title: Evolution and Diversity of the Antimicrobial Resistance Associated Mobilome inStreptococcus suis: A Probable Mobile Genetic Elements Reservoir for Other Streptococci.
abstract: Streptococcus suisis a previously neglected, newly emerging multidrug-resistant zoonotic pathogen. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) play a key role in intra- and interspecies horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants. Although, previous studies showed the presence of several MGEs, a comprehensive analysis of AMR-associated mobilome as well as their interaction and evolution has not been performed. In this study, we presented the AMR-associated mobilome and their insertion hotspots inS. suis. Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs), prophages and tandem MGEs were located at different insertion sites, while 86% of the AMR-associated MGEs were inserted atrplLandrumloci. Comprehensive analysis of insertions atrplLandrumloci among four pathogenicStreptococcusspecies (Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, andS. suis) revealed the existence of different groups of MGEs, including Tn5252, ICESp1108, and TnGBS2 groups ICEs, Φm46.1 group prophage, ICE_ICE and ICE_prophage tandem MGEs. Comparative ICE genomics of ICESa2603 family revealed that module exchange and acquisition/deletion were the main mechanisms in MGEs' expansion and evolution. Furthermore, the observation of tandem MGEs reflected a novel mechanism for MGE diversity. Moreover, anin vitrocompetition assay showed no visible fitness cost was observed between different MGE-carrying isolates and a conjugation assay revealed the transferability of ICESa2603 family of ICEs. Our statistics further indicated that the prevalence and diversity of MGEs inS. suisis much greater than in other three species which prompted our hypothesis thatS. suisis probably a MGEs reservoir for other streptococci. In conclusion, our results showed that acquisition of MGEs confersS. suisnot only its capability as a multidrug resistance pathogen, but also represents a paradigm to study the modular evolution and matryoshkas of MGEs.
authors: Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China.
authors: Jinhu
authors: J
authors: Huang
authors: Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China.
authors: Jiale
authors: J
authors: Ma
authors: Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China.
authors: Kexin
authors: K
authors: Shang
authors: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University Ames, IA, USA.
authors: Xiao
authors: X
authors: Hu
authors: Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China.
authors: Yuan
authors: Y
authors: Liang
authors: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA; Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian, China.
authors: Daiwei
authors: D
authors: Li
authors: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University Ames, IA, USA.
authors: Zuowei
authors: Z
authors: Wu
authors: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University Ames, IA, USA.
authors: Lei
authors: L
authors: Dai
authors: Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China.
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Chen
authors: Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China.
authors: Liping
authors: L
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D003227:Conjugation, Genetic; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D022761:Gene Transfer, Horizontal; D056426:Genetic Loci; D020071:Interspersed Repetitive Sequences; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development
keywords: ICEs; MGEs; Streptococcus; antimicrobial resistance; evolution; mobilome; prophages