title: Reference values for and cross-validation of time to exhaustion on a modified Balke protocol in Norwegian men and women.
abstract: The aims of the present study were to provide reference values for time to exhaustion (TTE) on a modified Balke treadmill protocol, and to perform a cross-validation of TTE as a measure of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), in Norwegian men and women 20-85 years of age. Reference values for TTE were derived from a national sample of 765 subjects. An additional sample of 119 subjects was included in the cross-validation (total n = 884), where prediction equations for VO2maxwas established. A decline in TTE was seen with increased age. Prediction of VO2maxin an independent dataset (n = 319) resulted in a R2= 0.78 and standard error of the estimate = 4.55 mL/kg/min. The observed-predicted bias was small (mean difference <1.24 mL/kg/min), whereas random error was considerable (95% limits of agreement ± 7.11-9.70 mL/kg/min) across age in both men and women. Despite limitations concerning the prediction of VO2maxon an individual level, TTE from the Balke protocol is a good measure of aerobic fitness in adults across a range of settings, and could be evaluated according to the suggested reference values.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Teacher Education and Sports, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway.
authors.forename: E
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9654-2653
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aadland
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Teacher Education and Sports, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Solbraa
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Teacher Education and Sports, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway.
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Resaland
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Teacher Education and Sports, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway.|Department of Health Studies, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steene-Johannessen
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Edvardsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Anderssen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods*; D005221:Fatigue; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012016:Reference Values; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Maximal graded treadmill protocol; VO2max; aerobic capacity; validity