title: Quantitative evaluation of orofacial motor function in mice: The pasta gnawing test, a voluntary and stress-free behavior test.
abstract: Evaluation of motor deficits in rodents is mostly restricted to limb motor tests that are often high stressors for the animals.
  
  
  
  To test rodents for orofacial motor impairments in a stress-free environment, we established the pasta gnawing test by measuring the biting noise of mice that eat a piece of spaghetti. Two parameters were evaluated, the biting speed and the biting peaks per biting episode. To evaluate the power of this test compared to commonly used limb motor and muscle strength tests, three mouse models of Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Niemann-Pick disease were tested in the pasta gnawing test, RotaRod and wire suspension test.
  
  
  
  Our results show that the pasta gnawing test reliably displays orofacial motor deficits.
  
  
  
  The test is especially useful as additional motor test in early onset disease models, since it shows first deficits later than the RotaRod or wire suspension test. The test depends on a voluntary eating behavior of the animal with only a short-time food deprivation and should thus be stress-free.
  
  
  
  The pasta gnawing test represents a valuable tool to analyze orofacial motor deficits in different early onset disease models.
authors.affiliation: QPS Austria GmbH, Neuropharmacology, Parkring 12, 8074 Grambach, Austria. Electronic address: Roland.rabl@qps.com.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rabl
authors.affiliation: QPS Austria GmbH, Neuropharmacology, Parkring 12, 8074 Grambach, Austria. Electronic address: Adam.horvath@qps.com.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horvath
authors.affiliation: QPS Austria GmbH, Neuropharmacology, Parkring 12, 8074 Grambach, Austria; Karl Franzens University, Institute of Zoology, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria. Electronic address: cornelia.breitschaedel@gmail.com.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Breitschaedel
authors.affiliation: QPS Austria GmbH, Neuropharmacology, Parkring 12, 8074 Grambach, Austria. Electronic address: Stefanie.flunkert@qps.com.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flunkert
authors.affiliation: Karl Franzens University, Institute of Zoology, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria. Electronic address: heinrich.roemer@uni-graz.at.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Roemer
authors.affiliation: QPS Austria GmbH, Neuropharmacology, Parkring 12, 8074 Grambach, Austria. Electronic address: Birgit.hutter-paier@qps.com.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hutter-Paier
mesh_terms: D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005080:Exercise Test; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008409:Mastication / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology; D000077296:Niemann-Pick C1 Protein; D009542:Niemann-Pick Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D045442:Rotarod Performance Test; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D051844:alpha-Synuclein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D000077296:Niemann-Pick C1 Protein; C106831:Npc1 protein, mouse; D011506:Proteins; C000598624:TARDBP protein, human; D051844:alpha-Synuclein
keywords: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Neurodegenerative disease; Niemann-Pick disease; Parkinson’s disease; TDP-43; α-synuclein