title: Childhood Socioeconomic Status in Predicting Metabolic Syndrome and Glucose Abnormalities in Adulthood: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.
abstract: We prospectively examined whether family socioeconomic status (SES) in childhood is associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), or type 2 diabetes in adulthood.
  
  
  
  The sample comprised 2,250 participants from the longitudinal Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study cohort. Participants were 3-18 years old at baseline (mean age 10.6 years), and they were followed for 31 years. SES was characterized as reported annual income of the family and classified on an 8-point scale.
  
  
  
  For each 1-unit increase in family SES in childhood, the risk for adult MetS decreased (risk ratio [95% confidence interval] 0.94 [0.90-0.98]; P = 0.003) when adjusted for age, sex, childhood cardiometabolic risk factors (lipids, systolic blood pressure, insulin, and BMI), childhood physical activity, and fruit and vegetable consumption. The association remained after adjustment for participants' own SES in adulthood (0.95 [0.91-0.99]; P = 0.005). A similar association was seen between childhood SES and the risk of having either adult IFG or type 2 diabetes (0.96 [0.92-0.99]; P = 0.01, age and sex adjusted). This association became nonsignificant after adjustment for childhood risk factors (P = 0.08). Of the individual components of MetS, lower SES in childhood predicted large waist circumference (0.96 [0.93-0.99]; P = 0.003) and a high triglycerides concentration (0.96 [0.92-1.00]; P = 0.04) after adjustment for the aforementioned risk factors.
  
  
  
  Lower SES in childhood may be associated with an increased risk for MetS, IFG, and type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Special attention could be paid to children of low SES families to decrease the prevalence of MetS in adulthood.
authors: Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland elina.a.puolakka@utu.fi.
authors: Elina
authors: E
authors: Puolakka
authors: Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.|Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors: Katja
authors: K
authors: Pahkala
authors: Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.|Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors: Tomi T
authors: TT
authors: Laitinen
authors: Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.|Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
authors: Costan G
authors: CG
authors: Magnussen
authors: Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors: Nina
authors: N
authors: Hutri-Kähönen
authors: Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors: Päivi
authors: P
authors: Tossavainen
authors: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Eero
authors: E
authors: Jokinen
authors: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors: Matthew A
authors: MA
authors: Sabin
authors: Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors: Tomi
authors: T
authors: Laitinen
authors: Unit of Personality, Work and Health, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Marko
authors: M
authors: Elovainio
authors: Unit of Personality, Work and Health, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.|Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Pulkki-Råback
authors: Department of Medicine, University of Turku, and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors: Jorma S A
authors: JS
authors: Viikari
authors: Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.|Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors: Olli T
authors: OT
authors: Raitakari
authors: Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.|Department of Medicine, University of Turku, and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Juonala
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D055105:Waist Circumference