title: Recombinant fetuin-B protein maintains high fertilization rate in cumulus cell-free mouse oocytes.
abstract: Does fetuin-B inhibit premature zona pellucida (ZP) hardening in mouse oocytes in vitro and thus increase IVF rate?
  
  
  
  Supplementation of oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) media with recombinant mouse fetuin-B (rmFetuB) increased fertilization rate without affecting mouse embryo development into blastocysts.
  
  
  
  Mice deficient in fetuin-B are infertile owing to premature ZP hardening. Premature ZP hardening also occurs during oocyte IVM leading to decreased fertilization rate.
  
  
  
  We fertilized batches of 20-30 mouse metaphase II (Mll) stage oocytes from C57BL/6 mice with fresh sperm, and studied early embryo development until blastocyst hatching.
  
  
  
  Oocytes were maintained with or without rmFetuB during IVM and IVF. Exogenous rmFetuB was added to media prior to oocyte isolation. ZP hardening was quantified by chymotrypsin digestion timing and by counting attached sperm.
  
  
  
  In the absence of cumulus cells, rmFetuB dose-dependently inhibited ZP hardening and increased IVF rate (P = 0.039). Fetuin-B at ≥0.03 mg/ml also inhibited physiological, fertilization-triggered ZP hardening (indicated by increased sperm binding, P = 0.0002), without increasing embryo death. Exogenous rmFetuB increased IVF rate for up to 5 hours of IVM (P = 0.02 at 1 hour, P = 0.01 at 5 hours of IVM).
  
  
  
  Mll stage oocytes in this study were isolated from the ampullae of fetuin-B expressing mice. Thus, oocytes were protected against premature ZP hardening by endogenous fetuin-B. In humans and livestock, oocytes are usually isolated by follicle puncture before ovulation. In this situation, the deprivation of endogenous fetuin-B would occur earlier and the effect of exogenous fetuin-B in the IVF medium may be even more pronounced. Fertilization-triggered ZP hardening is essential for embryo development but in this study the effect of fetuin-B supplementation was only studied to blastocyst stage. Any influence of added fetuin-B on later embryo development after transplantation remains to be determined.
  
  
  
  The astacin-type protease ovastacin triggers definitive ZP hardening by cleaving the zona pellucida protein 2. Animal sera are known to inhibit premature ZP hardening. The addition of rFetuB to the culture medium of oocytes could increase IVF rates by the inhibition of premature ZP hardening. In this regard, the results could be useful for clinical activity.
  
  
  
  None.
  
  
  
  The research was supported by a grant from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and by the START program of the Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University. The authors ED, JF and WJD are named inventors on a patent application of RWTH Aachen University covering the use of fetuin-B in ovary and oocyte culture.
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dietzel
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Floehr
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van de Leur
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weiskirchen
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Laboratory, RWTH Aachen University, Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany willi.jahnen@rwth-aachen.de.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jahnen-Dechent
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001757:Blastomeres / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D054885:Cumulus Cells; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000379:methods*; D060752:Fetuin-B / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006244:Hardness; D059471:In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D045726:Metalloproteases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D015044:Zona Pellucida / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D000072216:Zona Pellucida Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D060752:Fetuin-B; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D000072216:Zona Pellucida Glycoproteins; C000606520:Zp2 protein, mouse; C487827:Astl protein, mouse; D045726:Metalloproteases
keywords: IVF; cumulus cells; embryo development; fetuin-B; hatching; ovastacin; polyspermy; zona pellucida; zona pellucida hardening