title: The fear gasping face as a threat display in a Melanesian society.
abstract: Theory and research show that humans attribute both emotions and intentions to others on the basis of facial behavior: A gasping face can be seen as showing "fear" and intent to submit. The assumption that such interpretations are pancultural derives largely from Western societies. Here, we report two studies conducted in an indigenous, small-scale Melanesian society with considerable cultural and visual isolation from the West: the Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea. Our multidisciplinary research team spoke the vernacular and had extensive prior fieldwork experience. In study 1, Trobriand adolescents were asked to attribute emotions, social motives, or both to a set of facial displays. Trobrianders showed a mixed and variable attribution pattern, although with much lower agreement than studies of Western samples. Remarkably, the gasping face (traditionally considered a display of fear and submission in the West) was consistently matched to two unpredicted categories: anger and threat. In study 2, adolescents were asked to select the face that was threatening; Trobrianders chose the "fear" gasping face whereas Spaniards chose an "angry" scowling face. Our findings, consistent with functional approaches to animal communication and observations made on threat displays in small-scale societies, challenge the Western assumption that "fear" gasping faces uniformly express fear or signal submission across cultures.
authors: Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain.
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: Crivelli
authors: Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467; james.russell@bc.edu.
authors: James A
authors: 0000-0003-1041-3717
authors: JA
authors: Russell
authors: Anthropology Division, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024.|Arts of Africa, Oceania, and Americas Curatorial Department, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY 10028.
authors: Sergio
authors: S
authors: Jarillo
authors: Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain.
authors: José-Miguel
authors: JM
authors: Fernández-Dols
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000786:Anger / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008542:Melanesia; D010219:Papua New Guinea; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D012938:Social Perception
keywords: behavioral ecology; diversity; emotion; facial behavior; indigenous societies