title: Individuals with tension and migraine headaches exhibit increased heart rate variability during post-stress mindfulness meditation practice but a decrease during a post-stress control condition - A randomized, controlled experiment.
abstract: Current research suggests that associations between headache conditions (migraine, tension) and imbalances in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are due to stress-related dysregulation in the activity of the parasympathetic-sympathetic branches. Mindfulness meditation has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing pain-related distress, and in enhancing heart rate variability-a vagal-mediated marker of ANS balance. This study examined HRV during cognitive stress and mindfulness meditation in individuals with migraine and tension headaches.
  
  
  
  Undergraduate students with tension and migraine headaches (n=36) and headache-free students (n=39) were recruited for an experiment involving HRV measurement during baseline, cognitive stress-induction, and after randomization to post-stress conditions of audio-guided mindfulness meditation practice (MMP) or mindfulness meditation description (MMD). HRV was derived using electrocardiograms as the absolute power in the high frequency bandwidth (ms2). A three-way ANOVA tested the effects of Group (headache vs. headache-free), Phase (baseline, stress, & post-stress), and Condition (MMP vs. MMD) on HRV.
  
  
  
  ANOVA revealed a significant three-way interaction. Simple effects tests indicated: 1) HRV increased significantly from stress to MMP for headache and headache-free groups (p<0.001), 2) significantly greater HRV for headache (p<0.001) and headache-free (p<0.05) groups during MMP compared to MMD, and 3) significantly lower HRV in the headache vs. headache-free group during the post-stress MMD condition (p<0.05).
  
  
  
  Results suggest mindfulness practice can promote effective heart rate regulation, and thereby promote effective recovery after a stressful event for individuals with headache conditions. Moreover, headache conditions may be associated with dysregulated stress recovery, thus more research is needed on the cardiovascular health and stress resilience of headache sufferers.
authors: Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3. Electronic address: abidazam@yorku.ca.
authors: Muhammad Abid
authors: MA
authors: Azam
authors: Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3; School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3.
authors: Joel
authors: J
authors: Katz
authors: Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3.
authors: Vina
authors: V
authors: Mohabir
authors: Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3; School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M3J 1P3. Electronic address: pritvo@yorku.ca.
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Ritvo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D064866:Mindfulness; D010275:Parasympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D018781:Tension-Type Headache / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Headache; Heart rate variability; Migraine; Mindfulness meditation; Stress