title: Prescribing of Psychoactive Drugs for Older People in Nursing Homes: An Analysis of Treatment Culture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is increasing interest in how culture may affect the quality of healthcare services, and previous research has shown that 'treatment culture'-of which there are three categories (resident centred, ambiguous and traditional)-in a nursing home may influence prescribing of psychoactive medications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to explore and understand treatment culture in prescribing of psychoactive medications for older people with dementia in nursing homes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six nursing homes-two from each treatment culture category-participated in this study. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews with nursing home staff and general practitioners (GPs), which sought to determine participants' views on prescribing and administration of psychoactive medication, and their understanding of treatment culture and its potential influence on prescribing of psychoactive drugs. Following verbatim transcription, the data were analysed and themes were identified, facilitated by NVivo®and discussion within the research team.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interviews took place with five managers, seven nurses, 13 care assistants and two GPs. Four themes emerged: the characteristics of the setting, the characteristics of the individual, relationships and decision making. The characteristics of the setting were exemplified by views of the setting, daily routines and staff training. The characteristics of the individual were demonstrated by views on the personhood of residents and staff attitudes. Relationships varied between staff within and outside the home. These relationships appeared to influence decision making about prescribing of medications. The data analysis found that each home exhibited traits that were indicative of its respective assigned treatment culture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nursing home treatment culture appeared to be influenced by four main themes. Modification of these factors may lead to a shift in culture towards a more flexible, resident-centred culture and a reduction in prescribing and use of psychoactive medication.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Musselburgh, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McCormack
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK. c.hughes@qub.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Carmel M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hughes