title: Global atmospheric particle formation from CERN CLOUD measurements.
abstract: Fundamental questions remain about the origin of newly formed atmospheric aerosol particles because data from laboratory measurements have been insufficient to build global models. In contrast, gas-phase chemistry models have been based on laboratory kinetics measurements for decades. We built a global model of aerosol formation by using extensive laboratory measurements of rates of nucleation involving sulfuric acid, ammonia, ions, and organic compounds conducted in the CERN CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets) chamber. The simulations and a comparison with atmospheric observations show that nearly all nucleation throughout the present-day atmosphere involves ammonia or biogenic organic compounds, in addition to sulfuric acid. A considerable fraction of nucleation involves ions, but the relatively weak dependence on ion concentrations indicates that for the processes studied, variations in cosmic ray intensity do not appreciably affect climate through nucleation in the present-day atmosphere.
authors: School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
authors: Eimear M
authors: EM
authors: Dunne
authors: European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland. hamish.gordon@cern.ch lecksc@ds.leeds.ac.uk.
authors: Hamish
authors: H
authors: Gordon
authors: Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Kürten
authors: European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.|Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors: João
authors: J
authors: Almeida
authors: Helsinki Institute of Physics, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Duplissy
authors: Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Williamson
authors: Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules (PhLAM), Université Lille 1, UMR 8523 CNRS, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
authors: Ismael K
authors: IK
authors: Ortega
authors: School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
authors: Kirsty J
authors: KJ
authors: Pringle
authors: Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Alexey
authors: A
authors: Adamov
authors: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
authors: Urs
authors: U
authors: Baltensperger
authors: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Barmet
authors: Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Berliner Straße 130, D-14467 Potsdam, Germany.
authors: Francois
authors: F
authors: Benduhn
authors: Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.|Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
authors: Federico
authors: F
authors: Bianchi
authors: Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, Leopold-Franzens University, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Breitenlechner
authors: Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
authors: Antony
authors: A
authors: Clarke
authors: Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors: Joachim
authors: J
authors: Curtius
authors: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
authors: Josef
authors: J
authors: Dommen
authors: Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.|Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Neil M
authors: NM
authors: Donahue
authors: European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.|Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors: Sebastian
authors: S
authors: Ehrhart
authors: Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
authors: Richard C
authors: RC
authors: Flagan
authors: Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Alessandro
authors: A
authors: Franchin
authors: European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Guida
authors: Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Jani
authors: J
authors: Hakala
authors: Institute of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, Leopold-Franzens University, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.|Ionicon, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
authors: Armin
authors: A
authors: Hansel
authors: Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Heinritzi
authors: Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Tuija
authors: T
authors: Jokinen
authors: Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Juha
authors: J
authors: Kangasluoma
authors: European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.|Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors: Jasper
authors: J
authors: Kirkby
authors: Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Markku
authors: M
authors: Kulmala
authors: Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngaße 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors: Agnieszka
authors: A
authors: Kupc
authors: University of Eastern Finland, Post Office Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Lawler
authors: Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.|Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
authors: Katrianne
authors: K
authors: Lehtipalo
authors: Lebedev Physical Institute, Solar and Cosmic Ray Research Laboratory, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
authors: Vladimir
authors: V
authors: Makhmutov
authors: School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
authors: Graham
authors: G
authors: Mann
authors: European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
authors: Serge
authors: S
authors: Mathot
authors: Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Joonas
authors: J
authors: Merikanto
authors: University of Eastern Finland, Post Office Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Pasi
authors: P
authors: Miettinen
authors: School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.|Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas, 26504 Patras, Greece.|Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, I. Metaxa & Vas. Pavlou, 15236 Palea Penteli, Greece.
authors: Athanasios
authors: A
authors: Nenes
authors: European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
authors: Antti
authors: A
authors: Onnela
authors: School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
authors: Alexandru
authors: A
authors: Rap
authors: School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
authors: Carly L S
authors: CL
authors: Reddington
authors: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Riccobono
authors: School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
authors: Nigel A D
authors: NA
authors: Richards
authors: Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Matti P
authors: MP
authors: Rissanen
authors: Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Rondo
authors: Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Nina
authors: N
authors: Sarnela
authors: Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Siegfried
authors: S
authors: Schobesberger
authors: School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
authors: Kamalika
authors: K
authors: Sengupta
authors: Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Simon
authors: Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Mikko
authors: M
authors: Sipilä
authors: University of Eastern Finland, Post Office Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
authors: James N
authors: JN
authors: Smith
authors: Lebedev Physical Institute, Solar and Cosmic Ray Research Laboratory, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
authors: Yuri
authors: Y
authors: Stozkhov
authors: CENTRA-SIM, University of Lisbon and University of Beira Interior, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Tomé
authors: Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
authors: Jasmin
authors: J
authors: Tröstl
authors: Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngaße 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors: Paul E
authors: PE
authors: Wagner
authors: Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.|Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Wimmer
authors: Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngaße 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors: Paul M
authors: PM
authors: Winkler
authors: Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Post Office Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.|Aerodyne Research, Billerica, MA 01821, USA.
authors: Douglas R
authors: DR
authors: Worsnop
authors: School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. hamish.gordon@cern.ch lecksc@ds.leeds.ac.uk.
authors: Kenneth S
authors: KS
authors: Carslaw