title: Cranioplasty in neurosurgery: is there a way to reduce complications?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cranioplasty (CPL) is a surgical procedure that has still a high rate of complications, although it is commonly considered an easy and routine operation. In the literature, cranioplasty complications may rise up to 41% of cases, and the most frequently reported are infections, autologous bone flap resorption, and hematomas. Although possible, poor cosmetic results are rarely mentioned.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed the cases of 313 patients who underwent 377 surgical procedures for cranioplasty and reoperations for complications between 2008 and 2014. In other 2 patients we performed a new surgical procedure for the prosthesis fracture. Pediatric patients (aging from 5 to 17 years) have been included in this series in order to compare the complication rate between adult and pediatric populations. The clinical-radiological follow-up of these 313 patients lasted between 1 and 6 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall complications for cranioplasty were seen in 38 (12.14%) out of the 313 patients. However, complications requiring surgical therapy were seen in 28 patients who underwent 64 new surgical procedures. Adult male patients represented the majority of the group with cranioplasty complications. In the pediatric group we have not observed any complication requiring more than a clinical observation. Infections and autologous bone resorption were the most frequent complications reported in this series; however, we observed a poor cosmetic result as a concomitant but separate complication in more than 26% of our 313 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this paper we present an overview of all the possible complications of cranioplasty reported in the literature, comparing them with those observed in our series. We also discuss critically the most evident causes of complications, suggesting, when possible, solutions to avoid or limit them.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy - nicola.acciarri@isnb.it.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Acciarri
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palandri
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuoci
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, IRCCS, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Adelaide
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valluzzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lanzino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000379:methods; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult