title: Dimensions of Socioeconomic Status and Childhood Asthma Outcomes: Evidence for Distinct Behavioral and Biological Associations.
abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate 2 key dimensions of socioeconomic status (SES)-prestige and resources-and their associations with immune, behavioral, and clinical outcomes in childhood asthma.
  
  
  
  Children ages 9 to 17 years with a physician's diagnosis of asthma (N = 150), and one of their parents participated in this study. Children and parents completed interviews and questionnaires about SES (prestige = parent education; resources = family assets), environmental exposures, and clinical asthma measures. Spirometry was conducted to assess children's pulmonary function, and blood was collected to measure cytokine production in response to nonspecific stimulation, allergen-specific stimulation, and microbial stimulation.
  
  
  
  Higher scores on both dimensions of childhood SES were associated with better clinical outcomes in children (β's from |.18 to .27|, p values < .05). Higher prestige, but not resources, was associated with better home environment control behaviors and less exposure to smoke (β's from |.21 to .22|, p values < .05). Higher resources, but not prestige, was associated with more favorable immune regulation, as manifest in smaller peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) TH1 and TH2 cytokine responses (β's from -.18 to -.19; p values < .05), and smaller proinflammatory cytokine responses (β = -.19; p < .05) after ex vivo stimulation. Higher resources also were associated with more sensitivity to glucocorticoid inhibition of TH1 and TH2 cytokine production (β's from -.18 to -.22; p values < .05).
  
  
  
  These results suggest that prestige and resources in childhood family environments have different implications for behavioral and immunological processes relevant to childhood asthma. They also suggest that childhood SES relates to multiple aspects of immunologic regulation of relevance to the pathophysiology of asthma.
authors.affiliation: From the Institute for Policy Research and Department of Psychology (Chen, Ehrlich, Levine, Hayen, Leigh, Miller), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL; Center for Clinical Research Informatics (Shalowitz), NorthShore University HealthSystem, and Department of Medicine (Story), NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL.
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Madeleine U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Shalowitz
authors.forename: Rachel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Story
authors.forename: Katherine B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.forename: Cynthia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hayen
authors.forename: Adam K K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Leigh
authors.forename: Gregory E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D012923:Social Class