title: Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Prognosis of Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Patients with and without a History of Radiation for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Matched Case-Control Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies reported an association between an increased risk of tongue cancer and radiation treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). This study compared the clinicopathologic characteristics and outcomes of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) in patients with and without a history of radiotherapy for NPC.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1965 to 2009, a total of 73 patients were diagnosed with TSCC with a history of radiotherapy for NPC. The patients were matched in a 1:3 ratio with patients with sporadic TSCC according to age, sex, and year of the TSCC diagnosis. The primary endpoint was the overall survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median interval from NPC to TSCC was 82 months. The NPC survivors were more likely to be diagnosed with a more advanced T classification, less likely to have lymph node involvement, and more likely to have the tumor located in the dorsum of the tongue than sporadic TSCC. Regarding the histologic characteristics, the NPC survivors were more likely to have a weak lymphocytic host response, low tumor budding, and low risk of a worse pattern of invasion. The sporadic TSCC patients had a better overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.690; p=0.033) than the NPC survivors. In competing risks analysis, the cumulative incidence functions for the competing event (documented non-tongue cancer death) were significantly higher in the NPC survivors (Gray's test, p=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TSCC patients with a history of radiotherapy for NPC appear to have particular clinicopathologic features, a poorer survival, and are more likely to die from non-tongue cancer causes than those with sporadic TSCC.
authors.affiliation: Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.|Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.|Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.|Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.|Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.|Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.|Department of Imaging Diagnosis and Interventional Center, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jing-Xian
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.|Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.|Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Meng-Zhong
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.|Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Mian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000150:complications / Q000532:radiotherapy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity; D000077274:Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000532:radiotherapy; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016609:Neoplasms, Second Primary / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D011859:Radiography; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Morbidity; Nasopharyngeal carcinoma; Prognosis; Second primary cancer; Tongue neoplasms