title: How effortful is cognitive control? Insights from a novel method measuring single-trial evoked beta-adrenergic cardiac reactivity.
abstract: The ability to adjust attentional focus to varying levels of task demands depends on the adaptive recruitment of cognitive control processes. The present study investigated for the first time whether the mobilization of cognitive control during response-conflict trials in a flanker task is associated with effort-related sympathetic activity as measured by changes in the RZ-interval at a single-trial level, thus providing an alternative to the pre-ejection period (PEP) which can only be reliably measured in ensemble-averaged data. We predicted that response conflict leads to a physiological orienting response (i.e. heart rate slowing) and increases in effort as reflected by changes in myocardial beta-adrenergic activity (i.e. decreased RZ interval). Our results indeed showed that response conflict led to cardiac deceleration and decreased RZ interval. However, the temporal overlap of the observed heart rate and RZ interval changes suggests that the effect on the latter reflects a change in cardiac pre-load (Frank-Starling mechanism). Our study was thus unable to provide evidence for the expected link between cognitive control and cardiovascular effort. However, it demonstrated that our single-trial analysis enables the assessment of transient changes in cardiac sympathetic activity, thus providing a promising tool for future studies that aim to investigate effort at a single-trial level.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mithras
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuipers
authors.affiliation: School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The Netherlands; Social and Organizational Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Daan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Scheepers
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Maarten A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Immink
authors.affiliation: Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The Netherlands; Research Support Department, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sjak-Shie
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The Netherlands. Electronic address: HvanSteenbergen@fsw.leidenuniv.nl.
authors.forename: Henk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Steenbergen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D002307:Cardiography, Impedance; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D004562:Electrocardiography; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cognitive control; Effort; Heart rate; Orienting response; Pre-ejection period