title: Unmet Needs in the Management of Cervical Dystonia.
abstract: Cervical dystonia (CD) is a movement disorder which affects daily living of many patients. In clinical practice, several unmet treatment needs remain open. This article focuses on the four main aspects of treatment. We describe existing and emerging treatment approaches for CD, including botulinum toxin injections, surgical therapy, management of non-motor symptoms, and rehabilitation strategies. The unsolved issues regarding each of these treatments are identified and discussed, and possible future approaches and research lines are proposed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maria Fiorella
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Contarino
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marenka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands; Faculty of Health, ACHIEVE Centre of Applied Research, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joost
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van den Dool
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Clinic of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Volkmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marina A J
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tijssen
keywords: botulinum toxin; cervical dystonia; deep brain stimulation; non-motor features; physical therapy modalities