title: Fatal acute poisonings in Australian children (2003-13).
abstract: Fatal poisonings in children comprise a small proportion of cases investigated by an Australian coroner; however, they present a major opportunity for death prevention. This study aimed to examine fatal child poisonings in Australia to (1) estimate the rate of acute poisoning deaths in children; (2) describe the key characteristics of the cohort; and (3) describe the outcomes of coronial recommendations made as a death prevention measure.
  
  
  
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  
  The National Coronial Information System (NCIS), a database of cases reported to an Australian coroner.
  
  
  
  Ninety poisoning deaths reported to an Australian coroner between January 2003 and December 2013 involving children (≤ 16 years of age).
  
  
  
  Logistic regression, Pearson's correlation coefficient and descriptive statistics were used to examine the significance of associations. The primary outcome measures were poisoning type and cause of death. Covariates included age and mental illness.
  
  
  
  There were marginally more males (52.2%) [confidence interval (CI) = 44.4-45.6] in the cohort and most occurred in the 13-16-year age group (58.9%) (CI = 7.5-12.5). Deaths were typically unintentional (61.1%) (CI = 17.9-27.1) and occurred in the home (68.9%) (CI = 6.8-15.7). The most common form of poisoning was due to opioids (24.4%), followed by carbon monoxide (20%) and volatile substances (18.9%) (CI = 18.5-19.6). Males had slightly higher odds of dying from prescription opioids compared with females [odds ratio (OR) = 1.9, CI = 0.7-5.1], but this was not statistically significant. A recommendation was made by a coroner in 12 cases, 10 of which related to poisons (including drugs). Of these, eight recommendations were implemented.
  
  
  
  In Australia between 2003 and 2013 there were on average eight acute poisoning deaths in children each year, most commonly involving prescription opioids and adolescents. There has been a downward trend in mortality since 2003. These cases generated more than twice as many recommendations for public safety compared with other Australian coroners' cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Australia.|Deaths from Emergencies and Accidents Data Set (DEADSet) Project, Australia.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pilgrim
authors.affiliation: Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Southbank, Victoria, Australia.|Deaths from Emergencies and Accidents Data Set (DEADSet) Project, Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Southbank, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Yeliena
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Baber
authors.affiliation: Deaths from Emergencies and Accidents Data Set (DEADSet) Project, Australia.|Calvary Health Care, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caldicott
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Australia.|Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Southbank, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Olaf H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Drummer
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000506:poisoning*; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002249:Carbon Monoxide Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006708:Homicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011041:Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000506:poisoning*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: Carbon monoxide; coroner; drug; paediatric; prescription opioid; toxicity; volatile substance