title: Variations in lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury concentrations during honeybee wax processing using casting technology.
abstract: Beeswax foundations are a necessary material in intensive modern beekeeping. Heavy metals can accumulate in these foundations for decades, as it is a common beekeeping practice to recycle wax. Beeswax samples were analysed using GFAAS for As, Cd, Pb, and Hg concentrations during the production of beeswax foundations using casting technology with a prolonged cooling and sedimentation phase. Significant differences were determined in the concentrations of As, Cd, Pb (p<0.01, all), and Hg (p<0.05) between the three levels of wax in a double-walled steel casting container and comb foundations (CF) during the processing stage. Concentrations (mg kg-1) of the examined metals in comb foundations as the final product ranged as follows: As 0.01-0.88; Cd 1.26-3.55; Pb 82.5-171, and Hg 0.29-1.46. All examined element concentrations demonstrated similar distribution and ratio in different layers, ranging from the lowest concentrations in layers from which wax material is used for comb foundations as the final product, to the highest concentrations in sedimented layer, which represents waste. The obtained results suggest that the described method could effectively eliminate a significant amount of heavy metals from the initial material used for the production of new beeswax foundations.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tlak Gajger
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kosanović
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bilandžić
authors.forename: Marija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sedak
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Čalopek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis*; D001516:Bees; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis*; D017523:Croatia; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D014885:Waxes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014885:Waxes; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D008628:Mercury; D001151:Arsenic