title: Association of metabolic syndrome and its components with arterial stiffness in Caucasian subjects of the MARK study: a cross-sectional trial.
abstract: The cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) can reflect both central and peripheral arterial stiffness. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components may increase arterial stiffness and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, the correlation of MetS and its components with arterial stiffness is still not clear. The primary aim of this study is thus the relationship using baPWV and CAVI in Caucasian adults with intermediate cardiovascular risk. The secondary aim is to analyze sex differences.
  
  
  
  This study analyzed 2351 subjects aged 35-74 years (mean, 61.4 ± 7.7 years) comprising 61.7 % males and enrolled in the improving interMediAte Risk management (MARK) study. CAVI was measured using a VaSera VS-1500®device, and baPWV was calculated using a validated equation. MetS was defined based on the Joint Scientific Statement National Cholesterol Education Program III. Waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and lipid profile were measured.
  
  
  
  MetS was found in 51.9 % of the subjects. All MetS components except reduced HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.578) were associated with CAVI. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.075) and waist circumference (p = 0.315) were associated with baPWV. The different MetS components that assess dyslipidemia using the stiffness measures show different associations according to patient sex. The high blood pressure component had a greater odds ratio (OR) for both baPWV ≥ 17.5 m/sec (OR = 6.90, 95 % CI 3.52-13.519) and CAVI ≥ 9 (OR = 2.20, 95 % CI 1.63-1.90).
  
  
  
  MetS and all its components (except HDL-cholesterol with baPWV and CAVI and WC with baPWV) were associated with baPWV and CAVI. However, there were sex differences in the association of MetS and its components with baPWV and CAVI. Data from this study suggest a greater association of CAVI and baPWV values with MetS components in males than in females and indicate greater arterial stiffness in the event of simultaneously elevated blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and waist circumference. Trial Registration Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ NCT01428934. Registered 2 September 2011. Last updated September 8, 2016.
authors: Primary Care Research Unit, The Alamedilla Health Center, 37003, Salamanca, Spain. leticiagmzsnchz@gmail.com.
authors: Leticia
authors: L
authors: Gomez-Sanchez
authors: Primary Care Research Unit, The Alamedilla Health Center, 37003, Salamanca, Spain.|Castilla and León Health Service (SACyL), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.|Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences Department, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors: Luis
authors: L
authors: Garcia-Ortiz
authors: Primary Care Research Unit, The Alamedilla Health Center, 37003, Salamanca, Spain.|Castilla and León Health Service (SACyL), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.|Statistics Department, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors: M Carmen
authors: MC
authors: Patino-Alonso
authors: Primary Care Research Unit, The Alamedilla Health Center, 37003, Salamanca, Spain.|Castilla and León Health Service (SACyL), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.
authors: Jose I
authors: JI
authors: Recio-Rodriguez
authors: San Agustín Health Center, Illes Balears Health Service (IBSALUT), Palma of Mallorca, Spain.
authors: Rigo
authors: R
authors: Fernando
authors: Unitat of Suport a the Recerca of Girona, Institut Universitari D'Investigació in Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Girona, Spain.|Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDBGI), Girona, Spain.
authors: Ruth
authors: R
authors: Marti
authors: Primary Care Research Unit, The Alamedilla Health Center, 37003, Salamanca, Spain.|Castilla and León Health Service (SACyL), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Agudo-Conde
authors: Primary Care Research Unit, The Alamedilla Health Center, 37003, Salamanca, Spain.|Castilla and León Health Service (SACyL), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.|Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors: Emiliano
authors: E
authors: Rodriguez-Sanchez
authors: Primary Care Research Unit, The Alamedilla Health Center, 37003, Salamanca, Spain.|Castilla and León Health Service (SACyL), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.
authors: Jose A
authors: JA
authors: Maderuelo-Fernandez
authors: Unitat of Suport a the Recerca of Girona, Institut Universitari D'Investigació in Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Girona, Spain.|Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDBGI), Girona, Spain.|Departament of Ciències Mèdiques, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
authors: Rafel
authors: R
authors: Ramos
authors: Primary Care Research Unit, The Alamedilla Health Center, 37003, Salamanca, Spain.|Castilla and León Health Service (SACyL), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.|Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors: Manuel A
authors: MA
authors: Gomez-Marcos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D059289:Vascular Stiffness; D055105:Waist Circumference; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids
keywords: Arterial stiffness; Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; Cardio-ankle vascular index; Metabolic syndrome