title: Towards a fair consideration of PrEP as part of combination HIV prevention in Latin America.
abstract: Despite progress in scaling up antiretroviral treatment, HIV prevention strategies have not been successful in significantly curbing HIV incidence in Latin America. HIV prevention interventions need to be expanded to target the most affected key populations with a combination approach, including new high impact technologies. Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is recommended as additional prevention choice for individuals at higher risk of infection and could become a cost-effective prevention tool. We discuss the barriers and solutions for a fair consideration of PrEP as part of combination HIV prevention strategies in Latin America.
  
  
  
  Although demonstration projects are ongoing or being planned in a number of countries, to date no Latin American country has implemented a public PrEP programme. The knowledge of policymakers about PrEP implementation needs to be strengthened, and programmatic guidance and cost estimate tools need to be developed to support adequate planning. Despite high levels of awareness among health providers, especially if engaged in HIV or key population care, willingness to prescribe PrEP is still low due to the lack of national policies and guidelines. Key populations, especially men who have sex with men, transgender women and sex workers, have been engaged in demonstration projects, and qualitative research shows high awareness and willingness to use PrEP, especially if accessible in the public sector for free or at affordable price. Concerns of safety, adherence, effectiveness and risk compensation need to be addressed through targeted social communication strategies to improve PrEP knowledge and stimulate demand. Alliance among policymakers, civil society and representatives from key populations, healthcare providers and researchers will be critical for the design and successful implementation of PrEP demonstration projects of locally adapted delivery models. The use of mechanisms of joint negotiation and procurement of antiretrovirals could reduce costs and significantly increase the cost-effectiveness of PrEP.
  
  
  
  PrEP is an additional prevention tool and should be implemented in combination and synergy with other prevention interventions. PrEP programmes should target high-risk individuals from key populations for higher cost-effectiveness. Demonstration projects may generate strategic information for and lead to the implementation of full-scale PrEP programmes.
authors.affiliation: Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington, DC, USA; ravasigi@paho.org.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ravasi
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grinsztejn
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baruch
authors.affiliation: Investigaciones Medicas en Salud, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Juan Vicente
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Guanira
authors.affiliation: Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luque
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinaria en Sexualidad, SIDA y Sociedad, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Carlos F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Cáceres
authors.affiliation: Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghidinelli
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001364:Awareness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America; D008297:Male; D065129:Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis / Q000191:economics; D036301:Qualitative Research; D060386:Sex Workers
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents
keywords: HIV; Latin America; antiretrovirals; pre-exposure prophylaxis; prevention