title: Idiopathic and normal lateral lumbar curves: muscle effects interpreted by 12th rib length asymmetry with pathomechanic implications for lumbar idiopathic scoliosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The historical view of scoliosis as a primary rotation deformity led to debate about the pathomechanic role of paravertebral muscles; particularly multifidus, thought by some to be scoliogenic, counteracting, uncertain, or unimportant. Here, we address lateral lumbar curves (LLC) and suggest a pathomechanic role for quadrates lumborum, (QL) in the light of a new finding, namely of 12th rib bilateral length asymmetry associated with idiopathic and small non-scoliosis LLC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Group 1: The postero-anterior spinal radiographs of 14 children (girls 9, boys 5) aged 9-18, median age 13 years, with right lumbar idiopathic scoliosis (IS) and right LLC less that 10°, were studied. The mean Cobb angle was 12° (range 5-22°). Group 2: In 28 children (girls 17, boys 11) with straight spines, postero-anterior spinal radiographs were evaluated similarly to the children with the LLC, aged 8-17, median age 13 years. The ratio of the right/left 12th rib lengths and it's reliability was calculated. The difference of the ratio between the two groups was tested; and the correlation between the ratio and the Cobb angle estimated. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS package.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ratio's reliability study showed intra-observer +/-0,036 and the inter-observer error +/-0,042 respectively in terms of 95 % confidence limit of the error of measurements. The 12th rib was longer on the side of the curve convexity in 12 children with LLC and equal in two patients with lumbar scoliosis. The 12th rib ratios of the children with lumbar curve were statistically significantly greater than in those with straight spines. The correlation of the 12th rib ratio with Cobb angle was statistically significant. The 12th thoracic vertebrae show no axial rotation (or minimal) in the LLC and no rotation in the straight spine group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is not possible, at present, to determine whether the 12th convex rib lengthening is congenitally lengthened, induced mechanically, or both. Several small muscles are attached to the 12th ribs. We focus attention here on the largest of these muscles namely, QL. It has attachments to the pelvis, 12th ribs and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae as origins and as insertions. Given increased muscle activity on the lumbar curve convexity and similar to the interpretations of earlier workers outlined above, we suggest two hypotheses, relatively increased activity of the right QL muscle causes the LLCs (first hypothesis); or counteracts the lumbar curvature as part of the body's attempt to compensate for the curvature (second hypothesis). These hypotheses may be tested by electrical stimulation studies of QL muscles in subjects with lumbar IS by revealing respectively curve worsening or correction. We suggest that one mechanism leading to relatively increased length of the right 12 ribs is mechanotransduction in accordance with Wolff's and Pauwels Laws.
authors: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, "Tzaneio" General Hospital, Tzani and Afendouli 1, Piraeus, 18536 Greece.
authors: Theodoros B
authors: TB
authors: Grivas
authors: Centre for Spinal Studies and Surgery, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen's Medical Centre Campus, Nottingham, UK.
authors: R Geoffrey
authors: RG
authors: Burwell
authors: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, "Tzaneio" General Hospital, Tzani and Afendouli 1, Piraeus, 18536 Greece.
authors: Vasileios
authors: V
authors: Kechagias
authors: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, "Tzaneio" General Hospital, Tzani and Afendouli 1, Piraeus, 18536 Greece.
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Mazioti
authors: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, "Tzaneio" General Hospital, Tzani and Afendouli 1, Piraeus, 18536 Greece.
authors: Apostolos
authors: A
authors: Fountas
authors: Department of Radiology, "Tzaneio" General Hospital, Tzani and Afendouli 1 st, Piraeus, 18536 Greece.
authors: Dimitra
authors: D
authors: Kolovou
authors: Asklepios Klinik Lindenlohe, Schwandorf, Germany.
authors: Evangelos
authors: E
authors: Christodoulou