title: Diversity of spoilage fungi associated with various French dairy products.
abstract: Yeasts and molds are responsible for dairy product spoilage, resulting in significant food waste and economic losses. Yet, few studies have investigated the diversity of spoilage fungi encountered in dairy products. In the present study, 175 isolates corresponding to 105 from various spoiled dairy products and 70 originating from dairy production environments, were identified using sequencing of the ITS region, the partial β-tubulin, calmodulin and/or EFα genes, and the D1-D2 domain of the 26S rRNA gene for filamentous fungi and yeasts, respectively. Among the 41 species found in spoiled products, Penicillium commune and Penicillium bialowiezense were the most common filamentous fungi, representing around 10% each of total isolates while Meyerozyma guilliermondii and Trichosporon asahii were the most common yeasts (4.8% each of total isolates). Several species (e.g. Penicillium antarcticum, Penicillium salamii and Cladosporium phyllophilum) were identified for the first time in dairy products or their environment. In addition, numerous species were identified in both spoiled products and their corresponding dairy production environment suggesting that the latter acts as a primary source of contamination. Secondly, the resistance to chemical preservatives (sodium benzoate, calcium propionate, potassium sorbate and natamycin) of 10 fungal isolates representative of the observed biodiversity was also evaluated. Independently of the fungal species, natamycin had the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (expressed in gram of preservative/l), followed by potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate and calcium propionate. In the tested conditions, Cladosporium halotolerans and Didymella pinodella were the most sensitive fungi while Yarrowia lipolytica and Candida parapsilosis were the most resistant towards the tested preservatives. This study provides interesting information on the occurrence of fungal contaminants in dairy products and environments that may help developing adequate strategies for fungal spoilage control.
authors: Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France; STLO, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, 35000 Rennes, France. Electronic address: lucille.garnier@univ-brest.fr.
authors: Lucille
authors: L
authors: Garnier
authors: STLO, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, 35000 Rennes, France. Electronic address: florence.valence@inra.fr.
authors: Florence
authors: F
authors: Valence
authors: Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France. Electronic address: audrey.pawtowski@univ-brest.fr.
authors: Audrey
authors: A
authors: Pawtowski
authors: Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France. Electronic address: liza.galerne2@orange.fr.
authors: Lizaveta
authors: L
authors: Auhustsinava-Galerne
authors: Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France. Electronic address: nicolas.frotte@univ-brest.fr.
authors: Nicolas
authors: N
authors: Frotté
authors: Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France. Electronic address: riccardobaroncelli@gmail.com.
authors: Riccardo
authors: R
authors: Baroncelli
authors: Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France. Electronic address: Franck.deniel@univ-brest.fr.
authors: Franck
authors: F
authors: Deniel
authors: Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France. Electronic address: emmanuel.coton@univ-brest.fr.
authors: Emmanuel
authors: E
authors: Coton
authors: Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France. Electronic address: jerome.mounier@univ-brest.fr.
authors: Jérôme
authors: J
authors: Mounier
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000382:microbiology*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005520:Food Preservatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D020160:Sodium Benzoate / Q000494:pharmacology; D013011:Sorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005520:Food Preservatives; D020160:Sodium Benzoate; D013011:Sorbic Acid
keywords: Dairy products; Diversity; Fungi; Preservative resistance; Spoilage