title: Dorsal Lingual Surface and Halitosis: a Morphological Point of View.
abstract: The interest in the study of the tongue papillary niches and the related biofilm has increased in recent years because they form a suitable source of periodontal microorganisms and are associated with development of halitosis. Tongue dorsum structure represents a factor favoring a particular and complex bacterial biofilm where periodontal pathogens are frequently found. The aim of this preliminary study was to associate the tongue papillary structure with the biofilm causing halitosis by means of a new clinical protocol.
  
  
  
  In this study, one subject affected by oral malodor was selected and included. A photograph of lingual dorsum was taken to spot the areas with visible lingual coating. A tongue dorsum impression was obtained, divided and cut with a blade in six parts, according to Winkel Tongue Coated Index by means of the 2-step double-mix impression technique. The contours of the six parts were observed by the stereomicroscope LEICA LED2000 and analyzed by ImageJ software.
  
  
  
  The results showed that the depth of papillae was associated with visible presence of the tongue biofilm and indirectly correlated with halitosis in patients..
  
  
  
  The morphological papillary structure of the tongue dorsal surface influences the presence of the tongue biofilm. The presented protocol can be further considered in clinical application for a correct diagnosis and a personalized treatment of halitosis.
authors: Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila.
authors: Bernardi
authors: B
authors: Sara
authors: Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila.
authors: Marzo
authors: M
authors: Giuseppe
authors: Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila.
authors: Continenza Maria
authors: CM
authors: Adelaide
keywords: Dental hygiene research; Diagnosis; Oral hygiene; Tongue; Tongue coating