title: Effects of temperature and NaCl on the formation of 3-MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in refined, bleached and deodorized palm olein during deep-fat frying of potato chips.
abstract: The effects of frying duration, frying temperature and concentration of sodium chloride on the formation of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters (GEs) of refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm olein during deep-fat frying (at 160°C and 180°C) of potato chips (0%, 1%, 3% and 5% NaCl) for 100min/d for five consecutive days in eight systems were compared in this study. All oil samples collected after each frying cycle were analyzed for 3-MCPD esters, GEs, free fatty acid (FFA) contents, specific extinction at 232 and 268 nm (K232and K268), p-anisidine value (pAV), and fatty acid composition. The 3-MCPD ester trend was decreasing when the frying duration increased, whereas the trend was increasing when frying temperature and concentration of NaCl increased. The GEs trend was increasing when the frying temperature, frying duration and concentration of NaCl increased. All of the oil qualities were within the safety limit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43300 Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: wongyuhua88@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Yu Hua
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical & Quality Development Unit, Malaysia Palm Oil Board, 43000 Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: halimah@mpob.edu.my.
authors.forename: Halimah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Muhamad
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43300 Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: faridah_abas@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Faridah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abas
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43300 Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: omlai@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Oi Ming
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: nyamkl@ucsiuniversity.edu.my.
authors.forename: Kar Lin
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Nyam
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43300 Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: tancp@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Chin Ping
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D004952:Esters / Q000032:analysis; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D010938:Plant Oils; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects; D013696:Temperature; D000517:alpha-Chlorohydrin / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D004952:Esters; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D010938:Plant Oils; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C013813:4-anisidine; D000517:alpha-Chlorohydrin
keywords: 3-Chloropropane-1,2-diol (PubChem CID: 7290); 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol; Deep-fat frying; Glycidol (PubChem CID: 11164); Glycidyl esters; Palm olein oil; Potatoes