title: Oral Administration of Pentoxifylline Reduces Endometriosis-Like Lesions in a Nude Mouse Model.
abstract: Recent reports consider endometriosis to be an immunological disorder, thus suggesting potential efficacy of immunomodulators for its treatment. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of oral administration of pentoxifylline on endometriosis-like lesions in a heterologous mice model.
  
  
  
  Human endometrial tissue obtained from women (n = 5) undergoing surgery for benign conditions was implanted in nude female mice (n = 30). The animals were distributed into 3 experimental groups receiving: saline 0.1 mL/d (control, group 1); pentoxifylline 100 mg/kg/d (group 2), and pentoxifylline 200 mg/kg/d (group 3). After 28 days, the number of implants and the total volume of surgically extracted tissue were recorded. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to assess the area of endometriosis and vascularization of endometriosis-like lesions. Cytokine levels in peritoneal fluid samples were measured.
  
  
  
  Macroscopic quantification showed a trend to dose-dependent reduction in the number of the endometriosis-like lesions after 28 days. The volume was significantly reduced in group 3 versus group 2 and controls (399.10 ± 120.68 mm3vs 276.75 ± 94.30 mm3and 145.33 ± 38.20 mm3, respectively; P = .04). Similarly, the mean area of endometriosis was significantly lower in group 3 (0.12 ± 0.08 mm2) versus group 2 (1.35 ± 0.43 mm2) and control (2.84 ± 0.60 mm2; P = .001). Vascularization and cytokine levels were also reduced posttreatment.
  
  
  
  Our results suggest that the oral administration of pentoxifylline may be an alternative to current therapies for endometriosis. Nonetheless, further studies are required.
authors.affiliation: 1 Clinical Institute of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Neonatology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perelló
authors.affiliation: 1 Clinical Institute of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Neonatology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Iñaki
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: González-Foruria
authors.affiliation: 2 Biomedical Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.affiliation: 3 Group of Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martínez-Florensa
authors.affiliation: 3 Group of Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.|4 Immunology Service, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|5 Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lozano
authors.affiliation: 1 Clinical Institute of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Neonatology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|6 Group of Endocrinology, Gynecology and Human Reproduction, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Balasch
authors.affiliation: 1 Clinical Institute of Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Neonatology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|6 Group of Endocrinology, Gynecology and Human Reproduction, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carmona
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D010431:Pentoxifylline
keywords: dose translational formula; endometriosis; immunomodulation; mouse model; pentoxifylline