title: Toxicological hazard induced by sucralose to environmentally relevant concentrations in common carp (Cyprinus carpio).
abstract: Sucralose (SUC) is an artificial sweetener that is now widely used in North American and Europe; it has been detected in a wide variety of aquatic environments. It is considered safe for human consumption but its effects in the ecosystem have not yet been studied in depth, since limited ecotoxicological data are available in the peer-reviewed literature. This study aimed to evaluate potential SUC-induced toxicological hazard in the blood, brain, gill, liver and muscle of Cyprinus carpio using oxidative stress biomarkers. Carps were exposed to two different environmentally relevant concentrations (0.05 and 155μgL-1) for different exposure times (12, 24, 48, 72 and 96h). The following biomarkers were evaluated: lipid peroxidation (LPX), hydroperoxide content (HPC) and protein carbonyl content (PCC), as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). SUC was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry techniques (HPLC)-MS/MS. Results show a statically significant increase in LPX, HPC, PCC (P<0.05) especially in gill, brain and muscle, as well as significant changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in gill and muscle. Furthermore, the biomarkers employed in this study are useful in the assessment of the environmental impact of this agent on aquatic species.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Karinne
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saucedo-Vence
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elizalde-Velázquez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Octavio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dublán-García
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa s/n, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, México, DF CP 07738, Mexico.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galar-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Hariz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Islas-Flores
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Nely
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: SanJuan-Reyes
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa s/n, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, México, DF CP 07738, Mexico.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García-Medina
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: María Dolores
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hernández-Navarro
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico. Electronic address: lmgomezo@uaemex.mx.
authors.forename: Leobardo Manuel
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gómez-Oliván
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002347:Carps; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D050050:Protein Carbonylation; D013395:Sucrose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D013395:Sucrose; C026285:trichlorosucrose; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Bioconcentration; Cyprinus carpio; LC-MS/MS; Oxidative stress; Sucralose