title: Interventions utilising contact with people with disabilities to improve children's attitudes towards disability: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: Children with disabilities are often the target of prejudice from their peers. The effects of prejudice include harmful health consequences. The Contact Hypothesis has previously shown to promote positive attitudes towards a range of social groups.
  
  
  
  To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of school-based interventions for improving children's attitudes towards disability through contact with people with disabilities.
  
  
  
  A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases. Studies were included if it evaluated an intervention that aimed to improve children's attitudes towards disability and involved either direct (in-person) or indirect (e.g., extended) contact with people with disabilities. Data were synthesised in a meta-analysis.
  
  
  
  Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 11 found significant effects: six used direct contact, two used extended contact, two used parasocial (media-based) contact and one used guided imagined contact. One parasocial contact intervention found no significant effects. Three meta-analyses showed direct contact (d = 0.55, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.90) and extended contact (d = 0.61, 95% CI 0.15 to 1.07) improved children's attitudes; there was no evidence for parasocial contact (d = 0.20, 95% CI -0.01 to 1.40).
  
  
  
  Direct, extended, and guided imagined contact interventions are effective in improving children's attitudes towards disability; there was no evidence for parasocial contact.
authors: Peninsula Cerebra Research Unit (PenCRU), University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK; NIHR PenCLAHRC, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK; Psychology Applied to Health (PAtH) Group, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK. Electronic address: megan.armstrong@ucl.ac.uk.
authors: Megan
authors: M
authors: Armstrong
authors: Peninsula Cerebra Research Unit (PenCRU), University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK; NIHR PenCLAHRC, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK.
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Morris
authors: NIHR PenCLAHRC, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK; Psychology Applied to Health (PAtH) Group, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK.
authors: Charles
authors: C
authors: Abraham
authors: NIHR PenCLAHRC, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK; Psychology Applied to Health (PAtH) Group, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, UK.
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Tarrant
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001290:Attitude; D002648:Child; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D011287:Prejudice; D012574:Schools
keywords: Attitudes; Children; Contact; Disability