title: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia outer membrane vesicles elicit a potent inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has become one of the most prevalent opportunistic pathogens in hospitalized patients. This microorganism secretes outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), but the pathogenesis of S. maltophilia as it relates to OMVs has not been characterized. This study investigated the cytotoxic activity of S. maltophilia OMVs and their ability to induce inflammatory responses both in vitro and in vivo Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ATCC 13637 and two clinical isolates were found to secrete spherical OMVs during in vitro culture. OMVs from S. maltophilia ATCC 13637 were cytotoxic to human lung epithelial A549 cells. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia OMVs stimulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, in A549 cells. Early inflammatory responses such as congestion and neutrophilic infiltrations and profound expression of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes were observed in the lungs of mice injected with S. maltophilia OMVs, and were similar to responses elicited by the bacteria. Our data demonstrate that S. maltophilia OMVs are important secretory nanocomplexes that elicit a potent inflammatory response that might contribute to S. maltophilia pathogenesis during infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea.
authors.forename: Yoo Jeong
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyejin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea.
authors.forename: Seok Hyeon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Na
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo Il
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea.
authors.forename: Gati Noble
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Selasi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea.
authors.forename: Asiimwe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicholas
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae In
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Dong-A University, College of Medicine, Busan 49201, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Hwa
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41944, Korea leejc@knu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Je Chul
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D022142:Secretory Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism; D020615:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D022161:Transport Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators
keywords: Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; cytokine; cytotoxicity; inflammation; outer membrane vesicle