title: 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based serum metabolomics of human gallbladder inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We present in this article1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolic approach to screen the serum metabolic alterations in human gallbladder inflammation with chronic cholecystitis (CC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Total of 71 human serum samples was divided into two groups, (n = 41, CC) and (n = 30 control).1H NMR metabolic profiling was carried out for investigation of metabolic alterations. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied for pattern recognition and identification of metabolites playing crucial role in gallbladder inflammation. Receiver operating curve (ROC) and pathway analysis on NMR data were also carried out to validate the findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum metabolites such as glutamine, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), alanine, branch chained amino acids (BCAA), histidine and tyrosine were found to be depleted whereas formate, lactate, 1,2-propanediol were found to be elevated in CC. Metabolic pathways associated with metabolite alteration have also been reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NMR has been established for disease diagnosis along with identification of metabolic pattern recognition in biofluids. Gallstones cause inflammation of the gallbladder in the form of CC. Inflammation plays a major role in causation of gall bladder cancer and leads the way to malignancy. Metabolic analysis of CC may lead to early diagnosis of disease and its progression to gallbladder cancer.
authors: Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow, 226014, India.|Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India.
authors: Raj Kumar
authors: RK
authors: Sharma
authors: Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, 226014, India.
authors: Kumudesh
authors: K
authors: Mishra
authors: Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India.
authors: Alvina
authors: A
authors: Farooqui
authors: Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, 226014, India.
authors: Anu
authors: A
authors: Behari
authors: Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, 226014, India.
authors: Vinay Kumar
authors: VK
authors: Kapoor
authors: Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow, 226014, India. neerajcbmr@gmail.com.
authors: Neeraj
authors: N
authors: Sinha
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000097:blood*; D005561:Formates / Q000097:blood; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000097:blood; D006639:Histidine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000097:blood; D055432:Metabolomics; D011409:Propylene Glycols / Q000097:blood; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005561:Formates; D008074:Lipoproteins; D011409:Propylene Glycols; C030544:formic acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D006639:Histidine
keywords: 1H NMR; Chronic cholecystitis; Gallstone disease; PLS-DA; Serum metabolomics