title: A momentary exposures analysis of proximity to alcohol outlets and risk for assault.
abstract: This study estimated, with high spatial and temporal specificity, individuals' risk of being assaulted relative to their momentary proximity to alcohol outlets during daily activities.
  
  
  
  Case-control study.
  
  
  
  Philadelphia, PA, USA.
  
  
  
  Cases were 194 non-gun assault victims and 135 gun assault victims aged between 10 and 24 years. Age-matched controls (n = 274) were selected using random-digit dialing.
  
  
  
  Participants described minute-by-minute movements (i.e. activity paths) during the course of the day of the assault (cases) or a recent randomly selected day within 3 days of interview (controls). The dependent measure was being an assault case compared with a non-assault control. The main independent measures were participants' momentary proximity to alcohol outlets. The units of analysis were 10-minute segments beginning at 4:00 a.m.
  
  
  
  Proximity to bars and restaurants was associated with decreased odds of non-gun assault before 1 p.m. [e.g. 7 a.m. to 9:59 a.m.: odds ratio (OR) = 0.78; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.64, 0.94; P = 0.008], and increased odds after 7 p.m. (e.g. 1 a.m. to 3:59 a.m.: OR = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.24, 3.09; P = 0.004). Proximity to beer stores was associated with increased odds before 1 p.m. (e.g. 7 a.m. to 9:59 a.m.: OR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.58, 3.46; P < 0.001) and from 4 p.m. to 6:59 p.m. (OR = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.14, 1.96; P = 0.004), but decreased odds after 7 p.m. (e.g. 1 a.m. to 3:59 a.m.: OR = 0.28; 95% CI = 0.12, 0.63; P = 0.002). Proximity to alcohol outlets was mostly unrelated to risks for gun assault.
  
  
  
  Individuals in areas with greater densities of bars and restaurants and beer stores appear to be at increased risk for non-gun assault at times when these outlets are likely to be patronized most heavily.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.|Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Christopher N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Beidi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Charles C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Branas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Therese S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Richmond
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Injury Science Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wiebe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003132:Commerce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015143:Philadelphia; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013995:Time; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol outlets; assault; case-control; firearm; gun; individual; outlet density; violence