title: Association Between Smoking and Back Pain in a Cross-Section of Adult Americans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Back pain is the leading cause of global years lived with disability. This cross-sectional study assessed if a greater exposure to smoking cigarettes was associated with a greater prevalence of back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examined data from 34,525 United States adults from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey. Analyses assessed the difference in back pain prevalence among current smokers, former smokers, and never smokers and the number of cigarettes smoked between current smokers with and without back pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Back pain prevalence was 28%. There was a significant association between back pain and smoking,X2(2, 599, n = 34, 241) = 546.3,p< .001. Back pain increased with increased smoking exposure; back pain was present in 23.5% of never-smokers, 33.1% of former smokers, and 36.9% of current smokers. The number of cigarettes smoked per day for current daily smokers was higher for those with back pain (Md = 13) than those without back pain (Md = 10),U= 2701065,z= -3.70,p< .001,r= .05.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that there may be a biological gradient associated with exposure to smoking cigarettes and back pain in adult Americans.
authors: Publications, National University of Health Sciences.
authors: Bart N
authors: BN
authors: Green
authors: Publications, National University of Health Sciences.
authors: Claire D
authors: CD
authors: Johnson
authors: Department of Occupational Therapy, Milligan College ; Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences at Walden University.
authors: Jeff
authors: J
authors: Snodgrass
authors: Research, Life Chiropractic College West.
authors: Monica
authors: M
authors: Smith
authors: Chiropractic, VA Western New York Health Care System.
authors: Andrew S
authors: AS
authors: Dunn
keywords: back pain; prevalence; smoking