title: Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery Score as a Risk Factor for Candidemia in Children Undergoing Congenital Heart Defect Surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Candida species are the primary cause of invasive fungal infection in hospitalized children. There are few data on risk factors for postoperative candidemia in pediatric patients with congenital heart defects. This study aimed to identify risk factors for candidemia in patients with congenital heart defects who underwent cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a case-control study conducted in patients admitted to a pediatric cardiology intensive care unit from January 2006 to December 2013. Candidemia cases were matched with control patients without candidemia. Multivariate analyses were conducted to determine predictive probabilities for the incidence of candidemia at a risk higher than 10%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty patients diagnosed with candidemia (incidence: 0.7 cases/1000 patient days) were matched with 75 controls. Risk factors independently associated with candidemia included Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS-1) category ≥3 [odds ratio (OR) = 3.165, 95% confidence interval: 1.377-8.467], use of acid suppression therapy (OR = 1.9, 95% confidence interval: 0.949-3.979) and thrombocytopenia (OR = 2.2, 95% confidence interval: 1.2-4.2). Predictive probabilities ranged from 11% (only in RACHS-1 category ≥3) to 58% (combined RACHS-1 ≥3, thrombocytopenia and acid suppression therapy use). The case fatality rate within 30 days after candidemia was 50%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report using the RACHS-1 category as a risk factor for invasive candidiasis in patients with congenital heart defects in the pediatric intensive care unit. Further studies must be conducted to validate the risk factors for candidemia in this pediatric population.
authors.affiliation: From the *Faculdades e Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; †Bacteriolgy Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; ‡Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; and §Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Araujo Motta
authors.forename: Libera Maria
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dalla-Costa
authors.forename: Marisol
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dominguez Muro
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lenzi
authors.forename: Gledson Luiz
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Picharski
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burger
mesh_terms: D058387:Candidemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors