title: Biological hypotheses and biomarkers of bipolar disorder.
abstract: The most common mood disorders are major depressive disorders and bipolar disorders (BD). The pathophysiology of BD is complex, multifactorial, and not fully understood. Creation of new hypotheses in the field gives impetus for studies and for finding new biomarkers for BD. Conversely, new biomarkers facilitate not only diagnosis of a disorder and monitoring of biological effects of treatment, but also formulation of new hypotheses about the causes and pathophysiology of the BD. BD is characterized by multiple associations between disturbed brain development, neuroplasticity, and chronobiology, caused by: genetic and environmental factors; defects in apoptotic, immune-inflammatory, neurotransmitter, neurotrophin, and calcium-signaling pathways; oxidative and nitrosative stress; cellular bioenergetics; and membrane or vesicular transport. Current biological hypotheses of BD are summarized, including related pathophysiological processes and key biomarkers, which have been associated with changes in genetics, systems of neurotransmitter and neurotrophic factors, neuroinflammation, autoimmunity, cytokines, stress axis activity, chronobiology, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunctions. Here we also discuss the therapeutic hypotheses and mechanisms of the switch between depressive and manic state.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors: Ekaterina
authors: E
authors: Sigitova
authors: Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors: Zdeněk
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3389-0287
authors: Z
authors: Fišar
authors: Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors: Jana
authors: J
authors: Hroudová
authors: Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors: Tereza
authors: T
authors: Cikánková
authors: Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors: Jiří
authors: J
authors: Raboch
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000097:blood; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
keywords: bipolar disorder; hypothesis; mitochondrial dysfunction; neuroinflammation; neuroplasticity