title: MicroRNA in Control of Gene Expression: An Overview of Nuclear Functions.
abstract: The finding that small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are able to control gene expression in a sequence specific manner has had a massive impact on biology. Recent improvements in high throughput sequencing and computational prediction methods have allowed the discovery and classification of several types of ncRNAs. Based on their precursor structures, biogenesis pathways and modes of action, ncRNAs are classified as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), endogenous small interfering RNAs (endo-siRNAs or esiRNAs), promoter associate RNAs (pRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and sno-derived RNAs. Among these, miRNAs appear as important cytoplasmic regulators of gene expression. miRNAs act as post-transcriptional regulators of their messenger RNA (mRNA) targets via mRNA degradation and/or translational repression. However, it is becoming evident that miRNAs also have specific nuclear functions. Among these, the most studied and debated activity is the miRNA-guided transcriptional control of gene expression. Although available data detail quite precisely the effectors of this activity, the mechanisms by which miRNAs identify their gene targets to control transcription are still a matter of debate. Here, we focus on nuclear functions of miRNAs and on alternative mechanisms of target recognition, at the promoter lavel, by miRNAs in carrying out transcriptional gene silencing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome 00179, Italy. caterina.catalanotto@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Catalanotto
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome 00179, Italy. carlo.cogoni@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cogoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome 00179, Italy. giuseppe.zardo@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zardo
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D000818:Animals; D002466:Cell Nucleolus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D034443:RNA Transport; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D035683:MicroRNAs
keywords: epigenetics; miRNA inducing silencing complex (miRISC); microRNA; nuclear function; transcriptional control