title: Up-Regulation of Antioxidant Proteins in the Plasma Proteome during Saturation Diving: Unique Coincidence under Hypobaric Hypoxia.
abstract: Saturation diving (SD) is one of the safest techniques for tolerating hyperbaric conditions for long durations. However, the changes in the human plasma protein profile that occur during SD are unknown. To identify differential protein expression during or after SD, 65 blood samples from 15 healthy Japanese men trained in SD were analyzed by two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis. The expression of two proteins, one 32.4 kDa with an isoelectric point (pI) of 5.8 and the other 44.8 kDa with pI 4.0, were elevated during SD to 60, 100, and 200 meters sea water (msw). The expression of these proteins returned to pre-diving level when the SD training was completed. The two proteins were identified using in-gel digestion and mass spectrometric analysis; the 32.4 kDa protein was transthyretin and the 44.8 kDa protein was alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1. Oxidation was detected at methionine 13 of transthyretin and at methionine 129 of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1 by tandem mass spectrometry. Moreover, haptoglobin was up-regulated during the decompression phase of 200 msw. These plasma proteins up-regulated during SD have a common function as anti-oxidants. This suggests that by coordinating their biological effects, these proteins activate a defense mechanism to counteract the effects of hyperbaric-hyperoxic conditions during SD.
authors.affiliation: Research Division, Maritime Self-Defense Force Undersea Medical Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideharu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Domoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, SASAKI Institute, Kyoundo Hospital, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iwaya
authors.affiliation: National Defense Medical College Research Institute, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumitaka
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ikomi
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.affiliation: Research Division, Maritime Self-Defense Force Undersea Medical Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tadano
authors.affiliation: Research Division, Maritime Self-Defense Force Undersea Medical Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigenori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.affiliation: Research Division, Maritime Self-Defense Force Undersea Medical Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tachi
authors.affiliation: JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.affiliation: Research Division, Maritime Self-Defense Force Undersea Medical Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Research Division, Maritime Self-Defense Force Undersea Medical Center, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Kimitoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology and Bio-Nano Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Nariyoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shinomiya
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004242:Diving; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia; D007526:Isoelectric Point; D008297:Male; D009961:Orosomucoid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry; D011228:Prealbumin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D020543:Proteome / Q000032:analysis*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001798:Blood Proteins; D006242:Haptoglobins; D009961:Orosomucoid; D010455:Peptides; D011228:Prealbumin; D020543:Proteome