title: Regularity effect in prospective memory during aging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Regularity effect can affect performance in prospective memory (PM), but little is known on the cognitive processes linked to this effect. Moreover, its impacts with regard to aging remain unknown. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine regularity effect in PM in a lifespan perspective, with a sample of young, intermediate, and older adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our study examined the regularity effect in PM in three groups of participants: 28 young adults (18-30), 16 intermediate adults (40-55), and 25 older adults (65-80). The task, adapted from theVirtual Week, was designed to manipulate the regularity of the various activities of daily life that were to be recalled (regular repeated activitiesvs. irregular non-repeated activities). We examine the role of several cognitive functions including certain dimensions of executive functions (planning, inhibition, shifting, and binding), short-term memory, and retrospective episodic memory to identify those involved in PM, according to regularity and age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A mixed-design ANOVA showed a main effect of task regularity and an interaction between age and regularity: an age-related difference in PM performances was found for irregular activities (older < young), but not for regular activities. All participants recalled more regular activities than irregular ones with no age effect. It appeared that recalling of regular activities only involved planning for both intermediate and older adults, while recalling of irregular ones were linked to planning, inhibition, short-term memory, binding, and retrospective episodic memory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, our data suggest that planning capacities seem to play a major role in remembering to perform intended actions with advancing age. Furthermore, theage-PM-paradoxmay be attenuated when the experimental design is adapted by implementing a familiar context through the use of activities of daily living. The clinical implications of regularity effect are discussed.
authors: CRP-CPO, EA 7273, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
authors: Geoffrey
authors: G
authors: Blondelle
authors: CRP-CPO, EA 7273, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France; mathieu.hainselin@u-picardie.fr.
authors: Mathieu
authors: M
authors: Hainselin
authors: CRP-CPO, EA 7273, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
authors: Yannick
authors: Y
authors: Gounden
authors: CRP-CPO, EA 7273, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
authors: Laurent
authors: L
authors: Heurley
authors: CRP-CPO, EA 7273, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
authors: Hélène
authors: H
authors: Voisin
authors: CRP-CPO, EA 7273, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
authors: Olga
authors: O
authors: Megalakaki
authors: CRP-CPO, EA 7273, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
authors: Estelle
authors: E
authors: Bressous
authors: CRP-CPO, EA 7273, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.
authors: Véronique
authors: V
authors: Quaglino
keywords: age; binding; clinical practice; episodic memory; future intentions; lifespan; multiprocess theory; planning; regularity effect; spontaneous retrieval