title: Influences of Brain Size, Sex, and Sex Chromosome Complement on the Architecture of Human Cortical Folding.
abstract: Gyrification is a fundamental property of the human cortex that is increasingly studied by basic and clinical neuroscience. However, it remains unclear if and how the global architecture of cortical folding varies with 3 interwoven sources of anatomical variation: brain size, sex, and sex chromosome dosage (SCD). Here, for 375 individuals spanning 7 karyotype groups (XX, XY, XXX, XYY, XXY, XXYY, XXXXY), we use structural neuroimaging to measure a global sulcation index (SI, total sulcal/cortical hull area) and both determinants of sulcal area: total sulcal length and mean sulcal depth. We detail large and patterned effects of sex and SCD across all folding metrics, but show that these effects are in fact largely consistent with the normative scaling of cortical folding in health: larger human brains have disproportionately high SI due to a relative expansion of sulcal area versus hull area, which arises because disproportionate sulcal lengthening overcomes a lack of proportionate sulcal deepening. Accounting for these normative allometries reveals 1) brain size-independent sulcal lengthening in males versus females, and 2) insensitivity of overall folding architecture to SCD. Our methodology and findings provide a novel context for future studies of human cortical folding in health and disease.
authors: Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors: Ari M
authors: AM
authors: Fish
authors: CNRS-University Paris Descartes UMR 8240, Laboratory for the Psychology of Child Development and Education, La Sorbonne, Paris 75005, France.|INSERM-Paris Descartes University UMR 894, Imaging Biomarkers of Brain Development and Disorders, Ste Anne Hospital, Paris 75014, France.
authors: Arnaud
authors: A
authors: Cachia
authors: UNATI, Neurospin, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France.|CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, Neurospin, cati-neuroimaging.com, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France.
authors: Clara
authors: C
authors: Fischer
authors: Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Mankiw
authors: Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors: P K
authors: PK
authors: Reardon
authors: Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors: Liv S
authors: LS
authors: Clasen
authors: Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors: Jonathan D
authors: JD
authors: Blumenthal
authors: Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors: Deanna
authors: D
authors: Greenstein
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors: Jay N
authors: JN
authors: Giedd
authors: UNATI, Neurospin, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France.|CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, Neurospin, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France.
authors: Jean-François
authors: JF
authors: Mangin
authors: Developmental Neurogenomics Unit, Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors: Armin
authors: A
authors: Raznahan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D059785:Karyotype; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012729:Sex Chromosome Aberrations; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: allometry; gyrification; sex chromosome aneuploidy; sex differences; sulci