title: Lack of Evidence Linking Calcium With or Without Vitamin D Supplementation to Cardiovascular Disease in Generally Healthy Adults: A Clinical Guideline From the National Osteoporosis Foundation and the American Society for Preventive Cardiology.
abstract: METHODS
  Calcium is the dominant mineral present in bone and a shortfall nutrient in the American diet. Supplements have been recommended for persons who do not consume adequate calcium from their diet as a standard strategy for the prevention of osteoporosis and related fractures. Whether calcium with or without vitamin D supplementation is beneficial or detrimental to vascular health is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  The National Osteoporosis Foundation and American Society for Preventive Cardiology convened an expert panel to evaluate the effects of dietary and supplemental calcium on cardiovascular disease based on the existing peer-reviewed scientific literature. The panel considered the findings of the accompanying updated evidence report provided by an independent evidence review team at Tufts University.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The National Osteoporosis Foundation and American Society for Preventive Cardiology adopt the position that there is moderate-quality evidence (B level) that calcium with or without vitamin D intake from food or supplements has no relationship (beneficial or harmful) to the risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, mortality, or all-cause mortality in generally healthy adults at this time. In light of the evidence available to date, calcium intake from food and supplements that does not exceed the tolerable upper level of intake (defined by the National Academy of Medicine as 2000 to 2500 mg/d) should be considered safe from a cardiovascular standpoint.
authors: From the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona; Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York; MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; New York University, New York, New York; George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
authors: Stephen L
authors: SL
authors: Kopecky
authors: From the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona; Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York; MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; New York University, New York, New York; George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
authors: Douglas C
authors: DC
authors: Bauer
authors: From the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona; Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York; MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; New York University, New York, New York; George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
authors: Martha
authors: M
authors: Gulati
authors: From the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona; Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York; MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; New York University, New York, New York; George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
authors: Jeri W
authors: JW
authors: Nieves
authors: From the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona; Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York; MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; New York University, New York, New York; George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
authors: Andrea J
authors: AJ
authors: Singer
authors: From the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona; Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York; MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; New York University, New York, New York; George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
authors: Peter P
authors: PP
authors: Toth
authors: From the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona; Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York; MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; New York University, New York, New York; George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
authors: James A
authors: JA
authors: Underberg
authors: From the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona; Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York; MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; New York University, New York, New York; George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
authors: Taylor C
authors: TC
authors: Wallace
authors: From the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona; Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York; MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; New York University, New York, New York; George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
authors: Connie M
authors: CM
authors: Weaver
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D014807:Vitamin D