title: Gross motor function in children with spastic Cerebral Palsy and Cerebral Visual Impairment: A comparison between outcomes of the original and the Cerebral Visual Impairment adapted Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88-CVI).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the adapted version of the Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88) for children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) and Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) results in higher scores. This is most likely to be a reflection of their gross motor function, however it may be the result of a better comprehension of the instruction of the adapted version.
  
  
  METHODS
  The scores of the original and adapted GMFM-88 were compared in the same group of children (n=21 boys and n=16 girls), mean (SD) age 113 (30) months with CP and CVI, within a time span of two weeks. A paediatric physical therapist familiar with the child assessed both tests in random order. The GMFCS level, mental development and age at testing were also collected. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare two different measurements (the original and adapted GMFM-88) on a single sample, (the same child with CP and CVI; p<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The comparison between scores on the original and adapted GMFM-88 in all children with CP and CVI showed a positive difference in percentage score on at least one of the five dimensions and positive percentage scores for the two versions differed on all five dimensions for fourteen children. For six children a difference was seen in four dimensions and in 10 children difference was present in three dimensions (GMFM dimension A, B& C or C, D & E) (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The adapted GMFM-88 provides a better estimate of gross motor function per se in children with CP and CVI that is not adversely impacted bytheir visual problems. On the basis of these findings, we recommend using the adapted GMFM-88 to measure gross motor functioning in children with CP and CVI.
authors: Royal Dutch Visio, Center of Expertise for Blind and Visually Impaired People, The Netherlands; Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: MasoudSalavati@visio.org.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Salavati
authors: Maastricht University, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht, The Netherlands; Adelante Center of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Valkenburg and Hoensbroek, The Netherlands; AVANSplus, University for Professionals for Paediatric Physical Therapy, Breda, The Netherlands.
authors: E A A
authors: EA
authors: Rameckers
authors: Royal Dutch Visio, Center of Expertise for Blind and Visually Impaired People, The Netherlands; Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Waninge
authors: Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: W P
authors: WP
authors: Krijnen
authors: Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioural Science Institute, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Australian Catholic University, School of Psychology, Melbourne, Australia.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Steenbergen
authors: Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors: C P
authors: CP
authors: van der Schans
mesh_terms: D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Cerebral Palsy; Cerebral Visual Impairment; Children; GMFM-88; GMFM-88-CVI