title: Pharmacogenetics of asthma: toward precision medicine.
abstract: Although currently available drugs to treat asthma are effective in most patients, a proportion of patients do not respond or experience side-effects; which is partly genetically determined. Pharmacogenetics is the study of how genetic variations influence drug response. In this review, we summarize prior results and recent studies in pharmacogenetics to determine if we can use genetic profiles for personalized treatment of asthma.
  
  
  
  The field of pharmacogenetics has moved from candidate gene studies in single populations toward genome-wide association studies and meta-analysis of multiple studies. New technologies have been used to enrich results, and an expanding number of genetic loci have been associated with therapeutic responses to asthma drugs. Prospective, genotype-stratified treatment studies have been conducted for β2-agonists, showing attenuated response in children carrying the Arg16 variant in the β2-adrenoreceptor gene.
  
  
  
  Although there has been much progress, many findings have not been replicated and currently known genetic loci only account for a fraction of variability in drug response. More research is necessary to translate into clinical practice. A polygenic predictive approach integrated in complex networks with other 'omics' technologies could aid to achieve this goal. Finally, to change clinical practice, studies that compare precision medicine with traditional medicine are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen; GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elin T G
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Kersten
authors.forename: Gerard H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Koppelman
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000379:methods; D057285:Precision Medicine