title: Max Hirsch (1875-1941): His forgotten fate and his contributions to the founding of modern rheumatology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the connections between balneology and rheumatology in the founding period of the discipline of rheumatology, and describe the contributions of Max Hirsch, MD in the formation of professional rheumatology societies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Historical documents from the medical history collection of Vogelsang-Gommern, Germany, and original personal documents of the Hirsch family and information from the medical and historical period literature were used in developing this report.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first efforts at organizing rheumatology as a recognized clinical and academic discipline took place in the 1920s. Many of the first proponents were balneologists who cared for patients with chronic arthritic conditions without the benefit of effective medications. Max Hirsch, MD was a major figure in the development of modern rheumatology as it emerged from the provenance of balneology and orthopedics as a recognized organized medical discipline, contributing to the founding of the German Society for Rheumatology and the International League Against Rheumatism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Max Hirsch made significant contributions to scientific and organized rheumatology in the early days of the discipline. His contributions to the field and his fate as a Jewish physician have only recently come to light.
authors.affiliation: Emeritus Chief of Rheumatology, Fachkrankenhaus Vogelsang; Director, Medical History Collection, Gommern-Vogelsang, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Keitel
authors.affiliation: Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Olsson
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Heath Sciences Research, Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, USA.
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Matteson
keywords: Max Hirsch; balneology; history of rheumatology