title: Neighborhood contributions to psychological distress among Latino New York City adults.
abstract: Neighborhood-level factors such as ethnic densities and social cohesion have been negatively associated with psychological distress among Latino Americans. Yet, existing evidence is based on either specific neighborhood factors or particular Latino subgroups. The objective of the study was to assess difference in psychological distress between each of four Latino subgroups (Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, Mexicans, other Latinos) and non-Latino white adults in New York City, and quantify total neighborhood-level influence on these differences.
  
  
  
  We used the combined Community Health Survey data from 2009, 2010, and 2012 surveys. We estimated the odds ratios (ORs) for self-reported non-specific psychological distress (Kessler-6 questions scale ≥ 13) by race/ethnicity using logistic regression models. We further adjusted these estimates for both observed and unobserved neighborhood-level confounding using the conditional pseudolikelihood method for complex survey data.
  
  
  
  Puerto Ricans were more likely to be psychologically distressed (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.18, 2.12) compared with non-Latino whites, whereas the opposite was seen in other Latino subgroups. Accounting for full neighborhood-level confounding increased the disparity for Puerto Ricans (OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.26-2.54). For the other subgroups, lower odds of psychological distress were no longer observed or attenuated after accounting for neighborhood-level confounding. Overall neighborhood-level factors were associated with lower psychological distress at greater extent among all Latinos subgroups versus non-Latino whites in New York City.
  
  
  
  Despite substantial variations of psychological distress across Latino subgroups, the study shows evidence that neighborhood-level factors might play a protective role in all Latino subgroups.
authors: a Bureau of Epidemiology Services, Division of Epidemiology , New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene , New York , NY , USA.
authors: Sungwoo
authors: S
authors: Lim
authors: b Center for Population Health Sciences , Stanford Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA.
authors: Valerie
authors: V
authors: Meausoone
authors: c Bureau of Mental Health, Division of Mental Hygiene , New York City Department of Health, and Mental Hygiene , New York , NY , USA.
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Norman
authors: d Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Child Study Center , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA.
authors: Carol
authors: C
authors: Quinlan
authors: e Vital Strategies , New York , NY , USA.
authors: Cynthia R
authors: CR
authors: Driver
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Disparity; latino; neighborhood; psychological distress