title: A Randomized, Crossover Trial of a Novel Sound-to-Sleep Mattress Technology in Children with Autism and Sleep Difficulties.
abstract: This preliminary study investigated the tolerability and efficacy of a novel mattress technology-the Sound-To-Sleep (STS) system-in the treatment of sleep problems in children with autism.
  
  
  
  After screening, 45 children, ages 2.5 to 12.9 years, were randomized to order of mattress technology use (On-Off vs. Off-On). Treatment conditions (On vs. Off) lasted two weeks with immediate crossover. Tolerability, including study discontinuation and parent-report of mattress tolerance and ease of use, was tracked throughout the study. Efficacy assessments were obtained at baseline, prior to crossover, and end of study and included measures of autism traits, other psychopathology symptoms, sensory abnormalities, communication difficulties, quality of life, sleep diary parameters, and single-blinded actigraphy-derived sleep parameters. Statistical analyses evaluated differences in tolerability and efficacy when the STS system was on versus off.
  
  
  
  STS system use was well tolerated (n = 2, 4.4% dropout) and resulted in parent-reported sleep quality improvements (STS off mean = 4.3, 95% CI = 4.05-4.54 vs. on mean = 4.9, 95%CI = 4.67-5.14). The technology was described by parents as very easy to use and child tolerance was rated as good. Parent-diary outcomes indicated improvements in falling asleep and reduced daytime challenging behavior. Actigraphy-derived sleep parameters indicated improved sleep duration and sleep efficiency. Improvements in child and family quality of life were identified on parent questionnaires.
  
  
  
  A future large sample phase 2 trial of the STS system is warranted and would benefit from extended study duration, an objective primary efficacy outcome, and careful attention to methodological issues that promote compliance with the intervention and study procedures.
authors: Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors: Thomas W
authors: TW
authors: Frazier
authors: Akron Children's, Akron, OH.
authors: Jyoti
authors: J
authors: Krishna
authors: Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Klingemier
authors: Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors: Mary
authors: M
authors: Beukemann
authors: Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors: Rawan
authors: R
authors: Nawabit
authors: Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors: Sally
authors: S
authors: Ibrahim
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D056044:Actigraphy; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000150:complications*; D001513:Beds; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014732:Vibration / Q000627:therapeutic use*
keywords: autism; insomnia; mattress; sleep