title: A Randomized Controlled Comparison of Nephrostomy Drainage vs Ureteral Stent Following Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Using the Wisconsin StoneQOL.
abstract: We compared postoperative outcomes and quality of life (QoL) between patients who received a nephrostomy tube vs a ureteral stent following percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in a prospective, double-blind, randomized manner.
  
  
  
  Between September 2015 and March 2016, we randomized 30 patients undergoing PCNL to receive nephrostomy drainage (Group 1: 8F or 10F) or Double-J ureteral stent (Group 2) at conclusion of surgery. Nephrostomy tubes were removed within 48 hours (before discharge) and ureteral stents were removed at least 2 weeks after surgery. Patients' QoL was assessed with the Wisconsin StoneQOL questionnaire preoperatively and then 7 to 10 days and 30 days following surgery. Inclusion criteria included an uncomplicated procedure, normal preoperative renal function, and clinically insignificant residual stone fragments on postoperative imaging. We calculated the preoperative and postoperative QoL score difference between the two groups. We also evaluated perioperative characteristics, inpatient analgesic requirements, length of stay (LOS), and postsurgical complications.
  
  
  
  Patient characteristics between Groups 1 and 2 were comparable with similar age (58.3 vs 54.7, p = 0.534), gender ratio, and stone burden (276.6 mm2vs 259 mm2, p = 0.84) and composition. There was no significant difference between perioperative outcomes, including stone-free rate (93.3% vs 86.7%), operative times (125.7 minutes vs 115 minutes, p = 0.29), estimated blood loss (103.3 mL vs 100.7 mL, p = 0.9), LOS (3.2 days vs 1.9 days, p = 0.1), and complications (2 in each group). Inpatient analgesic requirements were also the same (both 21.1 mg, p = 1.0). Assessment of QoL using the Wisconsin StoneQOL questionnaire showed significant differences between preoperative and postoperative health-related QoL in 18 of the 28-question instrument at 7 to 10 days. Patients in Group 2 had significantly worse QoL change and a multitude of negative responses on the StoneQOL assessment, not only those commonly associated with stent irritation. Eighty percent of participants in Group 2 also attributed their complaints to having a stent placed. Both groups had similar QoL status at 30 days after surgery.
  
  
  
  Despite the literature advocating "tubeless" PCNL with ureteral stent placement at conclusion of surgery, our randomized prospective study shows that QoL is significantly worse with stent placement than with temporary nephrostomy drainage in the immediate aftermath following PCNL, using a validated QoL assessment instrument specific for nephrolithiasis.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, NYU School of Medicine , New York, New York.|2 The Smith Institute for Urology , Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, New York.
authors.forename: Philip T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: 2 The Smith Institute for Urology , Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, New York.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hoenig
authors.affiliation: 2 The Smith Institute for Urology , Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, New York.
authors.forename: Arthur D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: 2 The Smith Institute for Urology , Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, New York.
authors.forename: Zeph
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Okeke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D061646:Operative Time; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: nephrostomy; percutaneous nephrolithotomy; quality of life; renal stone; stent colic; ureteral stent