title: Emerging Mechanisms in Initiating and Terminating Autophagy.
abstract: Autophagy is a major degradative process activated in a rapid and transient manner to cope with stress conditions. Whether autophagy is beneficial or detrimental depends upon the rate of induction and the appropriateness of the duration. Alterations in both autophagy initiation and termination predispose the cell to death, and affect the execution of other inducible processes such as inflammation. In this review we discuss how stress signaling pathways dynamically control the activity of the autophagy machinery by mediating post-translational modifications and regulatory protein interactions. In particular, we highlight the emerging role of TRIM and CULLIN families of ubiquitin ligases which play opposite roles in the autophagy response by promoting or inhibiting, respectively, the activity of the autophagy initiation complex.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Antonioli
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00173 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Rienzo
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', 00173 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piacentini
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00149 Rome, Italy; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy. Electronic address: gianmaria.fimia@inmi.it.
authors.forename: Gian Maria
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Fimia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D015398:Signal Transduction; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
keywords: AMBRA1; BECLIN-1; CULLIN; Exocyst; IRGM.; TRAF6; TRIM; ULK1