title: A mixture of milk and vegetable lipids in infant formula changes gut digestion, mucosal immunity and microbiota composition in neonatal piglets.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although composition of infant formula has been significantly improved during the last decade, major differences with the composition and structure of breast milk still remain and might affect nutrient digestion and gut biology. We hypothesized that the incorporation of dairy fat in infant formulas could modify their physiological impacts by making their composition closer to that of human milk. The effect of milk fat and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) fragments in infant formulas on gut digestion, mucosal immunity and microbiota composition was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three formulas containing either (1) vegetable lipids stabilized only by proteins (V-P), (2) vegetable lipids stabilized by a mixture of proteins and MFGM fragments (V-M) and (3) a mixture of milk and vegetable lipids stabilized by a mixture of proteins and MFGM fragments (M-M) were automatically distributed to 42 newborn piglets until slaughter at postnatal day (PND) 7 or 28, and compared to a fourth group of sow's suckling piglets (SM) used as a breast-fed reference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At both PND, casein and β-lactoglobulin digestion was reduced in M-M proximal jejunum and ileum contents compared to V-P and V-M ones leading to more numerous β-Cn peptides in M-M contents. The IFNγ cytokine secretion of ConA-stimulated MLN cells from M-M piglets tended to be higher than in V-P ones at PND 7 and PND 28 and was closer to that of SM piglets. No dietary treatment effect was observed on IL-10 MLN cell secretion. Changes in faecal microbiota in M-M piglets resulted in an increase in Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes and a decrease in Firmicutes phyla compared to V-P ones. M-M piglets showed higher abundances of Parabacteroides, Escherichia/Shigella and Klebsiella genus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incorporation of both milk fat and MFGM fragments in infant formula modifies protein digestion, the dynamic of the immune system maturation and the faecal microbiota composition.
authors.affiliation: UR1341 ADNC, INRA, Domaine de la Prise, 35590, Saint-Gilles, France. isabelle.luron@rennes.inra.fr.|UR1341 ADNC, INRA, Domaine de la Prise, 35590, Saint-Gilles, France. isabelle.luron@rennes.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1769-5246
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Le Huërou-Luron
authors.affiliation: UMR1253 STLO, INRA, 35000, Rennes, France.|UMR1253 STLO, Agrocampus Ouest, 35000, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Karima
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bouzerzour
authors.affiliation: UR1341 ADNC, INRA, Domaine de la Prise, 35590, Saint-Gilles, France.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferret-Bernard
authors.affiliation: UMR1253 STLO, INRA, 35000, Rennes, France.|UMR1253 STLO, Agrocampus Ouest, 35000, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ménard
authors.affiliation: UR1341 ADNC, INRA, Domaine de la Prise, 35590, Saint-Gilles, France.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Le Normand
authors.affiliation: UR1341 ADNC, INRA, Domaine de la Prise, 35590, Saint-Gilles, France.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perrier
authors.affiliation: UR1341 ADNC, INRA, Domaine de la Prise, 35590, Saint-Gilles, France.
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Le Bourgot
authors.affiliation: UMR1253 STLO, INRA, 35000, Rennes, France.|UMR1253 STLO, Agrocampus Ouest, 35000, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jardin
authors.affiliation: UMR1253 STLO, INRA, 35000, Rennes, France.|UMR1253 STLO, Agrocampus Ouest, 35000, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bourlieu
authors.affiliation: Biofortis SAS, 44800, Saint-Herblain, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Carton
authors.affiliation: Lactalis R&D, 35240, Retiers, France.
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Le Ruyet
authors.affiliation: Lactalis R&D, 35240, Retiers, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cuinet
authors.affiliation: Lactalis Nutrition, 35370, Torce, France.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bonhomme
authors.affiliation: UMR1253 STLO, INRA, 35000, Rennes, France.|UMR1253 STLO, Agrocampus Ouest, 35000, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dupont
mesh_terms: D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002364:Caseins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004063:Digestion; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005766:Gastrointestinal Contents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000276:immunology*; D006017:Glycolipids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D056747:Immunomodulation; D041943:Infant Formula; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007782:Lactoglobulins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D066292:Lipid Droplets; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D018448:Models, Immunological; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D016207:Cytokines; D006017:Glycolipids; D006023:Glycoproteins; D007782:Lactoglobulins; D010938:Plant Oils; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary; C110367:milk fat globule
keywords: Digestion; Infant formula; Intestinal immune system; Intestinal permeability; Microbiota; Milk fat