title: Nephrology: As It Was Then, But Is Not Now.
abstract: Diseases of the kidney are old, but the discipline dedicated to their study, nephrology, is barely more than 50 years old. As recounted in this recollection of those events, the rudiments of what would become nephrology emerged in the time between the 2 World Wars from basic studies of normal kidney function and flourished after the integration of their methodologies into clinical medicine thereafter. Although shaped by studies of kidney function in the 1960s, it was the subsequent advent of dialysis that fueled the growth of nephrology well into the 21st century. Although to some extent this growth was a product of technical developments (micropuncture, dialysis, biopsy, etc), it was the paradigm shifts they engendered that brought about the revolutionary changes that stimulated the growth of nephrology from its formative years in the 1960s. Notable among those was the classification of chronic kidney disease on the basis of kidney function, calculated from serum creatinine level as estimated glomerular filtration rate, that has expanded nephrology's interaction with and integration into other disciplines and begat the recent outpouring of epidemiologic and interventional studies, thereby establishing it as a leading discipline dedicated to improving outcomes for individuals with kidney disease worldwide.
authors.affiliation: Selzman Institute of Kidney Health, Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. Electronic address: geknoyan@bcm.edu.
authors.forename: Garabed
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eknoyan
mesh_terms: D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D009398:Nephrology / Q000266:history / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends
keywords: Nephrology; chronic kidney disease (CKD); clinical trials; dialysis; glomerular filtration rate (GFR); guidelines; renal replacement therapy (RRT); review