title: Emerging roles of T helper 17 and regulatory T cells in lung cancer progression and metastasis.
abstract: Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Lung cancer risk factors, including smoking and exposure to environmental carcinogens, have been linked to chronic inflammation. An integral feature of inflammation is the activation, expansion and infiltration of diverse immune cell types, including CD4+T cells. Within this T cell subset are immunosuppressive regulatory T (Treg) cells and pro-inflammatory T helper 17 (Th17) cells that act in a fine balance to regulate appropriate adaptive immune responses.In the context of lung cancer, evidence suggests that Tregs promote metastasis and metastatic tumor foci development. Additionally, Th17 cells have been shown to be an integral component of the inflammatory milieu in the tumor microenvironment, and potentially involved in promoting distinct lung tumor phenotypes. Studies have shown that the composition of Tregs and Th17 cells are altered in the tumor microenvironment, and that these two CD4+T cell subsets play active roles in promoting lung cancer progression and metastasis.We review current knowledge on the influence of Treg and Th17 cells on lung cancer tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis and prognosis. Furthermore, we discuss the potential biological and clinical implications of the balance among Treg/Th17 cells in the context of the lung tumor microenvironment and highlight the potential prognostic function and relationship to metastasis in lung cancer.
authors: Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.
authors: Erin A
authors: EA
authors: Marshall
authors: Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.
authors: Kevin W
authors: KW
authors: Ng
authors: Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada. skung@bccrc.ca.|British Columbia Cancer Research Centre Centre, Vancouver, Canada. skung@bccrc.ca.
authors: Sonia H Y
authors: SH
authors: Kung
authors: Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.|Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors: Emma M
authors: EM
authors: Conway
authors: Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.|Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors: Victor D
authors: VD
authors: Martinez
authors: Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.
authors: Elizabeth C
authors: EC
authors: Halvorsen
authors: Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Rowbotham
authors: Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.|Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors: Emily A
authors: EA
authors: Vucic
authors: Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.|Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors: Adam W
authors: AW
authors: Plumb
authors: Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.
authors: Daiana D
authors: DD
authors: Becker-Santos
authors: Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.
authors: Katey S S
authors: KS
authors: Enfield
authors: Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.
authors: Jennifer Y
authors: JY
authors: Kennett
authors: Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.|Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors: Kevin L
authors: KL
authors: Bennewith
authors: Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.|Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors: William W
authors: WW
authors: Lockwood
authors: Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada.
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Lam
authors: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors: John C
authors: JC
authors: English
authors: Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors: Ninan
authors: N
authors: Abraham
authors: Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada. wanlam@bccrc.ca.|Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. wanlam@bccrc.ca.|British Columbia Cancer Research Centre Centre, Vancouver, Canada. wanlam@bccrc.ca.
authors: Wan L
authors: WL
authors: Lam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000378:metabolism*; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment
keywords: Cancer immunology; IL-17; Inflammation; Lung cancer; Prognosis; Regulatory T cell; Th17; Treg; Tumor microenvironment; Tumorigenesis