title: Race and rehabilitation following spinal cord injury: equality of access for American Indians/Alaska Natives compared to other racial groups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Representing 2 % of the general population, American Indians/Alaska Natives (AIs/ANs) were associated with 0.5 % (63) of the estimated 12,500 new cases of spinal cord injury (SCI) reported to the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistic Center in 2013. To date, the trend in health care disparities among AIs/ANs in the SCI community has not been examined. We sought to compare the rate of discharge to rehabilitation facilities (DRF) following traumatic SCI among adult AIs/ANs to other racial/ethnic groups for patients 15 to 64 years old.
  
  
  METHODS
  Utilizing data from the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB), we performed a retrospective analysis of SCI cases occurring between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2012. SCI injuries were identified by International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision-Clinical Modification (ICD-9) codes or Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) scores. Injury severity was determined using the Trauma Mortality Prediction Model (TMPM) which empirically estimates each patient's probability of death given their individual complement of injuries. A series of seven logistic regression models were used to predict DRF between racial groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 29,443 patients in our cohort, 52.4 % were discharged to rehabilitation facilities. AIs/ANs comprised 1.1 % of the population, with 63.8 % dismissed to rehabilitation. AIs/ANs were significantly younger, had a higher probability of death, had longer hospital length of stay (HLOS), and were proportionately more likely to be discharged to rehabilitation compared to non-AIs. Regression models demonstrated increased odds of DRF for AIs/ANs compared to Hispanic and Asian racial/ethnic groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  American Indians/Alaska Natives who sustain SCI access rehabilitative care at a rate equitable to or greater than other races when multiple factors are taken into account. Further research is needed to assess the effect of those patient, physician, and health care system determinants as they relate to a patient's ability to access post-trauma rehabilitative care. Recommendations include advancing the level of racial, insurance, and geographic data necessary to adequately explore disparities related to such ubiquitously life-altering conditions as SCI.
authors.affiliation: Chandler Regional Medical Center, Chandler, AZ, USA. adcookmd@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: Chandler Regional Medical Center, Chandler, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Jeanette G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: Chandler Regional Medical Center, Chandler, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Kristina M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Chapple
authors.affiliation: Chandler Regional Medical Center, Chandler, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akinbiyi
authors.affiliation: Chandler Regional Medical Center, Chandler, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garrett
authors.affiliation: Chandler Regional Medical Center, Chandler, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Forrest O'Dell
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Moore