title: Regression equations for sex and population detection using the lip print pattern among Egyptian and Malaysian adult.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identification of sex and ethnicity has always been a challenge in the fields of forensic medicine and criminal investigations. Fingerprinting and DNA comparisons are probably the most common techniques used in this context. However, since they cannot always be used, it is necessary to apply different and less known techniques such as lip prints.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Is to study the pattern of lip print in Egyptian and Malaysian populations and its relation to sex and populations difference. Also, to develop equations for sex and populations detection using lip print pattern by different populations (Egyptian and Malaysian).
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised of 120 adults volunteers divided into two ethnic groups; sixty adult Egyptians (30 males and 30 females) and sixty adult Malaysians (30 males and 30 females). The lip prints were collected on a white paper. Each lip print was divided into four compartments and were classified and scored according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification. Data were statistically analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that type III lip print pattern (intersected grooves) was the predominant type in both the Egyptian and Malaysian populations. Type II and III were the most frequent in Egyptian males (28.3% each), while in Egyptian females type III pattern was predominant (46.7%). As regards Malaysian males, type III lip print pattern was the predominant one (41.7%), while type II lip print pattern was predominant (30.8%) in Malaysian females. Statistical analysis of different quadrants showed significant differences between males and females in the Egyptian population in the third and fourth quadrants. On the other hand, significant differences were detected only in the second quadrant between Malaysian males and females. Also, a statistically significant difference was present in the second quadrant between Egyptian and Malaysian males. Using the regression analysis, four regression equations were obtained.
authors.affiliation: Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Electronic address: manalhassan55@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Manal H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Abdel Aziz
authors.affiliation: Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Electronic address: fatmabadreldine@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Fatma M M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Badr El Dine
authors.affiliation: Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Electronic address: nourhanaboshabana@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nourhan M M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Saeed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D005553:Forensic Dentistry; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cheiloscopy; Egyptians and Malaysians; Ethnic; Lip prints; Sex