title: Cancer incidence among copper smelting and nickel refining workers in Finland.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Among workers employed at a nickel refinery in Harjavalta, Finland an increased risk of lung and sinus cancer has been demonstrated in two previous studies. The current study adds 16 more years of follow-up to these studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,115 persons exposed to nickel and 194 non-exposed workers in the Harjavalta nickel smelter and refinery were followed up for cancer from 1967 to 2011 through the Finnish Cancer Registry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total number of cancer cases in men was 251 (Standardized incidence ratio (SIR) 1.05) and in women 12 (SIR 1.22). In the most nickel-exposed work site (refinery), there were 14 lung cancers (SIR 2.01) and 3 sinonasal cancers (SIR 26.7, 95%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is likely that exposure to nickel compounds is the main reason for elevated nasal cancer risk among the nickel refinery employees and may also contribute to the excess risk of lung cancer. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:87-95, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Occupational Health Centre of Harjavalta Industrial Park, Harjavalta, Finland.
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pavela
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.|Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Tampere and Clinic of Occupational Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Uitti
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.|Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pukkala
mesh_terms: D003300:Copper; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008669:Metallurgy; D009532:Nickel / Q000633:toxicity*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D010255:Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012042:Registries
chemical_list: D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel
keywords: cancer incidence; nickel; occupational epidemiology; refinery workers