title: Potential gray matter unpruned in adolescents and young adults dependent on dextromethorphan-containing cough syrups: evidence from cortical and subcortical study.
abstract: Adolescence is a unique period in neurodevelopment. Dextromethorphan (DXM)-containing cough syrups are new addictive drugs used by adolescents and young adults. The effects of chronic DXM abuse on neurodevelopment in adolescents and young adults are still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in cortical thickness and subcortical gray matter volumes between DXM-dependent adolescents and young adults and healthy controls, and to explore relationships between alternations in cortical thickness/subcortical volume and DXM duration, initial age of DXM use, as well as impulsive behavior in DXM-dependent adolescents and young adults. Thirty-eight DXM-dependent adolescents and young adults and 18 healthy controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging scanning, and cortical thickness across the continuous cortical surface was compared between the groups. Subcortical volumes were compared on a structure-by-structure basis. DXM-dependent adolescents and young adults exhibited significantly increased cortical thickness in the bilateral precuneus (PreC), left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC. L), left inferior parietal lobe (IPL. L), right precentral gyrus (PreCG. R), right lateral occipital cortex (LOC. R), right inferior temporal cortex (ITC. R), right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC. R) and right transverse temporal gyrus (TTG. R) (all p < 0.05, multiple comparison corrected) and increased subcortical volumes of the right thalamus and right pallidum. There was a significant correlation between initial age of DXM use and cortical thickness of the DLPFC. L and PreCG. R. A significant correlation was also found between cortical thickness of the DLPFC. L and impulsive behavior in patients. This was the first study to explore relationships between cortical thickness/subcortical volume and impulsive behavior in adolescents dependent on DXM. These structural changes might explain the neurobiological mechanism of impulsive behavior in adolescent DXM users.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. yingwei.qiu@duke-nus.edu.sg.|Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, People's Republic of China. yingwei.qiu@duke-nus.edu.sg.|Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. yingwei.qiu@duke-nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Ying-Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Fei
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Gui-Hua
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Huan-Huan
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Fen
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun-Zhang
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Addiction Medicine Division, Guangdong No.2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fu-Zhen
authors.initials: FZ
authors.lastname: Zhuo
mesh_terms: D000996:Antitussive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003915:Dextromethorphan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000996:Antitussive Agents; D003915:Dextromethorphan
keywords: Addiction; Cortical thickness; Cough medicine; Dextromethorphan; Impulsivity