title: Ethylene promotes mycelial growth and ganoderic acid biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of ethylene, in the form of ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), on mycelial growth and ganoderic acid (GA) accumulation in the higher basidiomycete Ganoderma lucidum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with both 10 and 15 mM ethephon enhanced the growth of G. lucidum on solid CYM plates and in CYM liquid medium. After optimization using response surface methodology, GA reached 33 mg/g dry cell weight (DW), an increase of 90 %, compared with the control. Lanosterol and squalene contents were 31 and 2.4 μg/g DW, being increased by 1.2- and 0.6-fold, respectively, in response to ethephon. Additionally, the transcriptional levels of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, squalene synthase and oxidosqualene cyclase were up-regulated by 2.6-, 4.3- and 3.8-fold, respectively, compared with the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This approach provides an efficient strategy for improving GA accumulation in G. lucidum, with potential future applications.
authors: Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
authors: Guang
authors: G
authors: Zhang
authors: Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
authors: Ang
authors: A
authors: Ren
authors: Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
authors: Fengli
authors: F
authors: Wu
authors: Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
authors: Hanshou
authors: H
authors: Yu
authors: Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. shiliang@njau.edu.cn.
authors: Liang
authors: L
authors: Shi
authors: Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
authors: Mingwen
authors: M
authors: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000214:Acyl Coenzyme A / Q000378:metabolism; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013186:Farnesyl-Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D007810:Lanosterol / Q000378:metabolism; D020940:Reishi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013185:Squalene / Q000378:metabolism; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000214:Acyl Coenzyme A; D005030:Ethylenes; D014315:Triterpenes; C556862:ganoderic acid; C008047:3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A; D007810:Lanosterol; D013185:Squalene; C036216:ethylene; D013186:Farnesyl-Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase
keywords: Ethephon; Ethylene; Ganoderic acid; Ganoderma lucidum; Response surface methodology