title: Evaluation of the Applicability of Different Age Determination Methods for Estimating Age of the Endangered African Wild Dog (Lycaon Pictus).
abstract: African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) are endangered and their population continues to decline throughout their range. Given their conservation status, more research focused on their population dynamics, population growth and age specific mortality is needed and this requires reliable estimates of age and age of mortality. Various age determination methods from teeth and skull measurements have been applied in numerous studies and it is fundamental to test the validity of these methods and their applicability to different species. In this study we assessed the accuracy of estimating chronological age and age class of African wild dogs, from dental age measured by (i) counting cementum annuli (ii) pulp cavity/tooth width ratio, (iii) tooth wear (measured by tooth crown height) (iv) tooth wear (measured by tooth crown width/crown height ratio) (v) tooth weight and (vi) skull measurements (length, width and height). A sample of 29 African wild dog skulls, from opportunistically located carcasses was analysed. Linear and ordinal regression analysis was done to investigate the performance of each of the six age determination methods in predicting wild dog chronological age and age class. Counting cementum annuli was the most accurate method for estimating chronological age of wild dogs with a 79% predictive capacity, while pulp cavity/tooth width ratio was also a reliable method with a 68% predictive capacity. Counting cementum annuli and pulp cavity/tooth width ratio were again the most accurate methods for separating wild dogs into three age classes (6-24 months; 25-60 months and > 60 months), with a McFadden's Pseudo-R2 of 0.705 and 0.412 respectively. The use of the cementum annuli method is recommended when estimating age of wild dogs since it is the most reliable method. However, its use is limited as it requires tooth extraction and shipping, is time consuming and expensive, and is not applicable to living individuals. Pulp cavity/tooth width ratio is a moderately reliable method for estimating both chronological age and age class. This method gives a balance between accuracy, cost and practicability, therefore it is recommended when precise age estimations are not paramount.
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Moreangels M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6868-052X
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mbizah
authors.affiliation: Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Steenkamp
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa.|African Wildlife Conservation Fund, Chishakwe Ranch, Birchenough Bridge, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Rosemary J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Groom
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D000366:Age Determination by Teeth / Q000379:methods; D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D046028:Canidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D003739:Dental Cementum / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D056727:Endangered Species; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014070:Tooth / Q000033:anatomy & histology