title: International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium report, data summary of 50 countries for 2010-2015: Device-associated module.
abstract: We report the results of International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2010-December 2015 in 703 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and Western Pacific.
  
  
  
  During the 6-year study period, using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Healthcare Safety Network (CDC-NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care-associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 861,284 patients hospitalized in INICC hospital ICUs for an aggregate of 3,506,562 days.
  
  
  
  Although device use in INICC ICUs was similar to that reported from CDC-NHSN ICUs, DA-HAI rates were higher in the INICC ICUs: in the INICC medical-surgical ICUs, the pooled rate of central line-associated bloodstream infection, 4.1 per 1,000 central line-days, was nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.8 per 1,000 central line-days reported from comparable US ICUs, the overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher, 13.1 versus 0.9 per 1,000 ventilator-days, as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection, 5.07 versus 1.7 per 1,000 catheter-days. From blood cultures samples, frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (29.87% vs 10%) and to imipenem (44.3% vs 26.1%), and of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (73.2% vs 28.8%) and to imipenem (43.27% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC ICUs compared with CDC-NHSN ICUs.
  
  
  
  Although DA-HAIs in INICC ICU patients continue to be higher than the rates reported in CDC-NSHN ICUs representing the developed world, we have observed a significant trend toward the reduction of DA-HAI rates in INICC ICUs as shown in each international report. It is INICC's main goal to continue facilitating education, training, and basic and cost-effective tools and resources, such as standardized forms and an online platform, to tackle this problem effectively and systematically.
authors.affiliation: International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: victor_rosenthal@inicc.org.
authors.forename: Víctor Daniel
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.affiliation: General Directorate of Infection Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hail M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Al-Abdely
authors.affiliation: Cairo University Hospital, Cairo; Dar Al Fouad Hospital, 6th of October City, Egypt.
authors.forename: Amani Ali
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: El-Kholy
authors.affiliation: General Directorate of Infection Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Bahrain.
authors.forename: Safa A Aziz
authors.initials: SAA
authors.lastname: AlKhawaja
authors.affiliation: Ondokuz Mayis University Medical School, Samsun, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leblebicioglu
authors.affiliation: Medanta The Medicity, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Yatin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.affiliation: University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Vineya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.affiliation: Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Nguyen Viet
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Souha Sami
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kanj
authors.affiliation: Mubarak Al Kabir Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Mona Foda
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Salama
authors.affiliation: Clínica La Merced, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Estuardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salgado-Yepez
authors.affiliation: Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Naheed
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Elahi
authors.affiliation: Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde Infection Control Committee, Guadalajara, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rayo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morfin Otero
authors.affiliation: Thammasat University Hospital, Pratumthani, Thailand.
authors.forename: Anucha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Apisarnthanarak
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Messejana, Fortaleza, Brazil.
authors.forename: Braulio Matias
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: De Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Intermed Hospital, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
authors.forename: Bat Erdene
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Ider
authors.affiliation: National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Dale
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: Philippine Heart Center, Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Maria Carmen S G
authors.initials: MCSG
authors.lastname: Buenaflor
authors.affiliation: St George University Hospital, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Petrov
authors.affiliation: Hospital Clínica Bíblica, San Jose, Costa Rica.
authors.forename: Ana Marcela
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Quesada-Mora
authors.affiliation: Nemazee Hospital Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zand
authors.affiliation: Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kauno Klinikos, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Vaidotas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gurskis
authors.affiliation: Special Hospital for Surgical Diseases Filip Vtori, Skopje, Macedonia.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anguseva
authors.affiliation: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Aamer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ikram
authors.affiliation: Hospital del Niño de Panama, Panama.
authors.forename: Daisy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aguilar de Moros
authors.affiliation: Wroclaw University Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Wieslawa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Duszynska
authors.affiliation: Hospital General de La Plaza de La Salud, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
authors.forename: Nepomuceno
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mejia
authors.affiliation: University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes Timisoara Emergency County Clinical Hospital, Timisoara, Romania.
authors.forename: Florin George
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Horhat
authors.affiliation: Privolzhskiy District Medical Center, Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia.
authors.forename: Vladislav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Belskiy
authors.affiliation: Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Vesna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mioljevic
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Clínicas Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Silvestre
authors.affiliation: Catholic University in Ruzomberok Faculty Of Health Central Military Hospital Ruzomberok, Ruzomberok, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furova
authors.affiliation: Hospital Episcopal San Lucas, Guayama, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: Gloria Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Ramos-Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Bahry Teaching Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: May Osman
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Gamar Elanbya
authors.affiliation: Ciptomangunkusumo, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Hindra Irawan
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Satari
authors.affiliation: Port Moresby General Hospital, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
authors.forename: Umesh
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Ibn Sina Hospital of Morocco, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Tarek
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dendane
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health of Kosovo and Medical School, Prishtina University, Prishtina, Kosovo.
authors.forename: Lul
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Raka
authors.affiliation: Joaquin Albarran, La Habana, Cuba.
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guanche-Garcell
authors.affiliation: Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Bijie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Hospital De Especialidades Del Instituto Hondureno De Seguridad Social, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Padgett
authors.affiliation: Sri Jayewardenepura General Hospital, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: Kushlani
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jayatilleke
authors.affiliation: Children Hospital Bechir Hamza of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Najla
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ben Jaballah
authors.affiliation: General and Oncological Hospital of Kiffissia, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Apostolopoulou
authors.affiliation: Hospital Central De La Fuerza Aerea Del Peru, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Walter Enrique
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Prudencio Leon
authors.affiliation: Clínica Sanatorio Alemán, Concepcion, Chile.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sepulveda-Chavez
authors.affiliation: Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Hector Miguel
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Telechea
authors.affiliation: Grande International Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trotter
authors.affiliation: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Moreno
authors.affiliation: Caja de Salud De La Banca, La Paz, Bolivia.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kushner-Davalos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Antibiotic resistance; Bloodstream infection; Catheter-associated urinary tract infection; Central line-associated bloodstream infections; Developing countries; Health care-associated infection; Hospital infection; Limited resources countries; Urinary tract infection; Ventilator-associated pneumonia