title: In vivoConfocal Microscopy Evaluation of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in Dry Eye Patients with Different Symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dry eye patients suffer from all kinds of symptoms. Sometimes, the clinical signs evaluation does not disclose any obvious difference in routine examination; in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) is a powerful tool for ocular surface disease. This study aimed to clarify meibomian gland (MG) alterations in dry eye patients with different symptoms and to compare the findings using IVCM.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of sixty patients were recruited, all subjected to Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and Salisbury Eye Evaluation Questionnaire (SEEQ), and questionnaires for the assessment of dry eye symptoms before clinical sign examinations were given to the patients. Finally, IVCM was applied to observe MG's structure. Statistical analysis was performed using the t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman correlation analysis. The differences were statistically significant when P< 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the severe symptom group, OSDI and SEEQ scores were significantly higher (P< 0.05) compared with the mild symptoms group. All other clinical sign examinations had no statistical difference in the two groups (P> 0.05). However, all the IVCM-observed data showed that patients with severe symptoms had more significant fibrosis in MG (acinar unit area 691.87 ± 182.01 μm2 for the severe, 992.17 ± 170.84 μm2 for the mild; P< 0.05) and severer decrease in the size of MG acinar units than those observed in patients with mild symptoms (MG acinar unit density [MGAUD] 70.08 ± 18.78 glands/mm2, MG acinar unit longest diameter [MGALD] 51.50 ± 15.51 μm, MG acinar unit shortest diameter [MGASD] 20.30 ± 11.85 μm for the severe, MGAUD 89.53 ± 39.88 glands/mm2, MGALD 81.57 ± 21.14 μm, MGASD 42.37 ± 14.55 μm for the mild;P< 0.05). Dry eye symptoms were negatively correlated with MG confocal microscopic parameters and positively correlated with conjunctival inflammatory cells and Langerhans cells (P< 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IVCM application provides a strong support to differentiate dry eye patients with different symptoms: meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) plays a pivotal role in dry eye aggravation, and using IVCM to observe MG fibrosis, changes in size and density of MG as well as status of inflammation cells can help not only correctly diagnose the type and severity of dry eye, but also possibly prognosticate in routine eye examination in the occurrence of MGD.
authors: Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361005; Department of Corneal & Ocular Surface Diseases, Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
authors: Hui
authors: H
authors: Zhao
authors: Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361005; Department of Corneal & Ocular Surface Diseases, Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
authors: Jing-Yao
authors: JY
authors: Chen
authors: Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361005; Department of Corneal & Ocular Surface Diseases, Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
authors: Yu-Qian
authors: YQ
authors: Wang
authors: Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361005; Department of Corneal & Ocular Surface Diseases, Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
authors: Zhi-Rong
authors: ZR
authors: Lin
authors: Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361005; Department of Corneal & Ocular Surface Diseases, Xiamen University Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
authors: Shen
authors: S
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008537:Meibomian Glands / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged