title: Evidences of DNA and chromosomal damage induced by the mancozeb-based fungicide Mancozan®in fish (Anguilla anguilla L.).
abstract: The formulation Mancozan®, containing mancozeb as active ingredient, is among the most widely used fungicides. Although mancozeb has been detected in surface waters, studies addressing the genotoxic risk to fish arising from the use of this formulation, testing environmentally realistic concentrations, are absent from the literature. Hence, this work aimed to investigate the DNA and chromosome damaging potential of Mancozan®(0.29 and 2.9μgL-1) in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.), after a short-term exposure (3days), through the adoption of the comet and the erythrocytic nuclear abnormality (ENA) assays. In addition, it was intended to elucidate the subjacent damage mechanisms, improving the comet assay with the adoption of the endonucleases formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (FPG) and endonuclease III (EndoIII), which detect oxidized bases. The highest Mancozan®concentration was able to affect the DNA integrity (comet assay), while the adoption of endonucleases pointed out an oxidative cause to the damage. Regarding the chromosomal damage (ENA assay), both concentrations displayed significant effects, revealing the clastogenic and/or aneugenic properties of Mancozan®. Furthermore, the two genotoxic endpoints were significantly correlated. Overall, the results revealed a genetic hazard to fish inhabiting aquatic systems contaminated by Mancozan®and strongly recommend the development of biomonitoring and regulatory policies regarding the utilization of this agrochemical.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: anammarques@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Andreia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rego
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guilherme
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Biotechnology and CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gaivão
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria Ana
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Mário
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pacheco
mesh_terms: D000811:Anguilla / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000187:drug effects; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D043382:DNA-Formamidopyrimidine Glycosylase / Q000378:metabolism; D004706:Endodeoxyribonucleases / Q000378:metabolism; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D008344:Maneb / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D015038:Zineb / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008344:Maneb; D004706:Endodeoxyribonucleases; D043382:DNA-Formamidopyrimidine Glycosylase; C013099:mancozeb; D015038:Zineb
keywords: Comet assay; ENA assay; European eel; Genotoxicity; Mancozan(®)