title: Chronic intermittent hybobaric hypoxia protects against cerebral ischemia via modulation of mitoKATP.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Providing adequate protection against cerebral ischemia remains an unrealized goal. The present study was aimed at testing whether chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIHH) would have protective effects against cerebral ischemia and investigating the potential role of mitochondrial membrane ATP-sensitive potassium channel (mitoKATP) in this effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ischemia was induced in rats by occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries for 8min on day 2 after bilateral vertebral arteries were permanently electrocauterized and CIHH was simulated in a hypoxic chamber. Learning and memory impairments were analyzed using the Morris water maze. The delay neuronal death (DND) in the hippocampus CA1 was observed by thionine staining. The expression of the two subunits of mitoKATP, SUR1 and Kir 6.2, and the concentration of cytochrome c (Cyt c) were observed by Western blotting. The mitochondrial membrane potential (Δym) was determined by flow cytometry. Morphological changes of the mitochondria were investigated by electron microscopy. The antagonist of mitoKATP, 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD), was used to demonstrate the involvement of mitoKATP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CIHH pretreatment ameliorated the learning and memory impairments produced by ischemia, concomitant with reduced DND in the hippocampus CA1 area. Expression levels of SUR1 and Kir6.2 both increased for at least one week after CIHH pretreatment. Levels of the two subunits were higher in the CIHH pretreatment combined with ischemia group than the ischemia only group at 2 d and 7 d after ischemia. Furthermore, the concentration of Cyt c was decreased in mitochondria and increased in the cytoplasm after ischemia which was prevented by CIHH. The decrease of Δψm and the destruction of mitochondrial ultrastructure were both rescued by CIHH pretreatment. The above protective effects of CIHH were blocked by 5-HD intraperitoneal injection 30min before ischemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CIHH pretreatment can reduce cerebral ischemic injury, which is mediated by upregulating the expression and activity of mitoKATP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China. Electronic address: 18132632922@163.com.
authors.forename: Shixiao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China. Electronic address: phyguozan18@126.com.
authors.forename: Zan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China. Electronic address: iamyangshijie@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Shijie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China. Electronic address: ankang001@126.com.
authors.forename: Huijuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China. Electronic address: fucongrui@163.com.
authors.forename: Congrui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China. Electronic address: wangsheng@hebmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China. Electronic address: zhyhenryphy@163.com.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China. Electronic address: phylyx2004@126.com.
authors.forename: Yixian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China. Electronic address: huj3993@sina.com.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D056547:CA1 Region, Hippocampal / Q000473:pathology; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D000860:Hypoxia; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying / Q000378:metabolism; D011312:Pressure; D017966:Pyramidal Cells / Q000473:pathology; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D065852:Spatial Memory; D064233:Sulfonylurea Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D000099161:Kcnj11 Channel
chemical_list: D045304:Cytochromes c; D015221:Potassium Channels; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D064233:Sulfonylurea Receptors; D000099161:Kcnj11 Channel; C577509:Abcc8 protein, rat; C117780:mitochondrial K(ATP) channel
keywords: 5-hydroxydecanoate; Chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia; Cytochrome c; Mitochondrial membrane ATPsensitive potassium channel; Mitochondrial membrane potential