title: Development of nanosponges from erythrocyte ghosts for removal of streptolysin-O from mammalian blood.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To produce mammalian biomimetic nanosponges from mammalian erythrocyte ghosts. Biomimetic nanosponges were studied in vitro as treatment platforms against exotoxin-related sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ovine blood was treated with hypotonic buffer to create erythrocyte ghosts and then subjected to sonication to produce erythrocyte vesicles of nonuniform size. Vesicles were then serially extruded through 400-nm and 100-nm polycarbonate membranes. Nanosponges were prepared by fusing poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) cores with ovine erythrocyte vesicles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ovine erythrocytes were the most susceptible to streptolysin-O lysis, making it a model to study sepsis treatment. Ovine nanosponges adsorbed streptolysin-O at 37 and 40°C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results identify ovine nanosponges as novel therapeutic model to test adsorption of cholesterol binding toxins such as streptolysin-O.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, UK.
authors.forename: Vikesh
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chhabria
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, PR1 2HE, UK.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beeton
keywords: biomimetic; erythrocyte ghost; nanoparticle; nanosponges; streptolysin-O; toxin absorption