title: Soy isoflavone intake and prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japan: baseline data from the Kyushu Okinawa Maternal and Child Health Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several observational studies and trials examined the relationship between isoflavones or soybeans and depressive symptoms among peri- and postmenopausal women. We cross-sectionally evaluated the associations between intake of soy products and isoflavones and depressive symptoms during pregnancy in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study subjects were 1745 pregnant women. Dietary intake during the preceding month was assessed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were defined by a score of 16 or over in the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher intake of total soy products, tofu, tofu products, fermented soybeans, boiled soybeans, miso soup, and isoflavones was independently related to a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms during pregnancy: The adjusted prevalence ratios (95 % confidence intervals, P for trend) between extreme quartiles were 0.63 (0.47-0.85, 0.002), 0.72 (0.54-0.96, 0.007), 0.74 (0.56-0.98, 0.04), 0.57 (0.42-0.76, <0.0001), 0.73 (0.55-0.98, 0.03), 0.65 (0.49-0.87, 0.003), and 0.63 (0.46-0.86, 0.002), respectively. A significant positive exposure-response relationship was found between miso intake and depressive symptoms during pregnancy. No material relationship was observed between soymilk intake and depressive symptoms during pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study is the first to show independent inverse relationships between intake of total soy products, tofu, tofu products, fermented soybeans, boiled soybeans, miso soup, and isoflavones and depressive symptoms during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan. miyake.yoshihiro.ls@ehime-u.ac.jp.|Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime, Japan. miyake.yoshihiro.ls@ehime-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1244-4488
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.|Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.|Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.affiliation: Health Tourism Research Fields, Graduate School of Tourism Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arakawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D000074421:Fermented Foods; D055951:Functional Food; D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000208:ethnology; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D045730:Soy Foods; D041942:Soy Milk
chemical_list: D007529:Isoflavones
keywords: Depressive symptoms; Intake; Isoflavones; Japanese; Pregnancy; Soy