title: The effects of skin and core tissue cooling on oxygenation of the vastus lateralis muscle during walking and running.
abstract: Skin and core tissue cooling modulates skeletal muscle oxygenation at rest. Whether tissue cooling also influences the skeletal muscle deoxygenation response during exercise is unclear. We evaluated the effects of skin and core tissue cooling on skeletal muscle blood volume and deoxygenation during sustained walking and running. Eleven male participants walked or ran six times on a treadmill for 60 min in ambient temperatures of 22°C (Neutral), 0°C for skin cooling (Cold 1), and at 0°C following a core and skin cooling protocol (Cold 2). Difference between oxy/deoxygenated haemoglobin ([diffHb]: deoxygenation index) and total haemoglobin content ([tHb]: total blood volume) in the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle was measured continuously. During walking, lower [tHb] was observed at 1 min in Cold 1 and Cold 2 vs. Neutral (P˂0.05). Lower [diffHb] was seen at 1 and 10 min in Cold 2 vs. Neutral by 13.5 ± 1.2 µM and 15.3 ± 1.4 µM and Cold 1 by 10.4 ± 3.1 µM and 11.1 ± 4.1 µM, respectively (P˂0.05). During running, [tHb] was lower in Cold 2 vs. Neutral at 10 min only (P = 0.004). [diffHb] was lower at 1 min in Cold 2 by 11.3 ± 3.1 µM compared to Neutral and by 13.5 ± 2.8 µM compared to Cold 1 (P˂0.001). Core tissue cooling, prior to exercise, induced greater deoxygenation of the VL muscle during the early stages of exercise, irrespective of changes in blood volume. Skin cooling alone, however, did not influence deoxygenation of the VL during exercise.
authors: a School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health , Laurentian University , Sudbury , Canada.|b Center for Research in Occupational Safety and Health , Laurentian University , Sudbury , Canada.|c Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology and Biocenter of Oulu , University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland.
authors: Dominique D
authors: DD
authors: Gagnon
authors: d Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine , Clinicum, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.|e Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine , Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine , Helsinki , Finland.
authors: Juha E
authors: JE
authors: Peltonen
authors: c Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology and Biocenter of Oulu , University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland.|f Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Oulu , Finland.
authors: Hannu
authors: H
authors: Rintamäki
authors: g Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences , University of Western Ontario , Ontario , Canada.
authors: Sheila S
authors: SS
authors: Gagnon
authors: c Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Physiology and Biocenter of Oulu , University of Oulu , Oulu , Finland.|h Medical Research Center Oulu and Oulu University Hospital , Oulu , Finland.|i Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland.
authors: Karl-Heinz
authors: KH
authors: Herzig
authors: j Department of Biology of Physical Activity , University of Jyväskylä , Jyväskylä , Finland.
authors: Heikki
authors: H
authors: Kyröläinen
mesh_terms: D001810:Blood Volume; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D012881:Skin Temperature; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; C100003:deoxyhemoglobin
keywords: Thermal responses; exercise; haemoglobin; near-infrared spectroscopy