title: Volume-outcome relationship in penile cancer treatment: a population based patterns of care and outcomes study from Australia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the patterns of care of penile cancer diagnosed in the state of New South Wales (NSW) over a 10 year period and determine factors that are associated with differences in survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  All invasive penile cancer diagnosed between 2001 and 2009 in NSW, Australia, were identified from the Central Cancer Registry. Records of treatment from the Admitted Patient Data Collection and deaths from the Registry of Births Deaths and Marriages were electronically linked. Predictors of receiving an inguinal lymph node dissection (ILND) were analysed using multivariable logistic regression. Survival analyses were performed with Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 220 men were diagnosed with penile cancer over the 10 years from 69 centres. The median number of penile operations performed over 10 years was <4. Radical penile surgery (partial or total penectomy) was performed in 70% of the cases and the proportion of patients receiving radical surgery increased over time (P = 0.015). Only 53/220 men with invasive penile cancer received an ILND. Younger age and higher stage were the only factors that predicted whether ILND was performed. Overall survival (OS) was predicted by age, stage, marital status and co-morbidity status. Low centre volume decreased OS by 37% (HR 0.63 [95% CI: 0.40-0.97]). For men who received ILND, low centre volume decreased OS by 60% (HR 0.40 [95% CI: 0.19-0.85]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a decreasing trend for the use of conservative penile surgery and median centre volumes for penile cancer surgery in NSW are low. A decrease in overall survival is observed in men treated in lower volume surgery centres.
authors: Discipline of Surgery, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. mpatel@med.usyd.edu.au.|Department of Urology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia. mpatel@med.usyd.edu.au.
authors: Manish I
authors: MI
authors: Patel
authors: Department of Urology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia.
authors: Yuigi
authors: Y
authors: Yuminaga
authors: Cancer Research Division, NSW Cancer Council, Sydney, Australia.
authors: Albert
authors: A
authors: Bang
authors: University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery/Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Austin Health and Department of Surgical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors: Nathan
authors: N
authors: Lawrentschuk
authors: Department of Urology, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, Australia.
authors: Timothy
authors: T
authors: Skyring
authors: Cancer Research Division, NSW Cancer Council, Sydney, Australia.|Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.|Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
authors: David P
authors: DP
authors: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D010412:Penile Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: centre volume; conservative surgery; inguinal lymph node dissection; penile cancer; survival