title: Natural Products for the Treatment of Chlamydiaceae Infections.
abstract: Due to the global prevalence ofChlamydiae, exploring studies of diverse antichlamydial compounds is important in the development of effective treatment strategies and global infectious disease management.Chlamydiaceaeis the most widely known bacterial family of theChlamydiaeorder. Among the species in the familyChlamydiaceae,Chlamydia trachomatisandChlamydia pneumoniaecause common human diseases, whileChlamydia abortus,Chlamydia psittaci, andChlamydia suisrepresent zoonotic threats or are endemic in human food sources. Although chlamydial infections are currently manageable in human populations, chlamydial infections in livestock are endemic and there is significant difficulty achieving effective treatment. To combat the spread ofChlamydiaceaein humans and other hosts, improved methods for treatment and prevention of infection are needed. There exist various studies exploring the potential of natural products for developing new antichlamydial treatment modalities. Polyphenolic compounds can inhibit chlamydial growth by membrane disruption, reestablishment of host cell apoptosis, or improving host immune system detection. Fatty acids, monoglycerides, and lipids can disrupt the cell membranes of infective chlamydial elementary bodies (EBs). Peptides can disrupt the cell membranes of chlamydial EBs, and transferrins can inhibit chlamydial EBs from attachment to and permeation through the membranes of host cells. Cellular metabolites and probiotic bacteria can inhibit chlamydial infection by modulating host immune responses and directly inhibiting chlamydial growth. Finally, early stage clinical trials indicate that polyherbal formulations can be effective in treating chlamydial infections. Herein, we review an important body of literature in the field of antichlamydial research.
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore. mika.a.brown@gmail.com.|Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore. mika.a.brown@gmail.com.|Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. mika.a.brown@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mika A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore. mikepotroz@gmail.com.|Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore. mikepotroz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Potroz
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore. seohwei1208@gmail.com.|Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore. seohwei1208@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Seoh-Wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Teh
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore. njcho@ntu.edu.sg.|Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore. njcho@ntu.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Nam-Joon
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cho
keywords: Chlamydia; Chlamydiaceae; Chlamydiae; antibacterial; chlamydial infections; natural products