title: Tissue microstructure features derived from anomalous diffusion measurements in magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: Tissue microstructure features, namely axon radius and volume fraction, provide important information on the function of white matter pathways. These parameters vary on the scale much smaller than imaging voxels (microscale) yet influence the magnetic resonance imaging diffusion signal at the image voxel scale (macroscale) in an anomalous manner. Researchers have already mapped anomalous diffusion parameters from magnetic resonance imaging data, but macroscopic variations have not been related to microscale influences. With the aid of a tissue model, we aimed to connect anomalous diffusion parameters to axon radius and volume fraction using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging measurements.
  
  
  
  An ex vivo human brain experiment was performed to directly validate axon radius and volume fraction measurements in the human brain. These findings were validated using electron microscopy. Additionally, we performed an in vivo study on nine healthy participants to map axon radius and volume fraction along different regions of the corpus callosum projecting into various cortical areas identified using tractography.
  
  
  
  We found a clear relationship between anomalous diffusion parameters and axon radius and volume fraction. We were also able to map accurately the trend in axon radius along the corpus callosum, and in vivo findings resembled the low-high-low-high behaviour in axon radius demonstrated previously.
  
  
  
  Axon radius and volume fraction measurements can potentially be used in brain connectivity studies and to understand the implications of white matter structure in brain diseases and disorders. Hum Brain Mapp 38:1068-1081, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Imaging, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Imaging, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reutens
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Imaging, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.|Healthcare Sector, Siemens Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Kieran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Imaging, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Viktor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vegh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001369:Axons / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003337:Corpus Callosum / Q000166:cytology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000648:ultrastructure; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008875:Middle Aged; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: anomalous diffusion; axon radius; corpus callosum; magnetic resonance imaging; microstructure; volume fraction