title: Effectiveness of proximal intra-operative salvage Palmaz stent placement for endoleak during endovascular aneurysm repair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of a proximal Palmaz stent is a well-recognised technique to treat proximal endoleak in endovascular aortic repair. This study aimed to report the effectiveness and safety of an intra-operative Palmaz stent for immediate type 1a endoleak in Hong Kong patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case series was conducted at a tertiary hospital in Hong Kong. In a cohort of 494 patients who underwent infrarenal endovascular aortic repair from July 1999 to September 2015, 12 (2.4%) received an intra-operative proximal Palmaz stent for type 1a endoleak. Immediate and subsequent proximal endoleak on follow-up image was documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphological review of the pre-repair aneurysm neck showed five conical, one funnel, five cylindrical and one undetermined short neck, with a median neck angle of 61 degrees (range, 19-109 degrees). Stent grafts used included seven Cook Zenith, one Cook Aorto-Uni-Iliac device, three Metronic Endurant, and one TriVascular Ovation. Eleven Palmaz stents were placed successfully as intended, but one of them was accidentally placed too low. Of the 12 type 1a endoleaks, postoperative imaging revealed immediate resolution of eight whilst four had improved. After a median follow-up of 16 (range, 1-59) months, none of the subsequent imaging showed a type 1a endoleak. The mean size of the aneurysm sac reduced from 7.4 cm preoperatively to 7.3 cm at 1 month, 6.9 cm at 6 months, 7.1 cm at 1 year, and 6.1 cm at 2 years postoperatively. None of these patients required aortic reintervention or had device-related early- or mid-term mortality. One patient required delayed iliac re-interventions for an occluded limb at 10 days post-surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our cohort, Palmaz stenting was effective and safe in securing proximal sealing and fixation.
authors: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Law
authors: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
authors: Y C
authors: YC
authors: Chan
authors: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
authors: S Wk
authors: SW
authors: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D057867:Endoleak / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Aortic aneurysm, abdominal; Endovascular procedures/methods; Stents/utilization; Treatment outcome