title: Infant-mother and infant-sibling attachment in Zambia.
abstract: This study, the first in Zambia using the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) to observe attachment relationships and the "very first" observational study of infant-sibling attachment, examined patterns of infant-mother and infant-sibling attachment, and tested their association. We included siblings who were substantially involved in caregiving activities with their younger siblings. We hypothesized that infants would develop attachment relationships to both mothers and siblings; the majority of infants would be classified as securely attached to both caregivers, and infant-mother and infant-sibling attachment would be unrelated. The sample included 88 low-income families in Lusaka, Zambia (average of 3.5 children; SD = 1.5). The SSP distributions (infant-mother) were 59% secure, 24% avoidant and 17% resistant, and 46% secure, 20% avoidant, 5% resistant and 29% disorganized for three- and four-way classifications, respectively. The infant-sibling classifications were 42% secure, 23% avoidant and 35% resistant, and 35% secure, 23% avoidant, 9% resistant and 33% disorganized for three- and four-way classifications, respectively. Infant-mother and infant-sibling attachment relationships were not associated.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia.|b Department of Child and Family Studies , Leiden University , Leiden , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Haatembo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mooya
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , University of Zambia , Lusaka , Zambia.|b Department of Child and Family Studies , Leiden University , Leiden , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sichimba
authors.affiliation: b Department of Child and Family Studies , Leiden University , Leiden , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bakermans-Kranenburg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016901:Intergenerational Relations; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations / Q000523:psychology*; D009769:Object Attachment; D011203:Poverty; D035781:Siblings / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult; D015024:Zambia
keywords: Africa; Attachment; culture; parenting; siblings