title: Combined effects of low levels of palmitate on toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles to THP-1 macrophages.
abstract: We have recently proposed that the interaction between food components and nanoparticles (NPs) should be considered when evaluating the toxicity of NPs. In the present study, we used THP-1 differentiated macrophages as a model for immune cells and investigated the combined toxicity of low levels of palmitate (PA; 10 or 50μM) and ZnO NPs. The results showed that PA especially at 50μM changed the size, Zeta potential and UV-vis spectra of ZnO NPs, indicating a possible coating effect. Up to 32μg/mL ZnO NPs did not significantly affect mitochondrial activity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) or release of interleukin 6 (IL-6), but significantly impaired lysosomal function as assessed by neutral red uptake assay and acridine orange staining. The presence of 50μM PA, but not 10μM PA, further promoted the toxic effects of ZnO NPs to lysosomes but did not significantly affect other endpoints. In addition, ZnO NPs dose-dependently increased intracellular Zn ions in THP-1 macrophages, which was not significantly affected by PA. Taken together, the results of the present study showed a combined toxicity of low levels of PA and ZnO NPs especially to lysosomes in THP-1 macrophages.
authors: Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China.
authors: Qin
authors: Q
authors: Jiang
authors: Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China.
authors: Xiyue
authors: X
authors: Li
authors: Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China.
authors: Shanshan
authors: S
authors: Cheng
authors: Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China.
authors: Yuxiu
authors: Y
authors: Gu
authors: Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China.
authors: Gui
authors: G
authors: Chen
authors: Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China.
authors: Yuexin
authors: Y
authors: Shen
authors: Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China.
authors: Yixi
authors: Y
authors: Xie
authors: Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China. Electronic address: caoyi39@xtu.edu.cn.
authors: Yi
authors: Y
authors: Cao
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010168:Palmitates / Q000633:toxicity*; D010316:Particle Size; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013499:Surface Properties; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D010168:Palmitates; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: Combined toxicity; Palmitate (PA); THP-1 macrophages; ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs)