title: The Updated Role of Oxidative Stress in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is considered as a violent disease with high rate of morbidity and mortality. Early brain injury (EBI) and delayed vasospasm are the two aspects of this disease that are becoming research hotspots.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aim to update the role of oxidative stress in the development of EBI and delayed cerebral vasospasm after SAH.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed early researches, and mainly discussed three aspects of contents: reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, the role of oxidative stress in early brain injury and delayed vasospasm, and clinical implications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are several sources for the excessive generation of oxidants after SAH such as disrupted mitochondrial respiration, upregulated enzymatic pathways, extracellular hemoglobin degradation and depressed intrinsic antioxidant systems. Neuron apoptosis induced by ROS is one vital mechanism of EBI. And extracellular hemoglobin degradation and nitric oxide synthases up-reputation are involved in the pathogenesis of delayed cerebral vasospasm. Some antioxidants show significant neuroprotection in researches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ROS production increases in SAH via mitochondria, hemoglobin or enzymatic pathway, and it plays a vital important role in SAH. It seems that antioxidant therapy will be most effective as one component in a treatment regime that attempts to address all the different pathways to EBI and vasospasm following SAH.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors: Yang
authors: Y
authors: Yang
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.|Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors: Sheng
authors: S
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.|Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
authors: Jian-Min
authors: JM
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: Delayed vasospasm; early brain injury; oxidatives stress; subarachnoid hemorrhage