title: Permitting patients to pay for participation in clinical trials: the advent of the P4 trial.
abstract: In this article we explore the ethical issues raised by permitting patients to pay for participation (P4) in clinical trials, and discuss whether there are any categorical objections to this practice. We address key considerations concerning payment for participation in trials, including patient autonomy, risk/benefit and justice, taking account of two previous critiques of the ethics of P4. We conclude that such trials could be ethical under certain strict conditions, but only if other potential sources of funding have first been explored or are unavailable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Ethics and Society, CAPHRI Research School, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. d.shaw@maastrichtuniversity.nl.|Institute for Biomedical Ethics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. d.shaw@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Ethics and Society, CAPHRI Research School, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Wert
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Ethics and Society, CAPHRI Research School, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wybo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dondorp
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Ethics and Society, CAPHRI Research School, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Townend
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bos
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Gelder
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000191:economics* / Q000941:ethics; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D009014:Morals; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000191:economics*; D018570:Risk Assessment
keywords: Clinical trials; Crowdfunding; Exploitation; Participatory research; Patient participation; Research ethics