title: Rhamnella gilgitica Attenuates Inflammatory Responses in LPS-Induced Murine Macrophages and Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis Rats.
abstract: Rhamnella gilgitica Mansf. et Melch, which belongs to the rhamnus family (Rhamnaceae), is traditionally used to treat rheumatism, swelling and pain in China. However, little is known about the pharmacological activities of this plant. The anti-inflammatory activities of the 70% ethanol extract of R. gilgitica (RG) in RAW264.7 macrophages and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritic rats are investigated in this study for the first time. The effects of RG on cell viability were determined by a MTT assay, and the effects of RG on pro-inflammatory mediators were analyzed by ELISA and Western blot. The effects of RG on paw thickness, thymus and spleen index were also examined in CFA-induced arthritic rats. RG suppressed the induction of proinflammatory mediators, including iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase), NO (nitric oxide), COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) and PG (prostaglandin) E2 in LPS stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. RG also inhibited the phosphorylation and degradation of I[Formula: see text]B-[Formula: see text], as well as the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-[Formula: see text]B) p65. In addition, RG treatment significantly reduced the paw thickness in CFA-induced arthritic rats. Oral administration of RG led to a significant decrease of both the thymus and spleen index at a concentration of 100[Formula: see text]mg/mL. Taken together, these findings suggest that RG might be an agent for further development in the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases.
authors: * Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P.R. China.
authors: Shan
authors: S
authors: Huang
authors: * Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P.R. China.
authors: Hai Feng
authors: HF
authors: Liu
authors: † Department of Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, P.R. China.
authors: Xianghua
authors: X
authors: Quan
authors: * Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P.R. China.
authors: Yan
authors: Y
authors: Jin
authors: * Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P.R. China.
authors: Guangshan
authors: G
authors: Xuan
authors: ‡ Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Yanji 133002, P.R. China.
authors: Ren-Bo
authors: RB
authors: An
authors: § Tibetan Traditional Medical College, Lhasa 850000, P.R. China.
authors: Tsering
authors: T
authors: Dikye
authors: * Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P.R. China.
authors: Bin
authors: B
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant / Q000276:immunology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D031955:Rhamnus / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2
keywords: Arthritic Rats; Cyclooxygenase-2; Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nuclear Factor Kappa B; Rhamnella gilgitica