title: Energy Reserves, Information Need and a Pinch of Personality Determine Decision-Making on Route in Partially Migratory Blue Tits.
abstract: In facultative partial migrants some individuals in a population are migratory and others are resident and individuals decide each year anew which strategy to choose. While the proportion of birds migrating is in part determined by environmental conditions and competitive abilities, the timing of individual departure and behaviours on route are little understood. Individuals encounter different environmental conditions when migrating earlier or later. Based on cost/ benefit considerations we tested whether behaviours on route were affected by time constraints, personality and/or age in a partially migrating population of Blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus). We captured female Blue tits on migration at the Southern tip of Sweden during early, peak and late migration and measured latency to feed in an unfamiliar environment, exploration of a novel object and hesitation to feed beside a novel object (neophobia). Lean birds and birds with long wings started feeding earlier when released into the cage indicating that foraging decisions were mainly determined by energetic needs (lean and large birds). However, juveniles commenced feeding later with progression of the migratory season in concordance with predictions about personality effects. Furthermore, lean birds started to explore earlier than birds with larger fat reserves again indicating an effect of maintaining threshold energy reserves. Moreover, late migrating juveniles, started to explore earlier than early migrating juveniles possibly due to time constraints to find high-quality foraging patches or a suitable winter home. Finally, neophobia did not change over the migratory season indicating that this behaviour is not compromised by time constraints. The results overall indicate that decisions on route are mainly governed by energetic requirements and current needs to learn about the environment and only to a small extent by differences in personality.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Anna L K
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5609-4988
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Unit of Evolutionary Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jan-Åke
authors.initials: JÅ
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: School of Natural Sciences & Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mettke-Hofmann
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D025041:Animal Migration / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D012621:Seasons; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000502:physiology