title: Neuropsychological Functioning in Preterm-Born Twins and Singletons at Preschool Age.
abstract: A limited body of research is available on the relationships between multiplicity of birth and neuropsychological functioning in preterm children who were conceived in the age of assisted reproductive technology and served by the modern neonatal intensive care unit. Our chief objective was to evaluate whether, after adjustment for sociodemographic factors and perinatal complications, twin birth accounted for a unique portion of developmental outcome variance in children born at-risk in the surfactant era.
  
  
  
  We compared the neuropsychological functioning of 77 twins and 144 singletons born preterm (<34 gestational weeks) and served by William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI. Children were evaluated at preschool age, using standardized tests of memory, language, perceptual, and motor abilities.
  
  
  
  Multiple regression analyses, adjusting for sociodemographic and perinatal variables, revealed no differences on memory or motor indices between preterm twins and their singleton counterparts. In contrast, performance of language and visual processing tasks was significantly lower in twins despite reduced perinatal risk in comparison to singletons. Effect sizes ranged from .33 to .38 standard deviations for global language and visual processing ability indices, respectively. No significant group by sex interactions were observed, and comparison of first-, or second-born twins with singletons yielded medium effect sizes (Cohen's d=.56 and .40, respectively).
  
  
  
  The modest twin disadvantage on language and visual processing tasks at preschool-age could not be readily attributable to socioeconomic or perinatal variables. The possibility of biological or social twinning-related phenomena as mechanisms underlying the observed performance gaps are discussed. (JINS, 2016, 22, 865-877).
authors: 1Department of Psychology and the Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute,Wayne State University,Detroit,Michigan.
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Raz
authors: 1Department of Psychology and the Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute,Wayne State University,Detroit,Michigan.
authors: Jamie C
authors: JC
authors: Piercy
authors: 1Department of Psychology and the Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute,Wayne State University,Detroit,Michigan.
authors: Andrew M
authors: AM
authors: Heitzer
authors: 1Department of Psychology and the Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute,Wayne State University,Detroit,Michigan.
authors: Brittany N
authors: BN
authors: Peters
authors: 2Division of Pediatric Neuropsychology,Children's National Medical Center,Washington,District of Columbia.
authors: Julie Bapp
authors: JB
authors: Newman
authors: 1Department of Psychology and the Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute,Wayne State University,Detroit,Michigan.
authors: Angela K
authors: AK
authors: DeBastos
authors: 1Department of Psychology and the Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute,Wayne State University,Detroit,Michigan.
authors: Noa
authors: N
authors: Ofen
authors: 4Department of Pediatrics,Southern Illinois University School of Medicine,Springfield,Illinois.
authors: Beau
authors: B
authors: Batton
authors: 4Department of Pediatrics,Southern Illinois University School of Medicine,Springfield,Illinois.
authors: Daniel G
authors: DG
authors: Batton
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology*; D007804:Language Development; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D014427:Twins; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Birth order; Birth weight; Language development; Motor skills; Neonatal prematurity; Visual perception