title: Associations of financial stressors and physical intimate partner violence perpetration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contextual factors, such as exposure to stressors, may be antecedents to IPV perpetration. These contextual factors may be amenable to modification through intervention and prevention. However, few studies have examined specific contextual factors. To begin to address this gap, we examined the associations between financial stressors and three types of physical IPV perpetration.
  
  
  METHODS
  This analysis used data from Wave IV of The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We used logistic regression to examine the associations of financial stressors and each type of IPV (minor, severe, causing injury), and multinomial logit regression to examine the associations of financial stressors and patterns of co-occurring types of IPV perpetration (only minor; only severe; minor and severe; minor, severe, and causing injury; compared with no perpetration).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fewer men perpetrated threats/minor physical IPV (6.7 %) or severe physical IPV (3.4 %) compared with women (11.4 % and 8.8 %, respectively). However, among physical IPV perpetrators, a higher percentage of men (32.0 %) than women (21.0 %) reported their partner was injured as a result of the IPV. In logistic regression models of each type of IPV perpetration, both the number of stressors experienced and several types of financial stressors were associated with perpetrating each type of IPV. Utilities nonpayment, housing nonpayment, food insecurity, and no phone service were associated with increased odds of perpetrating each form of IPV in adjusted analysis. Eviction was associated with perpetrating severe physical IPV but not threats/minor IPV or IPV causing injury. In multinomial logit regression comparing patterns of IPV perpetration to perpetrating no physical IPV, the relationships of financial stressors were less consistent. Food insecurity was associated with perpetrating only minor physical IPV. Comparatively, overall number of financial stressors and four types of financial stressors (utilities nonpayment, housing nonpayment, food insecurity, and disconnected phone service) were associated with perpetrating all three forms of physical IPV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined with prior research, our results suggested interventions to improve financial well-being may be a novel way to reduce physical IPV perpetration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community & Behavioral Health, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, 52240, USA. laura-schwab-1@uiowa.edu.|Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 13123 E 16th Ave, B390, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. laura-schwab-1@uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Schwab-Reese
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, 52240, USA.
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peek-Asa
authors.affiliation: Department of Community & Behavioral Health, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, 52240, USA.
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Parker
keywords: Financial stress; Intimate partner violence; Perpetration; Stressors