title: A 28-Day Repeated Dose Toxicological Study of an Aqueous Extract of Morus Alba L.
abstract: Morus alba L. (white mulberry) leaves are one of the oldest recognized traditional Chinese medicines. More recently, M alba leaves and their constituents, particularly iminosugars (or azasugars), have garnered attention for their ability to maintain normal blood glucose concentrations, an effect identified in both animal studies and human clinical trials. Reducose (Phynova Group Limited) is a commercial water-soluble extract of M alba leaves standardized to 5% 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), an iminosugar with α-glucosidase inhibition properties. Although there is an extensive history of consumption of M alba leaves by humans and animals worldwide, suggesting that the leaves and their extracts have a relatively good safety profile, we are unaware of safety assessments on an extract containing a higher amount of DNJ than that occurs naturally. The current 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity study in rats, conducted according to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines, was carried out to assess the safety of Reducose. Male and female Hsd.Han Wistar rats (4 groups of 10 animals/sex) were administered Reducose via gavage at doses of 0, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 mg/kg body weight (bw)/d. No treatment-related mortality or adverse effects (per clinical observations, body weight/weight gain, food consumption, ophthalmoscopy, clinical pathology, gross pathology, organ weights, or histopathology) were observed, and no target organs were identified. The no observed adverse effect level was determined to be 4,000 mg/kg bw/d for both male and female rats, the highest dose tested.
authors.affiliation: AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc, Seattle, WA, USA tennille@aibmr.com.
authors.forename: Tennille K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.affiliation: Toxi-Coop Zrt, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Róbert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Glávits
authors.affiliation: AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Endres
authors.affiliation: AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Clewell
authors.affiliation: AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Murbach
authors.affiliation: Toxi-Coop Zrt, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Gábor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hirka
authors.affiliation: Toxi-Coop Zrt, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Ilona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pasics
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D031625:Morus; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000633:toxicity*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D051381:Rats; D059551:Toxicity Tests, Subacute
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: 
  Morus Alba Linn.; GLP; Moraceae; NOAEL; Reducose; azasugar; iminosugar; safety assessment; toxicity; white mulberry