title: A systematic review of the protective role of swertiamarin in cardiac and metabolic diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Swertiamarin, is a secoiridoid glycoside found in genera of Enicostemma Species (Enicostemma littorale and Enicostemma axillare) belonging to the family of gentianaceae, which has been reported to cure many diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, arthritis, malaria and abdominal ulcers. However, to the best of our knowledge, till date systematic studies to understand the molecular basis of cardiac and metabolic disease preventing properties of swertiamarin has not been reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present review aims to compile an up-to-date information on the progress made in the protective role of swertiamarin in cardiac and metabolic diseases with the objective of providing a guide for future research on this bioactive molecule.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on the swertiamarin was collected from major scientific databases (Pubmed, Springer, google scholar, and Web of Science) for publication between1974-2016. In this review, the protective role of swertiamarin on cardiac and metabolic diseases was discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Swertiamarin reported to exhibit a wide range of biological activities such as anti-atherosclerotic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. These activities were mainly due to its effect on various signaling pathways associated with cardiac remodeling events such as inhibition of NF-kB expression, LDL oxidation, apoptosis, inflammatory and lipid peroxidation markers and stimulation of antioxidant enzymes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sweriamarin exhibit a wide range of biological activities. This review presents evidence supporting the point of view that swertiamarin should be considered a potential therapeutic agent against cardiac and metabolic diseases, giving rise to novel applications in their prevention and treatment.
authors: School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil- 57000, Malaysia.
authors: Xin Yu
authors: XY
authors: Leong
authors: School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil- 57000, Malaysia. Electronic address: punniyakoti@imu.edu.my.
authors: Punniyakoti Veeraveedu
authors: PV
authors: Thanikachalam
authors: School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil- 57000, Malaysia.
authors: Manisha
authors: M
authors: Pandey
authors: School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil- 57000, Malaysia. Electronic address: srinivasan_ramamurthy@imu.edu.my.
authors: Srinivasan
authors: S
authors: Ramamurthy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D029965:Gentianaceae; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D057888:Iridoid Glucosides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011753:Pyrones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D057888:Iridoid Glucosides; D011753:Pyrones; C013270:swertiamarin
keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Antidiabetic; Antioxidant; Cardiac disease; Enicostemma littorale; Swertiamarin