title: Do rats have orgasms?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although humans experience orgasms with a degree of statistical regularity, they remain among the most enigmatic of sexual responses; difficult to define and even more difficult to study empirically. The question of whether animals experience orgasms is hampered by similar lack of definition and the additional necessity of making inferences from behavioral responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we define three behavioral criteria, based on dimensions of the subjective experience of human orgasms described by Mah and Binik, to infer orgasm-like responses (OLRs) in other species: 1) physiological criteria that include pelvic floor and anal muscle contractions that stimulate seminal emission and/or ejaculation in the male, or that stimulate uterine and cervical contractions in the female; 2) short-term behavioral changes that reflect immediate awareness of a pleasurable hedonic reward state during copulation; and 3) long-term behavioral changes that depend on the reward state induced by the OLR, including sexual satiety, the strengthening of patterns of sexual arousal and desire in subsequent copulations, and the generation of conditioned place and partner preferences for contextual and partner-related cues associated with the reward state. We then examine whether physiological and behavioral data from observations of male and female rats during copulation, and in sexually-conditioned place- and partner-preference paradigms, are consistent with these criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both male and female rats display behavioral patterns consistent with OLRs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ability to infer OLRs in rats offers new possibilities to study the phenomenon in neurobiological and molecular detail, and to provide both comparative and translational perspectives that would be useful for both basic and clinical research.
authors: Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada; jim.pfaus@concordia.ca.
authors: James G
authors: JG
authors: Pfaus
authors: Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
authors: Tina
authors: T
authors: Scardochio
authors: Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada.|Laboratory for the Biopsychosocial Study of Sexuality, Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.|Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
authors: Mayte
authors: M
authors: Parada
authors: Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Gerson
authors: Department of Psychology, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
authors: Gonzalo R
authors: GR
authors: Quintana
authors: Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, VER, México.
authors: Genaro A
authors: GA
authors: Coria-Avila
keywords: animals; conditioned preference; dopamine; female; genitosensory; male; opioids; pleasure; sex; ultrasonic vocalizations