title: Lutein ester profile in wheat and tritordeum can be modulated by temperature: Evidences for regioselectivity and fatty acid preferential of enzymes encoded by genes on chromosomes 7D and 7Hch.
abstract: The increase of lutein retention through the food chain is desirable for wheat breeding. Lutein esters are more stable than free lutein during post-harvest storage and two loci on chromosomes 7D and 7Hchare important for esterification. We investigated the effect of temperature during grain filling on carotenoid accumulation and lutein ester profile including fatty acid selectivity (palmitic vs. linoleic) and regioselectivity (esterification at positions 3 vs. 3'). Three different temperature regimes were assayed (controlled, semi-controlled and non-controlled). Lutein esters were more stable than free carotenoids in vivo and the enzymes encoded by chromosomes 7Hchand 7D are complementary. Indeed, they show differential preferences for the fatty acid (palmitic and linoleic, respectively) and regioselectivity (3 and 3', respectively). Besides, H. chilense has additional genes for esterification. Finally, the increase of temperature favoured the accumulation of lutein esters with linoleic acid and the synthesis of regioisomers at position 3'.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), E-14004 Córdoba, Spain; Department of Genetics, ETSIAM, University of Cordoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, ceiA3, E-14071 Cordoba, Spain.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Mattera
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Phytochemistry, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46, Ctra. de Utrera, km 1, E-41013 Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hornero-Méndez
authors.affiliation: Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), E-14004 Córdoba, Spain. Electronic address: sgatienza@ias.csic.es.
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Atienza
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis*; D032461:Chromosomes, Plant; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry*; D004951:Esterification; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D014975:Lutein / Q000032:analysis*; D006109:Poaceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D013696:Temperature; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D002338:Carotenoids; D014975:Lutein
keywords: Carotenoid; Esterification; Hordeum chilense; Lutein, lutein acylesters regioisomers; Tritordeum; Wheat