title: Metabolomics method based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry to analyze toxins in fresh and dried toad venom.
abstract: Drying is a critical step to prolong the storage time in natural medicine processing but it changes the chemical characteristics of the product. In this study, research was performed to characterize the metabolomic changes in toad venom induced by vacuum-drying at 60°C and air-drying at room temperature by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with pattern recognition approaches. In total 52 metabolites, down-regulated or up-regulated, were identified as potential chemical markers. Compared with fresh toad venom, vacuum-drying at 60°C succeeded in raising the conjugated-type bufadienolide content significantly, while the content of free-type bufadienolides were slightly reduced. On the other hand, toad venom air-dried at room temperature presented a relatively low amount of bufadienolides compared with fresh venom. For example, the content of several known anti-tumor components (gamabufotalin, bufotalin, cinobufagin, etc.) were significantly reduced. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide bioassay further showed that venom air-dried at room temperature had weaker anti-tumor activity on human hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 proliferation in vitro than samples vacuum-dried at 60°C. These results showed that the great metabolomic changes of toad venom occurred during the drying process, suggesting that a proper drying procedure is important for sustaining the chemical quality of natural medicines.
authors: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal, Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
authors: Hongyue
authors: H
authors: Ma
authors: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal, Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
authors: Huixia
authors: H
authors: Niu
authors: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal, Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.|China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
authors: Qin
authors: Q
authors: Cao
authors: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal, Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Zhou
authors: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal, Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Gong
authors: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal, Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
authors: Zhenhua
authors: Z
authors: Zhu
authors: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal, Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
authors: Xiang
authors: X
authors: Lv
authors: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal, Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
authors: Liuqing
authors: L
authors: Di
authors: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal, Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
authors: Dawei
authors: D
authors: Qian
authors: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal, Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
authors: Qinan
authors: Q
authors: Wu
authors: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal, Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
authors: Jin'ao
authors: J
authors: Duan
mesh_terms: D000664:Amphibian Venoms / Q000032:analysis*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D055432:Metabolomics; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000664:Amphibian Venoms; D014118:Toxins, Biological
keywords: Chemical markers; Metabolites; Time-of-flight mass spectrometry