title: Herring and chicken/pork meals lead to differences in plasma levels of TCA intermediates and arginine metabolites in overweight and obese men and women.
abstract: What effect does replacing chicken or pork with herring as the main dietary source of protein have on the human plasma metabolome?
  
  
  
  A randomised crossover trial with 15 healthy obese men and women (age 24-70 years). Subjects were randomly assigned to four weeks of herring diet or a reference diet of chicken and lean pork, five meals per week, followed by a washout and the other intervention arm. Fasting blood serum metabolites were analysed at 0, 2 and 4 weeks for eleven subjects with available samples, using GC-MS based metabolomics. The herring diet decreased plasma citrate, fumarate, isocitrate, glycolate, oxalate, agmatine and methyhistidine and increased asparagine, ornithine, glutamine and the hexosamine glucosamine. Modelling found that the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glyoxylate, and arginine metabolism were affected by the intervention. The effect on arginine metabolism was supported by an increase in blood nitric oxide in males on the herring diet.
  
  
  
  The results suggest that eating herring instead of chicken and lean pork leads to important metabolic effects, particularly on energy and amino acid metabolism. Our findings support the hypothesis that there are metabolic effects of herring intake unrelated to the long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content.
authors: Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Vincent
authors: Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: Otto I
authors: OI
authors: Savolainen
authors: Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: Partho
authors: P
authors: Sen
authors: Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: Nils-Gunnar
authors: NG
authors: Carlsson
authors: Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: Annette
authors: A
authors: Almgren
authors: Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.|Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: Helen
authors: H
authors: Lindqvist
authors: Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.|Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: Mads Vendelbo
authors: MV
authors: Lind
authors: Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: Ingrid
authors: I
authors: Undeland
authors: Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: Ann-Sofie
authors: AS
authors: Sandberg
authors: Food and Nutrition Science, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors: Alastair B
authors: AB
authors: Ross
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002645:Chickens; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005396:Fish Products; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism; D050177:Overweight / Q000378:metabolism*; D000069466:Red Meat; D014233:Tricarboxylic Acids / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D014233:Tricarboxylic Acids; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D001120:Arginine
keywords: Arginine; Central energy metabolism; Chicken; Herring; Pork