title: Genetic Diversity and Origins of the Homoploid-Type Hybrid Phytophthora ×alni.
abstract: Assessing the process that gives rise to hybrid pathogens is central to understanding the evolution of emerging plant diseases. Phytophthora ×alni, a pathogen of alder, results from the homoploid hybridization of two related species, Phytophthora uniformis and Phytophthora ×multiformis Describing the genetic characteristics of P ×alni should help us understand how reproductive mechanisms and historical processes shaped the population structure of this emerging hybrid pathogen. The population genetic structure of P ×alni and the relationship with its parental species were investigated using 12 microsatellites and one mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) marker on a European collection of 379 isolates. Populations of P ×alni were dominated by one multilocus genotype (MLG). The frequency of this dominant MLG increased after the disease emergence together with a decline in diversity, suggesting that it was favored by a genetic mechanism such as drift or selection. Combined microsatellite and mtDNA results confirmed that P ×alni originated from multiple hybridization events that involved different genotypes of the progenitors. Our detailed analyses point to a geographic structure that mirrors that observed for P. uniformis in Europe. The study provides more insights on the contribution of P. uniformis, an invasive species in Europe, to the emergence of Phytophthora-induced alder decline.
  
  
  
  Our study describes an original approach to assess the population genetics of polyploid organisms using microsatellite markers. By studying the parental subgenomes present in the interspecific hybrid P. ×alni, we were able to assess the geographical and temporal structure of European populations of the hybrid, shedding new light on the evolution of an emerging plant pathogen. In turn, the study of the parental subgenomes permitted us to assess some genetic characteristics of the parental species of P. ×alni, P. uniformis, and P ×multiformis, which are seldom sampled in nature. The subgenomes found in P. ×alni represent a picture of the "fossilized" diversity of the parental species.
authors.affiliation: ANSES, Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Unité de Mycologie, Malzéville, France.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7552-0655
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aguayo
authors.affiliation: UMR IAM, INRA, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Fabien
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Halkett
authors.affiliation: UMR IAM, INRA, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Husson
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Zoltán Á
authors.initials: ZÁ
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: András
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szigethy
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: József
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bakonyi
authors.affiliation: UMR IAM, INRA, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6294-737X
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.affiliation: UMR IAM, INRA, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France benoit.marcais@inra.fr.
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marçais
mesh_terms: D029661:Alnus / Q000382:microbiology; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D005060:Europe; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D010802:Phylogeny; D010838:Phytophthora / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D011123:Polyploidy
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial