title: Suppression of skin tumorigenesis in CD109-deficient mice.
abstract: CD109 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein that is highly expressed in several types of human cancers, particularly squamous cell carcinomas. We previously reported that CD109-deficient mice exhibit epidermal hyperplasia and chronic skin inflammation. Although we found that CD109 regulates differentiation of keratinocytes in vivo, the function of CD109 in tumorigenesis remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of CD109 in skin tumorigenesis using a two-stage carcinogenesis model in CD109-deficient mice with chronic skin inflammation. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a higher level of TGF-β protein expression in the dermis of CD109-deficient mice than in that of wild-type mice. Additionally, immunofluorescence analysis showed that Smad2 phosphorylation and Nrf2 expression were enhanced in primary keratinocytes from CD109-deficient mice compared with in those from wild-type mice. Although no significant difference was found in conversion rates from papilloma to carcinoma between wild-type and CD109-deficient mice in the carcinogenesis model, we observed fewer and smaller papillomas in CD109-deficient mice than in wild-type mice. Apoptosis and DNA damage marker levels were significantly reduced in CD109-deficient skin compared with in wild-type skin at 24 h after 7, 12-dimethylbenz (α) anthracene treatment. Furthermore, mutation-specific PCR revealed that the mutation frequency of the H-ras gene was less in CD109-deficient skin than in wild-type skin in this model. These results suggest that CD109 deficiency suppresses skin tumorigenesis by enhancing TGF-β/Smad/Nrf2 pathway activity and decreasing the mutation frequency of the H-ras gene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.|Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sunagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.|Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Neurological Disease and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mii
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Enomoto
authors.affiliation: Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murakumo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shiraki
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Neurological Disease and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Asai
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asai
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagino
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.|Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Neurological Disease and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahide
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000235:genetics; D017209:Apoptosis; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004249:DNA Damage; D011905:Genes, ras; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009154:Mutation; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D010212:Papilloma / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010641:Phenotype; D010766:Phosphorylation; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051899:Smad2 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; D013997:Time Factors; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; C548464:CD109 protein, mouse; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C495636:Nfe2l2 protein, mouse; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C497783:Smad2 protein, mouse; C508961:Tgfb1 protein, mouse; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
keywords: CD109; Nrf2; TGF-β; p21; skin carcinogenesis