title: Elicitation of Phenolics from the Micropropagated Endangered Medicinal PlantCalligonum polygonoidesL. (Polygonoaceae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calligonum polygonoidesL. subsp.comosum(L'Hér.) Sosk. is a plant species belonging to family Polygonaceae. Susceptibility to threaten, presence of various chemical constituents, and many medicinal effects reported for this plant in addition to rareness ofin vitroculture studies have fuelled the need for its micropropagation and phytochemical investigations of the produced cultures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To employin vitroculture technique forex situconservation ofC. polygonoides, using the fruit as an explant; establish callus and cell suspension cultures fromin vitrogerminated plantlets; investigate the production of phenolics through callus, redifferentiated shoot, and cell suspension cultures; attempt to enhance cell capacity to accumulate phenolics using salicylic acid and yeast extract and provide a brief demonstration of biosynthetic pathway leading to phenolic production.
  
  
  METHODS
  Modified Murashige and Skoog media supplemented with growth hormones such as kinetin, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, 6-benzylaminopurine, and indole-3-acetic acid were used to establish callus, redifferentiated shoots, and cell suspension cultures. Elicitation of cell suspension culture was performed using salicylic acid and yeast extracts. A reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography method for determination of phenolic content in the aforementioned cultures was developed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The unorganized callus and cell suspension cultures contained fewer amounts of phenolic compounds than redifferentiated shoots. Elicitation produced massive quantitative reprogramming of phenolic content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study offers an alternative and renewable source for this valuable natural plant, provide a chance to improve secondary metabolite yield and serve as a useful tool for studying the biosynthesis of these compounds and its regulation in plant cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vitroculture techniques provided a strategy forex situconservation of the endangeredC. polygonoides.Unorganized callus and cell suspension cultures accumulated less phenolic content than re-differentiated shoots.Elicitation produced massive quantitative reprogramming of phenolic content.Phenolic biosynthesis was discussed briefly.Abbreviation used:H2O2: Hydrogen peroxide, Kin: Kinetin, NAA: Naphthaleneacetic acid, BAP: 6-benzylaminopurine, IAA: Indole-3-acetic acid, HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
authors.forename: Asmaa I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Owis
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
authors.forename: Nada S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Abdelwahab
authors.affiliation: Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Adel A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abul-Soad
keywords: Calligonum polygonoides; cell cultures; elicitation; ex-situ conservation; micropropagation; phenolics