title: Trans-generational influences of sulfamethoxazole on lifespan, reproduction and population growth of Caenorhabditis elegans.
abstract: Trans-generational effects are increasingly used to indicate long-term influences of environmental pollutants. However, such studies can be complex and yield inconclusive results. In this study, the trans-generational effects of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) on Caenorhabditis elegans on lifespan, reproduction and population growth were tested for 7 consecutive generations, which included gestating generation (F0), embryo-exposed generation (F1), germline-exposed generation (F2), the first non-exposed generation (F3) and the three following generations (F4-F6). Results showed that lifespan was significantly affected by embryo exposure (F1) at 400µm SMX with a value as low as 47% of the control. The reproduction (a total brood size as 49% of the control) and population growth (81% of the control) were significantly affected in germline exposure (F2). Lifespan and reproduction were severely inhibited in non-exposed generations, confirming the real trans-generational effects. Notably, initial reproduction and reproduction duration showed opposite generation-related changes, indicating their interplay in the overall brood size. The population growth rate was well correlated with median lethal time, brood size and initial reproduction, which indicated that the population would increase when the nematodes lived longer and reproduced more offspring within shorter duration.
authors: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
authors: Zhenyang
authors: Z
authors: Yu
authors: College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, PR China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ulsan, Nam Gu, Ulsan 680-748, South Korea.
authors: Guohua
authors: G
authors: Sun
authors: College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, PR China; School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science at Collage of Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
authors: Yanjun
authors: Y
authors: Liu
authors: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
authors: Daqiang
authors: D
authors: Yin
authors: Ecological Technique and Engineering College, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, PR China. Electronic address: zhjshy@163.com.
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D008136:Longevity / Q000187:drug effects*; D011158:Population Growth; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole
keywords: Caenorhabditis elegans; Lifespan; Population growth; Reproduction; Sulfamethoxazole; Trans-generational effect