title: Mutations in two pollen self-incompatibility factors in geographically marginal populations of Solanum habrochaites impact mating system transitions and reproductive isolation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Self-incompatibility (SI) is a mechanism that prevents inbreeding in many plant species. The mutational breakdown of SI occurs frequently, yet relatively little is known about the evolutionary steps involved in the progressive loss of pistil and pollen SI function.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Solanaceae, SI is the S-RNase-based gametophytic type. We used SI and SC populations of the wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites to study natural variation for two pollen SI factors: a Cullin1 (CUL1) protein and an S-locus F-box protein (SLF-23). Pollen compatibility was assessed on an allotriploid tester line encoding an S-RNase recognized by SLF-23. Both pollen factors are required for compatibility on this tester line. Complementation tests and gene sequencing were used to identify mutations in CUL1 or SLF-23.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We detected loss-of-function mutations in CUL1 and/or SLF-23 in SC populations collected near the northern and southern geographic margins of this taxon's natural range. Nonmarginal SC and all SI accessions expressed mostly functional alleles of these pollen factors. Comparison of the CUL1 sequences identified several shared deletion mutations present in both northern and southern margin SC accessions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Loss-of-function mutations in CUL1 and SLF-23 likely became fixed relatively late during SI to SC transitions, after loss of pistil SI function. Mutations in CUL1 establish unilateral incompatibility with SI populations and strengthen reproductive isolation. Point mutations common to northern and southern SC biotypes likely derive from shared ancestral variants found in more central SI populations.
authors: C.M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center, Department of Plant Sciences (ms 3), University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA.
authors: Dragomira N
authors: DN
authors: Markova
authors: C.M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center, Department of Plant Sciences (ms 3), University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA.
authors: Jennifer J
authors: JJ
authors: Petersen
authors: C.M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center, Department of Plant Sciences (ms 3), University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA.
authors: Xiaoqiong
authors: X
authors: Qin
authors: C.M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center, Department of Plant Sciences (ms 3), University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA.
authors: Daniel R
authors: DR
authors: Short
authors: C.M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center, Department of Plant Sciences (ms 3), University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA.
authors: Matthew J
authors: MJ
authors: Valle
authors: Department of Biochemistry, 117 Schweitzer Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA.
authors: Alejandro
authors: A
authors: Tovar-Méndez
authors: Department of Biochemistry, 117 Schweitzer Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 USA.
authors: Bruce A
authors: BA
authors: McClure
authors: C.M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center, Department of Plant Sciences (ms 3), University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616 USA trchetelat@ucdavis.edu.
authors: Roger T
authors: RT
authors: Chetelat
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D044842:Cullin Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D010802:Phylogeny; D063148:Plant Dispersal; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D060047:Reproductive Isolation; D060436:Self-Incompatibility in Flowering Plants; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D032322:Solanum / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C100318:Cullin 1; D044842:Cullin Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D010940:Plant Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger
keywords: Cullin1; S-RNase; S-locus F-box protein; Solanaceae; Solanum; gametophytic self-incompatibility; mating system transitions; reproductive isolation; tomato; unilateral incompatibility