title: The History of Therapeutic Aerosols: A Chronological Review.
abstract: In 1956, Riker Laboratories, Inc., (now 3 M Drug Delivery Systems) introduced the first pressurized metered dose inhaler (MDI). In many respects, the introduction of the MDI marked the beginning of the modern pharmaceutical aerosol industry. The MDI was the first truly portable and convenient inhaler that effectively delivered drug to the lung and quickly gained widespread acceptance. Since 1956, the pharmaceutical aerosol industry has experienced dramatic growth. The signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 led to a surge in innovation that resulted in the diversification of inhaler technologies with significantly enhanced delivery efficiency, including modern MDIs, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizer systems. The innovative inhalers and drugs discovered by the pharmaceutical aerosol industry, particularly since 1956, have improved the quality of life of literally hundreds of millions of people. Yet, the delivery of therapeutic aerosols has a surprisingly rich history dating back more than 3500 years to ancient Egypt. The delivery of atropine and related compounds has been a crucial inhalation therapy throughout this period and the delivery of associated structural analogs remains an important therapy today. Over the centuries, discoveries from many cultures have advanced the delivery of therapeutic aerosols. For thousands of years, therapeutic aerosols were prepared by the patient or a physician with direct oversight of the patient using custom-made delivery systems. However, starting with the Industrial Revolution, advancements in manufacturing resulted in the bulk production of therapeutic aerosol delivery systems produced by people completely disconnected from contact with the patient. This trend continued and accelerated in the 20th century with the mass commercialization of modern pharmaceutical inhaler products. In this article, we will provide a summary of therapeutic aerosol delivery from ancient times to the present along with a look to the future. We hope that you will find this chronological summary intriguing and informative.
authors.affiliation: 1 3 M Drug Delivery Systems , St. Paul, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: 2 Retired, Tucson, Arizona.
authors.forename: Charles G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Thiel
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000336:Aerosols / Q000266:history*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000266:history*; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000266:history; D058995:Dry Powder Inhalers / Q000266:history; D004867:Equipment Design; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D036501:Metered Dose Inhalers / Q000266:history; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers / Q000266:history*; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols
keywords: atropine; dry powder inhaler; inhaler; metered dose inhaler; nebulizer; therapeutic aerosol