title: Use of a versatile, easy, and rapid atmospheric monitor (VERAM) passive samplers for pesticide determination in continental waters.
abstract: The versatile, easy, and rapid atmospheric monitor (VERAM), a passive sampler device widely used for air monitoring, was evaluated as passive sampler for the determination of 23 pesticides in water. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection was employed for determination of pesticides after microwave-assisted-extraction and specific clean-up of deployed samplers. The proposed methodology reached method detection levels from 2 to 10 ng pesticide per sampler. Sampling rate (Rs) was determined for every pesticide from an uptake isotherm study performed at three different concentration levels (50, 125, and 250 ng L-1). The obtained RSvalues ranged from 0.06 to 0.76 L d-1. The obtained limits of detection for a 24-h passive sampling were from 4 to 50 ng L-1. The effect of water parameters, such as temperature, pH, and ionic strength, were evaluated for their effect on pesticides retention using VERAMs. Pesticide RSvalues were independent of the water composition and increased on increasing temperature. Finally, the VERAM uptake was compared with that obtained using classic semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). This study is the first precedent for the use of VERAMs as passive samplers for the adsorption and concentration of pesticides in water and it confirms the satisfactory analytical figures of merit of VERAM as passive sampler of water. Graphical Abstract Scheme of water sampling of pesticides using versatile, easy, and rapid atmospheric monitor (VERAM) passive samplers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jeroni Muñoz Building, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100, Burjassot, Spain.|Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, 24020-141, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thalita Dallapícula
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, 24020-141, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cassella
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jeroni Muñoz Building, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de la Guardia
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jeroni Muñoz Building, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
authors.forename: Agustín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pastor
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Jeroni Muñoz Building, 50th Dr. Moliner St., 46100, Burjassot, Spain. francesc.a.esteve@uv.es.
authors.forename: Francesc A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Esteve-Turrillas
keywords: Passive sampler; Pesticide; SPMD; Sampling rate; VERAM; Water sampling