title: Management of noninfectious posterior uveitis with intravitreal drug therapy.
abstract: Uveitis is an important cause of vision loss worldwide due to its sight-threatening complications, especially cystoid macular edema, as well as choroidal neovascularization, macular ischemia, cataract, and glaucoma. Systemic corticosteroids are the mainstay of therapy for noninfectious posterior uveitis; however, various systemic side effects can occur. Intravitreal medication achieves a therapeutic level in the vitreous while minimizing systemic complications and is thus used as an exciting alternative. Corticosteroids, antivascular endothelial growth factors, immunomodulators such as methotrexate and sirolimus, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are currently available for intravitreal therapy. This article reviews the existing literature for efficacy and safety of these various options for intravitreal drug therapy for the management of noninfectious uveitis (mainly intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis).
authors: Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors: Hui Yi
authors: HY
authors: Tan
authors: Department of Vitreoretina, Stanley M Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE.
authors: Aniruddha
authors: A
authors: Agarwal
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors: Cecilia S
authors: CS
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Vitreoretina, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana.
authors: Jay
authors: J
authors: Chhablani
authors: Department of Retina and Uvea, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh.
authors: Vishali
authors: V
authors: Gupta
authors: Department of Retina, Rajan Eye Care Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors: Manoj
authors: M
authors: Khatri
authors: School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
authors: Jayabalan
authors: J
authors: Nirmal
authors: Department of Medical Retina, Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: Pavesio
authors: Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Department of Medical Retina, Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Ophthalmology, National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors: Rupesh
authors: R
authors: Agrawal
keywords: intravitreal methotrexate; intravitreal steroids; intravitreal therapy; noninfectious uveitis; posterior uveitis