title: The impacts of a pharmacist-managed outpatient clinic and chemotherapy-directed electronic order sets for monitoring oral chemotherapy.
abstract: Objectives Patients treated with oral chemotherapy appear to have less contact with the treating providers. As a result, safety, adherence, medication therapy monitoring, and timely follow-up may be compromised. The trend of treating cancer with oral chemotherapy agents is on the rise. However, standard clinical guidance is still lacking for prescribing, monitoring, patient education, and follow-up of patients on oral chemotherapy across the healthcare settings. The purpose of this project is to establish an oral chemotherapy monitoring clinic, to create drug and lab specific provider order sets for prescribing and lab monitoring, and ultimately to ensure safe and effective treatment of the veterans we serve. Methods A collaborative agreement was reached among oncology pharmacists, a pharmacy resident, two oncologists, and a physician assistant to establish a pharmacist-managed oral chemotherapy monitoring clinic at the VA Sierra Nevada Healthcare System. Drug-specific electronic order sets for prescribing and lab monitoring were created for initiating new drug therapy and prescription renewal. The order sets were created to be provider-centric, minimizing clicks needed to order necessary medications and lab monitoring. A standard progress note template was developed for documenting interventions made by the clinic. Patients new to an oral chemotherapy regimen were first counseled by an oncology pharmacist. The patients were then enrolled into the oral chemotherapy monitoring clinic for subsequent follow up and pharmacist interventions. Further, patients lacking monitoring or missing provider appointments were captured through a Clinical Dashboard developed by the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Regional Office (VISN21) using SQL Server Reporting Services. Between September 2014 and April 2015, a total of 68 patients on different oral chemotherapy agents were enrolled into the clinic. Results Out of the 68 patients enrolled into the oral chemotherapy monitoring clinic, 31 patients (45%) were identified as having a therapy-related problem with their oral chemotherapy regimen on a gross measure for safety and appropriateness of medication management during the course of eight months follow-up between September 2014 and April 2015. In addition, the clinic helped to reestablish care for three patients (4.4%) who were lost to follow-up. The clinic identified 12 patients (17.6%) non-adherent to their prescribed regimen in some degree, where patients were suspected to miss doses due to delay in refilling prescriptions at least three days later than the expected date. However, these patients denied non-adherence. Among them, six patients (8.8%) were truly non-adherent. These patients stated that they had missed at least one day of therapy or were not taking the medication as prescribed. Medication regimen errors were discovered for five patients, accounting for a 7.3% medication-related error rate. Finally, seven patients (10.3%) were found to have an adverse reaction attributed to their oral chemotherapy. Two of them (2.9%) developed severe adverse reactions (Grade 3 and 4), which required hospitalization or immediate dose de-escalation. Conclusions The pilot clinic was able to identify current deficiencies and gaps in our practice settings for managing oral chemotherapy in a Veterans population. The oral chemotherapy monitoring clinic played a proactive role to identify preventable medication errors, monitor medication therapy, improve adherence, manage adverse drug reactions and re-establish care for patients who were lost to follow-up. The results suggest that close monitoring and follow-up of patients on oral chemotherapy is crucial to achieve therapeutic goals, improve patient safety and adherence, and to reduce drug adverse events and health care cost.
authors.affiliation: 1 Pharmacy Services, VA Sierra Nevada Healthcare System, Reno, NV, USA.
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Battis
authors.affiliation: 1 Pharmacy Services, VA Sierra Nevada Healthcare System, Reno, NV, USA.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Clifford
authors.affiliation: 1 Pharmacy Services, VA Sierra Nevada Healthcare System, Reno, NV, USA.
authors.forename: Mostaqul
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huq
authors.affiliation: 2 Medicine Services, VA Sierra Nevada Healthcare System, Reno, NV, USA.
authors.forename: Edrick
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pejoro
authors.affiliation: 1 Pharmacy Services, VA Sierra Nevada Healthcare System, Reno, NV, USA.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mambourg
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D019468:Disease Management; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000517:prevention & control; D055695:Electronic Prescribing / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D024382:Professional Role; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: Oral chemotherapy; adherence; medication safety; oncology pharmacist