title: Delayed reward discounting and grit in men and women with and without obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to examine how sensitivity to short-term reward and long-term goal perseverance are related to body mass index (BMI; kg m2) in a large sample of men and women with and without obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 450 participants (56.2% male; 73.1% non-Hispanic White) with mean ± standard deviation age of 30.7 ± 10.4 years and BMI of 29.3 ± 8.2 completed online versions of the Delayed Reward Discounting task to measure sensitivity to short-term reward and the Grit Scale to measure long-term goal perseverance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In regression analysis, higher sensitivity to short-term reward (i.e. a preference for receiving smaller rewards after a shorter delay;b= 0.49,p= 0.016) and lower long-term goal perseverance (b= -1.26,p= 0.042) were independently associated with higher BMIs. Individuals with a favourable score on one measure were not 'protected' from the risk associated with an unfavourable score on the other measure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An overvaluation of short-term reward (e.g. the taste of palatable food and the comfort of engaging in sedentary activities) and undervaluation of long-term health goals (e.g. achieving a healthy weight and avoiding obesity-related comorbidities) may contribute to excess weight. Additional research incorporating prospective experimental designs is needed to determine whether decision-making strategies can be targeted to improve weight management.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, The Miriam Hospital, Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center Providence RI USA.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Graham Thomas
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, The Miriam Hospital, Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center Providence RI USA.
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Seiden
authors: Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute Roanoke VA USA.
authors: Mikhail N
authors: MN
authors: Koffarnus
authors: Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute Roanoke VA USA.
authors: Warren K
authors: WK
authors: Bickel
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, The Miriam Hospital, Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center Providence RI USA.
authors: Rena R
authors: RR
authors: Wing
keywords: Decision‐making; delayed reward discounting; goal perseverance