title: Soil phoD and phoX alkaline phosphatase gene diversity responds to multiple environmental factors.
abstract: Alkaline phosphatases such as PhoD and PhoX are important in organic phosphorus cycling in soil. We identified the key organisms harboring the phoD and phoX genes in soil and explored the relationships between environmental factors and the phoD- and phoX-harboring community structures across three land uses located in arid to temperate climates on two continents using 454-sequencing. phoD was investigated using recently published primers, and new primers were designed to study phoX in soil. phoD was found in 1 archaeal, 13 bacterial and 2 fungal phyla, and phoX in 1 archaeal and 16 bacterial phyla. Dominant phoD-harboring phyla were Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Deinococcus-Thermus, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Planctomycetes and Proteobacteria, while abundant phoX-harboring phyla were Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia. Climate, soil group, land use and soil nutrient concentrations were the common environmental drivers of both community structures. In addition, the phoX-harboring community structure was affected by pH. Despite differences in environmental factors, the dominant phyla in the phoD-harboring community remained similar in all samples, while the composition of phoX differed substantially between the samples. This study shows that the composition of phoD and phoX is governed by the same environmental drivers but that phoD and phoX occur partly in different phyla.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland ragot.sabine@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sabine A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ragot
authors.affiliation: School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kertesz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Éva
authors.initials: É
authors.lastname: Mészáros
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frossard
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8315 Lindau, Switzerland.|Department of Soil Science, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Frick 5070, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Else K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Bünemann
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002980:Climate; D014644:Genetic Variation; D010080:Oxazoles; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: C119678:4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl-2-oxazoline-5-one; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D010080:Oxazoles; D012987:Soil; D010758:Phosphorus; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
keywords: 454-sequencing; alkaline phosphatase; land use; organic phosphorus; pH; soil