title: Association of allergic rhinitis, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and all-cause mortality.
abstract: Inflammation is implicated in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Allergic diseases also involve a systemic inflammatory state, which may potentiate cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  
  To examine the association of allergic rhinitis, coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and all-cause mortality.
  
  
  
  We conducted a retrospective, population-based, matched cohort study comparing the incidence of CHD, CVD, and all-cause mortality from January 1, 1999, through December 31, 2012, in patients with International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, documented allergic rhinitis matched 1:1 by age, sex, and ethnicity to a reference cohort without allergic rhinitis within Kaiser Permanente Southern California. Fully adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated. Further analyses for those with positive environmental allergen specific IgE (sIgE) test results within the allergic rhinitis cohort were also performed.
  
  
  
  Patients with physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis (N = 110, 207 in matched cohort) had significantly lower risk for myocardial infarction (HR, 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59-0.67; P < .001), all CHD (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.78-0.84; P < .001), CVD (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.64-0.70; P < .001), and all-cause mortality (HR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.40-0.43; P < .001). The results were similar after excluding patients with asthma. Patients with positive sIgE test result also had a decreased risk of all CHD (relative risk [RR], 0.87; 95% CI, 0.79-0.95; P = .003) but no association with cerebrovascular events (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.77-1.02; P = .10) and all-cause mortality (RR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.00-1.34; P = .06).
  
  
  
  We found that the presence of allergic rhinitis was associated with decreased CHD, CVD, and all-cause mortality. This decreased risk was more pronounced after excluding patients with asthma. Patients with positive sIgE test results also had decreased risk of CHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Angelina M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Crans Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California.
authors.forename: Vicki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Jamal S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.affiliation: Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. Electronic address: javed.sheikh@kp.org.
authors.forename: Javed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sheikh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D065631:Rhinitis, Allergic / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D007073:Immunoglobulin E