title: Serum Retinol Levels in Pregnant Adolescents and Their Relationship with Habitual Food Intake, Infection and Obstetric, Nutritional and Socioeconomic Variables.
abstract: Globally, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) affects about 19.1 million pregnant women. Its occurrence is classically associated with inadequate food intake and may also be associated with socioeconomic factors and the presence of infection. The aim of this study was to determine the factors related to serum retinol levels among pregnant teenagers. The sample consisted of 89 pregnant adolescents, from whom socioeconomic, obstetric, anthropometric, and food consumption data were collected. Serum concentrations of retinol and the supposed presence of infection were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and C-reactive protein quantification, respectively. The serum retinol concentrations were classified according to the criteria of the World Health Organization. We adopted a 5% significance level for all statistical tests. Serum retinol levels were significantly and positively associated with sanitation (p= 0.008) and pre-gestational nutritional status (p= 0.002), and negatively with the trimester (p= 0.001). The appropriate sanitation conditions and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) were shown to have a protective effect against VAD. Conversely, serum retinol levels were reduced with trimester progression, favoring VAD occurrence.
authors: Post-Graduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina 64049550, Piauí, Brazil. laisspindolagarcez@hotmail.com.
authors: Laís
authors: L
authors: Spíndola Garcêz
authors: Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina 64049550, Piauí, Brazil. geaniapaz@ufpi.edu.br.
authors: Geania
authors: G
authors: de Sousa Paz Lima
authors: Post-Graduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina 64049550, Piauí, Brazil. aapaiva@ufpi.edu.br.|Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina 64049550, Piauí, Brazil. aapaiva@ufpi.edu.br.
authors: Adriana
authors: A
authors: de Azevedo Paiva
authors: St. Augustine College, Nutrition Course, Teresina 64019625, Piauí, Brazil. suzanarspaz@gmail.com.
authors: Suzana
authors: S
authors: Maria Rebêlo Sampaio da Paz
authors: Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences of the State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083887, São Paulo, Brazil. ericaivana@gmail.com.
authors: Erica Ivana
authors: EI
authors: Lázaro Gomes
authors: Lipids Lab (LIM10), Endocrinology and Metabolism Division of Hospital das Clinicas, Faculty of Medical Sciences of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246000, São Paulo, Brazil. valeriasutti@gmail.com.
authors: Valéria Sutti
authors: VS
authors: Nunes
authors: Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences of the State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083887, São Paulo, Brazil. cotta@fcm.unicamp.br.
authors: Eliana
authors: E
authors: Cotta de Faria
authors: Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences of the State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083887, São Paulo, Brazil. sbmazon@fcm.unicamp.br.
authors: Sílvia
authors: S
authors: de Barros-Mazon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000208:ethnology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000208:ethnology; D009752:Nutritional Status / Q000208:ethnology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D015995:Prevalence; D012499:Sanitation; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood*; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014801:Vitamin A; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Vitamin A deficiency; food consumption; pregnancy; pregnancy in adolescence; serum retinol; vitamin A