title: Immunomodulatory Effects Mediated by Dopamine.
abstract: Dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), has modulatory functions at the systemic level. The peripheral and central nervous systems have independent dopaminergic system (DAS) that share mechanisms and molecular machinery. In the past century, experimental evidence has accumulated on the proteins knowledge that is involved in the synthesis, reuptake, and transportation of DA in leukocytes and the differential expression of the D1-like(D1R and D5R) and D2-likereceptors (D2R, D3R, and D4R). The expression of these components depends on the state of cellular activation and the concentration and time of exposure to DA. Receptors that are expressed in leukocytes are linked to signaling pathways that are mediated by changes in cAMP concentration, which in turn triggers changes in phenotype and cellular function. According to the leukocyte lineage, the effects of DA are associated with such processes as respiratory burst, cytokine and antibody secretion, chemotaxis, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity. In clinical conditions such as schizophrenia, Parkinson disease, Tourette syndrome, and multiple sclerosis (MS), there are evident alterations during immune responses in leukocytes, in which changes in DA receptor density have been observed. Several groups have proposed that these findings are useful in establishing clinical status and clinical markers.
authors: Psychiatric Genetics Department, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Clinical Research Branch, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Rodrigo
authors: 0000-0003-2417-418X
authors: R
authors: Arreola
authors: Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Samantha
authors: S
authors: Alvarez-Herrera
authors: Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Gilberto
authors: G
authors: Pérez-Sánchez
authors: Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Enrique
authors: E
authors: Becerril-Villanueva
authors: Psychiatric Genetics Department, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Clinical Research Branch, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: Cruz-Fuentes
authors: National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Clinical Research Branch, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Enrique Octavio
authors: EO
authors: Flores-Gutierrez
authors: Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: María Eugenia
authors: 0000-0002-9796-6527
authors: ME
authors: Garcés-Alvarez
authors: Laboratory of Neuroimmunoendocrinology, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Avenida Insurgentes Sur 3877, La Fama, Tlalpan, 14269 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Dora Luz
authors: 0000-0002-7781-9853
authors: DL
authors: de la Cruz-Aguilera
authors: Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo, Probiomed S.A. de C.V. Cruce de Carreteras Acatzingo-Zumpahuacán S/N, 52400 Tenancingo, MEX, Mexico.
authors: Emilio
authors: 0000-0001-8862-1378
authors: E
authors: Medina-Rivero
authors: Area of Neurosciences, Department of Biology of Reproduction, CBS, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Avenida San Rafael Atlixco No. 186, Colonia Vicentina, Iztapalapa, 09340 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Gabriela
authors: 0000-0002-6137-663X
authors: G
authors: Hurtado-Alvarado
authors: Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Av. del Iman No. 1, Cuarto Piso, 04530 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Saray
authors: S
authors: Quintero-Fabián
authors: Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Lenin
authors: 0000-0002-6067-6868
authors: L
authors: Pavón
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D056747:Immunomodulation; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009928:Organ Specificity; D017933:Peripheral Nervous System / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D004298:Dopamine