title: Etiology for Degenerative Disc Disease.
abstract: Degenerative disc disease is a multifaceted progressive irreversible condition and an inevitable part of aging, which has been found to be a contributing factor for low back pain and might cause radiculopathy, myelopathy, spinal stenosis, degenerative spondylolisthesis, and herniations. Its etiology is complex and multifactorial. Although genetics influence more dominant, the occupational and mechanical influences still persist as a major risk factor. This review emphasizes up-to-date knowledge regarding etiology of disc degeneration with special consideration on occupational, lifestyle factors, and genetic polymorphisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Dhungana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hemanta
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Xing
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Zhen-Zhou
authors.initials: ZZ
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Zi-Xian
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Yuan-Wu
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D008019:Life Style; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology