title: Protective and anti‑angiopathy effects of ginsenoside Re against diabetes mellitus via the activation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and JNK signaling.
abstract: The present study aimed to determine the protective and anti-angiopathy effects of ginsenoside (GSS) on Wistar rats with diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetic angiopathy occurs during the early stage of diabetes, and in type 1 DM (T1DM) and type 2 DM (T2DM). In the present study, early DM, T1DM and T2DM were induced by treatment with a high‑sucrose‑high‑fat diet, alloxan monohydrate or streptozocin, respectively. The levels of blood glucose, insulin, lipid metabolism markers [total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high‑density lipoprotein (HDL) and lipoprotein(a) (Lp‑a)], and endothelial cell function markers [endothelin, nitric oxide, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin‑6 (IL‑6)] were determined following treatment with GSS. In addition, oral glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test were performed. The phosphorylation levels of p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK) were detected in aorta samples harvested from T2DM rats by western blot analysis. The present study determined that GSS treatment effectively decreased the levels of blood glucose, TC, TG, Lp‑a, VEGF, IL‑6, phosphorylated (p)‑p38, p‑ERK1/2 and p‑JNK; however, treatment with GSS increased insulin and HDL levels. Therefore, it is possible that GSS exerts protective and anti‑angiopathy effects against the early stage of diabetes, T1DM and T2DM in vivo via the activation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and JNK signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yawei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xuesi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Runyi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yunjian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D036145:Ginsenosides; C049864:ginsenoside Re; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases