title: Quality of life of residents living in a city hosting mega-sport events: a longitudinal study.
abstract: It remains unknown whether and when the hosting of mega-sport events increases quality of life of host city residents. The aim of this study is to assess the changes in quality of life of host city residents over the course of hosting a mega-sport event until three months after the event, depending on residents' perception of the atmosphere during the event.
  
  
  
  The study was conducted in Rio de Janeiro, one of the host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in soccer. Participants were recruited from a Brazilian market research agency's panel and surveyed online. The WHOQOL-BREF was used to measure quality of life of residents of Rio de Janeiro (n = 281) in three waves in the context of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Perceived atmosphere at the event was measured via an established scale. Piecewise latent growth models were used to analyze individual changes in the four domains of quality of life per se and depending on perceived atmosphere.
  
  
  
  There was no change in quality of life with respect to physical, social, psychological, and environmental health for all participants during the course of the event. However, residents who perceived a positive atmosphere rated the social and environmental domains of quality of life more positively right after the end (vs. at the beginning) of the World Cup. This increase sustained until three months after the event. Physical health (particularly at high levels of perceived atmosphere) and psychological health decreased from right after the event until three months after.
  
  
  
  There was no positive effect of the hosting of the mega-sport event on the four quality of life domains of the panel members (who were residents of a city hosting a mega-sport event) per se. The individual changes in quality of life vary by perception of atmosphere and by domain of quality of life.
authors: Department of Sport & Health Management, Technische Universität München, Uptown Munich - Campus D, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/62, 80992, Munich, Germany.
authors: Rebecca
authors: R
authors: Pfitzner
authors: Department of Sport & Health Management, Technische Universität München, Uptown Munich - Campus D, Georg-Brauchle-Ring 60/62, 80992, Munich, Germany. joerg.koenigstorfer@tum.de.
authors: Joerg
authors: J
authors: Koenigstorfer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil; D002947:Cities; D004782:Environmental Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011634:Public Health; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012916:Soccer / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013177:Sports / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Atmosphere; FIFA World Cup; Mega-sport event; Piecewise latent growth model; Quality of life