title: Evaluation of anti-Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae IgG response in bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus to a commercial pig vaccine.
abstract: Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is the causative agent of erysipeloid in humans and of erysipelas in various animals, including bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus, in which an infection has the potential to cause peracute septicemia and death. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of using an off-label porcine (ER BAC PLUS®, Zoetis) E. rhusiopathiae bactrin in a bottlenose dolphin vaccination program by determining the anti-E. rhusiopathiae antibody levels in vaccinated dolphins over a 10 yr period. Serum samples (n = 88) were analyzed using a modified fluorescent microbead immunoassay from 54 dolphins, including 3 individuals with no history of vaccination and 51 dolphins with an average of 5 vaccinations, 3 of which had previously recovered from a natural E. rhusiopathiae infection. A mean 311-fold increase in the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody index was measured in a subsample of 10 dolphins 14 d after the first booster vaccination. Serum IgG antibody titers were influenced by number of vaccines received (r2 = 0.47, p < 0.05) but not by age, gender, history of natural infection, adverse vaccine reaction, vaccination interval or time since last vaccination. The commercial pig bacterin was deemed effective in generating humoral immunity against E. rhusiopathiae in dolphins. However, since the probability of an adverse reaction toward the vaccine was moderately correlated (p = 0.07, r2 = 0.1) with number of vaccines administered, more research is needed to determine the optimal vaccination interval.
authors: Veterinary Services Department, SeaWorld of San Diego, 500 SeaWorld Drive, San Diego, CA 92109, USA.
authors: Hendrik H
authors: HH
authors: Nollens
authors: Luis G
authors: LG
authors: Giménez-Lirola
authors: Todd R
authors: TR
authors: Robeck
authors: Todd L
authors: TL
authors: Schmitt
authors: Stacy
authors: S
authors: DiRocco
authors: Tanja
authors: T
authors: Opriessnig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood*; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D050681:Bottle-Nosed Dolphin; D004888:Erysipelothrix / Q000276:immunology*; D004889:Erysipelothrix Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G
keywords: Dolphin; Erysipelas; Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae; Prophylaxis; Tursiops truncatus; Vaccine