title: Expression of ribosomopathy genes during Xenopus tropicalis embryogenesis.
abstract: Because ribosomes are ubiquitously required for protein production, it was long assumed that any inherited defect in ribosome manufacture would be embryonically lethal. However, several human congenital diseases have been found to be associated with mutations in ribosome biogenesis factors. Surprisingly, despite the global requirement for ribosomes, these "ribosomopathies" are characterized by distinct and tissue specific phenotypes. The reasons for such tissue proclivity in ribosomopathies remain mysterious but may include differential expression of ribosome biogenesis factors in distinct tissues.
  
  
  
  Here we use in situ hybridization of labeled antisense mRNA probes and ultra high temporal resolution RNA-Seq data to examine and compare expression of 13 disease associated ribosome biogenesis factors at six key stages in Xenopus tropicalis development.
  
  
  
  Rather than being ubiquitously expressed during development, mRNAs of all examined ribosome biogenesis factors were highly enriched in specific tissues, including the cranial neural crest and ventral blood islands. Interestingly, expression of ribosome biogenesis factors demonstrates clear differences in timing, transcript number and tissue localization.
  
  
  
  Ribosome biogenesis factor expression is more spatiotemporally regulated during embryonic development than previously expected and correlates closely with many of the common ribosomopathy phenotypes. Our findings provide information on the dynamic use of ribosome production machinery components during development and advance our understanding of their roles in disease.
authors: Program in Vertebrate Developmental Biology, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Robson
authors: The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, London, NW7 1AA, UK.
authors: Nick D L
authors: ND
authors: Owens
authors: Departments of Genetics, Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, and Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
authors: Susan J
authors: SJ
authors: Baserga
authors: Program in Vertebrate Developmental Biology, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
authors: Mustafa K
authors: MK
authors: Khokha
authors: Program in Vertebrate Developmental Biology, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA. J.Griffin@yale.edu.
authors: John N
authors: JN
authors: Griffin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D047108:Embryonic Development; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D009928:Organ Specificity; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA / Q000379:methods*; D014981:Xenopus / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029867:Xenopus Proteins
keywords: Development; Diamond-Blackfan anemia; North American Childhood Cirrhosis; RPL; RPS; Ribosome; Ribosome biogenesis; Ribosomopathy; TCOF1; UTP; Xenopus