title: Chemical Species, Micromorphology, and XRD Fingerprint Analysis of Tibetan MedicineZuotaiContaining Mercury.
abstract: Zuotai(gTso thal) is one of the famous drugs containing mercury in Tibetan medicine. However, little is known about the chemical substance basis of its pharmacodynamics and the intrinsic link of different samples sources so far. Given this, energy dispersive spectrometry of X-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to assay the elements, micromorphology, and phase composition of nineZuotaisamples from different regions, respectively; the XRD fingerprint features ofZuotaiwere analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis. EDX result shows thatZuotaicontains Hg, S, O, Fe, Al, Cu, and other elements. SEM and AFM observations suggest thatZuotaiis a kind of ancient nanodrug. Its particles are mainly in the range of 100-800 nm, which commonly further aggregate into 1-30μm loosely amorphous particles. XRD test shows thatβ-HgS, S8, andα-HgS are its main phase compositions. XRD fingerprint analysis indicates that the similarity degrees of nine samples are very high, and the results of multivariate statistical analysis are broadly consistent with sample sources. The present research has revealed the physicochemical characteristics ofZuotai, and it would play a positive role in interpreting this mysterious Tibetan drug.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China.
authors.forename: Cen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China.
authors.forename: Hongxia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China.
authors.forename: Yuzhi
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7063-0134
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China.
authors.forename: Yuancan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Tibetan Traditional Medical College, Lhasa, Tibet 850000, China.
authors.lastname: Zhandui
authors.affiliation: Gansu Province Academy of Tibetan Medicine, Hezuo, Gansu 747000, China.
authors.lastname: Sanglao
authors.affiliation: Aba Prefecture Tibetan Medicine Hospital, Maerkang, Sichuan 624000, China.
authors.forename: Zhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Qinghai Province Tibetan Medicine Hospital, Xining, Qinghai 810007, China.
authors.forename: Duojie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ladan
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China.
authors.forename: Hongtao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China; Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China.
authors.forename: Lixin
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5300-6535
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wei