title: Targeted Self-Management of Epilepsy and Mental Illness for individuals with epilepsy and psychiatric comorbidity.
abstract: Serious mental illness is disproportionately common in people with epilepsy and contributes to complications and mortality. Few care approaches specifically target individuals who have epilepsy and severe mental illness. We used an iterative process to refine an existing intervention and tested the novel intervention, Targeted Self-Management for Epilepsy and Mental Illness (TIME) in individuals with epilepsy and comorbid mental illness (E-MI).
  
  
  
  The TIME intervention was developed with input from a community advisory board and then tested for feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy in people with E-MI, using a 16-week prospective, randomized controlled design comparing TIME (N=22) vs. treatment as usual (TAU, N=22). Primary outcome was change in depressive symptoms, assessed by the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Secondary assessments included global psychiatric symptom severity, seizure frequency, sleep patterns, quality of life, stigma, social support, and self-efficacy.
  
  
  
  There were 44 individuals enrolled, mean age 48.25 (SD=11.82) with 25 (56.8%) African-Americans. The majority (N=31, 70.5%) were unemployed, and most (N=41, 95.5%) had annual income <U.S. $25,000. With respect to study retention, there were 36 individuals (18 in TIME, 18 in TAU) assessed at 12weeks and 35 individuals (19 in TIME, 16 in TAU) assessed at 16weeks. There was a significant effect for MADRS (p=0.036; effect size of 0.70), with lower MADRS at 16weeks in TIME, while TAU MADRS did not change. Differences between most secondary measures were not statistically significant.
  
  
  
  The TIME intervention engages individuals to actively participate in self-management and can reduce depression in E-MI. Given the high morbidity and mortality associated with epilepsy complicated by serious mental illness, additional research is needed to better identify how TIME might be implemented in routine care settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Neurological and Behavioral Outcomes Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA. Electronic address: Martha.sajatovic@uhhospitals.org.
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sajatovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Neurological and Behavioral Outcomes Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Curtis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tatsuoka
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Neurological and Behavioral Outcomes Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Welter
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Care Research and Policy, Case Western Reserve University, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Adam T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Perzynski
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Neurological and Behavioral Outcomes Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Colon-Zimmermann
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Neurological and Behavioral Outcomes Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Jamie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Van Doren
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Neurological and Behavioral Outcomes Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bukach
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Care Research and Policy, Case Western Reserve University, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Mary Ellen
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lawless
authors.affiliation: Neurological and Behavioral Outcomes Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Eleanor R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Neurological and Behavioral Outcomes Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sturniolo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Neurological and Behavioral Outcomes Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Samden
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lhatoo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Comorbidity; Depression; Epilepsy; Mental illness; Schizophrenia; Seizures