title: Presence of music while eating: Effects on energy intake, eating rate and appetite sensations.
abstract: The role of music in energy and dietary intake of humans is poorly understood. The purpose of the present laboratory study was to examine the effect of background music, its presence and its intensity, on energy intake, eating rate and appetite feelings. The study had a randomized crossover design. Twenty-six normal weight and overweight/obese men participated in random order in three trials: the control trial (no music was playing), the 60dB and the 90dB music trials, while an ad libitum lunch was consumed. Visual analogue scales for hunger, fullness/satiety, as well as desire to eat were administered to the participants. Energy intake at the ad libitum lunch did not differ between trials, even when covariates were taken into account. There were no statistically significant differences between trials on meal characteristics, such as meal duration, number of servings, number of bites eaten and on appetite indices. Future studies are needed to replicate these results and investigate the effect of different types of music and/or sound.
authors: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors: Eirini
authors: E
authors: Mamalaki
authors: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors: Konstantina
authors: K
authors: Zachari
authors: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors: Eleni
authors: E
authors: Karfopoulou
authors: School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Greece.
authors: Efthimios
authors: E
authors: Zervas
authors: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece. Electronic address: myiannak@hua.gr.
authors: Mary
authors: M
authors: Yannakoulia
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001066:Appetite / Q000502:physiology*; D001307:Auditory Perception; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009146:Music; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D064232:Visual Analog Scale; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Appetite; Background music; Eating rate; Energy intake; Music intensity; Music volume