title: Characteristics of isolated lactic acid bacteria and their effects on the silage quality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Four lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from common vetch, tall fescue and perennial ryegrass on the Tibetan Plateau were characterized, and their effects on the fermentation quality of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam.) silage were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  The four isolated strains and one commercial inoculant (G,Lactobacillus plantarumMTD-1) were evaluated using the acid production ability test, morphological observation, Gram staining, physiological, biochemical and acid tolerance tests. The five LAB strains were added to Italian ryegrass for ensiling at three different temperatures (10°C, 15°C, and 25°C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All isolated strains (LCG3, LTG7, I5, and LI3) could grow at 5°C to 20°C, pH 3.0 to 8.0 and NaCl (3.0%, 6.5%). Strains LCG3, LTG7, I5, and LI3 were identified asLactobacillus plantarum,Pediococcus acidilactici,Lactobacillus paraplantarum, andLactobacillus caseiby sequencing 16S rDNA, respectively. All LAB inoculants significantly (p<0.05) increased lactic acid (LA) contents and ratios of lactic acid to acetic acid, and reduced pH and ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen (AN/TN) compared with uninoculated silages at various temperatures (10°C, 15°C, and 25°C). Compared to the commercial inoculant G, I5, and LI3 showed similar effects on improving the silage quality of Italian ryegrass at 10°C and 15°C, indicated by similar pH, LA content and AN/TN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All inoculants could improve the silage fermentation quality at various temperatures (10°C, 15°C, and 25°C). At the temperature of 10°C and 15°C, strain I5 and LI3 had similar effects with the commercial inoculant G on improving the silage quality of Italian ryegrass.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors.forename: Siran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors.forename: Xianjun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors.forename: Zhihao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors.forename: Junfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China.
authors.forename: Yunfeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors.forename: Junyu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shao
keywords: Isolation; Lactic Acid Bacteria; Low Temperature; Silage