title: Near-Infrared Confocal Laser Reflectance Cytoarchitectural Imaging of the Substantia Nigra and Cerebellum in the Fresh Human Cadaver.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytoarchitectural neuroimaging remains critical for diagnosis of many brain diseases. Fluorescent dye-enhanced, near-infrared confocal in situ cellular imaging of the brain has been reported. However, impermeability of the blood-brain barrier to most fluorescent dyes limits clinical utility of this modality. The differential degree of reflectance from brain tissue with unenhanced near-infrared imaging may represent an alternative technique for in situ cytoarchitectural neuroimaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed the utility of unenhanced near-infrared confocal laser reflectance imaging of the cytoarchitecture of the cerebellum and substantia nigra in 2 fresh human cadaver brains using a confocal near-infrared laser probe. Cellular images based on near-infrared differential reflectance were captured at depths of 20-180 μm from the brain surface. Parts of the cerebellum and substantia nigra imaged using the probe were subsequently excised and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histologic correlation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Near-infrared reflectance imaging revealed the 3-layered cytoarchitecture of the cerebellum, with Purkinje cells appearing hyperreflectant. In the substantia nigra, neurons appeared hyporeflectant with hyperreflectant neuromelanin cytoplasmic inclusions. Cytoarchitecture of the cerebellum and substantia nigra revealed on near-infrared imaging closely correlated with the histology on hematoxylin-eosin staining.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We showed that unenhanced near-infrared reflectance imaging of fresh human cadaver brain can reliably identify and distinguish neurons and detailed cytoarchitecture of the cerebellum and substantia nigra.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Cletus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cheyuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kaleida Health System, Buffalo, New York, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA. Electronic address: editorial@ubns.com.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Grand
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Kaleida Health System, Buffalo, New York, USA; Department of Pathology and Anatomic Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Lucia L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Balos
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000166:cytology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007259:Infrared Rays; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000166:cytology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: Cytoarchitecture; Near-infrared; Neuromelanin; Purkinje cell; Reflectance