title: The Role of Alternating Bilateral Stimulation in Establishing Positive Cognition in EMDR Therapy: A Multi-Channel Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study.
abstract: Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) is a standard method for treating post-traumatic stress disorder. EMDR treatment consists of desensitisation and resource development and installation (RDI) stages. Both protocols provide a positive alternating bilateral stimulation (BLS). The effect of desensitisation with BLS has been elucidated. However, a role for BLS in RDI remains unknown. Therefore, it is important to measure feelings as subjective data and physiological indicators as objective data to clarify the role of BLS in RDI. RDI was administered to 15 healthy volunteer subjects who experienced pleasant memories. Their oxygenated haemoglobin concentration ([oxy-Hb]), a sensitive index of brain activity, was measured from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to the temporal cortex using multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy during recall of a pleasant memory with or without BLS. The BLS used was alternating bilateral tactile stimulation with a vibration machine. The psychological evaluation suggested that RDI was successful. The results showed that, compared with non-BLS conditions, accessibility was increased and subjects were more relaxed under BLS conditions. A significant increase in [oxy-Hb] was detected in the right superior temporal sulcus (STS), and a decrease in the wide bilateral areas of the PFC was observed in response to BLS. The significant BLS-induced activation observed in the right STS, which is closely related to memory representation, suggests that BLS may help the recall of more representative pleasant memories. Furthermore, the significant reduction in the PFC, which is related to emotion regulation, suggests that BLS induces relaxation and comfortable feelings. These results indicate an important neural mechanism of RDI that emotional processing occurred rather than higher cognitive processing during this stage. Considering the neuroscientific evidence to date, BLS in RDI may enhance comfortable feelings about pleasant memories. Based on the current findings, the use of BLS in RDI may be warranted in some clinical situations.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.|The Organization for Promoting Neurodevelopmental Disorder Research, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Tamaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Amano
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.|The Organization for Promoting Neurodevelopmental Disorder Research, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Motomi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toichi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D057169:Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000628:therapy; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins