title: Child Abuse and Neglect and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease Among Midlife Women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A childhood history of abuse or neglect may be associated with elevated adult cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. No studies have examined associations between child abuse/neglect and subclinical CVD using a validated measure of abuse and neglect. We hypothesized that midlife women with a history of childhood abuse or neglect would have increased subclinical CVD beyond standard CVD risk factors. We tested moderation of associations by sleep, hot flashes, and race/ethnicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred ninety-five midlife women completed the Child Trauma Questionnaire, physiologic hot flash and actigraphic sleep monitoring, blood draw, and carotid ultrasound (intima media thickness [IMT]; plaque). Relations between abuse/neglect and outcomes were tested in linear regression models adjusting for demographic, psychosocial, and CVD risk factors. Interactions with sleep, hot flashes, and race/ethnicity were tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five percent of women reported a history of child abuse or neglect. Women with any child abuse or neglect had higher IMT [b(SE) = .039 (.011), p = .001] and carotid plaque [odds ratio (95% [CI] = 1.95 [1.15-3.33]); p = .014] than nonabused/neglected women. Furthermore, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and emotional neglect were associated with higher subclinical CVD. Sexual abuse was associated with higher IMT among nonwhite women. Interactions with sleep time and sleep hot flashes (p values < .05) indicated that higher subclinical CVD with an abuse/neglect history was observed primarily among women sleeping less than 6 hours/night or with sleep hot flashes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A history of child abuse or neglect is associated with higher subclinical CVD in women, particularly when paired with short sleep or hot flashes. Findings underscore the importance of childhood adversity in midlife women's CVD risk.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry (Thurston, Jennings, Matthews), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Epidemiology (Thurston, Barinas-Mitchell, Matthews), University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurosurgery (Chang), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Neurology, Inselspital (von Känel), Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Santoro), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado; and Department of Medicine (Landsittel), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Rebecca C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Thurston
authors.forename: Yuefang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barinas-Mitchell
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: von Känel
authors.forename: J Richard
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: Nanette
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: Doug P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Landsittel
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Matthews
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy; D000328:Adult; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires