title: Association between the dietary inflammatory index and breast cancer in a large Italian case-control study.
abstract: The putative relationship between diet, including its inflammatory potential, and breast cancer has been studied extensively, but results remain inconsistent. Using data from a large Italian case-control study conducted between 1991 and 1994, we examined the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and odds of breast cancer.
  
  
  
  DII scores were computed using a validated 78-item food frequency questionnaire. Subjects were 2569 women with incident, histologically confirmed breast cancer and 2588 controls admitted to hospital for acute, non-hormone-related diseases. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) based on continuous and quintiles of DII were estimated by multiple logistic regression adjusting for age, study center, education, BMI, parity, menopausal status, family history of hormone-related cancers, and total energy intake.
  
  
  
  Women in quintiles 2, 3, 4 and 5 had ORs of breast cancer of 1.33 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.59), 1.37 (95% CI: 1.13, 1.66), 1.41 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.73), and 1.75 (95% CI: 1.39, 2.21), respectively, compared to women in quintile 1. One-unit increase in DII increased the odds of having breast cancer by 9% (95% CI: 1.05, 1.14).
  
  
  
  A pro-inflammatory diet is associated to increased risk of breast cancer.
authors: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.|Connecting Health Innovations, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors: Nitin
authors: N
authors: Shivappa
authors: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.|Connecting Health Innovations, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors: James R
authors: JR
authors: Hébert
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.|Unit of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Bioinformatics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
authors: Valentina
authors: V
authors: Rosato
authors: Dipartimento di Epidemiologia, Fondazione G. Pascale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Naples, Italy.
authors: Maurizio
authors: M
authors: Montella
authors: SOC di Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy.
authors: Diego
authors: D
authors: Serraino
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors: Carlo
authors: C
authors: La Vecchia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology*; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Breast cancer; Case-control; DII; Diet; Italy