title: Effects of maternal medication use on NGF and IL-6 levels in human breast milk.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of maternal medications on nerve growth factor (NGF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in human breast milk (HBM).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 30 samples of HBM were collected after consent from consecutively born term newborns. NGF and IL-6 concentrations were analyzed using ELISA assays from R&D Systems. The HBM samples were centrifuged, and the clear portion of the HBM after discarding the fat was analyzed and cytokine data were expressed as NGFC or IL-6C. Ten samples of HBM, which were not centrifuged, were also used in ELISA assays and cytokine data were expressed as NGFF or IL-6F.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After exposure to NSAIDs (7636 ± 9610, mean ± SD, pg/mL), the NGFC levels in HBM were significantly higher as compared to those who were exposed to narcotics (522 ± 1000) (p = 0.008). NGFC and IL-6C levels positively correlated with each other in HBM (R = 0.194 p < 0.0001). NGFC levels (360 ± 237) were significantly lower than NGFF levels (888 ± 751) (p < 0.0001). IL-6F was higher than IL-6C levels without statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further studies are warranted to elucidate effect of maternal medications on cytokine changes in HBM and effect of these cytokine changes on newborn gastrointestinal milieu.
authors.affiliation: a College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA.|b Carmen and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics , Division of Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Kashmira
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wani
authors.affiliation: a College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA.|b Carmen and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics , Division of Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maliekal
authors.affiliation: c DMC University Laboratories , Detroit , MI , USA.|d Department of Pathology, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Marilynn R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Fairfax
authors.affiliation: b Carmen and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics , Division of Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajkumar
authors.affiliation: b Carmen and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics , Division of Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA.|e College of Osteopathic Medicine , Michigan State University , Detroit , MI , USA , and.
authors.forename: Navya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Talluri
authors.affiliation: b Carmen and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics , Division of Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA.|f College of Nursing, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: b Carmen and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics , Division of Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Eunice
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Woldt
authors.affiliation: b Carmen and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics , Division of Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Nitin Shasikant
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Chouthai
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor
keywords: Breastmilk; IL-6; NGF; NSAIDs; cytokines