title: Principles of physiological breech birth practice: A Delphi study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to establish a multi-professional consensus on shared principles underlying the practice of physiological breech birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  three-round Delphi e-survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  multi-national.
  
  
  METHODS
  a panel of thirteen obstetricians and thirteen midwives, experienced in facilitating physiological breech births in varied settings, and involving varied maternal birthing positions, and two service user representatives.
  
  
  METHODS
  an initial survey contained open-ended questions. Answers were coded and amalgamated into 60 statements in Round 1 and a further 6 statements in Round 2. Participants considered statements in the following categories: first principles (14), maternal positioning (12), birth environment (18), fetal positions (14), safe progress (8). The panel indicated the extent of their agreement using a 5-point Likert scale. The pre-determined level of consensus was 70% of respondents indicating 4 or 5 on the Likert scale (agreement or strong agreement).
  
  
  RESULTS
  the panel indicated consensus on 37 of 66 proposed statements concerning 'Principles of Practice.' Negative data (29/66 statements) are also reported, highlighting areas of divergent opinions. The findings suggest a paradigm shift away from risk management strategies based on prediction and control, and towards facilitation strategies based on relationship and response. Upright positions are a tool and not a rule of physiological breech birth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  the parameters of 'normal for breech' require further exploration to support professionals working within a paradigm of complex normality. The principles articulated in this research can be used to design further research exploring the influence of physiological breech practices on neonatal and maternal outcomes, including women's experiences of maternity care.
authors: Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK. Electronic address: Shawn.Walker@city.ac.uk.
authors: Shawn
authors: S
authors: Walker
authors: Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK. Electronic address: Mandie.Scamell.1@city.ac.uk.
authors: Mandie
authors: M
authors: Scamell
authors: Department for Learning Enhancement and Development, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK. Electronic address: P.M.Parker@city.ac.uk.
authors: Pam
authors: P
authors: Parker
mesh_terms: D001946:Breech Presentation / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003697:Delphi Technique; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008880:Midwifery / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods*; D009774:Obstetrics / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Breech presentation; Delphi; Midwifery; Models of care; Obstetrics; Physiological birth