title: Maternal environmental risk factors for congenital hydrocephalus: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE Congenital hydrocephalus (CH) is one of the most frequent CNS congenital malformations, representing an entity with serious pathological consequences. Although several studies have previously assessed child-related risk factors associated with CH development, there is a gap of knowledge on maternal environmental risk factors related to CH. The authors have systematically assessed extrinsic factors in the maternal environment that potentially confer an increased risk of CH development. METHODS The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE were systematically searched for works published between 1966 and December 2015 to identify all relevant articles published in English. Only studies that investigated environmental risk factors concerning the mother-either during gestation or pregestationally-were included. RESULTS In total, 13 studies (5 cohorts, 3 case series, 3 case-control studies, 1 meta-analysis, and 1 case report) meeting the inclusion criteria were identified. Maternal medication or alcohol use during gestation; lifestyle modifiable maternal pathologies such as obesity, diabetes, or hypertension; lack of prenatal care; and a low socioeconomic status were identified as significant maternal environmental risk factors for CH development. Maternal infections and trauma to the mother during pregnancy have also been highlighted as potential mother-related risk factors for CH. CONCLUSIONS Congenital hydrocephalus is an important cause of serious infant health disability that can lead to health inequalities among adults. The present study identified several maternal environmental risk factors for CH, thus yielding important scientific information relevant to prevention of some CH cases. However, further research is warranted to confirm the impact of the identified factors and examine their underlying behavioral and/or biological basis, leading to the generation of suitable prevention strategies.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens.
authors: Aristotelis V
authors: AV
authors: Kalyvas
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens.
authors: Theodosis
authors: T
authors: Kalamatianos
authors: Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Ioannina "G. Hatzikosta"; and.
authors: Mantha
authors: M
authors: Pantazi
authors: Departments of 3 Surgery, and.
authors: Georgios D
authors: GD
authors: Lianos
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens.
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Stranjalis
authors: Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Ioannina, Greece.
authors: George A
authors: GA
authors: Alexiou
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: CH = congenital hydrocephalus; CMV = cytomegalovirus; EV71 = enterovirus 71; LCM = lymphocytic choriomeningitis; PPI = proton pump inhibitor; PRISMA = Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses; RR = relative risk; SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; TBI = traumatic brain injury; congenital hydrocephalus; diabetes; maternal drug use; maternal hypertension; preeclampsia; risk factors