title: A Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Predict Human Fetal Exposure for a Drug Metabolized by Several CYP450 Pathways.
abstract: Pregnant women and their fetuses are exposed to numerous drugs; however, they are orphan populations with respect to the safety and efficacy of drugs. Therefore, the prediction of maternal and fetal drug exposure prior to administration would be highly useful.
  
  
  
  A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for nevirapine, which is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, 2B6 and 2D6 pathways, was developed to predict maternal and fetal pharmacokinetics (PK). The model was developed in both non-pregnant and pregnant women, and all physiological and enzymatic changes that could impact nevirapine PK were taken into account. Transplacental parameters estimated from ex vivo human placenta perfusion experiments were included in this PBPK model. To validate the model, observed maternal and cord blood concentrations were compared with predicted concentrations, and the impact of fetal clearance on fetal PK was investigated.
  
  
  
  By implementing physiological changes, including CYP3A4, 2D6 and 2B6 inductions, we predicted a clearance increase of 21 % in late pregnancy. The PBPK model successfully predicted the disposition for both non-pregnant and pregnant populations. Parameters obtained from the ex vivo experiments allowed the prediction of nevirapine concentrations that matched observed cord blood concentrations. The fetal-to-maternal area under the curve ratio (0-24 h interval) was 0.77, and fetal metabolism had no significant effect on fetal PK.
  
  
  
  The PBPK approach is a useful tool for quantifying a priori the drug exposure of metabolized drugs during pregnancy, and can be applied to evaluate alternative dosing regimens to optimize drug therapy. This approach, including ex vivo human placental perfusion parameters, is a promising approach for predicting human fetal exposure.
authors.affiliation: EA 7323: Evaluation des thérapeutiques et pharmacologie périnatale et pédiatrique, Unité de recherche clinique Paris centre, 75006, Paris, France. mailys.desousa@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maïlys
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5460-4350
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Sousa Mendes
authors.affiliation: EA 7323: Evaluation des thérapeutiques et pharmacologie périnatale et pédiatrique, Unité de recherche clinique Paris centre, 75006, Paris, France.|Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin-Broca-Hôtel-Dieu-Dieu, 75014, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Gabrielle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lui
authors.affiliation: EA 7323: Evaluation des thérapeutiques et pharmacologie périnatale et pédiatrique, Unité de recherche clinique Paris centre, 75006, Paris, France.|Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin-Broca-Hôtel-Dieu-Dieu, 75014, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: EA 7323: Evaluation des thérapeutiques et pharmacologie périnatale et pédiatrique, Unité de recherche clinique Paris centre, 75006, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pressiat
authors.affiliation: EA 7323: Evaluation des thérapeutiques et pharmacologie périnatale et pédiatrique, Unité de recherche clinique Paris centre, 75006, Paris, France.|Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin-Broca-Hôtel-Dieu-Dieu, 75014, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hirt
authors.affiliation: EA 7323: Evaluation des thérapeutiques et pharmacologie périnatale et pédiatrique, Unité de recherche clinique Paris centre, 75006, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Elodie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Valade
authors.affiliation: EA 7323: Evaluation des thérapeutiques et pharmacologie périnatale et pédiatrique, Unité de recherche clinique Paris centre, 75006, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Naïm
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bouazza
authors.affiliation: EA 7323: Evaluation des thérapeutiques et pharmacologie périnatale et pédiatrique, Unité de recherche clinique Paris centre, 75006, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Frantz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Foissac
authors.affiliation: EA 7323: Evaluation des thérapeutiques et pharmacologie périnatale et pédiatrique, Unité de recherche clinique Paris centre, 75006, Paris, France.|AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-malades, Unité d'immunologie, hématologie et rhumatologie pédiatriques, 75015, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blanche
authors.affiliation: EA 7323: Evaluation des thérapeutiques et pharmacologie périnatale et pédiatrique, Unité de recherche clinique Paris centre, 75006, Paris, France.|Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin-Broca-Hôtel-Dieu-Dieu, 75014, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Treluyer
authors.affiliation: EA 7323: Evaluation des thérapeutiques et pharmacologie périnatale et pédiatrique, Unité de recherche clinique Paris centre, 75006, Paris, France.|CIC-1419 Inserm, Cochin-Necker, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Saik
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Urien
authors.affiliation: EA 7323: Evaluation des thérapeutiques et pharmacologie périnatale et pédiatrique, Unité de recherche clinique Paris centre, 75006, Paris, France.|Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin-Broca-Hôtel-Dieu-Dieu, 75014, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Sihem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benaboud
mesh_terms: D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D019829:Nevirapine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010920:Placenta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D019829:Nevirapine