title: Molecular Characterization and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Galactosylglycerides and Galactosylceramides from the Microalga Isochrysis galbana.
abstract: Isochrysis galbana is a marine microalga rich in PUFAs that is widely used as feed in aquaculture and more recently investigated for its potential in food applications and as source of bioactive compounds. In this study, the biomass obtained from cultures of I. galbana has been investigated to determine its content in glycosylglycerides and glycosylceramides. By using NMR, UPLC-MS/MS, and fatty acid profiles, the structures of ten monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs 1-10) and nine digalactosyldiacylglycerols (DGDGs 11-19) have been established. Two distinctive features of the galactosylglycerides from I. galbana are the wide presence of highly unsaturated acyl chains derived from stearidonic acid (18:4Δ6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z) and octadecapentaenoic acid (18:5Δ3Z,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z), as well as the unusual coexistence of αβ-DGDGs and ββ-DGDGs. Three new galactosylceramides, isogalbamides A-C (20-22), have also been isolated and characterized by NMR and MS/MS. These metabolites, which are the first galactosylceramides described from microalgae, derive from unprecedented tetraolefinic sphingoid bases. In anti-inflammatory assays, the MGDG and DGDG mixtures and the isolated DGDGs 11 and 12 showed significant activity as inhibitors of the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human THP-1 macrophages, while the galactosylceramides showed moderated activity.
authors: Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz , 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain.
authors: Carolina
authors: C
authors: de Los Reyes
authors: Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz , 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain.
authors: María J
authors: MJ
authors: Ortega
authors: Departamento de Farmacologı́a, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla , 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
authors: Azahara
authors: A
authors: Rodríguez-Luna
authors: Departamento de Farmacologı́a, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla , 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Talero
authors: Departamento de Farmacologı́a, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla , 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
authors: Virginia
authors: V
authors: Motilva
authors: Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz , 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain.
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Zubía
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D038983:Galactolipids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005699:Galactosylceramides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058087:Haptophyta / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D058086:Microalgae / Q000737:chemistry*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D038983:Galactolipids; D005699:Galactosylceramides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C008543:galactosylglyceride
keywords: DGDG; Isochrysis galbana; MGDG; TNF-α inhibition; anti-inflammatory activity; galactosylceramides; galactosylglycerides; microalgae