title: Measuring recovery: An adapted Brief Assessment of Mood (BAM+) compared to biochemical and power output alterations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Biochemical (e.g. creatine kinase (CK)) and neuromuscular (e.g. peak power output (PPO)) markers of recovery are expensive and require specialist equipment. Perceptual measures are an effective alternative, yet most validated scales are too long for daily use.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study utilises a longitudinal multi-level design to test an adapted Brief Assessment of Mood (BAM+), with four extra items and a 100mm visual analogue scale to measure recovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elite under-21 academy soccer players (N=11) were monitored across five games with data (BAM+, CK and PPO) collected for each game at 24h pre, 24h and 48h post-match. Match activity data for each participant was also collected using GPS monitors on players.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BAM+, CK and PPO had significant (p<.05) linear and quadratic growth curves across time and games that matched the known time reports of fatigue and recovery. Multi-level linear modelling (MLM) with random intercepts for 'participant' and 'game' indicated only CK significantly contributed to the variance of BAM+ scores (p<.05). Significant correlations (p<.01) were found between changes in BAM+ scores from baseline at 24 and 48h post-match for total distance covered per minute, high intensity distance covered per minute, and total number of sprints per minute.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visual and inferential results indicate that the BAM+ appears effective for monitoring longitudinal recovery cycles in elite level athletes. Future research is needed to confirm both the scales reliability and validity.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, United Kingdom; Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Sport Wales, United Kingdom. Electronic address: david.shearer@southwales.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Shearer
authors.affiliation: A-STEM, College of Engineering, Swansea University, United Kingdom; Swansea City Football Club, Liberty Stadium, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sparkes
authors.affiliation: A-STEM, College of Engineering, Swansea University, United Kingdom; Swansea City Football Club, Liberty Stadium, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jonny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Northeast
authors.affiliation: A-STEM, College of Engineering, Swansea University, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.affiliation: A-STEM, College of Engineering, Swansea University, United Kingdom; Queensland Academy of Sport's Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Australia.
authors.forename: Christian J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: A-STEM, College of Engineering, Swansea University, United Kingdom; Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Sport Wales, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Liam P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Kilduff
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000339:Affect; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D005221:Fatigue / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology; D012916:Soccer / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003402:Creatine Kinase
keywords: Enzymes; Fatigue; Overtraining; Perception; Response