title: Ultrasonic Transducer-Guided Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy to Assess Lipid-Laden Plaques.
abstract: Plaque rupture causes acute coronary syndromes and stroke. Intraplaque oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is metabolically unstable and prone to induce rupture. We designed an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) sensor to enhance the detection reproducibility of oxLDL-laden plaques. The flexible 2-point micro-electrode array for EIS was affixed to an inflatable balloon anchored onto a co-axial double layer catheter (outer diameter = 2 mm). The mechanically scanning-driven IVUS transducer (45 MHz) was deployed through the inner catheter (diameter = 1.3 mm) to the acoustic impedance matched-imaging window. Water filled the inner catheter to match acoustic impedance and air was pumped between the inner and outer catheters to inflate the balloon. The integrated EIS and IVUS sensor was deployed into the ex vivo aortas dissected from the fat-fed New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits (n=3 for fat-fed, n= 5 normal diet). IVUS imaging was able to guide the 2-point electrode to align with the plaque for EIS measurement upon balloon inflation. IVUS-guided EIS signal demonstrated reduced variability and increased reproducibility (p< 0.0001 for magnitude,p< 0.05 for phase at < 15 kHz) as compared to EIS sensor alone (p< 0.07 for impedance,p< 0.4 for phase at < 15 kHz). Thus, we enhanced topographic and EIS detection of oxLDL-laden plaques via a catheter-based integrated sensor design to enhance clinical assessment for unstable plaque.
authors: Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors: Jianguo
authors: J
authors: Ma
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
authors: Yuan
authors: Y
authors: Luo
authors: Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors: René R
authors: RR
authors: Sevag Packard
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
authors: Teng
authors: T
authors: Ma
authors: Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors: Yichen
authors: Y
authors: Ding
authors: Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors: Parinaz
authors: P
authors: Abiri
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
authors: Yu-Chong
authors: YC
authors: Tai
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
authors: Qifa
authors: Q
authors: Zhou
authors: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
authors: Kirk K
authors: KK
authors: Shung
authors: Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors: Rongsong
authors: R
authors: Li
authors: Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
authors: Tzung
authors: T
authors: Hsiai
keywords: Dual sensor-based intravascular catheter; Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy; Flexible 2-point electrode; Plaque assessment; Ultrasonic transducers