title: An Integrative Bio-Psycho-Social Theory of Anorexia Nervosa.
abstract: The need for novel approaches to understanding and treating anorexia nervosa (AN) is well recognized. The aim of this paper is to describe an integrative bio-psycho-social theory of maintaining factors in AN. We took a triangulation approach to develop a clinically relevant theory with face validity and internal consistency. We developed theoretical ideas from our clinical practice and reviewed theoretical ideas within the eating disorders and wider bio-psycho-social literature. The synthesis of these ideas and concepts into a clinically meaningful framework is described here. We suggest eight key factors central to understanding the maintenance and treatment resistance of anorexia nervosa: genetic or experiential predisposing factors; dysfunctional feelings processing and regulation systems; excessive vulnerable feelings; 'feared self' beliefs; starvation as a maladaptive physiological feelings regulation mechanism; maladaptive psychological coping modes; maladaptive social behaviour; and unmet physical and psychological core needs. Each of these factors serves to maintain the disorder. The concept of universal physical and psychological core needs can provide an underpinning integrative framework for working with this distinctly physical and psychological disorder. This framework could be used within any treatment model. We suggest that treatments which help address the profound lack of trust, emotional security and self-acceptance in this patient group will in turn address unmet needs and improve well-being. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The concept of unmet physical and psychological needs can be used as an underlying integrative framework for understanding and working with this patient group, alongside any treatment model. A functional understanding of the neuro-biological, physiological and psychological mechanisms involved in anorexia nervosa can help patients reduce self-criticism and shame. Fears about being or becoming fat, greedy, needy, selfish and unacceptable ('Feared Self') drive over-compensatory self-depriving behaviour ('Anorexic Self'). Psychological treatment for anorexia nervosa should emphasize a focus on feelings and fostering experiences of acceptance and trust. Treatment for patients with anorexia nervosa needs to be longer than current clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Anorexia Nervosa Intensive Treatment Team Eating Disorders Department, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.|Department of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Calum
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Munro
authors.affiliation: Anorexia Nervosa Intensive Treatment Team Eating Disorders Department, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Randell
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lawrie
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D000856:Anorexia Nervosa / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D000066949:Biobehavioral Sciences; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D003469:Culture; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000502:physiology; D012929:Psychological Distance; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012307:Risk Factors; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012919:Social Behavior; D013217:Starvation / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D017211:Treatment Failure; D035502:Trust / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents
keywords: Anorexia Nervosa; Bio-Psycho-Social; Core Needs; Emotions; Theory; Trust