title: Stability of apomorphine in solutions containing selected antioxidant agents.
abstract: Apomorphine in solution undergoes rapid autoxidation, producing greenish colored solutions, making it difficult to formulate as a stable pharmaceutical solution. To identify the optimum antioxidant agent/combination for apomorphine solution, a high performance liquid chromatography assay was used to study the stability of 50 μg/mL apomorphine HCI in 0.1% L-ascorbic acid (AA), 0.1% sodium metabisulfite (SMB), 0.1% EDTA, and in selected combinations at 25°C, 32°C, and 37°C over a period of 14 days. The stability of apomorphine HCl (10 mg/mL) in 0.1% AA solution and in 0.1% EDTA solution at 25°C and 37°C was also evaluated. Apomorphine HCI solution (50 μg/mL) in 0.1% AA plus 0.1% SMB solution retained 99.7% (at 25°C) and 95.9% (at 37°C) of the initial concentration, as 0.1% AA plus SMB solution minimized the reactive oxygen content in solution which, in turn, reduced the oxidation rate of apomorphine HCl, and there was no green coloration perceptible. Conversely, apomorphine HCl solution (50 μg/mL) in 0.1% SMB solution was unstable as only 0.53% (at 25°C) and 0.06% (at 37°C) of the initial concentration was retained after 14 days. All 10 mg/mL apomorphine HCl samples were stable in both studies. The initial concentration of apomorphine HCl solution markedly affected its rate of oxidation and discoloration. The addition of 0.1% AA to a current formulation of apomorphine HCl injection (Apomine®), which contains SMB as an antioxidant, was recommended as providing the most stable solution.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Zen Yang
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Ang
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boddy
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Yandi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sunderland
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry*; D001058:Apomorphine / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D004355:Drug Stability; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001058:Apomorphine
keywords: EDTA; HPLC; apomorphine HCl; ascorbic acid; oxidation; sodium metabisulfite