title: Circadian timing and alignment in healthy adults: associations with BMI, body fat, caloric intake and physical activity.
abstract: Disruption of circadian rhythms is one of the proposed mechanisms linking late sleep timing to obesity risk but few studies have evaluated biological markers outside of the laboratory. The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between the timing and alignment of melatonin and sleep onset (phase angle) with body mass index (BMI), body fat and obesity-related behaviors. We hypothesized that circadian alignment (relationship of melatonin to sleep timing) rather than circadian (melatonin) timing would be associated with higher BMI, body fat, dietary intake and lower physical activity.
  
  
  
  Adults with sleep duration ⩾6.5 h completed 7 days of wrist actigraphy, food diaries and SenseWear arm band monitoring. Circadian timing, measured by dim light melatonin onset was measured in the clinical research unit. Circadian alignment was calculated as the duration between dim light melatonin onset and average sleep onset time in the prior week (phase angle). Body fat was evaluated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Data were analyzed using bivariate correlations and multivariable regression analyses controlling for age, sex, sleep duration and evening light exposure.
  
  
  
  Participants included 97 adults (61 F, age 26.8±7.3 years) with average sleep duration 443.7 (s.d.=50.4) minutes. Average phase angle was 2.2 h (s.d.=1.5). Circadian alignment was associated with circadian timing (P<0.001) and sleep duration (P=0.005). In multivariable analyses, later circadian timing was associated with lower BMI (P=0.04). Among males only, circadian alignment was associated with percent body fat (P=0.02) and higher android/gynoid fat ratio (P=0.04). Circadian alignment was associated with caloric intake (P=0.049) carbohydrate intake (P=0.04) and meal frequency (P=0.03) among both males and females.
  
  
  
  Circadian timing and alignment were not associated with increased BMI or body fat, among healthy adults with ⩾6.5 h of sleep, but circadian alignment was associated with dietary intake. There may be sex differences in the relationship between circadian alignment and body fat.
authors: Department of Behavioral Sciences, Section of Sleep Disorders and Sleep Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: K G
authors: KG
authors: Baron
authors: Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: K J
authors: KJ
authors: Reid
authors: Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Van Horn
authors: Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Attarian
authors: Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Wolfe
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Siddique
authors: Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Santostasi
authors: Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors: P C
authors: PC
authors: Zee
mesh_terms: D056044:Actigraphy / Q000379:methods; D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D015930:Diet Records; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008550:Melatonin