title: High-Precision (MC-ICPMS) Isotope Ratio Analysis Reveals Contrasting Sources of Elevated Blood Lead Levels of an Adult with Retained Bullet Fragments, and of His Child, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
abstract: Exposure to the neurotoxic element lead (Pb) continues to be a major human health concern, particularly for children in US urban settings, and the need for robust tools for assessment of exposure sources has never been greater. The latest generation of multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) instrumentation offers the capability of using Pb isotopic signatures as a tool for environmental source tracking in public health. We present a case where MC-ICPMS was applied to isotopically resolve Pb sources in human clinical samples. An adult male and his child residing in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, presented to care in August 2015 with elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) (>200 μg/dL for the adult and 10 μg/dL for the child). The adult subject is a gunshot victim who had multiple bullet fragments embedded in soft tissue of his thigh for approximately 10 years. This study compared the high-precision isotopic fingerprints (<1 ‰ 2σ external precision) of Pb in the adult's and child's whole blood (WB) to the following possible Pb sources: a surgically extracted bullet fragment, household paint samples and tap water, and a Pb water-distribution pipe removed from servicing a house in the same neighborhood. Pb in the bullet and adult WB were nearly isotopically indistinguishable (matching within 0.05-0.56 ‰), indicating that bullet fragments embedded in soft tissue could be the cause of both acute and chronic elevated blood Pb levels. Among other sources investigated, no single source dominated the child's exposure profile as reflected in the elevated BLL.
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2601 Agriculture Dr, Madison, WI, 53718, USA. kate.smith@slh.wisc.edu.
authors.forename: Kate E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2601 Agriculture Dr, Madison, WI, 53718, USA.
authors.forename: Martin M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Shafer
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Workforce Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, 1 West Wilson Street, Madison, WI, 53703, USA.
authors.forename: Debora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Workforce Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, 1 West Wilson Street, Madison, WI, 53703, USA.
authors.forename: Henry A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2601 Agriculture Dr, Madison, WI, 53718, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Gorski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood*; D007856:Lead Radioisotopes / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D014922:Wisconsin; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D007856:Lead Radioisotopes; D007854:Lead
keywords: Blood lead; Bullet; MC-ICPMS; Pb isotopes; Pb sources; Public health