title: PARylation of the forkhead-associated domain protein DAWDLE regulates plant immunity.
abstract: Protein poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) primarily catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) plays a crucial role in controlling various cellular responses. However, PARylation targets and their functions remain largely elusive. Here, we deployed an Arabidopsis protein microarray coupled with in vitro PARylation assays to globally identify PARylation targets in plants. Consistent with the essential role of PARylation in plant immunity, the forkhead-associated (FHA) domain protein DAWDLE (DDL), one of PARP2 targets, positively regulates plant defense to both adapted and non-adapted pathogens. Arabidopsis PARP2 interacts with and PARylates DDL, which was enhanced upon treatment of bacterial flagellin. Mass spectrometry and mutagenesis analysis identified multiple PARylation sites of DDL by PARP2. Genetic complementation assays indicate that DDL PARylation is required for its function in plant immunity. In contrast, DDL PARylation appears to be dispensable for its previously reported function in plant development partially mediated by the regulation of microRNA biogenesis. Our study uncovers many previously unknown PARylation targets and points to the distinct functions of DDL in plant immunity and development mediated by protein PARylation and small RNA biogenesis, respectively.
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
authors: Baomin
authors: B
authors: Feng
authors: Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors: Shisong
authors: S
authors: Ma
authors: Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors: Sixue
authors: S
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors: Ning
authors: N
authors: Zhu
authors: School of Biological Sciences & Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
authors: Shuxin
authors: S
authors: Zhang
authors: School of Biological Sciences & Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
authors: Bin
authors: B
authors: Yu
authors: Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
authors: Yu
authors: Y
authors: Yu
authors: Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
authors: Brandon
authors: B
authors: Le
authors: Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
authors: Xuemei
authors: X
authors: Chen
authors: Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors: Savithramma P
authors: SP
authors: Dinesh-Kumar
authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
authors: Libo
authors: L
authors: Shan
authors: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA pinghe@tamu.edu.
authors: Ping
authors: 0000-0002-5926-8349
authors: P
authors: He
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005408:Flagellin / Q000276:immunology; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D057865:Plant Immunity; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose / Q000378:metabolism*; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; C514692:DAWDLE protein, Arabidopsis; D005408:Flagellin; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases
keywords: FHA domain protein; immune gene expression; plant immunity; protein poly(ADP‐ribosyl)ation (PARylation)