title: Toxicity and Growth Assessments of Three Thermophilic Benthic Dinoflagellates (Ostreopsis cf. ovata, Prorocentrum lima and Coolia monotis) Developing in the Southern Mediterranean Basin.
abstract: Harmful benthic dinoflagellates, usually developing in tropical areas, are expanding to temperate ecosystems facing water warming. Reports on harmful benthic species are particularly scarce in the Southern Mediterranean Sea. For the first time, three thermophilic benthic dinoflagellates (Ostreopsiscf.ovata,Prorocentrum limaandCoolia monotis) were isolated from Bizerte Bay (Tunisia, Mediterranean) and monoclonal cultures established. The ribotyping confirmed the morphological identification of the three species. Maximum growth rates were 0.59 ± 0.08 d-1forO.cf.ovata, 0.35 ± 0.01 d-1forC. monotisand 0.33 ± 0.04 d-1forP. lima.Toxin analyses revealed the presence of ovatoxin-a and ovatoxin-b inO.cf.ovatacells. Okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-1 were detected inP. limacultures. ForC. monotis, a chromatographic peak at 5.6 min with a massm/z= 1061.768 was observed, but did not correspond to a mono-sulfated analogue of the yessotoxin. A comparison of the toxicity and growth characteristics of these dinoflagellates, distributed worldwide, is proposed.
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Oceanography and Plankton Ecology, Tunisian National Institute of Agronomy (INAT), IRESA-Carthage University, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, Tunis 1082, Tunisia. hela.bg@hotmail.fr.
authors.forename: Hela
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ben-Gharbia
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Oceanography and Plankton Ecology, Tunisian National Institute of Agronomy (INAT), IRESA-Carthage University, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, Tunis 1082, Tunisia. onsdaly@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Ons Kéfi-Daly
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Yahia
authors.affiliation: Phycotoxins Laboratory, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Rue De l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes Cedex 3 F-44311, France. zouher.amzil@ifremer.fr.
authors.forename: Zouher
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Amzil
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Environnement Ressource de Bretagne Occidentale (LER-BO), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP 40537, Concarneau F-29185, France. Nicolas.Chomerat@ifremer.fr.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chomérat
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), Montpellier University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Place Eugène Bataillon, CC093, Montpellier Cedex 5 F-34095, France. eric.abadie@ifremer.fr.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abadie
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), Montpellier University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Place Eugène Bataillon, CC093, Montpellier Cedex 5 F-34095, France. estelle.masseret@univ-montp2.fr.
authors.forename: Estelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Masseret
authors.affiliation: Phycotoxins Laboratory, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Rue De l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, Nantes Cedex 3 F-44311, France. manoella.sibat@ifremer.fr.
authors.forename: Manoella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sibat
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Oceanography and Plankton Ecology, Tunisian National Institute of Agronomy (INAT), IRESA-Carthage University, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, Tunis 1082, Tunisia. bibarouma@hotmail.fr.
authors.forename: Habiba
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zmerli Triki
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 2 Rue Des Sports-El Menzah 1, BP 434, Tunis 1004, Tunisia. habiba.nouri@ird.fr.
authors.forename: Habiba
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nouri
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), Montpellier University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Place Eugène Bataillon, CC093, Montpellier Cedex 5 F-34095, France. mohamed.laabir@univ-montp2.fr.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laabir
mesh_terms: D000178:Acrylamides / Q000032:analysis; D003064:Cnidarian Venoms; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000032:analysis; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010802:Phylogeny; D011714:Pyrans / Q000032:analysis; D014416:Tunisia; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
chemical_list: D000178:Acrylamides; D003064:Cnidarian Venoms; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D008387:Marine Toxins; D019319:Okadaic Acid; D011714:Pyrans; D014873:Water Pollutants; C573585:ovatoxin-a; C051904:dinophysistoxin 1; C010272:palytoxin; D000095702:Polyether Toxins
keywords: Coolia monotis; Ostreopsis cf.  ovata; Prorocentrum lima; Southern Mediterranean Sea; growth; toxicity