title: Neural organoids for disease phenotyping, drug screening and developmental biology studies.
abstract: Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can theoretically yield limitless supplies of cells fated to any cell type that comprise the human organism, making them a new tool by which to potentially overcome caveats in current biomedical research. In vitro derivation of central nervous system (CNS) cell types has the potential to provide material for drug discovery and validation, safety and toxicity assays, cell replacement therapy and the elucidation of previously unknown disease mechanisms. However, current two-dimensional (2D) CNS differentiation protocols do not faithfully recapitulate the spatial organization of heterogeneous tissue, nor the cell-cell interactions, cell-extracellular matrix interactions, or specific physiological functions generated within complex tissue such as the brain. In an effort to overcome 2D protocol limitations, there have been advancements in deriving highly complicated 3D neural organoid structures. Herein we provide a synopsis of the derivation and application of neural organoids and discuss recent advancements and remaining challenges on the full potential of this novel technological platform.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, United States.
authors.forename: Brigham J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hartley
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, United States; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, United States. Electronic address: kristen.brennand@mssm.edu.
authors.forename: Kristen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Brennand
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D015509:Developmental Biology / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D009940:Organoids / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010641:Phenotype; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: Cerebral organoids; Disease modeling; Drug screening; Embryonic stem cells; Human induced pluripotent stem cells