title: Extracts of Scrophularia frigida Boiss display potent antitumor effects in human breast cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and inhibition of expression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.
abstract: Some species of the Scrophularia genus have been extensively used as a natural remedy for treatment of various medical conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth inhibitory activity of Scrophularia frigida Boiss extracts as well as to study the effect of the potent extracts on the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest on human breast cancer cells. S. frigida Boiss extracts exhibited obvious inhibitory effects on the growth of cancer cells and induced apoptosis. It is suggested that the extracts exert their anti-proliferative effect through multiple implications such as suppressing growth, arresting the cell cycle, increased DNA fragmentation, downregulation of the expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and myeloid cell Leukemia-1, and upregulation of pro-apoptotic messenger RNAs like caspase-3 and caspase-9. Taken together, the results obtained indicate that S. frigida Boiss extracts may contain effective compounds that can be used as a therapeutic anticancer agent.
authors.affiliation: Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Drug Applied Research Center Tabriz Iran.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldar
authors.affiliation: Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Immunology Research Center Tabriz Iran behzad_im@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baradaran
authors.affiliation: Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Immunology Research Center Tabriz Iran Shekarima@tbzmed.ac.ir.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shekari Khaniani
authors.affiliation: Babol University of Medical Sciences Division of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Babol Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azadmehr
authors.affiliation: Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Tabriz Iran.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Derakhshan
authors.affiliation: Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Immunology Research Center Tabriz Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
authors.affiliation: Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Immunology Research Center Tabriz Iran.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mansoori
authors.affiliation: Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Immunology Research Center Tabriz Iran.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Khaze
authors.affiliation: Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Immunology Research Center Tabriz Iran.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shanehbandi
authors.affiliation: Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Immunology Research Center Tabriz Iran.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mohammadnejad
authors.affiliation: Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Immunology Research Center Tabriz Iran.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baghbani
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D032266:Scrophularia / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D010936:Plant Extracts; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; C579095:MCL1 protein, human; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human