title: No difference found in time to publication by statistical significance of trial results: a methodological review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Time-lag from study completion to publication is a potential source of publication bias in randomised controlled trials. This study sought to update the evidence base by identifying the effect of the statistical significance of research findings on time to publication of trial results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature searches were carried out in four general medical journals from June 2013 to June 2014 inclusive (BMJ, JAMA, theLancetand theNew England Journal of Medicine).
  
  
  METHODS
  Methodological review of four general medical journals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Original research articles presenting the primary analyses from phase 2, 3 and 4 parallel-group randomised controlled trials were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Time from trial completion to publication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median time from trial completion to publication was 431 days (n= 208, interquartile range 278-618). A multivariable adjusted Cox model found no statistically significant difference in time to publication for trials reporting positive or negative results (hazard ratio: 0.86, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.16,p= 0.32).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to previous studies, this review did not demonstrate the presence of time-lag bias in time to publication. This may be a result of these articles being published in four high-impact general medical journals that may be more inclined to publish rapidly, whatever the findings. Further research is needed to explore the presence of time-lag bias in lower quality studies and lower impact journals.
authors.affiliation: York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jefferson
authors.affiliation: York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fairhurst
authors.affiliation: Elderly medicine, York Hospital, York YO31 8HE, UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.affiliation: York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Torgerson
authors.affiliation: York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tharmanathan
authors.affiliation: York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cockayne
authors.affiliation: York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Torgerson
keywords: Randomised controlled trials; publication bias; time-lag bias