title: Toxicogenetic evaluation of dichlorophene in peripheral blood and in the cells of the immune system using molecular and flow cytometric approaches.
abstract: Dichlorophene; a halogenated phenolic compound with wide applications as a fungicide, bactericide and antiprotozoan. Dichlorophene spray also has therapeutic use in the disease digital dermatitis. In guinea pigs, a few studies obtained mixed results in dicholorophene sensitization tests. In consideration of the fact, that the mechanism of its genotoxicity has not been adequately elucidated lead to present study assessing the acute in vivo toxicological impact in Rattus norvegicus. A systematic research has been made encompassing the use of molecular and flow cytometric approaches. The study was designed on blood cells for comet assay which revealed dichlorophene induced DNA damage in all exposures understandable in time dependent manner. The feasibility of this assay was also established as an effective, fast and accurate method with a great potential in biomonitoring. Contemporary molecular techniques were further engaged using leukocytes for the cell apoptosis/cycle and mitochondrial membrane potential employing propidium iodide staining and rhodamine 123 respectively. The effect on cell cycle phases and mitochondrial membrane permeability was analyzed through flow cytometry. These indicators exposed that dichlorophene decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, altered the cell cycle and confirmed the DNA damage leading to apoptosis of the cells of the immune system accountable for immunotoxic effects of dichlorophene on rat leukocytes.
authors.affiliation: Gene-Tox Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India; Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, 180001, Jammu, India. Electronic address: iqbalzoo84@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mohammad Iqbal
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Lone
authors.affiliation: Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, 180001, Jammu, India.
authors.forename: Arisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nabi
authors.affiliation: Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, 180001, Jammu, India.
authors.forename: Nawab John
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Dar
authors.affiliation: Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, 180001, Jammu, India.
authors.forename: Aashiq
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Gene-Tox Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India.
authors.forename: Nazia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nazam
authors.affiliation: Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, 180001, Jammu, India; Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Abid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamid
authors.affiliation: Gene-Tox Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India.
authors.forename: Waseem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ahmad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D004003:Dichlorophen / Q000633:toxicity*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects*; D011419:Propidium; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D043922:Toxicogenetics
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D011419:Propidium; D004003:Dichlorophen
keywords: Apoptosis; Cell cycle analysis; Comet assay; Dichlorophene; Flow cytometry; Mitochondrial membrane potential