title: Probiotics-mediated suppression of cancer.
abstract: Probiotics can be used as an adjuvant for cancer prevention or/and treatment through their abilities to modulate intestinal microbiota and host immune response. Although most of the recent reviews have focused on the potential role of probiotics against colon cancer, only few of them include the probiotic effect on extraintestinal cancers. The present review covers the most important findings from the literature published during the past 20 months (from January 2015 to August 2016) regarding the probiotics-mediated suppression of both gastrointestinal and extraintestinal cancers and the underlying mechanisms.
  
  
  
  A comprehensive literature search in Pubmed, Science direct and Google scholar databases was conducted to locate all relevant articles that investigated the effect of probiotics on prevention/treatment of both gastrointestinal and extraintestinal cancers. Different mechanisms for the beneficial effects of probiotics against cancer were also discussed, mainly via modulation of gut microbiota which thereby influences host metabolism and immunity.
  
  
  
  Despite laboratory-based studies having demonstrated encouraging outcomes that probiotics possess antitumor effects, the benefits should not be exaggerated before we get more results from human clinical trials. These are very important before the medical community can accept the use of probiotics as an alternative therapy for cancer control.
authors: aSchool of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong bInstitute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Stephanie S Y
authors: SS
authors: So
authors: Murphy L Y
authors: ML
authors: Wan
authors: Hani
authors: H
authors: El-Nezami
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*