title: Associations between gestational diabetes mellitus and elevated HbA1cearly postpartum in a multi-ethnic population.
abstract: To investigate the prevalence of elevated HbA1c14 weeks postpartum in different ethnic groups and in women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the index pregnancy and to explore demographic and biological factors from early pregnancy associated with elevated HbA1c(HbA1c≥5.7% (≥39mmol/mol)) postpartum.
  
  
  
  From a cohort study in Oslo, Norway, we included 570 pregnant women, examined in gestational week 15, 28, and 14 weeks postpartum. The association between elevated HbA1cand demographic and biological factors were assessed by logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  
  The prevalence of elevated HbA1cpostpartum was 23% in the total population, 15% among Western Europeans and 28% among women with ethnic minority background (p<0.01). In ethnic minorities elevated HbA1cwas found in 39% of women with recent GDM diagnosed by the World Health Organization 2013 criteria and in 21% of women without GDM (p<0.01), compared to 22% and 13% in Western Europeans (p=0.11). We found independent associations between elevated HbA1cand ethnic minority background (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.27, 3.18), and GDM (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.35, 3.10) (p<0.01).
  
  
  
  The prevalence of elevated HbA1cpostpartum was 23%, and significantly higher among women with ethnic minority background irrespective of GDM.
authors: Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: christin.waage@medisin.uio.no.
authors: Christin
authors: C
authors: Waage
authors: Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Anne Karen
authors: AK
authors: Jenum
authors: Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Ibrahimu
authors: I
authors: Mdala
authors: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Jens Petter
authors: JP
authors: Berg
authors: Department for Women's and Children's Health, Norwegian Resource Centre for Women's Health, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Kåre
authors: K
authors: Richardsen
authors: Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors: Kåre
authors: K
authors: Birkeland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008913:Minority Groups; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: Ethnicity; Gestational diabetes mellitus; HbA(1c); Postpartum