title: Reducing the lag of accommodation by auditory biofeedback: A pilot study.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a reduction of the accommodative lag is possible by training the accuracy of accommodation using auditory biofeedback. Accommodation responses were measured in thirty-one young adults with myopia for dioptric target distances of 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0D using an eccentric infrared photorefractor. For the biofeedback training, subjects were randomly assigned to an experimental (n=15) or a control group (n=16). Subjects of the experimental group were provided with two tones while fixating a target, one tone was related to their accommodative response and the second to the target distance. Their task was to match these tones. The control group did not receive any auditory biofeedback. Two different training methods were applied, a continuous training of 200s, and ten consecutive sessions of 20s each. The training effects on the lag of accommodation (change Δ) were highly variable. Regarding the entire study group, the observed change in the accommodative lag was greater at closer distances, while no difference between the two training methods was revealed. Nevertheless, seven experimental subjects reduced their lag by ⩾0.3D (3.0D target distance: Δlong=-0.29±0.20D, Δshort=-0.24±0.21D). This reduction was also seen in two control subjects. Remeasurement revealed that the average training effect cannot be preserved over a period of 5-7days. The current investigation has shown that the accuracy of accommodation can be trained in some subjects using auditory biofeedback for target distances of 2.5D or closer.
authors: Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Turnstrasse 27, 73430 Aalen, Germany; Aalen University, Anton-Huber-Straße 23, 73430 Aalen, Germany.
authors: Sandra
authors: S
authors: Wagner
authors: Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Turnstrasse 27, 73430 Aalen, Germany. Electronic address: arne.ohlendorf@medizin.uni-tuebingen.de.
authors: Arne
authors: A
authors: Ohlendorf
authors: Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Schaeffel
authors: Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Straße 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Turnstrasse 27, 73430 Aalen, Germany.
authors: Siegfried
authors: S
authors: Wahl
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D025461:Feedback, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Biofeedback; Eccentric photorefraction; Lag of accommodation; Myopia; Vision training