title: Safety and performance benefits of arginine supplements for military personnel: a systematic review.
abstract: Dietary supplements are widely used by military personnel and civilians for promotion of health.
  
  
  
  The objective of this evidence-based review was to examine whether supplementation with l-arginine, in combination with caffeine and/or creatine, is safe and whether it enhances athletic performance or improves recovery from exhaustion for military personnel.
  
  
  
  Information from clinical trials and adverse event reports were collected from 17 databases and 5 adverse event report portals.
  
  
  
  Studies and reports were included if they evaluated the safety and the putative outcomes of enhanced performance or improved recovery from exhaustion associated with the intake of arginine alone or in combination with caffeine and/or creatine in healthy adults aged 19 to 50 years.
  
  
  
  Information related to population, intervention, comparator, and outcomes was abstracted. Of the 2687 articles screened, 62 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Strength of evidence was assessed in terms of risk of bias, consistency, directness, and precision.
  
  
  
  Most studies had few participants and suggested risk of bias that could negatively affect the results. l-Arginine supplementation provided little enhancement of athletic performance or improvements in recovery. Short-term supplementation with arginine may result in adverse gastrointestinal and cardiovascular effects. No information about the effects of arginine on the performance of military personnel was available.
  
  
  
  The available information does not support the use of l-arginine, either alone or in combination with caffeine, creatine, or both, to enhance athletic performance or improve recovery from exhaustion. Given the information gaps, an evidence-based review to assess the safety or effectiveness of multi-ingredient dietary supplements was not feasible, and therefore the development of a computational model-based approach to predict the safety of multi-ingredient dietary supplements is recommended.
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Hellen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oketch-Rabah
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Tieraona
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Low Dog
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis K J
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Gorecki
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Marilyn L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cantilena
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dwyer
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Mary L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Maughan
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Robin J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Marles
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Robert E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Osterberg
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Rodda
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Jorge M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zuniga
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Luis G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Valerio
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Donnamaria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deuster
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Gabriel I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Giancaspro
authors.affiliation: J.R. Brooks, M.L. Barrett, L. Cantilena, R.B. Costello, J. Dwyer, M.L. Hardy, S.A. Jordan, R.J. Maughan, R.J. Marles, R.E. Osterberg, B.E. Rodda, R.R. Wolfe, and J.M. Zuniga are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Arginine Review Expert Panel. T. Low Dog, D.K.J. Gorecki, L. Cantilena, M. Chung, R.B. Costello, and S.A. Jordan are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention Evidence-Based Reviews Expert Panel. L.G. Valerio Jr is with the US Food and Drug Administration liaison to the US Pharmacopeial Convention Dietary Supplements Expert Committee and with Verto Solutions LLC, Washington, DC, USA. G.I. Giancaspro, H. Oketch-Rabah, and N.D. Sarma are with the US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, Maryland, USA. D. Jones and P. Deuster are with the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. dns@usp.org.
authors.forename: Nandakumara D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Sarma
mesh_terms: D001120:Arginine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D054874:Athletic Performance; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D003401:Creatine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008889:Military Personnel
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine; D001120:Arginine; D003401:Creatine
keywords: arginine; caffeine; creatine; dietary supplements; performance enhancement