title: Passive stimulation and behavioral training differentially transform temporal processing in the inferior colliculus and primary auditory cortex.
abstract: In profoundly deaf cats, behavioral training with intracochlear electric stimulation (ICES) can improve temporal processing in the primary auditory cortex (AI). To investigate whether similar effects are manifest in the auditory midbrain, ICES was initiated in neonatally deafened cats either during development after short durations of deafness (8 wk of age) or in adulthood after long durations of deafness (≥3.5 yr). All of these animals received behaviorally meaningless, "passive" ICES. Some animals also received behavioral training with ICES. Two long-deaf cats received no ICES prior to acute electrophysiological recording. After several months of passive ICES and behavioral training, animals were anesthetized, and neuronal responses to pulse trains of increasing rates were recorded in the central (ICC) and external (ICX) nuclei of the inferior colliculus. Neuronal temporal response patterns (repetition rate coding, minimum latencies, response precision) were compared with results from recordings made in the AI of the same animals (Beitel RE, Vollmer M, Raggio MW, Schreiner CE. J Neurophysiol 106: 944-959, 2011; Vollmer M, Beitel RE. J Neurophysiol 106: 2423-2436, 2011). Passive ICES in long-deaf cats remediated severely degraded temporal processing in the ICC and had no effects in the ICX. In contrast to observations in the AI, behaviorally relevant ICES had no effects on temporal processing in the ICC or ICX, with the single exception of shorter latencies in the ICC in short-deaf cats. The results suggest that independent of deafness duration passive stimulation and behavioral training differentially transform temporal processing in auditory midbrain and cortex, and primary auditory cortex emerges as a pivotal site for behaviorally driven neuronal temporal plasticity in the deaf cat.
  
  
  
  Behaviorally relevant vs. passive electric stimulation of the auditory nerve differentially affects neuronal temporal processing in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) and the primary auditory cortex (AI) in profoundly short-deaf and long-deaf cats. Temporal plasticity in the ICC depends on a critical amount of electric stimulation, independent of its behavioral relevance. In contrast, the AI emerges as a pivotal site for behaviorally driven neuronal temporal plasticity in the deaf auditory system.
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Hearing Center, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; vollmer_m@ukw.de.
authors.forename: Maike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vollmer
authors.affiliation: Coleman Memorial Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Ralph E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Beitel
authors.affiliation: Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California; and.
authors.forename: Christoph E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Schreiner
authors.affiliation: Epstein Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Leake
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D002415:Cats; D003051:Cochlea / Q000502:physiology; D003054:Cochlear Implants; D003638:Deafness / Q000473:pathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007245:Inferior Colliculi / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D011601:Psychophysics; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology
keywords: cochlear implant; deafness; inferior colliculus; neuroplasticity; primary auditory cortex; temporal processing