title: Consecutive emamectin benzoate and deltamethrin treatments affect the expressions and activities of detoxification enzymes in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
abstract: Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) subjected to three consecutive, alternating treatments with emamectin benzoate (EMB) and deltamethrin (DM) during outbreaks of Caligus rogercresseyi in a farm located in southern Chile (Hornopiren, Chiloé), were studied to determine the effects of these treatments on the protein and enzymatic activity levels of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A), flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in different tissues. Consecutive and alternating EMB/DM treatments resulted in a 10-fold increase and 3-fold decrease of CYP1A protein levels in the intestine and gills, respectively. Notably, CYP1A activity levels decreased in most of the analyzed tissues. FMO protein and activity levels markedly increased in the kidney and the intestine. GST was up-regulated in all tissues, either as protein or enzyme activity. When comparing consecutive EMB/DM treatments against previous studies of EMB treatment alone, CYP1A activity levels were similarly diminished, except in muscle. Likewise, FMO activity levels were increased in most of the analyzed tissues, particularly in the muscle, kidney, and intestine. The increases observed for GST were essentially unchanged between consecutive EMB/DM and EMB only treatments. These results indicate that consecutive EMB/DM treatments in rainbow trout induce the expression and activity of FMO and GST enzymes and decrease CYP1A activity. These altered activities of detoxification enzymes could generate imbalances in metabolic processes, synthesis, degradation of hormones and complications associated with drug interactions. It is especially important when analyzing possible effects of consecutive antiparasitic treatments on withholding periods and salmon farming yields.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Chile. Electronic address: gcarcamo@uach.cl.
authors.forename: Juan Guillermo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Cárcamo
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
authors.forename: Marcelo N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
authors.forename: Constanza F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Carreño
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Chile.
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vera
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arias-Darraz
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Chile.
authors.forename: Jaime E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Figueroa
authors.affiliation: Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Chile; Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Patología Acuática, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
authors.forename: Alex P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Chile; Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Quillota 980, Viña del Mar, Chile.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Chile.
authors.forename: Alejandro J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Yañez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic / Q000187:drug effects*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D010373:Lice Infestations / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity*; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000469:parasitology; D010105:Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D029941:Fish Proteins; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin; D007559:Ivermectin; D010105:Oxygenases; C020066:dimethylaniline monooxygenase (N-oxide forming); D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; C108024:emamectin benzoate
keywords: Cytochrome P450; Deltamethrin; Drug detoxification; Emamectin benzoate; Flavin-monooxygenase; Glutathione S-transferase