title: Update on bipolar disorder biomarker candidates.
abstract: Bipolar disorder is a chronic and disabling mood disorder with a complex pathophysiological basis. A significant percentage of patients do not receive correct diagnosis which directly influences therapeutic response, rendering recovery troublesome. There is a long-standing need for proper non-clinically based tools for diagnosis, treatment selection and follow-up of such patients. Areas covered: In the past decade, the scientific community has shown a great interest in biomarker development. Here, we highlight the different potential biomarkers and we discuss their feasibility and their possible clinical relevance. Expert commentary: To date, despite the major ongoing trials and consortia with promising future perspectives, no reliable biomarker of bipolar disorder has been fully defined.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School , The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Antonio L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School , The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Haitham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Salem
authors.affiliation: b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences , McMaster University , Hamilton , ON , Canada.|c Mood Disorders Program and Women's Health Concerns Clinic , St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton , ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Benicio N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.affiliation: d Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil.
authors.forename: Izabela G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: e Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program , National Institute of Mental Health , Bethesda , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Machado-Vieira
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D035683:MicroRNAs; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors
keywords: Bipolar disorder; biomarkers; genomic analysis; neuroimaging; peripheral markers