title: Association of temporal distribution of fine particulate matter with glucose homeostasis during pregnancy in women of Chiayi City, Taiwan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To investigate the effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on the indicators of glucose homeostasis during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 3589 non-diabetic pregnant women who underwent a 3-h 100-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were enrolled from a tertiary teaching hospital in Chiayi City, Taiwan between 2006 and 2014. Fasting, 1-h, 2-h, and 3-h glucose levels after an OGTT were used as indicators of glucose homeostasis. PM2.5and other air pollution data were obtained from one fixed-site monitoring station (Chiayi City station) operated by Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (EPA). We used mixed models for indicators of glucose homeostasis to estimate the effects of PM2.5. The models were adjusted for individual-specific effects (nulliparous status, age, body mass index, season, and year) and the moving averages of temperature and relative humidity in the corresponding study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant relationships between PM2.5and the glucose homeostasis indicators, including fasting, 1-h, 2-h, and 3-h glucose levels in the single-pollutant covariate-adjusted model. The pre-screening 1-month to 1-year moving averages of IQR increases in PM2.5were significantly associated with elevated fasting OGTT glucose levels (1.32-5.87mg/dL). The two-pollutant covariate-adjusted models had similar results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found positive associations between PM2.5and OGTT glucose levels during pregnancy. The association was especially pronounced for the fasting and 1-h glucose levels. PM2.5exposure in the second trimester may enhance this effect. Exposure to PM2.5was associated with glucose homeostasis during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Research, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mei-Chun
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Panchalli
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tsun-Jen
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Research, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition and Institute of Biomedical Nutrition, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Pai
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Research, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition and Institute of Biomedical Nutrition, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. Electronic address: d97841006@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Yuan-Horng
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013624:Taiwan; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Air pollution; Gestational diabetes mellitus; Glucose homeostasis; Oral glucose tolerance test; Particulate matter; Pregnancy