title: The choice and preference for public-private health care among urban residents in China: evidence from a discrete choice experiment.
abstract: Public health care dominated the services provision in China before 1980s. However, the number of private health care providers in China has been increasing since then. The growth of private hospitals escalated after a market-oriented reform was implemented in 2001. Through an experimental approach, this study aims to a better understanding of the dynamic change in preference of health care utilisation among the residents in urban China.
  
  
  
  Based on a discrete choice experiment (DCE) from a random sample of respondents in urban China, the study evaluated preference over health care attributes affecting individuals' choice for the utilisation of hospital health care. The marginal willingness-to-pay for five health care attributes was estimated, including public/private provision of health care, by analysing mixed logit and latent class models.
  
  
  
  The results indicated a significantly negative marginal willingness-to-pay for private health care, which was interpreted as representing people's previous interactions with the health care system. The latent class model further suggested preference heterogeneity across our sample. We found that Hukou type, a typical indicator of socioeconomic background, was significantly related to respondents' preference for health care utilisation. Permanent urban residents (urban Hukou) valued private health care less; in contrast rural migrants (rural Hukou) were more likely to be indifferent between public/private provision.
  
  
  
  Urban residents in China showed a high disposition to obtain health care from the public providers of health care. Our results have implications in the context of the Chinese government attempts to expand the private health care sector in the short term. Policy makers need to consider residents' preference for health care in health policy development as the preference can only change in the long term.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Administration, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China. ctang@swufe.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Chengxiang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Administration, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, China.
authors.forename: Judy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Medicine College, Fujian Medical University, Xue Yuan Road, University Town, FuZhou, Fujian, 350108, China.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D016304:Hospitals, Private / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006779:Hospitals, Public / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D057240:Patient Preference; D010362:Patients' Rooms; D011050:Policy Making; D017149:Private Sector; D017150:Public Sector; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014171:Transients and Migrants / Q000523:psychology
keywords: China; Discrete choice experiment; Health care utilisation; Hukou; Private hospital