title: Management of muscle invasive, locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: a literature review with emphasis on the role of surgery.
abstract: Locally advanced (T3b, T4 and N1-N3) and metastatic urothelial bladder cancer (BCa) is a lethal disease with poor survival outcomes. Combination chemotherapy remains the treatment of choice in patients with metastatic disease and an important part of treatment in addition to radical cystectomy (RC) in patients with locally advanced tumour. Approximately half of patients who underwent RC for muscle invasive BCa relapse after surgery with either local recurrence or distant metastasis. This review focuses on the management of muscle invasive, locally advanced and metastatic BCa with emphasis on the role of surgery; to summarize the current knowledge in order to enhance clinical decision-making and counselling process.
authors: Department of Urology, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Abufaraj
authors: Department of Urology, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; ; Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology, Vienna, Austria.
authors: Kilian
authors: K
authors: Gust
authors: Department of Urology, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; ; Department of Urology, Urological Research Institute, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Moschini
authors: Department of Urology, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; ; Department of Urology, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland.
authors: Beat
authors: B
authors: Foerster
authors: Department of Urology, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; ; Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Studies of Torino, Turin, Italy.
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Soria
authors: Department of Urology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.
authors: Romain
authors: R
authors: Mathieu
authors: Department of Urology, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; ; Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology, Vienna, Austria; ; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; ; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Shahrokh F
authors: SF
authors: Shariat
keywords: Bladder cancer (BCa); locally advanced bladder cancer (ABC); metastasectomy; metastatic bladder cancer; radical cystectomy (RC)