title: Microbiome analysis shows enrichment for specific bacteria in separate anatomical regions of the deep-sea carnivorous sponge Chondrocladia grandis.
abstract: The Cladorhizidae is a unique family of carnivorous marine sponges characterised by either the absence or reduction of the aquiferous system and by the presence of specialised structures to trap and digest mesoplanktonic prey. Previous studies have postulated a key role of host-associated bacteria in enabling carnivory in this family of sponges. In this study, we employed high-throughput Illumina-based sequencing to identify the bacterial community associated with four individuals of the deep-sea sponge Chondrocladia grandis sampled in the Gulf of Maine. By characterising the V6 through V8 region of the 16S rRNA gene, we compared the bacterial community composition and diversity in three distinct anatomical regions with predicted involvement in prey capture (sphere), support (axis) and benthic substrate attachment (root). A high abundance of Tenacibaculum, a known siderophore producing bacterial genus, was present in all anatomical regions and specimens. The abundance of Colwellia and Roseobacter was greater in sphere and axis samples, and bacteria from the hydrocarbon-degrading Robiginitomaculum genus were most abundant in the root. This first description of the bacterial community associated with C. grandis provides novel insights into the contribution of bacteria to the carnivorous lifestyle while laying foundations for future cladorhizid symbiosis studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada.
authors.forename: Joost T P
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Verhoeven
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada.
authors.forename: Alana N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Kavanagh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada sdufour@mun.ca.
authors.forename: Suzanne C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Dufour
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002335:Carnivora / Q000382:microbiology*; D008281:Maine; D064307:Microbiota; D010802:Phylogeny; D011161:Porifera / Q000382:microbiology*; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013559:Symbiosis
keywords: Carnivorous sponge; Chondrocladia grandis; Demospongiae; Gulf of Maine; Porifera; microbiome