title: Antihepatotoxic Effect and Metabolite Profiling ofPanicum turgidumExtract via UPLC-qTOF-MS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Panicum turgidum, desert grass, has not reported any detailed phytochemical or biological study as yet.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establishP. turgidumsecondary metabolite profile and to assess its antihepatotoxic effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to quadrupole high-resolution time of flight mass spectrometry (qTOF-MS) was used for large-scale secondary metabolites profiling inP. turgidumextract, alongside assessing median lethal dose(LD50)and hepatoprotective effect against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intoxication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 39 metabolites were identified with flavonoids as the major class present asO/C-glycosides of luteolin, apigenin, isorhamnetin and naringenin, most of which are first time to be reported inPanicumsp. Antihepatotoxic effect ofP. turgidumcrude extract was revealed via improving several biochemical marker levels and mitigation against oxidative stress in the serum and liver tissues, compared with CCl4 intoxicated group and further confirmed by histopathological examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reveals thatP. turgidum, enriched inC-flavonoids, presents a novel source of safe antihepatotoxic agents and further demonstrates the efficacy of UPLC-MS metabolomics in the field of natural products drug discovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UPLC coupled to qTOF-MS was used for large scale secondary metabolites profiling inP. turgidum.A total of 39 metabolites were identified with flavonoids amounting as the major metabolite class.Anti-hepatotoxic effect ofP. turgidumextract was revealedviaseveral biochemical markers and histopathological examination.This study reveals thatP. turgidum, enriched inC-flavonoids, present a novel source of antihepatotoxic agents.Abbreviations used: UPLC:Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), LD50: median lethal dose,MDA:malondialdehyde,GSH:glutathione reductase,CAT:catalase,SOD:superoxide dismutase,ALT:alanine aminotransferase,AST:aspartate aminotransferase,ALP:alkaline phosphatase,TG:triglycerides.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Farag
authors.affiliation: Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahlam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: El Fishawy
authors.affiliation: Chemistry of Tannins Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Sayed A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: El-Toumy
authors.affiliation: Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Khadiga F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Amer
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mansour
authors.affiliation: Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hala E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Taha
keywords: Antihepatotoxic; Panicum turgidum; UPLC MS analysis; flavonoids; toxicity