title: Mechanochemically Induced Conversion of Crystalline Benzamide Polymorphs by Seeding.
abstract: Benzamide has been known for its polymorphism for almost 200 years. Three polymorphic forms are described. To date, it was only possible to crystallize a metastable form in a mixture together with the thermodynamically most stable form I. A complete transformation of form I into the metastable form III by mechanochemical treatment has been achieved. Catalytic amounts of nicotinamide seeds were used to activate the conversion by mechanochemical seeding. NMR experiments indicated that the nicotinamide molecules were incorporated statistically in the crystal lattice of benzamide form III during the conversion. The transformation pathway was evaluated using in situ powder X-ray diffraction.
authors.affiliation: BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.|Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, B.-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.|Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, B.-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Greiser
authors.affiliation: BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pfeifer
authors.affiliation: BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jäger
authors.affiliation: BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany.|Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, B.-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rademann
authors.affiliation: BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany. franziska.emmerling@bam.de.
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8528-0301
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Emmerling
keywords: benzamide; in situ reactions; mechanochemistry; nicotinamide; polymorphs