title: Failed surrogate conceptions: social and ethical aspects of preconception disruptions during commercial surrogacy in India.
abstract: During a commercial surrogacy arrangement, the event of embryo transfer can be seen as the formal starting point of the arrangement. However, it is common for surrogates to undergo a failed attempt at pregnancy conception or missed conception after an embryo transfer. This paper attempts to argue that such failed attempts can be understood as a loss. It aims to reconstruct the experiences of loss and grief of the surrogates and the intended parents as a consequence of their collective failure to conceive a surrogate pregnancy.
  
  
  
  Drawing on a qualitative study conducted over a period of eight months between 2014 and 2015 at two fertility clinics in Delhi and two in Kolkata, India, this paper examines the experiences of the surrogates and the intended parents when faced with missed conceptions or failed conceptions during a surrogacy arrangement.
  
  
  
  We argue that while the surrogate grieves the non-arrival of a 'good news' as an uncertain loss, the intended parents experience yet another, failure in addition to the losses they might have incurred during their previous fertility treatments. The body of the surrogate becomes a site of 'a lost opportunity'. The surrogate embodies a loss in her quest to achieve social mobility and the intended parents experience a disembodied pregnancy loss. This very emotional experience stands in stark contrast to the conceptualisation of such failed attempts as non-events within the discourse of the surrogacy industry. The experience of loss of the intended parents is recognised but their grief is given no space. We argue that such ambiguity around the nature of losses resulting out of a missed or failed conception during surrogacy is an outcome of lack of interpersonal relationship between the surrogate and the intended parents.
  
  
  
  Since commercial surrogacy is a relational process, the only way in which the experiences of losses and failures of the actors at the preconception stage can be better addressed is through developing close sharing and understanding between each other through an ethics of care. Therefore, to nurture caring relationships, surrogacy needs to be understood as a moral commitment by -the surrogates and intended parents. To enable such a commitment, there is a need to reconsider the pre-defined and legally regulated professional duty of the doctors, agents and agencies. It cannot be a one-sided commitment, but has to have elements of mutuality.
authors: Department of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 36, Göttingen, 37073, Germany. sayani.mitra@medizin.uni-goettingen.de.
authors: Sayani
authors: S
authors: Mitra
authors: Department of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 36, Göttingen, 37073, Germany.|Göttingen Centre for Gender Studies, Humboldtallee 36, Göttingen, 37073, Germany.
authors: Silke
authors: S
authors: Schicktanz
mesh_terms: D004624:Embryo Transfer; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D011247:Pregnancy; D036301:Qualitative Research; D013533:Gestational Carriers / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Care ethics; Commercial surrogacy; India; Loss; Missed/failed conceptions; Preconception disruptions