title: Acoustic characterization of Thiel liver for magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this work was to measure the essential acoustic parameters, i.e., acoustic impedance, reflection coefficient, attenuation coefficient, of Thiel embalmed human and animal liver. The Thiel embalmed tissue can be a promising, pre-clinical model to study liver treatment with Magnetic Resonance-guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a single-element transducer and the contact pulse-echo method, the acoustic parameters, i.e., acoustic impedance, reflection coefficient and attenuation coefficient of Thiel embalmed human and animal liver were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Thiel embalmed livers had higher impedance, similar reflection and lower attenuation compared to the fresh tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Embalming liver with Thiel fluid affects its acoustic properties. During MRgFUS sonication of a Thiel organ, more focused ultrasound (FUS) will be backscattered by the organ, and higher acoustic powers are required to reach coagulation levels (temperatures >56 °C).
authors: a Institute of Medical Science and Technology , University of Dundee , Dundee , UK.
authors: Ioannis
authors: I
authors: Karakitsios
authors: a Institute of Medical Science and Technology , University of Dundee , Dundee , UK.
authors: Joyce
authors: J
authors: Joy
authors: a Institute of Medical Science and Technology , University of Dundee , Dundee , UK.
authors: Senay
authors: S
authors: Mihcin
authors: a Institute of Medical Science and Technology , University of Dundee , Dundee , UK.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Melzer
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000818:Animals; D002102:Cadaver; D004615:Embalming / Q000379:methods; D057086:High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000601:surgery*; D053783:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D012756:Sheep
keywords: Acoustic parameters; Thiel embalming; focused ultrasound ablation; pre-clinical model