title: Scaffolds for Learning to Read in an Inclusion Classroom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article describes a study on the scaffolding of learning to read in a primary-level, continuous-progress, inclusion classroom that stressed a critical thinking curriculum and employed a collaborative teaching model. Two emergent reading groups were the focus of study-one group that was taught by a general educator and the other by a special educator. The primary purposes were to discern the teachers' discourse patterns in order to define whether scaffolding sequences were more directive or more supportive and the degree to which these sequences represented differentiated instruction for children with a language learning disability (LLD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two students with an LLD and two younger, typically developing peers were videotaped in their emergent reading groups during an 8-week period. The distribution, types, and functions of teacher scaffolding sequences were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both team members primarily used directive scaffolding sequences, suggesting that the assistance provided to children emphasized only direct instruction (skill learning) and not analytical thinking concerning phonemegrapheme relationships (strategy learning). Distribution of scaffolding sequence types directed to the four students indicated that the two children with an LLD were receiving reading instruction that was undifferentiated from the two typically developing, younger children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In order for children with an LLD to benefit from inclusion, explicit, systematic, and intensive instruction in phonological awareness and spelling-sound relationships should be implemented within the context of multilevel instruction that balances skill- and strategy-based learning.
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, Tampa.
authors.forename: Elaine R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Silliman
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, Tampa.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bahr
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, Tampa.
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beasman
authors.affiliation: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick.
authors.forename: Louise C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Wilkinson