title: Pigment analysis by Raman microscopy and portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) of thirteenth to fourteenth century illuminations and cuttings from Bologna.
abstract: Non-destructive pigment analysis by Raman microscopy (RM) and portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) has been carried out on some Bolognese illuminations and cuttings chosen to represent the beginnings, evolution and height of Bolognese illuminated manuscript production. Dating to the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and held in a private collection, the study provides evidence for the pigments generally used in this period. The results, which are compared with those obtained for other north Italian artwork, show the developments in usage of artistic materials and technique. Also addressed in this study is an examination of the respective roles of RM and pXRF analysis in this area of technical art history.This article is part of the themed issue 'Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology'.
authors: Christopher Ingold Laboratories, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK tracey@tdchaplin.co.uk.
authors: Tracey D
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5899-1500
authors: TD
authors: Chaplin
authors: Christopher Ingold Laboratories, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK.
authors: Robin J H
authors: RJ
authors: Clark
authors: Archaeology, University of Glasgow, Gregory Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Jones
authors: History of Art, University of Glasgow, 8 University Gardens, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Gibbs
keywords: Bologna; Raman microscopy; illuminated manuscripts and cuttings; pigments; portable X-ray fluorescence