title: Biofouling-Resistant Impedimetric Sensor for Array High-Resolution Extracellular Potassium Monitoring in the Brain.
abstract: Extracellular potassium concentration, [K⁺]o, plays a fundamental role in the physiological functions of the brain. Studies investigating changes in [K⁺]ohave predominantly relied upon glass capillary electrodes with K⁺-sensitive solution gradients for their measurements. However, such electrodes are unsuitable for taking spatio-temporal measurements and are limited by the surface area of their tips. We illustrate seizures invoked chemically and in optogenetically modified mice using blue light exposure while impedimetrically measuring the response. A sharp decrease of 1-2 mM in [K⁺]obefore each spike has shown new physiological events not witnessed previously when measuring extracellular potassium concentrations during seizures in mice. We propose a novel approach that uses multichannel monolayer coated gold microelectrodes for in vivo spatio-temporal measurements of [K⁺]oin a mouse brain as an improvement to the conventional glass capillary electrode.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada. ruben.machado@utoronto.ca.|Toronto Western Research Institute, Fundamental Neurobiology Division, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada. ruben.machado@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada. nima@eecg.toronto.edu.
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Soltani
authors.affiliation: Toronto Western Research Institute, Fundamental Neurobiology Division, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada. suzie.dufour@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Suzie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dufour
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada. tariq.hillawi@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Muhammad Tariqus
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Salam
authors.affiliation: Toronto Western Research Institute, Fundamental Neurobiology Division, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada. carlen@gmail.com.|Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada. carlen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Carlen
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada. roman@eecg.utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Genov
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada. mikethom@chem.utoronto.ca.|Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada. mikethom@chem.utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D057219:Biofouling; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D017097:Electric Impedance; D005110:Extracellular Space; D051379:Mice; D008839:Microelectrodes; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism*; D012640:Seizures / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011188:Potassium
keywords: anti-fouling; biosensor; electrodes; impedance; potassium; seizure