title: Fast analytical approach of application specific dose efficient spectrum selection for diagnostic CT imaging and PET attenuation correction.
abstract: Computed tomography (CT) has been used for a variety of applications, two of which include diagnostic imaging and attenuation correction for PET or SPECT imaging. Ideally, the x-ray tube spectrum should be optimized for the specific application to minimize the patient radiation dose while still providing the necessary information. In this study, we proposed a projection-based analytic approach for the analysis of contrast, noise, and bias. Dose normalized contrast to noise ratio (CNRD), inverse noise normalized by dose (IND) and bias are used as evaluation metrics to determine the optimal x-ray spectrum. Our simulation investigated the dose efficiency of the x-ray spectrum ranging from 40 kVp to 200 kVp. Water cylinders with diameters of 15 cm, 24 cm, and 35 cm were used in the simulation to cover a variety of patient sizes. The effects of electronic noise and pre-patient copper filtration were also evaluated. A customized 24 cm CTDI-like phantom with 13 mm diameter inserts filled with iodine (10 mg ml-1), tantalum (10 mg ml-1), water, and PMMA was measured with both standard (1.5 mGy) and ultra-low (0.2 mGy) dose to verify the simulation results at tube voltages of 80, 100, 120, and 140 kVp. For contrast-enhanced diagnostic imaging, the simulation results indicated that for high dose without filtration, the optimal kVp for water contrast is approximately 100 kVp for a 15 cm water cylinder. However, the 60 kVp spectrum produces the highest CNRD for bone and iodine. The optimal kVp for tantalum has two selections: approximately 50 and 100 kVp. The kVp that maximizes CNRD increases when the object size increases. The trend in the CTDI phantom measurements agrees with the simulation results, which also agrees with previous studies. Copper filtration improved the dose efficiency for water and tantalum, but reduced the iodine and bone dose efficiency in a clinically-relevant range (70-140 kVp). Our study also shows that for CT-based attenuation correction applications for PET or SPECT, a higher-kVp spectrum with copper filtration is preferable. This method is developed based on filter back projection and does not require image reconstruction or Monte Carlo dose estimates; thus, it could potentially be used for patient-specific and task-based on-the-fly protocol optimization.
authors.affiliation: Image Reconstruction Laboratory, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Rui
authors.forename: Yannan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Paul F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: FitzGerald
authors.forename: Mingye
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Alessio
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Kinahan
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Man
mesh_terms: D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014965:X-Rays