title: Eugenia aurata and Eugenia punicifolia HBK inhibit inflammatory response by reducing neutrophil adhesion, degranulation and NET release.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Eugenia spp. are used in popular medicine in the treatment of pain, diabetes, intestinal disorders and cough. The aim of the work is to evaluate, ex vivo and in vivo, the anti-inflammatory activity of the hydroethanolic extracts of the leaves of Eugenia aurata (EA) and Eugenia punicifolia HBK (EP) upon neutrophils.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ex vivo, isolated human neutrophils were sensitized by Eugenia extracts (0.1-1000 μg/mL) and stimulated by PMA. In these conditions, different neutrophil activities related to inflammatory process were measured: adhesion, degranulation and NET release. Neutrophil viability and tumor line cells were monitored. In vivo, neutrophil influx was evaluated by peritonitis model performed in mice pretreated with different concentrations of Eugenia extracts. Phytochemical profile was assessed by mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ex vivo, EA and EP (1000 μg/mL) reduced cell adhesion and degranulation, respectively. NET release was inhibited by EA and EP. Anti-inflammatory activities occurred in the absence of cytotoxicity. In vivo, both EA as EP inhibited neutrophil migration. The phytochemical profile revealed that EA contains myricitrin, rutin, quinic acid and quercetin derivatives. EP presents gallic acid, quercetin derivatives, syringic acid, ellagic acid, monogalloyl-glucose, glycosyringic acid, mudanoside B, HHDP glucose isomer and digalloylglucose isomer. EA and EP inhibit neutrophil migration by different pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different chemical compositions may explain the anti-inflammatory effects described herein for EA and EP. Both extracts inhibit NET release but only EA reduces cell adhesion whereas EP decreases elastase secretion. This work contributes to the elucidation of cellular mechanisms related to the anti-inflammatory activity for leaves of E. aurata and E. punicifolia HBK.
authors: Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, Universidade Estadual Paulista -UNESP, Av Dom Antônio, 2100, Parque Universitário, ZIP 19806-900, Assis, SP, Brazil.
authors: Mírian Feliciano
authors: MF
authors: Costa
authors: Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, Universidade Estadual Paulista -UNESP, Av Dom Antônio, 2100, Parque Universitário, ZIP 19806-900, Assis, SP, Brazil.
authors: Tais Iara
authors: TI
authors: Jesus
authors: Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, Universidade Estadual Paulista -UNESP, Av Dom Antônio, 2100, Parque Universitário, ZIP 19806-900, Assis, SP, Brazil.
authors: Bruno Rafael Pereira
authors: BR
authors: Lopes
authors: ThoMSon Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massas, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil.
authors: Célio Fernando Figueiredo
authors: CF
authors: Angolini
authors: Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, Universidade Estadual Paulista -UNESP, Av Dom Antônio, 2100, Parque Universitário, ZIP 19806-900, Assis, SP, Brazil.
authors: Abner
authors: A
authors: Montagnolli
authors: Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, Universidade Estadual Paulista -UNESP, Av Dom Antônio, 2100, Parque Universitário, ZIP 19806-900, Assis, SP, Brazil.
authors: Lorraine de Paula
authors: LP
authors: Gomes
authors: Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, Universidade Estadual Paulista -UNESP, Av Dom Antônio, 2100, Parque Universitário, ZIP 19806-900, Assis, SP, Brazil.
authors: Gabriela Sterle
authors: GS
authors: Pereira
authors: Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas, UNICAMP, CP 6171, CEP 13083-970, Paulínia, SP, Brazil.
authors: Ana Lucia Tasca Gois
authors: AL
authors: Ruiz
authors: Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 859, Campinas, 13083-859, Brazil.
authors: João Ernesto
authors: JE
authors: Carvalho
authors: ThoMSon Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massas, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil.
authors: Marcos Nogueira
authors: MN
authors: Eberlin
authors: Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, Universidade Estadual Paulista -UNESP, Av Dom Antônio, 2100, Parque Universitário, ZIP 19806-900, Assis, SP, Brazil.
authors: Catarina
authors: C
authors: Dos Santos
authors: Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras, Universidade Estadual Paulista -UNESP, Av Dom Antônio, 2100, Parque Universitário, ZIP 19806-900, Assis, SP, Brazil. karinalves@assis.unesp.br.
authors: Karina Alves
authors: KA
authors: Toledo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D015550:Cell Degranulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D000068856:Eugenia / Q000737:chemistry*; D065206:Extracellular Traps / Q000187:drug effects*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Adhesion; Elastase; Eugenia aurata; Eugenia punicifolia (HBK); Inflammation; Neutrophils