title: Changing patterns of prevalence in Opisthorchis viverrini sensu lato infection in children and adolescents in northeast Thailand.
abstract: Infection with the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini sensu lato (s.l.), a group 1 carcinogen, is the most important risk factor for developing cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in Southeast Asia. Cholangiocarcinoma is a fatal disease with the world's highest incidence being found in northeast Thailand. Liver fluke infection occurs through eating raw or partially cooked cyprinid fish containing metacercariae and, therefore, the control of O. viverrini s.l. infection should lead to a reduction in CCA incidence. In this report, we review and analyze the age-prevalence profile data of O. viverrini to reveal temporal changes in patterns of prevalence pre- and post-control programs in Thailand. The profiles of O. viverrini prevalence have transformed from high prevalence in school children prior to 1983 to low prevalences after 1994. This pattern strongly suggests the influence of the health education program on the likelihood of school children becoming infected. In conjunction with current developments in health and socioeconomic conditions, we predict that the incidence of CCA will be reduced with time as the population cohorts that experienced the education programs reach the age at which CCA is most likely to develop, i.e. >50 years. The lessons learned in Thailand may be applicable to other areas endemic for human liver flukes.
authors: Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors: Narong
authors: N
authors: Khuntikeo
authors: Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand. Electronic address: paibsit@gmail.com.
authors: Paiboon
authors: P
authors: Sithithaworn
authors: Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors: Watcharin
authors: W
authors: Loilom
authors: Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors: Nisana
authors: N
authors: Namwat
authors: Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors: Puangrat
authors: P
authors: Yongvanit
authors: Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Data Management and Statistical Analysis Center (DAMASAC), Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
authors: Bandit
authors: B
authors: Thinkhamrop
authors: Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
authors: Nadda
authors: N
authors: Kiatsopit
authors: Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
authors: Ross H
authors: RH
authors: Andrews
authors: Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Department of Ecology and Parasitology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors: Trevor N
authors: TN
authors: Petney
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009889:Opisthorchiasis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009891:Opisthorchis; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Child prevalence; Cholangiocarcinoma; Opisthorchis viverrini