title: In situ formation of nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles on hollow carbon spheres as efficient oxygen reduction electrocatalysts.
abstract: In situ formation of nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles on hollow carbon spheres (NHCSs) were successfully realised via a simple, scalable emulsion polymerization route using melamine as the nitrogen precursor, followed by thermal treatment at 1000 °C in N2. All NHCSs show large BET specific surface areas (648.2-837.7 cm2g-1) and pore volumes (0.91-1.16 cm3g-1), evidently superior to N-free hollow carbon spheres (HCSs) (524.3 cm2g-1and 0.48 cm3g-1, respectively). This unique nanocomposite has hierarchical micro-/mesoporosity (1.9 nm and 16.2-19.0 nm). The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements indicate the successful introduction of N atoms into the carbon framework and that the N-doping level can be controlled by changing the amount of melamine. The N-doping by adding melamine during the hydrothermal process not only affects the morphologies and porosities of the final samples, but also improves the electrocatalytic activity compared to N-free HCSs. NHCS-2, prepared with the molar melamine/hexamethylentetramine ratio of 1, showed the best electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in terms of onset potential, half-wave potential and limit current density. The NHCS-2 exhibited not only excellent activity with a mainly four-electron reaction pathway, but also superior long-term durability and methanol tolerance to that of commercial Pt/C in alkaline solution. The excellent electrocatalytic activity of the NHCS-2 is mainly due to its high relative content of pyridinic- and graphitic-N groups as well as unique hierarchical micro-/mesoporosity and a large specific surface area, advantageous for mass transfer and thus improving the electrocatalytic activity.
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China. yfzhu@usst.edu.cn and State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China. jiacheng.wang@mail.sic.ac.cn qianliu@sunm.shcnc.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Tingsheng
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China. jiacheng.wang@mail.sic.ac.cn qianliu@sunm.shcnc.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China. jiacheng.wang@mail.sic.ac.cn qianliu@sunm.shcnc.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Ruguang
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China. jiacheng.wang@mail.sic.ac.cn qianliu@sunm.shcnc.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Zhenzhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China. jiacheng.wang@mail.sic.ac.cn qianliu@sunm.shcnc.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Guanghui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China. jiacheng.wang@mail.sic.ac.cn qianliu@sunm.shcnc.ac.cn and Shanghai Institute of Materials Genome, Shanghai, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China. yfzhu@usst.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yufang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China. jiacheng.wang@mail.sic.ac.cn qianliu@sunm.shcnc.ac.cn and Shanghai Institute of Materials Genome, Shanghai, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jiacheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang