title: P value interpretations and considerations.
abstract: Application and interpretation of statistical evaluation of relationships is a necessary element in biomedical research. Statistical analyses rely on P value to demonstrate relationships. The traditional level of significance, P<0.05, can be negatively impacted by small sample size, bias, and random error, and has evolved to include interpretation of statistical trends, correction factors for multiple analyses, and acceptance of statistical significance for P>0.05 for complex relationships such as effect modification.
authors.affiliation: Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Thiese
authors.affiliation: Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA.
authors.forename: Brenden
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ronna
authors.affiliation: Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, USA.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ott
keywords: 95% confidence interval; Biostatistics; P value; odds ratio