title: Contribution of Water from Food and Fluids to Total Water Intake: Analysis of a French and UK Population Surveys.
abstract: Little has been published on the contribution of food moisture (FM) to total water intake (TWI); therefore, the European Food Safety Authority assumed FM to contribute 20%-30% to TWI. The aim of the present analysis was to estimate and compare TWI, the percentage of water from FM and from fluids in population samples of France and UK. Data from 2 national nutrition surveys (Enquête Comportements et Consommations Alimentaires en France (CCAF) 2013 and the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) 2008/2009-2011/2012) were analyzed for TWI and the contribution of water from FM and fluids. Children and adults TWI were significantly lower in France than in the UK. The contribution of water from foods was lower in the UK than in France (27% vs. 36%). As TWI increased, the proportion of water from fluids increased, suggesting that low drinkers did not compensate by increasing intake of water-rich foods. In addition, 80%-90% of the variance in TWI was explained by differences in water intake from fluids. More data on the contribution of FM to TWI is needed to develop more robust dietary recommendations on TWI and guidance on fluid intake for the general public.
authors.affiliation: Hydration and Health Department, Danone Research, Palaiseau 91767, France. isabelle.guelinckx@danone.com.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Guelinckx
authors.affiliation: CREDOC (Centre de Recherche pour l'Etude et l'Observation des Conditions de Vie), Paris 75013, France. tavoularis@credoc.fr.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tavoularis
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria. juergen.koenig@univie.ac.at.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: König
authors.affiliation: Hydration and Health Department, Danone Research, Palaiseau 91767, France. clementine.morin@danone.com.
authors.forename: Clémentine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.affiliation: Hydration and Health Department, Danone Research, Palaiseau 91767, France. hakam.gharbi@danone.com.
authors.forename: Hakam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gharbi
authors.affiliation: British Dietetic Association, Birmingham B3 3HT, UK. joan.gandy@btinternet.com.|School of Life and Medical Services, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9EU, UK. joan.gandy@btinternet.com.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gandy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004326:Drinking; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D006113:United Kingdom; D014867:Water / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: adequate intake; fluid intake; food moisture; total water intake