title: Metabolism of citral, the major constituent of lemongrass oil, in the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, and effects of enzyme inhibitors on toxicity and metabolism.
abstract: Although screening for new and reliable sources of botanical insecticides remains important, finding ways to improve the efficacy of those already in use through better understanding of their modes-of-action or metabolic pathways, or by improving formulations, deserves greater attention as the latter may present lesser regulation hurdles. Metabolic processing of citral (a combination of the stereoisomers geranial and neral), a main constituent of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil has not been previously examined in insects. To address this, we investigated insecticidal activities of lemongrass oil and citral, as well as the metabolism of citral in larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, in associations with well-known enzyme inhibitors. Among the inhibitors tested, piperonyl butoxide showed the highest increase in toxicity followed by triphenyl phosphate, but no synergistic interaction between the inhibitors was observed. Topical application of citral to fifth instar larvae produced mild reductions in food consumption, and frass analysis after 24h revealed geranic acid (99.7%) and neric acid (98.8%) as major metabolites of citral. Neither citral nor any other metabolites were found following in vivo analysis of larvae after 24h, and no significant effect of enzyme inhibitors was observed on diet consumption or citral metabolism.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada. Electronic address: saturnpg7@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Jun-Hyung
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Tak
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada. Electronic address: murray.isman@ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Murray B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Isman
mesh_terms: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000818:Animals; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004950:Esterases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D007306:Insecticides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010574:Pesticide Synergists / Q000494:pharmacology; D010882:Piperonyl Butoxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000633:toxicity; D013729:Terpenes / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D065607:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D039821:Monoterpenes; D010755:Organophosphates; D010574:Pesticide Synergists; D010938:Plant Oils; D013729:Terpenes; C052901:lemongrass oil; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D004950:Esterases; D010882:Piperonyl Butoxide; C007076:citral; C005445:triphenyl phosphate
keywords: Botanical insecticides; Citral; Lemongrass oil; Metabolism; Piperonyl butoxide; Triphenyl phosphate