title: Unravelling the resistance mechanisms to 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) in corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas).
abstract: In southern Europe, the intensive use of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and tribenuron-methyl in cereal crop systems has resulted in the evolution of resistant (R) corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) biotypes. Experiments were conducted to elucidate (1) the resistance response to these two herbicides, (2) the cross-resistant pattern to other synthetic auxins and (3) the physiological basis of the auxin resistance in two R (F-R213 and D-R703) populations. R plants were resistant to both 2,4-D and tribenuron-methyl (F-R213) or just to 2,4-D (D-R703) and both R populations were also resistant to dicamba and aminopyralid. Results from absorption and translocation experiment revealed that R plants translocated less [14C]-2,4-D than S plants at all evaluation times. There was between four and eight-fold greater ethylene production in S plants treated with 2,4-D, than in R plants. Overall, these results suggest that reduced 2,4-D translocation is the resistance mechanism in synthetic auxins R corn poppy populations and this likely leads to less ethylene production and greater survival in R plants.
authors.affiliation: Department d'Hortofructicultura, Botànica i Jardineria, Agrotecnio, Universitat de Lleida, Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida 25198, Spain. Electronic address: jordi.rey@hbj.udl.cat.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rey-Caballero
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Campus Universitario de La Rábida, Palos de la Frontera, 21071 Huelva, Spain.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Menéndez
authors.affiliation: Postharvest Programme, Institute for Food and Agricultural Research and Technology (IRTA), Parc Científic i Tecnologic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny, Lleida 25003, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Giné-Bordonaba
authors.affiliation: DuPont de Nemours, Reu Delarivière Lefoullon, La Defense Cedex, Paris 92064, France.
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Agrícola y Edafología, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, Carretera km 396, Córdoba 14071, Spain.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alcántara
authors.affiliation: Department d'Hortofructicultura, Botànica i Jardineria, Agrotecnio, Universitat de Lleida, Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, Lleida 25198, Spain.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Torra
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053209:Herbicide Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D010207:Papaver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005030:Ethylenes; D006540:Herbicides; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; C036216:ethylene
keywords: Auxinic herbicide; Cross resistance; Ethylene production; Herbicide resistance; Radioactivity; Translocation