title: The chloroform extract of Cyclocarya paliurus attenuates high-fat diet induced non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis in Sprague Dawley rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatic steatosis (HS) is the early stage of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease which is caused by impaired hepatic lipid homeostasis. Cyclocarya paliurus, an herbal tea consumed in China, has been demonstrated to ameliorate abnormal lipid metabolism for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate the regulative effect of chloroform extract from Cyclocarya paliurus (ChE) on treatment of HS, as well as key factors involved in hepatic lipid metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague Dawley rats were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks to induce HS and treated with or without ChE by gavage for 4 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  The body weight, relative liver weight and liver fat content were measured. Serum and liver total cholesterol, triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acids, as well as hepatic malonaldehyde levels were accessed by biochemical methods. Serum and liver TNF-α levels were quantified by ELISA kit. Histologic analysis and1H-MRS study were performed to evaluate HS level. RT-PCR and Western blot were also applied to observe the expression changes of key factors involved in hepatic lipid intake, synthesis, utilization and export.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ChE significantly decreased the rats' body weight, serum lipid and TNF-α level. ChE also reduced their relative liver weight, liver fat content, hepatic oxidative products and TNF-α level. Hepatic steatosis in HFD-fed rats was effectively regressed after 2-weeks administration of ChE. Moreover, ChE treatment remarkably reduced HFD-induced high expression level of fatty acid synthesis genes (including sterol-regulatory element-binding protein 1, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 and fatty acid synthase). However, it had no effect on mRNA expression of some genes involved in lipid uptake, β-oxidation and lipid outflow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ChE exerted a promising regression effect on HS due to a reduced level of serum non-esterified fatty acids which might lead to a decrease in the amount of lipid taken in by the liver, as well as owing to the inhibition of hepatic lipid de novo synthesis to reduce liver lipid production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China; Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.
authors.forename: Zi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China; Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.
authors.forename: Zheng-Feng
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
authors.forename: Cui-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao.
authors.forename: Qing-Wen
authors.initials: QW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, JiangXi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, and WHO Collaborating Center for Tradition Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, and WHO Collaborating Center for Tradition Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Chun-Tao
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Che
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, and WHO Collaborating Center for Tradition Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. Electronic address: cpu-yzq@cpu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhi-Qi
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000103:Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D064429:Fatty Acid Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000378:metabolism; D029525:Juglandaceae; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D050155:Lipogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D008055:Lipids; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; D014280:Triglycerides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002784:Cholesterol; D064429:Fatty Acid Synthases; D000103:Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
keywords: 3β, 23-dihyreoxy-12-ene-28-ursolic acid (CAS No.125137-37-3); Arjunolic acid (pubchem cid: 73,641); Cyclocaric acid B (CAS No. 182315-46-4); Cyclocarya paliurus; Hederagenin (pubchem cid: 258,538); Hepatic steatosis; Lipogenesis; Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; Oleanolic acid (PubChem CID: 10,494); Proton magnetic resonance spectrum; Pterocaryoside B (CAS No. 168,146-27-8)