title: So Long and Thanks for All the Fish: Overexploitation of the Regionally Endemic Galapagos Grouper Mycteroperca olfax (Jenyns, 1840).
abstract: The regionally endemic Galapagos Grouper, locally known as bacalao, is one of the most highly prized finfish species within the Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR). Concerns of overfishing, coupled with a lack of fishing regulations aimed at this species raises concerns about the current population health. We assessed changes in population health over a 30-year period using three simple indicators: (1) percentage of fish below reproductive size (Lm); (2) percentage of fish within the optimum length interval (Lopt); and (3) percentage of mega-spawners in the catch. Over the assessed period, none of the indicators reached values associated with healthy populations, with all indicators declining over time. Furthermore, the most recent landings data show that the vast majority of the bacalao caught (95.7%,) were below Lm, the number of fish within the Lopt interval was extremely low (4.7%), and there were virtually no mega-spawners (0.2%). Bacalao fully recruit to the fishery 15 cm below the size at which 50% of the population matures. The Spawning Potential Ratio is currently 5% of potential unfished fecundity, strongly suggesting severe overfishing. Our results suggest the need for bacalao-specific management regulations that should include minimum (65 cm TL) and maximum (78 cm TL) landing sizes, slot limits (64-78 cm TL), as well as a closed season during spawning from October to January. It is recognized that these regulations are harsh and will certainly have negative impacts on the livelihoods of fishers in the short term, however, continued inaction will likely result in a collapse of this economically and culturally valuable species. Alternative sources of income should be developed in parallel with the establishment of fishing regulations to limit the socio-economic disruption to the fishing community during the transition to a more sustainable management regime.
authors: Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States of America.|Fundación In-nova Castilla la Mancha, Madrid, España.
authors: Paolo
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8622-0164
authors: P
authors: Usseglio
authors: Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States of America.|Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America.
authors: Alan M
authors: AM
authors: Friedlander
authors: Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States of America.
authors: Haruko
authors: H
authors: Koike
authors: Department of Marine Science, Charles Darwin Research Foundation, Santa Cruz, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.
authors: Johanna
authors: J
authors: Zimmerhackel
authors: Department of Marine Science, Charles Darwin Research Foundation, Santa Cruz, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.|University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Schuhbauer
authors: Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
authors: Tyler
authors: T
authors: Eddy
authors: Department of Marine Science, Charles Darwin Research Foundation, Santa Cruz, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.
authors: Pelayo
authors: P
authors: Salinas-de-León
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D004484:Ecuador; D005398:Fisheries / Q000191:economics*; D010473:Perciformes / Q000502:physiology*; D011155:Population Control; D012098:Reproduction; D012621:Seasons; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis