title: Kai Xin San aqueous extract improves Aβ1-40-induced cognitive deficits on adaptive behavior learning by enhancing memory-related molecules expression in the hippocampus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kai Xin San (KXS), a traditional formula of Chinese medicine, has been used to treat dementia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to investigate its ameliorating effects on Aβ1-40-induced cognitive impairment in rats using a series of novel reward-directed instrumental learning tasks, and to determine its possible mechanism of action.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were pretreated with KXS aqueous extract (0.72 and 1.44g/kg, p.o.) for 10 days, and were trained to gain reward reinforcement by lever pressing at the meantime. Thereafter, rats received a bilateral microinjection of Aβ1-40in CA1 regions of the hippocampus. Cognitive performance was evaluated with the goal directed (higher response ratio) and habit (visual signal discrimination and extinction) learning tasks, as well as on the levels of memory-related biochemical parameters and molecules.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings first demonstrated that KXS can improve Aβ1-40-induced amnesia in RDIL via enhancing the comprehension of action-outcome association and the utilization of cue information to guide behavior. Then, its ameliorating effects should be attributed to the modulation of memory-related molecules in the hippocampus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, KXS has the potential to prevent and/or delay the deterioration of cognitive impairment in AD.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. Electronic address: lucong198912@126.com.
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiuping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ruile
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shanguang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yinghui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Haixia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.affiliation: Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Lanlan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bu
authors.affiliation: Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Lingling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China. Electronic address: liuxinmin@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Xinmin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D008517:Phytotherapy; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012201:Reward
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; C000605449:Kai-Xin-San; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C078592:amyloid beta-protein (1-40); D018698:Glutamic Acid; D000109:Acetylcholine
keywords: Aβ(1-40); Cognitive deficits; Kai Xin San; Memory-related molecules; Reward-directed instrumental learning