title: Experimental Evidence of Classical Conditioning and Microscopic Engrams in an Electroconductive Material.
abstract: Synthetic experimental substrates are indispensable tools which can allow researchers to model biological processes non-invasively in three-dimensional space. In this study, we investigated the capacities of an electroconductive material whose properties converge upon those of the brain. An electrically conductive material composed of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, ions, water, and trace amounts of other organic compounds and minerals was classically conditioned as inferred by electrophysiological measurements. Spectral densities evoked during the display of a conditioned stimulus (CS) probe were strongly congruent with those displayed during the conditioned-unconditioned stimulus pairing (CS-UCS). The neutral stimulus consisted of the pulsed light from a LED. The unconditioned stimulus was an alternating current. Interstimulus intervals >130 ms did not result in conditioned responses. Microscopic analysis of the chemically-fixed substratum revealed 10-200 μm wide 'vessel structures' within samples exposed to a stimulus. Greater complexity (increased fractal dimensions) was clearly discernable by light microscopy for stained sections of fixed samples that had been conditioned compared to various controls. The denser pixels indicated greater concentration of stain and increased canalization. Implications for learning and memory formation are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.|Behavioural Neuroscience Programs, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2475-9428
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rouleau
authors.affiliation: Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.|Behavioural Neuroscience Programs, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Lukasz M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Karbowski
authors.affiliation: Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.|Behavioural Neuroscience Programs, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Persinger
mesh_terms: D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004569:Electroencephalography; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena; D005223:Fats / Q000737:chemistry; D007477:Ions / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D008853:Microscopy; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D005223:Fats; D007477:Ions; D011506:Proteins; D014867:Water