title: A comparison of dexamethasone and clonidine as an adjuvant for caudal blocks in pediatric urogenital surgeries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Caudal block is a reliable regional analgesic technique for pediatric urogenital surgeries. Various adjuvants have been tried to enhance the duration of action of bupivicaine. Though clonidine is extensively used as an adjuvant in caudal anaesthesia, it can have troublesome adverse effects like bradycardia, hypotension and sedation. Lately dexamethasone has become popular as an adjuvant in paediatric caudals due to its safety profile.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare dexamethasone and clonidine coadministered with bupivicaine caudally in paediatric patients undergoing urogenital surgeries in terms of analgesia and adverse effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, double blinded randomised study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I and II children, aged 1-6 years undergoing urogenital surgeries were allocated in 2 groups: Group I: 0.5 mL.kg-1of 0.25% bupivicaine with dexamethasone 0.1 mg.kg-1in 1 ml normal saline (NS) Group II: 0.5 mL.kg-1of 0.25% bupivicaine with clonidine 1 μg.kg-1diluted in 1 ml normal saline. The parameters studied included duration of analgesia, intraoperative and postoperative hemodynamics, sedation scores and incidence of adverse effects like wound dehiscence, bleeding, vomiting and respiratory depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Statistical analysis was carried out using Stata Version 10. After checking for the normality assumption,t-test for comparing means of two independent samples was used for comparing baseline continuous variables.Pvalues <0.05 were considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in Group II had longer duration of analgesia postoperatively. Patients in this group also had lower heart rate and more sedation scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that caudal dexamethasone is a good alternative to clonidine with more stable hemodynamics and lesser sedation scores in the immediate postoperative period. Both the drugs offer good analgesia postoperatively with the duration of analgesia more in clonidine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India.
authors.forename: Chandni
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India.
authors.forename: Bindey
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India.
authors.forename: Umesh Kumar
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Bhadani
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Ajeet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India.
authors.forename: Amarjeet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India.
authors.forename: Alok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ranjan
keywords: Caudal; clonidine; dexamethasone; pediatric