title: A brain phantom for motion-corrected PROPELLER showing image contrast and construction similar to those of in vivo MRI.
abstract: A fast spin-echo sequence based on the Periodically Rotated Overlapping Parallel Lines with Enhanced Reconstruction (PROPELLER) technique is a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging data acquisition and reconstruction method for correcting motion during scans. Previous studies attempted to verify the in vivo capabilities of motion-corrected PROPELLER in real clinical situations. However, such experiments are limited by repeated, stray head motion by research participants during the prescribed and precise head motion protocol of a PROPELLER acquisition. Therefore, our purpose was to develop a brain phantom set for motion-corrected PROPELLER.
  
  
  
  The profile curves of the signal intensities on the in vivo T2-weighted image (T2WI) and 3-D rapid prototyping technology were used to produce the phantom. In addition, we used a homemade driver system to achieve in-plane motion at the intended timing. We calculated the Pearson's correlation coefficient (R2) between the signal intensities of the in vivo T2WI and the phantom T2WI and clarified the rotation precision of the driver system. In addition, we used the phantom set to perform initial experiments to show the rotational angle and frequency dependences of PROPELLER.
  
  
  
  The in vivo and phantom T2WIs were visually congruent, with a significant correlation (R2) of 0.955 (p<.001). The rotational precision of the driver system was within 1 degree of tolerance. The experiment on the rotational angle dependency showed image discrepancies between the rotational angles. The experiment on the rotational frequency dependency showed that the reconstructed images became increasingly blurred by the corruption of the blades as the number of motions increased.
  
  
  
  In this study, we developed a phantom that showed image contrasts and construction similar to the in vivo T2WI. In addition, our homemade driver system achieved precise in-plane motion at the intended timing. Our proposed phantom set could perform systematic experiments with a real clinical MR image, which to date has not been possible in in vivo studies. Further investigation should focus on the improvement of the motion-correction algorithm in PROPELLER using our phantom set for what would traditionally be considered problematic patients (children, emergency patients, elderly, those with dementia, and so on).
authors.affiliation: Center for Cybernics Research, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science Majors of Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan. Electronic address: saotome84@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kousaku
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saotome
authors.affiliation: Center for Cybernics Research, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Chiba 260-8677, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic Imaging Room, Medical Technology Department, Kameda General Hospital, Kamogawa, Chiba 296-8602, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.affiliation: School of Integrative and Global Majors (SIGMA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Center for Cybernics Research, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; Faculty of Engineering, Information, and Systems, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sankai
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsumura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009038:Motion; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012016:Reference Values
keywords: 3-D prototyping technology; Brain; Motion correction; Phantom; Propeller