title: Facile Assembly of Cost-Effective and Locally Applicable or Injectable Nanohemostats for Hemorrhage Control.
abstract: Currently, there is still unmet demand for effective and safe hemostats to control abnormal bleeding in different conditions. With the aim to develop affordable, safe, effective, easily stored, and low-cost hemostats, we developed a series of positively charged nanoparticles by a facile one-pot assembly approach. In this strategy, nanoparticles were formed by cholic-acid-mediated self-assembly of polyethylenimine (PEI). Regardless of different structures of cholic acids and PEIs, well-defined nanoparticles could be successfully formed. The assembly process was dominated by multiple interactions between cholic acid and PEI, including electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic forces. In vitro studies showed that assembled nanoparticles effectively induced aggregation and activation of platelets. Local application of aqueous solution containing nanoparticles assembled by different cholic acids and PEIs significantly reduced bleeding times in different rodent models including tail transection in mice as well as liver bleeding and femoral artery bleeding in rats or rabbits. Moreover, intravenous (i.v.) injection of this type of positively charged nanoparticles notably prevented bleeding in the femoral artery in rats by targeting the injured site via opsonization of nanoparticles with fibrinogen. By contrast, a control negatively charged nanoparticle showed no hemostatic activity after i.v. delivery. Also, preliminary evaluations in rats revealed a good safety profile after i.v. administration of assembled nanoparticles at a dose 4-fold higher than that used for hemostasis. These results demonstrated that cholic acid/PEI-assembled positive nanoparticles may function as cost-effective and locally applicable or injectable nanohemostats for hemorrhage control in the civilian setting and on the battlefield.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Shibin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Songling
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Xiangjun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yidan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Taipa, Macau, China.
authors.forename: Ruibing
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Houyuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Jianxiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000737:chemistry*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D051379:Mice; D053758:Nanoparticles; D011094:Polyethyleneimine; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D055672:Static Electricity
chemical_list: D006490:Hemostatics; D011094:Polyethyleneimine
keywords: cholic acid; hemostasis; nanohemostat; nanoparticle; polyethylenimine; self-assembly