title: Light-Driven Processes Control Both Rhodopsin Maturation and Recycling in Mosquito Photoreceptors.
abstract: Many invertebrates carry out a daily cycle of shedding and rebuilding of the photoreceptor's photosensitive rhabdomeric membranes. The mosquito Aedes aegypti shows a robust response, losing nearly all Aaop1 rhodopsin from the rhabdomeric membranes during the shedding process at dawn. Here, we made use of Aaop1 antibodies capable of distinguishing newly synthesized, glycosylated rhodopsin from mature nonglycosylated rhodopsin to characterize the fate of Aaop1 during the shedding and rebuilding processes. The rhabdomeric rhodopsin is moved into large cytoplasmic vesicles at dawn and is subsequently degraded during the standard 12 h daytime period. The endocytosed rhodopsin is trafficked back to the photosensitive membranes if animals are shifted back to dark conditions during the morning hours. During the daytime period, small vesicles containing newly synthesized and glycosylated Aaop1 rhodopsin accumulate within the cytoplasm. At dusk, these vesicles are lost as the newly synthesized Aaop1 is converted to the nonglycosylated form and deposited in the rhabdomeres. We demonstrate that light acts though a novel signaling pathway to block rhodopsin maturation, thus inhibiting the deglycosylation and rhabdomeric targeting of newly synthesized Aaop1 rhodopsin. Therefore, light controls two cellular processes responsible for the daily renewal of rhodopsin: rhodopsin endocytosis at dawn and inhibition of rhodopsin maturation until dusk.
  
  
  
  Organisms use multiple strategies to maximize visual capabilities in different light conditions. Many invertebrates show a daily cycle of shedding the photoreceptor's rhabdomeric membranes at dawn and rebuilding these during the following night. We show here that the Aedes aegypti mosquito possesses two distinct light-driven cellular signaling processes for modulating rhodopsin content during this cycle. One of these, endocytosis of rhabdomeric rhodopsin, has been described previously. The second, a light-activated cellular pathway acting to inhibit the anterograde movement of newly synthesized rhodopsin, is revealed here for the first time. The discovery of this cellular signaling pathway controlling a G-protein-coupled receptor is of broad interest due to the prominent role of this receptor family across all areas of neuroscience.
authors: Eck Institute for Global Health and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556.
authors: Alexander J
authors: AJ
authors: Metoxen
authors: Eck Institute for Global Health and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556.
authors: Matthew T
authors: MT
authors: Leming
authors: Eck Institute for Global Health and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556.
authors: Xiaobang
authors: X
authors: Hu
authors: Eck Institute for Global Health and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556.
authors: Michelle A
authors: MA
authors: Whaley
authors: Eck Institute for Global Health and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 jotousa@nd.edu.
authors: Joseph E
authors: 0000-0001-9754-6816
authors: JE
authors: O'Tousa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D009033:Culicidae / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D008027:Light; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D017440:Photoperiod; D017956:Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012243:Rhodopsin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012243:Rhodopsin
keywords: GPCR cycling; photoreceptor sensitivity; rhabdomere shedding; rhodopsin; rhodopsin maturation