title: Intermittent self-catheterisation for urolgical problems caused by FGM.
abstract: This is the fourth and final article in a series on female genital mutilation (FGM). It describes the complications of FGM, with a focus on the urinary ones. FGM refers to all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia and/or damage to other female genital organs for non-medical reasons. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified FGM into four types (1-4). Women who have type 3 commonly experience long-term complications of their urological tract. The first-line treatment for type 3 FGM involves surgical defibulation, but this is not always successful and women can be left with neurogenic bladder dysfunction and urethral stricture disease. Intermittent self-catheterisation (ISC) enables these women to have control of their bladder function.
authors.affiliation: Senior Nurse Lecturer, Buckinghamshire New University.
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Duncan
mesh_terms: D019093:Circumcision, Female / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000145:classification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012648:Self Care; D014546:Urinary Catheterization; D062885:Urinary Catheters
keywords: Closed system; Deinfibulation; Female genital mutilation; Intermittent self-catheterisation; Urogynaecological complications