title: Estimating nutrient fortification levels in condiments and seasonings for public health programs: considerations and adaptations.
abstract: Condiments and seasonings have been considered as potential vehicles for fortification in place of, or in addition to, fortifiable staple foods. Methodologies for establishing fortification programs focus primarily on use of staple foods, which are consumed in larger portions than condiments and seasonings. Some fortification models assume self-limiting consumption relative to the maximum energy consumed by target populations. However, this assumption may prove incorrect for estimating fortification concentrations of condiments and seasonings because they may only provide negligible energy. Although flavor or color may limit consumption, these limits would vary across each condiment or seasoning vehicle. In addition, the small volume of condiments and seasonings consumed relative to staple foods can lead to proportionally larger potential errors than with staple foods when measuring usual dietary intakes for establishing safe and effective fortification concentrations. This paper reviews available methods for setting fortification levels, whether or how available methods or conceptual frameworks could be adapted to condiments and seasonings, and gaps in knowledge for appropriately using condiments and seasonings as vehicles for fortification in public health.
authors.affiliation: Technical Services, Micronutrient Initiative, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Chowdhury
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jalal
authors.affiliation: Technical Services, Micronutrient Initiative, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. swuehler@micronutrient.org.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wuehler
authors.affiliation: Technical Services, Micronutrient Initiative, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Osendarp
authors.affiliation: Technical Services, Micronutrient Initiative, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Luz María
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: De-Regil
mesh_terms: D003212:Condiments / Q000032:analysis*; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000032:analysis*; D011634:Public Health / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D017365:Spices / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients
keywords: condiments and seasonings; estimating fortification levels; fortification