title: Black-White health inequalities in Canada at the intersection of gender and immigration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intersectionality theory proposes that each combination of social categories derived from gender, race and nationality, such as immigrant White man or native-born Black woman, is associated with unique social experiences. We tested the potential of intersectionality theory for explicating racial inequalities in Canada by investigating whether Black-White health inequalities are conditioned by gender and immigrant status in a synergistic way.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our dataset comprised 10 cycles (2001-2013) of the Canadian Community Health Survey. We used binary logistic regression to model Black- White inequalities in hypertension, diabetes, self-rated health, self-rated mental health and asthma separately for native-born women, native-born men, immigrant women and immigrant men.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for potentially confounding factors we found that immigrant Black women had significantly higher odds of hypertension, diabetes and fair/poor self-rated health than immigrant White women. Native-born Black women and immigrant Black men had higher odds of hypertension and diabetes than native-born White women and immigrant White men respectively, and native-born White women were more likely than native-born Black women to report asthma. There were no statistically significant health differences between native-born Black and White men. Socio-economic status, smoking, physical activity and body mass index were implicated in some but not all of these racial health inequalities. None of the three-way interactions between racial identity, gender and immigration status was statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found relatively high risks of ill health for Black Canadians in three of the four samples. Overall, however, we found little support for the intersectional hypothesis that Black-White health inequalities in Canada are conditioned by gender and immigrant status in a synergistic way.
authors.affiliation: Prentice Institute for Global Population and Economy, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB. andrew.patterson@uleth.ca.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Gerry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Veenstra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001249:Asthma / Q000208:ethnology; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000208:ethnology; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000208:ethnology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*