title: Metabolic Profiling of Total Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Community-Dwelling Men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Physical activity is known to be preventive against various non-communicable diseases. We investigated the relationship between daily physical activity level and plasma metabolites using a targeted metabolomics approach in a population-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,193 participants (male, aged 35 to 74 years) with fasting blood samples were selected from the baseline survey of a cohort study. Information on daily total physical activity, classified into four levels by quartile of metabolic equivalent scores, and sedentary behavior, defined as hours of sitting per day, was collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Plasma metabolite concentrations were quantified by capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry method. We performed linear regression analysis models with multivariable adjustment and corrected p-values for multiple testing in the original population (n = 808). The robustness of the results was confirmed by replication analysis in a separate population (n = 385) created by random allocation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher levels of total physical activity were associated with various metabolite concentrations, including lower concentrations of amino acids and their derivatives, and higher concentrations of pipecolate (FDR p <0.05 in original population). The findings persisted after adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol intake, and energy intake. Isoleucine, leucine, valine, 4-methyl-2-oxoisopentanoate, 2-oxoisopentanoate, alanine, and proline concentrations were lower with a shorter sitting time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physical activity is related to various plasma metabolites, including known biomarkers for future insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes. These metabolites might potentially play a key role in the protective effects of higher physical activity and/or less sedentary behavior on non-communicable diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.|Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kota
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8096-3250
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukai
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.|Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Sei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.|Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuyo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuwabara
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okamura
authors.affiliation: Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan.|Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Miki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishiwaki
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine Research Center, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.|Graduate School of Health Management, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oguma
authors.affiliation: Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Asako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Chizuru
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiyoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirayama
authors.affiliation: Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.affiliation: Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan.|Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Soga
authors.affiliation: Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan.|Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.|Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan.|Graduate School of Health Management, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takebayashi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D045782:Hemiterpenes; D006801:Humans; D007651:Keto Acids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D055432:Metabolomics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D015415:Biomarkers; D045782:Hemiterpenes; D007651:Keto Acids; C001505:alpha-ketoisovalerate; C013082:alpha-ketoisocaproic acid