title: Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation of the Foot: Results of a Novel At-home, Noninvasive Treatment for Nocturnal Enuresis in Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of a novel at-home approach to electrical foot stimulation of peripheral tibial nerve branches on the frequency of nocturnal enuresis episodes in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged 5 to 18 having 2 or more bedwetting episodes per week for at least 3 consecutive months were eligible. The study was a total of 6 weeks. Participants completed a baseline nighttime voiding diary during the first 2 weeks. This was followed by 2 weeks of foot stimulation for 60 minutes each night. During the stimulation period, and the following 2 weeks poststimulation, participants completed the nighttime voiding diary.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two patients with a mean age of 11.4 years (range 7-16) completed the study. Overall, there was a significant reduction in mean total wet nights from 9.0 ± 4.0 to 6.8 ± 4.8 during the stimulation period (P < .01) and a sustained significant reduction to 7.2 ± 5.0 wet nights during the poststimulation period (P = .02). Sixteen patients (72.7%) showed improvement of at least 1 less wet night during stimulation, demonstrating a significant improvement from a mean of 7.9 ± 3.7 to 4.8 ± 3.5 wet nights during the 2-week stimulation (P < .01) and maintained an improved mean of 5.1 ± 4.0 wet nights during the poststimulation period (P < .01). There were no adverse events experienced by any child.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcutaneous foot stimulation is a well-tolerated, noninvasive, at-home treatment that may reduce the number of wet nights in children with nocturnal enuresis.
authors: Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA. Electronic address: ferronimc@upmc.edu.
authors: Matthew C
authors: MC
authors: Ferroni
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors: Rajeev
authors: R
authors: Chaudhry
authors: Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors: Bing
authors: B
authors: Shen
authors: Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors: Christopher J
authors: CJ
authors: Chermansky
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors: Glenn M
authors: GM
authors: Cannon
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors: Francis X
authors: FX
authors: Schneck
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors: Michael C
authors: MC
authors: Ost
authors: Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors: Changfeng
authors: C
authors: Tai
authors: Division of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors: Heidi A
authors: HA
authors: Stephany
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005528:Foot / Q000294:innervation; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013979:Tibial Nerve; D013997:Time Factors; D004561:Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology*; D014556:Urine