title: Non-intrusive practitioner pupil detection for unmodified microscope oculars.
abstract: Modern microsurgery is a long and complex task requiring the surgeon to handle multiple microscope controls while performing the surgery. Eye tracking provides an additional means of interaction for the surgeon that could be used to alleviate this situation, diminishing surgeon fatigue and surgery time, thus decreasing risks of infection and human error. In this paper, we introduce a novel algorithm for pupil detection tailored for eye images acquired through an unmodified microscope ocular. The proposed approach, the Hough transform, and six state-of-the-art pupil detection algorithms were evaluated on over 4000 hand-labeled images acquired from a digital operating microscope with a non-intrusive monitoring system for the surgeon eyes integrated. Our results show that the proposed method reaches detection rates up to 71% for an error of ≈3% w.r.t the input image diagonal; none of the state-of-the-art pupil detection algorithms performed satisfactorily. The algorithm and hand-labeled data set can be downloaded at:: www.ti.uni-tuebingen.de/perception.
authors.affiliation: Perception Engineering, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. Electronic address: wolfgang.fuhl@uni-tuebingen.de.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fuhl
authors.affiliation: Perception Engineering, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. Electronic address: thiago.santini@uni-tuebingen.de.
authors.forename: Thiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Santini
authors.affiliation: Institute of Technical Optics, University Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 9, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany. Electronic address: reichert@ito.uni-stuttgart.de.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reichert
authors.affiliation: Institute of Technical Optics, University Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 9, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany. Electronic address: claus@ito.uni-stuttgart.de.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Claus
authors.affiliation: Institute of Technical Optics, University Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 9, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany. Electronic address: herkommer@ito.uni-stuttgart.de.
authors.forename: Alois
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herkommer
authors.affiliation: ZEISS Vision Science Lab, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. Electronic address: hamed.bahmani@uni-tuebingen.de.
authors.forename: Hamed
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bahmani
authors.affiliation: ZEISS Vision Science Lab, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. Electronic address: Katharina.Rifai@zeiss.com.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rifai
authors.affiliation: ZEISS Vision Science Lab, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. Electronic address: siegfried.wahl@zeiss.com.
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wahl
authors.affiliation: Perception Engineering, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. Electronic address: Enkelejda.Kasneci@uni-tuebingen.de.
authors.forename: Enkelejda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kasneci
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008866:Microsurgery; D011680:Pupil
keywords: Pupil center estimation; Pupil detection; Surgical microscope