title: Influence of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene rs4362 polymorphism on the progression of kidney failure in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is an inherited systemic disorder, characterized by the fluid filled cysts in the kidneys leading to end stage renal failure in later years of life. Hypertension is one of the major factors independently contributing to the chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. The renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) genes have been extensively studied as hypertension candidate genes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of angiotensin converting enzyme tagging - single nucleotide polymorphisms (ACE tag-SNPs) in progression of CKD in patients with ADPKD. m0 ethods: In the present study six ACE tagSNPs (angiotensin converting enzyme tag single nucleotide polymorphisms) and insertion/deletion (I/D) in 102 ADPKD patients and 106 control subjects were investigated. The tagSNPs were genotyped using FRET-based KASPar method and ACE ID by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and electrophoresis. Genotypes and haplotypes were compared between ADPKD patients and controls. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the effect of genotypes and hypertension on CKD advancement. Mantel-Haenszel (M-H) stratified analysis was performed to study the relationship between different CKD stages and hypertension and their interaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All loci were polymorphic and except rs4293 SNP the remaining loci followed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Distribution of ACE genotypes and haplotypes in controls and ADPKD patients was not significant. A significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) was observed between SNPs forming two LD blocks. The univariate analysis revealed that the age, hypertension, family history of diabetes and ACE rs4362 contributed to the advancement of CKD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the ACE genotypes are effect modifiers of the relationship between hypertension and CKD advancement among the ADPKD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Gnanasambandan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramanathan
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Santu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Ramprasad
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Elumalai
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Soundararajan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Periyasamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Bhaskar V K S
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Lakkakula
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D016891:Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A