title: Arginase activity, urea, and hydroxyproline concentration are reduced in keratoconus keratocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Keratoconus (KC) is a disease characterized by thinning and deformation of the cornea, but its etiology remains unknown. Seventy percent of the corneal stroma consists of collagen, which is composed of three intertwined polypeptide chains with glycine-hydroxyproline-proline repeats along their sequence. Arginase is a cytoplasmatic enzyme and catalyzes the conversion of arginine to urea and ornithine, which serves as a precursor for the endogenous synthesis of proline and hydroxyproline. The purpose of this study was to analyze arginase activity, as well as collagen and urea formation in normal and KC-keratocytes and to determine the impact of urea on keratocyte viability and proliferation in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary human keratocytes were isolated by digestion in collagenase (1.0 mg/mL) from surgically removed corneas of eight keratoconus patients and eight normal human corneal buttons and cultured in DMEM/Ham's F12 medium supplemented with 5 % fetal calf serum. Arginase activity and urea concentration were measured in cell-lysates, hydroxyproline concentration in supernatant of cultured keratocytes using colorimetric assay. Cell viability and cell proliferation of cultured keratocytes were assessed after treatment with urea at concentrations up to10 mM for 24 h using assays for metabolic activity and DNA replication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Arginase activity and urea concentration in KC-keratocytes decreased by about 50 % compared to normal keratocytes (p = 0.003 and p = 0.008). Hydroxyproline synthesized by cultured KC-keratocytes was also approximately 50 % less compared to normal keratocytes (p = 0.02) and this difference decreased following treatment with 5.0 or 10.0 mM urea (p = 0.02; 0.03), without any change in cell viability (p > 0.09). However, the urea treatment increased modestly (by 20 %) the proliferation rate of KC-keratocytes (p = 0.04; 0.04; 0.04), without any effect on normal cultured keratocytes (p > 0.09).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified suppressed arginase activity in the metabolic program of cultured keratoconus keratocytes. The level of urea, as one product of the enzyme arginase was also decreased. This results in impaired collagen synthesis, evidenced in the culture by reduced hydroxyproline concentration. In addition, our data showed that the other product of the arginase reaction, urea supports the proliferation of KC-keratocytes, without changes in their viability. The metabolic reprogramming of keratoconus keratocytes and its impact on development of a clinically detectable keratoconus disease has to be further analyzed.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, D-66424, Homburg, Saar, Germany. tanja.stachon@uks.eu.
authors: Tanja
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7009-7125
authors: T
authors: Stachon
authors: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
authors: Krasimir
authors: K
authors: Kolev
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Kenézy Hospital, Debrecen, Hungary.
authors: Zsuzsa
authors: Z
authors: Flaskó
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, D-66424, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
authors: Berthold
authors: B
authors: Seitz
authors: Experimental Ophthalmology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
authors: Achim
authors: A
authors: Langenbucher
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Str. 100, D-66424, Homburg, Saar, Germany.|Department of Ophthalmology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
authors: Nóra
authors: N
authors: Szentmáry
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D001119:Arginase / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003315:Cornea / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D060527:Corneal Keratocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006909:Hydroxyproline / Q000378:metabolism*; D007640:Keratoconus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014508:Urea; D001119:Arginase; D006909:Hydroxyproline
keywords: Arginase; Hydroxyproline concentration; Keratoconus; Keratocytes; Proliferation; Urea; Viability