title: Tramadol does not enhance sedation induced by acepromazine in dogs.
abstract: The sedative effect of acepromazine combined with 2 doses of tramadol [3 and 5 mg/kg body weight (BW)] was compared with the sedative effect of acepromazine alone in dogs and the effects of each sedative protocol on cardiorespiratory variables were examined. This was a prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover study. Each of 6 dogs received 3 treatments at 1-week intervals. During all anesthetic episodes, dogs received 0.05 mg/kg BW acepromazine. Approximately 25 min later, dogs were given physiological saline (control) or tramadol [3 mg/kg BW (TR3) or 5 mg/kg BW (TR5)]. All drugs were administered intravenously. Variables evaluated included heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic, mean, and diastolic blood pressures (SAP, MAP, and DAP), and sedation [by use of a simple descriptive scale (SDS, range: 0 to 3) and a numeric rating scale (NRS, range: 0 to 10)]. Variables were recorded 25 min after acepromazine and for 80 min after saline or tramadol. Acepromazine administration resulted in mild sedation in most dogs and decreased RR, SAP, MAP, and DAP in all treatments. Tramadol administration did not significantly increase SDS or NRS scores compared to acepromazine alone. The only exception to this rule was observed at 20 min after TR3, when NRS was higher in this group than in the control treatment. Administration of tramadol (TR3 and TR5) decreased HR. Under the conditions of this study, sedation induced by acepromazine with tramadol was similar to that of acepromazine alone. The main adverse effects of the combination were a decrease in blood pressure and HR, without clinical significance.
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil 29102-920 (Monteiro, Lobo, Nunes Jr, Rangel, Bitti).
authors.forename: Eduardo R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil 29102-920 (Monteiro, Lobo, Nunes Jr, Rangel, Bitti).
authors.forename: Renan B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil 29102-920 (Monteiro, Lobo, Nunes Jr, Rangel, Bitti).
authors.forename: Juarez S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil 29102-920 (Monteiro, Lobo, Nunes Jr, Rangel, Bitti).
authors.forename: Julia P P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rangel
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil 29102-920 (Monteiro, Lobo, Nunes Jr, Rangel, Bitti).
authors.forename: Flavia S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Bitti
mesh_terms: D000075:Acepromazine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000662:veterinary*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004285:Dogs; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D014147:Tramadol; D000075:Acepromazine