title: Bone Density and Dental External Apical Root Resorption.
abstract: When orthodontic patients desire shorter treatment times with aesthetic results and long-term stability, it is important for the orthodontist to understand the potential limitations and problems that may arise during standard and/or technology-assisted accelerated treatment. Bone density plays an important role in facilitating orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), such that reductions in bone density can significantly increase movement velocity. Lifestyle, genetic background, environmental factors, and disease status all can influence a patients' overall health and bone density. In some individuals, these factors may create specific conditions that influence systemic-wide bone metabolism. Both genetic variation and the onset of a bone-related disease can influence systemic bone density and local bone density, such as observed in the mandible and maxilla. These types of localized density changes can affect the rate of OTM and may also influence the risk of unwanted outcomes, i.e., the occurrence of dental external apical root resorption (EARR).
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramon y Cajal sn, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iglesias-Linares
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky Center for the Biologic Basis of Oral/Systemic Diseases, 1095 Veterans Administration Drive, HSRB Room 414, Lexington, KY, 40536-0305, USA.
authors.forename: Lorri Ann
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Morford
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky Center for the Biologic Basis of Oral/Systemic Diseases, 1095 Veterans Administration Drive, HSRB Room 414, Lexington, KY, 40536-0305, USA. James.Hartsfield@uky.edu.
authors.forename: James Kennedy
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hartsfield
mesh_terms: D015519:Bone Density / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D001851:Bone Diseases, Metabolic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics; D008334:Mandible; D008437:Maxilla; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000235:genetics; D058486:Receptors, Purinergic P2X7 / Q000235:genetics; D012391:Root Resorption / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques
chemical_list: C508585:IL1B protein, human; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; C546468:P2RX7 protein, human; D058486:Receptors, Purinergic P2X7; C506030:TNFRSF11B protein, human
keywords: Bone density; EARR; Genetics; IL1B; OPG; Orthodontics; P2RX7; Root resorption; Tooth movement