title: Conversion of Squid Pen to Homogentisic Acid via Paenibacillus sp. TKU036 and the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Homogentisic Acid.
abstract: The culture supernatant ofPaenibacillussp. TKU036, a bacterium isolated from Taiwanese soils, showed high antioxidant activity (85%) when cultured in a squid pen powder (SPP)-containing medium at 37 °C for three days. Homogentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, HGA) was isolated and found to be the major antioxidant in the culture supernatant of the SPP-containing medium fermented byPaenibacillussp. TKU036. Tryptophan was also present in the culture supernatant. The results of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting showed that HGA and tryptophan were produced via fermentation but did not pre-exist in the unfermented SPP-containing medium. Neither HGA nor tryptophan was found in the culture supernatants obtained from the fermentation of nutrient broth or other chitinous material, i.e., medium containing shrimp head powder, byPaenibacillussp. TKU036. The production of HGA via microorganisms has rarely been reported. In this study, we found that squid pen was a potential carbon and nitrogen source forPaenibacillussp. Tryptophan (105 mg/L) and HGA (60 mg/L) were recovered from the culture supernatant. The isolated HGA was found to have higher antioxidant activity (IC50= 6.9 μg/mL) than α-tocopherol (IC50= 17.6 μg/mL). The anti-inflammatory activity of the isolated HGA (IC50= 10.14 μg/mL) was lower than that of quercetin (IC50= 1.14 μg/mL). As a result, squid pen, a fishery processing byproduct, is a valuable material for the production of tryptophan and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory HGA via microbial conversion.
authors.affiliation: Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, No. 151, Yingchuan Rd., Tamsui, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan. sabulo@mail.tku.edu.tw.|Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan. sabulo@mail.tku.edu.tw.
authors.forename: San-Lang
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan. cindy810924@yahoo.com.tw.
authors.forename: Hsin-Ting
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Chinese Materia Medica Development, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 11221, Taiwan. lijiezhang@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Li-Jie
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Division of Chinese Materia Medica Development, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 11221, Taiwan. tiger77749@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Zhi-Hu
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Division of Chinese Materia Medica Development, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 11221, Taiwan. kuoyh@nricm.edu.tw.|Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan. kuoyh@nricm.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Yao-Haur
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kuo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D002686:Chitin / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003470:Culture Media; D049832:Decapodiformes / Q000737:chemistry*; D005285:Fermentation; D006713:Homogentisic Acid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D056507:Paenibacillus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D011794:Quercetin / Q000494:pharmacology; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000737:chemistry; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D003470:Culture Media; D002686:Chitin; D002244:Carbon; D014364:Tryptophan; D011794:Quercetin; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; D009584:Nitrogen; D006713:Homogentisic Acid
keywords: Paenibacillus; anti-inflammatory; antioxidant; chitin; homogentisic acid; squid pen; tryptophan