title: Guidelines: Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guideline on the Role of Cranial Molding Orthosis (Helmet) Therapy for Patients With Positional Plagiocephaly.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No evidence-based guidelines exist on the role of cranial-molding orthosis (helmet) therapy for patients with positional plagiocephaly.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To address the clinical question: "Does helmet therapy provide effective treatment for positional plagiocephaly?" and to make treatment recommendations based on the available evidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  The US National Library of Medicine Medline database and the Cochrane Library were queried by using MeSH headings and key words relevant to the objective of this systematic review. Abstracts were reviewed, after which studies meeting the inclusion criteria were selected and graded according to their quality of evidence (Classes I-III). Evidentiary tables were constructed that summarized pertinent study results, and, based on the quality of the literature, recommendations were made (Levels I-III).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen articles met criteria for inclusion into the evidence tables. There was 1 prospective randomized controlled trial (Class II), 5 prospective comparative studies (Class II), and 9 retrospective comparative studies (Class II).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a fairly substantive body of nonrandomized evidence that demonstrates more significant and faster improvement of cranial shape in infants with positional plagiocephaly treated with a helmet in comparison with conservative therapy, especially if the deformity is severe, provided that helmet therapy is applied during the appropriate period of infancy. Specific criteria regarding the measurement and quantification of deformity and the most appropriate time window in infancy for treatment of positional plagiocephaly with a helmet remains elusive. In general, infants with a more severe presenting deformity and infants who are helmeted early in infancy tend to have more significant correction (and even normalization) of head shape. The full guidelines document can be located at https://www.cns.org/guidelines/guidelines-management-patients-positional-plagiocephaly/Chapter_5.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Pediatric Neurological Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; ‡Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; §Advocate Children's Hospital, Oak Lawn, Illinois; ¶Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University of Florida Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida; ‖Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; #Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire; **Division of Neurosurgery, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont; ‡‡Semmes-Murphey Neurologic & Spine Institute; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center; Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; §§St. Louis Cleft-Craniofacial Center, SSM Health Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital at Saint Louis University, Division of Plastic Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; ¶¶Goryeb Children's Hospital of Atlantic Health Systems, Morristown, New Jersey; ‖‖Department of Neurosurgery, Palmetto Health University of South Carolina Medical Group, Columbia, South Carolina; ##Guidelines Department, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Schaumburg, Illinois; ***Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey; ‡‡‡Kids Specialty Center, Women's & Children's Hospital, Lafayette, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Mandeep S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Tamber
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nikas
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beier
authors.forename: Lissa C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Baird
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Durham
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Klimo
authors.forename: Alexander Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mazzola
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McClung-Smith
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Rachana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tyagi
authors.forename: Ann Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Flannery
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D000069471:Neurosurgeons / Q000458:organization & administration; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D049068:Plagiocephaly, Nonsynostotic / Q000628:therapy