title: Growth factor and pro-inflammatory cytokine contents in platelet-rich plasma (PRP), plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF), advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF), and concentrated growth factors (CGF).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The development of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) drastically simplified the preparation procedure of platelet-concentrated biomaterials, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and facilitated their clinical application. PRF's clinical effectiveness has often been demonstrated in pre-clinical and clinical studies; however, it is still controversial whether growth factors are significantly concentrated in PRF preparations to facilitate wound healing and tissue regeneration. To address this matter, we performed a comparative study of growth factor contents in PRP and its derivatives, such as advanced PRF (A-PRF) and concentrated growth factors (CGF).
  
  
  METHODS
  PRP and its derivatives were prepared from the same peripheral blood samples collected from healthy donors. A-PRF and CGF preparations were homogenized and centrifuged to produce extracts. Platelet and white blood cell counts in A-PRF and CGF preparations were determined by subtracting those counts in red blood cell fractions, supernatant acellular serum fractions, and A-PRF/CGF exudate fractions from those counts of whole blood samples. Concentrations of growth factors (TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, VEGF) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) were determined using ELISA kits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to PRP preparations, both A-PRF and CGF extracts contained compatible or higher levels of platelets and platelet-derived growth factors. In a cell proliferation assay, both A-PRF and CGF extracts significantly stimulated the proliferation of human periosteal cells without significant reduction at higher doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data clearly demonstrate that both A-PRF and CGF preparations contain significant amounts of growth factors capable of stimulating periosteal cell proliferation, suggesting that A-PRF and CGF preparations function not only as a scaffolding material but also as a reservoir to deliver certain growth factors at the site of application.
authors.affiliation: Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Masuki
authors.affiliation: Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshimitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okudera
authors.affiliation: Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Taisuke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanebe
authors.affiliation: Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
authors.affiliation: Tokyo Plastic Dental Society, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okudera
authors.affiliation: Bioscience Medical Research Center, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Koh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Bioengineering, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uematsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chen-Yao
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Bioengineering, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan. kawase@dent.niigata-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4160-396X
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawase
keywords: Concentrated growth factors; Growth factor; Plasma rich in growth factors; Platelet-rich fibrin; Platelet-rich plasma