title: Assessment of extravascular lung water by ultrasound after congenital cardiac surgery.
abstract: Lung ultrasounds show vertical artifacts known as B-lines in the presence of increased extravascular lung water (EVLW). We aimed to investigate whether lung ultrasound could estimate EVLW after congenital cardiac surgery.
  
  
  
  This prospective observational study comprised 61 children (age range 3 days to 7.4 years) undergoing congenital cardiac surgery. We compared postoperative B-line scores from lung ultrasounds, early postoperative ultrasound as our primary interest, with corresponding postoperative chest radiography (CXR) lung edema scores, with static lung compliance, and with short-term clinical outcome interpreted as time on mechanical ventilation and length of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stay.
  
  
  
  Our findings showed lung ultrasound B-line scores and CXR lung edema scores as correlating 1-6 hr postoperatively (r2= 0.41, P < 0.0001), on the first postoperative day (r2= 0.15, P = 0.004) and on the fourth postoperative day (r2= 0.28, P = 0.008). The B-line score or CXR lung edema score showed no correlation with lung compliance. We found that in multivariable analyses, with length of perfusion and presence of postoperative complications as covariates, both lung ultrasound (P ≤ 0.02) and CXR (P ≤ 0.002) 1-6 hr postoperatively predicted the length of mechanical ventilation and PICU stay. The interobserver variability was less for lung ultrasound B-line score than for CXR lung edema score (P = 0.001).
  
  
  
  Our results show that lung ultrasound in assessment of postoperative EVLW predicted length of mechanical ventilation and stay in the PICU, and it had less interobserver variability than CXR. Accordingly, lung ultrasound may complement CXR in assessment of lung edema after surgery for congenital heart defect. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:345-352. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Pediatric Cardiology, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, and Neonatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Children's Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Pediatrics, Päijät-Häme Central Hospital, Lahti, Finland.
authors.forename: Anu K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Kaskinen
authors.affiliation: Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Children's Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martelius
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Pediatric Cardiology, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, and Neonatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Children's Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Turkka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kirjavainen
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Pediatric Cardiology, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, and Neonatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Children's Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rautiainen
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Pediatric Cardiology, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, and Neonatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Children's Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Sture
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Pediatric Cardiology, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, and Neonatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Children's Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Olli M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Pitkänen
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015633:Extravascular Lung Water / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: B-lines; chest radiography; congenital heart defect; lung liquid; static lung compliance