title: Timing and host plant associations in the evolution of the weevil tribe Apionini (Apioninae, Brentidae, Curculionoidea, Coleoptera) indicate an ancient co-diversification pattern of beetles and flowering plants.
abstract: Host plant shifts of insects can lead to a burst of diversification driven by their arrival in a new adaptive zone. In this context, our study aims to explore timing and patterns in the evolution of the weevil tribe Apionini (Brentidae, Curculionoidea, Coleoptera), particularly in relation to affiliations with their host plants. The classification of Apionini is difficult because of their relatively uniform appearance. Most taxa live mono- or oligophagously on members of Asteraceae or Fabaceae, but many are associated with other plant families, like Lamiaceae, Malvaceae and Polygonaceae. However, a comprehensive hypothesis of the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Apionini is still missing. In the present study, we reconstructed trees and estimated divergence times among tribes. These results were further used to reconstruct the ancestral host plant use in Apionini weevils and to infer if the divergence timing of putative subtribes corresponds with the occurrence and radiation of their specific host plant groups. Phylogenetic analyses confirm the monophyly of most subtribes, with the exceptions of Oxystomatina, Kalcapiina and Aspidapiina. The subribe Aplemonina is inferred to be sister to all remaining Apionini. Divergence time estimates indicate the first occurrence of Apionini in the Upper Cretaceous and a simultaneous occurrence of several families of flowering plants and the occupation by Apionini weevil herbivores. These conspicuous coincidences support either an ancient co-diversification scenario or an escalating diversification in weevils induced by the radiation of flowering plants.
authors: Department für Botanik und Biodiversitätsforschung, Universität Wien, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
authors: Sven
authors: S
authors: Winter
authors: Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
authors: Ariel L L
authors: ALL
authors: Friedman
authors: Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
authors: Jonas J
authors: JJ
authors: Astrin
authors: Department für Botanik und Biodiversitätsforschung, Universität Wien, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
authors: Brigitte
authors: B
authors: Gottsberger
authors: Department für Botanik und Biodiversitätsforschung, Universität Wien, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria. Electronic address: harald.letsch@univie.ac.at.
authors: Harald
authors: H
authors: Letsch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D044822:Biodiversity; D005075:Biological Evolution; D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000469:parasitology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D013997:Time Factors; D048889:Weevils / Q000145:classification*
keywords: Ancestral state reconstruction; Divergence time estimation; Host plant association; Insect plant coevolution; Phylogeny; Weevils