title: Veterinary pharmaceuticals in aqueous systems and associated effects: an update.
abstract: Environmental studies have shown that pharmaceuticals can contaminate aqueous matrices, such as groundwater, surface water, sediment as well as aquatic flora and fauna. Effluents from sewage and wastewater treatment plants, pharmaceutical industries and hospitals have been implicated in such contamination. Recent studies have however revealed significant concentrations of pharmaceuticals in wastewater from animal facilities in proximal aquatic habitats. Furthermore, epidemiological studies have shown a consistent positive correlation between exposure to some drugs of veterinary importance and increased adverse effects in aquatic biota largely due to induction of endocrine disruption, antibiotic resistance, neurotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress. The aquatic habitats and associated biota are important in the maintenance of global ecosystem and food chain. For this reason, anything that compromises the integrity and functions of the aquatic environment may lead to major upset in the world's ecosystems. Therefore, knowledge about this route of exposure cannot be neglected and monitoring of their occurrence in the environment is required. This review focuses on scientific evidence that link the presence of pharmaceuticals in aqueous matrices to animal production facilities and presents means to reduce the occurrence of veterinary pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic habitats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Zonnebloem, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa. Samuel_obimakinde@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1033-3530
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Obimakinde
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Zonnebloem, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
authors.forename: Olalekan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fatoki
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Zonnebloem, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Opeolu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Zonnebloem, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
authors.forename: Olatunde
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Olatunji
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D019155:Veterinary Drugs; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Animal production; Veterinary pharmaceuticals; Water contamination