title: Measurement of skin surface biomakers by Transdermal Analyses Patch following different in vivo models of irritation: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  FibroTx Transdermal Analyses Patch (TAP) is a novel technology for non-invasive measurements of protein biomarkers on the skin surface, in vivo. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of TAP in detecting skin surface biomarkers following mild perturbations, in vivo, using two experimental models: tape stripping, mimicking acute barrier disruption, and histamine iontophoresis, mimicking acute and local inflammation at minimal skin barrier insult.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tape stripping and histamine iontophoresis were performed in two separate experiments on the volar forearm of healthy volunteers (n = 27 and n = 10, respectively). Biomarker levels were assessed with TAP at baseline and up to 72 h after stimulation. Functional (transepidermal water loss -TEWL- and a* value) and morphological (confocal reflectance microscopy -RCM) assessments were added in the tape stripping and histamine iontophoresis experiments, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cytokines IL-1α and IL-1RA and the antimicrobial peptide hBD-1 showed distinct dynamics, despite substantial inter-individual variation in levels, with an increase following tape stripping and a decrease following histamine iontophoresis. These dynamics could be related to the assessments made by TEWL and RCM. In the tape stripping experiment, additional biomarkers could be detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TAP measurements, especially IL-1α, IL-1RA, and hBD-1, from the skin surface were sensitive enough for monitoring dynamic changes in the skin in the two models of skin perturbation. We conclude that TAP holds promise for non-invasively unraveling the dynamics of processes related to skin perturbation and repair.
authors: Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Falcone
authors: FibroTX LLC, Tallinn, Estonia.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Spee
authors: FibroTX LLC, Tallinn, Estonia.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Salk
authors: Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Peppelman
authors: Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: P C M
authors: PCM
authors: van de Kerkhof
authors: Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors: P E J
authors: PEJ
authors: van Erp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D017453:Dermatitis, Irritant; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology*; D006632:Histamine / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000295:instrumentation; D008875:Middle Aged; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D057968:Transdermal Patch / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014870:Water Loss, Insensible; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C406407:DEFB1 protein, human; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha; D023083:beta-Defensins; D006632:Histamine
keywords: cytokines; histamine iontophoresis; skin irritation; stratum corneum; tape stripping