title: Thermodynamic Driving Force of Hydrogen on Rumen Microbial Metabolism: A Theoretical Investigation.
abstract: Hydrogen is a key product of rumen fermentation and has been suggested to thermodynamically control the production of the various volatile fatty acids (VFA). Previous studies, however, have not accounted for the fact that only thermodynamic near-equilibrium conditions control the magnitude of reaction rate. Furthermore, the role of NAD, which is affected by hydrogen partial pressure (PH2), has often not been considered. The aim of this study was to quantify the control of PH2 on reaction rates of specific fermentation pathways, methanogenesis and NADH oxidation in rumen microbes. The control of PH2 was quantified using the thermodynamic potential factor (FT), which is a dimensionless factor that corrects a predicted kinetic reaction rate for the thermodynamic control exerted. Unity FT was calculated for all glucose fermentation pathways considered, indicating no inhibition of PH2 on the production of a specific type of VFA (e.g., acetate, propionate and butyrate) in the rumen. For NADH oxidation without ferredoxin oxidation, increasing PH2 within the rumen physiological range decreased FT from unity to zero for different NAD+ to NADH ratios and pH of 6.2 and 7.0, which indicates thermodynamic control of PH2. For NADH oxidation with ferredoxin oxidation, increasing PH2 within the rumen physiological range decreased FT from unity at pH of 7.0 only. For the acetate to propionate conversion, FT increased from 0.65 to unity with increasing PH2, which indicates thermodynamic control. For propionate to acetate and butyrate to acetate conversions, FT decreased to zero below the rumen range of PH2, indicating full thermodynamic suppression. For methanogenesis by archaea without cytochromes, FT differed from unity only below the rumen range of PH2, indicating no thermodynamic control. This theoretical investigation shows that thermodynamic control of PH2 on individual VFA produced and associated yield of hydrogen and methane cannot be explained without considering NADH oxidation.
authors: TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Henk J
authors: HJ
authors: van Lingen
authors: Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Caroline M
authors: CM
authors: Plugge
authors: Department of Animal Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors: James G
authors: JG
authors: Fadel
authors: Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Ermias
authors: E
authors: Kebreab
authors: Animal Nutrition, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors: André
authors: A
authors: Bannink
authors: Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Dijkstra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000378:metabolism; D005288:Ferredoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009243:NAD / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012417:Rumen / Q000382:microbiology*; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D005288:Ferredoxins; D009243:NAD; D006859:Hydrogen; D005947:Glucose