title: Simulator-Based Angiography and Endovascular Neurosurgery Curriculum: A Longitudinal Evaluation of Performance Following Simulator-Based Angiography Training.
abstract: This study establishes performance metrics for angiography and neuroendovascular surgery procedures based on longitudinal improvement in individual trainees with differing levels of training and experience. Over the course of 30 days, five trainees performed 10 diagnostic angiograms, coiled 10 carotid terminus aneurysms in the setting of subarachnoid hemorrhage, and performed 10 left middle cerebral artery embolectomies on a Simbionix Angio Mentor™ simulator. All procedures were nonconsecutive. Total procedure time, fluoroscopy time, contrast dose, heart rate, blood pressures, medications administered, packing densities, the number of coils used, and the number of stent-retriever passes were recorded. Image quality was rated, and the absolute value of technically unsafe events was recorded. The trainees' device selection, macrovascular access, microvascular access, clinical management, and the overall performance of the trainee was rated during each procedure based on a traditional Likert scale score of 1=fail, 2=poor, 3=satisfactory, 4=good, and 5=excellent. These ordinal values correspond with published assessment scales on surgical technique. After performing five diagnostic angiograms and five embolectomies, all participants demonstrated marked decreases in procedure time, fluoroscopy doses, contrast doses, and adverse technical events; marked improvements in image quality, device selection, access scores, and overall technical performance were additionally observed (p < 0.05). Similarly, trainees demonstrated marked improvement in technical performance and clinical management after five coiling procedures (p < 0.05). However, trainees with less prior experience deploying coils continued to experience intra-procedural ruptures up to the eighth embolization procedure; this observation likely corresponded with less tactile procedural experience to an exertion of greater force than appropriate for coil placement. Trainees across all levels of training and prior experience demonstrated a significant performance improvement after completion of our simulator curriculum consisting of five diagnostic angiograms, five embolectomy cases, and 10 aneurysm coil embolizations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego.
authors.forename: J Scott
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Pannell
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Santiago-Dieppa
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego.
authors.forename: Arvin R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Wali
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego.
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Hirshman
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego.
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego.
authors.forename: Vincent J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oveisi
authors.affiliation: Neuroradiology, University of New Mexico.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hallstrom
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego.
authors.forename: Alexander A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Khalessi
keywords: angiography training; cerebral angiogram; endovascular coiling; endovascular neurosurgery; neurosurgical education; neurosurgical performance evaluation; neurovascular training; procedural skills; quality improvement; simulator-based angiography