title: Modified Filamentous Bacteriophage as a Scaffold for Carbon Nanofiber.
abstract: With the advent of nanotechnology, carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanofibers (CNF) have aroused substantial interest in various research fields, including energy storage and sensing. Further improvement of their properties might be achieved via the application of viral particles such as bacteriophages. In this report, we present a filamentous M13 bacteriophage with a point mutation in gene VII (pVII-mutant-M13) that selectively binds to the carbon nanofibers to form 3D structures. The phage-display technique was utilized for the selection of the pVII-mutant-M13 phage from the phage display peptide library. The properties of this phage make it a prospective candidate for a scaffold material for CNFs. The results for binding of CNF by mutant phage were compared with those for maternal bacteriophage (pVII-M13). The efficiency of binding between pVII-mutant-M13 and CNF is about 2 orders of magnitude higher compared to that of the pVII-M13. Binding affinity between pVII-mutant-M13 and CNF was also characterized using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, which confirmed the specificity of the interaction of the phage pVII-mutant-M13 and the CNF; the binding occurs via the phage's ending, where the mutated pVII protein is located. No similar behavior has been observed for other carbon nanomaterials such as graphite, reduced graphene oxide, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Infrared spectra confirmed differences in the interaction with CNF between the pVII-mutant-M13 and the pVII-M13. Basing on conducted research, we hypothesize that the interactions are noncovalent in nature, with π-π interactions playing the dominant role. Herein, the new bioconjugate material is introduced.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland.|Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk , Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szot-Karpińska
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology (affiliated with the University of Gdansk), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Golec
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leśniewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Pastuera 1 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pałys
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Bath , Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marken
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Niedziółka-Jönsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk , Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Węgrzyn
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warszawa, Poland.|Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk , Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Łoś
mesh_terms: D017104:Bacteriophage M13 / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry*; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D017354:Point Mutation; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared
chemical_list: D006108:Graphite