title: Gene × Environment Interactions: From Molecular Mechanisms to Behavior.
abstract: Gene-by-environment interactions (G×Es) can provide important biological insights into psychiatric disorders and may consequently have direct clinical implications. In this review, we begin with an overview of the major challenges G×E studies have faced (e.g., difficulties replicating findings and high false discovery rates). In light of these challenges, this review focuses on describing examples in which we might begin to understand G×Es on the molecular, cellular, circuit, and behavioral level and link this interaction to altered risk for the development of psychiatric disorders. We also describe recent studies that utilize a polygenic approach to examine G×Es. Finally, we discuss how gaining a deeper understanding of G×Es may translate into a therapeutic practice with more targeted treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; email: binder@psych.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Thorhildur
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Halldorsdottir
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich 80804, Germany; email: binder@psych.mpg.de.|Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322.
authors.forename: Elisabeth B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Binder
mesh_terms: D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D012931:Social Environment
keywords: epigenetic; gene-by-environment interactions; genomics; psychopathology; stress; trauma