title: Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis epidemic in São Paulo State, Brazil, 2011.
abstract: Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) infection is highly contagious and can lead to explosive epidemics. In early February 2011, the Center for Epidemiologic Surveillance of the State of São Paulo Health Secretariat (SES-SP) in Brazil received reports of conjunctivitis outbreaks from rural areas of the state that subsequently spread statewide. This report describes that AHC epidemic and its etiologic agent. Data from the Ministry of Health Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SinanNet) and the SES-SP epidemiologic surveillance system for conjunctivitis, developed to detect outbreaks, confirm the etiologic agent, and carry out control measures, were analyzed. Eye (conjunctival swab) samples were taken from patients with clinical presentation of viral conjunctivitis to perform viral laboratory diagnosis. A total of 1 067 981 conjunctivitis cases were reported to the surveillance system for 2011; there was an increase in the number of cases in epidemiologic weeks 6-26 (summer season) versus previous years. Most cases occurred in the metropolitan region of Greater São Paulo. Of 93 collected samples, 57 tested positive for coxsackievirus-A24 (CV-A24), based on virus isolation in tissue-culture cell lines, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and enterovirus sequencing of RT-PCR. The data analysis showed that the fast-spreading etiologic agent of the AHC epidemic that occurred in the summer of 2011 was CV-A24. The AHC epidemic was due to an enterovirus that occurred sporadically, spread rapidly and with great magnitude, and had substantial socioeconomic impact due to the high level of absenteeism at work and school.
authors.forename: Norma H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haro-Muñoz
authors.forename: Alessandra Cristina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pellini
authors.forename: Braulio C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Denise H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Maria do Carmo
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Timenetsky
authors.forename: Rita de Cássia C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Carmona
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003232:Conjunctivitis, Acute Hemorrhagic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D058872:Epidemics; D006801:Humans; D012621:Seasons