title: Topical application of Moringa oleifera leaf extract ameliorates experimentally induced atopic dermatitis by the regulation of Th1/Th2/Th17 balance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions and has been used as a vegetable and in traditional medicine. In this study, the anti-atopic dermatitis activity of the ethanol extract of M. oleifera leaf was investigated in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the in vitro study, HaCaT human keratinocytes were used for cytokines and MAPKinase assay. In the in vivo study, M. oleifera leaf ethanolic extract (MO) was topically applied to BALB/c mice with Dermatophagoides farinae extract (DFE; house dust mite extract)- and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of TNF-α, CCL17, IL-1β, IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokine-related mRNA, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced HaCaT keratinocytes were reduced by MO. Epidermal and dermal ear thickness, mast cell infiltration, serum immunoglobulin levels, as well as gene expression of various cytokines in the ear tissue, lymph nodes, and splenocytes were improved by treatment with MO. In addition, MO reduced the expression of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γT (RORγT), thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and mannose receptor (CD206) mRNA in the ear tissue and improved cervical lymph node size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study strongly suggest the beneficial effects of MO on AD via the regulation of inflammatory responses.
authors.affiliation: Division of Sport Science, College of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Ju
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Trishna
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Debnath
authors.affiliation: Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea; Jilin Sino-Rok Institute of Animal Science, Changchun 130-600, China.
authors.forename: Yujiao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Bae
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.affiliation: Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: eunkyungkim@kku.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Eun-Kyung
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D004423:Ear / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000097:blood; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D029588:Moringa oleifera / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013154:Spleen / Q000473:pathology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010936:Plant Extracts; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
keywords: Atopic dermatitis; Cytokines; Moringa oleifera