title: Structural and functional significance of water permeation through cotransporters.
abstract: Membrane transporters, in addition to their major role as specific carriers for ions and small molecules, can also behave as water channels. However, neither the location of the water pathway in the protein nor their functional importance is known. Here, we map the pathway for water and urea through the intestinal sodium/glucose cotransporter SGLT1. Molecular dynamics simulations using the atomic structure of the bacterial transporter vSGLT suggest that water permeates the same path as Na+and sugar. On a structural model of SGLT1, based on the homology structure of vSGLT, we identified and mutated residues lining the sugar transport pathway to cysteine. The mutants were expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and the unitary water and urea permeabilities were determined before and after modifying the cysteine side chain with reversible methanethiosulfonate reagents. The results demonstrate that water and urea follow the sugar transport pathway through SGLT1. The changes in permeability, increases or decreases, with side-chain modifications depend on the location of the mutation in the region of external or internal gates, or the sugar binding site. These changes in permeability are hypothesized to be due to alterations in steric hindrance to water and urea, and/or changes in protein folding caused by mismatching of side chains in the water pathway. Water permeation through SGLT1 and other transporters bears directly on the structural mechanism for the transport of polar solutes through these proteins. Finally, in vitro experiments on mouse small intestine show that SGLT1 accounts for two-thirds of the passive water flow across the gut.
authors: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK 2200N, Copenhagen, Denmark; ewright@mednet.ucla.edu tzeuthen@sund.ku.dk dloo@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Zeuthen
authors: Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751.
authors: Edurne
authors: E
authors: Gorraitz
authors: Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751.
authors: Ka
authors: K
authors: Her
authors: Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751 ewright@mednet.ucla.edu tzeuthen@sund.ku.dk dloo@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors: Ernest M
authors: EM
authors: Wright
authors: Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751 ewright@mednet.ucla.edu tzeuthen@sund.ku.dk dloo@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors: Donald D F
authors: DD
authors: Loo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020346:Aquaporins / Q000378:metabolism; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D017136:Ion Transport / Q000502:physiology; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008954:Models, Biological; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D009154:Mutation; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D010539:Permeability; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D051269:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014981:Xenopus / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020346:Aquaporins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D051269:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1; D014867:Water; D014508:Urea; D012964:Sodium; D005947:Glucose
keywords: SGLT1; glucose; transport; urea; water