title: Renewable Solid Electrodes in Microfluidics: Recovering the Electrochemical Activity without Treating the Surface.
abstract: The contamination, passivation, or fouling of the detection electrodes is a serious problem undermining the analytical performance of electroanalytical devices. The methods to regenerate the electrochemical activity of the solid electrodes involve mechanical, physical, or chemical surface treatments that usually add operational time, complexity, chemicals, and further instrumental requirements to the analysis. In this paper, we describe for the first time a reproducible method for renewing solid electrodes whenever their morphology or composition are nonspecifically changed without any surface treatment. These renewable electrodes are the closest analogue to the mercury drop electrodes. Our approach was applied in microfluidics, where the downsides related to nonspecific modifications of the electrode are more critical. The renewal consisted in manually sliding metal-coated microwires across a channel with the sample. For this purpose, the chip was composed of a single piece of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with three parallel channels interconnected to one perpendicular and top channel. The microwires were inserted in each one of the parallel channels acting as working, counter, and pseudoreference electrodes for voltammetry. This assembly allowed the renewal of all the three electrodes by simply pulling the microwires. The absence of any interfaces in the chips and the elastomeric nature of the PDMS allowed us to pull the microwires without the occurrence of leakages for the electrode channels even at harsh flow rates of up to 40.0 mL min-1. We expect this paper can assist the researchers to develop new microfluidic platforms that eliminate any steps of electrode cleaning, representing a powerful alternative for precise and robust analyses to real samples.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Microfabricação, Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil.|Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil.
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Microfabricação, Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil.|Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil.
authors.forename: Gabriela F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Microfabricação, Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil.
authors.forename: Maisa B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Beltrame
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Microfabricação, Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil.
authors.forename: Luis C S
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Microfabricação, Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil.
authors.forename: Angelo L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Gobbi
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Microfabricação, Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil.|Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil.
authors.forename: Renato S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lima