title: Bacterial Contribution in Chronicity of Wounds.
abstract: A wound is damage of a tissue usually caused by laceration of a membrane, generally the skin. Wound healing is accomplished in three stages in healthy individuals, including inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling stages. Healing of wounds normally starts from the inflammatory phase and ends up in the remodeling phase, but chronic wounds remain in an inflammatory stage and do not show progression due to some specific reasons. Chronic wounds are classified in different categories, such as diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), venous leg ulcers (VLU) and pressure ulcer (PU), surgical site infection (SSI), abscess, or trauma ulcers. Globally, the incidence rate of DFU is 1-4 % and prevalence rate is 5.3-10.5 %. However, colonization of pathogenic bacteria at the wound site is associated with wound chronicity. Most chronic wounds contain more than one bacterial species and produce a synergetic effect that results in previously non-virulent bacterial species becoming virulent and causing damage to the host. While investigating bacterial diversity in chronic wounds, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Peptoniphilus, Enterobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Finegoldia, and Serratia were found most frequently in chronic wounds. Recently, it has been observed that bacteria in chronic wounds develop biofilms that contribute to a delay in healing. In a mature biofilm, bacteria grow slowly due to deficiency of nutrients that results in the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. The present review reflects the reasons why acute wounds become chronic. Interesting findings include the bacterial load, which forms biofilms and shows high-level resistance toward antibiotics, which is a threat to human health in general and particularly to some patients who have acute wounds.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
authors.forename: Kashif
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rahim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Kohat, 26000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shamim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saleha
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
authors.forename: Xudong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.affiliation: College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Basit
authors.affiliation: Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brazil, 70790-160, Brazil. ocfranco@gmail.com.|S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, CEP 79.117-900, Brazil. ocfranco@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Octavio Luiz
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Franco
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D058491:Bacterial Load; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D007871:Leg Ulcer / Q000382:microbiology; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000382:microbiology; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000382:microbiology; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Antibiotics; Biofilms; Chronic wounds; Resistance; Wound