title: Advanced glycation end products: An emerging biomarker for adverse outcome in patients with peripheral artery disease.
abstract: Patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) suffer from widespread atherosclerosis. Partly due to the growing awareness of cardiovascular disease, the incidence of PAD has increased considerably during the past decade. It is anticipated that algorithms to identify high risk patients for cardiovascular events require being updated, making use of novel biomarkers. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are moieties formed non-enzymatically on long-lived proteins under influence of glycemic and oxidative stress reactions. We elaborate about the formation and effects of AGEs, and the methods to measure AGEs. Several studies have been performed with AGEs in PAD. In this review, we evaluate the emerging evidence of AGEs as a clinical biomarker for patients with PAD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lisanne C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: de Vos
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joop D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lefrandt
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Robin P F
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Dullaart
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Clark J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Zeebregts
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: a.j.smit@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: Andries J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smit
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced
keywords: Advanced glycation end products; Atherosclerosis; Biomarker; Peripheral artery disease