title: Blood and urine inducible protein 10 as potential markers of disease activity.
abstract: Blood interferon-γ inducible protein 10 (IP-10) has been proposed as a biomarker of disease activity for both tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Urine IP-10 has been detected in adults with active TB, and its level decreases after successful anti-tuberculosis treatment.
  
  
  
  To evaluate blood and urine IP-10 as biomarker of disease activity.
  
  
  
  Patients with HIV-TB and active TB were enrolled. Individuals with HIV infection only and healthy donors were included as controls. Blood and urine IP-10 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  
  Of 39 active TB patients enrolled, 24 were HIV-infected and 15 were HIV-uninfected. Of 87 control subjects without active TB, 54 were HIV-infected and 33 were HIV-uninfected. IP-10 analysis was performed in patients with concomitant blood and urine sample collection. Blood IP-10 was associated with active TB, regardless of HIV infection status; urine IP-10 levels were increased in active TB patients, although the difference was significant in HIV-infected individuals only. Finally, in HIV-infected patients, both blood and urine IP-10 levels were inversely correlated with CD4 T-cell counts.
  
  
  
  These findings suggest that IP-10 could be used as a biomarker for disease activity (inflammation).
authors: Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), Rome, Italy.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Petrone
authors: Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), Rome, Italy.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Cannas
authors: Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), Rome, Italy.
authors: V
authors: V
authors: Vanini
authors: Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), Rome, Italy.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Cuzzi
authors: Italian Association for Solidarity Among People, Kampala, St Francis Nsambya Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Aloi
authors: St Francis Nsambya Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Nsubuga
authors: St Francis Nsambya Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Sserunkuma
authors: St Francis Nsambya Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: Nazziwa
authors: Medical Services and Diagnostic Department, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Jugheli
authors: Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Center, Bagamoyo, United Republic of Tanzania.
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Lukindo
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, Rome, Italy.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Girardi
authors: Clinical Department, INMI, Rome, Italy.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Antinori
authors: Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology Laboratory, INMI, Rome, Italy.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Pucci
authors: Medical Services and Diagnostic Department, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo Research and Training Center, Bagamoyo, United Republic of Tanzania.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Reither
authors: Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), Rome, Italy.
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Goletti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C114753:CXCL10 protein, human; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; C573415:IFNG protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007371:Interferon-gamma