title: Response of microorganisms and enzymes to soil contamination with a mixture of terbuthylazine, mesotrione, and S-metolachlor.
abstract: The research objective has been to evaluate the effect, unexplored yet, of a mixture of three active ingredients of the herbicide Lumax 537.5 SE: terbuthylazine (T), mesotrione (M), and S-metolachlor (S) on counts of soil microorganisms, structure of microbial communities, activity of soil enzymes as well as the growth and development of maize. The research was based on a pot experiment established on sandy soil with pHKCl7.0. The herbicide was applied to soil once, in the form of liquid emulsion dosed as follows: 0.67, 13.4, 26.9, 53.8, 108, 215, and 430 mg kg-1of soil, converted per active substance (M + T + S). The control sample consisted of soil untreated with herbicide. The results showed that the mixture of the above active substances caused changes in values of the colony development (CD) indices of organotrophic bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi and ecophysiological diversity (EP) indices of fungi. Changes in the ecophysiological diversity index of organotrophic bacteria and actinomycetes were small. The M + T + S mixture was a strong inhibitor of dehydrogenases, to a less degree catalase, urease, β-glucosidase, and arylsulfatase, while being a weak inhibitor of phosphatases. The actual impact was correlated with the dosage. The M + T + S mixture inhibited the growth and development of maize. The herbicide Lumax 537.5 SE should be applied strictly in line with the regime that defines its optimum dosage. Should its application adhere to the manufacturer's instructions, the herbicide would not cause any serious disturbance in soil homeostasis. However, its excessive quantities (from 13.442 to 430.144 mg kg-1DM of soil) proved to be harmful to the soil environment.
authors: Department of Microbiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors: Agata
authors: A
authors: Borowik
authors: Department of Microbiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727, Olsztyn, Poland. jadwiga.wyszkowska@uwm.edu.pl.
authors: Jadwiga
authors: J
authors: Wyszkowska
authors: Department of Microbiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Kucharski
authors: Department of Microbiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors: Małgorzata
authors: M
authors: Baćmaga
authors: Department of Microbiology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 3, 10-727, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors: Monika
authors: M
authors: Tomkiel
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000633:toxicity*; D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000737:chemistry; D001192:Arylsulfatases / Q000737:chemistry; D001395:Azotobacter / Q000187:drug effects; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D002374:Catalase / Q000737:chemistry; D003512:Cyclohexanones / Q000633:toxicity*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D064307:Microbiota; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D014227:Triazines / Q000633:toxicity*; D014510:Urease / Q000737:chemistry; D003313:Zea mays / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology; D001617:beta-Glucosidase / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D003512:Cyclohexanones; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D006540:Herbicides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014227:Triazines; C432907:mesotrione; D010088:Oxidoreductases; D002374:Catalase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D001192:Arylsulfatases; D001617:beta-Glucosidase; D014510:Urease; C037565:terbutylazine; C051786:metolachlor
keywords: Ecophysiological biodiversity; Enzymatic activity; Maize; Microbial communities and activity; Microbiota