title: Genetic and epigenetic studies of atopic dermatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the complex interaction of genetic, immune and environmental factors. There have many recent discoveries involving the genetic and epigenetic studies of AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective PubMed search was carried out from June 2009 to June 2016 using the terms "atopic dermatitis", "association", "eczema", "gene", "polymorphism", "mutation", "variant", "genome wide association study", "microarray" "gene profiling", "RNA sequencing", "epigenetics" and "microRNA". A total of 132 publications in English were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To elucidate the genetic factors for AD pathogenesis, candidate gene association studies, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and transcriptomic profiling assays have been performed in this period. Epigenetic mechanisms for AD development, including genomic DNA modification and microRNA posttranscriptional regulation, have been explored. To date, candidate gene association studies indicate that filaggrin (FLG) null gene mutations are the most significant known risk factor for AD, and genes in the type 2 T helper lymphocyte (Th2) signaling pathways are the second replicated genetic risk factor for AD. GWAS studies identified 34 risk loci for AD, these loci also suggest that genes in immune responses and epidermal skin barrier functions are associated with AD. Additionally, gene profiling assays demonstrated AD is associated with decreased gene expression of epidermal differentiation complex genes and elevated Th2 and Th17 genes. Hypomethylation ofTSLPandFCER1Gin AD were reported; and miR-155, which target the immune suppressorCTLA-4, was found to be significantly over-expressed in infiltrating T cells in AD skin lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that two major biologic pathways are responsible for AD etiology: skin epithelial function and innate/adaptive immune responses. The dysfunctional epidermal barrier and immune responses reciprocally affect each other, and thereby drive development of AD.
authors: The Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China ; Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China ; Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Room K926i, Denver, CO 80206 USA.
authors: Lianghua
authors: 0000-0002-3786-0106
authors: L
authors: Bin
authors: Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Room K926i, Denver, CO 80206 USA ; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The State Key Clinical Specialty in Allergy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors: Donald Y M
authors: DY
authors: Leung
keywords: Adaptive immunity; Atopic dermatitis; DNA methylation; Epigenetic; Genetic association; Genetics; Innate immunity; Skin barrier; miRNA