title: Associations of lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and physical activity) with type 2 diabetes among American adults from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2014.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the long term, unhealthy lifestyles can lead to many health problems, especially type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of the present study was to determine associations between lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and diet) and T2D in American adults (aged ≥20 years) in a nationally representative sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data for 12 987 American adults participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2014 were evaluated. Weighted multiple logistic regression models were used to examine associations between the four lifestyle factors and T2D after adjusting for demographics and socioeconomic status (SES). Prevalence trends for T2D were examined using Cochran-Armitage tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant increasing prevalence trend for T2D among American adults. Smokers and individuals consuming >12 alcoholic drinks in the past year were less likely to report having T2D than non-smokers (odds ratio [OR] 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35-0.48) and those consuming <12 alcoholic drinks (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.39-0.55). Participants with light physical activity have a greater likelihood of having T2D than those engaging in vigorous physical activity (OR 5.72; 95% CI 4.30-7.60). Individuals consuming a poor diet were more likely to report having T2D than those eating an excellent diet (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.02-1.41). All these relationships remained significant after adjustment for demographics and SES.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All four lifestyle factors were significantly associated with T2D among American adults. The findings of the present study provide useful information for healthcare providers that may help them promote specific lifestyle modifications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Kesheng
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Mildred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maisonet
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Shimin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: 2型糖尿病; alcohol consumption; healthy diet; lifestyle; physical activity; type 2 diabetes; 体力活动; 健康饮食; 生活方式; 酒精消耗量