title: Punctate inner choroidopathy: A review.
abstract: Punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC), an idiopathic inflammatory multifocal chorioretinopathy that predominantly affects young myopic women, appears to be relatively rare, but there are limited data to support accurate estimates of prevalence, and it is likely that the condition is underdiagnosed. The etiological relationship between PIC and other conditions within the "white dot syndromes" group remains uncertain. We, like others, would suggest that PIC and multifocal choroiditis with panuveitis represent a single disease process that is modified by host factors (including host immunoregulation) to cause the range of clinical phenotypes seen. The impact of PIC on the patient is highly variable, with outcome ranging from complete spontaneous recovery to bilateral severe sight loss. Detection and monitoring have been greatly facilitated by modern scanning techniques, especially optical coherence tomography and autofluorescence imaging and may be enhanced by coregistration of sequential images to detect change over time. Depending on the course of disease and nature of complications, appropriate treatment may range from observation to systemic immunosuppression and antiangiogenic therapies. PIC is a challenging condition where treatment has to be tailored to the patient's individual circumstances, the extent of disease, and the risk of progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Cwm Taf University Health Board, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ahnood
authors.affiliation: St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Savitha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madhusudhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre for Rare Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marie D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Tsaloumas
authors.affiliation: New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: Nadia K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Waheed
authors.affiliation: NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Pearse A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Centre for Rare Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation & Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom. Electronic address: a.denniston@bham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Alastair K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Denniston
mesh_terms: D002829:Choroid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002833:Choroiditis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D006801:Humans; D000080364:Multifocal Choroiditis; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*; D014792:Visual Acuity
keywords: choroidal neovascularization; posterior uveitis; punctate inner choroidopathy; white dot syndromes