title: Evolution of network architecture in a granular material under compression.
abstract: As a granular material is compressed, the particles and forces within the system arrange to form complex and heterogeneous collective structures. Force chains are a prime example of such structures, and are thought to constrain bulk properties such as mechanical stability and acoustic transmission. However, capturing and characterizing the evolving nature of the intrinsic inhomogeneity and mesoscale architecture of granular systems can be challenging. A growing body of work has shown that graph theoretic approaches may provide a useful foundation for tackling these problems. Here, we extend the current approaches by utilizing multilayer networks as a framework for directly quantifying the progression of mesoscale architecture in a compressed granular system. We examine a quasi-two-dimensional aggregate of photoelastic disks, subject to biaxial compressions through a series of small, quasistatic steps. Treating particles as network nodes and interparticle forces as network edges, we construct a multilayer network for the system by linking together the series of static force networks that exist at each strain step. We then extract the inherent mesoscale structure from the system by using a generalization of community detection methods to multilayer networks, and we define quantitative measures to characterize the changes in this structure throughout the compression process. We separately consider the network of normal and tangential forces, and find that they display a different progression throughout compression. To test the sensitivity of the network model to particle properties, we examine whether the method can distinguish a subsystem of low-friction particles within a bath of higher-friction particles. We find that this can be achieved by considering the network of tangential forces, and that the community structure is better able to separate the subsystem than a purely local measure of interparticle forces alone. The results discussed throughout this study suggest that these network science techniques may provide a direct way to compare and classify data from systems under different external conditions or with different physical makeup.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Lia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania 17325, USA.
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Puckett
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.affiliation: Departments of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.|Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Danielle S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bassett