title: A Comprehensive View of the Structural and Functional Alterations of Extracellular Matrix by Snake Venom Metalloproteinases (SVMPs): Novel Perspectives on the Pathophysiology of Envenoming.
abstract: Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) affect the extracellular matrix (ECM) in multiple and complex ways. Previously, the combination of various methodological platforms, including electron microscopy, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot, has allowed a partial understanding of such complex pathology. In recent years, the proteomics analysis of exudates collected in the vicinity of tissues affected by SVMPs has provided novel and exciting information on SVMP-induced ECM alterations. The presence of fragments of an array of ECM proteins, including those of the basement membrane, has revealed a complex pathological scenario caused by the direct action of SVMPs. In addition, the time-course analysis of these changes has underscored that degradation of some fibrillar collagens is likely to depend on the action of endogenous proteinases, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), synthesized as a consequence of the inflammatory process. The action of SVMPs on the ECM also results in the release of ECM-derived biologically-active peptides that exert diverse actions in the tissue, some of which might be associated with reparative events or with further tissue damage. The study of the effects of SVMP on the ECM is an open field of research which may bring a renewed understanding of snake venom-induced pathology.
authors: Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica. jose.gutierrez@ucr.ac.cr.
authors: José María
authors: JM
authors: Gutiérrez
authors: Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica. teresa.escalante@ucr.ac.cr.
authors: Teresa
authors: T
authors: Escalante
authors: Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica. alexandra.rucavado@ucr.ac.cr.
authors: Alexandra
authors: A
authors: Rucavado
authors: Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica. cristina.herreraarias@gmail.com.|Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica. cristina.herreraarias@gmail.com.
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Herrera
authors: School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22959, USA. jwf8x@virginia.edu.
authors: Jay W
authors: JW
authors: Fox
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001485:Basement Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D045726:Metalloproteases / Q000633:toxicity*; D040901:Proteomics; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012910:Snake Venoms / Q000201:enzymology*; D014118:Toxins, Biological / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012910:Snake Venoms; D014118:Toxins, Biological; D003094:Collagen; D045726:Metalloproteases
keywords: FACITs; basement membrane; extracellular matrix; exudate; hemorrhage; proteomics; snake venom metalloproteinases