title: Nacre, a natural, multi-use, and timely biomaterial for bone graft substitution.
abstract: During the past two decades, with a huge and rapidly increasing clinical need for bone regeneration and repair, bone substitutes are more and more seen as a potential solution. Major innovation efforts are being made to develop such substitutes, some having advanced even to clinical practice. It is now time to turn to natural biomaterials. Nacre, or mother-of-pearl, is an organic matrix-calcium carbonate coupled shell structure produced by molluscs. In vivo and in vitro studies have revealed that nacre is osteoinductive, osteoconductive, biocompatible, and biodegradable. With many other outstanding qualities, nacre represents a natural and multi-use biomaterial as a bone graft substitute. This review aims at summarising the current needs in orthopaedic clinics and the challenges for the development of bone substitutes; most of all, we systematically review the physiological characteristics and biological evidence of nacre's effects centred on osteogenesis, and finally we put forward the potential use of nacre as a bone graft substitute. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 662-671, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Faculté de médicine, IMoPA, UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Ganggang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Faculté de médicine, IMoPA, UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brion
authors.affiliation: Faculté de médicine, IMoPA, UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Anne-Sophie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Willemin
authors.affiliation: Faculté de médicine, IMoPA, UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Hélène
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Piet
authors.affiliation: Faculté de médicine, IMoPA, UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moby
authors.affiliation: Faculté de médicine, IMoPA, UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bianchi
authors.affiliation: Faculté de médicine, IMoPA, UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mainard
authors.affiliation: Faculté de médicine, IMoPA, UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Galois
authors.affiliation: Faculté de médicine, IMoPA, UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gillet
authors.affiliation: Faculté de médicine, IMoPA, UMR 7365 CNRS Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Marthe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rousseau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D060734:Nacre / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D060734:Nacre
keywords: biomaterial; biomineralization; bone graft substitute; clinical applications; nacre