title: Validation of triple pass 24-hour dietary recall in Ugandan children by simultaneous weighed food assessment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Undernutrition remains highly prevalent in African children, highlighting the need for accurately assessing dietary intake. In order to do so, the assessment method must be validated in the target population. A triple pass 24 hour dietary recall with volumetric portion size estimation has been described but not previously validated in African children. This study aimed to establish the relative validity of 24-hour dietary recalls of daily food consumption in healthy African children living in Mbale and Soroti, eastern Uganda compared to simultaneous weighed food records.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative assessment of daily food consumption by weighed food records followed by two independent assessments using triple pass 24-hour dietary recall on the following day. In conjunction with household measures and standard food sizes, volumes of liquid, dry rice, or play dough were used to aid portion size estimation. Inter-assessor agreement, and agreement with weighed food records was conducted primarily by Bland-Altman analysis and secondly by intraclass correlation coefficients and quartile cross-classification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  19 healthy children aged 6 months to 12 years were included in the study. Bland-Altman analysis showed 24-hour recall only marginally under-estimated energy (mean difference of 149kJ or 2.8%; limits of agreement -1618 to 1321kJ), protein (2.9g or 9.4%; -12.6 to 6.7g), and iron (0.43mg or 8.3%; -3.1 to 2.3mg). Quartile cross-classification was correct in 79% of cases for energy intake, and 89% for both protein and iron. The intraclass correlation coefficient between the separate dietary recalls for energy was 0.801 (95% CI, 0.429-0.933), indicating acceptable inter-observer agreement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary assessment using 24-hour dietary recall with volumetric portion size estimation resulted in similar and acceptable estimates of dietary intake compared with weighed food records and thus is considered a valid method for daily dietary intake assessment of children in communities with similar diets. The method will be utilised in a sub-study of a large randomised controlled trial addressing treatment in severe childhood anaemia.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study was approved by the Mbale Research Ethics committee (Reference: 2013-050). Transfusion and Treatment of severe Anaemia in African Children: a randomized controlled Trial (TRACT) registration: ISRCTN84086586.
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
authors: Helen
authors: H
authors: Nightingale
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
authors: Kevin J
authors: KJ
authors: Walsh
authors: Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences (BUFHS), Mbale Campus, Uganda.|Mbale Regional Referral Hospital Clinical Research Unit (MCRU), Mbale, Uganda.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Olupot-Olupot
authors: Department of Paediatrics, Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti, Uganda.
authors: Charles
authors: C
authors: Engoru
authors: Mbale Regional Referral Hospital Clinical Research Unit (MCRU), Mbale, Uganda.
authors: Tonny
authors: T
authors: Ssenyondo
authors: Mbale Regional Referral Hospital Clinical Research Unit (MCRU), Mbale, Uganda.
authors: Julius
authors: J
authors: Nteziyaremye
authors: Department of Paediatrics, Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti, Uganda.
authors: Denis
authors: D
authors: Amorut
authors: Department of Paediatrics, Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti, Uganda.
authors: Margaret
authors: M
authors: Nakuya
authors: Department of Paediatrics, Soroti Regional Referral Hospital, Soroti, Uganda.
authors: Margaret
authors: M
authors: Arimi
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
authors: Gary
authors: G
authors: Frost
authors: Kilifi Clinical Trials Facility, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, PO Box 230, Kilifi, Kenya.|Wellcome Trust Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine, and Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, W2 1PG, UK.
authors: Kathryn
authors: K
authors: Maitland
keywords: Uganda; children; dietary assessment; portion size estimation; undernutrition; validation