title: Use of a Toxin Neutralization Assay To Characterize the Serologic Response to Adenylate Cyclase Toxin after Infection with Bordetella pertussis.
abstract: Adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) is an essential virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis, and antibodies to ACT protect against B. pertussis infection in mice. The toxin is therefore a strong candidate antigen for addition to future acellular pertussis vaccines. In order to characterize the functionality of the immunologic response to ACT after infection, we developed an assay for testing the ability of serum samples from subjects infected with B. pertussis to neutralize ACT-induced cytotoxicity in J774 macrophage cells. Baboons develop neutralizing anti-ACT antibodies following infection with B. pertussis, and all sera from baboons with positive anti-ACT IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results neutralized ACT cytotoxicity. The toxin neutralization assay (TNA) was positive in some baboon sera in which ELISA remained negative. Of serum samples obtained from humans diagnosed with pertussis by PCR, anti-ACT IgG ELISA was positive in 72%, and TNA was positive in 83%. All samples positive for anti-ACT IgG ELISA were positive by TNA, and none of the samples from humans without pertussis neutralized toxin activity. These findings indicate that antibodies to ACT generated following infection with B. pertussis consistently neutralize toxin-induced cytotoxicity and that TNA can be used to improve understanding of the immunologic response to ACT after infection or vaccination.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA jce4u@virginia.edu.
authors.forename: Joshua C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Eby
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Mary C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Warfel
authors.affiliation: Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Tod J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Merkel
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Erik L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Hewlett
mesh_terms: D037361:Adenylate Cyclase Toxin / Q000276:immunology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation; D001886:Bordetella pertussis / Q000276:immunology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival; D002648:Child; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D009500:Neutralization Tests / Q000379:methods*; D010215:Papio; D014917:Whooping Cough / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D037361:Adenylate Cyclase Toxin
keywords: Bordetella pertussis; adenylate cyclase; assay development; bacterial toxin; neutralization; nonhuman primate