title: Safety and efficacy of transthoracic versus transesophageal echocardiography in transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects. Reporting a single center experience from Saudi Arabia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the safety and effectiveness of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in monitoring transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect (ASD), in comparison with conventional technique using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).  Methods: A retrospective review of all cases of transcatheter closure of isolated ostium secundum ASDs operated from 2005 to 2015, at the Pediatric Interventional Cardiology Department, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Exclusion criteria included age ≤3 years at the time of the procedure and rim size ≤3 mm. Patients were divided into 2 groups: TTE and TEE group. Demographic and clinical baseline data, procedure data, and outcomes were compared between the 2 groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 77 cases: 45 in TTE group and 28 in TEE (mean ± standard deviation age=8.18 ± 5.85 versus 17.68 ± 14.88), with no significant difference in ASD size, rim adequacy, or other anatomical difficulties. All (100%) patients in TEE group underwent general anesthesia, versus 8.9% in TTE group. Device deployment was comparably successful (97.8% versus 92.9%, p=0.554); while procedure time (76.27 ± 31.80 versus 119.85 ± 19.90 minutes, p less than 0.001) and fluoroscopy time (11.29 ± 9.04 versus 18.73 ± 11.54 minutes, p=0.003) were significantly reduced in TTE versus TEE. Prevalence of postprocedural complications was comparable in the 2 groups. Conclusion: Transthoracic echocardiography has non-inferior efficacy in device deployment with reference to TEE and superior safety features including significant reduction of procedure and fluoroscopy times and lesser use of general anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail. aazhar@kau.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Ahmad S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Azhar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002309:Cardiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D055989:Septal Occluder Device; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional