title: Systematic screening for cardiovascular risk at pharmacies.
abstract: Early identification and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) is essential to prevent excess morbidity, mortality and healthcare-related costs. We sought to investigate whether an active screening programme at pharmacies could identify a significant proportion of patients with previously undetected CVRFs.
  
  
  
  Between April and July 2013, 184 pharmacies in Lower Austria enrolled a total of 6800 participants, in whom body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol and blood glucose were measured. Mean age was 58±17 years and 67.8% were women. 21% of men and 16% of women had a BMI≥30 kg/m2. The crude prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) was 7%, hypercholesterolaemia was identified in 57%, and 44% had elevated BP. Among fasting individuals (n=1814), DM was found in 18%. In total, 30% were confronted with a CVRF they were previously unaware of, and pharmacists recommended 45% of all participants to actively consult a physician. A first-time diagnosis of a CVRF was most frequent in the age groups between 25 and 64 (32% of participants).
  
  
  
  This pharmacy-based approach for cardiovascular risk screening found similar overall prevalences of CVRFs as reported by national surveys, but revealed underdiagnoses, particularly in lower age groups. A previously unknown CVRF was identified in every third individual, frequently prompting the pharmacists to recommend the consultation of a physician. An active screening approach at pharmacies might therefore serve as an effective alternative to the public preventive medical examination, particularly in younger age groups.
authors.affiliation: 3rd Medical Department, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine , Wilhelminen Hospital , Vienna , Austria.
authors.forename: Miklos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rohla
authors.affiliation: Pharmacists College of Lower Austria , Vienna , Austria.
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haberfeld
authors.affiliation: Institute for Diagnosis and Treatment of Lipid Disorders and Atherosclerosis (ATHOS) , Vienna , Austria.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sinzinger
authors.affiliation: Wilhelm-Auerswald Atherosclerosis Research Group, Vienna , Austria.
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kritz
authors.affiliation: 3rd Medical Department, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine , Wilhelminen Hospital , Vienna , Austria.
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tscharre
authors.affiliation: 3rd Medical Department, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine , Wilhelminen Hospital , Vienna , Austria.
authors.forename: Matthias K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Freynhofer
authors.affiliation: 3rd Medical Department, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Wilhelminen Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.affiliation: 3rd Medical Department, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Wilhelminen Hospital, Vienna, Austria; Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Weiss