title: Antibiotic prescriptions in the community by type of provider in the United States, 2005-2010.
abstract: Although antibiotic prescriptions are decreasing in the United States, broad-spectrum prescribing is increasing. It is unknown if decreases observed in national antibiotic prescribing differ by provider group. Understanding prescribing trends over time by provider group can be helpful for customizing antimicrobial stewardship efforts. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to describe outpatient antibiotic prescribing by provider group overall and adjusted for population and number of providers. In addition, trends in prescribing by class and seasonal variation are described by provider group over 6 years.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional observation of outpatient antibiotic prescriptions.
  
  
  
  A population-level analysis of U.S. prescribing from 2005 to 2010 with the use of the IMS Health Xponent dataset.
  
  
  
  Number and rates of prescriptions dispensed overall and by provider group.
  
  
  
  The majority (81.0%) of antibiotics were prescribed by physicians, followed by dentists (10.4%), nurse practitioners (NPs; 4.5%), and physician assistants (PAs; 4.2%). The percentage of antibiotic prescriptions decreased for physicians, but increased significantly for NPs and PAs. Provider-based and population-based prescribing rates decreased for physicians and dentists and increased for NPs and PAs. Penicillins were prescribed most frequently by all provider groups, decreasing for physicians and dentists. Increased prescribing of broad-spectrum agents was observed for NPs and PAs. With the exception of dentists, antibiotic prescriptions were higher in winter than in summer, with the largest seasonal increase by NPs.
  
  
  
  Over 6 years, antibiotic prescriptions overall and for broad-spectrum agents decreased for physicians and increased for NPs and PAs. Thus, increasing trends in the US of broad-spectrum antibiotic prescriptions can be attributed to midlevel providers. Interventions should be designed to reverse increasing prescribing trends, especially of broad-spectrum agents prescribed by NPs and PAs. Stewardship efforts should also be targeted towards dentists, since this group prescribes a higher proportion of antibiotics compared with midlevel providers.
authors.forename: Katie J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Suda
authors.forename: Rebecca M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hunkler
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D010823:Physician Assistants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019239:Practice Patterns, Dentists' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D057184:Practice Patterns, Nurses' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012621:Seasons; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents