title: The risk of hydraulic fracturing on public health in the UK and the UK's fracking legislation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hydraulic fracturing to extract natural gas from shale rock is a new, rapidly expanding industry in the United States (US). However, there is concern that these operations could be having large negative impacts such as groundwater contamination, increased air pollution and seismic events. The United Kingdom (UK) is looking at the potential for emulating the success of 'shale gas' in the US. Differences in population density and geological conditions mean that the public health impacts recorded in the US cannot be directly extrapolated to the UK. There is limited academic literature available but findings suggest that the UK government is not fully recognising the inherent risks of hydraulic fracturing exposed by this literature. Government reports suggest a reliance on engineering solutions and better practice to overcome problems found in the US when evidence suggests that there are inherent risks and impacts that cannot be eliminated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study applies US results to approximate the impact of one exposure pathway, inhalation of hydrocarbons by the public from operational air emissions over the 30 year lifetime of a well and finds that 7.2 extra cancer cases from exposure to air contamination would be expected in the UK if all test sites, approved test sites and test sites awaiting approval as of January 2015 went on to extract gas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, limited assessment of the public health implications of hydraulic fracturing operations is available but the UK government appears to not be applying the precautionary principle to potentially significant legislation.
authors.affiliation: Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, UK.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3792-5184
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reap
keywords: Air emissions; Fracking; Hydraulic fracturing; Precautionary principle; Public health; Risk; UK; Uncertainty