title: Are Patients with Childhood Onset of Insomnia and Depression More Difficult to Treat Than Are Those with Adult Onsets of These Disorders? A Report from the TRIAD Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if patients with childhood onsets (CO) of both major depression and insomnia disorder show blunted depression and insomnia treatment responses to concurrent interventions for both disorders compared to those with adult onsets (AO) of both conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a secondary analysis of data obtained from a multisite randomized clinical trial designed to test the efficacy of combining a psychological/behavior insomnia therapy with antidepressant medication to enhance depression treatment outcomes in patients with comorbid major depression and insomnia. This study included 27 adults with CO of depression and insomnia and 77 adults with AO of both conditions. They underwent a 16-week treatment including: (1) a standardized two-step pharmacotherapy for depression algorithm, consisting of escitalopram, sertraline, and desvenlafaxine in a prescribed sequence; and (2) either cognitive behavioral insomnia therapy (CBT-I) or a quasi-desensitization control (CTRL) therapy. Main outcome measures were the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD-17) and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) completed pre-treatment and every 2 weeks thereafter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The AO and CO groups did not differ significantly in regard to their pre-treatment HRSD-17 and ISI scores. Mixed model analyses that adjusted for the number of insomnia treatment sessions attended showed that the AO group achieved significantly lower, subclinical scores on the HRSD-17 and ISI than did the CO group by the time of study exit. Moreover, a significant group by treatment arm interaction suggested that HRSD-17 scores at study exit remained significantly higher in the CO group receiving the CTRL therapy than was the case for the participants in the CO group receiving CBT-I. Greater proportions of the AO group achieved a priori criteria for remission of insomnia (49.3% vs. 29.2%, p = 0.04) and depression (45.5% vs. 29.6%, p = 0.07) than did those in the CO group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with comorbid depression and insomnia who experienced the first onset of both disorders in childhood are less responsive to the treatments offered herein than are those with adult onsets of these comorbid disorders. Further research is needed to identify therapies that enhance the depression and insomnia treatment responses of those with childhood onsets of these two conditions.
authors: Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO.|Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
authors: Jack D
authors: JD
authors: Edinger
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA.
authors: Rachel
authors: R
authors: Manber
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors: Daniel J
authors: DJ
authors: Buysse
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
authors: Andrew D
authors: AD
authors: Krystal
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania and the Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA.
authors: Michael E
authors: ME
authors: Thase
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania and the Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA.
authors: Phillip
authors: P
authors: Gehrman
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID.
authors: Christopher P
authors: CP
authors: Fairholme
authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Luther
authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Wisniewski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015283:Citalopram / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D000069468:Desvenlafaxine Succinate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D020280:Sertraline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D015283:Citalopram; D020280:Sertraline; D000069468:Desvenlafaxine Succinate
keywords: CBT-I; childhood and adult onset; insomnia disorder; major depression