title: Radiographic location of the origin and insertion of the canine medial glenohumeral ligament.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the radiographic origin and insertion of the canine medial glenohumeral ligament (MGHL) at the scapula and the humerus of dogs as radiographic aim points for the surgical ligament reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  The forelimbs (n = 20) from 10 adult, orthopaedically unaffected dogs (> 20 kg body weight) were used. Radiopaque markers (1 mm steel bullet) were placed into the visual origin and insertion of the MGHL. Finally, virtual digital radiographs were produced in medio-lateral and cranio-caudal projection and the location of the origin and insertion points were expressed using four different methods (4x4 grid box method, percentage position in the grid box for the medio-lateral projection, the percentage position orientated at different landmarks and the clock-face scale method).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relative positions of the centre of origin and insertion points of the MGHL were located constantly in radiographs in relation to anatomical landmarks in the canine shoulder. Therefore the described methods are useful for determination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The radiographic location of the origin and insertion points of the MGHL can be consistently predicted in radiographs of dogs with a body weight above 20 kg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reported data can be used to verify the correct placement of the insertion of bone anchors for stabilising a medial shoulder instability by ligament reconstruction in dogs.
authors.affiliation: Christian Diekmann, Klinik für Kleintiere, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, E-Mail: christian.diekmann@tiho-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Diekmann
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Winkels
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fehr
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: von Freeden
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Harms
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011859:Radiography; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: Medial shoulder instability; bone anchor; ligament reconstruction; shoulder joint