric conditions. Therefore, coatings of chitosan and sulfated β-glucan can potentially be exploited as carriers for probiotics and delicate nutraceuticals.
authors.affiliation: University of Copenhagen, Department of Food Science, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Cigdem
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yucel Falco
authors.affiliation: Malmö University, Biomedical Laboratory Science and Biofilm - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Faculty of Health and Society, SE-20506 Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sotres
authors.affiliation: Lund University, Food for Health Science Centre, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rascón
authors.affiliation: University of Copenhagen, Department of Food Science, Rolighedsvej 30, DK-1958 Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: jri@food.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Risbo
authors.affiliation: Malmö University, Biomedical Laboratory Science and Biofilm - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Faculty of Health and Society, SE-20506 Malmö, Sweden; University of Copenhagen, Department of Chemistry, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Electronic address: marite.cardenas@mah.se.
authors.forename: Marité
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cárdenas
mesh_terms: D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D018914:Cells, Immobilized / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000737:chemistry; D005936:Glucans / Q000737:chemistry*; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D007779:Lactobacillus acidophilus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D056692:Prebiotics / Q000032:analysis*; D019936:Probiotics / Q000378:metabolism; D058525:Quartz Crystal Microbalance Techniques; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005936:Glucans; D056692:Prebiotics; D047071:beta-Glucans; C078962:glucan sulfate; D048271:Chitosan; D006026:Glycoside Hydrolases; C028020:licheninase
keywords: Chitosan; Layer by layer; Prebiotics; Probiotics; Sulfated oat β-glucan