title: Three-dimensional analysis of incisive canals in human dentulous and edentulous maxillary bones.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to reveal the structural properties that need to be considered in dental implant treatment by investigating differences between dentulous and edentulous maxillae in the three-dimensional (3D) microstructure of the incisive canals (ICs) and their surrounding bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 40 maxillary bones comprising 20 dentulous maxillae and 20 edentulous maxillae were imaged by micro-CT for 3D observation and measurement of the IC and alveolar bone in the anterior region of the IC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Y-morphology canal was most frequently observed at 60% in dentulous maxilla and 55% in edentulous maxilla. There was a significant difference between dentulous and edentulous maxillae in IC diameter and volume, but no significant difference between the two in the major axis of the ICs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anatomic structure surrounding the IC has limited area for implant placement. Therefore, where esthetic and long-term maintenance requirements are taken into account, careful attention is needed when setting the placement position. Also, due to the resorption of bone, edentulous maxillae have a different IC morphology from dentulous maxillae, and therefore, a cautious approach is required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan. fukudam@tdc.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsunaga
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan.
authors.forename: Kento
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Odaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuuya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oomine
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kasahara
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahito
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Dental College, 2-9-18, Misaki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0061, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abe
keywords: Anatomy; Dental implant; Incisive canal; Maxilla; Micro-computed tomography; Three-dimensional structure