title: Hierarchy and Speed of Loss in Physical Functioning: A Comparison Across Older U.S. and English Men and Women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We aimed to identify the hierarchy of rates of decline in 16 physical functioning measures in U.S. and English samples, using a systematic and integrative coordinated data analysis approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  The U.S. sample consisted of 13,612 Health and Retirement Study participants, and the English sample consisted of 5,301 English Longitudinal Study of Ageing participants. Functional loss was ascertained using self-reported difficulties performing 6 activities of daily living and 10 mobility tasks. The variables were standardized, rates of decline were computed, and mean rates of decline were ranked. Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to compare rates of decline between studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both studies, the rates of decline followed a similar pattern; difficulty with eating was the activity that showed the slowest decline and climbing several flights of stairs and stooping, kneeling, or crouching the fastest declines. There were statistical differences in the speed of decline in all 16 measures between countries. American women had steeper declines in 10 of the measures than English women. Similar differences were found between American and English men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reporting difficulties climbing several flights of stairs without resting, and stooping, kneeling, or crouching are the first indicators of functional loss reported in both populations.
authors.affiliation: MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bendayan
authors.affiliation: MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, London, UK.
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Wloch
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Piccinin
authors.affiliation: Centre for Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Graciela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muniz-Terrera
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000145:classification; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000208:ethnology / Q000502:physiology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D057566:Self Report; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Activities of daily living; Aging; Decline; Mobility