title: Effects of Glutamine and Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Erythrocyte Deformability and Oxidative Damage in Rat Model of Enterocolitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the study was to investigate preventive effects of glutamine (Gln), omega-3 fatty acids (FA) on erythrocyte deformability (EDEF) in rat model of indomethacin-induced enterocolitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen Wistar albino male rats were divided into three groups: control group, colitis induced by indomethacin and were fed with a standard laboratory diet (group 1), and colitis induced by indomethacin and were also fed with Gln, omega-3 FA (group 2). An investigation was performed in a rat model of experimental colitis induced by subcutaneous injections of 2 mL intdomethacine solution applied at 24 and 48 hours intervals to male Wistar rats for 14 days. Gln and omega-3 FA were added to the daily standard diets of the animals during 14 days of injections. During the study, changes in body weight were evaluated. The intestines were examined, and colitis was macroscopic and histologically scored. The circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukine-1β (IL-1β), erythrocyte transit time (ETT) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were determined in addition to calculation of EDEF indices in all groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant differences in body weight changes could be determined between the standard diet and special diet groups at the end of the experiment. After macroscopic and microscopic scoring, in all of the groups that colitis was found induced, the lowest microscopic score was observed in the group 2. But Gln and omega-3 FA supplemented diet did not change the mean macroscopic and histological scores in all rats. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) levels were significantly higher in group 1 and group 2 compared to the control group. Effects of the diet on circulating TNF-α and IL-1β levels were found correlated with inflammation but statistically significant differences were not found in the group 1 and group 2 (P < 0.05). The ETT and TBARS levels in standard and special diet groups were significantly increased (P < 0.05). However, EDEF indices which are an important parameter of the study were decreased in indomethacin-induced enterocolitis groups that fed with standard and special diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increases in ETT and TBARS levels did not return to normal by addition of Gln and omega-3 FA to diet. Our results suggest that determination of effective optimal doses and route of administration for these nutrients may play an important role in reducing EDEF and microvascular changes.
authors: Department of Prevantive Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Dokuz Eylul University Inciralti, Izmir 35340, Turkey.
authors: Ruksan
authors: R
authors: Cehreli
authors: Division of Gastroenterology, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Inciralti, Izmir 35340, Turkey.
authors: Hale
authors: H
authors: Akpinar
authors: Department of Cell Biophysics and Cellular Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Germany.
authors: Aysegul Temiz
authors: AT
authors: Artmann
authors: Department of Pathology, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Inciralti, Izmir 35340, Turkey.
authors: Ozgul
authors: O
authors: Sagol
keywords: Enterocolitis; Erythrocyte deformability; Glutamine; Inflammatory bowel disease; Omega-3 fatty acids; Oxidative stress