title: Epilepsy with myoclonic absences: Electroclinical characteristics in a distinctive pediatric epilepsy phenotype.
abstract: The purpose of this article was to study the electroclinical characteristics and seizure outcome of children with epilepsy with myoclonic absences (EMA).
  
  
  
  In this descriptive cohort study, we reviewed clinical records of patients who met the criteria for EMA. Each patient's demographic data, birth/developmental history, seizure semiology/pattern, antiepileptic drugs (AED), clinical examination, video-electroencephalography (VEEG), and neuroimaging data were reviewed. Response to AED and change in seizure frequency/pattern on follow-up were noted. Responders were defined by seizure freedom/>50% reduction in seizure frequency on follow-up.
  
  
  
  Twelve children were diagnosed with EMA between 2008 and 2013 [50% male; mean age of onset: 3.5years]. Main seizure types were the characteristic myoclonic absences (100%) and generalized tonic-clonic seizures (42%). Ictal correlate on VEEG was 3- to 3.5-Hz spike-and-wave discharges (82%) and fast recruiting bifrontal rhythm (25%). One patient had specific MRI abnormalities. Mean duration of follow-up was 23.9months. Seizure frequency had significantly improved on follow-up (p=0.005), and at last follow-up, nine patients were in the responder group: four seizure-free for at least 1year, two with >90%, and three with >50% reduction in seizure frequency. The number of AED reduced significantly between initial visit and last follow-up among responders. Two patients on follow-up developed different seizure patterns, with generalized tonic and complex partial seizures. One responder expired because of unprovoked generalized convulsive status epilepticus.
  
  
  
  This cohort, the largest from the Indian subcontinent on the rare syndrome of EMA, suggests mild heterogeneity in a seemingly homogenous electroclinical phenotype. Clinical semiology while unique may demonstrate focality and variable ictal patterns. Most patients respond to either valproate monotherapy or valproate-lamotrigine combination; however, the prognosis remains guarded. The seizures of a minority of patients remain drug-refractory and may evolve into tonic or complex partial seizures.
authors: R Madhavan Nayar Centre for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, India.
authors: Paresh
authors: P
authors: Zanzmera
authors: R Madhavan Nayar Centre for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, India. Electronic address: rsnmenon@sctimst.ac.in.
authors: Ramshekhar N
authors: RN
authors: Menon
authors: R Madhavan Nayar Centre for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, India.
authors: Kalyani
authors: K
authors: Karkare
authors: R Madhavan Nayar Centre for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, India.
authors: Himanshu
authors: H
authors: Soni
authors: R Madhavan Nayar Centre for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, India.
authors: Sujit
authors: S
authors: Jagtap
authors: R Madhavan Nayar Centre for Comprehensive Epilepsy Care, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum 695011, India.
authors: Ashalatha
authors: A
authors: Radhakrishnan
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004831:Epilepsies, Myoclonic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077213:Lamotrigine; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D011379:Prognosis; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014227:Triazines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D014227:Triazines; D014635:Valproic Acid; D000077213:Lamotrigine
keywords: Epilepsy with myoclonic absences; Pediatric epilepsy; Tassinari syndrome