title: Circulating biomarkers to guide systemic therapy for urothelial carcinoma.
abstract: There are very few biomarkers used to diagnose bladder cancer and no clinically approved biomarkers for prediction or prognostication of this disease. All currently available biomarkers are based on urine tests, and thus, they may not be applicable to patients with extravesical tumors. Biopsy of metastatic sites requires an invasive procedure, whereas serum-based markers, which can be easily obtained and serially measured, thus have obvious merit. These deficiencies may be overcome with advances in genome sequencing, identification of circulating tumor cells, and RNA-, protein-, and DNA-based biomarkers. Here, progress in circulating biomarkers in both superficial and invasive bladder cancer is described.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Urology, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Philip H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Abbosh
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Medical Oncology, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Jonathan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA. Electronic address: elizabeth.plimack@fccc.edu.
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Plimack
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D002469:Cell Separation / Q000379:methods; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D018450:Disease Progression; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D009360:Neoplastic Cells, Circulating / Q000737:chemistry; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000097:blood; D014571:Urologic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm
keywords: Bladder cancer; Cell-free DNA; Circulating tumor DNA; Circulating tumor cells