title: Traumatic diaphragmatic rupture in pediatric age: review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traumatic diaphragm rupture (TDR) is a rare complication of trauma in pediatric age and may be easily missed by the severity of associated injuries so that delayed emergent presentation can occur with increased rate of morbidity and mortality. No review has been available to guide clinicians through the pitfalls and the initial diagnostic approach to pediatric TDR.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Medline thorough search on TDR was conducted using different queries. English language citations were identified during the period of January 2000 through December 2014 limiting the search to pediatric age (0-18 years). Abstracts were reviewed to determine eligibility and texts were obtained for further review. Differences were resolved by consensus and only reliable data were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most frequently reported presenting symptoms of TDR are respiratory and abdominal. While respiratory symptoms are among the most frequently described at the onset in pediatric and adult series, abdominal symptoms result to be more frequent in adult than pediatric patients. Chest X-ray (CXR) is the first-line imaging exam which is reported to show pathognomonic or suspect findings in 85 %. CT was the second main radiological technique used, in particular to confirm the suspicion of TDR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high clinical index of suspicion is needed to diagnose and effectively manage diaphragmatic rupture. TDR should be kept in mind while dealing with patients assessed for abdominal or respiratory symptoms whenever there is history of trauma or blunt injury especially in children as the increasing of non-operative management of blunt abdominal trauma could result in missing important injuries as TDR.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, S. Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, University of Udine, Piazzale S. Maria della Misericordia, 1, 33100, Udine, Italy. federico.marzona@gmail.com.
authors: F
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8755-4142
authors: F
authors: Marzona
authors: Department of Emergency Medicine and Trauma Center, Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Parri
authors: Department of Pediatrics, S. Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, University of Udine, Piazzale S. Maria della Misericordia, 1, 33100, Udine, Italy.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Nocerino
authors: Department of Mother and Child's Health, Meyer University Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Giacalone
authors: Department of Pediatrics, S. Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, University of Udine, Piazzale S. Maria della Misericordia, 1, 33100, Udine, Italy.
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Valentini
authors: Department of Emergency Medicine, Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Masi
authors: Trauma Center, Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Bussolin
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000293:injuries*; D006549:Hernia, Diaphragmatic, Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D012421:Rupture / Q000175:diagnosis; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Diaphragam rupture; Pediatric emergency surgery; Pediatric trauma; Pediatrics