title: Diagnostic assessment of intraoperative cytology for papillary thyroid carcinoma: using a decision tree analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to elucidate the cytological characteristics and the diagnostic usefulness of intraoperative cytology (IOC) for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). In addition, using decision tree analysis, effective features for accurate cytological diagnosis were sought.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated cellularity, cytological features and diagnosis based on the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology in IOC of 240 conventional PTCs. The cytological features were evaluated in terms of nuclear score with nuclear features, and additional figures such as presence of swirling sheets, psammoma bodies, and multinucleated giant cells. The nuclear score (range 0-7) was made via seven nuclear features, including (1) enlarged, (2) oval or irregularly shaped nuclei, (3) longitudinal nuclear grooves, (4) intranuclear cytoplasmic pseudoinclusion, (5) pale nuclei with powdery chromatin, (6) nuclear membrane thickening, and (7) marginally placed micronucleoli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nuclear scores in PTC, suspicious for malignancy, and atypia of undetermined significance cases were 6.18 ± 0.80, 4.48 ± 0.82, and 3.15 ± 0.67, respectively. Additional figures more frequent in PTC than in other diagnostic categories were identified. Cellularity of IOC significantly correlated with tumor size, nuclear score, and presence of additional figures. Also, IOCs with higher nuclear scores (4-7) significantly correlated with larger tumor size and presence of additional figures. In decision tree analysis, IOCs with nuclear score >5 and swirling sheets could be considered diagnostic for PTCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that IOCs using nuclear features and additional figures could be useful with decreasing the likelihood of inconclusive results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Eulji University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: J-S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Pyo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunanro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03181, Republic of Korea. jhpath.sohn@samsung.com.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D003581:Cytodiagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D003663:Decision Trees; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Decision tree analysis; Fine-needle aspiration; Intraoperative cytology; Papillary thyroid carcinoma; Thyroid nodule