title: Accounting for ethnic-cultural and linguistic diversity in neuropsychological assessment of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy: A retrospective study.
abstract: Neuropsychological assessment is critical in both diagnosis and prognosis of patients with epilepsy. Beyond electrophysiological and anatomical alterations, other factors including different ethnic-cultural and linguistic backgrounds might affect neuropsychological performance. Only a few studies considered migration and acculturation effects and they typically concerned nonclinical samples. The current study aimed at investigating the influence of ethnic background and time spent in Italy on a full neuropsychological battery administered to both Italian and foreign-born patients and at providing a brief interview for obtaining relevant information on each patient's transcultural and language-related history. Clinical reports from 43 foreign-born patients with drug-resistant epilepsy were collected from the archives of Milan Niguarda Hospital. Epileptogenic zone, age, education, profession, illness duration, seizure frequency, handedness, and gender were considered in selecting 43 Italian controls. Ethnicity (Italian/foreign-born) and years spent in Italy were analyzed as main predictors on 21 neuropsychological scales by means of General(ized) Linear Models. An additional analysis studied two composite scores of overall verbal and nonverbal abilities. Ethnicity significantly affected the following: the verbal overall score, Verbal Fluency, Naming, Token-test, Digit Span, Attentional Matrices, Trail-Making-Test, Line-Orientation-Test, and Raven matrices; no effects were found on the nonverbal overall score, Word Pairs Learning, Episodic Memory, reading accuracy, visual span, Bells test, Rey Figure, and face memory and recognition. No significant effects of years spent in Italy emerged. While years spent in Italy does not predict neuropsychological performance, linguistic background had a strong impact on it. With respect to Italian-speaking patients, those who were foreign-born showed large task-related variability, with an especially low performance on language-related tests. Hence, language tests should not be considered as valid measures of neuropsychological impairment in this population, not even in foreign-born patients with good Italian fluency. Clinicians should consider such asymmetries in order to improve the accuracy of neuropsychological assessment of foreign-born patients.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuropsychology Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza dell'Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi, 21, 27100, Pavia, Italy. Electronic address: valeriacarmen.peviani01@universitadipavia.it.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Peviani
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuropsychology Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza dell'Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi, 21, 27100, Pavia, Italy. Electronic address: pina.scarpa71@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scarpa
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi, 21, 27100, Pavia, Italy. Electronic address: alessio.toraldo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toraldo
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuropsychology Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza dell'Ospedale Maggiore 3, 20162 Milan, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi, 21, 27100, Pavia, Italy. Electronic address: g.bottini@unipv.it.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bottini
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000328:Adult; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D000069279:Drug Resistant Epilepsy / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology*; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000208:ethnology; D007807:Language Tests / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D019303:Multilingualism; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bilingualism; Cognitive tests; Epilepsy; Ethnic-cultural diversity; Immigration; Neuropsychological assessment