title: CSF β-amyloid as a putative biomarker of disease progression in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neurodegeneration plays a major role in determining disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Hence, there is increasing need to identify reliable biomarkers, which could serve as prognostic measure of disease progression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tau and β-amyloid (Aβ) levels were altered in newly diagnosed MS patients and correlated with disability. Moreover, we investigated whether these CSF biomarkers associate with macroscopic brain tissue damage measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  CSF Aβ and tau levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in CSF samples from 48 newly diagnosed MS patients, followed-up clinically for 3 years by recording their Expanded Disability Status Scale score at 6-month intervals, and 45 controls. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and at the end of follow-up to quantify their lesion load (LL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CSF Aβ levels were significantly reduced in patients compared to controls ( p < 0.001). Lower CSF Aβ levels at baseline were a disability predictor at 3-year follow-up ( p = 0.009). CSF tau levels correlated with T2- and T1-LL ( p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CSF Aβ reduction is a promising biomarker of neurodegeneration and may predict patients' clinical outcome. Therefore, CSF Aβ should be considered as a potential biomarker of prognostic value.
authors.affiliation: Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pietroboni
authors.affiliation: Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schiano di Cola
authors.affiliation: Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scarioni
authors.affiliation: Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fenoglio
authors.affiliation: Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Spanò
authors.affiliation: Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arighi
authors.affiliation: Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara Mg
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cioffi
authors.affiliation: Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oldoni
authors.affiliation: Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Milena A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: De Riz
authors.affiliation: Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Basilico
authors.affiliation: Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Calvi
authors.affiliation: Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgio G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Fumagalli
authors.affiliation: Neuroradiology Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Triulzi
authors.affiliation: Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Galimberti
authors.affiliation: Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bozzali
authors.affiliation: Neurology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Elio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Scarpini
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D011379:Prognosis; D016875:tau Proteins / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D015415:Biomarkers; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D016875:tau Proteins
keywords: Multiple sclerosis; beta-amyloid; biomarker; neurodegeneration; tau