title: NMR metabolomics demonstrates phenotypic plasticity of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) berries with respect to growth conditions in Finland and Canada.
abstract: The berries of sea buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides ssp. rhamnoides) cultivars 'Terhi' and 'Tytti' were studied with respect to their growth location, 60° and 68°N latitude in Finland and 46°N in Canada, using1H NMR metabolomics. The berries of 'Terhi' were characterised by stronger signals of quinic acid, while 'Tytti' had higher levels of O-ethyl β-d-glucopyranoside. The metabolic profile of the northernmost berries was distinctly different from those grown in southern Finland or Canada. Berries from northern Finland had relatively higher levels of quinic acid, glucose, l-quebrachitol and ascorbic acid. Ethyl glucoside was shown to accumulate by several fold at the late stage of maturation in the south as it correlated with degree days (r=0.63) and global radiation (r=0.59), but not in the north. The variance in the composition of the sea buckthorn berries demonstrates plasticity in the acclimatisation to growth environments.
authors.affiliation: Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland. Electronic address: mkkort@utu.fi.
authors.forename: Maaria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kortesniemi
authors.affiliation: Instrument Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland.
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sinkkonen
authors.affiliation: Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland; The Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Baoru
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland; The Kevo Subarctic Research Institute, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turun yliopisto, Finland.
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kallio
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D002170:Canada; D005387:Finland; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D031281:Hippophae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D055432:Metabolomics; D010641:Phenotype; D011801:Quinic Acid / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011801:Quinic Acid; D005947:Glucose; D001205:Ascorbic Acid
keywords: Cultivars; Hippophaë rhamnoides; Latitude; Metabolomics; NMR; Origin; Ssp. rhamnoides; Weather conditions