title: Passive bioremediation technology incorporating lignocellulosic spent mushroom compost and limestone for metal- and sulfate-rich acid mine drainage.
abstract: Passive bioremediation of metal- and sulfate-containing acid mine drainage (AMD) has been investigated in a batch study. Multiple substrates were used in the AMD remediation using spent mushroom compost (SMC), limestone, activated sludge (AS), and woodchips (WC) under anoxic conditions suitable for bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR). Limestones used were of crushed limestone (CLS) and uncrushed limestone, provided at two different ratios in mixed substrates treatment and varied by the proportion of SMC and limestone. The SMC greatly assisted the removals of sulfate and metals and also acted as an essential carbon source for BSR. The mixed substrate composed of 40% CLS, 30% SMC, 20% AS, and 10% WC was found to be effective for metal removal. Mn, Cu, Pb, and Zn were greatly removed (89-100%) in the mixed substrates treatment, while Fe was only removed at 65%. Mn was found to be removed at a greatly higher rate than Fe, suggesting important Mn adsorption onto organic materials, that is, greater sorption affinity to the SMC. Complementary with multiple treatment media was the main mechanism assisting the AMD treatment through microbial metal reduction reactions.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Siti Nurjaliah
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Muhammad
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia.|b Environmental Forensics Research Centre (ENFORCE), Faculty of Environmental Studies , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Faradiella Mohd
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6078-6063
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Kusin
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Syakirin
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Md Zahar
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia.|b Environmental Forensics Research Centre (ENFORCE), Faculty of Environmental Studies , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ferdaus
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mohamat Yusuff
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Normala
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Halimoon
mesh_terms: D000363:Agaricales; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D008670:Metals; D008906:Mining; D012987:Soil; D013431:Sulfates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D012987:Soil; D013431:Sulfates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002119:Calcium Carbonate
keywords: Acid mine drainage; bacterial sulfate reduction; heavy metal; limestone; passive bioremediation; spent mushroom compost