title: Color Vision and Performance on Color-Coded Cockpit Displays.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although there are numerous studies that demonstrate that color vision deficient (CVD) individuals perform less well than color vision normal (CVN) individuals in tasks that require discrimination or identification of colored stimuli, there remains a need to quantify the relationship between the type and severity of CVD and performance on operationally relevant tasks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were classified as CVN (N = 45) or CVD (N = 49) using the Rabin cone contrast test, which is the standard color vision screening test used by the United States Air Force. In the color condition, test images that were representative of the size, shape, and color of symbols and lines used on fifth-generation fighter aircraft displays were used to measure operational performance. In the achromatic condition, all symbols and lines had the same chromaticity but differed in luminance. Subjects were asked to locate and discriminate between friend vs. foe symbols (red vs. green, or brighter vs. dimmer) while speed and accuracy were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing color deficiency was associated with decreasing speed and accuracy for the color condition (R2> 0.2), but not for the achromatic condition. Mean differences between CVN and CVD individuals showed the same pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although lower CCT scores are clearly associated with lower performance in color related tasks, the magnitude of the performance loss was relatively small and there were multiple examples of high-performing CVD individuals who had higher operational scores than low-performing CVN individuals. Gaska JP, Wright ST, Winterbottom MD, Hadley SC. Color vision and performance on color-coded cockpit displays. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016; 87(11):921-927.
authors: U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Aeromedical Research Department, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, USA.
authors: James P
authors: JP
authors: Gaska
authors: Steven T
authors: ST
authors: Wright
authors: Marc D
authors: MD
authors: Winterbottom
authors: Steven C
authors: SC
authors: Hadley
mesh_terms: D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000401:Aircraft; D003119:Color Perception Tests; D055253:Color Vision; D003117:Color Vision Defects / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity; D003626:Data Display; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel