title: The effect of fermented buckwheat on producing l-carnitine- and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-enriched designer eggs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The potential of fermented buckwheat as a feed additive was studied to increase l-carnitine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in designer eggs. Buckwheat contains high levels of lysine, methionine and glutamate, which are precursors for the synthesis of l-carnitine and GABA. Rhizopus oligosporus was used for the fermentation of buckwheat to produce l-carnitine and GABA that exert positive effects such as enhanced metabolism, antioxidant activities, immunity and blood pressure control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A novel analytical method for simultaneously detecting l-carnitine and GABA was developed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and LC/MS/MS. The fermented buckwheat extract contained 4 and 34 times more l-carnitine and GABA respectively compared with normal buckwheat. Compared with the control, the fermented buckwheat extract-fed group showed enriched l-carnitine (13.6%) and GABA (8.4%) in the yolk, though only l-carnitine was significantly different (P < 0.05). Egg production (9.4%), albumen weight (2.1%) and shell weight (5.8%) were significantly increased (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in yolk weight, and total cholesterol (1.9%) and triglyceride (4.9%) in the yolk were lowered (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fermented buckwheat as a feed additive has the potential to produce l-carnitine- and GABA-enriched designer eggs with enhanced nutrition and homeostasis. These designer eggs pose significant potential to be utilized in superfood production and supplement industries. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors: Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Korea.
authors: Namhyeon
authors: N
authors: Park
authors: Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Korea.
authors: Tae-Kyung
authors: TK
authors: Lee
authors: Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Korea.
authors: Thi Thanh Hanh
authors: TTH
authors: Nguyen
authors: Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Korea.
authors: Eun-Bae
authors: EB
authors: An
authors: Section of Neurobiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
authors: Nahyun M
authors: NM
authors: Kim
authors: Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Korea.
authors: Young-Hyun
authors: YH
authors: You
authors: Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Korea.
authors: Tae-Sub
authors: TS
authors: Park
authors: Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Korea.|Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Korea.
authors: Doman
authors: D
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002331:Carnitine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002645:Chickens / Q000378:metabolism*; D004531:Eggs / Q000032:analysis*; D019612:Fagopyrum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D005503:Food Additives / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D012233:Rhizopus / Q000378:metabolism*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005503:Food Additives; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D002331:Carnitine
keywords: GABA; Rhizopus oligosporus; buckwheat; designer egg; fermentation; l-carnitine