title: Chronic effects of triclocarban in the amphipod Gammarus locusta: Behavioural and biochemical impairment.
abstract: Triclocarban (TCC), a common antimicrobial agent widely used in many household and personal care products, has been widely detected in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Due to its high lipophilicity and persistence in the aquatic ecosystems, TCC is of emerging environmental concern. Despite the frequently reported detection of TCC in the environment and significant uncertainties about its long term effects on aquatic ecosystems, few studies have addressed the chronic effects of TCC in aquatic organisms at ecologically relevant concentrations. Therefore, we aimed at testing a broad range of biological responses in the amphipod Gammarus locusta following a chronic (60 days) exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TCC (100, 500 and 2500ng/L). This work integrated biochemical markers of oxidative stress (catalase (CAT), glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and lipid peroxidation (LPO)) and neurotransmission (acetylcholinesterase (AChE)) with several key ecological endpoints, i.e. behaviour, survival, individual growth and reproduction. Significant alterations were observed in all biochemical markers. While AChE showed a dose-response curve (with a significant increased activity at a TCC concentration of 2500ng/L), oxidative stress markers did not follow a dose-response curve, with significant increase at 100 and/or 500ng/L and a decreased activity in the highest concentration (2500ng/L). The same effect was observed in the females' behavioural response, whereas males' behaviour was not affected by TCC exposure. The present study represents a first approach to characterize the hazard of TCC to crustaceans.
authors.affiliation: CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Montes
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: José Benito
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Quintana
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodil
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Jorge M A
authors.initials: JMA
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: santos@ciimar.up.pt.
authors.forename: Miguel M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal. Electronic address: tneuparth@ciimar.up.pt.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Neuparth
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000187:drug effects; D033304:Amphipoda / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002224:Carbanilides / Q000633:toxicity*; D002374:Catalase / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000187:drug effects; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002224:Carbanilides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C009540:triclocarban; D002374:Catalase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase
keywords: Amphipod; Chronic toxicity; Emerging pollutants; Gammarus locusta; Triclocarban