title: In vitro and ex vivo strategies for intracellular delivery.
abstract: Intracellular delivery of materials has become a critical component of genome-editing approaches, ex vivo cell-based therapies, and a diversity of fundamental research applications. Limitations of current technologies motivate development of next-generation systems that can deliver a broad variety of cargo to diverse cell types. Here we review in vitro and ex vivo intracellular delivery approaches with a focus on mechanisms, challenges and opportunities. In particular, we emphasize membrane-disruption-based delivery methods and the transformative role of nanotechnology, microfluidics and laboratory-on-chip technology in advancing the field.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.|The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Martin P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.|The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Armon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharei
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.|The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaoyun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Collaborative Life Science Building, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sahay
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.|The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Klavs F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; D044085:Microfluidics / Q000379:methods; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods*