title: Atheroprotective effects of pure tocotrienol supplementation in the treatment of rabbits with experimentally induced early and established atherosclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atherosclerosis is the main cause of coronary artery disease -related deaths worldwide. The atheroprotective properties of pure tocotrienols (T3) in the absence of alpha-tocopherol (α-TCP) in vitamin E has not been extensively examined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the atheroprotective properties of T3 in early and established atherosclerosis rabbits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty New Zealand white rabbits were divided into two groups, B1 and B2 which represent early [fed 1% high cholesterol diet (HCD) for 2 weeks] and established (fed 1% HCD for 8 weeks) atherosclerosis. Each group was subdivided into three intervention arms: 1) T3-4 mg/kg, 2) T3-15 mg/kg and 3) vehicle without T3 (T3 negative) for 8 weeks. Serial fasting blood samples were obtained for lipid profile, and whole lengths of aorta were used to determine tissue markers of endothelial activation, inflammation and plaque stability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In B1, atherosclerotic lesion in T3-4 mg/kg group was significantly reduced (p=0.008), while aortic tissue expression of vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-12) was reduced in T3-4 mg/kg compared to T3-negative rabbits group (0.2±0.1 vs. 28.5±3.1%; 3.0±1.6 vs. 14.0±1.7%; and 5.2±2.2 vs. 27.7±0.8%, respectively,p<0.05). T3-15 mg/kg group showed reduction in VCAM-1, E-selectin, IL-6 and MMP-12 (3.9±1.9 vs. 28.5±3.1%; 10.3±0.5 vs. 59.8±8.5%; 2.6±1.7 vs. 14.0±1.7%; and 16.2±3.2 vs. 27.7 0.8%, respectively,p<0.05). In B2, T3-4 mg/kg group reduced aortic tissue expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, IL-6, MMP-12 and MMP-9 compared to T3-negative rabbits group (29.9±2.4 vs. 55.3±1.3%; 26.7±1.5 vs. 60.5±7.6%; 15.7±0.7 vs. 27.7±4.8%; 34.8±2.7 vs. 46.5±3.4%; and 25.89±3.9 vs. 45.9±1.7%, respectively,p<0.05). T3-15 mg/kg group showed reduced VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, IL-6, MMP-12 and MMP-9 (20.5±3.3 vs. 35.6±2.5%; 24.9±1.3 vs. 55.3±1.3%; 29.9±6.7 vs. 60.5±7.6; 11.3±2.2 vs. 27.7±4.8%; 23.0±1.7 vs. 46.5±3.4%; and 17.6±1.9 vs. 45.9±1.7%, respectively,p<0.05.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest the possible atheroprotective role T3 plays as an adjunct supplementation to standard treatment in the prevention of CAD.
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia.|Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors: Thuhairah Abdul
authors: TA
authors: Rahman
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors: Noor Faezah
authors: NF
authors: Hassim
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors: Nurmazni
authors: N
authors: Zulkafli
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors: Suhaila
authors: S
authors: Muid
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors: Noor Kaslina
authors: NK
authors: Kornain
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia.|Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia; hapizah.nawawi@gmail.com.
authors: Hapizah
authors: H
authors: Nawawi
keywords: atherosclerosis; delta tocotrienol; gamma tocotrienol; hypercholesteroleamic rabbits; tissue biomarker