title: Larix laricina bark, a traditional medicine used by the Cree of Eeyou Istchee: Antioxidant constituents and in vitro permeability across Caco-2 cell monolayers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Larix laricina, a native tree of North America, is a highly respected medicinal plant used for generations by Indigenous Peoples across its range, including the Cree of northern Québec who use the bark to treat symptoms of diabetes. This study investigates the antioxidant capacity and bioavailability of active constituents identified in L. laricina bark extracts.
  
  
  METHODS
  (1) Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay was employed to test antioxidant capacity of organic extracts (80% ethanol) from bark of L. laricina as well as fractions, isolated compounds, and media samples collected during permeability assays. (2) Caco-2 cell monolayer cultures were used to determine the permeability of identified antioxidants, which were quantified in basolateral media samples using liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Crude ethanolic extract possessed strong antioxidant potential in vitro (7.1±0.3 Trolox equivalents (TE) μM/mg). Among the 16 L. laricina fractions obtained by chromatographic separation, fraction 10 (F10) showed the highest antioxidant capacity (21.8±1.7µm TE/mg). Among other identified antioxidants, the stilbene rhaponticin (isolated from F10) was the most potent (24.6±1.1µm TE/mg). Caco-2 transport studies revealed that none of the identified compounds were detectable in basolateral samples after 2-h treatment with crude extract. In monolayers treated with F10 (60% rhaponticin), small quantities of rhaponticin were increasingly detected over time in basolateral samples with an apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of 1.86×10-8cm/s (0-60min). To model potential effects on blood redox status, we evaluated the antioxidant capacity of collected basolateral samples and observed enhanced activity over time after exposure to both extract and F10 (75μg/mL) relative to control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By profiling the antioxidant constituents of L. laricina bark, we identified rhaponticin as the most potent oxygen radical scavenger and observed low permeability in Caco-2 cell monolayers but an increase in basolateral antioxidant capacity.
authors: Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment, School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9.
authors: Yi
authors: Y
authors: Yong
authors: Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6C5.
authors: Ammar
authors: A
authors: Saleem
authors: Advanced Molecular Studies-Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
authors: José A
authors: JA
authors: Guerrero-Analco
authors: Natural Health Products and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Downtown Postal Station, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7.
authors: Pierre S
authors: PS
authors: Haddad
authors: Jardin botanique de Montréal, Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H1X 2B2.
authors: Alain
authors: A
authors: Cuerrier
authors: Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6C5.
authors: John T
authors: JT
authors: Arnason
authors: Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment, School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9; Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6C5. Electronic address: charris@uottawa.ca.
authors: Cory S
authors: CS
authors: Harris
authors: Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment, School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9.
authors: Tim
authors: T
authors: Johns
mesh_terms: D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D028221:Larix / Q000737:chemistry*; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
keywords: Anti-diabetes; Bioavailability; Radical scavenging; Rhaponticin; Tamarack