title: Prenatal visit utilization and outcomes in pregnant women with type II and gestational diabetes.
abstract: To investigate the association between the number of prenatal visits (PNVs) and pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes (GDM) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).
  
  
  
  A 4-year prospective cohort study of women with GDM and DM and was conducted. Patients ⩾75th percentile for number of PNVs were compared with those ⩽25th percentile. The primary outcomes were large for gestational age (LGA) with birth weight >90% and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission for >24 h. Secondary neonatal outcomes included severe LGA (>95%), shoulder dystocia, hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy, neonatal hypoglycemia, low 5 min APGAR score (<7) and preterm birth (prior to 37 weeks). Secondary maternal outcomes included mean third trimester fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (Hgb A1c) in labor, preeclampsia, gestational weight gain over Institute of Medicine recommendations, mode of delivery and maternal readmission within 30 days. Logistic regression was used to adjust for maternal race, nulliparity and body mass index.
  
  
  
  Of the 305 women, 4 were excluded for unknown number of PNVs. Among the 301 included, the average number of visits was 12. Rates of LGA were similar between the high (28%) compared with low (18%) utilization groups (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.69; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81-3.54). The high utilization group was 85% less likely to deliver an infant requiring NICU admission (aOR 0.15; 95% CI 0.04-0.53) and 59% less likely to have a preterm birth (aOR 0.41; 95% CI 0.21-0.80). A time-to-event analysis to account for the fact that patients who delivered earlier had fewer weeks to experience PNVs showed that the risk for NICU admission was still significantly lower in the high PNV utilization group (hazard ratio 0.15; 95% CI 0.04-0.51) after adjusting for confounders in a Cox proportional hazard model. The mean Hgb A1c at the time of delivery was significantly better in the high (6.4%) compared with low (6.9%) utilization groups (P=0.01). There were no differences in other maternal outcomes based on prenatal care utilization.
  
  
  
  Diabetic women with high PNV utilization have better glycemic control in the 3 months prior to delivery and are significantly less likely to deliver preterm infants or infants requiring NICU admission. There may be innovative ways to provide prenatal care for GDM and DM to optimize maternal and neonatal outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Tuuli
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Odibo
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Macones
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Cahill
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000628:therapy*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008923:Missouri; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009819:Office Visits / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000628:therapy*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000628:therapy*; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000453:epidemiology; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult