title: Growing up with Down syndrome: Development from 6 months to 10.7 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We analysed developmental outcomes from a clinical trial early in life and its follow-up at 10.7 years in 123 children with Down syndrome.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine 1) strengths and weaknesses in adaptive functioning and motor skills at 10.7 years, and 2) prognostic value of early-life characteristics (early developmental outcomes, parental and child characteristics, and comorbidity) for later intelligence, adaptive functioning and motor skills.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used standardized assessments of mental and motor development at ages 6, 12 and 24 months, and of intelligence, adaptive functioning and motor skills at 10.7 years. We compared strengths and weaknesses in adaptive functioning and motor skills by repeated-measures ANOVAs in the total group and in children scoring above-average versus below-average. The prognostic value of demographics, comorbidity and developmental outcomes was analysed by two-step regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Socialisation was a stronger adaptive skill than Communication followed by Daily Living. Aiming and catching was a stronger motor skill than Manual dexterity, followed by Balance. Above-average and below-average scoring children showed different profiles of strengths and weaknesses. Gender, (the absence or presence of) infantile spasms and particularly 24-month mental functioning predicted later intelligence and adaptive functioning. Motor skills, however, appeared to be less well predicted by early life characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide a reference for expected developmental levels and strengths and weaknesses in Down syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Psychosocial Department, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Post Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology & Psychosocial Department, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Post Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.p.marchal@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: Jan Pieter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Marchal
authors.affiliation: Psychosocial Department, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Post Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: h.maurice-stam@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: Heleen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maurice-Stam
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Post Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bregje A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Houtzager
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Endocrinology & Psychosocial Department, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Post Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: s.rutgersvanrozenburg@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Susanne L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Rutgers van Rozenburg-Marres
authors.affiliation: Psychosocial Department, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Post Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: k.j.oostrom@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: Kim J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Oostrom
authors.affiliation: Psychosocial Department, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Post Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.a.grootenhuis@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: Martha A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Grootenhuis
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Endocrinology & Psychosocial Department, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Post Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: a.s.vantrotsenburg@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: A S Paul
authors.initials: ASP
authors.lastname: van Trotsenburg
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D006225:Hand / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D007360:Intelligence; D016014:Linear Models; D009048:Motor Skills; D004856:Postural Balance; D011379:Prognosis; D012737:Sex Factors; D066107:Social Skills; D012951:Socialization; D013036:Spasms, Infantile / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Adaptive behaviour; Child; Down syndrome; Intelligence; Motor skills; Prospective studies