title: Association between Vitamin D Status and Coronary Heart Disease among Adults in Saudi Arabia: A Case-Control Study.
abstract: Recent evidence has pointed out an association between vitamin D deficiency and coronary heart disease (CHD). Due to the growing epidemic of CHD and vitamin D deficiency in Saudi Arabia, exploring the role of vitamin D in the prevention of CHD is crucial. The aim of this study was to examine the association between vitamin D status and CHD in Saudi Arabian adults. This case-control study included 130 CHD cases and 195 age-sex matched controls. Study subjects were recruited from three hospitals in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Study participants were interviewed face-to-face to collect data on their socio-demographic characteristics and family history of CHD. Fasting blood samples were collected, and serum levels of vitamin D, glucose, and total cholesterol were measured. Body weight, height, and blood pressure measurements were also recorded. Severe vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D < 10 ng/mL) was much more prevalent in CHD cases than in controls (46% and 3%, respectively). The results of multivariate logistic regression showed that vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL) was associated with CHD, with an odds ratio of 6.5 (95% CI: 2.7-15,p< 0.001). The current study revealed that vitamin D deficiency is independently associated with CHD, suggesting an important predictor of CHD among Saudi adults.
authors.affiliation: Public Health, School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia. najlaa.aljefree@griffithuni.edu.au.
authors.forename: Najlaa M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Aljefree
authors.affiliation: Public Health, School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia. patricia.lee@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, King Abdulla Medical City (KAMC), Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia. drjamal70@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jamal M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Alsaqqaf
authors.affiliation: Public Health, School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia. f.ahmed@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Faruk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahmed
keywords: Middle East; Saudi Arabia; cardiovascular disease; diabetes; obesity; vitamin D deficiency