title: A wearable multisensing patch for continuous sweat monitoring.
abstract: In sport, exercise and healthcare settings, there is a need for continuous, non-invasive monitoring of biomarkers to assess human performance, health and wellbeing. Here we report the development of a flexible microfluidic platform with fully integrated sensing for on-body testing of human sweat. The system can simultaneously and selectively measure metabolite (e.g. lactate) and electrolytes (e.g. pH, sodium) together with temperature sensing for internal calibration. The construction of the platform is designed such that continuous flow of sweat can pass through an array of flexible microneedle type of sensors (50µm diameter) incorporated in a microfluidic channel. Potentiometric sodium ion sensors were developed using a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) functional membrane deposited on an electrochemically deposited internal layer of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) polymer. The pH sensing layer is based on a highly sensitive membrane of iridium oxide (IrOx). The amperometric-based lactate sensor consists of doped enzymes deposited on top of a semipermeable copolymer membrane and outer polyurethane layers. Real-time data were collected from human subjects during cycle ergometry and treadmill running. A detailed comparison of sodium, lactate and cortisol from saliva is reported, demonstrating the potential of the multi-sensing platform for tracking these outcomes. In summary, a fully integrated sensor for continuous, simultaneous and selective measurement of sweat metabolites, electrolytes and temperature was achieved using a flexible microfluidic platform. This system can also transmit information wirelessly for ease of collection and storage, with the potential for real-time data analytics.
authors.affiliation: The Hamlyn Centre, Department of Computing, Imperial College, London, UK. Electronic address: s.anastasova-ivanova@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Salzitsa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anastasova
authors.affiliation: The Hamlyn Centre, Department of Computing, Imperial College, London, UK; Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Blair
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Crewther
authors.affiliation: The Hamlyn Centre, Department of Computing, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Pawel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bembnowicz
authors.affiliation: The Hamlyn Centre, Department of Computing, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Curto
authors.affiliation: The Hamlyn Centre, Department of Computing, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Henry Md
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Ip
authors.affiliation: The Hamlyn Centre, Department of Computing, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.affiliation: The Hamlyn Centre, Department of Computing, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Guang-Zhong
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic / Q000737:chemistry*; D004573:Electrolytes; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007495:Iridium / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D013542:Sweat / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; D004573:Electrolytes; D011108:Polymers; C121383:poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene); C044458:iridium oxide; D007495:Iridium; D011143:Polyvinyl Chloride
keywords: Exercise; Flexible patch; Microfluidic; Saliva; Sensors