title: In situ calibration of three passive samplers for the monitoring of steroid hormones in wastewater.
abstract: In situ extraction of steroid hormones from waste water using adsorption-based integrative passive samplers represents a promising approach for their monitoring in water at ultra-trace concentrations. Three passive samplers, namely a POCIS, a Chemcatcher fitted with an Empore SDB-RPS disk, and an Empore SDB-RPS disk-based sampler with enhanced water flow, were calibrated in situ in treated municipal wastewater for the purpose of monitoring five estrogens (17-β-estradiol, 17-α-estradiol, 17-α-ethinylestradiol, estrone and estriol) at sub ng per litre concentrations. Uptake of steroids to samplers during 14-day exposure in wastewater was compared with steroid concentrations in daily collected composite water samples. Sampling rates were obtained from a numerical solution of first order uptake kinetics equations describing the uptake of compounds into a passive sampler over time. Mass transfer of steroids in the Chemcatcher fitted with naked Empore disks was more than two times faster than in the POCIS sampler. The uptake capacity of the applied Empore disk was not sufficient for integrative uptake of all tested steroids during the entire 14-day exposure. Time-weighted average concentrations of steroids estimated at concentrations in units of ngL-1using the in situ-calibrated samplers were within a factor of two from values obtained using composite water samples.
authors: Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00 Czech Republic.
authors: Alena
authors: A
authors: Škodová
authors: Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00 Czech Republic.
authors: Roman
authors: R
authors: Prokeš
authors: Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00 Czech Republic.
authors: Zdeněk
authors: Z
authors: Šimek
authors: Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00 Czech Republic. Electronic address: vrana@recetox.muni.cz.
authors: Branislav
authors: B
authors: Vrana
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D045166:Estradiol Congeners / Q000032:analysis*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000032:analysis*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D045166:Estradiol Congeners; D004967:Estrogens; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Chemcatcher; POCIS; Passive sampling; Steroid hormones; Waste water; Water monitoring