title: The Interleukin-1 Family.
abstract: The interleukin-1 (IL-1) family consists of several pro- or anti-inflammatory proteins, with pro-inflammatory IL-1β being its best characterized member. IL-1β is one of the most prominent mediators of inflammation resulting in fever and immune activation via binding to IL-1 receptor 1. Due to its potency, its secretion is tightly regulated. First the transcription of the biologically inactive proform is induced by TLR activation, TNF, or IL-1 receptor activation by mature IL-1α or IL-1β. For the secretion of IL-1β, inflammasome activation as second stimulus is needed. Inflammasomes are cytosolic protein complexes whose activation results in the maturation of inflammatory caspases such as caspase-1. Caspase-1 then cleaves the inactive pro-IL-1β into its mature form which is then being secreted. While IL-1α and IL-1β are considered pro-inflammatory, IL-1Ra as a naturally occurring receptor antagonist acts as an inhibitor on IL-1 receptor signaling. Further members of the IL-1 family, such as IL-18, IL-33, or IL-36, are even involved in T-helper-cell differentiation and will also be discussed in this chapter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Tuebingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany. amir.yazdi@med.uni-tuebingen.de.
authors.forename: Amir S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Yazdi
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University of Tuebingen, Liebermeisterstr. 25, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ghoreschi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D058847:Inflammasomes / Q000378:metabolism; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005810:Multigene Family; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C508584:IL1A protein, human; C507763:IL1RN protein, human; D058847:Inflammasomes; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D007375:Interleukin-1; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D020033:Protein Isoforms
keywords: Autoinflammation; Caspases; IL-18; IL-33; IL-36; Inflammasomes; Nod-like receptor