title: Early Positive Predictors of Later Reading Comprehension for African American Students: A Preliminary Investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This investigation examined the performance of 50 African American children on a reading comprehension test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal data were compared for two groups of students who were preschoolers or kindergartners at Time 1 and elementary-grade students at Time 2. Outcomes were examined for positive predictive relationships based on their oral language and cognitive skills as preschoolers and kindergartners at Time 1. The Time 1 preschoolers were all from low-income homes, whereas the Time 1 kindergartners were all from middle-income homes. All students were urban dwellers and speakers of African American English.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two measures predicted later reading comprehension levels for the Time 1 preschoolers: use of complex syntax and shape matching. The Time 1 preschoolers and kindergartners showed no significant differences in reading comprehension at the end of first grade, but the preschoolers were significantly ahead of the kindergartners in reading by third grade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The potential of preschools that emphasize early language and literacy for improving the reading outcomes of African American students is discussed.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Holly K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Carol M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Washington