title: Clinical Use of Aromatase Inhibitors in Adult Males.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a growing interest in the treatment of late-onset hypogonadism, another name for the study of testosterone deficiency in an older age group. Initial attempts at testosterone replacement have also brought attention to the possible adverse effects on the patients' cardiovascular risk factors and their prostate health. The "female" hormone estradiol is no longer considered as the feminizing hormone, as it has been identified to have an effect on the sexual and general well-being of adult males. Urologists and endocrinologists alike have started to pay attention to the serum T/E2(testosterone : estradiol) ratio that appears to be more important than the respective individual hormonal levels. Therein lies the possible role of aromatase inhibitors (AIs) in restoring the normal balance of serum testosterone and estradiol levels for the adequate treatment of late-onset hypogonadism, while limiting the potential adverse effects. Currently, other established clinical indications of AIs include the treatment of breast cancer in female patients and developmental growth problems in pediatric patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review evaluates the role of AIs as a treatment option for late-onset hypogonadism and the evidence for its other clinical uses in men, including its possible adverse effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was performed with regards to the use of aromatase inhibitors in adult males, the role of estrogens in adult males, as well as adverse effect of AIs on bone health in adult males.
  
  
  METHODS
  To evaluate the evidence for the use of AIs in adult males to treat late-onset hypogonadism, obesity-related hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, gynecomastia, and male subfertility. To evaluate the evidence for the possible adverse effects on the bone health of adult males with the use of AIs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Currently there is no literature to recommend the use of AIs in adult males to treat late-onset hypogonadism, obesity-related hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, gynecomastia, or male subfertility, although some positive effects have been reported. The adverse effects on bone health seen in females treated with AIs are not seen in males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the better understanding of the T/E2ratio in adult males, the lack of scientific data to show that bone health is adversely affected by AI usage in adult males, the positive effects of AIs on the treatment of conditions like late-onset hypogonadism and male subfertility encourages conducting large-scale, multicenter, randomized controlled trials for the clinical use of AIs in adult males. Tan RBW, Guay AT, and Hellstrom WJG. Clinical use of aromatase inhibitors in adult males. Sex Med Rev 2014;2:79-90.
authors: Department of Urology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors: Ronny B W
authors: RB
authors: Tan
authors: Tufts School of Medicine, Center for Sexual Function/Endocrinology, Lahey Clinic, Peabody, MA, USA.
authors: Andre T
authors: AT
authors: Guay
authors: Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA. Electronic address: whellst@tulane.edu.
authors: Wayne J G
authors: WJ
authors: Hellstrom
keywords: Aromatase Inhibitors; Late-Onset Hypogonadism; Low Testosterone; T/E(2) Ratio; Testosterone Deficiency; Testosterone : Estradiol Ratio