title: 4-D ICE: A 2-D Array Transducer With Integrated ASIC in a 10-Fr Catheter for Real-Time 3-D Intracardiac Echocardiography.
abstract: We developed a 2.5 ×6.6 mm22 -D array transducer with integrated transmit/receive application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for real-time 3-D intracardiac echocardiography (4-D ICE) applications. The ASIC and transducer design were optimized so that the high-voltage transmit, low-voltage time-gain control and preamp, subaperture beamformer, and digital control circuits for each transducer element all fit within the 0.019-mm2area of the element. The transducer assembly was deployed in a 10-Fr (3.3-mm diameter) catheter, integrated with a GE Vivid E9 ultrasound imaging system, and evaluated in three preclinical studies. The 2-D image quality and imaging modes were comparable to commercial 2-D ICE catheters. The 4-D field of view was at least 90°×60°×8 cm and could be imaged at 30 vol/s, sufficient to visualize cardiac anatomy and other diagnostic and therapy catheters. 4-D ICE should significantly reduce X-ray fluoroscopy use and dose during electrophysiology ablation procedures. 4-D ICE may be able to replace transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), and the associated risks and costs of general anesthesia, for guidance of some structural heart procedures.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wildes
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Haider
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cogan
authors.forename: Krishnakumar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sundaresan
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yetter
authors.forename: Patrick H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Haun
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Concepcion
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kirkhorn
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bitoun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057785:Catheters; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D014159:Transducers