title: Imaging hydrogen peroxide in Alzheimer's disease via cascade signal amplification.
abstract: In brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD), reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels are significantly higher than that of healthy brains. Evidence suggests that, during AD onset and progression, a vicious cycle revolves around amyloid beta (Aβ) production, aggregation, plaque formation, microglia/immunological responses, inflammation, and ROS production. In this cycle, ROS species play a central role, and H2O2is one of the most important ROS species. In this report, we have designed a fluorescent imaging probe CRANAD-88, which is capable of cascade amplifying near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) signals at three levels upon interacting with H2O2in AD brains. We demonstrated that the amplification was feasible in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, we showed that, for the first time, it was feasible to monitor the changes of H2O2concentrations in AD brains before and after treatment with an H2O2scavenger. Our method opens new revenues to investigate H2O2in AD brains and can be very instructive for drug development.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 01890, USA.|School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 01890, USA.|College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging &Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
authors.forename: Yungen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 01890, USA.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 01890, USA.
authors.forename: Chongzhao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ran
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000032:analysis; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000032:analysis*; D051379:Mice; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide