title: Serum folate predicts muscle strength: a pilot cross-sectional study of the association between serum vitamin levels and muscle strength and gait measures in patients >65 years old with diabetes mellitus in a primary care setting.
abstract: Old age and diabetes mellitus are risk factors for vitamin deficiencies, weakness and falls. Deficiencies of vitamin D, and possibly vitamin B12 and folate (which are associated with hyperhomocysteinaemia), contribute to sarcopenia. Determination of the physical effects of vitamin deficiencies in specific groups of people can help to guide public health policy with regard to vitamin supplementation.
  
  
  
  A pilot cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the association of levels of vitamin D, vitamin B12, folate and homocysteine with muscle strength, gait and fall history in 56 patients >65 years old with diabetes mellitus in primary care in Singapore. Hand-grip and leg-quadriceps strength measures were obtained and divided by body mass index (BMI). The timed up-and-go and Tinetti tests were used to measure gait. A history of "at least one fall in the preceding year" was obtained.
  
  
  
  Vitamin B12 deficiency (<150 pmol/l) was present in 43 % of patients, folate deficiency (<13.5 mmol/l) in 20 %, hyperhomocysteinaemia (≥15.0 μmol/l) in 52 % and vitamin D deficiency (<49.9 nmol/l) in 25 %. Levels of vitamin D, vitamin B12 and homocysteine did not significantly predict muscle strength in regression analyses. Folate (B = 0.010, P < 0.01) and gender (B = 0.356, P < 0.001) predicted average grip strength corrected for BMI (F(2,53) = 17.74, P < 0.001, R2= 0.40) Folate (B = 0.011, P < 0.05) and gender (B = 0.367, P < 0.001) also predicted average leg quadriceps strength corrected for BMI (F(2,53) = 9.79, P < 0.001, R2= 0.27). Average leg strength and average leg strength corrected for BMI were both negatively associated with the risk of having fallen in the preceding year (odds ratio (OR) = 0.89, 95 % CI 0.80-0.98, P < 0.05 and OR = 0.12, 95 % CI 0.02-0.92, P < 0.05, respectively).
  
  
  
  The prevalence of vitamin deficiency was very high in our sample of patients >65 years old with diabetes mellitus. Folate levels were significantly correlated with grip and leg strength (with correction for BMI). Leg strength was positively correlated with gait measures and negatively correlated with a history of falls. The role of folate in muscle weakness and falls warrants further study.
authors.affiliation: SingHealth Polyclinics, Marine Parade Polyclinic, Blk 80 Marine Parade Central, #01-792, Singapore, 440080, Singapore. andrew.wee@singhealth.com.sg.
authors.forename: Andrew Kien Han
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Wee
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D005494:Folic Acid Deficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood; D014806:Vitamin B 12 Deficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D006710:Homocysteine; D014807:Vitamin D; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12
keywords: Falls; Fast-gait speed; Homocysteine; Sarcopenia; Vitamin B12; Vitamin D