title: Immune therapy for hepatitis B.
abstract: Although several antiviral drugs are now available for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), sustained off-treatment clinical responses and containment of CHB-related complications are not achieved in majority of CHB patients by antiviral therapy. In addition, use of these drugs is endowed with substantial long term risk of viral resistance and drug toxicity. The infinite treatment regimens of antiviral drugs for CHB patients are also costly and usually unbearable by most patients of developing and resource-constrained countries. Taken together, there is a pressing need to develop new and innovative therapeutic approaches for CHB patients. Immune therapy seems to be an alternate therapeutic approach for CHB patients because impaired or distorted or diminished immune responses have been detected in most of these patients. Also, investigators have shown that restoration or induction of proper types of immune responses may have therapeutic implications in CHB. Various immunomodulatory agents have been used to treat patients with CHB around the world and the outcomes of these clinical trials show that the properties of immune modulators and nature and designing of immune therapeutic regimens seem to be highly relevant in the context of treatment of CHB patients. In this review, the general properties and specific features of immune therapy for CHB have been discussed for developing the guidelines of effective regimens of immune therapy for CHB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Sheikh Mohammad Fazle
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Akbar
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Mamun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Mahtab
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Md Sakilur Islam
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ruksana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raihan
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatology, The Liver Clinic, Liver Foundation, Kathmandu, Nepal.
authors.forename: Ananta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shrestha
keywords: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB); HBV antigen-specific; immune therapy; pathogenic immunity; polyclonal immune modulators; therapeutic immunity