title: Fabrication and utility of a transparent graphene neural electrode array for electrophysiology, in vivo imaging, and optogenetics.
abstract: Transparent graphene-based neural electrode arrays provide unique opportunities for simultaneous investigation of electrophysiology, various neural imaging modalities, and optogenetics. Graphene electrodes have previously demonstrated greater broad-wavelength transmittance (∼90%) than other transparent materials such as indium tin oxide (∼80%) and ultrathin metals (∼60%). This protocol describes how to fabricate and implant a graphene-based microelectrocorticography (μECoG) electrode array and subsequently use this alongside electrophysiology, fluorescence microscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and optogenetics. Further applications, such as transparent penetrating electrode arrays, multi-electrode electroretinography, and electromyography, are also viable with this technology. The procedures described herein, from the material characterization methods to the optogenetic experiments, can be completed within 3-4 weeks by an experienced graduate student. These protocols should help to expand the boundaries of neurophysiological experimentation, enabling analytical methods that were previously unachievable using opaque metal-based electrode arrays.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Dong-Wook
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9219-6845
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Brodnick
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Jared P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ness
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Atry
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krugner-Higby
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuromodulation, Medtronic, Fridley, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sandberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Solomon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mikael
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Richner
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Novello
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Hyungsoo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Dong-Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Jihye
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bong
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Seth T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Frye
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sanitta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thongpang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Kyle I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Wendell
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lake
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pashaie
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Justin C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Zhenqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004566:Electrodes; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006108:Graphite; D051379:Mice; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D062308:Optogenetics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D051381:Rats; D017971:Tin Compounds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D017971:Tin Compounds; C109984:indium tin oxide; D006108:Graphite