title: α-Defensin 5 gene expression is regulated by gut microbial metabolites.
abstract: α-Defensin 5 is important to both maintenance of a gut microbiota and host immunity. While previous reports have shown that gut bacteria are able to upregulate α-defensin 5 through Toll-like receptor signaling, we demonstrate here that α-defensin 5 expression can also be regulated by microbial metabolites. Among these, lactate appeared to significantly suppress α-defensin 5 gene transcription. Actually, fractions of <3 kD compounds obtained from the ceca of SPF mice were suppressed α-defensin 5 gene transcription at specific concentrations. Our results also suggest that cecal content may include as yet unidentified factors that can enhance α-defensin 5 expression. Our data point to a novel function for the gut microbial metabolites in controlling the expression of antimicrobial peptides in the intestine.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Food Biochemistry and Biotechnology , College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University , Fujisawa , Japan.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Food Biochemistry and Biotechnology , College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University , Fujisawa , Japan.|b Department of Applied Biological Science , College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University , Fujisawa , Japan.
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Food Biochemistry and Biotechnology , College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University , Fujisawa , Japan.
authors.forename: Kenta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurihara
authors.affiliation: a Department of Food Biochemistry and Biotechnology , College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University , Fujisawa , Japan.
authors.forename: Kou
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.affiliation: a Department of Food Biochemistry and Biotechnology , College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University , Fujisawa , Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayakawa
authors.affiliation: a Department of Food Biochemistry and Biotechnology , College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University , Fujisawa , Japan.|b Department of Applied Biological Science , College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University , Fujisawa , Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.affiliation: a Department of Food Biochemistry and Biotechnology , College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University , Fujisawa , Japan.
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsuda
authors.affiliation: b Department of Applied Biological Science , College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University , Fujisawa , Japan.
authors.forename: Shigemasa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hanazawa
authors.affiliation: a Department of Food Biochemistry and Biotechnology , College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University , Fujisawa , Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hosono
authors.affiliation: a Department of Food Biochemistry and Biotechnology , College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University , Fujisawa , Japan.
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaminogawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007420:Intestine, Large / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D051379:Mice; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D023084:alpha-Defensins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D023084:alpha-Defensins
keywords: gut microbiota; intestinal epithelial cells; metabolite; α-defensin