title: Identification of a new hepatitis B virus recombinant D2/D3 in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.
abstract: Two hundred forty million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) worldwide. The rise of globalization has facilitated the emergence of novel HBV recombinants and genotypes. We evaluated HBV genotypes and recombinants, mutations associated with resistance to antivirals (AVs), progression of hepatic illness, and inefficient hepatitis B vaccination responses in chronically infected individuals in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Forty-five full-length and 24 partial-length sequences were obtained. The genotype distribution was as follows: A (66.7%), D (15.9%), F (11.6%) and C (4.3%). We describe a new recombinant (D2/D3), confirmed through next-generation sequencing (NGS) and reconstruction of the quasispecies sequences in silico. Primary resistance and major vaccine escape mutations were not found. We did, however, find mutations in the S region that might may be related to HBV antigenicity changes, as well as Pre-S deletions. The precore/core mutations A1762T + G1764A (40.9%) were found mostly in genotypes A and D, and G1896A (29.55%) was more frequent in genotype D than in genotype A. The genotypic distribution reflects the history of Brazilian immigration. This is the first description of recombination between genotypes D2 and D3 in Brazil. It is also the first confirmation through NGS and reconstruction of the quasispecies in silico. However, little is known about the response to treatment of recombinants. This demonstrates the need for molecular epidemiology studies involving the analysis of full-length HBV sequences.
authors: Retrovirology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo, 781, Pedro de Toledo st, 16° floor, São Paulo, 04039-032, SP, Brazil.
authors: Luiz Claudio
authors: LC
authors: Santana
authors: Retrovirology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo, 781, Pedro de Toledo st, 16° floor, São Paulo, 04039-032, SP, Brazil.
authors: Nathalia Pena
authors: NP
authors: Mantovani
authors: Retrovirology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo, 781, Pedro de Toledo st, 16° floor, São Paulo, 04039-032, SP, Brazil.
authors: Maira Cicero
authors: MC
authors: Ferreira
authors: Retrovirology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo, 781, Pedro de Toledo st, 16° floor, São Paulo, 04039-032, SP, Brazil.
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: Arnold
authors: Retrovirology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo, 781, Pedro de Toledo st, 16° floor, São Paulo, 04039-032, SP, Brazil.
authors: Rodrigo Lopes Sanz
authors: RL
authors: Duro
authors: Retrovirology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo, 781, Pedro de Toledo st, 16° floor, São Paulo, 04039-032, SP, Brazil.
authors: Paulo Roberto Abrão
authors: PR
authors: Ferreira
authors: Retrovirology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo, 781, Pedro de Toledo st, 16° floor, São Paulo, 04039-032, SP, Brazil.
authors: James Richard
authors: JR
authors: Hunter
authors: Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, 01, Augusto Corrêa st, Belém, 66075-110, PA, Brazil.
authors: Élcio
authors: É
authors: Leal
authors: Retrovirology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo, 781, Pedro de Toledo st, 16° floor, São Paulo, 04039-032, SP, Brazil.
authors: Ricardo Sobhie
authors: RS
authors: Diaz
authors: Retrovirology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo, 781, Pedro de Toledo st, 16° floor, São Paulo, 04039-032, SP, Brazil. skomninakis@yahoo.com.br.|Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Medical School of ABC (FMABC), 821, Príncipe de Gales Av, Santo André, 09060-650, SP, Brazil. skomninakis@yahoo.com.br.
authors: Shirley Vasconcelos
authors: SV
authors: Komninakis
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D009154:Mutation; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010802:Phylogeny; D016865:Reassortant Viruses / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D063065:Organophosphonates; D019259:Lamivudine; C053001:adefovir; D000225:Adenine