title: Altered breast milk components in preeclampsia; An in-vitro proton NMR spectroscopy study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the metabolic profile of milk on day 3 and at the 6th month of lactation in mothers with preeclampsia (PE) and normotensive mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women with PE (n=29) and control women (n=31) were recruited for this study. Milk was collected on day 3 and at the 6th month of lactation. Proton NMR spectroscopy was used to identify 25 milk metabolites (alpha-lactose, beta-lactose, oligosaccharides, myo-inositol, alanine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, valine, acetone, citrate, creatine, phosphocreatine, acetate, choline, lactate, lipid, phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholine). Principle component analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) were carried out to identify differences in milk metabolite composition between both the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of milk metabolites varied between the control and PE groups. Alpha and beta-lactose, glycine, glycerophosphocholine (p<0.01 for all); glutamate, glutamine and phosphocholine levels (p<0.05 for all) were increased at the 6th month as compared to day 3 of lactation in the control group. However, in the PE group, only glycerophosphocholine level showed an increase (p<0.01) at the 6th month. The levels of acetate, acetone (p<0.05 for both) and creatine (p<0.01) decreased at the 6th month as compared to day 3 of lactation in both groups. However, the levels of oligosaccharides were similar between groups and also similar at day 3 and at the 6th month of lactation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data indicates differential levels of metabolites in the milk of women with PE. Future studies are required to investigate the associations between milk components and infant growth and development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune 411043, India.
authors.forename: Kamini
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dangat
authors.affiliation: Department of NMR and MRI Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India.
authors.forename: Deepti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune 411043, India.
authors.forename: Anitha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kilari
authors.affiliation: Department of NMR and MRI Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India.
authors.forename: Uma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune 411043, India.
authors.forename: Nisha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kemse
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bharati Medical College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune 411043, India.
authors.forename: Savita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mehendale
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Bharati Medical College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune 411043, India.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lalwani
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Bharati Medical College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune 411043, India.
authors.forename: Girija
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wagh
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune 411043, India. Electronic address: srjoshi62@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sadhana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.affiliation: Department of NMR and MRI Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India.
authors.forename: Naranamangalam R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Jagannathan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007774:Lactation; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Glutamine; Glycerophosphocholine; Glycine; Lactation; Milk metabolites; Oligosaccharides; Preeclampsia