title: Addressing Practice Gaps in Cutaneous Surgery: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cutaneous surgery is performed by otolaryngologists, plastic surgeons, oculoplastic surgeons, dermatologic surgeons, and some primary care physicians. Practice gaps exist among cutaneous surgeons, as do differences in how different physicians approach preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative decision-making.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To present the newest and best evidence to close common practice gaps in cutaneous surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a detailed search of peer-reviewed publications that were identified through a search of PubMed/MEDLINE (January 1, 2000, through June 30, 2016) using the literature search terms "cutaneous surgery," "Mohs micrographic surgery," "plastic surgery," in combination with "safety," "cost," "anesthesia," "anti-coagulation," "bleeding," "pain," "analgesia," "anxiety," or "infection," among others. Bibliographies from these references, as well as meta-analyses, were also reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 73 peer-reviewed studies, including randomized clinical trials, were selected to support the conclusions of the article. Levels of evidence were analyzed for selected studies using recommendations from the American Association of Plastic Surgeons based on guidelines from the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Large cutaneous surgical resections can be done effectively and safely, taking steps to assure patient comfort under local anesthesia. Medically necessary anticoagulant and antiplatelet medication should be continued during cutaneous surgery. In preparation for surgery, patient anxiety and pain must be addressed. Music and anxiolytics limit anxiety, prevent cardiovascular compromise, and improve patient satisfaction. Cutaneous surgeons and support staff should carefully consider the dose and injection angle of local anesthetic. Postoperative opioids and topical antibiotics might cause harm to patients and should be avoided. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen provide adequate pain control with fewer adverse effects than opioid medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians performing cutaneous surgery should understand the importance of patient safety and comfort, as guided by recent evidence.
authors: University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors: Kathryn L
authors: KL
authors: Kreicher
authors: University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors: Jeremy S
authors: JS
authors: Bordeaux
mesh_terms: D003657:Decision Making; D062109:Dermatologic Surgical Procedures / Q000639:trends*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000639:trends; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*