title: Is there evidence for man-made nanoparticles in the Dutch environment?
abstract: Only very limited information is available on measured environmental concentrations of nanoparticles. In this study, several environmental compartments in The Netherlands were probed for the presence of nanoparticles. Different types of water were screened for the presence of inorganic (Ag, Au, TiO2) and organic nanoparticles (C60, C70, [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid octyl ester, [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid butyl ester, [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, [6,6]-bis-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester, [6,6]-thienyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester). Air samples were analysed for the presence of nanoparticulate Mo, Ag, Ce, W, Pd, Pt, Rh, Zn, Ti, Si, B as well as Fe and Cu. ICP-MS, Orbitrap-HRMS, SEM and EDX were used for this survey. Water samples included dune and bank filtrates, surface waters and ground waters as well as influents, effluents and sludge of sewage treatment plants (STPs), and surface waters collected near airports and harbours. Air samples included both urban and rural samples. C60was detected in air, sewage treatment plants, influents, effluents and sludge, but in no other aqueous samples despite the low detection limit of 0.1ng/L. C70and functionalised fullerenes were not detected at all. In STP sludge and influent the occurrence of Ag and Au nanoparticles was verified by SEM/EDX and ICP-MS. In air up to about 25m% of certain metals was found in the nanosize fraction. Overall, between 1 and 6% of the total mass from metals in the air samples was found in the size fraction <100nm.
authors: KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands. Electronic address: patrick.bauerlein@kwrwater.nl.
authors: Patrick S
authors: PS
authors: Bäuerlein
authors: KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors: Erik
authors: E
authors: Emke
authors: TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Princetonlaan 6, P.O. Box 80015, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Tromp
authors: KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Water Innovation and Research Centre, University of Bath, UK.
authors: Jan A M H
authors: JAMH
authors: Hofman
authors: IBED Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Carboni
authors: Vitens, Snekertrekweg 61, 8912 AA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
authors: Ferry
authors: F
authors: Schooneman
authors: KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; IBED Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Pim
authors: P
authors: de Voogt
authors: KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
authors: Annemarie P
authors: AP
authors: van Wezel
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D037741:Fullerenes / Q000032:analysis; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis*; D009426:Netherlands; D012722:Sewage; D014867:Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D037741:Fullerenes; D012722:Sewage; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water
keywords: Air; Field survey; Fullerenes; Inorganic; Nanoparticles; Water