title: Comparison of ingestion and topical application of insecticides against the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The global prevalence of Cimex lectularius infestations has challenged current intervention efforts, as pyrethroid resistance has become ubiquitous, availability of labeled insecticides for bed bugs is limited, and non-chemical treatment options, such as heat, are often unaffordable. We evaluated representative insecticides toward the goal of developing a novel, ingestible liquid bait for hematophagous arthropods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LC50values were estimated for adult males and first instar nymphs of an insecticide-susceptible strain for abamectin, clothianidin, fipronil and indoxacarb, after ingestion from an artificial feeder. LD50values were calculated based on the ingested blood volume. Ingested abamectin, clothianidin and fipronil caused rapid mortality in both life stages. Fipronil was ∼43-fold more effective by ingestion than by topical application. Indoxacarb and its bioactive metabolite decarbomethoxylated JW062 (DCJW) were ineffective at causing bed bug mortality even at concentrations as high as 1000 ng mL-1blood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fipronil, clothianidin and abamectin have potential for being incorporated into a liquid bait for bed bug control; indoxacarb and DCJW were not effective. Bed bugs are a good candidate for an ingestible liquid bait because systemic formulations generally require less active ingredient than residual sprays, they remain contained and more effectively target hematophagous arthropods. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sierras
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Coby
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001511:Bedbugs / Q000254:growth & development; D004478:Ectoparasitic Infestations / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006146:Guanidines; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007306:Insecticides; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D008297:Male; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009758:Nymph; D010078:Oxazines; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013844:Thiazoles
chemical_list: D006146:Guanidines; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D010078:Oxazines; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013844:Thiazoles; C480342:clothianidin; C401104:indoxacarb; C048324:abamectin; D007559:Ivermectin; C082360:fipronil
keywords: Cimex lectularius; bed bug; liquid bait; mortality; systemic control