title: Enhanced polyunsaturated fatty acids production inMortierella alpinaby SSF and the enrichment in chicken breasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and soybean meal were used as the substrates for the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in solid-state fermentation (SSF) byMortierella alpine. These fermented products were fed to laying hens. PUFA enrichment from chicken breasts was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  The maximum productivity of PUFA was achieved under optimized process condition, including 1% w/w yeast extract as additive, an incubation period of 5 days at 12°C, 10% v/w inoculum level, 75% moisture content, and pH 6.0. The hens were then fed with ration containing soybean DDGS, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, and peanut oil. The control group was fed with basal ration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under the optimal condition,M. alpineproduced total fatty acids (TFA) of 182.34 mg/g dry substrate. It has better mycelial growth when soybean meal was added to DDGS (SDDGS). PUFA in fermentation product increased with higher soybean meal content. The addition of 70% soybean meal to DDGS substrate yielded 175.16 mg of TFA, including 2.49 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 5.26 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The ratios of ω-6/ω-3 found in chicken breasts fat were all lower than that found in control by 36.98, 31.51, 18.15, and 12.63% for SDDGS, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, and peanut oil, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identified an optimized SSF process to maximize PUFA productivity byM. alpineas the strain. This PUFA-enriched feed increased the PUFA contents as well as the proportions of ω-6 and ω-3 in chicken breasts and liver.
authors.affiliation: The College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China; yangshengli01@zjut.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shengli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Physical and Chemical Test Center, Zhejiang Institute of Quality Inspection Science, Hangzhou, China; zhanghui0461@sina.com.cn.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
keywords: DDGS; Mortierella alpina; PUFA; chicken breasts; enrichment; solid-state fermentation; soybean meal