title: Harsh Parenting and Serotonin Transporter and BDNF Val66Met Polymorphisms as Predictors of Adolescent Depressive Symptoms.
abstract: Depressive symptoms are prevalent and rise during adolescence. The present study is a prospective investigation of environmental and genetic factors that contribute to the growth in depressive symptoms and the frequency of heightened symptoms during adolescence. Participants included 206 mother-father-adolescent triads (M age at Time 1 = 13.06 years, SD = .51, 52% female). Harsh parenting was observationally assessed during a family conflict paradigm. DNA was extracted from saliva samples and genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms. Adolescents provide self-reports of depressive symptoms annually across early adolescence. The results reveal Gene × Environment interactions as predictors of adolescent depressive symptom trajectories in the context of harsh parenting as an environmental risk factor. A BDNF Val66Met × Harsh Parenting interaction predicted the rise in depressive symptoms across a 3-year period, whereas a 5-HTTLPR × Harsh Parenting interaction predicted greater frequency in elevated depressive symptoms. The findings highlight the importance of unique genetic and environmental influences in the development and course of heightened depressive symptoms during adolescence.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology and Human Development , Vanderbilt University.
authors.forename: Kalsea J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Koss
authors.affiliation: b Department of Psychology , University of Notre Dame.
authors.forename: E Mark
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.affiliation: c Department of Psychology , University of Rochester.
authors.forename: Patrick T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: d Institute of Child Development , University of Minnesota.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hetzel
authors.affiliation: d Institute of Child Development , University of Minnesota.|e Mt. Hope Family Center , University of Rochester.
authors.forename: Dante
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cicchetti