title: Monitoring In Vivo Changes in Tonic Extracellular Dopamine Level by Charge-Balancing Multiple Waveform Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry.
abstract: Dopamine (DA) modulates central neuronal activity through both phasic (second to second) and tonic (minutes to hours) terminal release. Conventional fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV), in combination with carbon fiber microelectrodes, has been used to measure phasic DA release in vivo by adopting a background subtraction procedure to remove background capacitive currents. However, measuring tonic changes in DA concentrations using conventional FSCV has been difficult because background capacitive currents are inherently unstable over long recording periods. To measure tonic changes in DA concentrations over several hours, we applied a novel charge-balancing multiple waveform FSCV (CBM-FSCV), combined with a dual background subtraction technique, to minimize temporal variations in background capacitive currents. Using this method, in vitro, charge variations from a reference time point were nearly zero for 48 h, whereas with conventional background subtraction, charge variations progressively increased. CBM-FSCV also demonstrated a high selectivity against 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and ascorbic acid, two major chemical interferents in the brain, yielding a sensitivity of 85.40 ± 14.30 nA/μM and limit of detection of 5.8 ± 0.9 nM for DA while maintaining selectivity. Recorded in vivo by CBM-FSCV, pharmacological inhibition of DA reuptake (nomifensine) resulted in a 235 ± 60 nM increase in tonic extracellular DA concentrations, while inhibition of DA synthesis (α-methyl-dl-tyrosine) resulted in a 72.5 ± 4.8 nM decrease in DA concentrations over a 2 h period. This study showed that CBM-FSCV may serve as a unique voltammetric technique to monitor relatively slow changes in tonic extracellular DA concentrations in vivo over a prolonged time period.
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul 04763, Korea.
authors: Yoonbae
authors: Y
authors: Oh
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul 04763, Korea.
authors: Cheonho
authors: C
authors: Park
authors: ybrain, Pangyo Digital Center C-dong , 242 Pangyo-ro, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13487, Korea.
authors: Do Hyoung
authors: DH
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul 04763, Korea.
authors: Hojin
authors: H
authors: Shin
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul 04763, Korea.
authors: Yu Min
authors: YM
authors: Kang
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul 04763, Korea.
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: DeWaele
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul 04763, Korea.
authors: Jeyeon
authors: J
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States.|Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States.
authors: Hoon-Ki
authors: HK
authors: Min
authors: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States.
authors: Charles D
authors: CD
authors: Blaha
authors: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States.|Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55901, United States.
authors: Kevin E
authors: KE
authors: Bennet
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul 04763, Korea.
authors: In Young
authors: IY
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States.|Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States.
authors: Kendall H
authors: KH
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul 04763, Korea.
authors: Dong Pyo
authors: DP
authors: Jang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004298:Dopamine / Q000032:analysis*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D017022:Flow Injection Analysis; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D004298:Dopamine