title: Self-assembling Peptide Reduces Glial Scarring, Attenuates Posttraumatic Inflammation, and Promotes Neurite Outgrowth of Spinal Motor Neurons.
abstract: METHODS
  Self-assembling peptide gel (SPG-178) provides new evidence for the role of a scaffold for treatment of the spinal cord through induction of neuroprotective factors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To verify the reproducibility of SPG-178 as scaffold after spinal cord injury, we examine the characteristics of SPG-178 and protective effect on neural cells in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The central nervous system extracellular matrix may play a role in maintenance of the neuronal network by inhibiting axonal growth and suppressing formation of additional inadequate synapses. In this study, we show increased expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), and tropomyosin receptor kinase (TrkA and TrkB) in SPG-178-promoted neurite outgrowth of motor neurons in vitro, and decreased inflammation and glial scar with use of SPG-178 in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the effect of a self-assembling peptide, SPG-178, as a scaffold for neurite outgrowth of spinal motor neurons in vitro. An in vivo analysis was performed to evaluate if the SPG-178 scaffold attenuated or enhanced expression of various genes after spinal cord injury model rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of NGF, BDNF, NT-4, TrkA, and TrkB increased in SPG-178-promoted neurite outgrowth of motor neurons in vitro. In vivo, SPG-178 increased expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and NGF, and decreased glial scar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides new evidence for the role of SPG-178 as a scaffold in the spinal cord and suggests that this peptide is a neuroprotective factor that may serve as an alternative treatment for neuronal injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  5.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Imagama
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Zenya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hida
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenyu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Mikito
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsushima
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshimoto
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiyuki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishida
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishiguro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D016501:Neurites / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000071446:Neuronal Outgrowth / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D020917:Receptor, trkA / Q000378:metabolism; D020813:Receptor, trkB / Q000378:metabolism; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor; D020917:Receptor, trkA; D020813:Receptor, trkB; C073922:neurotrophin 4