title: Noise-robust fixation detection in eye movement data: Identification by two-means clustering (I2MC).
abstract: Eye-tracking research in infants and older children has gained a lot of momentum over the last decades. Although eye-tracking research in these participant groups has become easier with the advance of the remote eye-tracker, this often comes at the cost of poorer data quality than in research with well-trained adults (Hessels, Andersson, Hooge, Nyström, & Kemner Infancy, 20, 601-633, 2015; Wass, Forssman, & Leppänen Infancy, 19, 427-460, 2014). Current fixation detection algorithms are not built for data from infants and young children. As a result, some researchers have even turned to hand correction of fixation detections (Saez de Urabain, Johnson, & Smith Behavior Research Methods, 47, 53-72, 2015). Here we introduce a fixation detection algorithm-identification by two-means clustering (I2MC)-built specifically for data across a wide range of noise levels and when periods of data loss may occur. We evaluated the I2MC algorithm against seven state-of-the-art event detection algorithms, and report that the I2MC algorithm's output is the most robust to high noise and data loss levels. The algorithm is automatic, works offline, and is suitable for eye-tracking data recorded with remote or tower-mounted eye-trackers using static stimuli. In addition to application of the I2MC algorithm in eye-tracking research with infants, school children, and certain patient groups, the I2MC algorithm also may be useful when the noise and data loss levels are markedly different between trials, participants, or time points (e.g., longitudinal research).
authors: Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. royhessels@gmail.com.|Department of Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. royhessels@gmail.com.
authors: Roy S
authors: RS
authors: Hessels
authors: Humanities Laboratory and Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.|Institute for Psychology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors: Diederick C
authors: DC
authors: Niehorster
authors: Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Department of Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Chantal
authors: C
authors: Kemner
authors: Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Ignace T C
authors: ITC
authors: Hooge
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001330:Electronic Data Processing / Q000379:methods*; D053483:Eye Movement Measurements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans
keywords: Data loss; Data quality; Eye-tracking; Fixation detection; Noise