title: Trajectories of Physical Activity Predict the Onset of Depressive Symptoms but Not Their Progression: A Prospective Cohort Study.
abstract: This prospective, community-based study examined trajectories of physical activity from childhood to adulthood and whether these trajectories contributed to depressive symptoms in adulthood to a greater degree than adulthood physical activity. Participants (n= 3596) were from the ongoing Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study which started in 1980. Depressive symptoms were measured with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) in 2012, and physical activity was assessed from 1980 to 2011 with self-reports. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, childhood negative emotionality, socioeconomic factors, previous depressive symptoms, social support, body mass index, and smoking status (1980-2007). Highly, moderately, and lightly physically active trajectory groups were identified. Highly active participants reported lower levels of depressive symptoms compared to lightly active ones (p< 0.001) and compared to moderately active ones (p= 0.001). Moderately active participants had less symptoms than lightly active ones (p< 0.001). High levels of adulthood physical activity associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms (p< 0.001). The findings did not withstand adjustment for previous depressive symptoms (p> 0.05). Lifelong physical activity trajectories or adulthood physical activity was not associated with the progression of depressive symptoms in adulthood. Thus, physical activity history does not contribute to the progression of the depressive symptoms to a greater degree than adulthood physical activity.
authors: Unit of Personality, Work and Health Psychology, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, P.O. Box 9, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Kaisa
authors: 0000-0002-3712-7756
authors: K
authors: Kaseva
authors: Unit of Personality, Work and Health Psychology, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, P.O. Box 9, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Tom
authors: T
authors: Rosenström
authors: Unit of Personality, Work and Health Psychology, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, P.O. Box 9, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Taina
authors: T
authors: Hintsa
authors: Unit of Personality, Work and Health Psychology, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, P.O. Box 9, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, Fabianinkatu 24, P.O. Box 4, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Pulkki-Råback
authors: LIKES, Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Rautpohjankatu 8, 40700 Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors: Tuija
authors: 0000-0002-1771-3977
authors: T
authors: Tammelin
authors: Unit of Personality, Work and Health Psychology, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, P.O. Box 9, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Jari
authors: J
authors: Lipsanen
authors: LIKES, Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Rautpohjankatu 8, 40700 Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors: Xiaolin
authors: 0000-0002-0121-863X
authors: X
authors: Yang
authors: Unit of Personality, Work and Health Psychology, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, P.O. Box 9, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Unit of Psychology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
authors: Mirka
authors: M
authors: Hintsanen
authors: Unit of Personality, Work and Health Psychology, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, P.O. Box 9, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Hakulinen
authors: Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.
authors: Katja
authors: K
authors: Pahkala
authors: Department of Sport Sciences, P.O. Box 35 (L), University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors: Mirja
authors: 0000-0003-4841-2250
authors: M
authors: Hirvensalo
authors: Department of Pediatrics, P.O. Box 2000, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland.
authors: Nina
authors: N
authors: Hutri-Kähönen
authors: Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland.
authors: Olli T
authors: OT
authors: Raitakari
authors: Unit of Personality, Work and Health Psychology, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, P.O. Box 9, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Liisa
authors: 0000-0002-7977-3852
authors: L
authors: Keltikangas-Järvinen