title: High intensity smoking cessation interventions: Cardiac patients of low socioeconomic status and low intention to quit profit most.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Without assistance, smokers being admitted to the hospital for coronary heart disease often return to regular smoking within a year.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the 12-month effectiveness of a telephone and a face-to-face counselling intervention on smoking abstinence among cardiac patients. Differential effects for subgroups varying in their socioeconomic status and intention to quit smoking were also studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomised controlled trial was used. During hospital stay, smokers hospitalised for coronary heart disease were assigned to usual care (n = 245), telephone counselling (n = 223) or face-to-face counselling (n = 157). Eligible patients were allocated to an intervention counselling group and received nicotine patches. After 12 months, self-reported continued abstinence was assessed and biochemically verified in quitters. Effects on smoking abstinence were tested using multilevel logistic regression analyses applying the intention-to-treat approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with usual care, differential effects of telephone and face-to-face counselling on continued abstinence were found in patients with a low socioeconomic status and in patients with a low quit intention. For these patients, telephone counselling increased the likelihood of abstinence threefold (OR = 3.10, 95 % CI 1.32-7.31, p = 0.01), whereas face-to-face counselling increased this likelihood fivefold (OR = 5.30, 95 % CI 2.13-13.17, p < 0.001). Considering the total sample, the interventions did not result in stronger effects than usual care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Post-discharge telephone and face-to-face counselling interventions increased smoking abstinence rates at 12 months compared with usual care among cardiac patients of low socioeconomic status and low quit intentions. The present study indicates that patients of high socioeconomic status and high quit motivation require different cessation approaches.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, the Netherlands. nadine.berndt@igss.etat.lu.|Cellule d'Expertise Médicale, General Inspectorate of Social Security, Ministry of Social Security, Luxembourg, Luxembourg. nadine.berndt@igss.etat.lu.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Berndt
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion, Caphri School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lechner
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, the Netherlands.|Department of Remedial Education, Artesis Plantijn Hogeschool Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Van Acker
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Nursing, School of Nursing, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Froelicher
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Verheugt
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mudde
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bolman
keywords: Coronary heart disease; Face-to-face counselling; Intention to quit; Smoking cessation; Socioeconomic status; Telephone counselling