title: Sex Differences in Time Perception during Self-paced Running.
abstract: Time perception during exercise may be affected by chosen intensity, and may also affect enjoyment of exercise and subsequent long-term adherence. However, little is known about how individuals perceive the passage of time during exercise, or if factors such as sex are influential. The purpose of this study was to determine if there are sex related differences in perception of time during a bout of exercise in experienced runners. Twenty-two recreational runners (11 men, 11 women) participated in a bout of treadmill running where they were allowed to select their intensity. Sixty second prospective time estimations were taken before, during (at 33%, 66% and 90% of the completed distance), and after the run. Heart rate (HR) was also recorded throughout. The women (M= 91.9,SD= 3.3) ran at a significantly higher percentage of their maximum HR than the men (M= 86.5,SD= 6.4;p= 0.022), choosing to run at a higher relative intensity than the men when given the opportunity to self-pace. The women had relatively lower time estimations overall, showing that they perceived time to be passing by more slowly compared to the men. These results may help to explain sex related differences in exercise adherence.
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University, Columbia, OH, USA; Department of Human Performance and Health Education, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University, Columbia, OH, USA; Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buckworth
keywords: prospective; running; self-pacing; teleoanticipation; time perception