title: Detection of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in U.S. Drinking Water Linked to Industrial Sites, Military Fire Training Areas, and Wastewater Treatment Plants.
abstract: Drinking water contamination with poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) poses risks to the developmental, immune, metabolic, and endocrine health of consumers. We present a spatial analysis of 2013-2015 national drinking water PFAS concentrations from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (US EPA) third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR3) program. The number of industrial sites that manufacture or use these compounds, the number of military fire training areas, and the number of wastewater treatment plants are all significant predictors of PFAS detection frequencies and concentrations in public water supplies. Among samples with detectable PFAS levels, each additional military site within a watershed's eight-digit hydrologic unit is associated with a 20% increase in PFHxS, a 10% increase in both PFHpA and PFOA, and a 35% increase in PFOS. The number of civilian airports with personnel trained in the use of aqueous film-forming foams is significantly associated with the detection of PFASs above the minimal reporting level. We find drinking water supplies for 6 million U.S. residents exceed US EPA's lifetime health advisory (70 ng/L) for PFOS and PFOA. Lower analytical reporting limits and additional sampling of smaller utilities serving <10000 individuals and private wells would greatly assist in further identifying PFAS contamination sources.
authors.affiliation: Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States; Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.
authors.forename: Xindi C
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Environmental Working Group , Washington, D.C. 20009, United States.
authors.forename: David Q
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.affiliation: National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States.
authors.forename: Andrew B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Lindstrom
authors.affiliation: University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Bruton
authors.affiliation: Silent Spring Institute , Newton, Massachusetts 02460, United States.
authors.forename: Laurel A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Schaider
authors.affiliation: Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grandjean
authors.affiliation: University of Rhode Island , Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lohmann
authors.affiliation: Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.
authors.forename: Courtney C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Carignan
authors.affiliation: University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States; Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94705, United States.
authors.forename: Arlene
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.affiliation: California Department of Toxic Substances Control , 1001 I Street, Sacramento, California 95814, United States (Formerly at the Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94705, United States).
authors.forename: Simona A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Balan
authors.affiliation: Colorado School of Mines , 1500 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States.
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.affiliation: Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States; Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.
authors.forename: Elsie M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Sunderland