title: Three-dimensional patellar tendon fibre kinematics in navigated TKA with and without patellar resurfacing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Physiological elongation and orientation of patellar tendon fibres are among the scopes of total knee arthroplasty, but little is known in the three dimensions. The study aims to assess in vitro these variations at the intact and replaced knee, with and without patellar resurfacing. It was hypothesised that fibre patterns differ before and after prosthesis implantation, and between specific prosthesis designs. It was also expected that patellar resurfacing would affect relevant results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements from 16 intact cadaver knees free from anatomical defects are here reported using a surgical navigation system. Data were collected at the intact joint and after implantation with cruciate-retaining or posterior-stabilised prosthesis designs, with and without patellar resurfacing. Relevant anatomical landmarks and patellar tendon attachments were digitised. Anatomical reference frames in the femur, tibia and patella were defined to measure component implantation parameters. Representative tendon fibres were defined as the straight line segments joining the two extremities. Changes in length and orientation of these fibres were calculated and reported versus flexion at the intact knee and after prosthesis implantation, both with and without patellar resurfacing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A good intra- and inter-specimen repeatability was found at the intact and replaced knees. In both prosthesis designs, the patterns of fibre lengthening were similar to those in the intact knee, though significant differences were observed before and after patellar resurfacing. Corresponding fibre orientations in the frontal and sagittal planes showed significantly smaller ranges than those in the corresponding intact joints. More natural patterns were observed in the knees implanted with the posterior-stabilised design. Significant correlations were identified between patellar component implantation parameters and both patellar tendon fibre elongation and orientation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences, however small, in patellar tendon fibre elongation and orientation were observed after total knee arthroplasty. The posterior-stabilised design provided better results, whereas patellar resurfacing affected significantly normal patellar function. In the clinical practice, the present findings can contribute to the understanding of current prosthesis designs and patellar resurfacing, recommending also enhanced care during this surgery.
authors.affiliation: Movement Analysis Laboratory and Functional - Clinical Evaluation of Prostheses, Centro di Ricerca Codivilla-Putti, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy. belvedere@ior.it.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Belvedere
authors.affiliation: Movement Analysis Laboratory and Functional - Clinical Evaluation of Prostheses, Centro di Ricerca Codivilla-Putti, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.|2nd Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ensini
authors.affiliation: 2nd Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: d'Amato
authors.affiliation: 2nd Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barbadoro
authors.affiliation: Movement Analysis Laboratory and Functional - Clinical Evaluation of Prostheses, Centro di Ricerca Codivilla-Putti, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leardini
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019645:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee / Q000379:methods*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000601:surgery; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D007720:Knee Prosthesis; D008875:Middle Aged; D010329:Patella / Q000601:surgery*; D017847:Patellar Ligament / Q000601:surgery*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Fibre mapping; Patellar resurfacing; Patellar tendon; Tibio-femoral joint; Total knee replacement