title: Non-isothermal kinetic study of de-oiled seeds cake of African star apple (Chrosophyllum albidum) using thermogravimetry.
abstract: Thermal decomposition and kinetics behaviour of the de-oiled seed cake of African star apple (Chrosophyllum albidum) has been investigated using thermogravimetry under the nitrogen atmosphere from ambient temperature to 900 °C. The thermogravimetric data for the cake decomposition at six different heating rates (5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 °C/min) were used to evaluate the kinetic decomposition of the cake using Friedman (FD), Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) models. Thermal decomposition of the cake showed thermograms indicating dehydration and devolitilization stages (200-400 °C). The maximum temperature for the decomposition of the cake (Tmax) increases from 289.42-335.96 °C with increase in heating rates. The average apparent activation energy (Ea) values of 153.15, 145.14 and 147.15 kJ/mol were calculated using Friedman, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa models respectively. The extent of mass conversion (α) shows dependence on apparent activation Ea values which is an evidence of multi-step decomposition kinetic. The thermal profile and kinetic data obtained could be helpful in evaluating the thermal stability of the cake as well as modeling, designing and developing a thermo-chemical system for the conversion of the cake to fuel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sokoto
authors.affiliation: CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Biofuels Division, Dehradun, India.
authors.forename: Rawel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Biofuels Division, Dehradun, India.
authors.forename: Bhavya B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Krishna
authors.affiliation: CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Biofuels Division, Dehradun, India.
authors.forename: Jitendra
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Biofuels Division, Dehradun, India.
authors.forename: Thallada
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bhaskar
keywords: Analytical chemistry; Physical chemistry