title: Regularly consuming a green/roasted coffee blend reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preventive health effects of coffee could have a widespread impact on public health. Green coffee has more phenols than roasted, and thus is healthier, although with less acceptable organoleptic properties. Therefore, the effects of regularly consuming a green/roasted coffee blend (35/65) on the main components of MetS in humans were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A crossover, randomized, controlled study was performed in 25 normocholesterolaemic and 27 hypercholesterolaemic men and women aged 18-45 years with BMI 18-25 kg/m2. Three servings/day of the blend, providing 510.6 mg hydroxycinnamic acids and 121.2 mg caffeine/day, were consumed versus a control drink, during 8 weeks each. Polyphenol and methylxanthine-rich foods were restricted along the study. At the beginning (baseline) and end of the control and coffee interventions, blood samples were collected and glucose, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), resistin and visfatin were analysed; waist circumference, %body fat, and blood pressure were measured and dietary records and physical activity questionnaires completed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) in both groups as well as %body fat (p = 0.001) which may be related to the lower leptin (p = 0.001), PAI-1 (p < 0.001) and resistin (p = 0.034) levels in the two groups after coffee consumption. Glucose concentration (p = 0.030) and insulin resistance (p = 0.011; HOMA-IR) also decreased, as well as triglyceride levels (p = 0.017), so that the reduction was much greater in the hypercholesterolaemics (group effect, p = 0.027).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regular consumption of the green/roasted coffee blend may be recommended to healthy and hypercholesterolaemic subjects to prevent MetS, as it produces positive effects on blood pressure, glucose and triglyceride levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), José Antonio Nováis 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain. beasarria@ictan.csic.es.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sarriá
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), José Antonio Nováis 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martínez-López
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Bromathology I, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Ciudad Universitaria, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sierra-Cinos
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Bromathology I, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Ciudad Universitaria, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: García-Diz
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), José Antonio Nováis 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mateos
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), José Antonio Nováis 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bravo-Clemente
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D040503:Coffea / Q000737:chemistry; D003069:Coffee / Q000737:chemistry; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D005260:Female; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000178:diet therapy; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003069:Coffee; D059808:Polyphenols; D014280:Triglycerides; D002110:Caffeine
keywords: Coffee; Diabetes; Hydroxycinnamic acids; Hypertension; Metabolic syndrome; Weight loss