title: Residues of organochlorine pesticides in surface water of a megacity in central China: seasonal-spatial distribution and fate in Wuhan.
abstract: Surface water quality closely correlating with human health suffered increasing organochlorine pesticide (OCP) pollution due to the intensive anthropogenic activities in megacities. In the present study, 112 water samples collected from 14 lakes and 11 drinking water source sites in Wuhan were detected for the residues of OCPs in November 2013 and July 2014, respectively. The ΣOCPs ranged from 5.61 to 13.62 ng L-1in summer with the maximum value in Yezhi Lake and 3.18 to 7.73 ng L-1in winter with the highest concentration in Yandong Lake. Except dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), OCP concentrations in summer were significantly higher than those in winter mostly due to the non-point source pollution including land runoff in summer. Source apportionment of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and DDTs revealed the historical use of technical HCH and lindane and the new input of DDT, respectively. The spatial distribution of OCPs was not uniform in the surface water of Wuhan because of the significant influence of land development and fishery. The risk assessments showed the heptachlor, and heptachlor epoxide in most sampling sites exceeded the threshold set by the European Union, indicating the possible adverse effects for aquatic lives. Negligible non-carcinogenic risks for drinking and bathing as well as carcinogenic risks for bathing were found in the surface water. However, the total carcinogenic risks of all OCPs (∑Rs) caused by drinking in summer were higher than the safe level of 10-7in all sampling sites. It was implied that the surface water in Wuhan was not safe for directly drinking without effective purification.
authors: Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
authors: Lili
authors: L
authors: Cui
authors: Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
authors: Liangfu
authors: L
authors: Wei
authors: Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China. wangjun@wbgcas.cn.|Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China. wangjun@wbgcas.cn.
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis*; D060106:Lakes / Q000032:analysis*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012621:Seasons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Drinking water sources; Lakes; Non-point source pollution; Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs); Risk assessment; Seasonal variation