title: Consequences of orthodontic treatment in malocclusion patients: clinical and microbial effects in adults and children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malocclusion is a common disease of oral and maxillofacial region. The study was aimed to investigate levels changes of periodontal pathogens in malocclusion patients before, during and after orthodontic treatments, and to confirm the difference between adults and children.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and eight malocclusion patients (46 adults and 62 children at the school-age) were randomly selected and received orthodontic treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. Subgingival plaques were Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.gingivalis), Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), Prevotella intermedia (P. intermedia) and Tannerella forsythensis (T. forsythensis) collected from the observed regions before and after treatment. Clinical indexes, including plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), probing depth (PD) and attachment loss (AL) of observed teeth were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The detection rates of P.gingivalis, F. nucleatum, P. intermedia and T. forsythensis increased from baseline to the third month without significant difference, and then returned to pretreatment levels 12 month after applying fixed orthodontic appliances. Adults' percentage contents of P.gingivalis, F. nucleatum, P. intermedia and T. forsythensis were significantly higher than those of children at baseline and the first month, but not obvious at the third month. PLI and SBI were increased from baseline to the first and to the third month both in adults and children groups. Besides, PD were increased from baseline to first month, followed by a downward trend in the third month; however, all patients were failed to detect with AL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periodontal and microbiological statuses of malocclusion patients may be influenced by fixed orthodontic appliances in both adults and children, more significant in children than in adults. Some microbiological indexes have synchronous trend with the clinical indexes. Long-term efficacy of fixed orthodontic appliances for malocclusion should be confirmed by future researches.
authors: Department of Stomatology, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, No. 151, 2nd Ring Road East, Xi'an, 710054, People's Republic of China. gl1092740779@sina.com.
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Guo
authors: Department of Stomatology, Ninth Hospital of Xi'an, No. 151, 2nd Ring Road East, Xi'an, 710054, People's Republic of China.
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Feng
authors: Department of Orthopedic, Engineering University Hospital of PAPF, Xi'an, 710086, People's Republic of China.
authors: Hong-Gang
authors: HG
authors: Guo
authors: Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
authors: Bo-Wen
authors: BW
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
authors: Yang
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; D002648:Child; D003773:Dental Plaque; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D006801:Humans; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000628:therapy*; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D010512:Periodontal Index; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018713:Prevotella intermedia
keywords: Fixed orthodontic appliances; Malocclusion; Orthodontic treatment; Pathogens