title: Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in milk samples. Development of green extraction coupled techniques for sample preparation.
abstract: Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), cloud point extraction (CPE), and ultrasound back-extraction (UABE) techniques have been coupled for lixiviation, preconcentration, and cleanup of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from milk samples for determination by gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Physicochemical parameters that affect the efficiency of the extraction system were investigated using a design of experiments based on multivariate statistical tools, and considering the sample matrix along the development. The coupling of the leaching step, UAE, enhanced ca. 3.5 times the extraction efficiency of the former sample preparation methodology (CPE-UABE) leading to cleaner sample extracts suitable for GC analysis. Under optimum conditions, the proposed methodology exhibits successful performance in terms of linearity and precision, with recoveries in the range of 68-70% and LODs within the range 0.05-0.5 ng/g dry weight (d.w.). The proposed sample preparation methodology coupled three green analytical techniques. It expands the application frontiers of CPE for the analysis of biological samples by GC. The optimized methodology was used for determination of PBDEs in powder milk samples, from both commercial and human sources.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA, CONICET), Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina.|Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Berton
authors.affiliation: Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA, CONICET), Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina.|Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
authors.forename: Sabrina B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Mammana
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM, CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.|Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina.
authors.forename: Daniela A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Locatelli
authors.affiliation: Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA, CONICET), Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina.
authors.forename: Nerina B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Lana
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.|Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU, CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.
authors.forename: María B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Hapon
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.|Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM, CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina.|Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina.
authors.forename: Alejandra B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.affiliation: Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA, CONICET), Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina.|Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
authors.forename: Jorgelina C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Altamirano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology / Q000379:methods*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D057230:Limit of Detection; D016014:Linear Models; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D013010:Sonication / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers
keywords: Cloud point extraction; Experimental design; Milk samples; Polybrominated diphenyl ethers; Ultrasound-assisted extraction