title: Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome: a persistent challenge for pediatric nephrology.
abstract: Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome remains a challenge to treat, but various efforts are underway to better understand the pathogenesis and improve patient outcomes. This review provides an update on the newer advances in understanding the molecular etiologies for a variety of podocyte abnormalities, potential circulating factors that may initiate and sustain the steroid-resistant state, genetic mutations, and precision medicine treatment modalities in this continuously perplexing disorder.
authors: Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, 282 Washington Street, Hartford, CT, 06095, USA. sdogra@connecticutchildrens.org.
authors: Samriti
authors: S
authors: Dogra
authors: Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital at Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
authors: Frederick
authors: F
authors: Kaskel
mesh_terms: D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000367:Age Factors; D001706:Biopsy; D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005820:Genetic Testing; D005923:Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental / Q000473:pathology; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009154:Mutation; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D050199:Podocytes / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator / Q000097:blood; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; C524898:PLAUR protein, human; D055293:Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
keywords: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; Genetic testing; Glomerular filtration barrier; Minimal change disease; Podocyte; Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome