title: Clinical effectiveness and cost savings in diabetes care, supported by pharmacist counselling.
abstract: To determine the effectiveness and cost savings of a real-world, continuous, pharmacist-delivered service with an employed patient population with diabetes over a 5-year period.
  
  
  
  The Patients, Pharmacists Partnerships (P3Program) was offered as an "opt-in" benefit to employees of 6 public and private self-insured employers in Maryland and Virginia. Care was provided in ZIP code-matched locations and at 2 employers' worksites.
  
  
  
  Six hundred two enrolled patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes were studied between July 2006 and May 2012 with an average follow-up of 2.5 years per patient. Of these patients, 162 had health plan cost and utilization data. A network of 50 trained pharmacists provided chronic disease management to patients with diabetes using a common process of care. Communications were provided to patients and physicians.
  
  
  
  Employers provided incentives for patients who opted in, including waived medication copayments and free diabetes self-monitoring supplies. The service was provided at no cost to the patient. A Web-based, electronic medical record that complied with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act helped to standardize care. Quality assurance was conducted to ensure the standard of care.
  
  
  
  Glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c), blood pressure, and total health care costs (before and after enrollment).
  
  
  
  Statistically significant improvements were shown by mean decreases in A1c (-0.41%, P <0.001), low-density lipoprotein levels (-4.7 mg/dL, P = 0.003), systolic blood pressure (-2.3 mm Hg, P = 0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (-2.4 mm Hg, P <0.001). Total annual health care costs to employers declined by $1031 per beneficiary after the cost of the program was deducted. This 66-month real-world study confirms earlier findings. Employers netted savings through improved clinical outcomes and reduced emergency and hospital utilization when comparing costs 12 months before and after enrollment.
  
  
  
  The P3program had positive clinical outcomes and economic outcomes. Pharmacist-provided comprehensive medication therapy management services should be included as a required element of insurance offered by employers and health insurance exchanges.
authors: Magaly
authors: M
authors: Rodriguez de Bittner
authors: Viktor V
authors: VV
authors: Chirikov
authors: Ian M
authors: IM
authors: Breunig
authors: Roxanne W
authors: RW
authors: Zaghab
authors: Fadia Tohme
authors: FT
authors: Shaya
mesh_terms: D017046:Cost Savings; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008396:Maryland; D054539:Medication Therapy Management / Q000458:organization & administration; D008875:Middle Aged; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000458:organization & administration*; D024382:Professional Role; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014768:Virginia
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin