title: Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Surface Soils across Five Asian Countries: Levels, Spatial Distribution, and Source Contribution.
abstract: A total of 23 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were measured in soil samples collected in areas with no known point source [urban/rural/background (U/R/B) sites] and in areas with known point source [brominated flame retardant (BFR)-related industrial sites (F sites) and e-waste recycling sites (E sites)] across five Asian countries. The highest PBDE concentrations were found in BFR-related industrial and e-waste recycling sites. The concentrations of PBDEs in U/R/B sites decreased in the following order: urban > rural > background sites. Total PBDE concentrations were dominated by BDE-209, while BDE-17, -85, -138, -191, -204, and -205 were the least abundant compounds. In both urban sites and rural sites, the mean concentrations of total PBDEs (∑23BDEs) in soils decreased in the following order: Japan > China > South Korea > India > Vietnam. The concentrations of PBDEs in soils were comparable with those reported in other studies. Among the three commercial PBDE mixtures, relatively large contributions of commercial penta-BDE were observed in Vietnam, whereas deca-BDE was the dominant form in mixtures contributing from 55.8 ± 2.5 to 100.0 ± 1.2% of the total PBDEs in soils collected from other four countries. Regression analysis suggested that local population density (PD) is a good indicator of PBDEs in soils of each country. Significant and positive correlation between soil organic content and PBDE level was observed in Chinese soil for most nondeca-BDE homologues with their usage stopped 10 years ago, indicating its important role in controlling the revolatilization of PBDEs from soil and changing the spatial trend of PBDE in soil from the primary distribution pattern to the secondary distribution pattern, especially when primary emission is ceased.
authors: International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China.
authors: Wen-Long
authors: WL
authors: Li
authors: International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China.
authors: Wan-Li
authors: WL
authors: Ma
authors: IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University , Dalian 116026, China.
authors: Hong-Liang
authors: HL
authors: Jia
authors: IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University , Dalian 116026, China.
authors: Wen-Jun
authors: WJ
authors: Hong
authors: IJRC-PTS, Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University , 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan city, Gyeonggi-do 426-791, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hyo-Bang
authors: HB
authors: Moon
authors: IJRC-PTS, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
authors: Haruhiko
authors: H
authors: Nakata
authors: Dioxin Laboratory, Center for Environmental Monitoring (CEM), Vietnam Environmental Administration (VEA) , 556 Nguyen Van Cu, Long Bien, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
authors: Nguyen Hung
authors: NH
authors: Minh
authors: IJRC-PTS, Department of Zoology, Patna University , Patna 800 005, Bihar, India.
authors: Ravindra Kumar
authors: RK
authors: Sinha
authors: Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming University , Taipei 112, Taiwan.
authors: Kai Hsien
authors: KH
authors: Chi
authors: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States.
authors: Kurunthachalam
authors: K
authors: Kannan
authors: International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China.
authors: Ed
authors: E
authors: Sverko
authors: International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, China.|IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University , Dalian 116026, China.|IJRC-PTS-NA , Toronto, Ontario M2N 6X9, Canada.
authors: Yi-Fan
authors: YF
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D059027:Recycling; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants
chemical_list: D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants