title: An Improved Method of Predicting Extinction Coefficients for the Determination of Protein Concentration.
abstract: Concentration determination is an important method of protein characterization required in the development of protein therapeutics. There are many known methods for determining the concentration of a protein solution, but the easiest to implement in a manufacturing setting is absorption spectroscopy in the ultraviolet region. For typical proteins composed of the standard amino acids, absorption at wavelengths near 280 nm is due to the three amino acid chromophores tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine in addition to a contribution from disulfide bonds. According to the Beer-Lambert law, absorbance is proportional to concentration and path length, with the proportionality constant being theextinction coefficient.Typically the extinction coefficient of proteins is experimentally determined by measuring a solution absorbance then experimentally determining the concentration, a measurement with some inherent variability depending on the method used. In this study, extinction coefficients were calculated based on the measured absorbance of model compounds of the four amino acid chromophores. These calculated values for an unfolded protein were then compared with an experimental concentration determination based on enzymatic digestion of proteins. The experimentally determined extinction coefficient for the native proteins was consistently found to be 1.05 times the calculated value for the unfolded proteins for a wide range of proteins with good accuracy and precision under well-controlled experimental conditions. The value of 1.05 times the calculated value was termed thepredicted extinction coefficient.Statistical analysis shows that the differences between predicted and experimentally determined coefficients are scattered randomly, indicating no systematic bias between the values among the proteins measured. The predicted extinction coefficient was found to be accurate and not subject to the inherent variability of experimental methods. We propose the use of a predicted extinction coefficient for determining the protein concentration of therapeutic proteins starting from early development through the lifecycle of the product.LAY ABSTRACT:Knowing the concentration of a protein in a pharmaceutical solution is important to the drug's development and posology. There are many ways to determine the concentration, but the easiest one to use in a testing lab employs absorption spectroscopy. Absorbance of ultraviolet light by a protein solution is proportional to its concentration and path length; the proportionality constant is the extinction coefficient. The extinction coefficient of a protein therapeutic is usually determined experimentally during early product development and has some inherent method variability. In this study, extinction coefficients of several proteins were calculated based on the measured absorbance of model compounds. These calculated values for an unfolded protein were then compared with experimental concentration determinations based on enzymatic digestion of the proteins. The experimentally determined extinction coefficient for the native protein was 1.05 times the calculated value for the unfolded protein with good accuracy and precision under controlled experimental conditions, so the value of 1.05 times the calculated coefficient was called thepredicted extinction coefficient.Comparison of predicted and measured extinction coefficients indicated that the predicted value was very close to the experimentally determined values for the proteins. The predicted extinction coefficient was accurate and removed the variability inherent in experimental methods.
authors: Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, ehilario@gene.com.
authors: Eric C
authors: EC
authors: Hilario
authors: Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development.
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Stern
authors: Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development.
authors: Charlie H
authors: CH
authors: Wang
authors: Biostatistics Group, Genentech, Inc.
authors: Yenny W
authors: YW
authors: Vargas
authors: Pharma Technical Regulatory, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
authors: Charles J
authors: CJ
authors: Morgan
authors: Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development.
authors: Trevor E
authors: TE
authors: Swartz
authors: Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development.
authors: Thomas W
authors: TW
authors: Patapoff
mesh_terms: D065966:Absorption, Physicochemical; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D011506:Proteins
keywords: Absorbance spectrum; Absorptivity; Chromophores; Extinction coefficient; Model compounds; Protein concentration