title: Activation of the TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway contributes to inflammation in diabetic retinopathy: a novel inhibitory effect of minocycline.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic low-grade inflammation occurs in diabetic retinopathy (DR), but the underlying mechanism(s) remains (remain) unclear. NLRP3 inflammasome activation is involved in several other inflammatory diseases. Thus, we investigated the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of DR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diabetes was induced in rats by streptozotocin treatment for 8 weeks. They were treated with NLRP3 shRNA or minocycline during the last 4 weeks. High glucose-exposed human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) were co-incubated with antioxidants or subjected to TXNIP or NLRP3 shRNA interference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In high glucose-exposed HRMECs and retinas of diabetic rats, mRNA and protein expression of NLRP3, ASC, and proinflammatory cytokines were induced significantly by hyperglycemia. Upregulated interleukin (IL)-1β maturation, IL-18 secretion, and caspase-1 cleavage were also observed with increased cell apoptosis and retinal vascular permeability, compared with the control group. NLRP3 silencing blocked these effects in the rat model and HRMECs, confirming that inflammasome activation contributed to inflammation in DR. TXNIP expression was increased by reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction in animal and cell models, whereas antioxidant addition or TXNIP silencing blocked IL-1β and IL-18 secretion in high glucose-exposed HRMECs, indicating that the ROS-TXNIP pathway mediates NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Minocycline significantly downregulated ROS generation and reduced TXNIP expression, subsequently inhibited NLRP3 activation, and further decreased inflammatory factors, which were associated with a decrease in retinal vascular permeability and cell apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together, our data suggest that the TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of DR, and the use of minocycline specifically for such therapy may be a new avenue of investigation in inflammatory disease.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.|Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
authors: Minjie
authors: M
authors: Zhao
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
authors: Shuzhi
authors: S
authors: Zhao
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
authors: Qianyi
authors: Q
authors: Lu
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
authors: Lisha
authors: L
authors: Ni
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
authors: Chen
authors: C
authors: Zou
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China.
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Lu
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
authors: Xun
authors: X
authors: Xu
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
authors: Huaijin
authors: H
authors: Guan
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200080, China. zzheng88@sjtu.edu.cn.
authors: Zhi
authors: Z
authors: Zheng
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200080, China. qinghuaqiu@163.com.
authors: Qinghua
authors: Q
authors: Qiu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020170:Caspase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D058847:Inflammasomes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007249:Inflammation; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008911:Minocycline / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D058847:Inflammasomes; D020382:Interleukin-18; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; C573346:Nlrp3 protein, rat; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C493796:TXNIP protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D020170:Caspase 1; D008911:Minocycline; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Diabetic retinopathy; Minocycline; NLRP3 inflammasome