title: Cross-Sectional Assessment of Factors Related to Pain Intensity and Pain Interference in Lower Limb Prosthesis Users.
abstract: To determine relationships between pain sites and pain intensity/interference in people with lower limb amputations (LLAs).
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  
  Community.
  
  
  
  Lower limb prosthesis users with unilateral or bilateral amputations (N=1296; mean time since amputation, 14.1y).
  
  
  
  Not applicable.
  
  
  
  Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) pain intensity (1 item to assess average pain), PROMIS pain interference (4-item short form to assess the consequences of pain in desired activities), and questions that asked participants to rate the extent to which each of the following were a problem: residual limb pain (RLP), phantom limb pain (PLP), knee pain on the nonamputated side, back pain, and shoulder pain.
  
  
  
  Nearly three quarters (72.1%) of participants reported problematic pain in 1 or more of the listed sites. Problematic PLP, back pain, and RLP were reported by 48.1%, 39.2%, and 35.1% of participants, respectively. Knee pain and shoulder pain were less commonly identified as problems (27.9% and 21.7%, respectively). Participants also reported significantly (P<.0001) higher pain interference (T-score ± SD, 54.7±9.0) than the normative sample based on the U.S. population (T-score ± SD, 50.0±10.0). Participants with LLAs rated their pain intensity on average ± SD at 3.3±2.4 on a 0-to-10 scale. Pain interference (ρ=.564, P<.0001) and intensity (ρ=.603, P<.0001) were positively and significantly correlated with number of pain sites reported.
  
  
  
  Problematic pain symptoms, especially RLP, PLP, and back pain, affect most prosthetic limb users and have the potential to greatly restrict participation in life activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Sara J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Janna L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Friedly
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Dagmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amtmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Rana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salem
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Electronic address: bhafner@uw.edu.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Hafner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000672:Amputation Stumps; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000209:etiology; D001186:Artificial Limbs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001416:Back Pain / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint; D007866:Leg; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D058748:Pain Perception; D010591:Phantom Limb / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Amputation; Artificial limbs; Back; Health surveys; Knee; Pain; Phantom limb; Rehabilitation; Shoulder