title: Nanoporous Gold for Enzyme Immobilization.
abstract: Nanoporous gold (NPG) is a material of emerging interest for immobilization of biomolecules, especially enzymes. The material provides a high surface area form of gold that is suitable for physisorption or for covalent modification by self-assembled monolayers. The material can be used as a high surface area electrode and with immobilized enzymes can be used for amperometric detection schemes. NPG can be prepared in a variety of formats from alloys containing between 20 and 50 % atomic composition of gold and less noble element(s) by dealloying procedures. Materials resembling NPG can be prepared by hydrothermal and electrodeposition methods. Related high surface area gold structures have been prepared using templating approaches. Covalent enzyme immobilization can be achieved by first forming a self-assembled monolayer on NPG bearing a terminal reactive functional group followed by conjugation to the enzyme through amide linkages to lysine residues. Enzymes can also be entrapped by physisorption or immobilized by electrostatic interactions.
authors: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, One University Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO, 63121-4400, USA. kstine@umsl.edu.
authors: Keith J
authors: KJ
authors: Stine
authors: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, One University Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO, 63121-4400, USA.
authors: Kenise
authors: K
authors: Jefferson
authors: ICL Performance Products, 622 Emerson Road, St. Louis, MO, 63141, USA.
authors: Olga V
authors: OV
authors: Shulga
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004566:Electrodes; D004795:Enzyme Stability; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry*; D005949:Glucose Oxidase / Q000737:chemistry; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D018796:Immunoconjugates / Q000737:chemistry; D042845:Laccase / Q000737:chemistry; D058608:Nanopores / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D045331:Photosystem I Protein Complex / Q000737:chemistry; D016062:Porosity; D018724:Spinacia oleracea / Q000201:enzymology; D055672:Static Electricity
chemical_list: D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D045331:Photosystem I Protein Complex; D006046:Gold; D005949:Glucose Oxidase; D042845:Laccase; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase
keywords: Bioconjugation; Enzyme immobilization; Nanoporous gold; Porous gold; Self-assembled monolayer