title: Cost analysis of tuberculin skin test and the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-tube test for tuberculosis screening in a correctional setting in Dallas, Texas, USA.
abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) disproportionately affects immigrants, HIV-infected individuals, and those living in crowded settings such as homeless shelters and correctional facilities. Although the majority of jails and prisons use a tuberculin skin test (TST) for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) screening, limited data exist on the clinical performance and costs of the TST compared to interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs) in this setting.
  
  
  
  A prospective pilot study comparing cost between TST and an IGRA (QuantiFERON Gold In-tube, QFT-GIT) for the detection of LTBI in a convenience sample of inmates entering the Dallas County Jail (DCJ) was conducted June-October 2014. Participants completed a risk questionnaire, TST placement, QFT-GIT testing, and were offered opt-out HIV-Ab testing. LTBI prevalence based on TST and QFT-GIT results, an evaluation of discordant results and a cost analysis are presented.
  
  
  
  A total of 529 subjects were enrolled. The majority were male (75 %), and 46 % were Black, 29 % White, and 24 % Hispanic. Most (85 %) had been previously incarcerated. Over 28 % of participants were released prior to TST reading, with paired QFT-GIT and TST results available for 351 subjects. Of these, nine (2.6 %) tested positive by TST and 47 (13.4 %) tested positive by QFT-GIT. It costs $23.27 more per inmate per year to screen with QFT-GIT than TST in this population, though the cost per LTBI case detected was nearly three times higher for TST than QFT-GIT ($1247 v $460).
  
  
  
  We found a substantially higher rate of QFT-GIT positivity compared to TST in this sample of individuals entering the Dallas County Jail. Although no gold standard exists, this finding may indicate under-recognized LTBI in this setting. QFT-GIT as an initial screening tool was more time-efficient, had four-fold fewer labor costs and provided results on more individuals when compared with the TST. The overall cost of QFT-GIT was $23.27 more per inmate per year, though the cost per LTBI case detected was nearly three times higher for TST than QFT-GIT. Further research is needed to determine the long-term performance of IGRA testing in the correctional setting and the public health implications of pairing QFT-GIT screening with other tests for communicable diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA. Ank.Nijhawan@UTSouthwestern.edu.|Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, Texas, USA. Ank.Nijhawan@UTSouthwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Ank E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Nijhawan
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Princess A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Iroh
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Systems Research, Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Larry S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Rutgers University Correctional Health Care, Rutgers University, Trenton, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Winetsky
authors.affiliation: Office of Strategy and Integration, Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Esmaeil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Porsa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D059425:Interferon-gamma Release Tests / Q000191:economics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000276:immunology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015995:Prevalence; D011329:Prisoners; D011330:Prisons; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013781:Texas; D014374:Tuberculin Test / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: IGRA; Jail; QFT-GIT; Screening; TST; Tuberculosis