title: Correction of phase errors in quantitative water-fat imaging using a monopolar time-interleaved multi-echo gradient echo sequence.
abstract: To propose a phase error correction scheme for monopolar time-interleaved multi-echo gradient echo water-fat imaging that allows accurate and robust complex-based quantification of the proton density fat fraction (PDFF).
  
  
  
  A three-step phase correction scheme is proposed to address a) a phase term induced by echo misalignments that can be measured with a reference scan using reversed readout polarity, b) a phase term induced by the concomitant gradient field that can be predicted from the gradient waveforms, and c) a phase offset between time-interleaved echo trains. Simulations were carried out to characterize the concomitant gradient field-induced PDFF bias and the performance estimating the phase offset between time-interleaved echo trains. Phantom experiments and in vivo liver and thigh imaging were performed to study the relevance of each of the three phase correction steps on PDFF accuracy and robustness.
  
  
  
  The simulation, phantom, and in vivo results showed in agreement with the theory an echo time-dependent PDFF bias introduced by the three phase error sources. The proposed phase correction scheme was found to provide accurate PDFF estimation independent of the employed echo time combination.
  
  
  
  Complex-based time-interleaved water-fat imaging was found to give accurate and robust PDFF measurements after applying the proposed phase error correction scheme. Magn Reson Med 78:984-996, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
authors: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Ruschke
authors: Philips Research Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany.
authors: Holger
authors: H
authors: Eggers
authors: Philips Healthcare, Hamburg, Germany.
authors: Hendrik
authors: H
authors: Kooijman
authors: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors: Maximilian N
authors: MN
authors: Diefenbach
authors: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Baum
authors: Institute of Medical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
authors: Axel
authors: A
authors: Haase
authors: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors: Ernst J
authors: EJ
authors: Rummeny
authors: Radiology, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
authors: Houchun H
authors: 0000-0002-0719-1159
authors: HH
authors: Hu
authors: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors: Dimitrios C
authors: DC
authors: Karampinos
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging
keywords: chemical shift encoding-based water-fat separation; complex-based water-fat separation; concomitant gradient field; echo misalignments; fat quantification; phase correction; proton density fat fraction (PDFF)