title: Adult body size, sexual history and adolescent sexual development, may predict risk of developing prostate cancer: Results from the New South Wales Lifestyle and Evaluation of Risk Study (CLEAR).
abstract: Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common non-cutaneous cancer in men worldwide. The relationships between PC and possible risk factors for PC cases (n = 1,181) and male controls (n = 875) from the New South Wales (NSW) Cancer, Lifestyle and Evaluation of Risk Study (CLEAR) were examined in this study. The associations between PC risk and paternal history of PC, body mass index (BMI), medical conditions, sexual behaviour, balding pattern and puberty, after adjusting for age, income, region of birth, place of residence, and PSA testing, were examined. Adjusted risk of PC was higher for men with a paternal history of PC (OR = 2.31; 95%CI: 1.70-3.14), personal history of prostatitis (OR = 2.30; 95%CI: 1.44-3.70), benign prostatic hyperplasia (OR = 2.29; 95%CI: 1.79-2.93), being overweight (vs. normal; OR = 1.24; 95%CI: 0.99-1.55) or obese (vs. normal; OR = 1.44; 95%CI: 1.09-1.89), having reported more than seven sexual partners in a lifetime (vs. < 3 partners; OR = 2.00; 95%CI: 1.49-2.68), and having reported more than 5 orgasms a month prior to PC diagnosis (vs. ≤3 orgasms; OR = 1.59; 95%CI: 1.18-2.15). PC risk was lower for men whose timing of puberty was later than their peers (vs. same as peers; OR = 0.75; 95%CI: 0.59-0.97), and a smaller risk reduction of was observed in men whose timing of puberty was earlier than their peers (vs. same as peers; OR = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.61-1.17). No associations were found between PC risk and vertex balding, erectile function, acne, circumcision, vasectomy, asthma or diabetes. These results support a role for adult body size, sexual activity, and adolescent sexual development in PC development.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council New South Wales (NSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia.|Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.|Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Visalini
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nair-Shalliker
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council New South Wales (NSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Sarsha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council New South Wales (NSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nunez
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council New South Wales (NSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Egger
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council New South Wales (NSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodger
authors.affiliation: Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.|Department of Urology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Manish I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council New South Wales (NSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia.|Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.|School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Dianne L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.affiliation: Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.|School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.|Menzies Centre for Health Policy, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Freddy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sitas
authors.affiliation: Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.|School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Bruce K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council New South Wales (NSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia.|Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.|Menzies Health Institute, Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D049628:Body Size / Q000502:physiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D046468:Sexual Development / Q000502:physiology*; D012747:Sexual Partners; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Prostate cancer; balding; obesity; puberty; sexual activity