title: Organ Donation in the United States: The Tale of the African-American Journey of Moving From the Bottom to the Top.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose was to review the increase of minority organ donation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The methodology was based on the efforts of the DC Organ Donor Program and the Dow Take Initiative Program that focused on increasing donors among African Americans (AAs). From 1982 to 1988, AA donor card signings increased from 20/month to 750/month, and Black donations doubled. A review of the data, including face-to-face grassroots presentations combined with national media, was conducted. Gallup polls in 1985 and 1990 indicated a tripling of black awareness of transplantation and the number of blacks signing donor cards. Based on the applied successful methodologies, in 1991, the National Minority Organ Tissues Transplant Education Program was established targeting AA, Hispanic, Asian, and other ethnic groups. A review of the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database from 1990 to 2010 was accomplished.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nationally, ethnic minority organ donors per million (ODM) increased from 8-10 ODM (1982) to 35 ODM (AA and Latino/Hispanics) in 2002. In 1995, ODMs were white 34.2, black 33.1, Hispanic 31.5, and Asian 17.9. In 2010, Black organ donors per million totaled 35.36 versus white 27.07, Hispanic 25.59, and Asian 14.70.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the data retrieved from UNOS in 2010, blacks were ranked above whites and other ethnic minority populations as the number one ethnic group of organ donors per million in the US.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Howard University Hospital, Washington, DC. Electronic address: ccallender@howard.edu.
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Callender
authors.affiliation: School of Policy, Government and International Affairs, George Mason University, Arlington, Virginia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.affiliation: School of Policy, Government and International Affairs, George Mason University, Arlington, Virginia; Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Miles
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Transplant Institute, George Washington University Hospital, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Melancon
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000193:education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001213:Asian / Q000193:education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000193:education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods*; D006293:Health Promotion; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000193:education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008402:Mass Media; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000193:education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011209:Power, Psychological; D014019:Tissue Donors / Q000193:education / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement / Q000639:trends*; D014481:United States; D044465:White People