title: ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions.
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK jonathan.sterne@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jonathan Ac
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sterne
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; and Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hernán
authors.affiliation: School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK.
authors.forename: Barnaby C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS1 2NT, UK.
authors.forename: Jelena
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Savović
authors.affiliation: Program on Health Care Quality and Outcomes, Division of Health Services and Social Policy Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Berkman
authors.affiliation: RTI-UNC Evidence-based Practice Center, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
authors.forename: Meera
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
authors.affiliation: Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.affiliation: Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK.
authors.forename: Douglas G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Altman
authors.affiliation: School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada.
authors.forename: Mohammed T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.affiliation: METHODS Team, Centre of Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Research, INSERM UMR 1153, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Boutron
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, London, UK.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.affiliation: Women's College Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: An-Wen
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Churchill
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Deeks
authors.affiliation: Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Southern Denmark & Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Asbjørn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hróbjartsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GL, UK.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kirkham
authors.affiliation: Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St Michael's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jüni
authors.affiliation: Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Yoon K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Loke
authors.affiliation: School of Education, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: Theresa D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Pigott
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Ramsay
authors.affiliation: Evidence Services, Kaiser Permanente, Care Management Institute, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Regidor
authors.affiliation: Department of Management, Zicklin School of Business, Baruch College-CUNY, New York, NY 10010, USA.
authors.forename: Hannah R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Rothstein
authors.affiliation: Division of General Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Lakhbir
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sandhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada.
authors.forename: Pasqualina L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Santaguida
authors.affiliation: Departments of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and of Medicine, Cochrane Applicability and Recommendations Methods (GRADEing) Group, MacGRADE center, Ontario, L8N 4K1, Canada.
authors.forename: Holger J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schünemann
authors.affiliation: Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Center for Practice Changing Research and School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8M5, Canada.
authors.forename: Beverly
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shrier
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tugwell
authors.affiliation: Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.affiliation: International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, and London International Development Centre, London, UK.
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Waddington
authors.affiliation: Jack Brockhoff Child Health & Wellbeing Program, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.affiliation: School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine and Director, Cardiovascular Research Methods Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y 4W7, Canada.
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK; and National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care West (NIHR CLAHRC West) at University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol BS1 2NT, UK.
authors.forename: Penny F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Whiting
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK.
authors.forename: Julian Pt
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Higgins
mesh_terms: D015982:Bias; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D006801:Humans; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012306:Risk; D013223:Statistics as Topic / Q000295:instrumentation*