title: Assessment of the cortisol awakening response: Real-time analysis and curvilinear effects of sample timing inaccuracy.
abstract: The cortisol awakening response (CAR) is typically measured in the domestic setting. Moderate sample timing inaccuracy has been shown to result in erroneous CAR estimates and such inaccuracy has been shown partially to explain inconsistency in the CAR literature. The need for more reliable measurement of the CAR has recently been highlighted in expert consensus guidelines where it was pointed out that less than 6% of published studies provided electronic-monitoring of saliva sampling time in the post-awakening period. Analyses of a merged data-set of published studies from our laboratory are presented. To qualify for selection, both time of awakening and collection of the first sample must have been verified by electronic-monitoring and sampling commenced within 15min of awakening. Participants (n=128) were young (median age of 20 years) and healthy. Cortisol values were determined in the 45min post-awakening period on 215 sampling days. On 127days, delay between verified awakening and collection of the first sample was less than 3min ('no delay' group); on 45days there was a delay of 4-6min ('short delay' group); on 43days the delay was 7-15min ('moderate delay' group). Cortisol values for verified sampling times accurately mapped on to the typical post-awakening cortisol growth curve, regardless of whether sampling deviated from desired protocol timings. This provides support for incorporating rather than excluding delayed data (up to 15min) in CAR analyses. For this population the fitted cortisol growth curve equation predicted a mean cortisol awakening level of 6nmols/l (±1 for 95% CI) and a mean CAR rise of 6nmols/l (±2 for 95% CI). We also modelled the relationship between real delay and CAR magnitude, when the CAR is calculated erroneously by incorrectly assuming adherence to protocol time. Findings supported a curvilinear hypothesis in relation to effects of sample delay on the CAR. Short delays of 4-6min between awakening and commencement of saliva sampling resulted in an overestimated CAR. Moderate delays of 7-15min were associated with an underestimated CAR. Findings emphasize the need to employ electronic-monitoring of sampling accuracy when measuring the CAR in the domestic setting.
authors.affiliation: Psychophysiology and Stress Research Group, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.affiliation: Psychophysiology and Stress Research Group, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thorn
authors.affiliation: Psychophysiology and Stress Research Group, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hucklebridge
authors.affiliation: Psychophysiology and Stress Research Group, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clow
authors.affiliation: Psychophysiology and Stress Research Group, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK. Electronic address: evansp@wmin.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000592:standards*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: CAR; Cortisol; Cortisol awakening response; Growth cortisol curve; Saliva; Sample timing inaccuracy