title: Indeterminate Pulmonary Nodules: How to Minimize Harm.
abstract: Each year, more than 1 million persons worldwide are found to have a lung nodule that carries a risk of being malignant. In reality, the vast majority of lung nodules are benign, whether identified by screening or incidentally. The consequences of delaying or missing the diagnosis of lung cancer can be substantial, as can be the consequences of invasive procedures on patients with benign lung nodules. The challenge for the clinician caring for these patients is to differentiate between benign and malignant nodules with the least harm possible. In this review, we will discuss management strategies of the indeterminate pulmonary nodule and will review recent advances and harm-reduction strategies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Immunology, and Allergy, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Barjaktarevic
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Arenberg
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Immunology, and Allergy, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Brandon S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Grimes
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ruchalski
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Denise R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Aberle
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D033162:Incidental Findings; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000175:diagnosis*