title: The interactive effect of fungicide residues and yeast assimilable nitrogen on fermentation kinetics and hydrogen sulfide production during cider fermentation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fungicide residues on fruit may adversely affect yeast during cider fermentation, leading to sluggish or stuck fermentation or the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is an undesirable aroma compound. This phenomenon has been studied in grape fermentation but not in apple fermentation. Low nitrogen availability, which is characteristic of apples, may further exacerbate the effects of fungicides on yeast during fermentation. The present study explored the effects of three fungicides: elemental sulfur (S0) (known to result in increased H2S in wine); fenbuconazole (used in orchards but not vineyards); and fludioxonil (used in post-harvest storage of apples).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only S0led to increased H2S production. Fenbuconazole (≥0.2 mg L-1) resulted in a decreased fermentation rate and increased residual sugar. An interactive effect of yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) concentration and fenbuconazole was observed such that increasing the YAN concentration alleviated the negative effects of fenbuconazole on fermentation kinetics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cidermakers should be aware that residual fenbuconazole (as low as 0.2 mg L-1) in apple juice may lead to stuck fermentation, especially when the YAN concentration is below 250 mg L-1. These results indicate that fermentation problems attributed to low YAN may be caused or exacerbated by additional factors such as fungicide residues, which have a greater impact on fermentation performance under low YAN conditions. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, HABB1 Room 401, 1230 Washington Street SW, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Boudreau
authors.affiliation: School of Integrative Plant Science, Horticulture Section, Cornell University, 121 Plant Science Building, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Peck
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, HABB1 Room 401, 1230 Washington Street SW, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.
authors.forename: Sean F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: O'Keefe
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, HABB1 Room 401, 1230 Washington Street SW, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Stewart
mesh_terms: D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D004149:Dioxoles / Q000633:toxicity; D005285:Fermentation / Q000187:drug effects; D005506:Food Contamination; D063427:Food Quality; D057141:Food, Preserved / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology; D000067030:Fruit and Vegetable Juices / Q000032:analysis* / Q000382:microbiology; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity; D058458:Nitrogen Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000633:toxicity*; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000633:toxicity; D012440:Saccharomyces / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity; D013455:Sulfur / Q000633:toxicity; D014230:Triazoles / Q000633:toxicity; D014768:Virginia
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004149:Dioxoles; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009570:Nitriles; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D011758:Pyrroles; D014230:Triazoles; D013455:Sulfur; C108339:fludioxonil; C504383:fenbuconazole; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide
keywords: apple fungicides; cider fermentation; fenbuconazole; fermentation rate; fludioxonil; hydrogen sulfide