title: Interpersonal Attacks on the Dignity of Members of HIV Key Populations: A Descriptive and Exploratory Study.
abstract: Attacks on peoples' dignity help to produce and maintain stigmatization and interpersonal hostility. As part of an effort to develop innovative measures of possible pathways between structural interventions or socially-disruptive Big Events and HIV outbreaks, we developed items to measure dignity denial. These measures were administered to 300 people who inject drugs (PWID), 260 high-risk heterosexuals who do not inject drugs, and 191 men who have sex with men who do not inject drugs (MSM). All of the PWID and many of the high risk heterosexuals and MSM were referred to our study in 2012-2015 by a large New York city study that used respondent-driven sampling; the others were recruited by chain-referral. Members of all three key populations experienced attacks on their dignity fairly often and also reported frequently seeing others' dignity being attacked. Relatives are major sources of dignity attacks. MSM were significantly more likely to report having their dignity attacked by police officers than were the other groups. 40 % or more of each key population reported that dignity attacks are followed "sometimes" or more often both by using more drugs and also by using more alcohol. Dignity attacks and their health effects require more research and creative interventions, some of which might take untraditional forms like social movements.
authors.affiliation: National Development and Research Institutes Inc., Institute for Infectious Disease Research, 71 West 23rd St., 4th floor, New York, NY, 10010, USA. friedman@ndri.org.
authors.forename: Samuel R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.affiliation: National Development and Research Institutes Inc., Institute for Infectious Disease Research, 71 West 23rd St., 4th floor, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
authors.forename: Enrique R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Pouget
authors.affiliation: National Development and Research Institutes Inc., Institute for Infectious Disease Research, 71 West 23rd St., 4th floor, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
authors.forename: Milagros
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandoval
authors.affiliation: University of Buenos Aires and Intercambios Civil Association, Corrientes 2548, Piso 2 Oficina D, 1046, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: National Development and Research Institutes Inc., Institute for Infectious Disease Research, 71 West 23rd St., 4th floor, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mateu-Gelabert
authors.affiliation: Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: Georgios K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Nikolopoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Chicago Center for HIV Elimination, University of Chicago, 5837 South Maryland Avenue, MC 5065, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Alliance for Public Health, 5 Dilova St., building 10A, Kiev, 03680, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Pavlo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smyrnov
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Center for LGBT Health Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
authors.forename: Ron D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Stall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055030:Drug Users / Q000523:psychology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City; D028723:Personhood; D016495:Police; D057545:Social Stigma; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Big events; Dignity attacks; HIV; Health; Heterosexuals; Key populations; Men who have sex with men; People who inject drugs; Stigma