title: The global distribution ofBanana bunchy top virusreveals little evidence for frequent recent, human-mediated long distance dispersal events.
abstract: Banana bunchy top virus(BBTV; family Nanoviridae, genusBabuvirus) is a multi-component single-stranded DNA virus, which infects banana plants in many regions of the world, often resulting in large-scale crop losses. We analyzed 171 banana leaf samples from fourteen countries and recovered, cloned, and sequenced 855 complete BBTV components including ninety-four full genomes. Importantly, full genomes were determined from eight countries, where previously no full genomes were available (Samoa, Burundi, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Indonesia, the Philippines, and the USA [HI]). Accounting for recombination and genome component reassortment, we examined the geographic structuring of global BBTV populations to reveal that BBTV likely originated in Southeast Asia, that the current global hotspots of BBTV diversity are Southeast Asia/Far East and India, and that BBTV populations circulating elsewhere in the world have all potentially originated from infrequent introductions. Most importantly, we find that rather than the current global BBTV distribution being due to increases in human-mediated movements of bananas over the past few decades, it is more consistent with a pattern of infrequent introductions of the virus to different parts of the world over the past 1,000 years.
authors: School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
authors: Daisy
authors: D
authors: Stainton
authors: Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors: Darren P
authors: DP
authors: Martin
authors: Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors: Brejnev M
authors: BM
authors: Muhire
authors: Tonga College, Tongatapu, Kingdom of Tonga.
authors: Samiuela
authors: S
authors: Lolohea
authors: Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Forests and Fisheries, Kingdom of Tonga.
authors: Mana'ia
authors: M
authors: Halafihi
authors: Bioversity International, PO Box 18937, Bujumbura, Burundi.
authors: Pascale
authors: P
authors: Lepoint
authors: Bioversity International Uganda Office, Naguru, Kampala, Uganda.
authors: Guy
authors: G
authors: Blomme
authors: Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
authors: Kathleen S
authors: KS
authors: Crew
authors: Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
authors: Murray
authors: M
authors: Sharman
authors: School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
authors: Simona
authors: S
authors: Kraberger
authors: School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
authors: Anisha
authors: A
authors: Dayaram
authors: School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Walters
authors: School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Collings
authors: South African National Bioinformatics Institute, MRC Unit for Bioinformatics Capacity Development, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa.
authors: Batsirai
authors: B
authors: Mabvakure
authors: KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors: Philippe
authors: P
authors: Lemey
authors: South African National Bioinformatics Institute, MRC Unit for Bioinformatics Capacity Development, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, South Africa.
authors: Gordon W
authors: GW
authors: Harkins
authors: The University of Queensland, Centre for Plant Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Ecosciences Precinct, PO Box 46, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia.
authors: John E
authors: JE
authors: Thomas
authors: School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
authors: Arvind
authors: A
authors: Varsani
keywords: Banana bunchy top virus; Nanoviridae; babuvirus; phylogeography; reassortment.; recombination