title: Evaluating Composite Sampling Methods of Bacillus Spores at Low Concentrations.
abstract: Restoring all facility operations after the 2001 Amerithrax attacks took years to complete, highlighting the need to reduce remediation time. Some of the most time intensive tasks were environmental sampling and sample analyses. Composite sampling allows disparate samples to be combined, with only a single analysis needed, making it a promising method to reduce response times. We developed a statistical experimental design to test three different composite sampling methods: 1) single medium single pass composite (SM-SPC): a single cellulose sponge samples multiple coupons with a single pass across each coupon; 2) single medium multi-pass composite: a single cellulose sponge samples multiple coupons with multiple passes across each coupon (SM-MPC); and 3) multi-medium post-sample composite (MM-MPC): a single cellulose sponge samples a single surface, and then multiple sponges are combined during sample extraction. Five spore concentrations of Bacillus atrophaeus Nakamura spores were tested; concentrations ranged from 5 to 100 CFU/coupon (0.00775 to 0.155 CFU/cm2). Study variables included four clean surface materials (stainless steel, vinyl tile, ceramic tile, and painted dry wallboard) and three grime coated/dirty materials (stainless steel, vinyl tile, and ceramic tile). Analysis of variance for the clean study showed two significant factors: composite method (p< 0.0001) and coupon material (p = 0.0006). Recovery efficiency (RE) was higher overall using the MM-MPC method compared to the SM-SPC and SM-MPC methods. RE with the MM-MPC method for concentrations tested (10 to 100 CFU/coupon) was similar for ceramic tile, dry wall, and stainless steel for clean materials. RE was lowest for vinyl tile with both composite methods. Statistical tests for the dirty study showed RE was significantly higher for vinyl and stainless steel materials, but lower for ceramic tile. These results suggest post-sample compositing can be used to reduce sample analysis time when responding to a Bacillus anthracis contamination event of clean or dirty surfaces.
authors.affiliation: National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, United States of America.
authors.forename: Becky M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.affiliation: National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, United States of America.
authors.forename: Brett G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Amidan
authors.affiliation: National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kevin K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: National Security Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352, United States of America.
authors.forename: Janine R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hutchison
mesh_terms: D001407:Bacillus / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D008828:Microbiological Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors