title: Temperature rise during removal of fractured components out of the implant body: an in vitro study comparing two ultrasonic devices and five implant types.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrasonic instrumentation under magnification may facilitate mobilization of screw remnants but may induce heat trauma to surrounding bone. An increase of 5°C is considered detrimental to osseointegration. The objective of this investigation was to examine the rise in temperature of the outer implant body after 30 s of ultrasonic instrumentation to the inner part, in relation to implant type, type of ultrasonic equipment, and the use of coolants in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two ultrasonic devices (Satelec Suprasson T Max and Electro Medical Systems (EMS) miniMaster) were used on five different implant types that were provided with a thermo couple (Astra 3.5 mm, bone level Regular CrossFit (RC) 4.1 mm, bone level Narrow CrossFit (NC) 3.3 mm, Straumann tissue level regular body regular neck 3.3 mm, and Straumann tissue level wide body regular neck 4.8 mm), either with or without cooling during 30 s. Temperature rise at this point in time is the primary outcome measure. In addition, the mean maximum rise in temperature (all implants combined) was assessed and statistically compared among devices, implant systems, and cooling mode (independent t-tests, ANOVA, and post hoc analysis).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Satelec device without cooling induces the highest temperature change of up to 13°C, particularly in both bone level implants (p < 0.05) but appears safe for approximately 10 s of continuous instrumentation, after which a cooling down period is rational. Cooling is effective for both devices. However, when the Satelec device is used with coolant for a longer period of time, a rise in temperature must be anticipated after cessation of instrumentation, and post-operational cooling is advised.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The in vitro setup used in this experiment implies that care should be taken when translating the observations to clinical recommendations, but it is carefully suggested that the EMS device causes limited rise in temperature, even without coolant.
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, The University of Groningen, Gebouw 3216, kamer 206, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands. e.w.meisberger@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Eric W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Meisberger
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, The University of Groningen, Gebouw 3216, kamer 206, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sjoerd J G
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, The University of Groningen, Gebouw 3216, kamer 206, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Prosthodontics and Special Dental Care, St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Koekoekslaan 1, 3435 CM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marco S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cune
keywords: Abutment; Complication; Fracture; Implant