title: Estimating 24-Hour Urine Sodium From Multiple Spot Urine Samples.
abstract: The authors developed an equation to estimate 24-hour urine sodium (24HUNa) using the average of three spot urine (SU) samples (morning-first, morning, and evening) from 74 individuals and validated this equation using the average of three SU samples (morning-first, daytime, and evening) from 174 additional individuals. Compared with previously published equations using a single SU sample, the currently developed equation using the average of three SU samples showed much lower bias from measured 24HUNa (-2.9 vs >10 mmol/24 h). The intraclass and concordance correlation coefficients of the proposed equation using the average of three SU samples were 0.909 and 0.832, respectively. The limits of agreement were -64.1-58.3 mmol/24 h and approximately 100 mmol/24 h for the currently developed and previously published equations, respectively. All equations showed a tendency to overestimate or underestimate 24HUNa in a manner dependent on the level of 24HUNa but irrespective of the number of SU samples considered. Nonetheless, among the currently tested equations, our equation using the average of three SU samples provided the best estimation of 24HUNa at a population level.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.|Clinical Trial Center, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Moo-Yong
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Joon
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Clinical Trial Center, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.|Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Namyi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Deuk-Young
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Nah
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Dongguk University, Jung-gu, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ju-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Survey and Health Policy Research Center, Dongguk University, Jung-gu, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sun-Woong
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Ja
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Health and Nutrition Survey, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Won
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Hyeon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Home Economics Education, Dongguk University, Jung-gu, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Sim-Yeol
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine*; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium; D003404:Creatinine