title: Maternal Diet and Nutrient Requirements in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. An Italian Consensus Document.
abstract: The importance of lifestyle and dietary habits during pregnancy and breastfeeding, for health of mothers and their offspring, is widely supported by the most recent scientific literature. The consumption of a varied and balanced diet from the preconceptional period is essential to ensure both maternal well-being and pregnancy outcomes. However, the risk of inadequate intakes of specific micronutrients in pregnancy and lactation is high even in the most industrialized countries. This particularly applies to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), iron, iodine, calcium, folic acid, and vitamin D, also in the Italian population. Moreover, the risk of not reaching the adequate nutrient supply is increased for selected groups of women of childbearing age: those following exclusion diets, underweight or overweight/obese, smokers, adolescents, mothers who have had multiple or close pregnancies, and those with previous unfavorable pregnancy outcomes.
authors.affiliation: NFI-Nutrition Foundation of Italy, Milano 20124, Italy. marangoni@nutrition-foundation.it.
authors.forename: Franca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marangoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Mother and Child Hospital Luigi Sacco, Center for Fetal Research Giorgio Pardi, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences University of Milan-Italian Society of Perinatal Medicine (SIMP), Milano 20157, Italy. irene.cetin@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cetin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan-Italian Society of Pediatrics (SIP), Milano 20142, Italy. elvira.verduci@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Verduci
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, S. Cimino Hospital-Italian Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics (SIGO), Termini Imerese, Palermo 90018, Italy. gicanzone@tiscali.it.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Canzone
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Science, University of Milan-Italian Society of Pediatric Nutrition (SINUPE), Milano 20142, Italy. marcello.giovannini@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giovannini
authors.affiliation: Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Department, Cannizzaro Hospital-Italian Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics (SIGO), Catania 95126, Italy. presidente@sigo.it.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scollo
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care, University of Palermo-Italian Society of Pediatrics (SIP), Palermo 90127, Italy. giocors@alice.it.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Corsello
authors.affiliation: NFI-Nutrition Foundation of Italy, Milano 20124, Italy. poli@nutrition-foundation.it.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poli
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009035:Mothers; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients
keywords: DHA; adequate intake; breastfeeding; micronutrients; nutrient requirement; pregnancy