title: In situ toxicity and ecological risk assessment of agro-pesticide runoff in the Madre de Dios River in Costa Rica.
abstract: The River Madre de Dios (RMD) and its lagoon is a biodiversity rich watershed formed by a system of streams, rivers, channels, and a coastal lagoon communicating with the Caribbean Sea. This basin sustains a large area of agricultural activity (mostly banana, rice, and pineapple) with intensive use of pesticides, continually detected in water samples. We investigated in situ the toxicological effects caused by pesticide runoff from agriculture and the relation of pesticide concentrations with different biological organization levels: early responses in fish biomarkers (sub-organismal), acute toxicity to Daphnia magna (organismal), and aquatic macroinvertebrate community structure. The evaluation was carried out between October 2011 and November 2012 at five sites along the RMD influenced by agricultural discharges and a reference site in a stream outside the RMD that receives less pesticides. Acute toxicity to D. magna was observed only once in a sample from the RMD (Caño Azul); the index of biomarker responses in fish exposed in situ was higher than controls at the same site and at the RMD-Freeman. However, only macroinvertebrates were statistically related to the presence of pesticides, combined with both physical-chemical parameters and habitat degradation. All three groups of variables determined the distribution of macroinvertebrate taxa through the study sites.
authors.affiliation: Central American Institute for Studies in Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, P.O. Box 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica. silvia.echeverria.saenz@una.cr.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8214-745X
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Echeverría-Sáenz
authors.affiliation: Central American Institute for Studies in Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, P.O. Box 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Freylan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mena
authors.affiliation: Central American Institute for Studies in Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, P.O. Box 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arias-Andrés
authors.affiliation: Central American Institute for Studies in Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, P.O. Box 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Seiling
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.affiliation: Central American Institute for Studies in Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, P.O. Box 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruepert
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Alterra, Wageningen University and Research centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Van den Brink
authors.affiliation: Central American Institute for Studies in Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, P.O. Box 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Luisa E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jonas S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gunnarsson
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D003364:Costa Rica; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects*; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005399:Fishes; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Aquatic toxicology; Bananas; Costa Rica; Fish biomarkers; Macroinvertebrate community; Pesticides; Pineapple