title: Temporal and spatial characteristics of lead emissions from the lead-acid battery manufacturing industry in China.
abstract: An inventory of lead emissions was established for the lead-acid battery (LAB) manufacturing industry in China from 2000 to 2014. The lead emissions from the LAB manufacturing industry increased from 133 t in 2000 to a peak at 281 t in 2010 with the rapid development of LAB industry. Since 2011, a mandatory national clean action on LAB industry and a series of retrofitting measures have been implemented in China. As a result, more than 80% of small and low-efficient LAB manufacturers were closed, and technical-environmental performance of the industry has been improved significantly. Thus the lead emissions from the industry declined to 113 t in 2014. Geographically, lead emissions were attributed to several provinces with intensive LAB manufacturers, including Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Hebei Province. Spatial transfer of the LAB manufacturing industry from developed areas to developing areas in China was manifest due to strict environmental regulation, posing potential environmental risks to the areas undertaking the industry transfer. In light of the effectiveness of the national clean action, the LAB manufacturing industry will reduce lead emissions further by implementing the entry criteria strictly, adopting policy of total lead emissions control, and establishing a long-term regulatory mechanism for LAB manufacturers. The local authorities in some developing areas should improve abilities of environmental supervision and environmental risk prevention to deal with the spillover of lead emissions.
authors: School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Liu
authors: School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. Electronic address: tianjp@tsinghua.edu.cn.
authors: Jinping
authors: J
authors: Tian
authors: School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Science and Technology, Department of Environment, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, Jiaxing 314006, China.
authors: Lujun
authors: L
authors: Chen
authors: School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors: Yang
authors: Y
authors: Guo
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002681:China; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000379:methods*; D007854:Lead / Q000633:toxicity*; D066192:Manufacturing Industry
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D007854:Lead
keywords: Cleaner production; Lead emission inventory; Lead pollution; Lead-acid battery; Temporal and spatial characteristics