title: Interpersonal Conflicts and Development of Self-Esteem from Adolescence to Mid-Adulthood. A 26-Year Follow-Up.
abstract: This study investigated the association between interpersonal conflicts and the trajectory of self-esteem from adolescence to mid-adulthood. The directionality of effects between self-esteem and interpersonal conflicts was also studied. Participants of a Finnish cohort study in 1983 at age 16 (N = 2194) were followed up at ages 22 (N = 1656), 32 (N = 1471) and 42 (N = 1334) using postal questionnaires. Measures covered self-esteem and interpersonal conflicts including, conflicts with parents, friends, colleagues, superiors, partners, break-ups with girl/boyfriends, and divorces. Participants were grouped using latent profile analysis to those having "consistently low", "decreasing", or "increasing" number of interpersonal conflicts from adolescence to adulthood. Analyses were done using latent growth curve models and autoregressive cross-lagged models. Among both females and males the self-esteem growth trajectory was most favorable in the group with a consistently low number of interpersonal conflicts. Compared to the low group, the group with a decreasing number of interpersonal conflicts had a self-esteem trajectory that started and remained at a lower level throughout the study period. The group with an increasing number of interpersonal conflicts had a significantly slower self-esteem growth rate compared to the other groups, and also the lowest self-esteem level at the end of the study period. Cross-lagged autoregressive models indicated small, but significant lagged effects from low self-esteem to later interpersonal conflicts, although only among males. There were no effects to the opposite direction among either gender. Our results show that those reporting more and an increasing number of interpersonal conflicts have a lower and more slowly developing self-esteem trajectory from adolescence to mid-adulthood. While the result was expected, it does not seem to imply an effect from interpersonal conflicts to low self-esteem. Rather, if anything, our results seem to suggest that those with low self-esteem are more prone to later interpersonal conflicts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kiviruusu
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Noora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Health and Social Welfare, Unit of School Social Work, City of Vantaa, Finland.
authors.forename: Taina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huurre
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.|School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Hillevi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aro
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.|University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Adolescent Psychiatry, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Mauri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marttunen
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haukkala
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult