title: Gastrointestinal Motility and Acute Toxicity of Pistagremic Acid Isolated from the Galls of Pistacia integerrima.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pistacia integerrima has many medicinal uses in therapeutic as well as folk medicine. P. integerrima has been used for the treatment of different ailments such as blood purifier, anti-inflammatory, and as remedy for gastrointestinal disorders such as vomiting and diarrhea, expectorant, cough, asthma and fever.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The main objective of this research work was to evaluate the effect of pistagremic acid (PA) isolated from the galls of Pistacia integerima in acute toxicity and gastrointestinal (GIT) motility tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  Compound 1 namely pistagremic acid (PA) (at 10, 50, 100 mg/kg i.p) were assessed for their in-vivo gastrointestinal motility test using charcoal screening model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results revealed that pretreatment of PA exhibited substantial safety in acute toxicity test up to the dose of 500 mg/kg p.o. However, when studied in charcoal meal GI transit test, PA caused significant (p < 0.05) attenuation of GIT motility and an increase in intestinal transit time, comparable to atropine (a muscarinic receptor blocking agent).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, PA displayed a strong dose-dependent reduction in GIT motility with considerable safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Ambar-23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abdur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rauf
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, P.O. Box 42. Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Tareq
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abu-Izneid
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad-22060. Pakistan.
authors.forename: Aneela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maalik
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, P.O. Box 42. Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Saud
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bawazeer
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad-22060. Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ajmal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: LCM Laboratory, University of Mohamed 1st, Faculty of Sciences, Oujda 60000. Morocco.
authors.forename: Taibi Ben
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Hadda
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Haroon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Zagazig, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed Fawzy
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Ramadan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Swabi, Ambar-23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Imran
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.
authors.forename: Mohammad S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mubarak
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ghias
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Uddin
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Alia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bahadar
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad-22060, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Umar
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Farooq
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D027927:Pistacia / Q000737:chemistry*; D010941:Plant Tumors; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D015996:Survival Rate; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014315:Triterpenes; C581170:pistagremic acid
keywords: GIT motility test; Pistacia integerima; acute toxicity; charcoal meal; dose-dependent reduction; pistagremic acid