title: Simultaneous removal of dyes and metal cations using an acid, acid-base and base modified vermiculite as a sustainable and recyclable adsorbent.
abstract: The aim of this work was the modification of vermiculite in order to produce a low cost, efficient and sustainable adsorbent for dyes and metals. Three activation methods consisting of acid, base and combined acid/base treatment were applied to improve the of vermiculite's adsorption properties. Adsorbents were tested in single, bi- and tricomponent solutions containing cationic dyes and Cu2+cations. The raw material showed low adsorption capacity for dyes and metal. The acid/base treated vermiculite had very good adsorption capacity toward dyes while the maximum adsorption capacity for Cu2+did not change comparing to the starting material. The alkaline treated vermiculite was a good adsorbent for metals, while still being able to remove dyes on the level of the not treated material. Moreover, it was shown that the materials may be regenerated and used in several adsorption-desorption cycles. Furthermore, it was possible to separate adsorbed dyes from metals that were desorbed, using as eluents ethanol/NaCl and 0.05M HNO3, respectively. This opens a possibility for sustainable disposal and neutralization of both of the pollutants or for their further applications in other processes.
authors: REQUIMTE, LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: stawor@gmail.com.
authors: Wojciech
authors: W
authors: Stawiński
authors: Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland. Electronic address: wegrzyn@chemia.uj.edu.pl.
authors: Agnieszka
authors: A
authors: Węgrzyn
authors: REQUIMTE, LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: omf@isep.ipp.pt.
authors: Olga
authors: O
authors: Freitas
authors: Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland. Electronic address: chmielar@chemia.uj.edu.pl.
authors: Lucjan
authors: L
authors: Chmielarz
authors: Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Kraków, Poland. Electronic address: nbmordar@cyf-kr.edu.pl.
authors: Grzegorz
authors: G
authors: Mordarski
authors: REQUIMTE, LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: saf@isep.ipp.pt.
authors: Sónia
authors: S
authors: Figueiredo
keywords: Activation of clays; Adsorbent regeneration; Adsorption; Dyes and metals removal; Waste prevention