title: Nitrogen Sources Screening for Ethanol Production Using Carob Industrial Wastes.
abstract: Nowadays, bioethanol production is one of the most important technologies by the necessity to identify alternative energy resources, principally when based on inexpensive renewable resources. However, the costs of 2nd-generation bioethanol production using current biotechnologies are still high compared to fossil fuels. The feasibility of bioethanol production, by obtaining high yields and concentrations of ethanol, using low-cost medium, is the primary goal, leading the research done today. Batch Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation of high-density sugar from carob residues with different organic (yeast extract, peptone, urea) and inorganic nitrogen sources (ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate) was performed for evaluating a cost-effective ethanol production, with high ethanol yield and productivity. In STR batch fermentation, urea has proved to be a very promising nitrogen source in large-scale production of bioethanol, reaching an ethanol yield of 44 % (w/w), close to theoretical maximum yield value and an ethanol production of 115 g/l. Urea at 3 g/l as nitrogen source could be an economical alternative with a great advantage in the sustainability of ethanol production from carbohydrates extracted from carob. Simulation studies, with experimental data using SuperPro Design software, have shown that the bioethanol production biorefinery from carob wastes could be a very promising way to the valorization of an endogenous resource, with a competitive cost.
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine and Environmental Research - CIMA, University of Algarve - Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal. sraposo@ualg.pt.
authors.forename: S
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5344-7349
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raposo
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine and Environmental Research - CIMA, University of Algarve - Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Constantino
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine and Environmental Research - CIMA, University of Algarve - Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine and Environmental Research - CIMA, University of Algarve - Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine and Environmental Research - CIMA, University of Algarve - Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lima-Costa
mesh_terms: D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D005685:Galactans / Q000378:metabolism*; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008351:Mannans / Q000378:metabolism*; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D053149:Plant Gums / Q000378:metabolism*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005685:Galactans; D007220:Industrial Waste; D008351:Mannans; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds; D053149:Plant Gums; D000431:Ethanol; C017471:locust bean gum
keywords: 2nd-generation bioethanol; Carob; Economic analysis; Industrial plant; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Waste