title: Comparison of general health status, myocardial infarction, obesity, diabetes, and fruit and vegetable intake between immigrant Pakistani population in the Netherlands and the local Amsterdam population.
abstract: South Asians living in Western countries have shown higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease and related non-communicable diseases as compared to the local populations. The aim of this study was to compare the general health status and prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI), diabetes, high blood pressure, overweight, obesity, and fruit and vegetable intake between Pakistani immigrants in the Netherlands and local Amsterdam population.
  
  
  
  A health survey was conducted in 2012-2013 among Pakistanis in the Netherlands. Results were compared with a health survey conducted among inhabitants of Amsterdam in 2012. One hundred and fifty-four Pakistanis from four big cities of the Netherlands and 7218 inhabitants of Amsterdam participated. The data for Amsterdam population were weighed on the basis of age, gender, city district, marital status, ethnicity and income level while the data for Pakistanis were weighed on the basis of age and gender to make both data-sets representative of their general population.
  
  
  
  Pakistanis reported a high prevalence of MI (3.3%), diabetes (11.4%), high blood pressure (14.4%), overweight (35.5%) and obesity (18.5%) while Amsterdam population reported the prevalence as 2.5% for MI, 6.8% for diabetes, 15.3% for high blood pressure, 28.1% for overweight and 11.1% for obesity. Pakistanis had a significantly higher level of MI (OR = 2.71; 95% CI: 1.19-6.14), diabetes (OR = 4.41; 95% CI: 2.66-7.33) and obesity (OR = 2.51; 95% CI: 1.53-4.12) after controlling for age, sex and educational level with Amsterdam population as the reference group. Pakistanis showed a higher intake of fruit and fruit juice as compared to Amsterdam population though the latter showed a higher intake of cooked vegetables.
  
  
  
  Higher prevalence of MI, diabetes and obesity among Pakistanis than Amsterdam population indicates the need for health scientists and policy-makers to develop interventions for tackling non-communicable diseases and its determinants among Pakistanis living in the Netherlands.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences , VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Qaisar
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.affiliation: b Department of Public Health , Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nicolaou
authors.affiliation: c Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion , Public Health Service of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henriëtte
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dijkshoorn
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences , VU University Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jacob C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Seidell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D014675:Vegetables
keywords: Immigrant Pakistani; MI; diabetes; fruit and vegetables; obesity; overweight