title: Radiofrequency-induced thermo-chemotherapy effect (RITE) for non muscle invasive bladder cancer treatment: current role and perspectives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An updated review of intravesical radiofrequency (RF)-induced thermo-chemotherapy effect (RITE) for NMIBC with regard to efficacy, adverse events (AEs) and perspectives.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extensive and sensitive search for RF-induced chemo-hyperthermia in Medline, Embase, Cochrane and ClinicalTrials.gov databases was performed. A table of published clinical trials up to 2016 was constructed. No meta-analysis could be performed on the basis of new papers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recurrence was seen 59% less after RITE than after mitomycin C (MMC) alone in adjuvant clinical setting with an overall bladder preservation rate after RITE of 85%. The efficacy was proved to be comparable to that of Bacillus Calmette-Guèrin (BCG), based on a single comparative multicentric study. Due to short follow-up, no conclusions can be drawn about time to recurrence and progression. The AE rate in RITE was higher, although not statistically significant, than MMC alone and similar to that of BCG, albeit different in the type of AE. In almost all studies, no severe AEs are reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RITE appears as a promising treatment option for NMIBC, particularly for high-risk patients with recurrent tumors, for those unsuitable for radical cystectomy and when Bacillus Calmette-Guèrin treatment is contraindicated. Further high-level evidence is needed for both reliable and reproducible data on efficacy and adverse events.
authors: Unit of Urology, Division of Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, URI, Milan - Italy.
authors: Renzo
authors: R
authors: Colombo
authors: Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen - The Netherlands.
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: van Valenberg
authors: Unit of Urology, Division of Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, URI, Milan - Italy.|Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna - Austria.
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Moschini
authors: Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen - The Netherlands.
authors: Johannes A
authors: JA
authors: Witjes
mesh_terms: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D016685:Mitomycin