title: Tactics for preclinical validation of receptor-binding radiotracers.
abstract: Aspects of radiopharmaceutical development are illustrated through preclinical studies of [125I]-(E)-1-(2-(2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl)ethyl)-4-(iodoallyl)piperazine ([125I]-E-IA-BF-PE-PIPZE), a radioligand for sigma-1 (σ1) receptors, coupled with examples from the recent literature. Findings are compared to those previously observed for [125I]-(E)-1-(2-(2,3-dimethoxy-5-yl)ethyl)-4-(iodoallyl)piperazine ([125I]-E-IA-DM-PE-PIPZE).
  
  
  
  Syntheses of E-IA-BF-PE-PIPZE and [125I]-E-IA-BF-PE-PIPZE were accomplished by standard methods. In vitro receptor binding studies and autoradiography were performed, and binding potential was predicted. Measurements of lipophilicity and protein binding were obtained. In vivo studies were conducted in mice to evaluate radioligand stability, as well as specific binding to σ1sites in brain, brain regions and peripheral organs in the presence and absence of potential blockers.
  
  
  
  E-IA-BF-PE-PIPZE exhibited high affinity and selectivity for σ1receptors (Ki= 0.43 ± 0.03 nM, σ2/σ1= 173). [125I]-E-IA-BF-PE-PIPZE was prepared in good yield and purity, with high specific activity. Radioligand binding provided dissociation (koff) and association (kon) rate constants, along with a measured Kdof 0.24 ± 0.01 nM and Bmaxof 472 ± 13 fmol/mg protein. The radioligand proved suitable for quantitative autoradiography in vitro using brain sections. Moderate lipophilicity, Log D7.42.69 ± 0.28, was determined, and protein binding was 71 ± 0.3%. In vivo, high initial whole brain uptake, >6% injected dose/g, cleared slowly over 24 h. Specific binding represented 75% to 93% of total binding from 15 min to 24 h. Findings were confirmed and extended by regional brain biodistribution. Radiometabolites were not observed in brain (1%).
  
  
  
  Substitution of dihydrobenzofuranylethyl for dimethoxyphenethyl increased radioligand affinity for σ1receptors by 16-fold. While high specific binding to σ1receptors was observed for both radioligands in vivo, [125I]-E-IA-BF-PE-PIPZE displayed much slower clearance kinetics than [125I]-E-IA-DM-PE-PIPZE. Thus, minor structural modifications of σ1receptor radioligands lead to major differences in binding properties in vitro and in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, Columbia, MO, USA. Electronic address: levers@missouri.edu.
authors.forename: Susan Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Lever
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Kuo-Hsien
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA. Electronic address: leverj@health.missouri.edu.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lever
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D017480:Receptors, sigma / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017480:Receptors, sigma
keywords: Imaging; Radiopharmaceutical; Radiopharmacology; Radiotracer; Sigma receptor; Validation