title: Protodioscin ameliorates fructose-induced renal injury via inhibition of the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High dietary fructose can cause metabolic syndrome and renal injury.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The effects of protodioscin on metabolic syndrome and renal injury were investigated in mice receiving high-dose fructose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice received 30% (w/v) fructose in water and standard chow for 6 weeks to induce metabolic syndrome and were divided into four groups to receive carboxymethylcellulose sodium, allopurinol (5 mg/kg) and protodioscin (5 and 10 mg/kg) continuously for 6 weeks, respectively. The glucose intolerance, serum uric acid (UA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Protodioscin significantly improved glucose intolerance and reduced the levels of serum UA, BUN, Cr, TC and TG. Histological examinations showed that protodioscin ameliorated glomerular and tubular pathological changes. Protodioscin significantly reduced renal concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α by inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor-κB, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. In addition, the effect of protodioscin on the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway was examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, protodioscin is a potential drug candidate for high dietary fructose-induced metabolic syndrome and renal injury.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane Nanjing 210009, PR China.
authors.forename: Jinyang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Marine Bio-resource Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaolin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Lianyungang 222001, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhaoqing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane Nanjing 210009, PR China. Electronic address: crguocpu@126.com.
authors.forename: Changrun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000009:adverse effects; D027742:Dioscorea / Q000737:chemistry*; D004144:Diosgenin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005632:Fructose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012503:Saponins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012503:Saponins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014527:Uric Acid; D005632:Fructose; C459619:protodioscin; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D004144:Diosgenin
keywords: High fructose feeding; Inflammatory; MAPK pathway; Protodioscin; Renal injury