title: Glucose: archetypal biomarker in diabetes diagnosis, clinical management and research.
abstract: The clinical utility of diabetes biomarkers can be considered in terms of diagnosis, management and prediction of long-term vascular complications. Glucose satisfies all of these requirements. Thresholds of hyperglycemia diagnostic of diabetes reflect inflections that confer a risk of developing long-term microvascular complications. Degrees of hyperglycemia (impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance) that lie below the diagnostic threshold for diabetes identify individuals at risk of progression to diabetes and/or development of atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease. Self-measured glucose levels usefully complement hemoglobin A1clevels to guide daily management decisions. Continuous glucose monitoring provides detailed real-time data that is of value in clinical decision making, assessing response to new diabetes drugs and the development of closed-loop artificial pancreas technology.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Translational Medicine, Clore Life Sciences, University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham, MK18 1EG, UK.|Profil Institute for Clinical Research, 855 3rd Avenue Suite 4400, Chula Vista, CA 91911, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Krentz
authors.affiliation: Profil Institute for Clinical Research, 855 3rd Avenue Suite 4400, Chula Vista, CA 91911, USA.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hompesch
keywords: biomarker; cardiovascular disease; continuous glucose monitoring; diabetes mellitus; diabetic complications; diagnosis; glucose; glycated hemoglobin; impaired fasting glucose; impaired glucose tolerance; microvascular complications