title: The Minimum Open Reading Frame, AUG-Stop, Induces Boron-Dependent Ribosome Stalling and mRNA Degradation.
abstract: Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are often translated ahead of the main ORF of a gene and regulate gene expression, sometimes in a condition-dependent manner, but such a role for the minimum uORF (hereafter referred to as AUG-stop) in living organisms is currently unclear. Here, we show that AUG-stop plays an important role in the boron (B)-dependent regulation of NIP5;1, encoding a boric acid channel required for normal growth under low B conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana High B enhanced ribosome stalling at AUG-stop, which was accompanied by the suppression of translation and mRNA degradation. This mRNA degradation was promoted by an upstream conserved sequence present near the 5'-edge of the stalled ribosome. Once ribosomes translate a uORF, reinitiation of translation must take place in order for the downstream ORF to be translated. Our results suggest that reinitiation of translation at the downstream NIP5;1 ORF is enhanced under low B conditions. A genome-wide analysis identified two additional B-responsive genes, SKU5 and the transcription factor gene ABS/NGAL1, which were regulated by B-dependent ribosome stalling through AUG-stop. This regulation was reproduced in both plant and animal transient expression and cell-free translation systems. These findings suggest that B-dependent AUG-stop-mediated regulation is common in eukaryotes.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
authors.forename: Mayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5558-5155
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sotta
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Bioscience, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-003, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamazumi
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
authors.forename: Yui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7328-3628
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miwa
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murota
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.|Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukako
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7329-2775
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chiba
authors.affiliation: RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
authors.forename: Masami Yokota
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0802-6208
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Hirai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Bioscience, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-003, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Onouchi
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan atorufu@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp naito@abs.agr.hokudai.ac.jp.|Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7006-5609
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan atorufu@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp naito@abs.agr.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5363-6040
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
mesh_terms: D020346:Aquaporins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001895:Boron / Q000378:metabolism*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016366:Open Reading Frames / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D020871:RNA Stability / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C581295:ABS2 protein, Arabidopsis; D020346:Aquaporins; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C512214:NIP5;1 protein, Arabidopsis; C000589479:SKU5 protein, Arabidopsis; D014157:Transcription Factors; D001895:Boron