title: Differences in Abundances of Total Vibrio spp., V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus in Clams and Oysters in North Carolina.
abstract: Filter feeding shellfish can concentrate pathogenic bacteria, including Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, as much as 100-fold from the overlying water. These shellfish, especially clams and oysters, are often consumed raw, providing a route of entry for concentrated doses of pathogenic bacteria into the human body. The numbers of foodborne infections with these microbes are increasing, and a better understanding of the conditions that might trigger elevated concentrations of these bacteria in seafood is needed. In addition, if bacterial concentrations in water are correlated with those in shellfish, then sampling regimens could be simplified, as water samples can be more rapidly and easily obtained. After sampling of oysters and clams, either simultaneously or separately, for over 2 years, it was concluded that while Vibrio concentrations in oysters and water were related, this was not the case for levels in clams and water. When clams and oysters were collected simultaneously from the same site, the clams were found to have lower Vibrio levels than the oysters. Furthermore, the environmental parameters that were correlated with levels of Vibrio spp. in oysters and water were found to be quite different from those that were correlated with levels of Vibrio spp. in clams.
  
  
  
  This study shows that clams are a potential source of infection in North Carolina, especially for V. parahaemolyticus These findings also highlight the need for clam-specific environmental research to develop accurate Vibrio abundance models and to broaden the ecological understanding of clam-Vibrio interactions. This is especially relevant as foodborne Vibrio infections from clams are being reported.
authors: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, North Carolina, USA bafroeli@unc.edu.
authors: B A
authors: BA
authors: Froelich
authors: The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Phippen
authors: North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, North Carolina, USA.
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Fowler
authors: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, North Carolina, USA.
authors: R T
authors: RT
authors: Noble
authors: The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA.
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: Oliver
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000382:microbiology*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D009657:North Carolina; D010125:Ostreidae / Q000382:microbiology*; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*; D012758:Shellfish / Q000382:microbiology*; D014733:Vibrio / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014736:Vibrio parahaemolyticus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D041261:Vibrio vulnificus / Q000302:isolation & purification
keywords: Vibrio; clams; ecology; food; oysters; shellfish