title: Review: Prevalence and co-occurrence of addictions in US ethnic/racial groups: Implications for genetic research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We conducted a review of the prevalence and co-occurrence of 12 types of addictions in US ethnic/racial groups and discuss the implications of the results for genetic research on addictions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We utilized MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases to review the literature on alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, illicit drugs, gambling, eating/food, internet, sex, love, exercise, work, and shopping. We present results for each addiction based on total US prevalence, prevalence within ethnic groups, and co-occurrence of addictions among ethnic groups when available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review indicates very little research has examined the interrelationships of addictive behaviors among US ethnic groups. The studies that exist have focused nearly exclusively on comorbidity of substances and gambling behaviors. Overall findings suggest differences among US ethnic groups in prevalence of addictions and in prevalence of addiction among those who use substances or engage in gambling. Almost no ethnic group comparisons of other addictive behaviors including eating/food, internet, love, sex, exercise, work, and shopping were identified in the literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite large-scale research efforts to examine alcohol and substance use disorders in the United States, few studies have been published that examine these addictive behaviors among ethnic groups, and even fewer examine co-occurrence and comorbidity with other addictions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even with the limited studies, these findings have implications for genetic research on addictive behaviors. We include a discussion of these implications, including issues of population stratification, disaggregation, admixture, and the interplay between genetic and environmental factors in understanding the etiology and treatment of addictions. (Am J Addict 2017;26:424-436).
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Luczak
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Rubin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khoddam
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California.|Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.|Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Tamara L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sussman
mesh_terms: D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000453:epidemiology; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology*; D036281:Genetic Research; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology