title: Spontaneous Adverse Event Reports Associated with Zolpidem in the United States 2003-2012.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stimulated reporting occurs when patients and healthcare professionals are influenced or "stimulated" by media publicity to report specific drug-related adverse reactions, significantly biasing pharmacovigilance analyses. Among countries where the non-benzodiazepine hypnotic drug zolpidem is marketed, the United States experienced a comparable surge of media reporting during 2006-2009 linking the above drug with the development of complex neuropsychiatric sleep-related behaviors. However, the effect of this stimulated reporting in the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System has not been explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using disproportionality analyses, reporting odds ratios for zolpidem exposure and the following adverse events; parasomnia, movement-based parasomnia, nonmovement-based parasomnia, amnesia, hallucination, and suicidality were determined and compared to all other medications in the database, followed by specific comparison to the benzodiazepine hypnotic class, year-by-year from 2003 to 2012.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Odds ratios were increased significantly during and after the period of media publicity for parasomnias, movement-based parasomnias, amnesias and hallucinations. We also observed that zolpidem adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports have higher odds for parasomnias, movement-based parasomnias, amnesias, hallucinations, and suicidality compared to all other drugs, even before the media publicity cluster.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although our results indicate that zolpidem reports have higher odds for the ADR of interest even before the media publicity cluster, negative media coverage greatly exacerbated the reporting of these adverse reactions. The effect of such reporting must be borne in mind when decisions around drugs which have been the subject of intense media publicity are made by health professionals or regulatory bodies.
authors: Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors: Carmen K
authors: CK
authors: Wong
authors: NHMRC Centre for Integrated Research and Understanding of Sleep (CIRUS) and NeuroSleep Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.|Sydney Nursing School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors: Nathaniel S
authors: NS
authors: Marshall
authors: NHMRC Centre for Integrated Research and Understanding of Sleep (CIRUS) and NeuroSleep Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.
authors: Ronald R
authors: RR
authors: Grunstein
authors: Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors: Samuel S
authors: SS
authors: Ho
authors: Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors: Romano A
authors: RA
authors: Fois
authors: Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors: David E
authors: DE
authors: Hibbs
authors: Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors: Jane R
authors: JR
authors: Hanrahan
authors: Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.|NHMRC Centre for Integrated Research and Understanding of Sleep (CIRUS) and NeuroSleep Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.
authors: Bandana
authors: B
authors: Saini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011725:Pyridines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult; D000077334:Zolpidem
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D011725:Pyridines; D000077334:Zolpidem
keywords: media publicity; parasomnia; sleep-driving; sleepwalking; zolpidem