title: Cold bupivacaine versus magnesium sulfate added to room temperature bupivacaine in sonar-guided femoral and sciatic nerve block in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cooling of local anesthetic potentiates its action and increases its duration. Magnesium sulfate (MgSo4) added to local anesthetic prolongs the duration of anesthesia and postoperative analgesia with minimal side effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this prospective, randomized, double-blind study was to compare the effect of cold to 4°C bupivacaine 0.5% and Mg added to normal temperature (20-25°C) bupivacaine 0.5% during sonar-guided combined femoral and sciatic nerve blocks on the onset of sensory and motor block, intraoperative anesthesia, duration of sensory and motor block, and postoperative analgesia in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 90 American Society of Anesthesiologists classes I and II patients who were scheduled to undergo elective ACL reconstruction were enrolled in the study. The patients were randomly allocated to 3 equal groups to receive sonar-guided femoral and sciatic nerve blocks. In Group I, 17 ml of room temperature (20-25°C) 0.5% bupivacaine and 3 ml of room temperature saline were injected for each nerve block whereas in Group II, 17 ml of cold (4°C) 0.5% bupivacaine and 3 ml of cold saline were injected for each nerve block. In Group III, 17 ml of room temperature 0.5% bupivacaine and 3 ml of MgSo45% were injected for each nerve block. The onset of sensory and motor block was evaluated every 3 min for 30 min. Surgery was started after complete sensory and motor block were achieved. Intraoperatively, the patients were evaluated for heart rate and mean arterial pressure, rescue analgesic and sedative requirements plus patient and surgeon satisfaction. Postoperatively, hemodynamics, duration of analgesia, resolution of motor block, time to first analgesic, total analgesic consumption, and the incidence of side effects were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no statistically significant difference in demographic data, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and duration of surgery. Onset of both sensory and motor block was significantly shorter in both Groups II and III compared to Group I. Intraoperative anesthetic quality was comparable between groups with good patient and surgeon satisfaction. The time to first analgesia was significantly longer in Groups II and III compared to Group I with nonsignificant difference between each other. Moreover, the total opioid consumption was significantly lower in Groups II and III and duration of analgesia and motor block were significantly longer in Groups II and III compared to Group I. There was no difference in the incidence of side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of cold 0.5% bupivacaine or the addition of Mg to normal temperature 0.5% bupivacaine prolongs the sensory and motor block duration without increasing side effects and enhances the quality of intra- and post-operative analgesia with better patient satisfaction in sonar-guided femoral and sciatic nerve block for arthroscopic ACL reconstruction surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ashraf Elsayed
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Alzeftawy
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmad Ali
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: El-Daba
keywords: Arthroscope; cold local anesthetic; femoral; magnesium; sciatic nerve block; sonar-guided