title: Mitogenomes from type specimens, a genotyping tool for morphologically simple species: ten genomes of agar-producing red algae.
abstract: DNA sequences from type specimens provide independent, objective characters that enhance the value of type specimens and permit the correct application of species names to phylogenetic clades and specimens. We provide mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) from archival type specimens of ten species in agar-producing red algal genera Gelidium and Pterocladiella. The genomes contain 43-44 genes, ranging in size from 24,910 to 24,970 bp with highly conserved gene synteny. Low Ka/Ks ratios of apocytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase genes support their utility as markers. Phylogenies of mitogenomes and cox1+rbcL sequences clarified classification at the genus and species levels. Three species formerly in Gelidium and Pterocladia are transferred to Pterocladiella: P. media comb. nov., P. musciformis comb. nov., and P. luxurians comb. and stat. nov. Gelidium sinicola is merged with G. coulteri because they share identical cox1 and rbcL sequences. We describe a new species, Gelidium millariana sp. nov., previously identified as G. isabelae from Australia. We demonstrate that mitogenomes from type specimens provide a new tool for typifying species in the Gelidiales and that there is an urgent need for analyzing mitogenomes from type specimens of red algae and other morphologically simple organisms for insight into their nomenclature, taxonomy and evolution.
authors.affiliation: University Herbarium, University California, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building #2465, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.|Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
authors.forename: Ga Hun
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Boo
authors.affiliation: Division of Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Hartnell College, 411 Central Ave., Salinas, CA 93901, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffery R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hughey
authors.affiliation: University Herbarium, University California, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building #2465, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Kathy Ann
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Boo
mesh_terms: D000362:Agar / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001315:Australia; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D000461:Rhodophyta / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000362:Agar