title: Season and landscape composition affect pollen foraging distances and habitat use of honey bees.
abstract: Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) show a large variation in foraging distances and use a broad range of plant species as pollen resources, even in regions with intensive agriculture. However, it is unknown how increasing areas of mass-flowering crops like oilseed rape (Brassica napus; OSR) or a decrease of seminatural habitats (SNH) change the temporal and spatial availability of pollen resources for honey bee colonies, and thus foraging distances and frequency in different habitat types. We studied pollen foraging of honey bee colonies in 16 agricultural landscapes with independent gradients of OSR and SNH area within 2 km and used waggle dances and digital geographic maps with major land cover types to reveal the distance and visited habitat type on a landscape level. Mean pollen foraging distance of 1347 decoded bee dances was 1015 m (± 26 m; SEM). In spring, increasing area of flowering OSR within 2 km reduced mean pollen foraging distances from 1324 m to only 435 m. In summer, increasing cover of SNH areas close to the colonies (within 200 m radius) reduced mean pollen foraging distances from 846 to 469 m. Frequency of pollen foragers per habitat type, measured as the number of dances per hour and hectare, was equally high for SNH, grassland, and OSR fields, but lower for other crops and forests. In landscapes with a small proportion of SNH a significantly higher density of pollen foragers on SNH was observed, indicating that pollen resources in such simple agricultural landscapes are more limited. Overall, we conclude that SNH and mass-flowering crops can reduce foraging distances of honey bee colonies at different scales and seasons with possible benefits for the performance of honey bee colonies. Further, mixed agricultural landscapes with a high proportion of SNH reduce foraging densities of honey bees in SNH and thus possible competition for pollen resources.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany. nadja.danner@uni-wuerzburg.de.
authors.forename: Nadja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Danner
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Molitor
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schiele
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Härtel
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ingolf
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Steffan-Dewenter
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution; D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D017753:Ecosystem; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D011058:Pollen; D012621:Seasons
keywords: 
  Brassica napus
  ; Apis mellifera L.; Land use intensification; oilseed rape; pollination; resource competition; seminatural habitat