title: The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 as a Screening Tool for Depression in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Maastricht Study.
abstract: To assess the psychometric properties and identify the best cutoff value of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression screening in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  
  
  
  Observational population-based cohort study.
  
  
  
  The Maastricht Study.
  
  
  
  Individuals with and without T2DM (mean age 58.6 ± 8.1, 44.6% male) according to an oral glucose tolerance test (N = 2,997).
  
  
  
  Depressive disorder and depressive symptoms were measured using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) as the reference and the PHQ-9. Cronbach alpha, Cohen's kappa and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were used. Differences in factorial structure between participants with and without T2DM were tested using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis.
  
  
  
  Based on the traditional PHQ-9 cutoff value, 133 (4.4%) participants had depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 score ≥10). Internal consistency of the PHQ-9 was good (Cronbach α = 0.87 with T2DM, 0.82 without T2DM), the kappa of agreement between the PHQ-9 and the MINI was moderate (0.40 with T2DM, 0.43 without T2DM). Area under the ROC curve for the PHQ-9 was 0.87 in participants with T2DM and 0.88 in those without. A PHQ-9 cutoff score of 5 provided the best sensitivity (92.3%), with acceptable specificity (70.4%), for T2DM, similar to sensitivity and specificity in individuals without T2DM. Factor analysis suggested a similar two-factor structure in both groups (affective and somatic symptoms).
  
  
  
  Patient Health Questionnaire-9 performs well as a screening tool for depressive symptoms in individuals with and without T2DM based on the cutoff value of 5, indicating that the PHQ-9 can be used in two-stage screening in primary care to select individuals with T2DM for further psychological evaluation.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.|Mondriaan Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Heerlen, the Netherlands.
authors: Eveline P C J
authors: EP
authors: Janssen
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.|MHeNs School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors: Sebastian
authors: S
authors: Köhler
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.|Cardiovasculair Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors: Coen D A
authors: CD
authors: Stehouwer
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.|Cardiovasculair Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.|CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors: Nicolaas C
authors: NC
authors: Schaper
authors: Cardiovasculair Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.|CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors: Pieter C
authors: PC
authors: Dagnelie
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.|Cardiovasculair Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors: Simone J S
authors: SJ
authors: Sep
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.|Cardiovasculair Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors: Ronald M A
authors: RM
authors: Henry
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.|Cardiovasculair Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors: Carla J H
authors: CJ
authors: van der Kallen
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.|MHeNs School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors: Frans R
authors: FR
authors: Verhey
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.|Cardiovasculair Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors: Miranda T
authors: MT
authors: Schram
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D011594:Psychometrics; D012372:ROC Curve; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview; Patient Health Questionnaire-9; depressive disorder; diabetes mellitus type 2; screening