title: Phenolic Extracts from Clerodendrum volubile Leaves Inhibit Cholinergic and Monoaminergic Enzymes Relevant to the Management of Some Neurodegenerative Diseases.
abstract: This study investigated the inhibitory effects of phenolic-rich extracts from Clerodendrum volubile leaves on cholinergic [acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)] and monoaminergic [monoamine oxidase (MAO)] enzymes' activities and pro-oxidants [Fe2+and quinolinic acid-(QA)] induced lipid peroxidation in rats brain homogenates in vitro. Free phenolic extracts (FPE) and bound phenolic extracts (BPE) were obtained via solvent extraction, and the total phenol and flavonoid contents were evaluated. The phenolic constituents of the extracts were also determined using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Our findings revealed that FPE had higher AChE (2.06 μg/mL), BChE (2.79 μg/mL), and MAO (2.81 μg/mL) inhibitory effects than BPE [AChE, 2.80 μg/mL; BChE, 3.40 μg/mL; MAO, 3.39 μg/mL]. Furthermore, FPE also had significantly (P < 0.05) higher inhibitory effects on Fe2+and QA-induced lipid peroxidation compared to BPE. FPE (162.61 mg GAE/g) had higher total phenol content than BPE. However, BPE (18.65 mg QE/g) had significantly higher total flavonoid content than FPE (13.32 mg QE/g). Phenolic acids (such as gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic, caffeic, ellagic, p-Coumaric acids) and flavonoids (catechins, rutin and quercetin) were present in both extracts. This study revealed that the enzymes' inhibitory activities and antioxidant potentials of phenolic-rich extracts from C. volubile could be part of the mechanism of actions behind its use for memory/cognitive function as obtained in folklore. However, FPE exhibited significantly higher enzymes, inhibitory and antioxidant potentials than BPE.
authors.affiliation: a Functional Food and Nutraceutical Laboratory , Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure , Akure , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ganiyu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oboh
authors.affiliation: a Functional Food and Nutraceutical Laboratory , Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure , Akure , Nigeria.|b Department of Biochemistry , Obafemi Awolowo University , Ile Ife , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Omodesola O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Ogunruku
authors.affiliation: a Functional Food and Nutraceutical Laboratory , Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure , Akure , Nigeria.|c Department of Biomedical Technology , Federal University of Technology Akure , Akure , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Sunday I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Oyeleye
authors.affiliation: d Nutrition and Toxicology Division , Food Technology Department, Federal Institute of Industrial Research Oshodi , Lagos , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Tosin A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Olasehinde
authors.affiliation: b Department of Biochemistry , Obafemi Awolowo University , Ile Ife , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ayokunle O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Ademosun
authors.affiliation: e Phytochemical Research Laboratory , Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Augusti
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Boligon
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase / Q000187:drug effects; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D032409:Clerodendrum / Q000737:chemistry*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D019800:Phenol / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019800:Phenol; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase
keywords: Clerodendrum volubile; cholinesterase; monoamine oxidase; oxidative stress; polyphenols