title: Bovine bone matrix/poly(l-lactic-co-ε-caprolactone)/gelatin hybrid scaffold (SmartBone®) for maxillary sinus augmentation: A histologic study on bone regeneration.
abstract: The ideal scaffold for bone regeneration is required to be highly porous, non-immunogenic, biostable until the new tissue formation, bioresorbable and osteoconductive. This study aimed at investigating the process of new bone formation in patients treated with granular SmartBone®for sinus augmentation, providing an extensive histologic analysis. Five biopsies were collected at 4-9 months post SmartBone®implantation and processed for histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Histomorphometric analysis was performed. Bone-particle conductivity index (BPCi) was used to assess SmartBone®osteoconductivity. At 4 months, SmartBone®(12%) and new bone (43.9%) were both present and surrounded by vascularized connective tissue (37.2%). New bone was grown on SmartBone®(BPCi=0.22). At 6 months, SmartBone®was almost completely resorbed (0.5%) and new bone was massively present (80.8%). At 7 and 9 months, new bone accounted for a large volume fraction (79.3% and 67.4%, respectively) and SmartBone®was resorbed (0.5% and 0%, respectively). Well-oriented lamellae and bone scars, typical of mature bone, were observed. In all the biopsies, bone matrix biomolecules and active osteoblasts were visible. The absence of inflammatory cells confirmed SmartBone®biocompatibility and non-immunogenicity. These data indicate that SmartBone®is osteoconductive, promotes fast bone regeneration, leading to mature bone formation in about 7 months.
authors: Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Emergency Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
authors: Delfo
authors: D
authors: D'Alessandro
authors: Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Via Cantonale 2C, 6928 Manno, Switzerland; Industrie Biomediche Insubri S/A (IBI), Via Cantonale 67, CH6805 Mezzovico-Vira, Switzerland.
authors: Giuseppe
authors: G
authors: Perale
authors: Creative Engineering Design Area, The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera (PI), Italy.
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Milazzo
authors: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors: Stefania
authors: S
authors: Moscato
authors: Creative Engineering Design Area, The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera (PI), Italy; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Robotics Institute, Khalifa University of Science Technology and Research, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
authors: Cesare
authors: C
authors: Stefanini
authors: Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Via Cantonale 2C, 6928 Manno, Switzerland; Industrie Biomediche Insubri S/A (IBI), Via Cantonale 67, CH6805 Mezzovico-Vira, Switzerland.
authors: Gianni
authors: G
authors: Pertici
authors: Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Emergency Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Creative Engineering Design Area, The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera (PI), Italy; Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy. Electronic address: s.danti@med.unipi.it.
authors: Serena
authors: S
authors: Danti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001857:Bone Matrix; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002417:Cattle; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000601:surgery*; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D011091:Polyesters; C016240:polycaprolactone; D005780:Gelatin
keywords: Dental implants; Histology; Maxillary bone; Scaffold; Sinus lift; Tissue engineering