title: Development of a scale to measure diabetes self-management behaviors among older Koreans with type 2 diabetes, based on the seven domains identified by the American Association of Diabetes Educators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to develop the Diabetes Self-Management Behavior for Older Koreans (DSMB-O). This scale is based on the seven relevant domains that have been identified by the American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE) and is adjusted for sociocultural and age-related characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four phases were used to develop of the DSMB-O as a criterion-referenced measure. In phases 1 and 2, the DSMB-O adopted the AADE's seven domains and established a self-report questionnaire using a small number of items that are applicable to older Koreans. In phase 3, the DSMB-O was formulated with 16 preliminary items, including seven subitems. By assessing the content validity, 14 items (including five subitems) were selected. The final phase involved evaluating the DSMB-O's psychometric properties, including test-retest reliability, content validity, and criterion-related validity, using data from 150 older Koreans with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The coefficients of agreement and Cohen's Kappa for the test-retest reliability test ranged from 0.32 to 1.0 and -0.07 to 1.0, respectively. For the content validity, the values of both the item- and scale-level content validity indices were 1.0. The scores from the DSMB-O were positively correlated with the scores from the Korean version of the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Questionnaire.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DSMB-O is short and easy for older Koreans to use, as well as having acceptable levels of reliability and validity. Hence, the DSMB-O can be a useful tool to evaluate diabetes self-management behaviors in older Koreans with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Science, Cheongju University,, Cheongju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoungsan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing and The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Misoon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju City, South Korea.
authors.forename: Suyoung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Se-An
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Ju
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012648:Self Care; D000073278:Self-Management; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
keywords: aged; diabetes mellitus type 2; questionnaires; self-care