title: Side effect profile similarities shared between antidepressants and immune-modulators reveal potential novel targets for treating major depressive disorders.
abstract: Side effects, or the adverse effects of drugs, contain important clinical phenotypic information that may be useful in predicting novel or unknown targets of a drug. It has been suggested that drugs with similar side-effect profiles may share common targets. The diagnostic class, Major Depressive Disorder, is increasingly viewed as being comprised of multiple depression subtypes with different biological root causes. One 'type' of depression generating substantial interest today focuses on patients with high levels of inflammatory burden, indicated by elevated levels of C-reactive proteins (CRP) and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6). It has been suggested that drugs targeting the immune system may have beneficial effect on this subtype of depressed patients, and several studies are underway to test this hypothesis directly. However, patients have been treated with both anti-inflammatory and antidepressant compounds for decades. It may be possible to exploit similarities in clinical readouts to better understand the antidepressant effects of immune-related drugs.
  
  
  
  Here we explore the space of approved drugs by comparing the drug side effect profiles of known antidepressants and drugs targeting the immune system, and further examine the findings by comparing the human cell line expression profiles induced by them with those induced by antidepressants.
  
  
  
  We found 7 immune-modulators and 14 anti-inflammatory drugs sharing significant side effect profile similarities with antidepressants. Five of the 7 immune modulators share most similar side effect profiles with antidepressants that modulate dopamine release and/or uptake. In addition, the immunosuppressant rapamycin and the glucocorticoid alclometasone induces transcriptional changes similar to multiple antidepressants.
  
  
  
  These findings suggest that some antidepressants and some immune-related drugs may affect common molecular pathways. Our findings support the idea that certain medications aimed at the immune system may be helpful in relieving depressive symptoms, and suggest that it may be of value to test immune-modulators for antidepressant-like activity in future proof-of-concept studies.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Integrative Solutions and Informatics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Titusville, NJ, USA. ysun25@its.jnj.com.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2056-7624
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Integrative Solutions and Informatics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Titusville, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Vaibhav A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Narayan
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Integrative Solutions and Informatics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Titusville, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Gayle M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Wittenberg
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D018836:Inflammation Mediators
keywords: Anti-inflammatory drug; Antidepressant; Immune-modulator; Inflammation; Major Depressive Disorder; Side effect