title: Total and single species of uronic acid-bearing glycosaminoglycans in urine of newborns of 2-3days of age for early diagnosis application.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urine are easily accessible and relatively simple to process and uronic acid-bearing glycosaminoglycans (UA-GAGs) may serve as biomarkers for several diseases, like for mucopolysaccharidosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report a study from a large cohort of healthy newborns of 2-3days to have a basic profile of total content of urinary UA-GAGs, their composition and structural signatures utilizing a rapid extractive method and sensitive separation of enzymatic released disaccharides by capillary electrophoresis-light induced fluorescence. Results were also compared with those obtained from normal adult subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of UA-GAGs content of ~35μg/mg creatinine was observed in 331 newborns versus 1.5μg/mg creatinine of adult urine composed of ~90% chondroitin sulfate (CS), ~7% heparan sulfate (HS) and ~3% hyaluronic acid (HA). No significant differences were observed with adults. Specific ratios between the main CS disaccharides were informative of a significant greater 4-sulfation and charge density for newborn compared to adults. The HS from newborn urine was mainly composed by the non-sulfated (~64%) and mono-sulfated (~28%) disaccharides. No significant differences were observed versus adult urine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present method is able to measure changes in UA-GAG composition and their structure independently of the age of subjects and rapidly applicable to the newborn diagnosis without necessity to have creatinine levels. Moreover, modifications in charge density values as well as the presence of sulfate groups in specific positions may be indicative of altered conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maccari
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galeotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of the Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zampini
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of the Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Padella
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tomanin
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Concolino
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fiumara
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of the Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Galeazzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of the Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Coppa
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of the Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Orazio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gabrielli
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. Electronic address: volpi@unimo.it.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Volpi
mesh_terms: D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine*; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014574:Uronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D014574:Uronic Acids; D003404:Creatinine
keywords: Chondroitin sulfate; Glycosaminoglycans; Heparan sulfate; Mucopolysaccharidosis; Newborns; Urine analysis