title: Farming Approaches for Greater Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Food Security.
abstract: Scientists and policy-makers globally are calling for alternative approaches to conventional intensification of agriculture that enhance ecosystem services provided by biodiversity. The evidence reviewed here suggests that alternative approaches can achieve high crop yields and profits, but the performance of other socioeconomic indicators (as well as long-term trends) is surprisingly poorly documented. Consequently, the implementation of conventional intensification and the discussion of alternative approaches are not based on quantitative evidence of their simultaneous ecological and socioeconomic impacts across the globe. To close this knowledge gap, we propose a participatory assessment framework. Given the impacts of conventional intensification on biodiversity loss and greenhouse gas emissions, such evidence is urgently needed to direct science-policy initiatives, such as the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
authors: Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural (IRNAD), Sede Andina, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro (UNRN) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mitre 630, PC 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina. Electronic address: lgaribaldi@unrn.edu.ar.
authors: Lucas A
authors: LA
authors: Garibaldi
authors: World Agroforestry Centre, United Nations Avenue, Nigiri, PC 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Gemmill-Herren
authors: Independent Researcher, via A.Vespucci n.66, PC 00153, Rome, Italy.
authors: Raffaele
authors: R
authors: D'Annolfo
authors: Biovision Foundation for Ecological Development, Heinrichstr. 147, PC 8005, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors: Benjamin E
authors: BE
authors: Graeub
authors: Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, PC 2601, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
authors: Saul A
authors: SA
authors: Cunningham
authors: Centre for Agri Environmental Research, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AR, UK.
authors: Tom D
authors: TD
authors: Breeze
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D044822:Biodiversity; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D017753:Ecosystem; D005523:Food Supply
keywords: agroecology; conventional intensification; ecological intensification; ecosystem services; externalities; valuation