title: A Pathological Brain Detection System based on Extreme Learning Machine Optimized by Bat Algorithm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is beneficial to classify brain images as healthy or pathological automatically, because 3D brain images can generate so much information which is time consuming and tedious for manual analysis. Among various 3D brain imaging techniques, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the most suitable for brain, and it is now widely applied in hospitals, because it is helpful in the four ways of diagnosis, prognosis, pre-surgical, and postsurgical procedures. There are automatic detection methods; however they suffer from low accuracy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therefore, we proposed a novel approach which employed 2D discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and calculated the entropies of the subbands as features. Then, a bat algorithm optimized extreme learning machine (BA-ELM) was trained to identify pathological brains from healthy controls. A 10x10-fold cross validation was performed to evaluate the out-of-sample performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The method achieved a sensitivity of 99.04%, a specificity of 93.89%, and an overall accuracy of 98.33% over 132 MR brain images.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimental results suggest that the proposed approach is accurate and robust in pathological brain detection.
authors: Siyuan
authors: S
authors: Lu
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Qiu
authors: Jianping
authors: J
authors: Shi
authors: Na
authors: N
authors: Li
authors: Zhi-Hai
authors: ZH
authors: Lu
authors: Peng
authors: P
authors: Chen
authors: Meng-Meng
authors: MM
authors: Yang
authors: Fang-Yuan
authors: FY
authors: Liu
authors: Wen-Juan
authors: WJ
authors: Jia
authors: School of Psychology & School of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing Normal University,. China.
authors: Yudong
authors: Y
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001331:Automation; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D019277:Entropy; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D000069550:Machine Learning; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D059906:Neuroimaging; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D058067:Wavelet Analysis
keywords: Bat algorithm; classification; extreme learning machine; pattern recognition; wavelet entropy.