title: Combination of intramedullary rod, wrapping bone grafting and Ilizarov's fixator for the treatment of Crawford type IV congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia: mid-term follow up of 56 cases.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the initial union rate, refracture rate and residual deformities of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT), using combined surgery including pseudarthrosis resection, intramedullary rodding, autogenous iliac bone grafting and Ilizarov's fixator, with a mean 5.2 years follow-up.
  
  
  
  We retrospectively reviewed the records and diagrams of patients with Crawford type IV congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia between February 2007 and March 2010. Patients managed by pseudarthrosis resection, intramedullary rod of the tibia, wrapping autogenous iliac bone grafting and Ilizarov's fixator were enrolled. We evaluated the bone union rate, tibial alignment, limb length discrepancy (LLD), valgus deformity of the ankle and the frequencies of refracture during period of follow-up.
  
  
  
  There were 56 cases enrolled in the study, with a mean follow-up 5.2 years (range, 3 to 6.7 years). The mean age of the patients at surgery was 3.5 years (range, 1.5 to 12.4 years). Fifty (89.2 %) of the 56 patients had primary bone union at site of pseudarthrosis, while 5 obtained union after second surgery and 1 failed. The average time spent to obtain pseudarthrosis initial union was 4.5 months (range, 3.0 to 10.0 months) and mean duration of Ilizarov treatment was 4.7 months (range, 3.2 to 10.4 months). Eleven (19.6 %) patients had proximal tibial valgus with a mean angle of 9.5° (range, 5 to 24°), while 10 (17.9 %) patients had ankle valgus deformities with a mean of 12.3° (range, 6 to 21°). Sixteen (28.6 %) patients had an average 2.2 cm LLD (range, 1.5-4.2 cm). Of the 50 cases who obtained initial bone union of pseudarthrosis, 13 (26.0 %) had refracture which need cast immobilization or secondary surgery.
  
  
  
  This combined surgery obtained initial union rate of 89.2 % at primary surgery while the refracture rate is 26.0 %. However, residual deformities such as proximal tibial valgus, LLD and ankle valgus were also existed which should be pay more attention to and dealt with.
  
  
  
  This study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov under the name "The Effect of Combined Surgery in Management of Congenital Pseudarthrosis of Tibia" ( NCT02640040 ), which was released on August 31, 2015.
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Children's Hospital, 86 Ziyuan road, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
authors: Guang-Hui
authors: GH
authors: Zhu
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Children's Hospital, 86 Ziyuan road, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China. meihaibo8@163.com.
authors: Hai-Bo
authors: HB
authors: Mei
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Children's Hospital, 86 Ziyuan road, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
authors: Rong-Guo
authors: RG
authors: He
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Children's Hospital, 86 Ziyuan road, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
authors: Yao-Xi
authors: YX
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Children's Hospital, 86 Ziyuan road, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
authors: Kun
authors: K
authors: Liu
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Children's Hospital, 86 Ziyuan road, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
authors: Jin
authors: J
authors: Tang
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Children's Hospital, 86 Ziyuan road, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
authors: Jiang-Yan
authors: JY
authors: Wu
mesh_terms: D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D002370:Casts, Surgical; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007085:Ilium / Q000637:transplantation; D018889:Ilizarov Technique; D007223:Infant; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008297:Male; D011542:Pseudarthrosis / Q000151:congenital* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D011859:Radiography; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous / Q000379:methods
keywords: Congenital pseudarthrosis of tibia; Ilizarov’s fixator; Intramedullary rodding; Residual deformities; Union rate