title: The efficacy of alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AlHV-1) immunization with the adjuvants Emulsigen®and the monomeric TLR5 ligand FliC in zebu cattle against AlHV-1 malignant catarrhal fever induced by experimental virus challenge.
abstract: Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a fatal disease of cattle that, in East Africa, follows contact with wildebeest excreting alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1). Recently an attenuated vaccine (atAlHV-1) was tested under experimental challenge on Friesian-Holstein (FH) cattle and gave a vaccine efficacy (VE) of approximately 90%. However testing under field conditions on an East African breed, the shorthorn zebu cross (SZC), gave a VE of 56% suggesting that FH and SZC cattle may respond differently to the vaccine. To investigate, a challenge trial was carried out using SZC. Additionally three adjuvant combinations were tested: (i) Emulsigen®, (ii) bacterial flagellin (FliC) and (iii) Emulsigen®+bacterial flagellin. We report 100% seroconversion in all immunized cattle. The group inoculated with atAlHV-1+Emulsigen®had significantly higher antibody titres than groups inoculated with FliC, the smallest number of animals that became infected and the fewest fatalities, suggesting this was the most effective combination. A larger study is required to more accurately determine the protective effect of this regime in SZC. There was an apparent inhibition of the antibody response in cattle inoculated with atAlHV-1+FliC, suggesting FliC might induce an immune suppressive mechanism. The VE in SZC (50-60%) was less than that in FH (80-90%). We speculate that this might be due to increased risk of disease in vaccinated SZC (suggesting that the vaccine may be less effective at stimulating an appropriate immune response in this breed) and/or increased survival in unvaccinated SZC (suggesting that these cattle may have a degree of prior immunity against infection with AlHV-1).
authors: Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science & Technology, Arusha, Tanzania.
authors: Felix
authors: F
authors: Lankester
authors: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
authors: Ahmed
authors: A
authors: Lugelo
authors: Royal Veterinary College, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, London, UK.
authors: Dirk
authors: D
authors: Werling
authors: School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science & Technology, Arusha, Tanzania.
authors: Nicholas
authors: N
authors: Mnyambwa
authors: Tanzanian Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania.
authors: Julius
authors: J
authors: Keyyu
authors: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
authors: Rudovick
authors: R
authors: Kazwala
authors: Moredun Research Institute, Midlothian, Edinburgh, UK.
authors: Dawn
authors: D
authors: Grant
authors: School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Smith
authors: School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
authors: Nevi
authors: N
authors: Parameswaran
authors: Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Cleaveland
authors: Moredun Research Institute, Midlothian, Edinburgh, UK.
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Russell
authors: School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. Electronic address: David.Haig@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Haig
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005408:Flagellin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006564:Herpesviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D008297:Male; D008304:Malignant Catarrh / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D000069078:Seroconversion; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D004279:DNA, Viral; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D005408:Flagellin
keywords: Adjuvant; Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1; Bacterial flagellin; Malignant catarrhal fever; Vaccine trial; Wildebeest