title: Green synthesis of silver, gold and silver/gold bimetallic nanoparticles using the Gloriosa superba leaf extract and their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities.
abstract: The green fabrication of metal nanoparticles using botanical extracts is gaining increasing research attention in nanotechnology, since it does not require high energy inputs or the production of highly toxic chemical byproducts. Here, silver (Ag), gold (Au) and their bimetallic (Ag/Au) nanoparticles (NPs) were green synthesized using the Gloriosa superba aqueous leaf extract. Metal NPs were studied by spectroscopic (UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD and EDX) and microscopic (AFM and TEM) analysis. AFM and TEM showed that Ag and Au NPs had triangular and spherical morphologies, with an average size of 20 nm. Bimetallic Ag/Au NPs showed spherical shapes with an average size of 10 nm. Ag and Ag/Au bimetallic NPs showed high antibacterial and antibiofilm activities towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Overall, the proposed synthesis route of Ag, Au and Ag/Au bimetallic NPs can be exploited by the pharmaceutical industry to develop drugs effective in the fight against microbic infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Kasi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gopinath
authors.affiliation: EMFT Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Shanmugasundaram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumaraguru
authors.affiliation: EMFT Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Kasi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhakyaraj
authors.affiliation: EMFT Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Subramanian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.affiliation: Multifunctional Materials Laboratory, Department of Physics, International Research Centre, Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil 626 126, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Kunga Sukumaran
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Venkatesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Masanam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Esakkirajan
authors.affiliation: Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Periyannan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaleeswarran
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Naiyf S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Alharbi
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Shine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kadaikunnan
authors.affiliation: Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Marimuthu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Govindarajan
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: ayyakannuarumugam@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ayyakannu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arumugam
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D000070437:Colchicaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D052978:Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; D006046:Gold / Q000378:metabolism*; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology / Q000379:methods*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D012834:Silver / Q000378:metabolism*; D013057:Spectrum Analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012834:Silver; D006046:Gold
keywords: Biofabrication; Biosafety; Gloriosa superba; Nanotechnology; Surface plasmon resonance