title: Bacterial vaginosis in association with spontaneous abortion and recurrent pregnancy losses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is related to the increased risk of miscarriage, preterm labor, and postpartum endometritis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between BV and the history of spontaneous abortion and recurrent pregnancy losses. We also examined periods of gestation, including the first and second trimester miscarriages.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 200 fertile women. Sixty one (30.5%) of 200 women had the history of a spontaneous abortion in the last six months (N= 30) and at least three recurrent pregnancy losses (N= 31). BV was diagnosed either by using Papanicolaou staining, Gram staining, or by culturing with BV-associated bacteria,Gardnerella vaginalis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The presence of BV was statistically associated with the history of a spontaneous abortion in the last 6 months (P< 0.05), whereas there was no significant relationship between BV and recurrent pregnancy losses (P> 0.05). These women were also evaluated in view of periods of gestation. Forty-seven (77%) of 61 women had first trimester miscarriage (≤12 weeks) and 14 (23%) of 61 women had second trimester miscarriage (>12 weeks). There was a statistically significant relationship between BV and second trimester miscarriage (P< 0.05). Positive BV findings were not associated with discharge, itching, and pain (P> 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BV may contribute to spontaneous abortion and second trimester miscarriage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gözde
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Işik
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Şayeste
authors.initials: Ş
authors.lastname: Demirezen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hanife Güler
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Dönmez
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet Sinan
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Beksaç
keywords: Bacterial vaginosis (BV); Gardnerella vaginalis; recurrent pregnancy losses; spontaneous abortion