title: Levels of metabolic markers in drug-naive prediabetic and type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and prediabetes (pre-DM) are associated with changes in levels of metabolic markers. The main aim of this study is to compare the levels of omentin, irisin, endothelin-1, nesfatin, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factor, and oxytocin (OXT) between normoglycemic and pre-DM/T2DM obese Jordanian patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and ninety-eight adult Jordanian subjects were recruited. Demographic data and clinical parameters were collected. The serum levels of biomarkers were measured by enzymatic assay procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to normoglycemic (95 subjects), pre-DM/T2DM (103 subjects) displayed higher HGF (ng/ml) = 78.8 (71.4-104) versus 55.9 (45.3-66.6), p < 0.0001; and nesfatin (ng/ml) = 0.5 (0.4-0.7) versus 0.2 (0.1-0.4), p < 0.0001; betatrophin (ng/ml) = 1.2 (0.8-1.6) versus 0.22 (0.15-0.41), p < 0.0001. On the other hand, they had lower levels of omentin (ng/ml) = 2.1 (0.9-3.3) versus 3.6 (2.0-6.4), p < 0.0001, irisin (ng/ml) = 113.7 (88.9-142.9) versus 132.6 (110.7-147.8), p < 0.0001; and oxytocin (pg/ml) = 1077.9 (667.3-1506.0) versus 2180.1 (1464.5-2795.6), p < 0.0001; respectively. In comparison, FGF-21 (ng/ml) = 0.3 (0.2-0.5) versus 0.2 (0.1-0.4), and endothelin (pg/ml) = 2.7 (1.3-5.2) versus 2.8 (1.6-5.6) did not differ between the two groups (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study, patients with pre-DM and T2DM have higher serum levels of metabolic HGF, nesfatin, and betatrophin and lower levels of omentin, irisin, and OXT. Future longitudinal and interventional studies are required to confirm the utility of these markers as novel progression or therapeutic targets in the pharmacotherapy of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman, 11942, Jordan. amalakour@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Amal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akour
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman, 11942, Jordan.
authors.forename: Violet
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kasabri
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman, 11942, Jordan.
authors.forename: Nailya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Boulatova
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman, 11942, Jordan.
authors.forename: Yasser
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bustanji
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan Hospital, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Randa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naffa
authors.affiliation: National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hyasat
authors.affiliation: National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Nahla
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khawaja
authors.affiliation: National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Haidar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bustanji
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Ayman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zayed
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan.
authors.forename: Munther
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Momani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000097:blood; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000097:blood; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D037102:Lectins / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D005353:Fibronectins; D058851:GPI-Linked Proteins; C432397:ITLN1 protein, human; D037102:Lectins; C414620:fibroblast growth factor 21; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors
keywords: Oxytocin; Prediabetes; Type 2 diabetes mellitus