title: Gas chromatography analysis of major free mono- and disaccharides in milk: Method assessment, validation, and application to real samples.
abstract: Saccharides are functional constituents of milk. Although d-lactose represents almost the totality of the saccharides in the milk, minor species, like d-glucose, d-galactose, myo-inositol and, as a result of severe thermal treatments, monosaccharides like d-tagatose, are also detectable. Although chromatography has been the main analytical approach used for accomplishing this task, quite surprisingly a validated gas chromatographic method aimed at the simultaneous determination of these compounds is still needed. Hence, our contribution is devoted to fill this gap. After the optimization of clean-up and derivatization (conversion of saccharides in their trimethyl silyl ethers) steps, the adoption of a highly cross-linked silphenylene stationary phase permitted to obtain high resolution and a fast chromatographic run. Validation was accomplished in terms of limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity, precision, and trueness. The accuracy of the method was successfully tested on a number of partially skimmed milk samples. Excellent limits of detection for all analytes make this method eligible, also with respect to a gas chromatographic/mass spectrometry approach, for routine analysis and quality control in the dairy industries.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilenia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Idda
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Spano
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciulu
authors.affiliation: Università di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato-Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: Valeria M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Nurchi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Panzanelli
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Pilo
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: Gavino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sanna
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005947:Glucose; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D009005:Monosaccharides / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004187:Disaccharides; D009005:Monosaccharides; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Disaccharides; Gas chromatography; Lactose; Milk; Monosaccharides