title: Comparative study on driver mutations in primary and metastatic melanomas at a single Japanese institute: A clue for intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Searching for driver mutations in melanoma is critical to understanding melanoma genesis, progression and response to therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate the frequency and pattern of driver mutations in Japanese primary and metastatic melanomas including cases of unknown primary origin, in relation to their clinicopathologic manifestations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-seven samples from 60 patients with melanoma were screened for 70 driver mutations of 20 oncogenes by Sequenom MelaCarta MassARRAY, and the results for primary and metastatic melanomas were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 77 tissue samples, BRAF V600E was detected in 21 samples (27%), CDK4 R24C in 7, EPHB6 G404S in 6, BRAF V600K in 2, NEK10 E379K in 2, and CDK4 R24H, NRAS Q61K, NRAS Q61R, KRAS G12A, KIT L576P, KIT V559A, ERBB4 E452K, and PDGFRA E996K in one sample each. No driver mutations related to the MAPK cascade including RAS and BRAF were detected in the chronically sun-damaged (CSD) group of melanoma. Dual or triple driver mutations were found in four of 40 (10%) samples from the primary melanomas, and three of 37 (8%) of the metastatic melanomas. Fourteen of 26 (54%) samples of non-CSD melanoma, and 3 of 6 (50%) melanomas of unknown primary origin had the BRAF V600E mutation. Mutations in membrane-bound receptors including KIT, ERBB4 and EPHB6 were detected in 8 of 77 (10%) samples. Of 17 pairs of primary and metastatic melanomas from the same patient, the primary mutation pattern was changed to a novel one in three cases, and only one of the plural mutations in the primary melanoma was found in the metastatic lesions in two cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BRAF V600E is a predominant mutation in non-CSD melanoma and melanomas of unknown primary origin. Mutational heterogeneity may exist in the primary melanoma (intra-tumor heterogeneity), and between the primary and metastatic lesions (inter-tumor heterogeneity).
authors: Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan; Melanoma Center, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
authors: Tatsuya
authors: T
authors: Kaji
authors: Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan; Melanoma Center, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
authors: Osamu
authors: O
authors: Yamasaki
authors: Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan; Okada Orthopedics and Dermatology Clinic, 39-1 Kamigori, Hyogo, 678-1225, Japan.
authors: Minoru
authors: M
authors: Takata
authors: Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan; Division of Dermatology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, 1007 Nagaizumi-cho, Shizuoka, 411-8777, Japan.
authors: Masaki
authors: M
authors: Otsuka
authors: Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
authors: Toshihisa
authors: T
authors: Hamada
authors: Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
authors: Shin
authors: S
authors: Morizane
authors: Department of Dermatology, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, 1711-1 Tamasu, Kita-ku, Okayama, 701-1154, Japan.
authors: Kenji
authors: K
authors: Asagoe
authors: Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan; Melanoma Center, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
authors: Hiroyuki
authors: H
authors: Yanai
authors: Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
authors: Yoji
authors: Y
authors: Hirai
authors: Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Umemura
authors: Department of Dermatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan; Melanoma Center, Okayama University Hospital, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan. Electronic address: keijiiwa@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp.
authors: Keiji
authors: K
authors: Iwatsuki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009382:Neoplasms, Unknown Primary / Q000235:genetics*; D009857:Oncogenes / Q000235:genetics*; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C482119:BRAF protein, human; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf
keywords: BRAF; Driver mutation; Melanoma; Metastasis; Mutational heterogeneity; Primary