title: Cognitive deterioration in adult epilepsy: clinical characteristics of "Accelerated Cognitive Ageing".
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  "Epileptic dementia" is reported in adults with childhood-onset refractory epilepsy. Cognitive deterioration can also occur in a "second-hit model".
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of patients with cognitive deterioration (≥1 SD discrepancy between current IQ and premorbid IQ). Memory function, reaction time and processing speed were also evaluated. Analyses were performed to investigate which clinical characteristics correlated with cognitive deterioration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven patients were included with a mean age of 55.7 years old, an average age at epilepsy onset of 33.9 years and a mean duration of 21.8 years. Over 40% had experienced at least one status epilepticus. About 77.8% had at least one comorbid disease (most of (cardio)vascular origin). Cognitive deterioration scores were significant for both Performance IQ and Full Scale IQ, but not for Verbal IQ. Impairments in fluid functions primarily affected the IQ-scores. Memory was not impaired. Epilepsy factors explained 7% of the variance in deterioration, whereas 38% was explained by relatively low premorbid IQ and educational level, high age at seizure onset and older age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A subgroup of patients with localization-related epilepsy exhibits cognitive decline characterized by deterioration in PIQ and FSIQ, but with preserved higher order functions (VIQ and memory). Patients typically have epilepsia tarda, comorbid pathology, relatively low educational level and older age. These are factors known to increase the vulnerability of the brain by diminishing cognitive reserve. Cognitive deterioration may develop according to a stepwise "second-hit model", affecting and accelerating the cognitive ageing process.
authors: Department of Behavioral Sciences, Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands.|Department of Research and Development, Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands.|Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors: L E M
authors: LEM
authors: Breuer
authors: Department of Behavioral Sciences, Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Grevers
authors: Department of Research and Development, Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands.|Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands.|Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Neuropsychology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Boon
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Bernas
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors: J W M
authors: JWM
authors: Bergmans
authors: Department of Research and Development, Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands.|Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors: R M H
authors: RMH
authors: Besseling
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors: D C W
authors: DCW
authors: Klooster
authors: Department of Research and Development, Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands.|Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.|Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: de Louw
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors: R M C
authors: RMC
authors: Mestrom
authors: Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Neuropsychology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Vonck
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Zinger
authors: Department of Behavioral Sciences, Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands.|Department of Research and Development, Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, The Netherlands.|Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.|Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Neuropsychology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.|Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: A P
authors: AP
authors: Aldenkamp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003071:Cognition; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D000069279:Drug Resistant Epilepsy / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D011930:Reaction Time
keywords: Accelerated Cognitive Ageing ; cognitive deterioration; epilepsy; risk factors; second-hit model