title: Simvastatin induces insulin resistance in L6 skeletal muscle myotubes by suppressing insulin signaling, GLUT4 expression and GSK-3β phosphorylation.
abstract: Simvastatin is a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor widely used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Recent data indicates that simvastatin increases the risk of new-onset diabetes by impairing both insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. However, systematic evaluation of mechanistic pathways is lacking. We aimed to explore the effects of simvastatin on glucose uptake and underlying mechanisms using L6 skeletal muscle myotubes. We performed our experiments at basal and insulin-stimulated conditions, at normal (5.5 mM) and high (16.7 mM) glucose. We showed that simvastatin inhibited glucose uptake at all conditions. We also found out that pravastatin, another widely used statin with different physicochemical properties, did not inhibit glucose uptake. The effect of simvastatin was reversed with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate but not with farnesyl pyrophosphate, implying that reduced protein geranylgeranylation has a role in simvastatin-induced insulin resistance. Simvastatin also decreased phosphorylation of insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), AKT and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), and downregulated GLUT4. In conclusion, our data indicate that simvastatin decreased both basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake through inhibiting the critical steps in IR/IRS-1/AKT signaling cascade, and by hindering GLUT4 function and normal regulation of glycogen synthesis, contributing to insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: nagendra.yaluri@uef.fi.
authors.forename: Nagendra
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yaluri
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: shalem.modi@uef.fi.
authors.forename: Shalem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Modi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210, Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: tarja.kokkola@uef.fi.
authors.forename: Tarja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kokkola
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006003:Glycogen / Q000378:metabolism; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017035:Pravastatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D007328:Insulin; C495694:Slc2a4 protein, rat; D006003:Glycogen; D002784:Cholesterol; D019821:Simvastatin; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D005947:Glucose; D017035:Pravastatin
keywords: Glucose transporter 4; Glucose uptake; IR-Dependent IRS-1/PI3K/Akt pathway; L6 myotubes; Simvastatin