title: Occurrence and levels of nitrofuran metabolites in sea cucumber from Dalian, China.
abstract: The occurrence and levels of nitrofuran metabolites (NFMs) in sea cucumber (SC) from Dalian, China, are reported. Four metabolites including 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), semicarbazide (SEM) and 1-aminohydantoin (AHD) in different SC products (fresh, instant and dry salted SCs) were measured. The frequency of occurrence for NFMs in all SC samples was 42.7%. The total NFM concentrations ranged from non-detectable to 64.6 ng g-1, with a mean of 3.59 ng g-1. AOZ and SEM were the dominant congeners, accounting for 40.1% and 59.1% of the total NFMs, respectively. The concentrations and patterns varied among different regions. Higher levels of NFMs were found in the fresh SC products, and the order for the average concentration of ∑4NFM was fresh > dry salted > instant.
authors.affiliation: a Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , China.
authors.forename: Hongxia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: b Department of Scientific Research , Dalian Institute of Food Inspection , Dalian , China.
authors.forename: Wuxia
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: a Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , China.
authors.forename: Wenna
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.affiliation: a Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , China.
authors.forename: Jingqiu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: b Department of Scientific Research , Dalian Institute of Food Inspection , Dalian , China.
authors.forename: Baocheng
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Qu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D002681:China; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D009581:Nitrofurans / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D012616:Sea Cucumbers / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D009581:Nitrofurans
keywords: AHD; AMOZ; AOZ; Nitrofuran metabolites; SEM; distribution; sea cucumber