title: Neuromuscular Training Availability and Efficacy in Preventing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in High School Sports: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document neuromuscular training (NMT) availability and its relationship to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in 4 major high school sports by gender, sport, and rural/urban geography, with the hypothesis that increased exposure to NMT would be associated with fewer ACL injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  All Minnesota high schools identified in the Minnesota State High School League (MSHSL) database for fall 2014 boys' football and soccer, and girls' volleyball and soccer.
  
  
  METHODS
  All high school athletic directors were surveyed to report their school's fall 2014 experience; 53.5% returned the survey reporting experience with one or more of the sports.
  
  
  METHODS
  Athletic directors documented each sport's preseason and in-season exposure to NMT (plyometric exercises, proximal/core muscle strengthening, education and feedback regarding proper body mechanics, and aerobics) and licensed athletic trainers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reported ACL injuries by sport, gender and rural/urban.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than two-thirds of teams incorporated facets of NMT into their sport. Among male athletes, soccer players exposed to licensed athletic trainers experienced significantly fewer ACL injuries (P < 0.005), and NMT was associated with significantly fewer ACL injuries in football (P < 0.05) and soccer (P < 0.05). Female athletes did not demonstrate similar associated improvements, with volleyball injuries associated with increased NMT (P < 0.001), and soccer injuries not associated with NMT. However, girl soccer players in rural settings reported fewer ACL injures compared with urban teams (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most fall high school sports teams were exposed to NMT, which was associated with fewer ACL injuries for male, but not for female athletes. Improved gender- and sport-specific preventive training programs are indicated.
authors.affiliation: *MS 4, University of Minnesota Medical School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota; †Essentia Institute of Rural Health, Essentia Health, Duluth, Minnesota; ‡Independent School District 709, Duluth, Minnesota; and §Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Jared J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Colleen M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Renier
authors.forename: Jenny J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ahern
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Elliott
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D005538:Football / Q000293:injuries; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008910:Minnesota; D064797:Physical Conditioning, Human / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012574:Schools; D012916:Soccer / Q000293:injuries; D054798:Volleyball / Q000293:injuries; D000067009:Youth Sports / Q000293:injuries