title: Scanning Electron Microscopy Findings of Machine Perfused Liver Graft After Warm Ischemia Between Hypothermic and Rewarming Machine Perfusion in Pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The shortage of organ donors is a universal problem. Use of grafts from donors after cardiac death would greatly contribute to the expansion of the donor organ pool. The two major methods of preservation are cold storage and machine perfusion (MP) preservation, and each has its own advantages. Several studies have reported the relative merits of MP for the preservation for grafts from donors after cardiac death. In this study, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess the damage to the liver between hypothermic and rewarming preservation conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porcine livers were perfused with a newly developed MP system. The livers were perfused for 4 hours with a modified University of Wisconsin solution-gluconate solution. In group 1, grafts were preserved with warm ischemic time for 60 minutes and hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) for 4 hours. In group 2, grafts were preserved with warn ischemic time for 60 minutes and had rewarming up to 22°C by MP (RMP) for 4 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant enlargement of the mitochondria were observed in both the HMP and RMP groups under higher magnification, Additionally, vacuoles appeared occasionally in hepatocytes in the RMP for 4 hours group, but not in the HMP for 4 hours group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An analysis by scanning electron microscope appears to be useful to evaluate the levels of damage of hepatocytes compared with transmission electron microscopy, and further study is needed to analyze the significance of the appearance of swelling of mitochondria and vacuolization during preservation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan. Electronic address: menglt@asahikawa-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsuno
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Furukori
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Obara
authors.affiliation: Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bochimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukukawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D003643:Death; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D023421:Models, Animal; D009926:Organ Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions; D010477:Perfusion / Q000379:methods; D017694:Rewarming / Q000379:methods; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013552:Swine; D052096:Warm Ischemia / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D019188:Organ Preservation Solutions