title: Non-toxic retention of nanoceria in murine eyes.
abstract: We have shown that cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria), with unique characteristics and catalytic activities, are retained in the retina for more than 1 year after a single intravitreal injection and can be potentially used for the treatment of a variety of eye diseases. The objective of this study is to determine whether the retention of nanoceria in the eye causes inflammation or adverse side effects.
  
  
  
  Wild-type (C57BL/6J) mice at P30 were intravitreally injected with several concentrations of nanoceria. The health of the photoreceptors was assessed by analyzing the expression of photoreceptor-specific genes, and the retinal structure and function. The effect of nanoceria was investigated by analyzing of the vascular system, the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and cellular infiltration into the eye.
  
  
  
  Our data showed that there were no changes in the retinal structure or function, or cytokine gene expression following a single intravitreal injection of nanoceria.
  
  
  
  Nanoceria, at doses ranging from 17.2 ng to 1720 ng per eye, do not cause any damage to the retinal structure and function by 30 days post injection. No cellular infiltration and no increases in inflammatory responses were found in the eyes. Our data indicate that nanoceria are safe to use for treatment of a variety of eye diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Processing Analysis Center, Mechanical Materials Aerospace Eng., Nanosci. and Tech. Ctr., University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL.
authors.forename: Sudipta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seal
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK; Oklahoma Neuroscience Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK.
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: McGinnis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002563:Cerium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D004596:Electroretinography; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D053758:Nanoparticles; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005136:Eye Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D002563:Cerium; C030583:ceric oxide