title: Early Identification of Lung Fungal Infections in Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) Using Multidetector Computer Tomography.
abstract: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the possibility of early detection of pulmonary fungal infections by lung CT scan in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD).
  
  
  
  A retrospective study on 14 patients affected with CGD for a total of 18 infectious episodes was performed. Revision of clinical data and CT scan analysis before and after treatment was performed.
  
  
  
  The presence of lung nodules <30 mm was evaluated in 18 infectious episodes in 14 patients. A total of 125 nodules in 18 CT scans were identified. Identification of the infectious agent through biopsy and in vitro culture resulted positive only in 3/18 cases. The remaining cases received clinical/radiologic diagnosis of suspected pulmonary fungal infection. In all cases, the introduction of empirical antifungal treatment resulted in reduction in size or complete resolution of the pulmonary lung nodules in all patients affected with CGD.
  
  
  
  Lung CT scan allows for early detection of pulmonary fungal infection in CGD. Pulmonary nodules (<30 mm), single or multiple, uni- or bilateral, with or without a halo sign may represent the first radiologic sign of pulmonary fungal infection in CGD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy. mariapiabondioni@gmail.com.|Pediatric Radiology Unit, ASST Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia, 25123, Italy. mariapiabondioni@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maria Pia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Bondioni
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia, 25123, Italy.
authors.forename: Vassilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lougaris
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Radiology Unit, ASST Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia, 25123, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Gaetano
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia, 25123, Italy.
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lorenzini
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia, 25123, Italy.
authors.forename: Annarosa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soresina
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Radiology Unit, ASST Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia, 25123, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laffranchi
authors.affiliation: Unit of Pneumology, Ospedale di Esine, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gatta
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Clinic and Institute for Molecular Medicine A. Nocivelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia, 25123, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plebani
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D002675:Child, Preschool; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006105:Granulomatous Disease, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008172:Lung Diseases, Fungal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD); fungal infections; lung CT scan