title: [Respiratory and allergic diseases of children : Temporal trends, urban-rural differences, and in association with environmental tobacco smoke exposure].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ten years after the establishment of health monitoring units (GME) in Bavaria, temporal trends and urban-rural differences in parent-reported respiratory and allergic diseases as well as environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in preschoolers were analyzed in an explorative manner. Furthermore, associations between diseases and ETS exposure were studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parent questionnaires were used as part of the school entrance examination in two cross sectional studies (S1:2004/2005, n1= 6350; S2:2012/2013, n2= 5052). Temporal trends and urban-rural-differences were tested by X2tests. Associations between diseases and exposures were studied using multiple logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lifetime prevalence of atopic dermatitis declined from S1-S2 from 12.4 to 11.1 %, whereas those for hay fever, asthma, bronchitis and pseudocroup remained stable. In S1 and S2, bronchitis was less often reported in cities. The other diseases showed no urban-rural differences. The prevalence of children's ETS exposure at home declined from S1-S2 from 14.3 to 7.2 % and was generally higher in cities than in rural regions. There was no positive association between diseases and children's ETS exposure at home. In S2 an association was found between asthma and current parental smoking (OR = 1.60; 95 % CI = (1.10-2.32)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GME provide important data for regional distribution of respiratory and allergic diseases and ETS exposure of preschoolers in Bavaria. The results of the study are important for further development of questionnaires, which will be used in future GME.
authors: Sachbereich Arbeits- und Umweltepidemiologie, Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Pfarrstraße 3, 80538, München, Deutschland. kathrin.guerlich@gmail.com.
authors: Kathrin
authors: K
authors: Gürlich
authors: Sachbereich Arbeits- und Umweltepidemiologie, Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Pfarrstraße 3, 80538, München, Deutschland.
authors: Caroline
authors: C
authors: Herr
authors: Sachbereich Arbeits- und Umweltepidemiologie, Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Pfarrstraße 3, 80538, München, Deutschland.
authors: Lana
authors: L
authors: Hendrowarsito
authors: Sachbereich Arbeits- und Umweltepidemiologie, Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Pfarrstraße 3, 80538, München, Deutschland.
authors: Alisa
authors: A
authors: Weber
authors: Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleißheim, Deutschland.
authors: Uta
authors: U
authors: Nennstiel-Ratzel
authors: Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleißheim, Deutschland.
authors: Manfred
authors: M
authors: Wildner
authors: Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleißheim, Deutschland.
authors: Bernhard
authors: B
authors: Liebl
authors: Sachbereich Arbeits- und Umweltepidemiologie, Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Pfarrstraße 3, 80538, München, Deutschland.|Abteilung Sozialepidemiologie, Institut für Public Health und Pflegeforschung, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Deutschland.
authors: Gabriele
authors: G
authors: Bolte
authors: Institut für Arbeits-, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Deutschland.
authors: Rudolf A
authors: RA
authors: Jörres
authors: Sachbereich Arbeits- und Umweltepidemiologie, Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Pfarrstraße 3, 80538, München, Deutschland.|Institut für Arbeits-, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, Klinikum der Universität München, München, Deutschland.
authors: Stefanie
authors: S
authors: Kolb
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D000067576:Child Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015897:Comorbidity; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: Allergies; Bavaria; Environmental tobacco smoke exposure; Parental smoking behavior; Preschool children; Respiratory diseases