title: Multiple cryotherapy applications attenuate oxidative stress following skeletal muscle injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of multiple cryotherapy applications after muscle injury on markers of oxidative stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following cryolesion-induced skeletal muscle injury in rats, ice was applied at the injured site for 30 minutes, three times per day, on the day of injury, and for 2 days after injury. To determine the effect of the cryotherapy treatment on markers of oxidative stress, biochemical analyses were performed 3, 7, and 14 days after injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with non-treated animals, cryotherapy reduced dichlorofluorescein at 7 and 14 days post-injury and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels at 3 and 7 days post-injury (P < 0.05). Additionally, cryotherapy maintained methyl thiazol tetrazolium reduction levels compared to the control group at all analyzed time points (P > 0.05), whereas non-treated groups demonstrated lower levels than the control group (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity at 7 and 14 days post-injury and catalase activity at 3 days post-injury were lower in cryotherapy groups compared with non-treated groups (P < 0.05). Cryotherapy prevented the reduction of non-protein thiol levels and maintained within control group level, at 3 days post-injury (P = 0.92).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cryotherapy reduced the production of reactive oxygen species after muscle injury, resulting in an attenuated response of the antioxidant system. These findings suggest that using multiple cryotherapy applications is efficient to reduce oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: a Physical Therapy Division , University of Brasilia , Federal District, Brazil.
authors.forename: Angelina Freitas
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6795-3445
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Siqueira
authors.affiliation: b Physical Education College , University of Brasilia , Federal District, Brazil.
authors.forename: Amilton
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-4367
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: a Physical Therapy Division , University of Brasilia , Federal District, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gracielle Vieira
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4746-0357
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: a Physical Therapy Division , University of Brasilia , Federal District, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rita de Cássia
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9126-3882
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Marqueti
authors.affiliation: c Department of Physical Therapy , Federal University of São Carlos , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Tania de Fátima
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6353-6393
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Salvini
authors.affiliation: d Department of Morphology , Federal University of Santa Maria , Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo Orione
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1641-9477
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Puntel
authors.affiliation: a Physical Therapy Division , University of Brasilia , Federal District, Brazil.
authors.forename: Joao Luiz Quagliotti
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7511-5289
authors.initials: JLQ
authors.lastname: Durigan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D017679:Cryotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Oxidative stress; antioxidants; cryotherapy; physical therapy; regeneration; skeletal muscle; therapeutics