title: Real-time PCR analysis of fungal organisms and bacterial species at peri-implantitis sites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The potential role of fungal organisms and their co-aggregation with either periodontopathogens or opportunistic pathogens at peri-implantitis sites is unknown. The aim of the present study was to qualitatively/quantitatively analyze and correlate fungal organisms and bacterial species at peri-implantitis sites.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a total of 29 patients, submucosal/subgingival plaque samples were collected at peri-implantitis and healthy implant sites as well as teeth with a history of periodontitis (controls). A real-time PCR assay was established for the qualification of fungal organisms and a TaqMan assay for the quantification of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Parvimonas micra, Tannerella forsythia, Mycoplasma salivarium, Veillonella parvula, and Staphylococcus aureus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fungal organisms were more frequently identified at peri-implantitis (31.6%) (i.e., Candida albicans, Candida boidinii, Penicillium spp., Rhodotorula laryngis, Paelicomyces spp., Saccharomycetes, Cladosporium cladosporioides) and healthy implant sites (40% - Candida dubliniensis, C. cladosporioides) than at selected teeth (20% - C. albicans, Fusarium solani). At implant sites, fungal organisms were significantly correlated with P. micra and T. forsythia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Candida spp. and other fungal organisms were frequently identified at peri-implantitis as well as healthy implant sites and co-colonized with P. micra and T. forsythia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Westdeutsche Kieferklinik, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Westdeutsche Kieferklinik, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany. kathrin.becker@med.uni-dueseldorf.de.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Westdeutsche Kieferklinik, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hegewald
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pfeffer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Henrich
keywords: Diagnosis; Fungal organisms; Microbiology; Peri-implantitis