title: Insights from the Shell Proteome: Biomineralization to Adaptation.
abstract: Bivalves have evolved a range of complex shell forming mechanisms that are reflected by their incredible diversity in shell mineralogy and microstructures. A suite of proteins exported to the shell matrix space plays a significant role in controlling these features, in addition to underpinning some of the physical properties of the shell itself. Although, there is a general consensus that a minimum basic protein tool kit is required for shell construction, to date, this remains undefined. In this study, the shell matrix proteins (SMPs) of four highly divergent bivalves (The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas; the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis; the clam, Mya truncata, and the king scallop, Pecten maximus) were analyzed in an identical fashion using proteomics pipeline. This enabled us to identify the critical elements of a "basic tool kit" for calcification processes, which were conserved across the taxa irrespective of the shell morphology and arrangement of the crystal surfaces. In addition, protein domains controlling the crystal layers specific to aragonite and calcite were also identified. Intriguingly, a significant number of the identified SMPs contained domains related to immune functions. These were often are unique to each species implying their involvement not only in immunity, but also environmental adaptation. This suggests that the SMPs are selectively exported in a complex mix to endow the shell with both mechanical protection and biochemical defense.
authors.affiliation: UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de Communications et Adaptations des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France.|UMR 7208 CNRS/MNHN/UPMC/IRD Biologie des Organismes Aquatiques et Ecosystèmes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jaison
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arivalagan
authors.affiliation: British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom.|University of Edinburgh, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tejaswi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yarra
authors.affiliation: UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de Communications et Adaptations des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marie
authors.affiliation: British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Victoria A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Sleight
authors.affiliation: UMR 7221 CNRS/MNHN Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Evelyne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Duvernois-Berthet
authors.affiliation: British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Melody S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de Communications et Adaptations des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France armarie@mnhn.fr.
authors.forename: Arul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marie
authors.affiliation: UMR 7208 CNRS/MNHN/UPMC/IRD Biologie des Organismes Aquatiques et Ecosystèmes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berland
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D060105:Animal Shells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D030562:Databases, Protein; D014644:Genetic Variation; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D020543:Proteome
keywords: aragonite; biomineralization; calcification; calcite; evolution; shell matrix proteins