title: Systemic and Tumor Th1 and Th2 Inflammatory Profile and Macrophages in Lung Cancer: Influence of Underlying Chronic Respiratory Disease.
abstract: Chronic respiratory conditions, especially chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and inflammatory events underlie lung cancer (LC). We hypothesized that profiles of T helper 1 and T helper 2 cytokines and type 1 and type 2 macrophages (M1 and M2) are differentially expressed in lung tumors and blood of patients with NSCLC with and without COPD and that the ratio M1/M2 specifically may influence their survival.
  
  
  
  In blood, inflammatory cytokines (determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were quantified in 80 patients with LC (60 with LC and COPD [the LC-COPD group] and 20 with LC only [the LC-only group]) and lung specimens (tumor and nontumor) from those undergoing thoracotomy (20 in the LC-COPD group and 20 in the LC-only group).
  
  
  
  In the LC-COPD group compared with in the LC-only group, systemic levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-2 (IL-2), transforming growth factor-β, and IL-10 were increased, whereas vascular endothelial growth factor and IL-4 levels were decreased. In lung tumors, levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, and IL-10 were higher than in nontumor parenchyma in the LC-COPD group, whereas IL-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor levels were higher in tumors of both the LC-only and LC-COPD groups. Compared with in nontumor lung, M1 macrophage counts were reduced whereas M2 counts were increased in tumors of both patient groups, and the M1/M2 ratio was higher in the LC-COPD group than the LC-only group. M1 and M2 counts did not influence patients' survival.
  
  
  
  The relative predominance of T helper 1 cytokines and M1 macrophages in the blood and tumors of patients with underlying COPD imply that a stronger proinflammatory pattern exists in these patients. Inflammation should not be targeted systematically in all patients with LC. Screening for the presence of underlying respiratory diseases and identification of the specific inflammatory pattern should be carried out in patients with LC, at least in early stages of their disease.
authors: Pulmonology Department, Lung Cancer and Muscle Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Health Park Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Biomedical Barcelona Research Park, Barcelona, Spain; Center of Biomedical Research Network of Respiratory diseases (CIBERES), Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Mercè
authors: M
authors: Mateu-Jimenez
authors: Pulmonology Department, Lung Cancer and Muscle Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Health Park Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Biomedical Barcelona Research Park, Barcelona, Spain; Center of Biomedical Research Network of Respiratory diseases (CIBERES), Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Víctor
authors: V
authors: Curull
authors: Pathology Department, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Health Park Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Lara
authors: L
authors: Pijuan
authors: Pulmonology Department, Lung Cancer and Muscle Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Health Park Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Biomedical Barcelona Research Park, Barcelona, Spain; Center of Biomedical Research Network of Respiratory diseases (CIBERES), Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Albert
authors: A
authors: Sánchez-Font
authors: Pulmonology Department, Lung Cancer and Muscle Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Health Park Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Biomedical Barcelona Research Park, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Hugo
authors: H
authors: Rivera-Ramos
authors: Thoracic Surgery Department, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Health Park Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Rodríguez-Fuster
authors: Thoracic Surgery Department, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Health Park Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: Aguiló
authors: Pulmonology Department, Lung Cancer and Muscle Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Health Park Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Biomedical Barcelona Research Park, Barcelona, Spain; Center of Biomedical Research Network of Respiratory diseases (CIBERES), Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
authors: Joaquim
authors: J
authors: Gea
authors: Pulmonology Department, Lung Cancer and Muscle Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Health Park Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Biomedical Barcelona Research Park, Barcelona, Spain; Center of Biomedical Research Network of Respiratory diseases (CIBERES), Carlos III Health Institute, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: ebarreiro@imim.es.
authors: Esther
authors: E
authors: Barreiro
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators
keywords: Chronic respiratory conditions; Immune system; Lung cancer; M1 and M2 macrophages; Systemic and lung compartments; Th1 and Th2 cytokines