title: Response of gut microbiota and inflammatory status to bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) in high fat diet induced obese rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) is rich in a variety of biologically active ingredients, and has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat various diseases, including type 2 diabetes and obesity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate how bitter melon powder (BMP) could affect obesity-associated inflammatory responses to ameliorate high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance, and investigated whether its anti-inflammatory properties were effected by modulating the gut microbiota.
  
  
  METHODS
  Obese SD rats (Sprague-Dawley rats, rattus norregicus) were randomly divided into four groups: (a) normal control diet (NCD) and distilled water, (b) HFD and distilled water, (c) HFD and 300mg BMP/kg body weight (bw), (d) HFD and 10mg pioglitazone (PGT)/kg bw.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed remarkable decreases in the fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR index, serum lipid levels, and cell sizes of epididymal adipose tissues in the BMP and PGT groups after 8 weeks. BMP could significantly improve the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10), and local endotoxin levels compared to the HFD group (p<0.05). BMP suppressed the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by inhibiting inhibitor of NF-κB alpha (IκBα) degradation and phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase/ p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (JNK/p38 MAPKs) in adipose tissue. Sequencing results illustrated that BMP treatment markedly decreased the proportion of the endotoxin-producing opportunistic pathogens and increased butyrate producers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that BMP ameliorates insulin sensitivity partly via relieving the inflammatory status in the system and in white adipose tissues of obese rats, and is associated with a proportional regulation of specific gut microbiota.
authors.affiliation: School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. Electronic address: 1039997619@qq.com.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. Electronic address: ying307@126.com.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. Electronic address: ydong@mail.ujs.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota; D029777:Momordica charantia; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000382:microbiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B
keywords: Bitter melon; Gut microbiota; Inflammation; Insulin resistance; Obesity