title: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) value changes before and after shock wave lithotripsy.
abstract: Our aim was to determine short and medium-term changes of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in the urine of patients undergoing shock wave lithotripsy (SWL). In patients with kidney stones, serum urea and creatinine (Cr), urine Cr and NGAL levels were determined immediately before and at 3, 24 h and 30 days after SWL. Urine NGAL concentrations were normalized to urinary Cr ruling out the confounding effect of variable hydration states. Thirty-five patients with a single renal stone were enrolled. Inclusion criteria were: first SWL treatment for each patient, single radiopaque renal stone <20 mm; normal renal function. Exclusion criteria were: body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2, recent episodes of renal colic (less than 3 months), the presence of radiolucent stones, renal impairment, upper urinary tract obstruction or malignancy, acute pyelonephritis, patients who consumed potentially nephrotoxic drugs within 4 weeks before the evaluation. Geometric means of urinary NGAL/Cr ratio measured 3 h after SWL were significantly higher than baseline values (difference 7.56 ng/mg, 95% confidence interval 1.61, 13.51; p value = 0.013). No changes were found for urinary NGAL/Cr measured at 24 h (p value = 0.92) and at 30 days (p value = 0.13) after SWL compared with baseline values. Urinary NGAL levels increase soon after SWL (3 h) and quickly return to and maintain basal levels (1 and 30 days). Further studies are necessary to understand the hypothetical role of NGAL as a guide to the degree of tissue injury after SWL.
authors: Division of Urologic Surgery, Policlinico A. Gemelli-Columbus Foundation, Catholic University School of Medicine, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy. vittori.matteo@gmail.com.
authors: Matteo
authors: M
authors: Vittori
authors: Division of Biochemistry, Policlinico A. Gemelli-Columbus Foundation, Catholic University School of Medicine, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
authors: Silvia
authors: S
authors: Baroni
authors: Division of Nephrology, Policlinico A. Gemelli-Columbus Foundation, Catholic University School of Medicine, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
authors: Pietro Manuel
authors: PM
authors: Ferraro
authors: Division of Nephrology, Policlinico A. Gemelli-Columbus Foundation, Catholic University School of Medicine, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
authors: Giovanni
authors: G
authors: Gambaro
authors: Division of Biochemistry, Policlinico A. Gemelli-Columbus Foundation, Catholic University School of Medicine, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
authors: Renato
authors: R
authors: Morelli
authors: Division of Urology, Policlinico A. Gemelli-Columbus Foundation, Catholic University School of Medicine, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
authors: PierFrancesco
authors: P
authors: Bassi
authors: Division of Urologic Surgery, Policlinico A. Gemelli-Columbus Foundation, Catholic University School of Medicine, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
authors: Alessandro
authors: A
authors: D'Addessi
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine*; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000097:blood / Q000601:surgery*; D000071068:Lipocalin-2 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011184:Postoperative Period; D065667:Renal Elimination; D013997:Time Factors; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine
keywords: Kidney damage; Kidney stones; NGAL; Renal function; SWL