title: Direct-to-Consumer Drug Advertisements Can Paradoxically Increase Intentions to Adopt Lifestyle Changes.
abstract: Background:Direct-to-consumer (DTC) prescription drug advertisements are thought to induce "boomerang effects," meaning they reduce the perceived effectiveness of a potential alternative option: non-pharmaceutical treatment via lifestyle change. Past research has observed such effects using artificially created, text-only advertisements that may not adequate capture the complex, conflicting portrayal of lifestyle change in real television advertisements. In other risk domains, individual "problem status" often moderates boomerang effects, such that subjects who currently engage in the risky behavior exhibit the strongest boomerang effects.Objectives:We aimed to assess whether priming with real DTC television advertisements elicited boomerang effects on perceptions of lifestyle change and whether these effects, if present, were moderated by individual problem status.Methods:We assembled a sample of real, previously aired DTC television advertisements in order to naturalistically capture the portrayal of lifestyle change in real advertisements. We randomized 819 adults in the United States recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk to view or not view an advertisement for a prescription drug. We further randomized subjects to judge either lifestyle change or drugs on three measures: general effectiveness, disease severity for a hypothetical patient, and personal intention to use the intervention if diagnosed with the target health condition.Results:Advertisement exposure induced a statistically significant, but weak, boomerang effect on general effectiveness (p= 0.01, partialR2= 0.007) and did not affect disease severity score (p= 0.32, partialR2= 0.0009). Advertisement exposure elicited a reverse boomerang effect of similar effect size on personal intentions, such that advertisement-exposed subjects reported comparatively higher intentions to use lifestyle change relative to drugs (p= 0.006, partialR2= 0.008). Individual problem status did not significantly moderate these effects.Conclusion:In contrast to previous literature finding large boomerang effects using artificial advertisement stimuli, real television advertisements elicited only a weak boomerang effect on perceived effectiveness and elicited an unexpected reverse boomerang effect on personal intentions to use lifestyle change versus drugs. These findings may reflect real advertisements' induction of descriptive norms and self-efficacy; future research could address such possibilities by systematically manipulating advertisement content.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Harvard UniversityBoston, MA, USA; Quantitative Sciences Unit, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, StanfordCA, USA.
authors.forename: Maya B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California Pasadena, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University Medical CenterStanford, CA, USA; Center for Health Policy and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford UniversityStanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Nayer
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khazeni
keywords: attitude change; boomerang effect; direct-to-consumer advertising; health psychology; risk compensation