title: Monitoring wheat mitochondrial compositional and respiratory changes using Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy in response to agrochemical treatments.
abstract: Fungicides and plant growth regulators can impact plant growth outside of their effects on fungal pathogens. Although many of these chemicals are inhibitors of mitochondrial oxygen uptake, information remains limited as to whether they are able to modify other mitochondrial constituents. Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (FT-mIR) offers a high sample throughput method to comparatively and qualitatively evaluate the effects of exogenously added compounds on mitochondrial components. Therefore the objective of this study was to determine the ability of FT-mIR to detect effects mitochondrial fractions isolated from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings in response to several agrochemical treatments, with an emphasis on fungicides. The accessed need was to develop FT-mIR analytical and statistical routines as an effective approach to differentiate spectra obtained from chemically-treated or untreated mitochondria. An NADH-dependent oxygen uptake approach was initially used as a comparative method to determine whether the fungicides (azoxystrobin, boscalid, cyazofamid, fluazinam, isopyrazam, and pyraclostrobin) and the plant growth regulator, (trinexapac-ethyl) reduced respiration inhibition on isolated mitochondria. Pyraclostrobin was the most effective inhibitor, whereas amisulbrom did not impact oxygen uptake. However, hierarchical clustering of FT-mIR spectra of isolated mitochondria treated with these different compounds separated into clades consistent with each of their expected mode of action. Analysis of the FT-mIR amide protein region indicated that amisulbrom and pyraclostrobin interacted with the isolated wheat mitochondria. Both chemicals were statistically different from the control signifying that respiration was indeed influenced by these treatments. Moreover, the entire FT-mIR region showed differences in various biological bands thereby providing additional information on mitochondria responses to agrochemicals, if so warranted.
authors: Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA. Electronic address: pedersenm@huskers.unl.edu.
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Pedersen
authors: Zomedic Pharmacceuticals, 3928 Varsity Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA. Electronic address: cjwegner@umich.edu.
authors: Casey
authors: C
authors: Wegner
authors: Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, Nakhon Phanom University, Muang, Nakhon Phanom 48000, Thailand. Electronic address: pphansak@npu.ac.th.
authors: Piyaporn
authors: P
authors: Phansak
authors: Grain, Forage and Bioenergy Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 251 Filley Hall, East Campus, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937, USA. Electronic address: Gautam.Sarath@ars.usda.gov.
authors: Gautam
authors: G
authors: Sarath
authors: Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA. Electronic address: rgaussoin1@unl.edu.
authors: Roch
authors: R
authors: Gaussoin
authors: Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA. Electronic address: vschlegel3@unl.edu.
authors: Vicki
authors: V
authors: Schlegel
mesh_terms: D016573:Agrochemicals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000378:metabolism*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods; D014908:Triticum / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016573:Agrochemicals
keywords: Fourier transform mid infrared; Fungicides; High-throughput; Mitochondria respiration