title: Management of neuroendocrine tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current strategies for managing neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) in adult patients are reviewed, with a focus on medication safety concerns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NETs usually originate in the gastrointestinal or bronchopulmonary tract. Symptoms due to hormonal hypersecretion often occur in patients with foregut or midgut NETs or liver metastases. Surgical resection is recommended for most localized NETs, while systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy is typically used for high-grade and pancreatic tumors. The standard of care for metastatic NETs is somatostatin analog therapy with octreotide (available in both short- and long-acting formulations) or a depot formulation of lanreotide. Everolimus and sunitinib are targeted therapies with approved indications for use in treating advanced pancreatic NETs. Some patients with liver-predominant disease or liver metastases may undergo regional chemoembolization procedures. Pharmacists should be cognizant of differences between newer and older chemoembolization agents and procedures, as well as differences between somatostatin analog products used as medications and the radiolabelled forms used in diagnostic scintigraphy. Other medication safety issues in NET management arise during perioperative supportive care, patient education, compliance counseling, and management of adverse effects of targeted therapies and chemotherapy, including stomatitis, hyperthyroidism, and hand-foot skin reaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Somatostatin analog therapy is the mainstay for management of locally advanced or metastatic NETs. Liver-directed therapy is an option for localized unresectable disease; platinum-based chemotherapy is the first-line treatment for poorly differentiated tumors. Optimal sequencing of these treatments and targeted therapies such as everolimus and tyrosine kinase inhibitors remains to be elucidated.
authors: Lyndon B. Johnson General Hospital, Harris Health System, Houston, TX. clement_t_chung@yahoo.com.
authors: Clement
authors: C
authors: Chung
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D013004:Somatostatin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D013004:Somatostatin