title: Immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer treatment.
abstract: During immune responses antigen-specific T cells are regulated by several mechanisms, including through inhibitory receptors and regulatory T cells, to avoid excessive or persistent immune responses. These regulatory mechanisms, which are called 'immune checkpoints', suppress T cell responses, particularly in patients with chronic viral infections and cancer where viral antigens or tumor antigens persist for a long time and contribute to T cell exhaustion. Among these regulatory mechanisms, cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) are the most well-known receptors and both have been targeted for drug development. As a result, anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 (or anti-PD-L1) antibodies were recently developed as immune checkpoint inhibitors for use in cancer treatments. In this review we describe several receptors that function as immunological checkpoints as well as the pharmaceuticals that target them.
authors: Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
authors: Junsik
authors: J
authors: Park
authors: Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
authors: Minsuk
authors: M
authors: Kwon
authors: Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. ecshin@kaist.ac.kr.
authors: Eui-Cheol
authors: EC
authors: Shin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D000072597:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D008024:Ligands; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C448908:HAVCR2 protein, human; D000072597:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2; D008024:Ligands; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; C534712:TIGIT protein, human
keywords: Cancer; Co-inhibitory receptor; Immune checkpoint; Immunotherapy; T cell