title: Environmental Factors Correlated with the Metabolite Profile of Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot Noir Berry Skins along a European Latitudinal Gradient.
abstract: Mature berries of Pinot Noir grapevines were sampled across a latitudinal gradient in Europe, from southern Spain to central Germany. Our aim was to study the influence of latitude-dependent environmental factors on the metabolite composition (mainly phenolic compounds) of berry skins. Solar radiation variables were positively correlated with flavonols and flavanonols and, to a lesser extent, with stilbenes and cinnamic acids. The daily means of global and erythematic UV solar radiation over long periods (bud break-veraison, bud break-harvest, and veraison-harvest), and the doses and daily means in shorter development periods (5-10 days before veraison and harvest) were the variables best correlated with the phenolic profile. The ratio between trihydroxylated and monohydroxylated flavonols, which was positively correlated with antioxidant capacity, was the berry skin variable best correlated with those radiation variables. Total flavanols and total anthocyanins did not show any correlation with radiation variables. Air temperature, degree days, rainfall, and aridity indices showed fewer correlations with metabolite contents than radiation. Moreover, the latter correlations were restricted to the period veraison-harvest, where radiation, temperature, and water availability variables were correlated, making it difficult to separate the possible individual effects of each type of variable. The data show that managing environmental factors, in particular global and UV radiation, through cultural practices during specific development periods, can be useful to promote the synthesis of valuable nutraceuticals and metabolites that influence wine quality.
authors: Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja , Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño (La Rioja), Spain.
authors: María Ángeles
authors: MÁ
authors: Del-Castillo-Alonso
authors: Department of Agriculture - Food and Environment, and Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa , via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
authors: Antonella
authors: A
authors: Castagna
authors: Institute of Biology, University of Pécs , Ifjúság u. 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
authors: Kristóf
authors: K
authors: Csepregi
authors: Institute of Biology, University of Pécs , Ifjúság u. 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
authors: Éva
authors: É
authors: Hideg
authors: Institute of Biology, University of Pécs , Ifjúság u. 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.|Research Institute for Viticulture and Oenology, University of Pécs , Pázmány P. u. 4, 7634 Pécs, Hungary.
authors: Gabor
authors: G
authors: Jakab
authors: School of Biological, Environmental and Earth Sciences, University College Cork , College Road, Cork, Ireland.
authors: Marcel A K
authors: MA
authors: Jansen
authors: Agricultural and Forestry Institute of Nova Gorica , Pri hrastu 18, 5270 Nova Gorica, Slovenia.
authors: Tjaša
authors: T
authors: Jug
authors: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi , Maria Aurèlia Capmany i Farnés 69, 17003 Girona, Spain.
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Llorens
authors: Institute of Biology, University of Pécs , Ifjúság u. 6, 7624 Pécs, Hungary.
authors: Anikó
authors: A
authors: Mátai
authors: UMR 1287 EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV , 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
authors: Johann
authors: J
authors: Martínez-Lüscher
authors: Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja , Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño (La Rioja), Spain.
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Monforte
authors: Department Plant Quality, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren/Erfurt e.V. , Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany.
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Neugart
authors: Global Change Research Institute CAS , v.v.i, Bělidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors: Julie
authors: J
authors: Olejnickova
authors: Department of Agriculture - Food and Environment, and Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa , via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
authors: Annamaria
authors: A
authors: Ranieri
authors: Department of Crop Sciences, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
authors: Katharina
authors: K
authors: Schödl-Hummel
authors: Department Plant Quality, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren/Erfurt e.V. , Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Grossbeeren, Germany.
authors: Monika
authors: M
authors: Schreiner
authors: Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja , Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño (La Rioja), Spain.
authors: Gonzalo
authors: G
authors: Soriano
authors: Research Institute for Viticulture and Oenology, University of Pécs , Pázmány P. u. 4, 7634 Pécs, Hungary.
authors: Péter
authors: P
authors: Teszlák
authors: Institute for General and Organic Viticulture, Geisenheim University , Von-Lade-Strasse 1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany.
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Tittmann
authors: Global Change Research Institute CAS , v.v.i, Bělidla 986/4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic.
authors: Otmar
authors: O
authors: Urban
authors: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi , Maria Aurèlia Capmany i Farnés 69, 17003 Girona, Spain.
authors: Dolors
authors: D
authors: Verdaguer
authors: Institute of Biometeorology - National Research Council , Via Caproni 8, 50144 Firenze, Italy.
authors: Gaetano
authors: G
authors: Zipoli
authors: Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja , Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño (La Rioja), Spain.
authors: Javier
authors: J
authors: Martínez-Abaigar
authors: Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja , Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño (La Rioja), Spain.
authors: Encarnación
authors: E
authors: Núñez-Olivera
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D017753:Ecosystem; D005060:Europe; D044948:Flavonols / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D044948:Flavonols; D059808:Polyphenols
keywords: Europe; Vitis vinifera cv. Pinot Noir; berry skins; hydroxylation ratios; latitudinal gradient; phenolic composition; solar radiation; ultraviolet radiation