title: [Noninvasive cerebral stimulation for treatment of ADHD: A review of the literature].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this review is to summarize the available data in the literature about the therapeutic applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The scientific literature search of international articles was performed in February 2016 using the PubMed electronic database. The following MeSH terms were employed: "attention-deficit disorder with hyperactivity" AND "transcranial magnetic stimulation", "attention-deficit disorder with hyperactivity" AND "transcranial direct current stimulation".
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five studies were retained by the literature search and were included in the review about rTMS and ADHD. Except for one study, they all showed significant positive effects of rTMS on ADHD. Four studies were retained by the literature search and were included in the review about tDCS and ADHD. Three of them showed significant positive effects of tDCS on ADHD. Two of them used tDCS during sleep at a frequency<1Hz. Only low-level evidences are available to support treatment with rTMS or tDCS in patients with ADHD. Indeed, randomized controlled trials are rare in this field of research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of rTMS and tDCS in ADHD. rTMS could be used as an alternative therapy when methylphenidate is not well tolerated or shows an insufficient efficacy. Nevertheless, the optimal target, frequency and duration remain to be determined. tDCS can modulate attention in healthy subjects but data are insufficient in ADHD to conclude. It could be interesting to study its use in association with cognitive remediation to enhance its cognitive efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Pôle universitaire de psychiatrie, hôpital La Conception, 147, boulevard Baille, 13005 Marseille, France; EA 3279, laboratoire de santé publique évaluation des systèmes de soins et santé perçue, faculté de médecine, université de la Méditerranée, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brandejsky
authors.affiliation: Services d'explorations fonctionnelles du système nerveux, clinique du sommeil, CHU de Bordeaux, place Amélie-Raba-Leon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; USR CNRS 3413 SANPSY, université de Bordeaux, CHU Pellegrin, 33076 Bordeaux, France. Electronic address: jarthur.micoulaud@gmail.com.
authors.forename: J-A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Micoulaud Franchi
authors.affiliation: Unité des troubles du sommeil, service de neurologie, hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, 34000 Montpellier, France; Inserm U1061, 34000 Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: USR CNRS 3413 SANPSY, université de Bordeaux, CHU Pellegrin, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Pôle universitaire de psychiatrie enfants et adolescents, centre hospitalier Charles-Perrens, 121, rue de la Béchade, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bioulac
authors.affiliation: Unité de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, hôpital Salvator, 13009 Marseille, France; Institut des neuroscience de la Timone, 13005 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Da Fonseca
authors.affiliation: Cabinet Saint-Augustin, psychiatrie, psychothérapie, neurofeedback, 63, rue Pelouse-de-Douet, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Daudet
authors.affiliation: Pôle universitaire de psychiatrie, hôpital La Conception, 147, boulevard Baille, 13005 Marseille, France; EA 3279, laboratoire de santé publique évaluation des systèmes de soins et santé perçue, faculté de médecine, université de la Méditerranée, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.affiliation: Pôle universitaire de psychiatrie, hôpital La Conception, 147, boulevard Baille, 13005 Marseille, France; EA 3279, laboratoire de santé publique évaluation des systèmes de soins et santé perçue, faculté de médecine, université de la Méditerranée, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Richieri
authors.affiliation: Pôle universitaire de psychiatrie, hôpital La Conception, 147, boulevard Baille, 13005 Marseille, France; EA 3279, laboratoire de santé publique évaluation des systèmes de soins et santé perçue, faculté de médecine, université de la Méditerranée, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lançon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Attention-deficit disorder with hyperactivity; Déficit de l’attention avec hyperactivité; Stimulation magnétique transcrânienne; Stimulation transcrânienne à courant continu; Transcranial direct current stimulation; Transcranial magnetic stimulation