title: Might E-cadherin promoter polymorphisms of rs16260 and rs5030625 associate with the risk of nephrolithiasis?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study whether -160 C > A (rs16260) and -347 G > GA (rs5030625) single nucleotide polymorphisms of the regulatory region (rSNPs) ofCDH1gene modulate the risk of nephrolithiasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA of 101 patients with calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and 114 healthy controls were screened for both polymorphisms, using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragments length polymorphism method (PCR-RLFP). Haplotype frequencies were also analyzed. To determine the association of rSNPs ofCDH1gene with the clinicopathological features of nephrolithiasis, nearly all possible etiological factors were documented. These factors were family history, gender, age, body mass index, liquid consumption, eating habits, tea-coffee and meat (oxalate rich) consumption, adequate physical activity, and all serum and urine levels-the serum levels of Na, K, Cl, phosphate, Ca, Mg, uric acid, albumin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) as well as 24 h urine excretions of creatinine, Na, K, Cl, phosphate, Ca, Mg, citrate, oxalate, uric acid, albumin and BUN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were found between rs16260 and the risk of nephrolithiasis. Patients having CA genotype of rs16260CDH1polymorphism were associated with an almost trifold increased risk for developing kidney stone than those with the AA genotype (95 % CI 1.08-7.28, OR 2.8,P= 0.033). We also found that non-A allele carriers (CC) had significantly higher nephrolithiasis risk associated with the clinicopathological characteristics including serum calcium (P= 0.027) and 24 h urinary magnesium level (P= 0.042). Moreover, we did find a directly proportional relationship between the CA genotype and serum calcium levels (P= 0.041). There was no significant difference between patients and controls in terms of the distribution of rs5030625 genotypes and alleles (P> 0.05). Likewise, no associations between the rs16260 and rs5030625 haplotypes and susceptibility to kidney stone were observed (P> 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regulatory variants of rs16260 of theCDH1gene may confer susceptibility to nephrolithiasis. This may have important implications for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease and suggesting novel targets for drug treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, 06510 Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cigdem
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Donmez
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, 06510 Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ece
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5129-2515
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Konac
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Batuhan T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Aydogan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cenk Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Bilen
keywords: E-cadherin; Nephrolithiasis; Regulatory SNPs (rSNPs); Risk factors