title: Physical activity types and life expectancy with and without cardiovascular disease: the Rotterdam Study.
abstract: We aimed to determine the contribution of specific physical activity (PA) types (i.e. walking, cycling, domestic work, sports and gardening) on total life expectancy (LE) and LE with and without cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  
  
  
  We constructed multistate life tables to calculate the effects of total PA and PA types on LE, among individuals older than 55 years from the Rotterdam Study. For the life table calculations, we used sex-specific prevalences, incident rates and hazard ratios for three transitions (healthy-to-CVD, healthy-to-death and CVD-to-death) by levels of PA and adjusted for confounders.
  
  
  
  High total PA was associated with gains in total and CVD-free LE. High cycling contributed to higher total LE in men (3.7 years) and women (2.1 years) and higher LE without CVD in men (3.1 years) and women (2.4 years). Total and CVD-free LE were increased by high domestic work in women (2.6 and 2.4 years, respectively) and high gardening in men (2.7 and 2.0 years, respectively).
  
  
  
  Higher PA levels are associated with increased LE and more years lived without CVD. Of the different PA types, cycling provided high effects in both men and women. Cycling could be more strongly encouraged in activity guidelines to maximize the population benefits of PA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Klodian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dhana
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Chantal M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Koolhaas
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam.
authors.forename: Mathilde A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Berghout
authors.affiliation: Obesity and Population Health, Deakin University, Burwood HWY, VIC 3125, Australia.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M Arfan
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ikram
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tiemeier
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wilma
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nusselder
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Oscar H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Franco
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: circulatory disease; epidemiology; physical activity