title: A standardized method for quantifying consistent individual differences in schooling behaviour.
abstract: A method for quantifying consistent individual differences in schooling behaviour is presented. This method, which utilizes a school of models, improves on previous methods by removing the unwanted variation that is introduced by live stimulus fish while still providing the physiological experience of schooling to the focal fish. Three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus observed in the model school assay exhibited consistent individual differences in schooling behaviour.
authors.affiliation: School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61821, U.S.A.|College of Science and Math, Norwich University, 158 Harmon Drive, Northfield, VT 05663, U.S.A.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pearish
authors.affiliation: School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61821, U.S.A.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hostert
authors.affiliation: School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61821, U.S.A.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D023701:Smegmamorpha / Q000502:physiology*; D012919:Social Behavior
keywords: Gasterosteus aculeatus; dummies; handling stress; personality; sociality