title: Transcriptome analysis reveals that insulin is an immunomodulatory hormone in common carp.
abstract: Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a widespread freshwater fish and economically important species in China and other East Asian countries. Recent studies suggest that insulin can alter the expression of immune genes and, thus, can be regarded as an immunomodulatory hormone. To understand the mechanism of the immune response to insulin, we performed a comparative RNA-seq transcriptome analysis using livers from common carp injected with insulin (5 μg/g bodyweight) or saline as a control. After filtering the low-quality reads and removing the adaptors, the clean raw reads were assembled into 60,421 unigenes with mean length of 746.81 bp. Furthermore, 37,107 unigenes were annotated based on homology after blast search in public databases. Differentially expressed genes were identified using the fragments per kb per million fragments method and EdgeR software. In total, 782 differentially expressed genes were found. Thereinto, 444 and 338 genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively, in the insulin-injected group. A Gene Ontology analysis indicated that these genes were concentrated in glucose metabolism, hormone secretion, andimmune system processes. Moreover, 153 enriched KEGG pathways were associated with the differentially expressed genes, including the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (10.56-fold), TLR3 (0.089-fold), activator protein-1 (0.007-fold), tumor necrosis factor-α (0.139-fold), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (0.038-fold) expression were significantly changed after the insulin injection. This study characterized the profile of genes expression response to insulin in common carp liver for the first time and provided new insight into understanding the molecular mechanism of insulin as an immunomodulatory hormone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha 410003, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning 530021, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China.
authors.forename: Wenjuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning 530021, China.
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
authors.forename: Jianlin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
authors.forename: Hongxia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
authors.forename: Yongkai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China. Electronic address: yujh@ffrc.cn.
authors.forename: Juhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China. Electronic address: yuf@ffrc.cn.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000662:veterinary; D063990:Gene Ontology; D056747:Immunomodulation; D007328:Insulin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D007328:Insulin
keywords: Common carp; NF-κB; RNA-seq; Toll-like receptor; Transcriptome