title: Referent control and motor equivalence of reaching from standing.
abstract: Motor actions may result from central changes in the referent body configuration, defined as the body posture at which muscles begin to be activated or deactivated. The actual body configuration deviates from the referent configuration, particularly because of body inertia and environmental forces. Within these constraints, the system tends to minimize the difference between these configurations. For pointing movement, this strategy can be expressed as the tendency to minimize the difference between the referent trajectory (RT) and actual trajectory (QT) of the effector (hand). This process may underlie motor equivalent behavior that maintains the pointing trajectory regardless of the number of body segments involved. We tested the hypothesis that the minimization process is used to produce pointing in standing subjects. With eyes closed, 10 subjects reached from a standing position to a remembered target located beyond arm length. In randomly chosen trials, hip flexion was unexpectedly prevented, forcing subjects to take a step during pointing to prevent falling. The task was repeated when subjects were instructed to intentionally take a step during pointing. In most cases, reaching accuracy and trajectory curvature were preserved due to adaptive condition-specific changes in interjoint coordination. Results suggest that referent control and the minimization process associated with it may underlie motor equivalence in pointing.
  
  
  
  Motor actions may result from minimization of the deflection of the actual body configuration from the centrally specified referent body configuration, in the limits of neuromuscular and environmental constraints. The minimization process may maintain reaching trajectory and accuracy regardless of the number of body segments involved (motor equivalence), as confirmed in this study of reaching from standing in young healthy individuals. Results suggest that the referent control process may underlie motor equivalence in reaching.
authors: School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.|Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
authors: Yosuke
authors: Y
authors: Tomita
authors: Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and.|Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
authors: Anatol G
authors: AG
authors: Feldman
authors: School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; mindy.levin@mcgill.ca.|Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation of Greater Montreal, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
authors: Mindy F
authors: MF
authors: Levin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005121:Extremities / Q000294:innervation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D060726:Torso / Q000294:innervation; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: adaptation; arm movement; compensation; interjoint coordination; motor control; redundancy; synergy