title: Pacing Ability in Elite Runners with Intellectual Impairment.
abstract: To understand how athletes invest their energy over a race, differences in pacing ability between athletes with and without intellectual impairment (II) were explored using a novel field test.
  
  
  
  Well-trained runners (n = 67) participated in this study, including 34 runners with II (age = 24.4 ± 4.5 yr; IQ = 63.1 ± 7.7) and 33 runners without II (age = 31.4 ± 11.2 yr). The ability to perform at a preplanned submaximal pace was assessed. Two 400-m running trials were performed on an athletics track, with an individually standardized velocity. In the first trial, the speed was imposed by auditory signals given in 20-40 m intervals, in combination with coach feedback during the initial 200 m. The participant was instructed to maintain this velocity without any feedback during the final 200 m. In trial 2, no coach feedback was permitted.
  
  
  
  Repeated-measures analyses revealed a significant between-group effect. II runners deviated more from the target time than runners without II. The significant trial-group interaction effect (F = 4.15, P < 0.05) revealed that the ability to self-regulate the pace during the final 200 m improved for runners without II (trial 1, 1.7 ± 1.0 s; trial 2, 0.9 ± 0.8 s), whereas the II runners deviated even more in trial 2 (4.4 ± 4.3 s) than that in trial 1 (3.2 ± 3.9 s).
  
  
  
  Our findings support the assumption that intellectual capacity is involved in pacing. It is demonstrated that II runners have difficulties maintaining a preplanned submaximal velocity, and this study contributes to understanding problems II exercisers might experience when exercising. With this field test, we can assess the effect of II on pacing and performance in individual athletes which will lead to a fair Paralympic classification procedure.
authors.affiliation: 1KU Leuven, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, BELGIUM; and 2Centre for Sports and Exercise Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UNITED KINGDOM.
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: VAN Biesen
authors.forename: Florentina J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Hettinga
authors.forename: Katina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McCulloch
authors.forename: Yves C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Vanlandewijck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003463:Cues; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability; D008297:Male; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D000068356:Self-Control; D055815:Young Adult