title: Cytotoxicity, haemolymphatic parameters, and oxidative stress following exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of quaternium-15 in Mytilus galloprovincialis.
abstract: The presence of a xenobiotic in the environment can often represent a risk for living organisms. Quaternium-15, a preservative, is one of the most used substances and is added to several cosmetics and other industrial products. For this reason,kwowing the bio-indicator of the marine environment, the toxicological effects potentially elicited by this preservative on the marine invertebrate Mytilus galloprovincialis were studied. The results of this work confirm that quaternium-15, used at 0.1 and 1mg/l concentrations, while metabolized in M. galloprovincialis, causes a decrease in cellular viability, and remarkable changes to the defense and antioxidant system. In fact, haemocyte viability is dramatically reduced, and haemolymphatic parameter measurements indicate a stress on the animal. Moreover, an increase in radical species production, in Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Species (TBARS) concentration, and in the Heat Shock Protein 70 amount, were observed in hepatopancreas. These changes suggest that the antioxidant systems are activated to overwhelm the oxidative damage induced by quaternium-15. Quaternium-15 jeopardizes both the defense and antioxidant systems. These results provide essential information with the biological fate of quaternium-15 in aquatic organisms, and confirm that biomarkers represent an important tool for modern environmental assessments as they can help with the prediction of pollutants involved in the monitoring program.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31 98166, S. Agata-Messina, Italy. Electronic address: cfaggio@unime.it.
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Faggio
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31 98166, S. Agata-Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pagano
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31 98166, S. Agata-Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alampi
authors.affiliation: Experimental Zooprofilatic Institute of Sicily "A. Mirri", Italy.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vazzana
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31 98166, S. Agata-Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Rosa
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Felice
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008709:Methenamine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011897:Random Allocation; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C018375:quaternium-15; D008709:Methenamine
keywords: Cytotoxicity; Haemolymphatic parameters; Mytilus galloprovincialis; Oxidative stress; Quaternium-15