title: Recent Advances in Non-Invasive Delivery of Macromolecules using Nanoparticulate Carriers System.
abstract: The drug delivery of macromolecules such as proteins and peptides has become an important area of research and represents the fastest expanding share of the market for human medicines. The most common method for delivering macromolecules is parenterally. However parenteral administration of some therapeutic macromolecules has not been effective because of their rapid clearance from the body. As a result, most macromolecules are only therapeutically useful after multiple injections, which causes poor compliance and systemic side effects.
  
  
  
  Therefore, there is a need to improve delivery of therapeutic macromolecules to enable non-invasive delivery routes, less frequent dosing through controlled-release drug delivery, and improved drug targeting to increase efficacy and reduce side effects.
  
  
  
  Non-invasive administration routes such as intranasal, pulmonary, transdermal, ocular and oral delivery have been attempted intensively by formulating macromolecules into nanoparticulate carriers system such as polymeric and lipidic nanoparticles.
  
  
  
  This review discusses barriers to drug delivery and current formulation technologies to overcome the unfavorable properties of macromolecules via non-invasive delivery (mainly intranasal, pulmonary, transdermal oral and ocular) with a focus on nanoparticulate carrier systems. This review also provided a summary and discussion of recent data on non-invasive delivery of macromolecules using nanoparticulate formulations.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur-57000, Malaysia.
authors: Md
authors: M
authors: Shadab
authors: Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics Group, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Australia.
authors: Shadabul
authors: S
authors: Haque
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur-57000, Malaysia.
authors: Ravi
authors: R
authors: Sheshala
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur-57000, Malaysia.
authors: Lim Wei
authors: LW
authors: Meng
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Kuala Lumpur-57000, Malaysia.
authors: Venkata Srikanth
authors: VS
authors: Meka
authors: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India.
authors: Javed
authors: J
authors: Ali
mesh_terms: D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D004339:Drug Compounding; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D046911:Macromolecular Substances / Q000737:chemistry; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D046911:Macromolecular Substances
keywords: Carriers system; intranasal; macromolecules; nanoparticles; non-invasive delivery