title: Orbital Expansion for Congenital Anophthalmia May Be Achievable in Infancy But Not in Childhood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Congenital anophthalmia is a rare anomaly that results in micro-orbitism and craniofacial microsomia. Treatment with static conformers is labor-intensive and provides minimal stimulation for orbital growth that requires eventual reconstruction with orbital osteotomies after skeletal maturity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A protocol for the treatment of congenital anophthalmia is presented. Patients underwent a preoperative low-dose radiation computed tomography (CT) scan of the facial bones to assess orbital volume. An intraorbital expander was placed and was filled on a monthly basis. Quantitative changes in the affected and unaffected orbits were assessed by a repeat CT scan obtained 1 year postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients with left unilateral congenital anophthalmia were prospectively followed. In a 4-month-old, the affected orbital width and height increased by 171.6% and 116.7% respectively compared with the unaffected orbit. In a 4-year-old, the affected orbital width increased by 36.1% but the height decreased by 35.3% compared with the unaffected orbit. At 18 months follow-up, no complications, ruptures, infections, or extrusions have been observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support that accelerated expansion can be achieved in a 4-month-old orbit reversing the effects of anophthalmia. However, in a 4-year-old, minimal growth was observed. The lack of accelerated growth in this study may be explained by synostosis of the orbital sutures. As such, expansion should be initiated at the earliest age possible. Further longitudinal study is ongoing to determine if sustained catch-up growth will obviate or reduce the complexity of a secondary correction.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA†Department of Ophthalmology, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA.
authors.forename: Brad T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Albright
authors.forename: Rogerio I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Samson
mesh_terms: D000853:Anophthalmos / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015626:Tissue Expansion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D015625:Tissue Expansion Devices; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome