title: Sono-assisted TEMPO oxidation of oil palm lignocellulosic biomass for isolation of nanocrystalline cellulose.
abstract: Highly stable and dispersible nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was successfully isolated from oil palm empty fruit bunch microcrystalline cellulose (OPEFB-MCC), with yields of 93% via a sono-assisted TEMPO-oxidation and a subsequent sonication process. The sono-assisted treatment has a remarkable effect, resulting in an increase of more than 100% in the carboxylate content and a significant increase of approximately 39% in yield compared with the non-assisted process. TEM images reveal the OPEFB-NCC to have rod-like crystalline morphology with an average length and width of 122 and 6nm, respectively. FTIR and solid-state13C-NMR analyses suggest that oxidation of cellulose chain hydroxyl groups occurs at C6. XRD analysis shows that OPEFB-NCC consists primarily of a crystalline cellulose I structure. Both XRD and13C-NMR indicate that the OPEFB-NCC has a lower crystallinity than the OPEFB-MCC starting material. Thermogravimetric analysis illustrates that OPEFB-NCC is less thermally stable than OPEFB-MCC but has a char content of 46% compared with 7% for the latter, which signifies that the carboxylate functionality acts as a flame retardant.
authors: School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Electronic address: roh_aizu@yahoo.com.
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Rohaizu
authors: School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Electronic address: wanrosli@usm.my.
authors: W D
authors: WD
authors: Wanrosli
mesh_terms: D028023:Arecaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D018533:Biomass; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D008031:Lignin / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013010:Sonication
chemical_list: D003497:Cyclic N-Oxides; C036909:lignocellulose; D002482:Cellulose; D008031:Lignin; C003959:TEMPO
keywords: Acoustic cavitation; Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC); Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC); Oil palm empty fruit bunch; Sono-assisted TEMPO-oxidation; TCF bleaching