title: The role of extracellular calcium in bone metastasis.
abstract: This review summarizes the role of extracellular calcium, as found present in the bone tissue, in the process of bone metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Gynecology/Urology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Breuksch
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Gynecology/Urology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weinert
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Gynecology/Urology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Walburgis
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brenner
keywords: AKT, AKT8 virus oncogene cellular homolog; BMP's, bone morphogenetic proteins; Bone metastasis; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CaSR; CaSR, calcium-sensing receptor; Calcium; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; ET-1, endothelin-1; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; Ion channels; JNK, jun N-terminal kinase; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PGE-2, prostaglandin E-2; PKA, protein kinase A; PLC, phospholipase C; PSA, prostate specific antigen; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10; PTHrP, parathyroid hormone-related protein; RANK, receptor activator of NF-κB; RANKL, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand; SK3, small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 3; TGFβ, transforming growth factor beta; TRP, transient receptor potential; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate