title: Assessing musculoskeletal examination skills and diagnostic reasoning of 4th year medical students using a novel objective structured clinical exam.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medical students have difficulty performing and interpreting musculoskeletal physical examinations and interpreting the findings. Research has focused on students' knowledge deficits, but there are few direct assessments of students' ability to perform a hypothesis-driven physical examination (HDPE). We developed a novel musculoskeletal Objective Structured Clinical Exam (OSCE) focusing on HDPE skills for disorders of the shoulder, back and knee, and used it to explore medical student diagnostic reasoning.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multidisciplinary group of musculoskeletal specialists developed and gathered validity evidence for a three station OSCE focusing on the HDPE of the shoulder, back and knee, emphasizing the ability to anticipate (identify pre-encounter) expected physical exam findings, and subsequently perform discriminatory physical examination maneuvers. The OSCE was administered to 45 final year medical students. Trained faculty observed and scored students' ability to anticipate exam findings and perform diagnostic examination maneuvers on simulated patients. Encounters were digitally recorded and scored again by another trained faculty member. Inter-rater reliability for each maneuver was estimated using type-2 intra-class correlations (ICC). Percentages of perfect scores for anticipation and performance were calculated. Pearson's correlation between anticipation and performance scores was computed for each maneuver and their relationship to diagnostic accuracy was tested with logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inter-rater reliability was good (ICC between .69 and .87) for six exam maneuvers. Maneuver performance was overall poor, with no discriminatory maneuver performed correctly by more than two thirds of students, and one maneuver only performed correctly by 4 % of students. For the shoulder and knee stations, students were able to anticipate necessary discriminatory exam findings better than they could actually perform relevant exam maneuvers. The ability to anticipate a discriminatory finding correlated with the ability to perform the associated maneuver correctly, with the exception of the ability to perform maneuvers needed to diagnose a torn anterior cruciate ligament of the knee. Neither the ability to anticipate or perform was predictive of identifying correct diagnoses for the different cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A novel musculoskeletal OSCE, based on principles of the hypothesis-driven physical examination, was able to identify significant deficiencies in examination skills needed to diagnose common disorders of the shoulder, back and knee amongst graduating medical students. In addition, the OSCE demonstrated that accurate anticipation of discriminatory examination findings correlates with ability to perform the associated maneuver; however, the ability to anticipate exceeds the ability to perform. Students do not appear to be using the physical exam to inform their diagnostic reasoning. The findings of this study have implications for both assessment and teaching of the musculoskeletal exam.
authors.affiliation: Wayne State School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: R Brent
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Stansfield
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Diponio
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Cliff
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zeller
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Edmund
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chadd
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 E Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. seetha@med.umich.edu.|, 1560 E. Maple Rd, Troy, MI, 48083, USA. seetha@med.umich.edu.
authors.forename: Seetha
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3374-2989
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Monrad
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000592:standards*; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000193:education*; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000592:standards*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013337:Students, Medical
keywords: Diagnostic reasoning; Musculoskeletal; Physical examination; Skills assessment; Undergraduate medical students