title: Validity of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score for Detecting Undiagnosed Type 2 Diabetes among General Medical Outpatients in Botswana.
abstract: This was a cross-sectional study designed to assess the validity of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score for detecting undiagnosed type 2 diabetes among general medical outpatients in Botswana. Participants aged ≥20 years without previously diagnosed diabetes were screened by (1) an 8-item Finnish diabetes risk assessment questionnaire and (2) Haemoglobin A1c test. Data from 291 participants were analyzed (74.2% were females). The mean age of the participants was 50.1 (SD = ±11) years, and the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 42 (14.4%) with no significant differences between the gender (20% versus 12.5%,P= 0.26). The area under curve for detecting undiagnosed diabetes was 0.63 (95% CI 0.55-0.72) for the total population, 0.65 (95% CI: 0.56-0.75) for women, and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.52-0.83) for men. The optimal cut-off point for detecting undiagnosed diabetes was 17 (sensitivity = 48% and specificity = 73%) for the total population, 17 (sensitivity = 56% and specificity = 66%) for females, and 13 (sensitivity = 53% and specificity = 77%) for males. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 20% and 89.5%, respectively. The findings indicate that the Finnish questionnaire was only modestly effective in predicting undiagnosed diabetes among outpatients in Botswana.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00713, Gaborone, Botswana.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3087-736X
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Omech
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00713, Gaborone, Botswana.
authors.forename: Julius Chacha
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5947-3684
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mwita
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00713, Gaborone, Botswana.
authors.forename: Jose-Gaby
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Tshikuka
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00713, Gaborone, Botswana.
authors.forename: Billy
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8534-7198
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tsima
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00713, Gaborone, Botswana.
authors.forename: Oathokwa
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nkomazna
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB 00713, Gaborone, Botswana.
authors.forename: Kennedy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amone-P'Olak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001902:Botswana / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human