title: FT-Raman and NIR spectroscopy data fusion strategy for multivariate qualitative analysis of food fraud.
abstract: Two data fusion strategies (high- and mid-level) combined with a multivariate classification approach (Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy, SIMCA) have been applied to take advantage of the synergistic effect of the information obtained from two spectroscopic techniques: FT-Raman and NIR. Mid-level data fusion consists of merging some of the previous selected variables from the spectra obtained from each spectroscopic technique and then applying the classification technique. High-level data fusion combines the SIMCA classification results obtained individually from each spectroscopic technique. Of the possible ways to make the necessary combinations, we decided to use fuzzy aggregation connective operators. As a case study, we considered the possible adulteration of hazelnut paste with almond. Using the two-class SIMCA approach, class 1 consisted of unadulterated hazelnut samples and class 2 of samples adulterated with almond. Models performance was also studied with samples adulterated with chickpea. The results show that data fusion is an effective strategy since the performance parameters are better than the individual ones: sensitivity and specificity values between 75% and 100% for the individual techniques and between 96-100% and 88-100% for the mid- and high-level data fusion strategies, respectively.
authors: Chemometrics, Qualimetric and Nanosensors Grup, Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Rovira i Virgili University, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona, 43007 Spain.
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Márquez
authors: Chemometrics, Qualimetric and Nanosensors Grup, Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Rovira i Virgili University, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona, 43007 Spain.
authors: M Isabel
authors: MI
authors: López
authors: Chemometrics, Qualimetric and Nanosensors Grup, Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Rovira i Virgili University, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona, 43007 Spain. Electronic address: itziar.ruisanchez@urv.cat.
authors: Itziar
authors: I
authors: Ruisánchez
authors: Chemometrics, Qualimetric and Nanosensors Grup, Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Rovira i Virgili University, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona, 43007 Spain.
authors: M Pilar
authors: MP
authors: Callao
mesh_terms: D029863:Cicer; D031211:Corylus; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009754:Nuts; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000032:analysis*; D000068181:Prunus dulcis; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D028321:Plant Preparations
keywords: FT-Raman; Food adulteration; Hazelnut adulteration; Mid- and high-level data fusion; NIR; Two-class SIMCA