title: Tone-matching ability in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: Patients with schizophrenia display abnormalities in pitch discrimination of non-verbal tones as revealed by the Tone-Matching Task (TMT). It may lead to deficits in higher-order cognitive functions and clinical symptoms.
  
  
  
  We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis pooling data about TMT score differences between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls, to evaluate the deficit's effect size, and to develop reliable knowledge about pitch processing impairment and its pejorative impact.
  
  
  
  Relevant publications were identified by a systematic search of PubMed and EMBASE databases. Then, we excluded non-relevant studies for the meta-analysis. Effect size for percent of correct responses to the TMT was expressed as standardized mean difference (SMD).
  
  
  
  Eighteen of 167 identified studies met eligibility criteria for review, of which 10 were included in the meta-analysis. Our meta-analysis showed that the effect size for the percent of correct response to the TMT between patients (N=371) and controls (N=342) was large: SMD=1.17 [95% CI: 0.926-1.418] (z-value=9.338 and p-value<0.001). Meta-analysis showed moderate heterogeneity between studies (Q(9)=17.22, p=0.04, I2=47.74%). The relationship between tone-matching impairment and clinical symptoms of schizophrenia remains heterogeneous across studies. Some authors observed significant correlations between tone-matching performance and a number of higher-order cognitive abilities.
  
  
  
  This review and meta-analysis highlights a large significant disturbance in tone-matching ability in patients as compared with controls. The study of basic auditory processing opens promising perspectives for pathophysiological modelling of the disorder and therapeutic issues.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France. Electronic address: clement.dondecoquelet@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Clément
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dondé
authors.affiliation: Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal Research Center, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montréal, QC, Canada. Electronic address: david.luck@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Luck
authors.affiliation: Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal Research Center, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montréal, QC, Canada. Electronic address: stephanie.grot@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grot
authors.affiliation: Brain Behavior Laboratory, Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States. Electronic address: leitman@mail.med.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Leitman
authors.affiliation: INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France. Electronic address: jerome.brunelin@ch-le-vinatier.fr.
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brunelin
authors.affiliation: INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, PSYR2 Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Bron, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France. Electronic address: frederic.haesebaert@ch-le-vinatier.fr.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haesebaert
mesh_terms: D001308:Auditory Perceptual Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D010897:Pitch Discrimination; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Auditory emotion recognition; Basic auditory processing; Pitch; Schizophrenia; Social cognition; Tone-matching