title: Ethylhexylglycerin Impairs Membrane Integrity and Enhances the Lethal Effect of Phenoxyethanol.
abstract: Preservatives are added to cosmetics to protect the consumers from infections and prevent product spoilage. The concentration of preservatives should be kept as low as possible and this can be achieved by adding potentiating agents. The aim of the study was to investigate the mechanisms behind potentiation of the bactericidal effect of a commonly used preservative, 2-phenoxyethanol (PE), by the potentiating agent ethylhexylglycerin (EHG). Sub-lethal concentrations of EHG (0.075%) and PE (0.675%) in combination led to rapid killing of E. coli (> 5 log reduction of cfu after 30 min), leakage of cellular constituents, disruption of the energy metabolism, morphological deformities of cells and condensation of DNA. Used alone, EHG disrupted the membrane integrity even at low concentrations. In conclusion, sub-lethal concentrations of EHG potentiate the effect of PE through damage of the cell membrane integrity. Thus, adding EHG to PE in a 1:9 ratio has a similar effect on membrane damage and bacterial viability as doubling the concentration of PE. This study provides insight about the mechanism of action of a strong potentiating agent, EHG, which is commonly used in cosmetics together with PE.
authors: Nofima-Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Aas, Norway.
authors: Solveig
authors: S
authors: Langsrud
authors: Schülke & Mayr GmbH, Research & Development, Robert-Koch Str. 2, 22851 Norderstedt, Germany.
authors: Katrin
authors: K
authors: Steinhauer
authors: Schülke & Mayr GmbH, Research & Development, Robert-Koch Str. 2, 22851 Norderstedt, Germany.
authors: Sonja
authors: S
authors: Lüthje
authors: Schülke & Mayr GmbH, Research & Development, Robert-Koch Str. 2, 22851 Norderstedt, Germany.
authors: Klaus
authors: K
authors: Weber
authors: Schülke & Mayr GmbH, Research & Development, Robert-Koch Str. 2, 22851 Norderstedt, Germany.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Goroncy-Bermes
authors: Nofima-Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Aas, Norway.
authors: Askild L
authors: AL
authors: Holck
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000737:chemistry; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects*; D005026:Ethylene Glycols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005995:Glyceryl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003358:Cosmetics; D005026:Ethylene Glycols; D005995:Glyceryl Ethers; D011310:Preservatives, Pharmaceutical; C524860:ethylhexylglycerin; C005398:phenoxyethanol