title: The Scaffold Immune Microenvironment: Biomaterial-Mediated Immune Polarization in Traumatic and Nontraumatic Applications<sup/>.
abstract: The immune system mediates tissue growth and homeostasis and is the first responder to injury or biomaterial implantation. Recently, it has been appreciated that immune cells play a critical role in wound healing and tissue repair and should thus be considered potentially beneficial, particularly in the context of scaffolds for regenerative medicine. In this study, we present a flow cytometric analysis of cellular recruitment to tissue-derived extracellular matrix scaffolds, where we quantitatively describe the infiltration and polarization of several immune subtypes, including macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, monocytes, T cells, and B cells. We define a specific scaffold-associated macrophage (SAM) that expresses CD11b+F4/80+CD11c+/-CD206hiCD86+MHCII+that are characteristic of an M2-like cell (CD206hi) with high antigen presentation capabilities (MHCII+). Adaptive immune cells tightly regulate the phenotype of a mature SAM. These studies provide a foundation for detailed characterization of the scaffold immune microenvironment of a given biomaterial scaffold to determine the effect of scaffold changes on immune response and subsequent therapeutic outcome of that material.
authors.affiliation: 1 Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.|3 Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Kaitlyn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sadtler
authors.affiliation: 1 Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: 1 Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Estrellas
authors.affiliation: 2 Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.|3 Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Housseau
authors.affiliation: 2 Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.|3 Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Drew M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Pardoll
authors.affiliation: 1 Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.|3 Bloomberg∼Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Jennifer H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Elisseeff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D060833:Cellular Microenvironment / Q000187:drug effects; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009132:Muscles / Q000473:pathology; D022423:Myeloid Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D034421:Sus scrofa; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials
keywords: T cells; biomaterial implant; extracellular matrix; immune polarization; macrophages