title: Conservation physiology of marine fishes: state of the art and prospects for policy.
abstract: The state of the art of research on the environmental physiology of marine fishes is reviewed from the perspective of how it can contribute to conservation of biodiversity and fishery resources. A major constraint to application of physiological knowledge for conservation of marine fishes is the limited knowledge base; international collaboration is needed to study the environmental physiology of a wider range of species. Multifactorial field and laboratory studies on biomarkers hold promise to relate ecophysiology directly to habitat quality and population status. The 'Fry paradigm' could have broad applications for conservation physiology research if it provides a universal mechanism to link physiological function with ecological performance and population dynamics of fishes, through effects of abiotic conditions on aerobic metabolic scope. The available data indicate, however, that the paradigm is not universal, so further research is required on a wide diversity of species. Fish physiologists should interact closely with researchers developing ecological models, in order to investigate how integrating physiological information improves confidence in projecting effects of global change; for example, with mechanistic models that define habitat suitability based upon potential for aerobic scope or outputs of a dynamic energy budget. One major challenge to upscaling from physiology of individuals to the level of species and communities is incorporating intraspecific variation, which could be a crucial component of species' resilience to global change. Understanding what fishes do in the wild is also a challenge, but techniques of biotelemetry and biologging are providing novel information towards effective conservation. Overall, fish physiologists must strive to render research outputs more applicable to management and decision-making. There are various potential avenues for information flow, in the shorter term directly through biomarker studies and in the longer term by collaborating with modellers and fishery biologists.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Marine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation , UMR MARBEC (CNRS, IRD, IFREMER, UM) , Place E. Bataillon cc 093 , 34095 Montpellier , France.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McKenzie
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences , University of Gothenburg , Medicinaregatan 18 , 413 90 Gothenburg , Sweden.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Axelsson
authors.affiliation: Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institut Maurice-Lamontagne , Mont-Joli , QC , Canada G5H 3Z4.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chabot
authors.affiliation: Université de Bretagne Occidentale , UMR LEMAR , Unité PFOM-ARN , Centre Ifremer de Bretagne , ZI Pointe du Diable. CS 10070 , 29280 Plouzané , France.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Claireaux
authors.affiliation: Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory , Department of Biology , Carleton University , Ottawa , ON , Canada K1S 5B6.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.affiliation: Longline Environment Ltd , 88 Wood Street , London EC2V 7RS , UK.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Corner
authors.affiliation: Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE) , Department of Biology , University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , B-2020 Antwerp , Belgium.
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Boeck
authors.affiliation: CNR-IAMC , Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero , 09072 Torregrande , Oristano , Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Domenici
authors.affiliation: CCMAR - Centre for Marine Sciences , Universidade do Algarve , 8005-139 Faro , Portugal.
authors.forename: Pedro M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Guerreiro
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Research , Ruder Boskovic Institute , Giordano Paliaga 5 , 52210 Rovinj , Croatia.
authors.forename: Bojan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hamer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Hjort Centre for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics , University of Bergen , 5020 Bergen , Norway.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine , College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences , Graham Kerr Building , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , UK.
authors.forename: Shaun S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Killen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , PO Box 1066 , NO-0316 Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Sjannie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lefevre
authors.affiliation: CNR-IAMC , Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero , 09072 Torregrande , Oristano , Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marras
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Physiology , Department of Zoology , School of Biology , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki , Greece.
authors.forename: Basile
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Michaelidis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences , University of Oslo , PO Box 1066 , NO-0316 Oslo , Norway.
authors.forename: Göran E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Institute for Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science , University of Hamburg , Olbersweg 24 , Hamburg 22767 , Germany.
authors.forename: Myron A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Peck
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Hydrology , Faculty of Biology , Espinardo , Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum' , University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.
authors.forename: Angel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perez-Ruzafa
authors.affiliation: IMARES , Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies , PO Box 68 , 1970 AB IJmuiden , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Adriaan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Rijnsdorp
authors.affiliation: Core Technology Facility , The University of Manchester , 46 Grafton Street , Manchester M13 9NT , UK.
authors.forename: Holly A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Shiels
authors.affiliation: Marine Biological Section , Department of Biology , University of Copenhagen , Strandpromenaden 5 , DK-3000 Helsingør , Denmark.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Steffensen
authors.affiliation: Section for Ecosystem-based Marine Management , National Institute of Aquatic Resources (DTU-Aqua) , Technical University of Denmark , Jægersborg Allé 1 , DK-2920 Charlottenlund , Denmark.
authors.forename: Jon C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Svendsen
authors.affiliation: Marine Biological Section , Department of Biology , University of Copenhagen , Strandpromenaden 5 , DK-3000 Helsingør , Denmark.
authors.forename: Morten B S
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Svendsen
authors.affiliation: IMARES , Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies , PO Box 68 , 1970 AB IJmuiden , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lorna R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Teal
authors.affiliation: Department of Coastal Systems , NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University , PO Box 59 , 1790 AB Den Burg , Texel , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jaap
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Meer
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoophysiology , Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR) , University of Porto , 4050-123 Porto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Biosciences , College of Life & Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QD , UK.
authors.forename: Rod W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) , Lowestoft Laboratory , Suffolk NR33 0HT , UK.
authors.forename: Julian D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Metcalfe
keywords: Biomarkers; Fry paradigm; ecological models; fisheries; individual variation; telemetry