title: Improving Adequacy of Small Biopsy and Fine-Needle Aspiration Specimens for Molecular Testing by Next-Generation Sequencing in Patients With Lung Cancer: A Quality Improvement Study at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  - At our medical center, cytopathologists perform rapid on-site evaluation for specimen adequacy of fine-needle aspiration and touch imprint of needle core biopsy lung cancer samples. Two years ago the molecular diagnostics laboratory at our institution changed to next-generation sequencing using the Ion Torrent PGM and the 50-gene AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel v2 for analyzing mutations in a 50-gene cancer hot spot panel. This was associated with a dramatic fall in adequacy rate (68%).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  - To improve the adequacy rate to at least 90% for molecular testing using next-generation sequencing for all specimens collected by rapid on-site evaluation by the cytology laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  - After baseline data on adequacy rate of cytology specimens with rapid on-site evaluation for molecular testing had been collected, 2 changes were implemented. Change 1 concentrated all the material in one block but did not produce desired results; change 2, in addition, faced the block only once with unstained slides cut up front for molecular testing. Data were collected in an Excel spreadsheet and adequacy rate was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  - Following process changes 1 and 2 we reached our goal of at least 90% adequacy rate for molecular testing by next-generation sequencing on samples collected by rapid on-site evaluation including computed tomography-guided needle core biopsies (94%; 17 of 18) and fine-needle aspiration samples (94%; 30 of 32).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  - This study focused on factors that are controllable in a pathology department and on maximizing use of scant tissue. Optimizing the adequacy of the specimen available for molecular tests avoids the need for a second procedure to obtain additional tissue.
authors.forename: Vijayalakshmi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Padmanabhan
authors.forename: Heather B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Steinmetz
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: Amber J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Erskine
authors.forename: Tamara L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Fairbank
authors.forename: Francine B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: de Abreu
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Tsongalis
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire. Dr Padmanabhan is now with the Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Ben Taub General Hospital, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Tafe
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D003581:Cytodiagnosis / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D058996:Quality Improvement; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor