title: Guilty by dissociation-development of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and other rapid screening methods for the analysis of 13 diphenidine-derived new psychoactive substances (NPSs).
abstract: The prevalence of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) in forensic casework has increased prominently in recent years. This has given rise to significant legal and analytical challenges in the identification of these substances. The requirement for validated, robust and rapid testing methodologies for these compounds is obvious. This study details the analysis of 13 synthesised diphenidine derivatives encountered in casework using presumptive testing, thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Specifically, the validated GC-MS method provides, for the first time, both a general screening method and quantification of the active components for seized solid samples, both in their pure form and in the presence of common adulterants. Graphical Abstract Chemical synthesis and forensic analysis of 13 diphenidine-derived new psychoactive substance(s).
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
authors.forename: Pierre M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Geyer
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
authors.forename: Matthew C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hulme
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
authors.forename: Joseph P B
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Irving
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
authors.forename: Ryan N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Ashton
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marron
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
authors.forename: Craig E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK. o.sutcliffe@mmu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Oliver B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Sutcliffe
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D010880:Piperidines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D010880:Piperidines; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; C000599677:diphenidine
keywords: Characterisation (NMR, FT-IR); Diphenidine; GC–MS; Methoxphenidine; New psychoactive substances; Triage