title: Longitudinal analysis of inflammatory biomarkers during acute rhinosinusitis.
abstract: To illuminate the pathophysiology of acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) with sequential monitoring of inflammatory biomarkers during an ARS episode and to clarify their diagnostic usability in bacterial ARS.
  
  
  
  Inception cohort study with 50 conscripts with ARS.
  
  
  
  We collected peripheral blood high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), white blood cell (WBC), procalcitonin, and nasal nitric oxide (nNO) counts at 2 to 3 and 9 to 10 days of symptoms during an ARS episode. We simultaneously gathered various clinical parameters and microbiological samples. Bacterial ARS was confirmed with a positive culture of sinus aspirate.
  
  
  
  Reciprocal correlations and a significant change in biomarker levels between the two visits suggest that ARS involves a local and systemic inflammatory response that was strongest at 2 to 3 days. High-sensitive CRP and nNO reflected responses best (52% had increased CRP levels at 2-3 days; 66% had decreased nNO levels). White blood cell and procalcitonin counts rarely exceeded the reference range. Increased local and systemic inflammatory response were linked to multiple, adenoviral, or influenza A viral etiology or the detection of bacterial ARS. Local response correlated with imaging findings of wide paranasal sinus involvement and ostiomeatal complex occlusion. At 9 to 10 days, elevated (≥ 11 mg/L) and moderately elevated (≥ 49 mg/L) hs-CRP predicted bacterial ARS well (likelihood ratio [LR]+ 3.3 and LR+ 15.8, respectively), but the sensitivity for both findings remained low.
  
  
  
  Acute rhinosinusitis (particularly bacterial ARS) involves a local and systemic inflammatory response that is strongest at the beginning of symptoms. Elevated hs-CRP supports the diagnosis of bacterial ARS.
  
  
  
  4. Laryngoscope, 2016 127:E55-E61, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.|PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu.
authors.forename: Timo J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Autio
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.|PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu.
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koskenkorva
authors.affiliation: Air Force Command Finland, Finnish Defense Forces, Tikkakoski, Finland.
authors.forename: Tuomo K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Leino
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.|PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu.
authors.forename: Petri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koivunen
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.|PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu.
authors.forename: Olli-Pekka
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Alho
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Acute rhinosinusitis; C-reactive protein; CRP; NO; bacterial; high-sensitive CRP; nasal nitric oxide; procalcitonin