title: A practical guide to in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at high magnetic fields.
abstract: Localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a noninvasive tool for measuring in vivo neurochemical information in animal and human brains. With the increase of magnetic field strength, whereas localized1H-MRS benefits from higher sensitivity and spectral dispersion, it is challenged by increased spatial inhomogeneity of the B0and B1fields, larger chemical shift displacement error, and shortened T2relaxation times of metabolites. Advanced localized1H-MRS methodologies developed for high magnetic fields have shown promising results and allow the measurement of neurochemical profiles with up to 19 brain metabolites, including less-abundant metabolites, such as glutathione, glycine, γ-aminobutyric acid and ascorbate. To provide a practical guide for conducting in vivo1H-MRS studies at high magnetic field strength, we reviewed various essential technical aspects from data acquisition (hardware requirements, B1and B0inhomogeneity, water suppression, localization sequences and acquisition strategies) to data processing (frequency and phase correction, spectral quality control, spectral fitting and concentration referencing). Additionally, we proposed guidelines for choosing the most appropriate data acquisition and processing approaches to maximize the achievable neurochemical information.
authors: Animal Imaging and Technology Core (AIT), Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. Electronic address: lijing.xin@epfl.ch.
authors: Lijing
authors: L
authors: Xin
authors: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Electronic address: ivan@cmrr.umn.edu.
authors: Ivan
authors: I
authors: Tkáč
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Brain; Localization; MRS; Metabolites; Spectral quality