title: Current and Emerging Treatments for Premature Ejaculation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over the past 20-30 years, the premature ejaculation (PE) treatment paradigm, previously limited to behavioral psychotherapy, has expanded to include drug treatment. Pharmacotherapy for PE predominantly targets the multiple neurotransmitters and receptors involved in the control of ejaculation, which include serotonin, dopamine, oxytocin, norepinephrine, gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA) and nitric oxide (NO).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this article is to review current and emerging PE interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Contemporary data on the treatment of PE were reviewed and critiqued using the principles of evidence-based medicine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Integrated pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may achieve superior treatment outcomes in some patients. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors alone or in combination with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) should be limited to men with acquired PE secondary to comorbid erectile dysfunction (ED). New on-demand rapid-acting SSRIs, oxytocin receptor antagonists, or single agents that target multiple receptors may form the foundation of more effective future on-demand medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple well-controlled evidence-based studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of SSRIs in delaying ejaculation, confirming their role as first-line agents for the medical treatment of lifelong and acquired PE. Daily dosing of SSRIs is likely to be associated with superior fold increases in intravaginal ejaculation latency time compared with on-demand SSRIs. On-demand SSRIs are less effective but may fulfill the treatment goals of many patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current evidence suggests that psychosexual CBT has a limited role in the contemporary management of PE and confirms the efficacy and safety of dapoxetine, off-label SSRI drugs, and topical anesthetics drugs. Treatment with tramadol, α1-adrenoceptor antagonists cannot be recommended until the results of large, well-designed randomized controlled trials are published in major international peer-reviewed medical journals. As our understanding of the neurochemical control of ejaculation improves, new therapeutic targets and candidate molecules will be identified, which may increase our pharmacotherepeutic armamentarium. McMahon CG. Current and emerging treatments for premature ejaculation. Sex Med Rev 2015;3:183-202.
authors: Australian Centre for Sexual Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: chrisgmcmahon@gmail.com.
authors: Chris G
authors: CG
authors: McMahon
keywords: Dapoxetine; Oxytocin; Premature Ejaculation; Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; Tramadol; α1-Adrenoceptor Antagonists