title: Distinct transcriptome responses to water limitation in isohydric and anisohydric grapevine cultivars.
abstract: Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is an economically important crop with a wide geographical distribution, reflecting its ability to grow successfully in a range of climates. However, many vineyards are located in regions with seasonal drought, and these are often predicted to be global climate change hotspots. Climate change affects the entire physiology of grapevine, with strong effects on yield, wine quality and typicity, making it difficult to produce berries of optimal enological quality and consistent stability over the forthcoming decades.
  
  
  
  Here we investigated the reactions of two grapevine cultivars to water stress, the isohydric variety Montepulciano and the anisohydric variety Sangiovese, by examining physiological and molecular perturbations in the leaf and berry. A multidisciplinary approach was used to characterize the distinct stomatal behavior of the two cultivars and its impact on leaf and berry gene expression. Positive associations were found among the photosynthetic, physiological and transcriptional modifications, and candidate genes encoding master regulators of the water stress response were identified using an integrated approach based on the analysis of topological co-expression network properties. In particular, the genome-wide transcriptional study indicated that the isohydric behavior relies upon the following responses: i) faster transcriptome response after stress imposition; ii) faster abscisic acid-related gene modulation; iii) more rapid expression of heat shock protein (HSP) genes and iv) reversion of gene-expression profile at rewatering. Conversely, that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzymes, molecular chaperones and abiotic stress-related genes were induced earlier and more strongly in the anisohydric cultivar.
  
  
  
  Overall, the present work found original evidence of a molecular basis for the proposed classification between isohydric and anisohydric grapevine genotypes.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dal Santo
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università di Perugia, 06128, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palliotti
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zenoni
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni Battista
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Tornielli
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy.|E. & J. Gallo Winery, Modesto, CA, 95353, USA.
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fasoli
authors.affiliation: Istituto di analisi dei sistemi ed informatica "Antonio Ruberti", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paci
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università di Perugia, 06128, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tombesi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università di Perugia, 06128, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Frioni
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Oriana
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Silvestroni
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento per l'Innovazione dei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bellincontro
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Agro-Ambientali, Università di Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: d'Onofrio
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Agro-Ambientali, Università di Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabiola
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Matarese
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali Sostenibili, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122, Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gatti
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Vegetali Sostenibili, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122, Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poni
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy. mario.pezzotti@univr.it.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pezzotti
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000235:genetics; D003681:Dehydration / Q000235:genetics; D055864:Droughts; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D018745:Genome, Plant; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D059467:Transcriptome; D027843:Vitis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014867:Water
keywords: Grapevine; Photosynthesis; Transcriptome; Water stress and stomatal behavior