title: Acute and chronic effects from pulse exposure of D. magna to silver and copper oxide nanoparticles.
abstract: Aquatic toxicity testing of nanoparticles (NPs) is challenged by their dynamic behavior in test suspensions. The resulting difficulties in controlling and characterizing exposure concentrations are detrimental to the generation of concentration-response data needed for hazard identification of NPs. This study explores the applicability of short-term (1, 2 and 3h) pulse exposures as means to keep the exposure stable and at the same time disclose acute and chronic effects of AgNPs and CuONPs in D. magna. Dissolution, agglomeration and sedimentation were found to have less influence on exposure concentrations during 1-3h pulses than for 24-48h continuous exposures. For AgNPs, preparation of test suspensions in medium 24h before toxicity testing (aging) increased stability during the short-term pulses. In pulse tests, organisms were exposed to the test materials, AgNPs and CuONPs for 1, 2 and 3h, and afterwards transferred to clean medium and observed for 48h (post-exposure period) for acute effects and for 21 d for chronic effects. AgNO3and CuCl2were used as reference materials for dissolved silver and copper, respectively. For all test materials, a 3h pulse caused comparable immobility in D. magna (observed after 48h post-exposure) as 24h continuous exposure, as evidenced by overlapping 95% confidence intervals of EC50-values. In the 21 d post-exposure period, no trends in mortality or body length were identified. AgNP and AgNO3pulses had no effect on the number of moltings, days to first live offspring or cumulated number of offspring, but the number of offspring increased for AgNPs (3h pulse only). In contrast, CuONP and CuCl2pulses decreased the number of moltings and offspring, and for CuONPs the time to first live offspring was prolonged. After CuONP exposures, the offspring production decreased more with increasing concentrations than for CuCl2exposures when taking the measured dissolved copper into account. This indicates a nanoparticle-specific effect for CuONPs, possibly related to the CuONPs accumulated in the gut of D. magna during the pulse exposure. Pulse exposure is an environmentally relevant exposure scenario for NPs, which for AgNPs and CuONPs enables more stable exposures and cause acute immobility of D. magna comparable to continuous 24h exposures. Pulse exposure is likely relevant and applicable for other toxic and dissolving metal NPs, but this requires further research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. Electronic address: sans@env.dtu.dk.
authors.forename: Sara Nørgaard
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Hans-Christian
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Holten Lützhøft
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Rose
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 115, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D010087:Oxides / Q000633:toxicity*; D018030:Silver Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D010087:Oxides; D018030:Silver Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003300:Copper; C040225:disilver oxide; C030973:cupric oxide
keywords: Endpoints; Exposure control; Hazard identification; Nanoecotoxicology; Pulse exposure