title: Influence of Diversionary Food on Red Squirrel Populations and Damage to Crop Trees in Young Lodgepole Pine Forest.
abstract: This study was designed to test the hypothesis that large-scale provision of diversionary food (sunflower seeds) would reduce red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) feeding damage to lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) crop trees. Study areas with managed lodgepole pine stands were located near Vernon and Quesnel in south-central British Columbia, Canada. Large-scale applications of sunflower seeds were conducted on a manual basis in 1989, and by manual and aerial means in 1990, and an operational level by aerial means in 1991. Feeding damage to crop trees was assessed in control and treatment blocks. Populations of the red squirrel, northwestern chipmunk (Eutamias amoenus), and Columbian ground squirrel (Spermophilus columbianus) were sampled intensively by live-trapping on control and treatment blocks in 1990. Manual application of seed (clumped distribution) significantly reduced damage in the treatment block (11.3% of trees damaged) compared with the control (57.5% of trees damaged). Aerial application of seed (uniform distribution) also significantly reduced damage in replicated treatment vs. control blocks. Provision of diversionary food resulted in a temporary increase in the overall number of red squirrels caught on the treatment areas followed by a return to control levels within 6 wk. This increase was primarily the result of an increased number of transients in the trapped sample. The population density of resident (transients excluded) red squirrels did not increase when diversionary food was added. Similarly, we could not detect differences in reproduction, body masses, or survival of squirrels between control and food-supplemented areas. Northwestern chipmunks and Columbian ground squirrels also showed a temporary increase in density when food was added. Application of sunflower seed on an operational basis significantly reduced damage by squirrels in replicated study areas covering three different forest ecological zones. Provision of diversionary food is an effective strategy to protect intensively managed stands of lodgepole pine from red squirrel feeding damage.
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Walt
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Klenner
keywords: Pinus contorta; Tamiasciurus hudsonicus; crop trees; debarking; diversionary food; feeding damage; forest management; girdling; lodgepole pine; operational application; population dynamics; red squirrel; sciurids; transients