title: Altered Expression of Human Smooth Muscle Myosin Phosphatase Targeting (MYPT) Isovariants with Pregnancy and Labor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myosin light-chain phosphatase is a trimeric protein that hydrolyses phosphorylated myosin II light chains (MYLII) to cause relaxation in smooth muscle cells including those of the uterus. A major component of the phosphatase is the myosin targeting subunit (MYPT), which directs a catalytic subunit to dephosphorylate MYLII. There are 5 main MYPT family members (MYPT1 (PPP1R12A), MYPT2 (PPP1R12B), MYPT3 (PPP1R16A), myosin binding subunit 85 MBS85 (PPP1R12C) and TIMAP (TGF-beta-inhibited membrane-associated protein (PPP1R16B)). Nitric oxide (NO)-mediated smooth muscle relaxation has in part been attributed to activation of the phosphatase by PKG binding to a leucine zipper (LZ) dimerization domain located at the carboxyl-terminus of PPP1R12A. In animal studies, alternative splicing of PPP1R12A can lead to the inclusion of a 31-nucleotide exonic segment that generates a LZ negative (LZ-) isovariant rendering the phosphatase less sensitive to NO vasodilators and alterations in PPP1R12ALZ- and LZ+ expression have been linked to phenotypic changes in smooth muscle function. Moreover, PPP1R12B and PPP1R12C, but not PPP1R16A or PPP1R16B, have the potential for LZ+/LZ- alternative splicing. Yet, by comparison to animal studies, the information on human MYPT genomic sequences/mRNA expressions is scant. As uterine smooth muscle undergoes substantial remodeling during pregnancy we were interested in establishing the patterns of expression of human MYPT isovariants during this process and also following labor onset as this could have important implications for determining successful pregnancy outcome.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We used cross-species genome alignment, to infer putative human sequences not available in the public domain, and isovariant-specific quantitative PCR, to analyse the expression of mRNA encoding putative LZ+ and LZ- forms of PPP1R12A, PPP1R12B and PPP1R12C as well as canonical PPP1R16A and PPP1R16B genes in human uterine smooth muscle from non-pregnant, pregnant and in-labor donors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a reduction in the expression of PPP1R12A, PPP1R12BLZ+, PPP1R16A and PPP1R16B mRNA in late pregnancy (not-in-labor) relative to non-pregnancy. PPP1R12ALZ+ and PPP1R12ALZ- mRNA levels were similar in the non-pregnant and pregnant not in labor groups. There was a further reduction in the uterine expression of PPP1R12ALZ+, PPP1R12CLZ+ and PPP1R12ALZ- mRNA with labor relative to the pregnant not-in-labor group. PPP1R12A, PPP1R12BLZ+, PPP1R16A and PPP1R16B mRNA levels were invariant between the not in labor and in-labor groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MYPT proteins are crucial determinants of smooth muscle function. Therefore, these alterations in human uterine smooth muscle MYPT isovariant expression during pregnancy and labor may be part of the important molecular physiological transition between uterine quiescence and activation.
authors: Institute of Cellular Medicine, William Leech Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, NE2 4HH.
authors: Jon
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3150-0919
authors: J
authors: Lartey
authors: Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, NE1 3BZ.
authors: Julie
authors: J
authors: Taggart
authors: Institute of Cellular Medicine, William Leech Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, NE2 4HH.
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Robson
authors: Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, NE1 3BZ.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Taggart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D015415:Biomarkers; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D005091:Exons; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes; D007743:Labor, Obstetric; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000378:metabolism*; D009215:Myometrium / Q000378:metabolism*; D043263:Myosin-Light-Chain Phosphatase / Q000235:genetics*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007527:Isoenzymes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D043263:Myosin-Light-Chain Phosphatase