title: Modifying Kinect placement to improve upper limb joint angle measurement accuracy.
abstract: METHODS
  Repeated measures.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The Kinect (Microsoft, Redmond, WA) is widely used for telerehabilitation applications including rehabilitation games and assessment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine effects of the Kinect location relative to a person on measurement accuracy of upper limb joint angles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kinect error was computed as difference in the upper limb joint range of motion (ROM) during target reaching motion, from the Kinect vs 3D Investigator Motion Capture System (NDI, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada), and compared across 9 Kinect locations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ROM error was the least when the Kinect was elevated 45° in front of the subject, tilted toward the subject. This error was 54% less than the conventional location in front of a person without elevation and tilting. The ROM error was the largest when the Kinect was located 60° contralateral to the moving arm, at the shoulder height, facing the subject. The ROM error was the least for the shoulder elevation and largest for the wrist angle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Accuracy of the Kinect sensor for detecting upper limb joint ROM depends on its location relative to a person.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This information facilitates implementation of Kinect-based upper limb rehabilitation applications with adequate accuracy.
  
  
  METHODS
  3b.
authors: Division of Occupational Therapy, Department of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Health Sciences and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. Electronic address: seon@musc.edu.
authors: Na Jin
authors: NJ
authors: Seo
authors: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors: Mojtaba F
authors: MF
authors: Fathi
authors: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
authors: Pilwon
authors: P
authors: Hur
authors: The Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Vincent
authors: V
authors: Crocher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D053587:Arthrometry, Articular / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009864:Ontario; D058996:Quality Improvement; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D012984:Software; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Accuracy; Arm movement; Kinect location; Motion capture; Upper limb joint angle; range of motion