title: Associations of Maternal and Paternal Blood Pressure Patterns and Hypertensive Disorders during Pregnancy with Childhood Blood Pressure.
abstract: Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy may affect the cardiovascular risk of offspring. We examined the associations of maternal blood pressure throughout pregnancy and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy with childhood blood pressure of offspring. Specific focus was on the comparison with paternal blood pressure effects, the identification of critical periods, and the role of birth outcomes and childhood body mass index in the observed associations.
  
  
  
  This study was embedded in a population-based prospective cohort study among 5310 mothers and fathers and their children. We measured maternal blood pressure in each trimester of pregnancy and paternal blood pressure once. Information about hypertensive disorders in pregnancy was obtained from medical records. We measured childhood blood pressure at the median age of 6.0 years (95% range 5.7-8.0 years). Both maternal and paternal blood pressure were positively associated with childhood blood pressure (all P<0.05), with similar effect estimates. Conditional regression analyses showed that early, mid-, and late-pregnancy maternal blood pressure levels were all independent and positively associated with childhood blood pressure, with the strongest effect estimates for early pregnancy. Compared with children of mothers without hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, children of mothers with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy had higher diastolic blood pressure by a standard deviation score of 0.13 (95% CI 0.05-0.21). The observed associations were not materially affected by birth outcomes and childhood body mass index.
  
  
  
  Both maternal and paternal blood pressure affects childhood blood pressure, independent of fetal and childhood growth measures, with the strongest effect of maternal blood pressure in early pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kozeta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miliku
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nienke E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Bergen
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hanneke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eric A P
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Steegers
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Romy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gaillard
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands v.jaddoe@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Vincent W V
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002648:Child; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D046110:Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: blood pressure; gestational hypertension; pediatrics; preeclampsia; pregnancy