title: Comparison of Extracellular and Intracellular Blood Compartments Highlights Redox Alterations in Alzheimer's and Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients.
abstract: Many studies suggest oxidative stress as an early feature of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). However, evidence of established oxidative stress in AD peripheral cells is still inconclusive, possibly due to both, differences in the type of samples and the heterogeneity of oxidative markers used in different studies.
  
  
  
  The aim of this study was to evaluate blood-based redox alterations in Alzheimer's Disease in order to identify a peculiar disease profile.
  
  
  
  To that purpose, we measured the activity of Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase and Glutathione Peroxidase both in the extracellular and the intracellular blood compartments of AD, MCI and control subjects. The amount of an open isoform of p53 protein (unfolded p53), resulting from oxidative modifications was also determined.
  
  
  
  Decreased SOD, increased GPx activity and higher p53 open isoform were found in both AD and MCI plasma compared to controls. In blood peripheral mononuclear cells, SOD activity was also decreased in both AD and MCI, and unfolded p53 increased exquisitely in younger AD males compared to controls.
  
  
  
  Overall, these data highlight the importance of considering both extracellular and intracellular compartments, in the determination of antioxidant enzyme activities as well as specific oxidation end-products, in order to identify peculiar blood-based redox alterations in AD pathology.
authors.forename: Noemí
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arce-Varas
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abate
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Prandelli
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cuetos
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menéndez
authors.forename: Mariagrazia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marziano
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cabrera-García
authors.forename: María Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Fernández-Sánchez
authors.forename: Antonello
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Novelli
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Memo
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Uberti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000097:blood*; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase