title: Resuscitation duration inequality by patient characteristics in emergency department out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients unresponsive to basic life support are frequently transferred to emergency departments (EDs) for further resuscitation. Although some survive with good neurologic outcomes, additional resuscitation in EDs is often futile. Without a dedicated termination of resuscitation (TOR) rule for ED resuscitation, the decision when to stop the resuscitation is up to emergency physicians. In this study, we assessed the association between patient characteristics and duration of resuscitation in EDs to understand how emergency physicians decide when to terminate cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of the OHCA registry of a single ED was conducted. Adult (18 years or older) patients without any return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after unsuccessful ED advanced cardiac life support were included. The primary endpoint was duration of resuscitation attempts. Prehospital and demographic factors were assessed as independent variables. The relationship between these factors and duration of resuscitative attempts was analyzed with multivariable quantile regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From January 2008 to August 2012, ED resuscitation was terminated without ROSC in 266 patients (53.5%). The duration of resuscitative attempts was significantly shorter if any of the currently recognized poor prognostic factors was present. Interestingly, controversial factors such as female sex and older age were significantly associated with shorter resuscitation duration, while factors definitively indicating poor prognosis, such as severe trauma and poor baseline neurological status, showed no significant association.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that physicians adjust the resuscitation duration according to their subjective prediction of futility despite the absence of evidence-based TOR guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Minoo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Joonghee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyuseok
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Cardiac arrest; Ethics; Resuscitation