title: Diverging Wave Volumetric Imaging Using Subaperture Beamforming.
abstract: Several clinical settings could benefit from 3-D high frame rate (HFR) imaging and, in particular, HFR 3-D tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). To date, the proposed methodologies are based mostly on experimental ultrasound platforms, making their translation to clinical systems nontrivial as these have additional hardware constraints. In particular, clinically used 2-D matrix array transducers rely on subaperture (SAP) beamforming to limit cabling between the ultrasound probe and the back-end console. Therefore, this paper is aimed at assessing the feasibility of HFR 3-D TDI using diverging waves (DWs) on a clinical transducer with SAP beamforming limitations. Simulation studies showed that the combination of a single DW transmission with SAP beamforming results in severe imaging artifacts due to grating lobes and reduced penetration. Interestingly, a promising tradeoff between image quality and frame rate was achieved for scan sequences with a moderate number of transmit beams. In particular, a sparse sequence with nine transmissions showed good imaging performance for an imaging sector of 70°×70°at volume rates of approximately 600 Hz. Subsequently, this sequence was implemented in a clinical system and TDI was recorded in vivo on healthy subjects. Velocity curves were extracted and compared against conventional TDI (i.e., with focused transmit beams). The results showed similar velocities between both beamforming approaches, with a cross-correlation of 0.90 ± 0.11 between the traces of each mode. Overall, this paper indicates that HFR 3-D TDI is feasible in systems with clinical 2-D matrix arrays, despite the limitations of SAP beamforming.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Geir Ultveit
authors.initials: GU
authors.lastname: Haugen
authors.forename: Lasse
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lovstakken
authors.forename: Eigil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Samset
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: D'hooge
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging