title: Anxiety and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: a Review.
abstract: Unrecognized anxiety is a difficult clinical presentation in cardiology. Anxiety leads to recurring emergency department visits and the need for numerous diagnostic evaluations to rule out cardiovascular disease (CVD). This review focuses broadly on anxiety and its subtypes in relation to the onset and progression of CVD while describing helpful guidelines to better identify and treat anxiety. Potential mechanisms of cardiopathogenesis are also described. An emerging literature demonstrates that anxiety disorders increase the risk for incident CVD but a causal relationship has not been demonstrated. Anxiety portends adverse prognosis in persons with established CVD that is independent from depression. The level of clinical priority received by depression should be extended to research and clinical intervention efforts in anxiety. Anxiety holds direct relevance for uncovering mechanisms of cardiopathogenesis, developing novel therapeutic strategies, and initiating clinical interventions in the population at risk of developing heart disease, or those already diagnosed with CVD.
authors: Bordeaux Population Health, University of Bordeaux, U1219, Bordeaux, France. phillip.tully@adelaide.edu.au.|Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. phillip.tully@adelaide.edu.au.|INSERM U1219, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat - Case 11, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France. phillip.tully@adelaide.edu.au.
authors: Phillip J
authors: PJ
authors: Tully
authors: Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.|Department of Cardiology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, Australia.
authors: Nathan J
authors: NJ
authors: Harrison
authors: Department of Cardiology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, Australia.
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Cheung
authors: Bordeaux Population Health, University of Bordeaux, U1219, Bordeaux, France.
authors: Suzanne
authors: S
authors: Cosh
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Anxiety disorders; Cardiovascular disease; Review; Risk factor