title: Evaluation of inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Even though IL-6 and MMP-9 are associated with airway inflammation in asthma, there is paucity of data in Indian population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the levels of IL-6 and MMP-9 in the serum of patients suffering from asthma, and correlate with (a) disease severity, as per GINA guidelines; (b) clinical phenotypes; and (c) response to treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The levels of IL-6 and MMP-9 were compared between moderate persistent asthma (n = 25), severe persistent asthma (n = 25) and normal controls (n = 30). IL-6 and MMP-9 were measured by ELISA (R&D Systems Inc., USA and Canada) and compared between controls and asthmatics and between groups of different asthma severity, clinical variables, spirometry, and allergen sensitization. Spirometry was repeated after 2 months of ICS+LABA to assess response to treatment in relation to baseline IL-6 and MMP-9 levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a significant difference in both IL-6 and MMP-9 levels among asthmatics versus controls (p < 0.001), moderate versus severe persistent asthma (p < 0.001). A significant negative correlation was observed between MMP-9 and pre-bronchodilator FEV1and FVC, but not with IL-6. There was no association between IL-6 and MMP-9 with asthma duration, total IgE, AEC, number of allergens sensitized and degree of sensitization. No significant correlation (p > 0.5) was observed with IL-6 and MMP-9 levels and FEV1improvement after 2 months of ICS+LABA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher levels of IL-6 and MMP-9 were observed in asthmatics as compared to controls and in severe persistent asthma as compared to moderate persistent asthma, higher levels of MMP-9 was associated with lower lung functions.
authors: a Department of Pulmonary Medicine , B.G.S Global Institute of Medical Sciences, BGS Health & Education City , Bengaluru , Karnataka , India.
authors: Srilata Puru
authors: SP
authors: Naik
authors: b Department of Pulmonary Medicine , JSS Medical College, JSS University , Mysuru , India.
authors: Mahesh
authors: M
authors: P A
authors: b Department of Pulmonary Medicine , JSS Medical College, JSS University , Mysuru , India.
authors: Jayaraj
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6055-4580
authors: J
authors: B S
authors: c Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, J.S.S Medical College, JSS University , Mysuru , Karnataka , India.
authors: SubbaRao V
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-9271
authors: SV
authors: Madhunapantula
authors: d Genetics and Genomics Lab, Department of Studies in Genetics and Genomics, University of Mysore , Mysuru , Karnataka , India.
authors: Sarah Raeiszadeh
authors: SR
authors: Jahromi
authors: c Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, J.S.S Medical College, JSS University , Mysuru , Karnataka , India.|e Department of Biochemistry , JSS Medical College, JSS University , Mysore , Karnataka , India.
authors: Manish Kumar
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8218-4859
authors: MK
authors: Yadav
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D015415:Biomarkers; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002170:Canada; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000097:blood; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007194:India; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
keywords: Asthma; IL-6; MMP-9; biomarkers; immunopathogenesis