title: Dietary Intake of Trans Fatty Acids in Children Aged 4-5 in Spain: The INMA Cohort Study.
abstract: Transfatty acid (TFA) intake has been identified as a health hazard in adults, but data on preschool children are scarce. We analyzed the data from the Spanish INMA Project to determine the intake of total, industrial and natural TFA, their main sources and the associated socio-demographic and lifestyle factors in children aged 4-5 (n= 1793). TFA intake was estimated using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire, and multiple linear regression was used to explore associated factors. The mean daily intakes of total, industrial and natural TFA were 1.36, 0.60, and 0.71 g/day, respectively. Ten percent of the children obtained >1% of their energy intake from TFA. The main sources of industrial TFA were fast food, white bread and processed baked goods. Milk, red and processed meat and processed baked goods were the main sources of natural TFA. Having parents from countries other than Spain was significantly associated with higher natural TFA (in mg/day) intake (β 45.5) and television viewing was significantly associated with higher industrial TFA intake (β 18.3). Higher fruits and vegetables intake was significantly associated with lower intakes of all TFAs, whereas higher sweetened beverages intake was significantly associated with lower total and natural TFA intake. Thus, total and industrial TFA intake was associated with less healthy food patterns and lifestyles in Spanish preschool children.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Alicante 03550, Spain. scholz.alexander@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Alicante 03550, Spain. dgimenez@umh.es.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gimenez-Monzo
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Alicante 03550, Spain. enavarrete@umh.es.|CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain. enavarrete@umh.es.
authors.forename: Eva Maria
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Navarrete-Muñoz
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Alicante 03550, Spain. manoli@umh.es.|CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain. manoli@umh.es.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garcia-de-la-Hera
authors.affiliation: CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain. capua.uo@uniovi.es.|Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain. capua.uo@uniovi.es.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Somoano
authors.affiliation: CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain. atardon@uniovi.es.|Department of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain. atardon@uniovi.es.
authors.forename: Adonina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tardon
authors.affiliation: CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain. ambien4ss-san@euskadi.eus.|BIODONOSTIA, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, San Sebastián 20014, Spain. ambien4ss-san@euskadi.eus.|Subdirección Salud Publica Gipuzkoa, San Sebastián 20013, Spain. ambien4ss-san@euskadi.eus.
authors.forename: Loreto
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santa Marina
authors.affiliation: BIODONOSTIA, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, San Sebastián 20014, Spain. amaia-irazabal@hotmail.es.
authors.forename: Amaia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Irazabal
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca 07120, Spain. d.romaguera-bosch@imperial.ac.uk.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid 28029, Spain. d.romaguera-bosch@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Dora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Romaguera
authors.affiliation: CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain. mguxens@isglobal.org.|ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona 08036, Spain. mguxens@isglobal.org.|Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona 08003, Spain. mguxens@isglobal.org.|Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam 3000CD, The Netherlands. mguxens@isglobal.org.
authors.forename: Mònica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guxens
authors.affiliation: CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain. jjulvez@isglobal.org.|ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona 08036, Spain. jjulvez@isglobal.org.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Julvez
authors.affiliation: CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain. llop_sab@gva.es.|Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Valencia 46020, Spain. llop_sab@gva.es.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Llop
authors.affiliation: CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain. lopez_josesp@gva.es.|Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Valencia 46020, Spain. lopez_josesp@gva.es.
authors.forename: Maria-Jose
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lopez-Espinosa
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Alicante 03550, Spain. vioque@umh.es.|CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid 28029, Spain. vioque@umh.es.
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vioque
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008460:Meat; D008892:Milk; D000069466:Red Meat; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids
keywords: dietary fats; preschool child; risk factors; trans fatty acids