title: Accuracy of inclinometer functions of the activPAL and ActiGraph GT3X+: A focus on physical activity.
abstract: The purpose of the study was to examine the accuracy of inclinometer functions of the ActiGraph GT3X+ (AG) (worn on the waist and wrist) and the activPAL (AP) in assessing time spent sitting, standing, and stepping.
  
  
  
  A total of 62 adults (age: 18-40 yrs; male:37; female:25) wore three activity monitors (AG waist, and AG wrist, and AP) while completing 15 different types of activities. The 15 activities were classified into 3 different postures (sitting, standing, and stepping) based on the directly observed behaviors. Minutes estimated from the inclinometers of the three monitors were directly compared to those from direct observation (criterion method) using mean absolute percent error (MAPE) values, effect sizes (Cohen's D), and equivalence testing.
  
  
  
  The AP was more accurate than the both waist- and wrist-worn AG in both sitting and standing activities, but the AG was more accurate than the AP in stepping activity when the stepping activity was determined with 0.7 step/s threshold. Equivalence testing indicated that the time measured by the waist-, wrist-worn AG, and AP showed significant equivalence to the time in the equivalence zone (90% confidence interval: 2.7 to 3.3min) for 6, 5, and 7 activities, respectively.
  
  
  
  The AP was reasonably accurate for detecting sitting, standing, and stepping, and the AG was very accurate for classifying stepping when the stepping activity was determined by the formula created by 0.7 step/s threshold. It is expected that the result of the study would contribute to performing movement pattern analyses and health promotion research for classifying activities.
authors: School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA. Electronic address: han@unomaha.edu.
authors: Hyun-Sung
authors: HS
authors: An
authors: MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Youngwon.Kim@mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk.
authors: Youngwon
authors: Y
authors: Kim
authors: School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6001 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA. Electronic address: jungminlee@unomaha.edu.
authors: Jung-Min
authors: JM
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D004856:Postural Balance; D011187:Posture; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016138:Walking; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Accelerometer; Activity classification; Activity monitors; Inclinometer; Physical activity assessment; Posture classification