title: Bergmann's Body Size Rule Operates in Facultatively Endothermic Insects: Evidence from a Complex of Cryptic Bumblebee Species.
abstract: According to Bergmann's rule we expect species with larger body size to inhabit locations with a cooler climate, where they may be well adapted to conserve heat and resist starvation. This rule is generally applied to endotherms. In contrast, body size in ectothermic invertebrates has been suggested to follow the reverse ecogeographic trend: these converse Bergmann's patterns may be driven by the ecological constraints of shorter season length and lower food availability in cooler high latitude locations. Such patterns are particularly common in large insects due to their longer development times. As large and facultatively endothermic insects, bumblebees could thus be expected to follow either trend. In this investigation, we studied body size of three bumblebee species over a large spatial area and investigated whether interspecific trends in body size correspond to differences in their distribution consistent with either Bergmann's or a converse Bergmann's rule. We examined the body size of queens, males and workers of the Bombus lucorum complex of cryptic bumblebee species from across the whole of Great Britain. We found interspecific differences in body size corresponding to Bergmann's rule: queens and males of the more northerly distributed, cool-adapted, species were largest. In contrast, the mean body size of the worker caste did not vary between the three species. These differences in body size may have evolved under selection pressures for thermoregulation or starvation resistance. We suggest that this case study in facultatively endothermic insects may help clarify the selection pressures governing Bergmann rule trends more generally.
authors.affiliation: Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jessica J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4217-3490
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Scriven
authors.affiliation: Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Penelope R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Whitehorn
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goulson
authors.affiliation: Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Matthew C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Tinsley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D049628:Body Size / Q000502:physiology*; D002980:Climate; D017753:Ecosystem; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature