title: Dengue Outbreak in Mombasa City, Kenya, 2013-2014: Entomologic Investigations.
abstract: Dengue outbreaks were first reported in East Africa in the late 1970s to early 1980s including the 1982 outbreak on the Kenyan coast. In 2011, dengue outbreaks occurred in Mandera in northern Kenya and subsequently in Mombasa city along the Kenyan coast in 2013-2014. Following laboratory confirmation of dengue fever cases, an entomologic investigation was conducted to establish the mosquito species, and densities, causing the outbreak. Affected parts of the city were identified with the help of public health officials. Adult Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were collected using various tools, processed and screened for dengue virus (DENV) by cell culture and RT-PCR. All containers in every accessible house and compound within affected suburbs were inspected for immatures. A total of 2,065 Ae. aegypti adults were collected and 192 houses and 1,676 containers inspected. An overall house index of 22%, container index, 31.0% (indoor = 19; outdoor = 43) and Breteau index, 270.1, were observed, suggesting that the risk of dengue transmission was high. Overall, jerry cans were the most productive containers (18%), followed by drums (17%), buckets (16%), tires (14%) and tanks (10%). However, each site had specific most-productive container-types such as tanks (17%) in Kizingo; Drums in Nyali (30%) and Changamwe (33%), plastic basins (35%) in Nyali-B and plastic buckets (81%) in Ganjoni. We recommend that for effective control of the dengue vector in Mombasa city, all container types would be targeted. Measures would include proper covering of water storage containers and eliminating discarded containers outdoors through a public participatory environmental clean-up exercise. Providing reliable piped water to all households would minimize the need for water storage and reduce aquatic habitats. Isolation of DENV from male Ae. aegypti mosquitoes is a first observation in Kenya and provides further evidence that transovarial transmission may have a role in DENV circulation and/or maintenance in the environment.
authors: Arbovirus/Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Laboratory, Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya.|United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Joel
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8507-2024
authors: J
authors: Lutomiah
authors: Entomology and Ecology Activity, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Barrera
authors: United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Albina
authors: A
authors: Makio
authors: United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Mutisya
authors: United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Hellen
authors: H
authors: Koka
authors: United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Samuel
authors: S
authors: Owaka
authors: United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Edith
authors: E
authors: Koskei
authors: United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Albert
authors: A
authors: Nyunja
authors: United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Fredrick
authors: F
authors: Eyase
authors: United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Rodney
authors: R
authors: Coldren
authors: Arbovirus/Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Laboratory, Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya.|United States Army Medical Research Directorate-Kenya (USAMRD-K), Nairobi, Kenya.
authors: Rosemary
authors: R
authors: Sang
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology; D000818:Animals; D002947:Cities; D003715:Dengue / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D003716:Dengue Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male