title: A pencil beam dose calculation model for CyberKnife system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  CyberKnife system is initially equipped with fixed circular cones for stereotactic radiosurgery. Two dose calculation algorithms, Ray-Tracing and Monte Carlo, are available in the supplied treatment planning system. A multileaf collimator system was recently introduced in the latest generation of system, capable of arbitrarily shaped treatment field. The purpose of this study is to develop a model based dose calculation algorithm to better handle the lateral scatter in an irregularly shaped small field for the CyberKnife system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pencil beam dose calculation algorithm widely used in linac based treatment planning system was modified. The kernel parameters and intensity profile were systematically determined by fitting to the commissioning data. The model was tuned using only a subset of measured data (4 out of 12 cones) and applied to all fixed circular cones for evaluation. The root mean square (RMS) of the difference between the measured and calculated tissue-phantom-ratios (TPRs) and off-center-ratio (OCR) was compared. Three cone size correction techniques were developed to better fit the OCRs at the penumbra region, which are further evaluated by the output factors (OFs). The pencil beam model was further validated against measurement data on the variable dodecagon-shaped Iris collimators and a half-beam blocked field. Comparison with Ray-Tracing and Monte Carlo methods was also performed on a lung SBRT case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RMS between the measured and calculated TPRs is 0.7% averaged for all cones, with the descending region at 0.5%. The RMSs of OCR at infield and outfield regions are both at 0.5%. The distance to agreement (DTA) at the OCR penumbra region is 0.2 mm. All three cone size correction models achieve the same improvement in OCR agreement, with the effective source shift model (SSM) preferred, due to their ability to predict more accurately the OF variations with the source to axis distance (SAD). In noncircular field validation, the pencil beam calculated results agreed well with the film measurement of both Iris collimators and the half-beam blocked field, fared much better than the Ray-Tracing calculation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors have developed a pencil beam dose calculation model for the CyberKnife system. The dose calculation accuracy is better than the standard linac based system because the model parameters were specifically tuned to the CyberKnife system and geometry correction factors. The model handles better the lateral scatter and has the potential to be used for the irregularly shaped fields. Comprehensive validations on MLC equipped system are necessary for its clinical implementation. It is reasonably fast enough to be used during plan optimization.
authors: Image Processing Center, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
authors: Bin
authors: B
authors: Liang
authors: Image Processing Center, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
authors: Yongbao
authors: Y
authors: Li
authors: Image Processing Center, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
authors: Bo
authors: B
authors: Liu
authors: Image Processing Center, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
authors: Fugen
authors: F
authors: Zhou
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
authors: Shouping
authors: S
authors: Xu
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710.
authors: Qiuwen
authors: Q
authors: Wu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D016634:Radiosurgery; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results