title: Persistent Pb Pollution in Central East Antarctic Snow: A Retrospective Assessment of Sources and Control Policy Implications.
abstract: Well-defined variations in the enrichments and isotopic compositions of Pb have been observed in snow from Dome Fuji and Dome A in the central East Antarctic Plateau (EAP) over the past few decades. The Pb isotopic fingerprints indicate that the rapid increase in Pb enrichments from the mid-1970s, reaching a peak in ∼1980, is due to the massive use of leaded gasoline in northern South America, especially Brazil. Since then, they show a continuous decline, mostly due to the significant removal of the Pb additives from gasoline in Brazil in the 1980s and, subsequently, in Argentina and Chile in the 1990s. After the phase-out of Pb in gasoline, Cu smelting in Chile has become the major source of Pb, contributing ∼90% to the total Pb emissions in northern South America in 2005. Nevertheless, Pb pollution in the central EAP declined substantially until recently as a result of the regulatory efforts to curb toxic trace metal emissions from the Cu industry in Chile. However, more than 90% of the Pb in the most remote places on Earth are still of anthropogenic origin, highlighting the need for the continuation of environmental regulations for the further reduction of Pb emissions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University , 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea.|Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Korea.
authors.forename: Chaewon
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University , 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea.|Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Korea.
authors.forename: Changhee
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Korea.
authors.forename: Yeongcheol
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Korea.
authors.forename: Soon Do
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Hur
authors.affiliation: Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University , 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea.
authors.forename: Sanghee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Polar Research , 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Motoyama
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Coast and Island development of Ministry of Education, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University , 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China.
authors.forename: Shugui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University , 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea.
authors.forename: Sungmin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hong
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005742:Gasoline; D007854:Lead; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012914:Snow
chemical_list: D005742:Gasoline; D007854:Lead