title: The unrecognized burden of typhoid fever.
abstract: Typhoid fever (TF), caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, is the most common cause of enteric fever, responsible for an estimated 129,000 deaths and more than 11 million cases annually. Although several reviews have provided global and regional TF disease burden estimates, major gaps in our understanding of TF epidemiology remain. Areas covered: We provide an overview of the gaps in current estimates of TF disease burden and offer suggestions for addressing them, so that affected communities can receive the full potential of disease prevention offered by vaccination and water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions. Expert commentary: Current disease burden estimates for TF do not capture cases from certain host populations, nor those with atypical presentations of TF, which may lead to substantial underestimation of TF cases and deaths. These knowledge gaps pose major obstacles to the informed use of current and new generation typhoid vaccines.
authors: a Department of Pediatrics , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.
authors: Stephen K
authors: SK
authors: Obaro
authors: b Department of Pediatrics , University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital , Minneapolis , MN , USA.
authors: Pui-Ying
authors: PY
authors: Iroh Tam
authors: c Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA.
authors: Eric Daniel
authors: ED
authors: Mintz
mesh_terms: D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000382:microbiology; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines
keywords: Typhoid; disease ascertainment; disease burden; enteric fever; vaccination