title: Epidemiology of skateboarding-related injuries sustained by children and adolescents 5-19 years of age and treated in US emergency departments: 1990 through 2008.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The goal was to examine the patterns and trends of skateboarding-related injuries sustained by children and adolescents in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System for children and adolescents 5-19 years of age treated in emergency departments for injuries associated with skateboards from 1990 through 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An estimated 1 226 868 children/adolescents (95 % CI: 948 733-1 505 003) were treated in emergency departments for skateboarding-related injuries from 1990 through 2008, an average of 64,572 cases per year. From 1990 through 1994, the annual rate of injuries per 10,000 children/adolescents significantly decreased overall and for males (overall: 72.9 %, P = 0.014; males: 73.9 %, P = 0.011; females: 63.6 %, P = 0.062). From 1994 to 2008, annual rates of injuries per 10,000 children/adolescents significantly increased overall and for both males and females (overall: 378.9 %, P < 0.001; males: 393.4 %, P < 0.001; females: 283.3 % P < 0.001). From 1990 to 1994 the annual rate of injuries per 10,000 children/adolescents significantly decreased for all age groups (5-10 years: 69.9 %, P = 0.043; 11-14 years: 80.6 %, P = 0.017; 15-19 years: 64.2 %, P = 0.024), and then significantly increased from 1994 to 2008 (5-10 years: 164.5 %, P < 0.001; 11-14 years: 587.0 %, P < 0.001; 15-19 years: 407.9 %, P < 0.001). Most patients were male (89.0 %), injured at home (37.3 %) or in the street and/or highway (29.3 %), and were not hospitalized (96.9 %). Patients 11-14 years of age constituted 44.9 % of cases. The most commonly injured body regions were the upper (44.1 %) and lower (31.7 %) extremities. Fractures and dislocations were the most common diagnoses (32.1 %). Children/adolescents 11-14 years of age were hospitalized more often than younger or older children/adolescents. Lower extremity injuries increased with age, while face and head or neck injuries decreased with age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skateboarding continues to be an important source of injury for children and adolescents. Further research, using more rigorous study designs, is required develop a broad perspective of the incidence and determinants of injury, and to further identify risk factors and viable injury countermeasures while simultaneously promoting participation in skateboarding.
authors.affiliation: Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, 43205, OH, USA. Lara.McKenzie@NationwideChildrens.org.|Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. Lara.McKenzie@NationwideChildrens.org.|Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. Lara.McKenzie@NationwideChildrens.org.
authors.forename: Lara B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.affiliation: Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, 43205, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.affiliation: Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, 43205, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Nicolas G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, 43205, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Kristin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Division of Health Behavior & Health Promotion, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Klein
keywords: Adolescents; Children; Injury; National electronic injury surveillance system; Skateboarding