title: [Which psychoactives substances are found in used syringes?]
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to analyze the residual content of used syringes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Used syringes were collected in March 2014 at 9 sites in Marseille (automatic injection kit dispensers, streets, drug-user risk reduction centers [Centres d'accueil et d'accompagnement à la réduction de risques pour usagers de drogues [CAARUD]). Several substances (n=28) were investigated using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, 2±1 substances in each syringe were found among 254 syringes analyzed. The most detected substances were cocaine, buprenorphine, methylphenidate and cathinones (in 57 %, 56 %, 39 % and 19 % of the syringes respectively). Heroin and morphine were found in 10 % of the syringes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study helps define the main substances consumed by injection drugs users. It highlighted differencies in used substances according to neighborhood and site of collection and thus help to adjust prevention and harm reduction strategies.
authors: UMR 7289, institut des neurosciences Timone, service de pharmacologie clinique et pharmacovigilance, CEIP-addictovigilance PACA-Corse, CHU Timone, AP-HM, Aix-Marseille université-CNRS, secteur PiiCi, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France.
authors: Sandra
authors: S
authors: Nordmann
authors: Laboratoire de Santé publique - Environnement, UMR 8079, université Paris Sud, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Nefau
authors: UMR 7289, institut des neurosciences Timone, service de pharmacologie clinique et pharmacovigilance, CEIP-addictovigilance PACA-Corse, CHU Timone, AP-HM, Aix-Marseille université-CNRS, secteur PiiCi, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France.
authors: Joëlle
authors: J
authors: Micallef
authors: Association SAFE, 75015 Paris, France.
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Duplessy
authors: Centre d'accueil et d'accompagnement et de réduction des risques pour les usagers de drogues Sleep'in, groupe PSA/SOS, 13001 Marseille, France.
authors: Jean-Christophe
authors: JC
authors: Catusse
authors: UMR 7289, institut des neurosciences Timone, service de pharmacologie clinique et pharmacovigilance, CEIP-addictovigilance PACA-Corse, CHU Timone, AP-HM, Aix-Marseille université-CNRS, secteur PiiCi, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France. Electronic address: elisabeth.frauger@ap-hm.fr.
authors: Elisabeth
authors: E
authors: Frauger
keywords: Abus; Abuse; Injection drugs users; Pharmacoepidemiology; Pharmacoépidémiologie; Usagers de drogues par injection