title: Study of scattered radiation during fluoroscopy in hip surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the scattered radiation dose at different positions simulating hip surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We simulated fluoroscopy-assisted hip surgery in order to study the distribution of scattered radiation in the operating room. To simulate the patient, we used a anthropomorphic whole-body phantom, and we used an X-ray-specific detector to quantify the radiation. Radiographs were obtained with a mobile C-arm X-ray system in continuous scan mode, with the tube at 0º (configuration 1) or 90º (configuration 2). The operating parameters employed (voltage, current, and exposure time) were determined by a statistical analysis based on the observation of orthopedic surgical procedures involving the hip.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all measurements, higher exposures were observed in configuration 2. In the measurements obtained as a function of height, the maximum dose rates observed were 1.167 (± 0.023) µSv/s and 2.278 (± 0.023) µSv/s in configurations 1 and 2, respectively, corresponding to the chest level of health care professionals within the operating room. Proximal to the patient, the maximum values were recorded in the position occupied by the surgeon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We can conclude that, in the scenario under study, health care professionals workers are exposed to low levels of radiation, and that those levels can be reduced through the use of personal protective equipment.
authors: Radiology Technician, Professor in the Department of Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy of the Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade do Algarve (ESSUAlg), Faro, Portugal.
authors: Oksana
authors: O
authors: Lesyuk
authors: PhD, Physics Engineer, Professor in the Department of Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy of the Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade do Algarve (ESSUAlg), Faro, Portugal.
authors: Patrick Emmanuel
authors: PE
authors: Sousa
authors: MSc, Radiology Technician, Professor in the Department of Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy of the Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade do Algarve (ESSUAlg), Faro, Portugal.
authors: Sónia Isabel do Espirito Santo
authors: SI
authors: Rodrigues
authors: PhD, Professor and Head of the Department of Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy of the Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade do Algarve (ESSUAlg), Faro, Portugal.
authors: António Fernando
authors: AF
authors: Abrantes
authors: MsC, Radiology Technician, Graduate Student at the Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain, Professor in the Department of Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy of the Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade do Algarve (ESSUAlg), Faro, Portugal.
authors: Rui Pedro Pereira
authors: RP
authors: de Almeida
authors: MSc, Doctoral Student at the Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal, Professor in the Department of Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy of the Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade do Algarve (ESSUAlg), Faro, Portugal.
authors: João Pedro
authors: JP
authors: Pinheiro
authors: PhD, Professor in the Department of Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy of the Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade do Algarve (ESSUAlg), Faro, Portugal.
authors: Kevin Barros
authors: KB
authors: Azevedo
authors: PhD, Professor in the Department of Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy of the Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade do Algarve (ESSUAlg), Faro, Portugal.
authors: Luís Pedro Vieira
authors: LP
authors: Ribeiro
keywords: Operating rooms; Radiation protection; Radiation, ionizing; Radiology, interventional; Scattering, radiation