title: Generation of sclerosant foams by mechanical methods increases the foam temperature.
abstract: Objective To investigate the effect of agitation on foam temperature. Methods Sodium tetradecyl sulphate and polidocanol were used. Prior to foam generation, the sclerosant and all constituent equipment were cooled to 4-25℃ and compared with cooling the sclerosant only. Foam was generated using a modified Tessari method. During foam agitation, the temperature change was measured using a thermocouple for 120 s. Results Pre-cooling all the constituent equipment resulted in a cooler foam in comparison with only cooling the sclerosant. A starting temperature of 4℃ produced average foam temperatures of 12.5 and 13.2℃ for sodium tetradecyl sulphate and polidocanol, respectively. It was also found that only cooling the liquid sclerosant provided minimal cooling to the final foam temperature, with the temperature 20 and 20.5℃ for sodium tetradecyl sulphate and polidocanol, respectively. Conclusion The foam generation process has a noticeable impact on final foam temperature and needs to be taken into consideration when creating foam.
authors.affiliation: 1 Dermatology, Phlebology and Fluid Mechanics Research Laboratory, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Australia.|2 School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Lulu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: 1 Dermatology, Phlebology and Fluid Mechanics Research Laboratory, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Australia.|2 School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Kaichung
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: 1 Dermatology, Phlebology and Fluid Mechanics Research Laboratory, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Australia.|3 Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.affiliation: 1 Dermatology, Phlebology and Fluid Mechanics Research Laboratory, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Australia.|2 School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fakhim
authors.affiliation: 2 School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Australia.|4 Macquarie Graduate School of Management, Macquarie University, Australia.
authors.forename: Masud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Behnia
authors.affiliation: 1 Dermatology, Phlebology and Fluid Mechanics Research Laboratory, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Australia.|2 School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Australia.|3 Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Kurosh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Parsi
mesh_terms: D003080:Cold Temperature; D000077423:Polidocanol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015911:Sclerotherapy; D012981:Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D000077423:Polidocanol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D012981:Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate
keywords: Sclerosants; cooling; foam stability; polidocanol; sodium tetradecyl sulphate; temperature