title: Low bioaccessibility of vitamin D2from yeast-fortified bread compared to crystalline D2bread and D3from fluid milks.
abstract: The assessment of the efficacy of dietary and supplemental vitamin D tends to be confounded by differences in the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D response between vitamin D2and vitamin D3. Serum response differences from these vitamers may be due to differences in bioavailability. To address this specifically, the bioaccessibility was assessed for vitamin D2from breads fortified with UV-treated yeast, and a benchmark against staple vitamin D3fortified foods including bovine milks and infant formula, as well as crystalline vitamin D2fortified bread. Fortified foods were subjected to a three-stage static in vitro digestion model, and vitamin D was analyzed by HPLC-MS. Vitamin D bioaccessibility was significantly greater from bovine milks and infant formula (71-85%) than from yeast-fortified sandwich breads (6-7%). Bioaccessibility was not different between whole wheat and white wheat bread (p > 0.05), but was ∼4× lower from yeast-fortified bread than from crystalline vitamin D2fortified bread (p < 0.05). Intact yeast cells were observed in the digesta of yeast fortified bread. These results indicate that the low bioavailability of yeast D2in comparison to other vitamin D2sources is likely due to entrapment within a less digestible yeast matrix and not only to metabolic differences between vitamins D2and D3.
authors.affiliation: Cargill, Global Food Research, Purdue University, USA.
authors.forename: Tristan E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Lipkie
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Purdue University, USA.
authors.forename: Mario G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ferruzzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, USA. weavercm@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Connie M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Weaver
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D001939:Bread / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004872:Ergocalciferols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005504:Food Analysis; D005527:Food, Fortified; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D015003:Yeasts
chemical_list: D004872:Ergocalciferols