title: Association of peripheral arterial disease with periodontal disease: analysis of inflammatory cytokines and an acute phase protein in gingival crevicular fluid and serum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammation is a common feature of both peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between PAD and periodontal disease by examining the levels of inflammatory cytokines (pentraxin 3 and interleukin 1β) and high sensitive C-reactive protein from gingival crevicular fluid and serum.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 60 patients were included in this cross-sectional study. Patients were divided into two groups based on ankle-brachial index values: with PAD (test group) and non-PAD (control group). Demographic evaluations, clinical periodontal examinations and biochemical analysis for pentraxin 3, interleukin 1β and high sensitive C-reactive protein were performed to compare the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences with respect to gender, age, body mass index, or smoking history (duration, amount) between the two groups (p > 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of clinical periodontal parameters (p > 0.05). Neither gingival crevicular fluid nor serum levels of the cytokines showed differences between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis revealed that, after adjusting for confounding factors (age, gender, diabetes, hypertension and body mass index), periodontitis raised the odds ratio for having PAD to 5.842 (95% confidence interval: 1.558-21.909).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there were no significant differences with respect to clinical periodontal parameters and biochemical analyses between the study group and control, periodontitis did raise the odds ratio for having PAD. To clarify this possible relationship, future prospective studies are needed.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
authors.forename: M Unlu
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Çalapkorur
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Alkan
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tasdemir
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akcali
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saatçi
mesh_terms: D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000150:complications*; D000683:Serum Amyloid P-Component / Q000032:analysis*; D000099153:Pentraxins
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D000683:Serum Amyloid P-Component; D000099153:Pentraxins
keywords: cytokines; gingiva crevice fluid; periodontal disease; periodontal-systemic disease interactions