title: Distinct immune responses and virus shedding in pigs following aerosol, intra-nasal and contact infection with pandemic swine influenza A virus, A(H1N1)09.
abstract: Influenza virus infection in pigs is a major farming problem, causing considerable economic loss and posing a zoonotic threat. In addition the pig is an excellent model for understanding immunity to influenza viruses as this is a natural host pathogen system. Experimentally, influenza virus is delivered to pigs intra-nasally, by intra-tracheal instillation or by aerosol, but there is little data comparing the outcome of different methods. We evaluated the shedding pattern, cytokine responses in nasal swabs and immune responses following delivery of low or high dose swine influenza pdmH1N1 virus to the respiratory tract of pigs intra-nasally or by aerosol and compared them to those induced in naturally infected contact pigs. Our data shows that natural infection by contact induces remarkably high innate and adaptive immune response, although the animals were exposed to a very low virus dose. In contacts, the kinetics of virus shedding were slow and prolonged and more similar to the low dose directly infected animals. In contrast the cytokine profile in nasal swabs, antibody and cellular immune responses of contacts more closely resemble immune responses in high dose directly inoculated animals. Consideration of these differences is important for studies of disease pathogenesis and assessment of vaccine protective efficacy.
authors.affiliation: The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK.
authors.forename: Johanneke D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hemmink
authors.affiliation: The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK.
authors.forename: Sophie B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Addlestone, UK.|Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aramouni
authors.affiliation: Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Addlestone, UK.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Everett
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford, UK.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Salguero
authors.affiliation: Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Laetitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Canini
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, UK.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.affiliation: Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Margo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chase-Topping
authors.affiliation: Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Addlestone, UK.
authors.forename: Katy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.affiliation: Aerogen IDA Business park Dangan, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Ronan Mac
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Loughlin
authors.affiliation: The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK.
authors.forename: B Veronica
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.affiliation: Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Addlestone, UK.
authors.forename: Ian H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, UK.
authors.forename: Mick
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Woolhouse
authors.affiliation: Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Addlestone, UK.
authors.forename: Sharon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Brookes
authors.affiliation: The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Charleston
authors.affiliation: The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK. elma.tchilian@pirbright.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Elma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tchilian
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000336:Aerosols; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000662:veterinary; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000821:virology; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D017201:Virus Shedding
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D016207:Cytokines