title: Phytoconstituents as pharmacotherapeutics in rheumatoid arthritis: challenges and scope of nano/submicromedicine in its effective delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present review explores the therapeutic application of herbals in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) therapy, and how nano/submicromedicine can be fit in the scope of its therapeutic delivery in RA has been addressed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incorporation of bioactive such as polyphenols, thymoquinone, resveratrol, hesperidin, curcumin, celastrol and gambogic acid in a dose-dependent manner showed quite high efficacy for the treatment of RA. It can be attributed to their targeting ability against various inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide (NO), cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, NF-kβ, lipoxygenase (LOXs) and arachidonic acid (AA). Despite the presence of significant merits, the use of these bioactives has several demerits such as poor bioavailability as a function of low aqueous solubility and higher first-pass metabolism upon oral administration. The impact of nano/submicromedicine in the delivery of these bioactives against RA has gained wider attention owing to bioavailability enhancement, higher stability and better efficacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phytoconstituents possess immense potential in RA pharmacotherapy, but the obstacles for their effective delivery can be overcome using nano/submicrocarrier-based drug delivery technologies, which maximize the efficacy of these herbal antirheumatic drugs without any systemic adverse effects.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences (SHIATS), Naini, India.
authors: Mahfoozur
authors: M
authors: Rahman
authors: UIPS, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
authors: Sarwar
authors: S
authors: Beg
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences (SHIATS), Naini, India.
authors: Amita
authors: A
authors: Verma
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Fahad A
authors: FA
authors: Al Abbasi
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Firoz
authors: F
authors: Anwar
authors: Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Patiala, Punjab, 140401, India.
authors: Sumant
authors: S
authors: Saini
authors: Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire (CBM)-CNRS UPR4301/University of Orléans Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans, Cedex 2, France.|Nanomedicine Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, 110062, New Delhi, India.|LE STUDIUM® Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, Centre-Val de Loire Region, 45000, France.
authors: Sohail
authors: S
authors: Akhter
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences (SHIATS), Naini, India.
authors: Vikas
authors: V
authors: Kumar
mesh_terms: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001682:Biological Availability; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: liposomes; nan/submicro-medicine; nanoemulsion; phytoconstituents; rheumatoid arthritis