title: Antifouling Zwitterionic Coating via Electrochemically Mediated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization on Enzyme-Based Glucose Sensors for Long-Time Stability in 37 °C Serum.
abstract: In this study, a versatile fabrication method for coating enzyme-based biosensors with ultrathin antifouling zwitterionic polymer films to meet the challenge of the long-time stability of sensors in vivo was developed. Electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) was applied to polymerize zwitterionic sulfobetaine methacrylate monomers on the rough enzyme-absorbed electrode surfaces; meanwhile, a refined overall bromination was developed to improve the coverage of polymers on the biosensor surfaces and to maintain the enzyme activity simultaneously for the first time. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to characterize the properties of the polymer layers. The antifouling performance and long-time stability in 37 °C undiluted bovine serum in vitro were evaluated. The results showed that the polymer brush coatings diminished over 99% nonspecific protein adsorption and that the sensitivity of the evaluated sensor was maintained at 94% after 15 days. The overall sensitivity deviation of 7% was nearly 50% lower than that of the polyurethane-coated ones and also much smaller than the current commercially available glucose biosensors. The results suggested that this highly controllable electrodeposition procedure could be a promising method to develop implantable biosensors with long-time stability.
authors.affiliation: Zhijiang College, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yichuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Guanglong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Shengfu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xuesong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001622:Betaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D057219:Biofouling; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002417:Cattle; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D005949:Glucose Oxidase / Q000737:chemistry; D054879:Halogenation; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D058105:Polymerization; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D044967:Serum / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D008689:Methacrylates; D011506:Proteins; D001622:Betaine; C483727:sulfobetaine; D005949:Glucose Oxidase; D005947:Glucose