title: Light-induced retinal damage using different light sources, protocols and rat strains reveals LED phototoxicity.
abstract: To save energy, the European directives from the Eco-design of Energy Using Products (2005/32/CE) have recommended the replacement of incandescent lamps by more economic devices such as Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). However, the emission spectrum of these devices is enriched in blue radiations, known to be potentially dangerous to the retina. Recent studies showed that light exposure contributes to the onset of early stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Here, we investigate, in albinos and pigmented rats, the effects of different exposure protocols. Twenty-four hours exposure at high luminance was compared to a cyclic (dark/light) exposure at domestic levels for 1week and 1month, using different LEDs (Cold-white, blue and green), as well as fluorocompact bulbs and fluorescent tubes. The data suggest that the blue component of the white-LED may cause retinal toxicity at occupational domestic illuminance and not only in extreme experimental conditions, as previously reported. It is important to note that the current regulations and standards have been established on the basis of acute light exposure and do not take into account the effects of repeated exposure.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krigel
authors.affiliation: INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berdugo
authors.affiliation: INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Picard
authors.affiliation: INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Levy-Boukris
authors.affiliation: INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jaadane
authors.affiliation: INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jonet
authors.affiliation: INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dernigoghossian
authors.affiliation: INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andrieu-Soler
authors.affiliation: INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. Electronic address: alicia.torriglia@inserm.fr.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torriglia
authors.affiliation: INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. Electronic address: francine.behar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Behar-Cohen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051784:Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004596:Electroretinography; D004867:Equipment Design; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008029:Lighting / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D017440:Photoperiod; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012160:Retina / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012880:Skin Pigmentation
chemical_list: D029721:Drosophila Proteins; C109766:tgo protein, Drosophila; D051784:Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator
keywords: Light Emitting Diodes; chronic light exposure; phototoxicity; pigmented rats; retina