title: Phyllanthin from Phyllanthus amarus inhibits cellular and humoral immune responses in Balb/C mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phyllanthin found in many Phyllanthus species has various biochemical and pharmacological properties especially on its hepatoprotective effects. However, its effect on the immune system has not been well documented.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, phyllanthin isolated from Phyllanthus amarus was investigated for its immunosuppressive effects on various cellular and humoral immune responses in Balb/C mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male mice were treated daily at 20, 40 and 100mg/kg of phyllanthin for 14 days by oral gavage. The effects of phyllanthin on cellular immune responses in treated /non treated mice were determined by measuring CD 11b/CD 18 integrin expression, phagocytosis, nitric oxide (NO) production, myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), T and B cells proliferation, lymphocyte phenotyping, serum cytokines production by activated T-cells and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). Its effects on humoral immune responses were evaluated by determining the serum levels of lysozyme and ceruloplasmin, and immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phyllanthin dose-dependently inhibited CD11b/CD18 adhesion, the engulfment of E. coli by peritoneal macrophages molecules, NO and MPO release in treated mice. Phyllanthin caused significant and dose-dependent inhibition of T and B lymphocytes proliferation and down-regulation of the Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4) cytokines. Phyllanthin at 100mg/kg caused a significant reduction in the percentage expression of CD4+and CD8+in splenocytes and the inhibition was comparable to that of cyclosporin A at 50mg/kg. At 100mg/kg, phyllanthin also dose-dependently exhibited strong inhibition on the sheep red blood cell (sRBC)-induced swelling rate of mice paw in DTH. Significant inhibition of serum levels of ceruloplasmin and lysozyme were observed in mice fed with higher doses (40 and 100mg/kg) of phyllanthin. Anti-sRBC immunoglobulins (IgM and IgG) antibody titer was down-regulated in immunized and phyllanthin-treated mice in a dose-dependent manner with maximum inhibition being observed at 100mg/kg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strong inhibitory effects of phyllanthin on the cellular and humoral immune responses suggest that phyllanthin may be a good candidate for development into an effective immunosuppressive agent.
authors.affiliation: Drug and Herbal Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Menaga
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ilangkovan
authors.affiliation: Drug and Herbal Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: profibj@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jantan
authors.affiliation: Drug and Herbal Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Syed Nasir Abbas
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Bukhari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016516:CD4-CD8 Ratio; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000276:immunology; D004926:Escherichia coli; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects*; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000187:drug effects*; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000097:blood; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D017705:Lignans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D029803:Phyllanthus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012756:Sheep
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D017705:Lignans; D010936:Plant Extracts; C517985:phyllanthin
keywords: Cellular immunity; Delayed type hypersensitivity; Humoral immunity; Immunoglobulins; Immunosuppressant; Phyllanthin