title: Drinking, Cigarette Smoking, and Employment Among American College Freshmen at a Four-Year University.
abstract: For American college students, alcohol and cigarette use are important health concerns, and employment concurrent with school attendance is on the rise. Given the lifelong importance of employment and substance use trajectories begun in college, parsing out the relationship between the two is meaningful.
  
  
  
  This study's purpose is to determine whether employment during college is associated with substance use.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional associations between employment (work hours, earnings) and substance use (drinking frequency, drinking quantity, smoking frequency) were estimated using partial proportional odds models in a sample of N = 1457 freshmen attending a large, public 4-year university in 2011, after accounting for demographics, personality, social environment, and parental influences.
  
  
  
  Working 10 more hours and earning $50 more per week as a freshman had modest positive associations with higher smoking frequency and with moderate drinking frequency and quantity prior to adjustment. After adjustment, work hours remained modestly associated with moderate drinking frequency and quantity. No adjusted associations were found among employment measures and smoking or between weekly earnings and drinking frequency. Different relationships emerged for moderate versus heavy alcohol use frequency and quantity.
  
  
  
  Both employment and substance use are commonplace among college freshmen. After extensive controls for potential confounders, the relationship between the two appears modest. Employment may yet play a role in college student substance use, but work hours and earnings are likely only small parts of a larger web of influences on drinking and smoking.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health Behavior and Policy , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA.
authors.forename: Rose S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bono
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health Behavior and Policy , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.affiliation: b Department of Psychology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA.
authors.forename: Danielle M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.affiliation: c Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia , USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kendler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000073865:Cigarette Smoking; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010551:Personality; D012931:Social Environment; D013334:Students; D014481:United States; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol; college students; employment; tobacco