title: Estimated Risk of Developing Selected DSM-IV Disorders Among 5-Year-Old Children with Prenatal Cocaine Exposure.
abstract: This study estimated childhood risk of developing selected DSM-IV Disorders, including Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD), in children with prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE). Children were enrolled prospectively at birth (n=476) with prenatal drug exposures documented by maternal interview, urine and meconium assays. Study participants included 400 African-American children from the birth cohort, 208 cocaine-exposed (CE) and 192 non-cocaine-exposed (NCE) who attended a 5-year follow-up assessment and whose caregiver completed the Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Under a generalized linear model (logistic link), Fisher's exact methods were used to estimate the CE-associated relative risk (RR) of these disorders. Results indicated a modest but statistically robust elevation of ADHD risk associated with increasing levels of PCE (p<0.05). Binary comparison of CE versus NCE children indicated no CE-associated RR. Estimated cumulative incidence proportions among CE children were 2.9% for ADHD (vs 3.1% NCE); 1.4% for SAD (vs 1.6% NCE); and 4.3% for ODD (vs 6.8% NCE). Findings offer suggestive evidence of increased risk of ADHD (but not ODD or SAD) in relation to an increasing gradient of PCE during gestation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Connie E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Sudha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manjunath
authors.affiliation: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
authors.forename: Jan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Culbertson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Veronica H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Accornero
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Anthony
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Emmalee S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Bandstra
keywords: ADHD; DSM-IV Disorders; prenatal cocaine exposure