title: Skeletal effects in Angle Class II/1 patients treated with the functional regulator type II : Cephalometric and tensor analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to employ both cephalometric and tensor analysis in characterizing the skeletal changes experienced by patients with Angle Class II/1 malocclusion during functional orthodontic treatment with the functional regulator type II.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 23 patients with Class II/1 malocclusion based on lateral cephalograms obtained before and after treatment with the functional regulator type II were analyzed. Another 23 patients with Angle Class II/1 malocclusion who had not undergone treatment were included as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our cephalometric data attest to significant therapeutic effects of the functional regulator type II on the skeletal mandibular system, including significant advancement of the mandible, increases in effective mandibular length with enhancement of the chin profile, and reduction of growth-related bite deepening. No treatment-related effects were observed at the cranial-base and midface levels. In addition, tensor analysis revealed significant stimulation of mandibular growth in sagittal directions, without indications of growth effects on the maxilla. Its growth-pattern findings differed from those of cephalometric analysis by indicating that the appliance did promote horizontal development, which supports the functional orthodontic treatment effect in Angle Class II/1 cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tensor analysis yielded additional insights into sagittal and vertical growth changes not identifiable by strictly cephalometric means. The functional regulator type II was an effective treatment modality for Angle Class II/1 malocclusion and influenced the skeletal development of these patients in favorable ways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University Medicine Rostock, Strempelstrasse 13, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University Medicine Rostock, Strempelstrasse 13, 18057, Rostock, Germany. bernd.koos@uni-rostock.de.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koos
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University Medicine Rostock, Strempelstrasse 13, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Duske
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University Medicine Rostock, Strempelstrasse 13, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Franka
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stahl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008311:Malocclusion, Angle Class I / Q000628:therapy*; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000628:therapy*; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D017289:Orthodontic Appliances, Functional / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Cephalometry; Class II/1; Functional regulator type II; Growth changes; Tensor analysis