title: Predictive models and prognostic factors for upper tract urothelial carcinoma: a comprehensive review of the literature.
abstract: In the context of customized patient care for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), decision-making could be facilitated by risk assessment and prediction tools. The aim of this study was to provide a critical overview of existing predictive models and to review emerging promising prognostic factors for UTUC. A literature search of articles published in English from January 2000 to June 2016 was performed using PubMed. Studies on risk group stratification models and predictive tools in UTUC were selected, together with studies on predictive factors and biomarkers associated with advanced-stage UTUC and oncological outcomes after surgery. Various predictive tools have been described for advanced-stage UTUC assessment, disease recurrence and cancer-specific survival (CSS). Most of these models are based on well-established prognostic factors such as tumor stage, grade and lymph node (LN) metastasis, but some also integrate newly described prognostic factors and biomarkers. These new prediction tools seem to reach a high level of accuracy, but they lack external validation and decision-making analysis. The combinations of patient-, pathology- and surgery-related factors together with novel biomarkers have led to promising predictive tools for oncological outcomes in UTUC. However, external validation of these predictive models is a prerequisite before their introduction into daily practice. New models predicting response to therapy are urgently needed to allow accurate and safe individualized management in this heterogeneous disease.
authors: Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria; ; Department of Urology, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Hôpital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France.
authors: Aurélie
authors: A
authors: Mbeutcha
authors: Department of Urology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.
authors: Romain
authors: R
authors: Mathieu
authors: Department of Urology, Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, University Paris VI, Paris, France.
authors: Morgan
authors: M
authors: Rouprêt
authors: Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
authors: Kilian M
authors: KM
authors: Gust
authors: Unit of Urology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Ospedale S. Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Briganti
authors: Department of Urology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors: Pierre I
authors: PI
authors: Karakiewicz
authors: Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, Austria; ; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; ; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
authors: Shahrokh F
authors: SF
authors: Shariat
keywords: Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC); biomarkers; disease recurrence; nomograms; predictive tools; prognosis; prognostic factors; risk stratification; survival