title: The effect of pre-eclampsia-like syndrome induced by L-NAME on learning and memory and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor expression: A rat model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to study the impacts of pre-eclampsia on the cognitive and learning capabilities of adolescent rat offspring and to explore the possible underlying mechanisms at the molecular level.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant rats were subcutaneously injected with saline solution (control) (n = 16) or NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (n = 16) from the 13th day of gestation until parturition. The brain tissues from fetal rats delivered by cesarean section were examined in both groups with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Rats born vaginally in both groups were subjected to the Morris water maze test when 8-week-old and their hippocampi were analyzed for glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A pre-eclampsia-like model was successfully built in pregnant rats by infusion of the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME, including phenotypes as maternal hypertension and proteinuria, high stillbirth rate, and fetal growth retardation. Neuroepithelial cell proliferation was found in the hippocampus of fetal rats in the L-NAME group. Grown to 8-week-old, the L-NAME group showed significantly longer escape latency than the control group in the beginning as well as in the end of navigation trials. At the same time, the swimming distance achieved by the L-NAME group was significantly longer than that of the control group. Such differences in cognitive and learning capabilities between the two groups were not gender dependent. Besides, the 8-week-old rats in the L-NAME group had increased GR expression in the hippocampus than the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-eclampsia would impair cognitive and learning capabilities in adolescent offspring, and the upregulated expression of hippocampal GR may be involved in the underlying mechanisms.
authors: a Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital , Shanghai , China.
authors: Hao
authors: H
authors: Zhu
authors: a Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital , Shanghai , China.
authors: Weimin
authors: W
authors: Zhu
authors: a Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital , Shanghai , China.
authors: Rong
authors: R
authors: Hu
authors: b Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University , Shanghai , China.|c Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , China.
authors: Huijun
authors: H
authors: Wang
authors: b Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University , Shanghai , China.|c Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University , Shanghai , China.
authors: Duan
authors: D
authors: Ma
authors: a Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital , Shanghai , China.|b Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University , Shanghai , China.|d Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases , Shanghai , China.
authors: Xiaotian
authors: X
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester
keywords: Glucocorticoid receptors; Morris water maze; hippocampus; learning and memory; pre-eclampsia