title: Effective removal of lead (II) ions by dead calcareous skeletons: sorption performance and influencing factors.
abstract: Dead calcareous skeletons (CSs) as low-cost adsorbents were studied to remove lead ions (Pb (II)) in an aqueous solution. Factors influencing the efficiency of CSs were evaluated by adsorbent size, contact time, initial concentration, dosage concentration and pH. The optimum CS size for removal of Pb (II) was 710 μm at an equilibrium time of 720 min. The best dosage of CS was 10 g/L for a 99% removal efficiency without pH adjustment. Pb (II) ions were effectively removed in the initial pH of the metal solution. CS was able to remove a high concentration (100 mg/L) of Pb (II) at a removal efficiency of 99.92% and at an adsorption capacity of 13.06 mg/g. Our results demonstrated the potential of CS as a metal adsorbent in the aqueous phase with a high-removal efficiency and distinct physical characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Forensics Research Centre, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia E-mail: zaharin@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Ai Phing
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Zufarzaana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zulkeflee
authors.affiliation: Environmental Forensics Research Centre, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia E-mail: zaharin@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Ahmad Zaharin
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Aris
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007477:Ions; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry*; D008670:Metals; D012996:Solutions; D014867:Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D008670:Metals; D012996:Solutions; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D007854:Lead