title: Tree-ring isotopes reveal drought sensitivity in trees killed by spruce beetle outbreaks in south-central Alaska.
abstract: Increasing temperatures have resulted in reduced growth and increased tree mortality across large areas of western North American forests. We use tree-ring isotope chronologies (δ13C and δ18O) from live and dead trees from four locations in south-central Alaska, USA, to test whether white spruce trees killed by recent spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby) outbreaks showed evidence of drought stress prior to death. Trees that were killed were more sensitive to spring/summer temperature and/or precipitation than trees that survived. At two of our sites, we found greater correlations between the δ13C and δ18O chronologies and spring/summer temperatures in dead trees than in live trees, suggesting that trees that are more sensitive to temperature-induced drought stress are more likely to be killed. At one site, the difference between δ13C in live and dead trees was related to winter/spring precipitation, with dead trees showing stronger correlations between δ13C and precipitation, again suggesting increased water stress in dead trees. At all sites where δ18O was measured, δ18O chronologies showed the greatest difference in climate response between live and dead groups, with δ18O in live trees correlating more strongly with late winter precipitation than dead trees. Our results indicate that sites where trees are already sensitive to warm or dry early growing-season conditions experienced the most beetle-kill, which has important implications for forecasting future mortality events in Alaska.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, Nipissing University, 100 College Drive, North Bay, Ontario, P1B 8L7, Canada. adam.csank@gmail.com.|Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, Nevada, 89512, USA. adam.csank@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Adam Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Csank
authors.affiliation: National Park Service, Alaska Regional Office, 240 W 5th Ave., Anchorage, Alaska, 99501, USA.
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Geography Department, Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, California, 95521, USA.
authors.forename: Rosemary L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sherriff
authors.affiliation: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, 1 Skihill Road, Soldotna, Alaska, 99669, USA.
authors.forename: Edward E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska-Anchorage, 3200 Providence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska, 99508, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Welker
mesh_terms: D000413:Alaska; D000818:Animals; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000502:physiology*; D055864:Droughts; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D028222:Picea / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology*; D011158:Population Growth; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D002244:Carbon; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: 
  Dendroctonus rufipennis
  ; 
  Picea glauca
  ; Alaska, USA; drought stress; spruce beetle; stable isotopes; tree rings; white spruce