title: Sex Differences in Associations of Adiposity Measures and Insulin Resistance in US Hispanic/Latino Youth: The Hispanic Community Children's Health Study/Study of Latino Youth (SOL Youth).
abstract: US Hispanic/Latino youth are disproportionally affected by the obesity and diabetes.
  
  
  
  We examined associations of adiposity measures with insulin resistance (IR) and hyperglycemia and the influences of sex and pubertal development on these associations.
  
  
  
  We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 1223 8- to 16-year-old Hispanic/Latino youth from a community-based study in the United States (SOL Youth).
  
  
  
  We measured IR (≥75th percentile of sex-specific Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance) and hyperglycemia (fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL or hemoglobin a1c ≥5.7%).
  
  
  
  In boys, body mass index (BMI) showed the strongest association with IR [prevalence ratio (PR), 2.10; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.87 to 2.36 per standard deviation], which was not statistically different compared with body fat percentage (%BF) (PR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.81 to 2.29) and waist circumference (WC) (PR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.67 to 2.13) but was significantly stronger compared with fat mass index (FMI) (PR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.63 to 1.96), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (PR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.21 to 1.44), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) (PR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.54 to 2.01) (P for difference, <0.05). In girls, %BF (PR, 2.73; 95% CI, 2.34 to 3.20) showed a significantly stronger association with IR compared with BMI (PR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.29 to 1.70), FMI (PR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.49 to 1.95), WC (PR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.70 to 2.27), WHR (PR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.70 to 2.23), and WHtR (PR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.53 to 2.09) (P for difference, <0.003). Associations between adiposity measures and IR were generally stronger among children in puberty versus those who had completed puberty, with significant interactions for WC and WHtR in boys and for BMI in girls (P for interaction, <0.01). Adiposity measures were modestly associated with hyperglycemia (PR, 1.14 to 1.25), with no interactions with sex or pubertal status.
  
  
  
  Sex and puberty may influence associations between adiposity measures and IR in US Hispanic/Latino youth. Multiple adiposity measures are needed to better assess IR risk between boys and girls according to pubertal status.
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461.
authors: Qibin
authors: Q
authors: Qi
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461.
authors: Simin
authors: S
authors: Hua
authors: Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.
authors: Krista M
authors: KM
authors: Perreira
authors: Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.
authors: Jianwen
authors: J
authors: Cai
authors: Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611.
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Van Horn
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami, Florida 33124; and.
authors: Neil
authors: N
authors: Schneiderman
authors: Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
authors: Bharat
authors: B
authors: Thyagarajan
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami, Florida 33124; and.
authors: Alan M
authors: AM
authors: Delamater
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461.
authors: Robert C
authors: RC
authors: Kaplan
authors: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461.
authors: Carmen R
authors: CR
authors: Isasi
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012741:Sexual Maturation; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers