title: Knowledge level of effect size statistics, confidence intervals and meta-analysis in Spanish academic psychologists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The statistical reform movement and the American Psychological Association (APA) defend the use of estimators of the effect size and its confidence intervals, as well as the interpretation of the clinical significance of the findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was conducted in which academic psychologists were asked about their behavior in designing and carrying out their studies. The sample was composed of 472 participants (45.8% men). The mean number of years as a university professor was 13.56 years (SD= 9.27).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The use of effect-size estimators is becoming generalized, as well as the consideration of meta-analytic studies. However, several inadequate practices still persist. A traditional model of methodological behavior based on statistical significance tests is maintained, based on the predominance of Cohen&rsquo;s d and the unadjusted R2/&#951;2, which are not immune to outliers or departure from normality and the violations of statistical assumptions, and the under-reporting of confidence intervals of effect-size statistics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The paper concludes with recommendations for improving statistical practice.
authors: University of Valencia.
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Badenes-Ribera
authors: Dolores
authors: D
authors: Frias-Navarro
authors: Marcos
authors: M
authors: Pascual-Soler
authors: Héctor
authors: H
authors: Monterde-I-Bort
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005178:Faculty; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D011584:Psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012107:Research Design / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D018401:Sample Size; D013030:Spain