title: Emerging role of immunotherapy in urothelial carcinoma-Future directions and novel therapies.
abstract: Tremendous advances in our understanding of the tumor immunology and molecular biology of urothelial carcinoma (UC) have led to the recent approval of immunotherapy as a novel option for patients with UC with advanced disease. Despite the promising data of novel immune checkpoint inhibitors, only a small subset of patients with UC achieves durable remissions. Because an optimal antitumor response requires coordination of multiple immune, tumor, and microenvironment effector cells, novel approaches targeting distinct mechanisms of action likely in combination are needed. In addition, discovery of reliable immune biomarkers, understanding of mechanisms of resistance, and novel clinical trial designs are warranted for maximum benefit of UC immunotherapy.
authors: Department of Oncology at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Baltimore, MD.
authors: Jong Chul
authors: JC
authors: Park
authors: Departments of Oncology and Urology at Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: nhahn4@jhmi.edu.
authors: Noah M
authors: NM
authors: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000074322:Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D061025:Costimulatory and Inhibitory T-Cell Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007167:Immunotherapy; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology; D000077594:Nivolumab; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology; D012107:Research Design; D035703:Therapies, Investigational; D019139:Tumor Escape / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000276:immunology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000074322:Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C423236:CD274 protein, human; D061025:Costimulatory and Inhibitory T-Cell Receptors; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D000077594:Nivolumab; C000594389:atezolizumab
keywords: Combination immune therapy; Immune biomarker; Immunotherapy; Novel clinical trial design; Urothelial carcinoma