title: Comparison of four protocols for luteal phase support in frozen-thawed Embryo transfer cycles: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the pregnancy outcomes between four regimens of luteal phase support (LPS), including vaginal progesterone, oral dydrogesterone, combination of oral dydrogesterone and gonadotropin releasing hormone analog (GnRH-α), and combination of oral dydrogesterone and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), in Frozen-thawed Embryo Transfer (FET) cycles.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized clinical trial was performed during a 6-month period, including candidates for FET. Patients were randomly assigned to four groups for LPS: 400 mg vaginal progesterone suppository twice daily, 10 mg oral dydrogesterone twice daily, 10 mg oral dydrogesterone twice daily combined with injection of 0.1 mg GnRH-α, and 10 mg oral dydrogesterone twice daily combined with injection of 1500 IU hCG. Primary endpoint included clinical pregnancy rate, ongoing pregnancy rate (OPR), and miscarriage rate (MR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 400 FET cycles were analyzed. CPR was significantly lower in dydrogesterone group (9 %) when compared to vaginal progesterone (20 %), dydrogesterone and GnRH-α (25 %), and dydrogesterone and hCG (17 %). Logistic regression showed that only dydrogesterone group had significantly lower CPR in comparison with vaginal progesterone (OR = 0.39; p = 0.03), while it was comparable between other three groups. There were no significant difference between four groups regarding to OPR and MR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vaginal progesterone provides appropriate LPS. Yet, combination of oral dydrogesterone and GnRH-α or hCG can be more suitable option compared to vaginal progesterone for LPS in women with vaginal irritation or discharge at a lower cost.
authors.affiliation: Infertility Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Afsoon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zarei
authors.affiliation: Infertility Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. parastoosoheil@yahoo.com.|Department Office, Mother & Child Hospital, Quran Gate, Shiraz, 7134844119, Iran. parastoosoheil@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Parastoo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sohail
authors.affiliation: Infertility Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Ebrahim
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Parsanezhad
authors.affiliation: Infertility Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alborzi
authors.affiliation: Infertility Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Alamtaj
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samsami
authors.affiliation: Infertility Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azizi
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000453:epidemiology; D000328:Adult; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004394:Dydrogesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008183:Luteal Phase; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D011374:Progesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D011374:Progesterone; D004394:Dydrogesterone
keywords: Clinical pregnancy rate; Frozen-thawed embryo transfer; In vitro fertilization; Luteal phase support; Miscarriage rate; Ongoing pregnancy rate