title: Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe sample preparation approach for pesticide residue analysis using traditional detectors in chromatography: A review.
abstract: In pesticide residue analysis, relatively low-sensitivity traditional detectors, such as UV, diode array, electron-capture, flame photometric, and nitrogen-phosphorus detectors, have been used following classical sample preparation (liquid-liquid extraction and open glass column cleanup); however, the extraction method is laborious, time-consuming, and requires large volumes of toxic organic solvents. A quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method was introduced in 2003 and coupled with selective and sensitive mass detectors to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks. Compared to traditional detectors, mass spectrometers are still far more expensive and not available in most modestly equipped laboratories, owing to maintenance and cost-related issues. Even available, traditional detectors are still being used for analysis of residues in agricultural commodities. It is widely known that the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method is incompatible with conventional detectors owing to matrix complexity and low sensitivity. Therefore, modifications using column/cartridge-based solid-phase extraction instead of dispersive solid-phase extraction for cleanup have been applied in most cases to compensate and enable the adaptation of the extraction method to conventional detectors. In gas chromatography, the matrix enhancement effect of some analytes has been observed, which lowers the limit of detection and, therefore, enables gas chromatography to be compatible with the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction method. For liquid chromatography with a UV detector, a combination of column/cartridge-based solid-phase extraction and dispersive solid-phase extraction was found to reduce the matrix interference and increase the sensitivity. A suitable double-layer column/cartridge-based solid-phase extraction might be the perfect solution, instead of a time-consuming combination of column/cartridge-based solid-phase extraction and dispersive solid-phase extraction. Therefore, replacing dispersive solid-phase extraction with column/cartridge-based solid-phase extraction in the cleanup step can make the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction method compatible with traditional detectors for more sensitive, effective, and green analysis.
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Md Musfiqur
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abd El-Aty
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Chul
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ho-Chul
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Han
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shim
mesh_terms: D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000191:economics* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000737:chemistry; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D010573:Pesticide Residues
keywords: Pesticides; Sample preparation; Solid-phase extraction; Traditional detectors