title: A novel method of surface modification by electrochemical deoxidation: Effect on surface characteristics and initial bioactivity of zirconia.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the surface characteristics and initial bioactivity of ceria-stabilized zirconia/alumina nanocomposite (NANOZR) with those of yttria-stabilized zirconia (3Y-TZP) and pure titanium (CpTi) following the use of three surface modification methods; polishing, sandblasting/acid-etching (SB-E) and electrochemical deoxidation (ECD). Physical properties including surface morphology, chemical composition, X-ray diffraction, surface wettability, surface roughness, and hardness were measured. Osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells were used to examine cell morphology and attachment to the surfaces of the materials. ECD treated NANOZR (NANOZR-E) showed a well-arranged, self-organized microporous surface structure with significantly low contact angles when compared with the other specimens (p < 0.05). NANOZR-E also demonstrated a slight decrease in monoclinic phase content (-4.4 wt %). The morphology and attachment of MC3T3-E1 cells on NANOZR-E were similar to those on polished and SBE-treated CpTi surfaces. Higher cell affinity was observed on NANOZR-E when compared with ECD treated 3Y-TZP. The findings of this study indicate the effectiveness of the novel technique, ECD, in the formation of a microporous surface on NANOZR when compared with both CpTi and 3Y-TZP. Moreover, this method also appears to improve the biological activity of NANOZR during the initial stage. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 2641-2652, 2017.
authors: Department of Prosthodontics, Tianjin Medical University School of Stomatology, Tianjin, China.|Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Juan
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4012-2622
authors: J
authors: Liu
authors: Liaison Center for Innovative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Guang
authors: G
authors: Hong
authors: Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Yu-Han
authors: YH
authors: Wu
authors: Division of Aging and Geriatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Kosei
authors: K
authors: Endo
authors: Dental Materials Laboratory, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors: Jian-Min
authors: JM
authors: Han
authors: Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Hiroyuki
authors: H
authors: Kumamoto
authors: Non-Equilibrium Materials Division, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Wada
authors: Non-Equilibrium Materials Division, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Hidemi
authors: H
authors: Kato
authors: Department of Prosthodontics, Tianjin Medical University School of Stomatology, Tianjin, China.
authors: Ping
authors: P
authors: Gao
authors: Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
authors: Keiichi
authors: K
authors: Sasaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016062:Porosity; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D017155:Wettability; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium; C028541:zirconium oxide
keywords: MC3T3-E1; NANOZR; bioactivity; electrochemical deoxidation; surface characteristics