title: Resource scarcity drives lethal aggression among prehistoric hunter-gatherers in central California.
abstract: The origin of human violence and warfare is controversial, and some scholars contend that intergroup conflict was rare until the emergence of sedentary foraging and complex sociopolitical organization, whereas others assert that violence was common and of considerable antiquity among small-scale societies. Here we consider two alternative explanations for the evolution of human violence: (i) individuals resort to violence when benefits outweigh potential costs, which is likely in resource poor environments, or (ii) participation in violence increases when there is coercion from leaders in complex societies leading to group level benefits. To test these hypotheses, we evaluate the relative importance of resource scarcity vs. sociopolitical complexity by evaluating spatial variation in three macro datasets from central California: (i) an extensive bioarchaeological record dating from 1,530 to 230 cal BP recording rates of blunt and sharp force skeletal trauma on thousands of burials, (ii) quantitative scores of sociopolitical complexity recorded ethnographically, and (iii) mean net primary productivity (NPP) from a remotely sensed global dataset. Results reveal that sharp force trauma, the most common form of violence in the record, is better predicted by resource scarcity than relative sociopolitical complexity. Blunt force cranial trauma shows no correlation with NPP or political complexity and may reflect a different form of close contact violence. This study provides no support for the position that violence originated with the development of more complex hunter-gatherer adaptations in the fairly recent past. Instead, findings show that individuals are prone to violence in times and places of resource scarcity.
authors: Department of Geography and Anthropology, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768; mwallen@cpp.edu.
authors: Mark W
authors: MW
authors: Allen
authors: Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616.
authors: Robert Lawrence
authors: RL
authors: Bettinger
authors: Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112.
authors: Brian F
authors: 0000-0001-7977-8568
authors: BF
authors: Codding
authors: Department of Social Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401.
authors: Terry L
authors: TL
authors: Jones
authors: Millennia Archaeological Consulting, Sacramento, CA 95817.
authors: Al W
authors: AW
authors: Schwitalla
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D000884:Anthropology, Cultural; D002048:Burial / Q000266:history; D002140:California; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D003710:Demography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D066046:Diet, Paleolithic / Q000266:history; D005260:Female; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology*; D012886:Skull / Q000293:injuries; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D014857:Warfare
keywords: North America; prehistoric violence; warfare