title: Which Models Can I Use to Predict Adult ICU Length of Stay? A Systematic Review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We systematically reviewed models to predict adult ICU length of stay.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Ovid EMBASE and MEDLINE databases for studies on the development or validation of ICU length of stay prediction models.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 11 studies describing the development of 31 prediction models and three describing external validation of one of these models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinicians use ICU length of stay predictions for planning ICU capacity, identifying unexpectedly long ICU length of stay, and benchmarking ICUs. We required the model variables to have been published and for the models to be free of organizational characteristics and to produce accurate predictions, as assessed by R across patients for planning and identifying unexpectedly long ICU length of stay and across ICUs for benchmarking, with low calibration bias. We assessed the reporting quality using the Checklist for Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of admissions ranged from 253 to 178,503. Median ICU length of stay was between 2 and 6.9 days. Two studies had not published model variables and three included organizational characteristics. None of the models produced predictions with low bias. The R was 0.05-0.28 across patients and 0.01-0.64 across ICUs. The reporting scores ranged from 49 of 78 to 60 of 78 and the methodologic scores from 12 of 22 to 16 of 22.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No models completely satisfy our requirements for planning, identifying unexpectedly long ICU length of stay, or for benchmarking purposes. Physicians using these models to predict ICU length of stay should interpret them with reservation.
authors: 1Department of Medical Informatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 2Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 3Cancer Informatics Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. 4Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 5Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. 6Clinical Research Unit, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 7Department of Intensive Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. 8Health e-Research Centre, Division of Imaging, Informatics and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors: Ilona Willempje Maria
authors: IW
authors: Verburg
authors: Alireza
authors: A
authors: Atashi
authors: Saeid
authors: S
authors: Eslami
authors: Rebecca
authors: R
authors: Holman
authors: Ameen
authors: A
authors: Abu-Hanna
authors: Everet
authors: E
authors: de Jonge
authors: Niels
authors: N
authors: Peek
authors: Nicolette Fransisca
authors: NF
authors: de Keizer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015233:Models, Statistical