title: Cross-Neutralisation of In Vitro Neurotoxicity of Asian and Australian Snake Neurotoxins and Venoms by Different Antivenoms.
abstract: There is limited information on the cross-neutralisation of neurotoxic venoms with antivenoms. Cross-neutralisation of the in vitro neurotoxicity of four Asian and four Australian snake venoms, four post-synaptic neurotoxins (α-bungarotoxin, α-elapitoxin-Nk2a, α-elapitoxin-Ppr1 and α-scutoxin; 100 nM) and one pre-synaptic neurotoxin (taipoxin; 100 nM) was studied with five antivenoms: Thai cobra antivenom (TCAV), death adder antivenom (DAAV), Thai neuro polyvalent antivenom (TNPAV), Indian Polyvalent antivenom (IPAV) and Australian polyvalent antivenom (APAV). The chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation was used for this study. Antivenom was added to the organ bath 20 min prior to venom. Pre- and post-synaptic neurotoxicity ofBungarus caeruleusandBungarus fasciatusvenoms was neutralised by all antivenoms except TCAV, which did not neutralise pre-synaptic activity. Post-synaptic neurotoxicity ofOphiophagus hannahwas neutralised by all antivenoms, andNaja kaouthiaby all antivenoms except IPAV. Pre- and post-synaptic neurotoxicity ofNotechis scutatuswas neutralised by all antivenoms, except TCAV, which only partially neutralised pre-synaptic activity. Pre- and post-synaptic neurotoxicity ofOxyuranus scutellatuswas neutralised by TNPAV and APAV, but TCAV and IPAV only neutralised post-synaptic neurotoxicity. Post-synaptic neurotoxicity ofAcanthophis antarcticuswas neutralised by all antivenoms except IPAV.Pseudonaja textillispost-synaptic neurotoxicity was only neutralised by APAV. The α-neurotoxins were neutralised by TNPAV and APAV, and taipoxin by all antivenoms except IPAV. Antivenoms raised against venoms with post-synaptic neurotoxic activity (TCAV) cross-neutralised the post-synaptic activity of multiple snake venoms. Antivenoms raised against pre- and post-synaptic neurotoxic venoms (TNPAV, IPAV, APAV) cross-neutralised both activities of Asian and Australian venoms. While acknowledging the limitations of adding antivenom prior to venom in an in vitro preparation, cross-neutralization of neurotoxicity means that antivenoms from one region may be effective in other regions which do not have effective antivenoms. TCAV only neutralized post-synaptic neurotoxicity and is potentially useful in distinguishing pre-synaptic and post-synaptic effects in the chick biventer cervicis preparation.
authors.affiliation: Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia. anjana.silva@monash.edu.|Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura 50008, Sri Lanka. anjana.silva@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Anjana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia. wayne.hodgson@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Wayne C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.affiliation: Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia. geoff.isbister@gmail.com.|Clinical Toxicology Research Group, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2298, Australia. geoff.isbister@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Geoffrey K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Isbister
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000997:Antivenins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002645:Chickens; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000294:innervation; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D012910:Snake Venoms / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000997:Antivenins; D009498:Neurotoxins; D012910:Snake Venoms
keywords: antivenom; cross-neutralisation; neurotoxicity; snake; venom