title: Identification of sawflies and horntails (Hymenoptera, 'Symphyta') through DNA barcodes: successes and caveats.
abstract: The 'Symphyta' is a paraphyletic assemblage at the base of the order Hymenoptera, comprising 14 families and about 8750 species. All have phytophagous larvae, except for the Orussidae, which are parasitoids. This study presents and evaluates the results of DNA barcoding of approximately 5360 specimens of 'Symphyta', mainly adults, and 4362 sequences covering 1037 species were deemed of suitable quality for inclusion in the analysis. All extant families are represented, except for the Anaxyelidae. The majority of species and specimens are from Europe, but approximately 38% of the species and 13% of the specimens are of non-European origin. The utility of barcoding for species identification and taxonomy of 'Symphyta' is discussed on the basis of examples from each of the included families. A significant level of cryptic species diversity was apparent in many groups. Other attractive applications include the identification of immature stages without the need to rear them, community analyses based on metabarcoding of bulk samples and association of the sexes of adults.
authors: SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247, Munich, Germany.
authors: Stefan
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5751-8706
authors: S
authors: Schmidt
authors: Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Str. 90, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Taeger
authors: SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247, Munich, Germany.
authors: Jérôme
authors: J
authors: Morinière
authors: Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Str. 90, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany.
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Liston
authors: Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Str. 90, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany.
authors: Stephan M
authors: SM
authors: Blank
authors: Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Str. 90, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany.
authors: Katja
authors: K
authors: Kramp
authors: Manfred Kraus, Fallrohrstr. 27, 90480, Nürnberg, Germany.
authors: Manfred
authors: M
authors: Kraus
authors: SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstr. 21, 81247, Munich, Germany.
authors: Olga
authors: O
authors: Schmidt
authors: Erik Heibo, Rypeveien 34 A, 3420, Lierskogen, Norway.
authors: Erik
authors: E
authors: Heibo
authors: Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalder Str. 90, 15374, Müncheberg, Germany.|Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014, Tartu, Estonia.
authors: Marko
authors: M
authors: Prous
authors: Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, Joensuu, FI-80101, Finland.
authors: Tommi
authors: T
authors: Nyman
authors: Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Tobias
authors: T
authors: Malm
authors: Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors: Julie
authors: J
authors: Stahlhut
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D058893:DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; D005060:Europe; D006927:Hymenoptera / Q000145:classification*; D007814:Larva; D010802:Phylogeny
keywords: DNA barcoding; Insects; horntails; morphology; sawflies; taxonomy