title: Impact of explained v. unexplained front-of-package nutrition labels on parent and child food choices: a randomized trial.
abstract: The present study investigated whether parent/child pairs would select more healthful foods when: (i) products were labelled with front-of-package (FOP) nutrition labels relative to packages without labels; (ii) products were labelled with colour-coded Multiple Traffic Light (MTL) FOP labels relative to monochromatic Facts up Front (FuF) FOP labels; and (iii) FOP labels were explained via in-aisle signage v. unexplained.
  
  
  
  Participants were randomly assigned to one of five conditions: (i) FuF labels with in-aisle signs explaining the labels; (ii) FuF labels, no signage; (iii) MTL labels with in-aisle signage; (iv) MTL labels, no signage; (v) control group, no labels/signage. Saturated fat, sodium, sugar and energy (calorie) content were compared across conditions.
  
  
  
  The study took place in a laboratory grocery aisle.
  
  
  
  Parent/child pairs (n 153) completed the study.
  
  
  
  Results did not support the hypothesis that MTL labels would lead to more healthful choices than FuF labels. The presence of FOP labels did little to improve the healthfulness of selected foods, with few exceptions (participants with v. without access to FOP labels selected lower-calorie cereals, participants with access to both FOP labels and in-aisle explanatory signage selected products with less saturated fat v. participants without explanatory signage).
  
  
  
  Neither MTL nor FuF FOP labels led to food choices with significantly lower saturated fat, sodium or sugar. In-aisle signs explaining the FOP labels were somewhat helpful to consumers in making more healthful dietary decisions. New FOP labelling programmes could benefit from campaigns to increase consumer awareness and understanding of the labels.
authors.affiliation: 1Colorado School of Public Health and Department of Psychology,Colorado State University,1876 Campus Delivery,Fort Collins,CO 80523,USA.
authors.forename: Dan J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: 3Colorado School of Public Health and Department of Human Development and Family Studies,Colorado State University,Fort Collins,CO,USA.
authors.forename: Rachel G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Lucas-Thompson
authors.affiliation: 2Division of Epidemiology and Community Health,University of Minnesota,Minneapolis,MN,USA.
authors.forename: Megan P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: 2Division of Epidemiology and Community Health,University of Minnesota,Minneapolis,MN,USA.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jaeb
authors.affiliation: 2Division of Epidemiology and Community Health,University of Minnesota,Minneapolis,MN,USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Harnack
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D005260:Female; D005515:Food Labeling; D005518:Food Preferences; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009753:Nutritive Value; D010290:Parents; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Facts up Front; Front-of-package labelling; Multiple Traffic Light; Nutrition Keys; Nutrition labelling