title: Release of Cell-free MicroRNA Tumor Biomarkers into the Blood Circulation with Pulsed Focused Ultrasound: A Noninvasive, Anatomically Localized, Molecular Liquid Biopsy.
abstract: Purpose To compare the abilities of three pulsed focused ultrasound regimes (that cause tissue liquefaction, permeabilization, or mild heating) to release tumor-derived microRNA into the circulation in vivo and to evaluate release dynamics. Materials and Methods All rat experiments were approved by the University of Washington Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction array profiling was used to identify candidate microRNA biomarkers in a rat solid tumor cell line. Rats subcutaneously grafted with these cells were randomly assigned among three pulsed focused ultrasound treatment groups: (a) local tissue liquefaction via boiling histotripsy, (b) tissue permeabilization via inertial cavitation, and (c) mild (<10°C) heating of tissue, as well as a sham-treated control group. Blood specimens were drawn immediately prior to treatment and serially over 24 hours afterward. Plasma microRNA was quantified with reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and statistical significance was determined with one-way analysis of variance (Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman tests), followed by the Dunn multiple-comparisons test. Results After tissue liquefaction and cavitation treatments (but not mild heating), plasma quantities of candidate biomarkers increased significantly (P value range, <.0001 to .04) relative to sham-treated controls. A threefold to 32-fold increase occurred within 15 minutes after initiation of pulsed focused ultrasound tumor treatment, and these increases persisted for 3 hours. Histologic examination confirmed complete liquefaction of the targeted tumor area with boiling histotripsy, in addition to areas of petechial hemorrhage and tissue disruption by means of cavitation-based treatment. Conclusion Mechanical tumor tissue disruption with pulsed focused ultrasound-induced bubble activity significantly increases the plasma abundance of tumor-derived microRNA rapidly after treatment.©RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
authors: From the Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Wash (J.R.C., E.N.G., M.D.G., M.T.); Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Wash (J.R.C., K.W.); Department of Medicine (T.D.K., J.H.H.), Department of Urology (G.R.S.), and Applied Physics Laboratory (F.S., Y.N.W.), University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; and Departments of Internal Medicine (M.D.G., M.T.) and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and the Biointerfaces Institute (M.T.), University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl, 1502 BSRB, SPC 2200, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
authors: John R
authors: JR
authors: Chevillet
authors: From the Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Wash (J.R.C., E.N.G., M.D.G., M.T.); Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Wash (J.R.C., K.W.); Department of Medicine (T.D.K., J.H.H.), Department of Urology (G.R.S.), and Applied Physics Laboratory (F.S., Y.N.W.), University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; and Departments of Internal Medicine (M.D.G., M.T.) and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and the Biointerfaces Institute (M.T.), University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl, 1502 BSRB, SPC 2200, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
authors: Tatiana D
authors: TD
authors: Khokhlova
authors: From the Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Wash (J.R.C., E.N.G., M.D.G., M.T.); Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Wash (J.R.C., K.W.); Department of Medicine (T.D.K., J.H.H.), Department of Urology (G.R.S.), and Applied Physics Laboratory (F.S., Y.N.W.), University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; and Departments of Internal Medicine (M.D.G., M.T.) and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and the Biointerfaces Institute (M.T.), University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl, 1502 BSRB, SPC 2200, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
authors: Maria D
authors: MD
authors: Giraldez
authors: From the Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Wash (J.R.C., E.N.G., M.D.G., M.T.); Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Wash (J.R.C., K.W.); Department of Medicine (T.D.K., J.H.H.), Department of Urology (G.R.S.), and Applied Physics Laboratory (F.S., Y.N.W.), University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; and Departments of Internal Medicine (M.D.G., M.T.) and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and the Biointerfaces Institute (M.T.), University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl, 1502 BSRB, SPC 2200, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
authors: George R
authors: GR
authors: Schade
authors: From the Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Wash (J.R.C., E.N.G., M.D.G., M.T.); Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Wash (J.R.C., K.W.); Department of Medicine (T.D.K., J.H.H.), Department of Urology (G.R.S.), and Applied Physics Laboratory (F.S., Y.N.W.), University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; and Departments of Internal Medicine (M.D.G., M.T.) and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and the Biointerfaces Institute (M.T.), University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl, 1502 BSRB, SPC 2200, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Starr
authors: From the Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Wash (J.R.C., E.N.G., M.D.G., M.T.); Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Wash (J.R.C., K.W.); Department of Medicine (T.D.K., J.H.H.), Department of Urology (G.R.S.), and Applied Physics Laboratory (F.S., Y.N.W.), University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; and Departments of Internal Medicine (M.D.G., M.T.) and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and the Biointerfaces Institute (M.T.), University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl, 1502 BSRB, SPC 2200, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
authors: Yak-Nam
authors: YN
authors: Wang
authors: From the Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Wash (J.R.C., E.N.G., M.D.G., M.T.); Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Wash (J.R.C., K.W.); Department of Medicine (T.D.K., J.H.H.), Department of Urology (G.R.S.), and Applied Physics Laboratory (F.S., Y.N.W.), University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; and Departments of Internal Medicine (M.D.G., M.T.) and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and the Biointerfaces Institute (M.T.), University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl, 1502 BSRB, SPC 2200, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
authors: Emily N
authors: EN
authors: Gallichotte
authors: From the Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Wash (J.R.C., E.N.G., M.D.G., M.T.); Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Wash (J.R.C., K.W.); Department of Medicine (T.D.K., J.H.H.), Department of Urology (G.R.S.), and Applied Physics Laboratory (F.S., Y.N.W.), University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; and Departments of Internal Medicine (M.D.G., M.T.) and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and the Biointerfaces Institute (M.T.), University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl, 1502 BSRB, SPC 2200, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
authors: Kai
authors: K
authors: Wang
authors: From the Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Wash (J.R.C., E.N.G., M.D.G., M.T.); Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Wash (J.R.C., K.W.); Department of Medicine (T.D.K., J.H.H.), Department of Urology (G.R.S.), and Applied Physics Laboratory (F.S., Y.N.W.), University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; and Departments of Internal Medicine (M.D.G., M.T.) and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and the Biointerfaces Institute (M.T.), University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl, 1502 BSRB, SPC 2200, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
authors: Joo Ha
authors: JH
authors: Hwang
authors: From the Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Wash (J.R.C., E.N.G., M.D.G., M.T.); Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Wash (J.R.C., K.W.); Department of Medicine (T.D.K., J.H.H.), Department of Urology (G.R.S.), and Applied Physics Laboratory (F.S., Y.N.W.), University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; and Departments of Internal Medicine (M.D.G., M.T.) and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and the Biointerfaces Institute (M.T.), University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl, 1502 BSRB, SPC 2200, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
authors: Muneesh
authors: M
authors: Tewari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D001706:Biopsy; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D057086:High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation; D008297:Male; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000097:blood*; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D035683:MicroRNAs