title: Classification and Characteristics of Pain Associated with Parkinson's Disease.
abstract: Neuropsychiatric symptoms and pain are among the most common nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). The correlation between pain and PD has been recognized since its classic descriptions. Pain occurs in about 60% of PD patients, two to three times more frequent in this population than in age matched healthy individuals. It is an early and potentially disabling symptom that can precede motor symptoms by several years. The lower back and lower extremities are the most commonly affected areas. The most used classification for pain in PD defines musculoskeletal, dystonic, central, or neuropathic/radicular forms. Its different clinical characteristics, variable relationship with motor symptoms, and inconsistent response to dopaminergic drugs suggest that the mechanism underlying pain in PD is complex and multifaceted, involving the peripheral nervous system, generation and amplification of pain by motor symptoms, and neurodegeneration of areas related to pain modulation. Although pain in DP is common and a significant source of disability, its clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, classification, and management remain to be defined.
authors: Neurology Service, Hospital Universitário, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil.
authors: Marcelo Rezende
authors: MR
authors: Young Blood
authors: Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil.
authors: Marcelo Machado
authors: 0000-0003-2939-072X
authors: MM
authors: Ferro
authors: Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors: Renato Puppi
authors: RP
authors: Munhoz
authors: Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors: Hélio Afonso Ghizoni
authors: 0000-0003-2305-1073
authors: HA
authors: Teive
authors: Neurology Service, Hospital Universitário, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil.
authors: Carlos Henrique Ferreira
authors: 0000-0002-3533-0347
authors: CH
authors: Camargo