title: Impact of Expanding ELISA Screening in DUID Investigations to Include Carisoprodol/Meprobamate and Zolpidem.
abstract: In 2013, the National Safety Council's Alcohol Drugs and Impairment Division added zolpidem and carisoprodol and its metabolite meprobamate to the list of Tier 1 drugs that should be tested for in all suspected drug impaired driving and motor vehicle fatality investigations. We describe the validation of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for both drugs in whole blood, and the utilization of the ELISA to assess their positivity in a sample of 322 suspected impaired driving cases that was retrospectively screened using the validated assays. The occurrence of carisoprodol/meprobamate was found to be 1.2%, and for zolpidem, 1.6%. In addition, we analyzed a large dataset (n = 1,672) of Driving Under the Influence of Drugs (DUID) test results from a laboratory performing high volume DUID testing to assess the frequency of detection of both drugs after implementing the expanded NSC scope. Carisoprodol or meprobamate were found positive in 5.9% (n = 99) of these samples, while zolpidem was found positive in 5.3% (n = 89) in drivers who in many cases had been found to be negative for other drugs. Carisoprodol and zolpidem are both potent CNS depressants and are appropriate additions to the recommended NSC scope of testing.
authors: Arcadia University, Department of Chemistry, 450 S. Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038, USA.|Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 1990, USA.
authors: Aileen
authors: A
authors: Lu
authors: Arcadia University, Department of Chemistry, 450 S. Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038, USA.|Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 1990, USA.
authors: Karen S
authors: KS
authors: Scott
authors: NMS Labs, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.
authors: Aya
authors: A
authors: Chan-Hosokawa
authors: Arcadia University, Department of Chemistry, 450 S. Easton Road, Glenside, PA 19038, USA.|Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, 2300 Stratford Avenue, Willow Grove, PA 1990, USA.|NMS Labs, 3701 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.
authors: Barry K
authors: BK
authors: Logan
mesh_terms: D001334:Automobile Driving; D002328:Carisoprodol / Q000097:blood*; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000097:blood*; D000066448:Driving Under the Influence / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D033161:Government Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008620:Meprobamate / Q000097:blood*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000097:blood*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States; D000077334:Zolpidem
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D011725:Pyridines; D002328:Carisoprodol; D000077334:Zolpidem; D008620:Meprobamate