title: Development of 3D PCL microsphere/TiO2nanotube composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
abstract: In this research, the three dimensional porous scaffolds made of a polycaprolactone (PCL) microsphere/TiO2nanotube (TNT) composite was fabricated and evaluated for potential bone substitute applications. We used a microsphere sintering method to produce three dimensional PCL microsphere/TNT composite scaffolds. The mechanical properties of composite scaffolds were regulated by varying parameters, such as sintering time, microsphere diameter range size and PCL/TNT ratio. The obtained results ascertained that the PCL/TNT (0.5wt%) scaffold sintered at 60°C for 90min had the most optimal mechanical properties and an appropriate pore structure for bone tissue engineering applications. The average pore size and total porosity percentage increased after increasing the microsphere diameter range for PCL and PCL/TNT (0.5wt%) scaffolds. The degradation rate was relatively high in PCL/TNT (0.5wt%) composites compared to pure PCL when the samples were placed in the simulated body fluid (SBF) for 6weeks. Also, the compressive strength and modulus of PCL and PCL/TNT (0.5wt%) composite scaffolds decreased during the 6weeks of storage in SBF. MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assay and alkaline phosphates (ALP) activity results demonstrated that a generally increasing trend in cell viability was observed for PCL/TNT (0.5wt%) scaffold sintered at 60°C for 90min compared to the control group. Eventually, the quantitative RT-PCR data provided the evidence that the PCL scaffold containing TiO2nanotube constitutes a good substrate for cell differentiation leading to ECM mineralization.
authors: Dental Biomaterials Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA.
authors: Kimia
authors: K
authors: Khoshroo
authors: Dental Biomaterials Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: jafarzat@tums.ac.ir.
authors: Tahereh S
authors: TS
authors: Jafarzadeh Kashi
authors: Biomaterials Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Fathollah
authors: F
authors: Moztarzadeh
authors: Dental Biomaterials Department, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA; Biomaterials Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: mohammadreza.tahriri@marquette.edu.
authors: Mohammadreza
authors: M
authors: Tahriri
authors: Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA.
authors: Hossein E
authors: HE
authors: Jazayeri
authors: Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA; Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK.
authors: Lobat
authors: L
authors: Tayebi
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D048430:Cell Shape; D019245:Compressive Strength; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D006801:Humans; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis; D008863:Microspheres; D008970:Molecular Weight; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D011091:Polyesters; C016240:polycaprolactone; D014025:Titanium; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D008628:Mercury
keywords: Mechanical properties; PCL; Scaffold; TiO(2) nanotube; Tissue engineering