title: A Linkage Map and QTL Analysis for Pyrethroid Resistance in the Bed Bug Cimex lectularius.
abstract: The rapid evolution of insecticide resistance remains one of the biggest challenges in the control of medically and economically important pests. Insects have evolved a diverse range of mechanisms to reduce the efficacy of the commonly used classes of insecticides, and finding the genetic basis of resistance is a major aid to management. In a previously unstudied population, we performed an F2resistance mapping cross for the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, for which insecticide resistance is increasingly widespread. Using 334 SNP markers obtained through RAD-sequencing, we constructed the first linkage map for the species, consisting of 14 putative linkage groups (LG), with a length of 407 cM and an average marker spacing of 1.3 cM. The linkage map was used to reassemble the recently published reference genome, facilitating refinement and validation of the current genome assembly. We detected a major QTL on LG12 associated with insecticide resistance, occurring in close proximity (1.2 Mb) to a carboxylesterase encoding candidate gene for pyrethroid resistance. This provides another example of this candidate gene playing a major role in determining survival in a bed bug population following pesticide resistance evolution. The recent availability of the bed bug genome, complete with a full list of potential candidate genes related to insecticide resistance, in addition to the linkage map generated here, provides an excellent resource for future research on the development and spread of insecticide resistance in this resurging pest species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Toby
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5501-4691
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fountain
authors.affiliation: Ecological Genetics Division, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan mark.ravinet@ibv.uio.no.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2841-1798
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ravinet
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naylor
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Reinhardt
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Roger K
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4736-0954
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Butlin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001511:Bedbugs / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D005260:Female; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D049750:Genome, Insect; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008126:Lod Score; D008297:Male; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D040641:Quantitative Trait Loci; D019849:Sex Determination Processes / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins
keywords: RAD-seq; ectoparasite; household pest; insecticide