title: Exercise-stimulated glucose uptake - regulation and implications for glycaemic control.
abstract: Skeletal muscle extracts glucose from the blood to maintain demand for carbohydrates as an energy source during exercise. Such uptake involves complex molecular signalling processes that are distinct from those activated by insulin. Exercise-stimulated glucose uptake is preserved in insulin-resistant muscle, emphasizing exercise as a therapeutic cornerstone among patients with metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Exercise increases uptake of glucose by up to 50-fold through the simultaneous stimulation of three key steps: delivery, transport across the muscle membrane and intracellular flux through metabolic processes (glycolysis and glucose oxidation). The available data suggest that no single signal transduction pathway can fully account for the regulation of any of these key steps, owing to redundancy in the signalling pathways that mediate glucose uptake to ensure maintenance of muscle energy supply during physical activity. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that regulate the movement of glucose from the capillary bed into the muscle cell and discuss what is known about their integrated regulation during exercise. Novel developments within the field of mass spectrometry-based proteomics indicate that the known regulators of glucose uptake are only the tip of the iceberg. Consequently, many exciting discoveries clearly lie ahead.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lykke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sylow
authors.affiliation: Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kleinert
authors.affiliation: Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Erik A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.affiliation: Molecular Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D038321:Glycemic Index / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005947:Glucose