title: Abundance in proteins expressed after functional electrical stimulation cycling or arm cycling ergometry training in persons with chronic spinal cord injury.
abstract: Longitudinal design.
  
  
  
  The study determined the effects of two forms of exercise training on the abundance of two proteins, (glucose transporter-4 [GLUT-4], adenosine monophosphate kinase [AMPK]) involved in glucose utilization and the transcriptional coactivator that regulates the genes involved in energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) coactivator 1 alpha [PGC-1α]), in muscles in men with chronic motor-complete spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  
  Clinical trial at a Medical Center.
  
  
  
  Nine men with chronic motor-complete SCI participated in functional electrical stimulation lower extremity cycling (FES-LEC; n = 4) or arm cycling ergometer (arm-cycling ergometer [ACE]; n = 5) 5 days/week for 16 weeks. Whole body composition was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. An intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed to measure glucose effectiveness (Sg) and insulin sensitivity (Si). Muscle biopsies of the right vastus lateralis (VL) and triceps muscles were collected one week prior to and post the exercise training intervention.
  
  
  
  Neither training intervention altered body composition or carbohydrate metabolism. GLUT-4 increased by 3.8 fold in the VL after FES training and increased 0.6 fold in the triceps after ACE training. PGC-1α increased by 2.3 fold in the VL after FES training and 3.8 fold in the triceps after ACE training. AMPK increased by 3.4 fold in the VL after FES training and in the triceps after ACE training.
  
  
  
  FES-LEC and ACE training were associated with greater protein expressions in the trained muscles by effectively influencing the abundance of GLUT-4, AMPK and PGC-1α. Thus, FES-LEC training of paralyzed muscle can modulate protein expression similar to that of trained and innervated muscle.
authors.affiliation: a Spinal Cord Injury Service and Disorders; Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center , Richmond , VA , USA.|b Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation ; Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA , USA.
authors.forename: Ashraf S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Gorgey
authors.affiliation: c National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center , Bronx , NY , USA.|d Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, Medicine , New York City , NY , USA.
authors.forename: Zachary A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: c National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center , Bronx , NY , USA.|d Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, Medicine , New York City , NY , USA.
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Bauman
authors.affiliation: c National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center , Bronx , NY , USA.|d Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, Medicine , New York City , NY , USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cardozo
authors.affiliation: e Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center , Hershey , PA , USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gater
mesh_terms: D000091162:AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000534:rehabilitation*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; C486497:PPARGC1A protein, human; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; C495692:SLC2A4 protein, human; D011494:Protein Kinases; D000091162:AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases
keywords: ACE; AMPK; Body composition; FES-LEC; GLUT-4; IVGTT; PGC-1α; Spinal cord injury