title: Mucus and microbiota as emerging players in gut nanotoxicology: The example of dietary silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
abstract: Given the growing use of nanotechnology in many common consumer products, including foods, evaluation of the consequences of chronic exposure to nanoparticles in humans has become a major public health issue. The oral route of exposure has been poorly explored, despite the presence of a fraction of nanosized particles in certain food additives/supplements and the incorporation of such particles into packaging in contact with foods. After their ingestion, these nanoparticles pass through the digestive tract, where they may undergo physicochemical transformations, with consequences for the luminal environment, before crossing the epithelial barrier to reach the systemic compartment. In this review, we consider two examples, nanosilver and nanotitanium dioxide. Despite the specific features of these particles and the differences between them, both display a close relationship between physicochemical reactivity and bioavailability/biopersistence in the gastrointestinal tract. Few studies have focused on the interactions of nanoparticles of silver or titanium dioxide with the microbiota and mucus. However, the microbiota and mucus play key roles in intestinal homeostasis and host health and are undoubtedly involved in controlling the distribution of nanoparticles in the systemic compartment.
authors.affiliation: a Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology) , Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse , France , France.
authors.forename: Muriel
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8398-2529
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mercier-Bonin
authors.affiliation: b LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS , Toulouse cedex 9 , France.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Despax
authors.affiliation: b LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS , Toulouse cedex 9 , France.
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raynaud
authors.affiliation: a Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology) , Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse , France , France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1971-9827
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Houdeau
authors.affiliation: c Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech , Université Paris-Saclay , France.
authors.forename: Muriel
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7608-3274
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D004032:Diet; D005503:Food Additives / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D023421:Models, Animal; D012834:Silver / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D014025:Titanium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D014116:Toxicology
chemical_list: D005503:Food Additives; C009495:titanium dioxide; D012834:Silver; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Dietary nanoparticle; gut; microbiota; mucus; silver; titanium dioxide