title: Echinacea Supplementation: Does it Really Improve Aerobic Fitness?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Echinacea is an herbal supplement used by endurance athletes for its performance boosting properties. It is thought that Echinacea improves the blood's oxygen carrying capacity by increasing production of erythropoietin (EPO), a glycoprotein that regulates red blood cell formation. Subsequently, these changes would lead to an overall improvement in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and running economy (RE), two markers of aerobic fitness. The purpose of this review is to briefly discuss the physiological variables associated with distance running performance and how these variables are influenced by Echinacea supplementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  To determine Echinacea's ergogenic potential, human studies that used Echinacea in conjunction to analyzing the blood's oxygen carrying capacity and/or aerobic fitness were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Taken together, the majority of the published literature does not support the claim that Echinacea is a beneficial ergogenic aid. With the exception of one study, several independent groups have reported Echinacea supplementation does not increase EPO production, blood markers of oxygen transport, VO2maxor RE in healthy untrained or trained subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To date, the published literature does not support the use of Echinacea as an ergogenic aid to improve aerobic fitness in healthy untrained or trained subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota USA.
authors.forename: Cory W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota USA.
authors.forename: Dongmin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kwak
keywords: Dietary supplement; Endurance performance; Maximal oxygen uptake; Nutrition