title: Identification of risk factors for inappropriate and suboptimal initiation of direct oral anticoagulants.
abstract: Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) require specific dosing and monitoring to ensure safe and appropriate use. The purpose of this evaluation was to identify patient- and process-related factors that correlate with increased risk of inappropriate prescribing of DOACs. A retrospective chart review was conducted in three outpatient clinics within an academic medical center to identify patients started on DOAC therapy and evaluate the appropriateness of DOAC initiation. Data collected included patient demographics, DOAC medication initiated, dose, indication, baseline laboratory values, concomitant medications, type and specialty of prescriber, and initiation setting. Appropriateness of initial dose was assessed and data were analyzed in order to identify factors correlating with inappropriate use. One-hundred sixty-seven patients initiated on a DOAC were identified. Most patients were prescribed anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation (74.9 %) and most commonly prescribed rivaroxaban (62.9 %). An inappropriate dose was prescribed in 24 (14.4 %) patients. Female patients and patients over 75 years were more likely to be prescribed an inappropriate initial dose. Baseline evaluation of blood counts and organ function were often not performed: hemoglobin values had not been drawn within the month prior to initiation in 28.7 % of patients, serum creatinine in 22.8 %, alanine transaminase in 52.1 %, and total bilirubin in 64.1 %. Lack of baseline labs was more pronounced in patients initiated on a DOAC in the outpatient setting. Dosing and baseline lab collection for DOAC initiation were suboptimal in all settings analyzed. Targeted interventions are needed to ensure the safe and appropriate use of DOAC therapy.
authors.affiliation: Central Alabama Veterans Health Care System, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, 8105 Veterans Way, Montgomery, AL, 36117, USA. molly.howard2@va.gov.
authors.forename: Molly
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3257-3842
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.affiliation: Mount Carmel West Hospital, 793 West State Street, Columbus, OH, 43222, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lipshutz
authors.affiliation: University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Breanne
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roess
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina (UNC) Health Care, 590 Manning Drive - Campus Box 7600, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hawes
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina (UNC) Health Care, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 101 Manning Drive - Campus Box 7600, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
authors.forename: Zachariah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Deyo
authors.affiliation: University of North Carolina (UNC) Health Care, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 101 Manning Drive - Campus Box 7600, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
authors.forename: Jena Ivey
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Burkhart
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Campus Box 7035, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 5034 Old Clinic Bldg - Campus Box 7110, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7110, USA.
authors.forename: Betsy Bryant
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Shilliday
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000991:Antithrombins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000991:Antithrombins; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors
keywords: Direct oral anticoagulants; Initiation; New oral anticoagulants; Prescribing; Risk factors; Target specific oral anticoagulants