title: The Effectiveness of Daily Mindful Breathing Practices on Test Anxiety of Students.
abstract: The present study examined the effectiveness of daily mindful breathing practices on test anxiety of university students. A total of 36 participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: a training mindful breathing condition (n = 12), a training cognitive reappraisal condition (contrast group, n = 12), and a non-training condition (control group, n = 12). Each of the participants trained by themselves for 6 days after they had taken one session of education for mindful or cognitive reappraisal practices. They wrote their experiences on daily worksheets and sent it by mobile with taking pictures that were confirmed by the researcher. Before and after training, each of the participants completed a questionnaire to assess: test anxiety, positive thought, and positive affect. The results of the study showed that both mindful breathing practice and cognitive reappraisal practice yielded large effect sizes in reducing test anxiety. In addition, the mindful breathing condition scored significantly higher on positive thoughts than the cognitive reappraisal and control conditions. The findings of this study suggest that both daily mindful breathing and cognitive reappraisal practices were effective in reducing test anxiety; however, mindful breathing increased positive automatic thoughts to a greater extent than cognitive reappraisal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, South of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyunju
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, South of Korea.
authors.forename: Seokjin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, South of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeeae
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, South of Korea.
authors.forename: Jongsun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000473:pathology*; D001945:Breathing Exercises; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D064866:Mindfulness; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult