title: Essential oils enhance the toxicity of permethrin against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae.
abstract: Insecticide resistance and growing public concern over the safety and environmental impacts of some conventional insecticides have resulted in the need to discover alternative control tools. Naturally occurring botanically-based compounds are of increased interest to aid in the management of mosquitoes. Susceptible strains of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) and Anopheles gambiae (Meigen) (Diptera: Culicidae) were treated with permethrin, a common type-I synthetic pyrethroid, using a discriminate dose that resulted in less than 50% mortality. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and 35 essential oils were co-delivered with permethrin at two doses (2 and 10 µg) to determine if they could enhance the 1-h knockdown and the 24-h mortality of permethrin. Several of the tested essential oils enhanced the efficacy of permethrin equally and more effectively than piperonyl butoxide PBO, which is the commercial standard to synergize chemical insecticide like pyrethroids. PBO had a strikingly negative effect on the 1-h knockdown of permethrin against Ae. aegypti, which was not observed in An. gambiae. Botanical essential oils have the capability of increasing the efficacy of permethrin allowing for a natural alternative to classic chemical synergists, like PBO.
authors: Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A.|Department of Biomedical Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A.
authors: A D
authors: AD
authors: Gross
authors: Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A.
authors: E J
authors: EJ
authors: Norris
authors: Department of Biomedical Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A.
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Kimber
authors: Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A.
authors: L C
authors: LC
authors: Bartholomay
authors: Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, U.S.A.
authors: J R
authors: JR
authors: Coats
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D005260:Female; D007306:Insecticides; D009032:Mosquito Control; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D026023:Permethrin
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D026023:Permethrin
keywords: Aedes aegypti; Anopheles gambiae; biopesticides; mosquito control; plant essential oils