title: Dietary Foeniculum vulgare Mill extract attenuated UVB irradiation-induced skin photoaging by activating of Nrf2 and inhibiting MAPK pathways.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Foeniculum vulgare Mill (FV) has long been prescribed in traditional medicine due to its antioxidant anti-inflammatory properties. However, little research has been done on the use of FV to alleviate changes in UVB-induced photoaging PURPOSE: This study was to investigate the photoprotective effects and mechanism of FV in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anti-photoaging effect of FV was assessed in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) in vitro. The secretion of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), GSH, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), procollagen type I, IL-6 and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) were measured by kits. Additionally, the level of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), p-ERK and p38 were evaluated by western blotting. In vivo, H&E and Masson's trichrome staining were employed. The expression of MMP-1, procollagen type I, TGF-β1 and elastin were measured by western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FV significantly increased the production of collagen, elastin and TGF-β1 levels, while blocked matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) production in UVB irradiation induced hairless mice, which were consistent with the result in NHDFs. Furthermore, FV dose-dependently decreased the production of ROS and LDH by promoting the nuclear amount of Nrf2 and enhancing the expression of cytoprotective antioxidants such as GSH. FV also significantly quenched UVB-induced phosphorylation of ERK and p38 in NHDFs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that FV is a potential botanical agent for the treatment of skin damage induced by UV irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Material and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University Global Campus, 1732 Deokyoungdaero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Zhengwang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Material and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University Global Campus, 1732 Deokyoungdaero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Yong
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Material and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University Global Campus, 1732 Deokyoungdaero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eunson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Material and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University Global Campus, 1732 Deokyoungdaero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Bom
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Material and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University Global Campus, 1732 Deokyoungdaero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seul A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Material and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University Global Campus, 1732 Deokyoungdaero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Gyeong
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Material and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University Global Campus, 1732 Deokyoungdaero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mengyang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicinal Material and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University Global Campus, 1732 Deokyoungdaero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Republic of Korea.. Electronic address: drhoo@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Tae-Hoo
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Yi
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D004032:Diet; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D030001:Foeniculum / Q000737:chemistry*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000819:agonists*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015595:Skin Aging / Q000187:drug effects*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; C495635:NFE2L2 protein, human; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
keywords: Collagen; Foeniculum vulgare Mill; Matrix metalloproteinases; UVB