title: Mu and delta opioid receptor knockout mice show increased colonic sensitivity.
abstract: Opiates act through opioid receptors to diminish pain. Here, we investigated whether mu (MOR) and delta (DOR) receptor endogenous activity assessed in the whole mouse body or in particular at peripheral receptors on primary nociceptive neurons, control colonic pain.
  
  
  
  We compared global MOR and DOR receptor knockout (KO) mice, mice with a conditional deletion of MOR and DOR in Nav1.8-positive nociceptive primary afferent neurons (cKO), and control floxed mice of both genders for visceral sensitivity. Visceromotor responses to colorectal distension (CRD) and macroscopic colon scores were recorded on naïve mice and mice with acute colitis induced by 3% dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) for 5 days. Transcript expression for opioid genes and cytokines was measured by quantitative RT-PCR.
  
  
  
  Naïve MOR and DOR global KO mice show increased visceral sensitivity that was not observed in cKO mice. MOR and preproenkephalin (Penk) were the most expressed opioid genes in colon. MOR KO mice had augmented kappa opioid receptor and Tumour-Necrosis-Factor-α and diminished Penk transcript levels while DOR, preprodynorphin and Interleukin-1β were unchanged. Global MOR KO females had a thicker colon than floxed females. No alteration was detected in DOR mutant animals. A 5-day DSS treatment led to comparable hypersensitivity in the different mouse lines.
  
  
  
  Our results suggest that mu and delta opioid receptor global endogenous activity but not activity at the peripheral Nav1.8 neurons contribute to visceral sensitivity in naïve mice, and that endogenous MOR and DOR tones were insufficient to elicit analgesia after 5-day DSS-induced colitis.
  
  
  
  Knockout mice for mu and delta opioid receptor have augmented colon sensitivity in the CRD assay. It shows endogenous mu and delta opioid analgesia that may be explored as potential targets for alleviating chronic intestinal pain.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.|Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.|Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.|Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.affiliation: Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.|Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.|Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.|Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.|Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives INCI, UPR3212, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ceredig
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Secher
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boué
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barreau
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.affiliation: Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.|Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.|Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France.|Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.|Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gavériaux-Ruff
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D004399:Dynorphins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004745:Enkephalins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010146:Pain / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D059408:Pain Management; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004745:Enkephalins; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D011498:Protein Precursors; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C036448:pre-prodynorphin; D004399:Dynorphins; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; C033660:preproenkephalin