title: Gut-to-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Central Role for the Microbiome.
abstract: Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders, which occur in early childhood and persist into adulthood. Although the etiology of these disorders is largely unknown, genetic and environmental factors are thought to interplay in the development of ASD. Intestinal microbial dysbiosis, in prenatal and postnatal phases, is an important example of these environmental factors, and gastrointestinal problems including adverse reactions to foods are often reported in these children. In this review, we address the clinical and preclinical findings on the role of the intestinal microbiome in ASD and suggest possible underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, opportunities for (nutritional) interventions in ASD are provided.
authors: Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: A.D.Kraneveld@uu.nl.
authors: A D
authors: AD
authors: Kraneveld
authors: Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Szklany
authors: Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, Academic Medical Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: C G M
authors: CG
authors: de Theije
authors: Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Garssen
mesh_terms: D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D064307:Microbiota / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: ASD; Autism spectrum disorders; Food allergy; Gastrointestinal problems; Microbiome; Short-chain fatty acids