title: Improving Precautionary Communication in the EMF Field? Effects of Making Messages Consistent and Explaining the Effectiveness of Precautions.
abstract: Many radiation health agencies communicate precautionary measures regarding the use of mobile communication devices, e.g. the use of a headset while talking on the phone. These precautionary messages have, however, been shown to unintentionally increase risk perceptions about radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs). The current study tested two potential ways of amending precautionary messages in order to minimise this unintentional effect. Firstly, the messages' potential to be perceived as inconsistent and thereby raise suspicions was addressed; secondly, the effectiveness of the precautions was explained. An experimental design was applied in which a quota sample of 1717 Australian residents was randomly assigned to one of six message conditions. Three different risk perception measures served as dependent variables, two of them are conditional measures. The original effect of precautionary messages to amplify risk perceptions could not be replicated. Furthermore, amending precautionary messages in favour of more consistency had no effect, while explaining the effectiveness of the precautions increased conditional risk perception under the condition that no precautions are taken. This was contrary to our assumptions. We infer from these results that changing precautionary messages in terms of consistency and effectiveness in order to reduce risk perception is hardly possible. The use of conditional risk perception measures seems fruitful for studies looking at the effects of precautionary or protective messages, given that previous studies have only investigated effects on unconditional risk perception. However, the present results should not be over-interpreted as the measures' validity in the EMF context still needs further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Science Communication, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. christoph.boehmert@kit.edu.|Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia. christoph.boehmert@kit.edu.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boehmert
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia. peter.wiedemann@mac.com.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wiedemann
authors.affiliation: Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia. rcroft@uow.edu.au.|School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia. rcroft@uow.edu.au.|Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia. rcroft@uow.edu.au.
authors.forename: Rodney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Croft
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D040421:Cell Phone; D003142:Communication; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment
keywords: EMF; conditional risk perception; precaution; risk communication