title: Geographic origins and population genetics of bats killed at wind-energy facilities.
abstract: An unanticipated impact of wind-energy development has been large-scale mortality of insectivorous bats. In eastern North America, where mortality rates are among the highest in the world, the hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus) and the eastern red bat (L. borealis) comprise the majority of turbine-associated bat mortality. Both species are migratory tree bats with widespread distributions; however, little is known regarding the geographic origins of bats killed at wind-energy facilities or the diversity and population structure of affected species. We addressed these unknowns by measuring stable hydrogen isotope ratios (δ2H) and conducting population genetic analyses of bats killed at wind-energy facilities in the central Appalachian Mountains (USA) to determine the summering origins, effective size, structure, and temporal stability of populations. Our results indicate that ~1% of hoary bat mortalities and ~57% of red bat mortalities derive from non-local sources, with no relationship between the proportion of non-local bats and sex, location of mortality, or month of mortality. Additionally, our data indicate that hoary bats in our sample consist of an unstructured population with a small effective size (Ne) and either a stable or declining history. Red bats also showed no evidence of population genetic structure, but in contrast to hoary bats, the diversity contained in our red bat samples is consistent with a much larger Nethat reflects a demographic expansion after a bottleneck. These results suggest that the impacts of mortality associated with intensive wind-energy development may affect bat species dissimilarly, with red bats potentially better able to absorb sustained mortality than hoary bats because of their larger Ne. Our results provide important baseline data and also illustrate the utility of stable isotopes and population genetics for monitoring bat populations affected by wind-energy development.
authors.affiliation: Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 301 Braddock Road, Frostburg, Maryland 21532, USA.|Department of Biology, Frostburg State University, 101 Midlothian Road, Frostburg, Maryland 21532, USA.
authors.forename: Cortney L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Pylant
authors.affiliation: Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 301 Braddock Road, Frostburg, Maryland 21532, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 301 Braddock Road, Frostburg, Maryland 21532, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fitzpatrick
authors.affiliation: Appalachian Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 301 Braddock Road, Frostburg, Maryland 21532, USA.
authors.forename: J Edward
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Gates
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, 111 Jeffords Hall, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Keller
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution / Q000502:physiology*; D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D002685:Chiroptera / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D011157:Population Dynamics; D059205:Renewable Energy; D013997:Time Factors; D014919:Wind
keywords: 
  Lasiurus borealis
  ; 
  Lasiurus cinereus
  ; eastern red bat; hoary bat; migration; population genetics; stable isotopes; wind turbine