title: Increase in resting heart rate over 2 years predicts incidence of diabetes: A 10-year prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association between resting heart rate (RHR) and the development of diabetes has yet to be fully elucidated, and the relationship between changes in RHR and incidence of diabetes also remains unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the association between changes in RHR over 2 years and the risk of diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 7416 adults without diabetes were included. All had participated in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, a community-based, 10-year prospective study in which RHR was measured at baseline and 2 years later. Incident diabetes was defined as fasting blood glucose ≥126mg/dL, 2-h post-load glucose ≥200mg/dL during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test or current use of diabetes medication. The relative risk of diabetes associated with the 2-year change in RHR was calculated using Cox models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 10-year follow-up, 1444 (19.5%) developed diabetes. Compared with RHR increases <5 beats per minute (bpm) over 2 years, increases >10bpm were significantly associated with development of diabetes (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.31, 95% confidence interval: 1.06-1.60), even after adjusting for glycometabolic parameters and baseline RHR. This significant association was attenuated in people who exercised regularly (P=0.650), but remained significant in those not doing any regular exercise (P=0.010).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increase in RHR over a 2-year follow-up period is significantly associated with a risk of diabetes, independently of baseline RHR and glycometabolic parameters. Further investigations into ways to control RHR as a potential preventative measure against the development of diabetes are now needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: yholee@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Y-H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Exercise Medicine Center for Diabetes and Cancer Patients, ICONS, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bang
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: B-W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: I-K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: B-S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical College, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: ironeat@gmail.com.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Autonomic nerve system; Diabetes; Heart rate; Prospective; Risk factor