title: Cultivated walnut trees showed earlier but not final advantage over its wild relatives in competing for seed dispersers.
abstract: Little is known about seeding regeneration of cultivated trees compared to wild relatives in areas where seed dispersers are shared. Here, we investigated the differences in seed fates of cultivated walnut (Juglans regia) and wild Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica) trees under rodent predation and dispersal. J. regia seeds have higher nutritional value (large size, mass and kernel mass) and lower mechanical defensiveness (thin endocarp) than J. mandshurica seeds. We tracked seeds of J. regia and J. mandshurica under both enclosure and field conditions to assess differences in competing for seed dispersers of the two co-occurring tree species of the same genus. We found that rodents preferred to harvest, eat and scatter-hoard seeds of J. regia as compared to those of J. mandshurica. Seeds of J. regia were removed and scatter-hoarded faster than those of J. mandshurica. Caches of J. regia were more likely to be rediscovered by rodents than those of J. mandshurica. These results suggest that J. regia showed earlier dispersal fitness but not the ultimate dispersal fitness over J. mandshurica in seeding regeneration under rodent mediation, implying that J. regia has little effect on seeding regeneration of J. mandshurica in the field. The effects of seed traits on seed dispersal fitness may vary at different dispersal stages under animal mediation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.|State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hongmao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhibin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D031324:Juglans / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D012377:Rodentia / Q000502:physiology*; D058614:Seed Dispersal; D012639:Seeds / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development
keywords: cultivation; plant-rodent mutualism; seed dispersal; seed trait; stage-dependent dispersal