title: Chemokine and Chemokine Receptor Polymorphisms in Bipolar Disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bipolar disorder (BD) is a debilitating psychiatric disease with unknown etiology. Recent studies have shown inflammation as a potential contributing factor of BD pathogenesis. However, potential associations between chemokine and chemokine receptor polymorphisms and BD have been fundamentally understudied. To identify participation of chemokines in BD pathogenesis, we examined genetic variants of several chemokine and chemokine receptor genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised 200 patients with BD and 195 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Genotyping of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) A2518G, CCR2 V64I, CCR5 Δ32, CCR5 A55029G, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) 3'A, and CXCR4 C138T polymorphisms was performed using polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme digestion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that CCR5-Δ32 II and CXCR4-C138T C+ genotype frequencies contributed to an increased risk for BD. However, no statistical significance could be obtained with these genotypes after Bonferroni correction. A significant asssociation was only found with MCP-1 GG and G+ genotypes, which were markedly more prevalent in patients with BD and these genotypes seemed to significantly increase the risk for BD even after Bonferroni correction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate an association between genetic variants of certain chemokine and chemokine receptor (especially MCP-1) genes and BD. The exact mechanisms by which these variants contribute to BD pathogenesis and their clinical implications need to be further investigated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Istanbul Erenkoy Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Damla
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tokac
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Erdem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tuzun
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Istanbul Erenkoy Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gulec
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Vuslat
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yılmaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Elif Sinem
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Bireller
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bedia
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cakmakoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cem Ismail
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Kucukali
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Chemokine; Chemokine receptor polymorphisms; Pathogenesis