title: Component-Based Modelling for Scalable Smart City Systems Interoperability: A Case Study on Integrating Energy Demand Response Systems.
abstract: Smart city systems embrace major challenges associated with climate change, energy efficiency, mobility and future services by embedding the virtual space into a complex cyber-physical system. Those systems are constantly evolving and scaling up, involving a wide range of integration among users, devices, utilities, public services and also policies. Modelling such complex dynamic systems' architectures has always been essential for the development and application of techniques/tools to support design and deployment of integration of new components, as well as for the analysis, verification, simulation and testing to ensure trustworthiness. This article reports on the definition and implementation of a scalable component-based architecture that supports a cooperative energy demand response (DR) system coordinating energy usage between neighbouring households. The proposed architecture, called refinement of Cyber-Physical Component Systems (rCPCS), which extends the refinement calculus for component and object system (rCOS) modelling method, is implemented using Eclipse Extensible Coordination Tools (ECT), i.e., Reo coordination language. With rCPCS implementation in Reo, we specify the communication, synchronisation and co-operation amongst the heterogeneous components of the system assuring, by design scalability and the interoperability, correctness of component cooperation.
authors: School of Computing and Digital Technology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B4 7XG, UK. esther.palomar@bcu.ac.uk.
authors: Esther
authors: E
authors: Palomar
authors: Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA. xc3@illinois.edu.
authors: Xiaohong
authors: X
authors: Chen
authors: Centre for Research and Innovation in Software Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400700, China. zhimingliu88@swu.edu.cn.
authors: Zhiming
authors: Z
authors: Liu
authors: Networks Department, Simula Research Laboratory, Fornebu 1364, Norway. sabita@simula.no.
authors: Sabita
authors: S
authors: Maharjan
authors: School of Engineering, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, UK. jonathan.bowen@lsbu.ac.uk.
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Bowen
keywords: component system interoperability and coordination; component-based architecture design; cooperative demand response; scalable modelling; smart city system modelling