title: Isolated and combined effects of photobiomodulation therapy, topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and physical activity in the treatment of osteoarthritis induced by papain.
abstract: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic inflammatory disease and is characterized as a degenerative process. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of a topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), physical activity, and photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) applied alone and/or in combination between them in an experimental model of knee OA. OA was induced by injection of papain in the knees of rats. After 21 days, the animals started to be treated with the above treatment. Histological analysis shows that the experimental model of OA induction causes morphological changes consistent with the disease, and among treatments, the PBMT is the most effective for reducing these changes. Moreover, the results demonstrate that PBMT and NSAID reduce the total number of cells in the inflammatory infiltrate (p<0.05) and PBMT was the most effective for reducing the activity of myeloperoxidase (p<0.05). Finally, we observed that both NSAID and PBMT were effective for reducing the gene expression of MMP-3 (p<0.05), but in relation to the gene expression of MMP-13, PBMT was the most effective treatment (p<0.05). The results of this study indicate that PBMT is the most effective therapy in stopping disease progression, and improving inflammatory conditions observed in OA.
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo (USP), Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Avenida Lineu Prestes 1524, Butantan, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Shaiane Silva
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tomazoni
authors.affiliation: Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), Post Graduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences and Post Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Rua Vergueiro 235, São Paulo 01504-001, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ernesto Cesar Pinto
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Leal-Junior
authors.affiliation: Cruzeiro do Sul University (UNICSUL), Biological Sciences and Health Center, Avenida Doutor Ussiel Cirilo 225, São Paulo 08060-070, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lúcio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frigo
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo (USP), Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Avenida Lineu Prestes 1524, Butantan, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodney Capp
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Pallotta
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo (USP), Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Avenida Lineu Prestes 1524, Butantan, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: University of São Paulo (USP), Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Avenida Lineu Prestes 1524, Butantan, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.affiliation: University of Bergen, Department of Global Public Health, Physiotherapy Research Group, PO Box 7804, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Jan Magnus
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bjordal
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC), Biomedical Engineering Research and Post-Graduate Center, Avenida Doutor Cândido Xavier de Almeida e Souza, 200 Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo 08780-911, BrazilfUniversidade Camilo Castelo Branco, Faculty of Medicine, Avenida dos Expedicionários Brasileiros, 781, Fernandópolis, São Paulo 15600-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo Álvaro Brandão
authors.initials: RÁ
authors.lastname: Lopes-Martins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy; D008297:Male; D053505:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Secreted / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D010206:Papain / Q000009:adverse effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013264:Stifle / Q000473:pathology; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010206:Papain; D053505:Matrix Metalloproteinases, Secreted