title: Whales, science, and scientific whaling in the International Court of Justice.
abstract: I provide a brief review of the origins of the International Convention on the Regulation of Whaling and the failure to successfully regulate whaling that led to the commercial moratorium in 1986. I then describe the Japanese Whale Research Programs Under Special Permit in the Antarctica (JARPA I, JARPA II) and the origins of the case Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand Intervening) in the International Court of Justice. I explain that the International Court of Justice chose to conduct an objective review of JARPA II, the standard that it used for the review, and the pathway that it took to adjudicate the case without providing a definition of science to be used in international law. I conclude with a brief discussion of the implications of the Judgment for the International Convention on the Regulation of Whaling, and the International Whaling Commission in particular, for other international treaties, and for the interaction of science and law more generally.
authors: Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064; msmangel@ucsc.edu.|Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen 6020, Norway.
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Mangel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D001315:Australia; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D007391:International Cooperation; D007564:Japan; D009520:New Zealand; D011640:Public Policy; D012935:Social Justice; D014907:Whales
keywords: international law; science and law; scientific whaling