title: Optimization of the ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds in mulberry (Morus nigra) pulp.
abstract: New ultrasound-assisted extraction methods for the determination of anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds present in mulberries have been developed. Several extraction variables, including methanol composition (50-100%), temperature (10-70°C), ultrasound amplitude (30-70%), cycle (0.2-0.7s), solvent pH (3-7) and solvent-solid ratio (10:1.5-20:1.5) were optimized. A Box-Behnken design in conjunction with a response surface methodology was employed to optimize the conditions for the maximum response based on 54 different experiments. Two response variables were considered: total anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds. Extraction temperature and solvent composition were found to be the most influential parameters for anthocyanins (48°C and 76%) and phenolic compounds (64°C and 61%). The developed methods showed high reproducibility and repeatability (RSD<5%). Finally, the new methods were successfully applied to real samples in order to investigate the presence of anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds in several mulberry jams.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), IVAGRO, P.O. Box 40, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Estrella
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Espada-Bellido
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), IVAGRO, P.O. Box 40, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferreiro-González
authors.affiliation: Andalusian Center for Wine Research, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), IVAGRO, University of Cádiz, Campus de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Ceferino
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carrera
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), IVAGRO, P.O. Box 40, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palma
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), IVAGRO, P.O. Box 40, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmelo G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Barroso
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), IVAGRO, P.O. Box 40, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain. Electronic address: gerardo.fernandez@uca.es.
authors.forename: Gerardo F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Barbero
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D031625:Morus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Anthocyanins; Box–Behnken design; Cyanidin-3-O-(6″-dioxalyl-glucoside) (PubChem CID: 44256830); Cyanidin-3-O-(6″-malonyl-glucoside) (PubChem CID: 44256740); Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (PubChem CID: 12303203); Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (PubChem CID: 44256716); Mulberry; Phenolic compounds; Ultrasound-assisted extraction