title: Occurrence and characteristics of extended-spectrum β-lactamases producingEscherichia coliin foods of animal origin and human clinical samples in Chhattisgarh, India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) (blaTEM,blaSHV, andblaCTX-M) genes inEscherichia coliisolated from chicken meat, chevon meat, raw milk, and human urine and stool samples collected from tribal districts of Chhattisgarh,viz., Jagdalpur, Dantewada, Kondagaon, and Kanker.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 330 samples, comprising 98 chicken meat, 82 chevon meat, 90 raw milk, and 60 human urine and stool samples, were processed for isolation ofE. coli. Isolates were confirmed biochemically and further tested against commonly used antibiotics to know their resistant pattern. The resistant isolates were tested for ESBL production by phenotypic method followed by characterization with molecular method using multiplex-polymerase chain reaction technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall 57.87% (191/330) samples were found positive forE. coli, which include 66.32% (65/98) chicken meat, 46.34% (38/82) chevon meat, 81.11% (73/90) raw milk, and 25% (15/60) human urine and stool samples. Isolates showed the highest resistance against cefotaxime (41.36%) followed by oxytetracycline (34.03%), ampicillin (29.31%), cephalexin (24.60%), cefixime (16.75%), and ceftazidime (13.08%). Phenotypic method detected 10.99% (21/191) isolates as presumptive ESBL producers, however, molecular method detected 3.66% (7/191), 2.09% (4/191), and 0.00% (0/191) prevalence ofblaTEM,blaCTX-M, andblaSHV, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study indicates a high prevalence ofE. coliin raw chicken meat, chevon meat, and milk due to poor hygienic practices. The antibiotic susceptibility test detected the presence of the resistance pattern against ESBL inE. coliisolated from raw chicken meat, chevon meat, milk, and also in human clinical samples is of great concern. The appearance ofE. coliin the human food chain is alarming and requires adaptation of hygienic practices and stipulate use of antibiotics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwa Vidyalaya, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India.
authors.lastname: Bhoomika
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwa Vidyalaya, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shakya
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwa Vidyalaya, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patyal
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwa Vidyalaya, Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India.
authors.forename: Nitin Eknath
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Gade
keywords: Escherichia coli; blaCTX-M; blaSHV; blaTEM; extended-spectrum β-lactamases