title: Investigating the Physiological and Psychosocial Responses of Single- and Dual-Player Exergaming in Young Adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the effect of acute exergaming on the physiological and psychosocial responses of young adults and the modulatory effect of a single- or dual-player game play situation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six participants (19 male; 21.7 ± 3.8 years; 23.65 ± 3.17 kg/m2) each completed two 30-minute exergame sessions in a randomized order (single and dual player) while wearing an Actiheart®to estimate energy expenditure. Positive and negative affect, subjective vitality, and indices of intrinsic motivation were assessed directly after each gaming bout.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in energy expenditure or psychosocial outcomes between conditions. Although males expended more energy than females in both single- (z = -2.124, P = 0.033) and dual-player situations (z = -2.679, P = 0.007), females reported significantly greater vitality (z = -2.219, P = 0.026) and effort/importance than males (z = -2.001, P = 0.045). Conversely, males reported a greater negative affect (z = -2.872, P = 0.004) and pressure/tension (z = -3.295, P = 0.001). A linear mixed effects model revealed that energy expenditure during exergaming was a significant predictor of interest and enjoyment (P = 0.001) and effort and importance (P = 0.001). This relationship between energy expenditure and psychosocial variables was not modulated by sex or order of gameplay (single or dual player first).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results suggest that females have a more positive psychosocial response to exergaming relative to males, highlighting exergames such as Wii™ boxing as a potential avenue for future interventions seeking to address the low physical activity levels that characterize the young adult population.
authors: 1 College of Engineering, Swansea University , Swansea, United Kingdom .
authors: Kelly A
authors: KA
authors: Mackintosh
authors: 2 Department for Health, University of Bath , Bath, United Kingdom .
authors: Martyn
authors: M
authors: Standage
authors: 3 Pennington Biomedical Research Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A.
authors: Amanda E
authors: AE
authors: Staiano
authors: 4 School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia .
authors: Leanne
authors: L
authors: Lester
authors: 1 College of Engineering, Swansea University , Swansea, United Kingdom .
authors: Melitta A
authors: MA
authors: McNarry
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D057181:Pleasure; D012737:Sex Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D013334:Students; D018910:Video Games / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Active videogames; Affect; Energy expenditure; Enjoyment