title: Risky driving and sexual behaviors as developmental outcomes of co-occurring substance use and antisocial behavior.
abstract: To examine the associations between substance use and antisocial behavior trajectories and seven risky behaviors over time.
  
  
  
  Data were collected from a high-risk sample of adolescents followed into young adulthood. Five trajectory classes, identified based on dual development of substance use and antisocial behavior symptoms, were used to predict three risky driving and four risky sexual behaviors.
  
  
  
  In this high-risk sample (n=530), participants reported notably high overall rates of reckless driving (55.5%) and unprotected sex under the influence (44.8%) in the past year. Risky behaviors that are typically of low base rates in population-based studies were also elevated, with 8.8% reporting past-year driving under the influence (DUI) charge, 17.6% reporting lifetime sexually transmitted infection (STI), and 10.4% reporting lifetime injection drug use. The Dual Chronic class had the highest levels of all seven risky behaviors, and were 3-4 times more likely to report risky driving, lifetime STI, and injection drug use than the Relatively Resolved class. Rates of past-year reckless driving and DUI were elevated among classes with persistent antisocial behavior, whereas rates of DUI, DUI charge, and unprotected sex under the influence were elevated among classes with persistent substance use.
  
  
  
  Young adults with persistent co-occurring substance use and antisocial behavior engage in multiple very costly risky behaviors. Differential associations between risky behaviors and trajectory classes highlight the need for targeted interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States. Electronic address: j2luk@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Jeremy W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Luk
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States; V.A. San Diego Health System, La Jolla, United States.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Worley
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States.
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Winiger
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States; V.A. San Diego Health System, La Jolla, United States.
authors.forename: Ryan S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Trim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado, Denver, United States.
authors.forename: Christian J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hopfer
authors.affiliation: Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States.
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States.
authors.forename: Sandra A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States; V.A. San Diego Health System, La Jolla, United States. Electronic address: twall@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Tamara L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Wall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D047568:Unsafe Sex / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Antisocial behavior; Injection drug use; Risky driving; Sexual transmitted infections; Substance use