title: Oral bioaccessibility and human exposure assessment of cadmium and lead in market vegetables in the Pearl River Delta, South China.
abstract: A systematic investigation into cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations and their oral bioaccessibility in market vegetables in the Pearl River Delta region were carried out to assess their potential health risks to local residents. The average concentrations of Cd and Pb in six species of fresh vegetables varied within 0.09-37.7 and 2.3-43.4 μg kg-1, respectively. Cadmium and Pb bioaccessibility were 35-66 % and 20-51 % in the raw vegetables, respectively, and found to be significantly higher than the cooked vegetables with 34-64 % for Cd and 11-48 % for Pb. The results indicated that Cd bioaccessibility was higher in the gastric phase and Pb bioaccessibility was higher in the small intestinal phase (except for fruit vegetables). Cooking slightly reduced the total concentrations and bioaccessibility of Cd and Pb in all vegetables. The bioaccessible estimated daily intakes of Cd and Pb from vegetables were far below the tolerable limits.
authors.affiliation: South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.affiliation: South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
authors.forename: Yingwen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
authors.forename: Bi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: GIS Centre, Ryan Institute and School of Geography and Archaeology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Chaosheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.affiliation: South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China. lizan@scbg.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Zhian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002681:China; D003296:Cooking; D004063:Digestion; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007419:Intestinal Secretions / Q000737:chemistry; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D045483:Rivers; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead
keywords: Bioaccessibility; Cooking; Estimated daily intake; Heavy metal; Physiologically based extraction test (PBET); Vegetables