title: Food sources of vitamin D and their association with 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in Dutch older adults.
abstract: Various populations are at increased risk of developing a low vitamin D status, in particular older adults. Whereas sun exposure is considered the main source of vitamin D, especially during summer, dietary contributions should not be underestimated. This study aims to identify food sources of vitamin D that associate most strongly with serum vitamin D concentration. Data of 595 Dutch adults, aged ≥65 years, were analysed. Vitamin D intake was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was determined in serum. Associations of total vitamin D intake and vitamin D intake from specific food groups with serum 25(OH)D status were examined by P-for trend analyses over tertiles of vitamin D intake, prevalence ratios (PRs), and spline regression. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was high, with 36% of the participants having a 25(OH)D status <50nmol/L. Participants with adequate 25(OH)D concentrations were more likely to be men and more likely to be younger than participants with vitamin D deficiency. Total median vitamin D intake was 4.3μg/day, of which 4.0μg/day was provided by foods. Butter and margarine were the leading contributors to total vitamin D intake with 1.8μg/day, followed by the intake of fish and shellfish with 0.56μg/day. Participants with higher intakes of butter and margarine were 21% more likely to have a sufficient 25(OH)D status after adjustment for covariates (T1 vs. T3: PR 1.0 vs. 1.21 (95%CI: 1.03-1.42), P-for trend 0.02). None of the other food groups showed a significant association with the probability of having a sufficient 25(OH)D status. This study shows that vitamin D intake was positively associated with total serum 25(OH)D concentration, with butter and margarine being the most important contributors to total vitamin D intake.
authors: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: anouk.vaes@wur.nl.
authors: A M M
authors: AMM
authors: Vaes
authors: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: E M
authors: EM
authors: Brouwer-Brolsma
authors: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: N L
authors: NL
authors: van der Zwaluw
authors: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: J P
authors: JP
authors: van Wijngaarden
authors: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: A A M
authors: AAM
authors: Berendsen
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Centre, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: van Schoor
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: van der Velde
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Uitterlinden
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Section, VU University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Lips
authors: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: R A M
authors: RAM
authors: Dhonukshe-Rutten
authors: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: L C P G M
authors: LCPGM
authors: de Groot
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002079:Butter; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008383:Margarine; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D009752:Nutritional Status; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D014815:Vitamins / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D; D002079:Butter; D008383:Margarine; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D; Food sources; Nutrient requirement; Vitamin D fortification; Vitamin D intake