title: Identifying biomarkers of dementia prevalent among amnestic mild cognitively impaired ethnic female patients.
abstract: There is a need to investigate biomarkers that are indicative of the progression of dementia in ethnic patient populations. The disparity of information in these populations has been the focus of many clinical and academic centers, including ours, to contribute to a higher success rate in clinical trials. In this study, we have investigated plasma biomarkers in amnestic mild cognitively impaired (aMCI) female patient cohorts in the context of ethnicity and cognitive status.
  
  
  
  A panel of 12 biomarkers involved in the progression of brain pathology, inflammation, and cardiovascular disorders were investigated in female cohorts of African American, Hispanic, and White aMCI patients. Both biochemical and algorithmic analyses were applied to correlate biomarker levels measured during the early stages of the disease for each ethnicity.
  
  
  
  We report elevated plasma Aβ40, Aβ42, YKL-40, and cystatin C levels in the Hispanic cohort at early aMCI status. In addition, elevated plasma Aβ40levels were associated with the aMCI status in both White and African American patient cohorts by the decision tree algorithm. Eotaxin-1 levels, as determined by the decision tree algorithm and biochemically measured total tau levels, were associated with the aMCI status in the African American cohort.
  
  
  
  Overall, our data displayed novel differences in the plasma biomarkers of the aMCI female cohorts where the plasma levels of several biomarkers distinguished between each ethnicity at an early aMCI stage. Identification of these plasma biomarkers encourages new areas of investigation among aMCI ethnic populations, including larger patient cohorts and longitudinal study designs.
authors.affiliation: Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, 4001 E. Fletcher Ave, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.|Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
authors.forename: Rinko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grewal
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Washington, 3900 Northeast Stevens Way, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haghighi
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Washington, 3900 Northeast Stevens Way, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.|School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, 4001 E. Fletcher Ave, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.|Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3515 E Fletcher Ave, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, 4001 E. Fletcher Ave, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.|Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
authors.forename: Chuanhai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, 4001 E. Fletcher Ave, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.|Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaoyang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, 4001 E. Fletcher Ave, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.|Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Teten
authors.affiliation: Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, 4001 E. Fletcher Ave, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.|Department of Pharmacotherapeutics and Clinical Research, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, 4001 E. Fletcher Ave, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA. mselenic@health.usf.edu.|Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA. mselenic@health.usf.edu.
authors.forename: Maj-Linda B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Selenica
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D000071451:Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1 / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D055316:Cystatin C / Q000097:blood; D003663:Decision Trees; D003704:Dementia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000097:blood; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D000077153:Progranulins; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D015415:Biomarkers; C084533:CHI3L1 protein, human; D000071451:Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1; D055316:Cystatin C; C492314:GRN protein, human; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D000077153:Progranulins; C078592:amyloid beta-protein (1-40); C075222:amyloid beta-protein (1-42)
keywords: Amyloid beta; Biomarkers; Cystatin C; Eotaxin-1; Ethnicity; Female; Mild cognitive impairment; Plasma