title: Independent Long Fingers are not Essential for a Grasping Hand.
abstract: The human hand is a complex integrated system with motor and sensory components that provides individuals with high functionality and elegant behaviour. In direct connection with the brain, the hand is capable of performing countless actions ranging from fine digit manipulation to the handling of heavy objects. However the question of which movements mostly contribute to the manipulation skills of the hand, and thus should be included in prosthetic hands, is yet to be answered. Building from our previous work, and assuming that a hand with independent long fingers allowed performance comparable to a hand with coupled fingers, here we explored the actual contribution of independent fingers while performing activities of daily living using custom built orthoses. Our findings show that, when an opposable thumb is present, independent long fingers provide a measureable advantage in performing activities of daily living only when precision grasps are involved. In addition, the results suggest that the remarkable grasping skills of the human hand rely more on the independent abduction/adduction of the fingers than on their independent flexion/extension. These findings are of interest to the designers of artificial hands, including biomimetic prostheses and exoskeletons.
authors.affiliation: The BioRobotics Institute|Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera (PI), Italy.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montagnani
authors.affiliation: The BioRobotics Institute|Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera (PI), Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Controzzi
authors.affiliation: The BioRobotics Institute|Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera (PI), Italy.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cipriani
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006225:Hand / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D009068:Movement; D011474:Prosthesis Design