title: Tradescantia as a biomonitor for pesticide genotoxicity evaluation of iprodione, carbaryl, dimethoate and 4,4'-DDE.
abstract: There is a current tendency to develop and apply environmentally friendly techniques that meet the requirements of green analytical chemistry as an alternative to conventional analytical methods. For toxicity evaluation, these alternatives may be found in bioassays such as Tradescantia. This technique, developed in the 1980s, is highly sensitive to evaluate environmental mutagens, simple and cheap. In this paper, the sensibility of both the Tradescantia micronucleus bioassay (Trad-MCN) and the Tradescantia stamen hair bioassay (Trad-SH) were studied for carbaryl, dimethoate and iprodione, common agricultural and domestic pesticides that are currently used in Chile, which have never been tested with such bioassays. Biomonitor exposures were performed by capillary absorption for each individual pesticide over a wide range of concentrations, from maximum residue limits (trace levels) up to the application dose in agricultural fields. In addition, the organochloride 4,4'-DDE was included but only in the concentration range from 0.01mgL-1to 1mgL-1, mimicking residue concentrations since it is not a commercial product but, rather, the main breakdown product of the persistent organochloride pesticide 4,4-DDT, whose use was discontinued in Chile in the 1980s. The Trad-MCN bioassay revealed a significant increase in micronucleus frequency at the early tetrads of meiotic pollen mother cells of the biomonitor Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea, induced by 4,4'-DDE (for 1mgL-1), dimethoate (for 40mgL-1, 200mgL-1, 400mg/L-1) and carbaryl (for 889mgL-1). Iprodione did not generate any significant change at the tested concentration. Meanwhile, the Trad-SH bioassay was carried out by analysis of the phenotype variations of the stamen hair cells of the Tradescantia clone KU-20 for the same pesticides and doses. This bioassay was not sufficiently sensitive for toxicity evaluation of most of the pesticides tested, with exception of dimethoate in low doses (2 and 5mg/L-1).
authors.affiliation: Centro de Tecnologías Ambientales (CETAM), Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María (UTFSM), Av. España 1680, Valparaíso, Chile. Electronic address: ximena.fadic@usm.cl.
authors.forename: Ximena
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fadic
authors.affiliation: Centro de Tecnologías Ambientales (CETAM), Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María (UTFSM), Av. España 1680, Valparaíso, Chile; Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España 1680, Valparaíso, Chile. Electronic address: fabian.placencia.13@sansano.usm.cl.
authors.forename: Fabián
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Placencia
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España 1680, Valparaíso, Chile. Electronic address: anamaria.dominguez@usm.cl.
authors.forename: Ana María
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Domínguez
authors.affiliation: Centro de Tecnologías Ambientales (CETAM), Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María (UTFSM), Av. España 1680, Valparaíso, Chile; Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España 1680, Valparaíso, Chile. Electronic address: francisco.cereceda@usm.cl.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cereceda-Balic
mesh_terms: D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D012721:Carbaryl / Q000633:toxicity; D002677:Chile; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; D004117:Dimethoate / Q000633:toxicity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006827:Hydantoins / Q000633:toxicity; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009153:Mutagens; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D034823:Tradescantia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D006827:Hydantoins; D009153:Mutagens; D010575:Pesticides; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; D012721:Carbaryl; C033148:iprodione; D004117:Dimethoate
keywords: 4,4´-DDE; Carbaryl; Dimethoate; Genotoxicity; Green chemistry; Iprodione; Pesticide; Plant biomonitor; Tradescantia bioassay