title: Gender-related differences in coronary venous anatomy: a potential basis for various response to cardiac resynchronisation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesised that small differences in the anatomy of the coronary venous tree might be one of the factors responsible for the differences in the response for cardiac resynchronisation depending on a patient's gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiac computed tomography scans with retrospective gating were performed on 315 subjects (aged 58.3 ± 11.6 years; 117 women) according to the clinical criteria. The standard protocol for coronary arteries was used during scanning. Additional reconstructions that were focused on the coronary veins during post processing were used to analyse the data. Gender-related anatomical variants were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average of 3.6 ± 1.4 veins per case were visualised. The posterolateral vein was visualised more frequently in men than in women (p < 0.05). Eight variants were identified as being more frequent - they were found in 237 out of 315 cases (75.24%). Those variants occurred in 95 (81.19%) of the women and in 142 (71.72%) of the men, p = 0.080. Six variants occurred more frequently in women; however, the differences were not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In women a more frequent presence of favourable coronary vein variants in the target area for cardiac resynchronisation can be seen. Anatomical findings may help to explain why women more frequently respond to cardiac resyn-chronisation therapy compared to men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland Department of Electrocardiology, Upper Silesian Cardiology Centre, Katowice, Poland. amlynarska@sum.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Młynarska
authors.forename: Rafał
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Młynarski
authors.forename: Krzysztof S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Gołba
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sosnowski
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D058406:Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: cardiac resynchronisation therapy; computed tomography; coronary veins; female gender