title: Plant characterization of genetically modified maize hybrids MON-89Ø34-3 × MON-88Ø17-3, MON-89Ø34-3 × MON-ØØ6Ø3-6, and MON-ØØ6Ø3-6: alternatives for maize production in Mexico.
abstract: Environmental risk assessment (ERA) of genetically modified (GM) crops is a process to evaluate whether the biotechnology trait(s) in a GM crop may result in increased pest potential or harm to the environment. In this analysis, two GM insect-resistant (IR) herbicide-tolerant maize hybrids (MON-89Ø34-3 × MON-88Ø17-3 and MON-89Ø34-3 × MON-ØØ6Ø3-6) and one herbicide-tolerant GM hybrid (MON-ØØ6Ø3-6) were compared with conventional maize hybrids of similar genetic backgrounds. Two sets of studies, Experimental Phase and Pilot Phase, were conducted across five ecological regions (ecoregions) in Mexico during 2009-2013, and data were subject to meta-analysis. Results from the Experimental Phase studies, which were used for ERA, indicated that the three GM hybrids were not different from conventional maize for early stand count, days-to-silking, days-to-anthesis, root lodging, stalk lodging, or final stand count. Statistically significant differences were observed for seedling vigor, ear height, plant height, grain moisture, and grain yield, particularly in the IR hybrids; however, none of these phenotypic differences are expected to contribute to a biological or ecological change that would result in an increased pest potential or ecological risk when cultivating these GM hybrids. Overall, results from the Experimental Phase studies are consistent with those from other world regions, confirming that there are no additional risks compared to conventional maize. Results from Pilot Phase studies indicated that, compared to conventional maize hybrids, no differences were detected for the agronomic and phenotypic characteristics measured on the three GM maize hybrids, with the exception of grain moisture and grain yield in the IR hybrids. Since MON-89Ø34-3 × MON-88Ø17-3 and MON-89Ø34-3 × MON-ØØ6Ø3-6 confer resistance to target insect pests, they are an alternative for farmers in Mexico to protect the crop from insect damage. Additionally, the herbicide tolerance conferred by all three GM hybrids enables more cost-effective weed management.
authors: Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63167, USA. oscar.heredia@monsanto.com.
authors: Oscar
authors: 0000-0001-5278-1396
authors: O
authors: Heredia Díaz
authors: Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas y Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Km. 2.5 Carr. Delicias-Rosales, Cd. Delicias, C.P. 33000, Chihuahua, Mexico.
authors: José Luis
authors: JL
authors: Aldaba Meza
authors: Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63167, USA.
authors: Baltazar M
authors: BM
authors: Baltazar
authors: Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Ave. Las Américas y Josefa Ortiz, S/N Culiacán, C.P. 80000, Sinaloa, Mexico.
authors: Germán
authors: G
authors: Bojórquez Bojórquez
authors: Dirección de Recursos Naturales, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Colonia Centro Cd., Obregón, C.P. 85000, Sonora, Mexico.
authors: Luciano
authors: L
authors: Castro Espinoza
authors: Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Ave. Las Américas y Josefa Ortiz, S/N Culiacán, C.P. 80000, Sinaloa, Mexico.
authors: José Luis
authors: JL
authors: Corrales Madrid
authors: Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63167, USA.
authors: Juan Manuel
authors: JM
authors: de la Fuente Martínez
authors: Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco Villa S/N, Col. Ex Hacienda "El Canadá", Escobedo, C.P. 66050, Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors: Héctor Abel
authors: HA
authors: Durán Pompa
authors: Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Unidad Laguna, Periférico Raúl López Sánchez y Carretera Santa Fe, Col. Valle Verde, Torreón, C.P. 27054, Coahuila, Mexico.
authors: José
authors: J
authors: Alonso Escobedo
authors: Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Unidad Laguna, Periférico Raúl López Sánchez y Carretera Santa Fe, Col. Valle Verde, Torreón, C.P. 27054, Coahuila, Mexico.
authors: Armando
authors: A
authors: Espinoza Banda
authors: Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Ave. Las Américas y Josefa Ortiz, S/N Culiacán, C.P. 80000, Sinaloa, Mexico.
authors: José Antonio
authors: JA
authors: Garzón Tiznado
authors: Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas y Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Km. 2.5 Carr. Delicias-Rosales, Cd. Delicias, C.P. 33000, Chihuahua, Mexico.
authors: Juvencio
authors: J
authors: González García
authors: Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco Villa S/N, Col. Ex Hacienda "El Canadá", Escobedo, C.P. 66050, Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors: José Luis
authors: JL
authors: Guzmán Rodríguez
authors: Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Ave. Las Américas y Josefa Ortiz, S/N Culiacán, C.P. 80000, Sinaloa, Mexico.
authors: Jesús Ignacio
authors: JI
authors: Madueño Martínez
authors: Dirección de Recursos Naturales, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Colonia Centro Cd., Obregón, C.P. 85000, Sonora, Mexico.
authors: José Luis
authors: JL
authors: Martínez Carrillo
authors: Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd, St. Louis, MO, 63167, USA.
authors: Chen
authors: C
authors: Meng
authors: Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas y Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Km. 2.5 Carr. Delicias-Rosales, Cd. Delicias, C.P. 33000, Chihuahua, Mexico.
authors: Francisco Javier
authors: FJ
authors: Quiñones Pando
authors: Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Unidad Laguna, Periférico Raúl López Sánchez y Carretera Santa Fe, Col. Valle Verde, Torreón, C.P. 27054, Coahuila, Mexico.
authors: Enrique
authors: E
authors: Rosales Robles
authors: Dirección de Recursos Naturales, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Colonia Centro Cd., Obregón, C.P. 85000, Sonora, Mexico.
authors: Ignacio
authors: I
authors: Ruiz Hernández
authors: Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco Villa S/N, Col. Ex Hacienda "El Canadá", Escobedo, C.P. 66050, Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors: José Elías
authors: JE
authors: Treviño Ramírez
authors: Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas y Forestales, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Km. 2.5 Carr. Delicias-Rosales, Cd. Delicias, C.P. 33000, Chihuahua, Mexico.
authors: Hugo Raúl
authors: HR
authors: Uribe Montes
authors: Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco Villa S/N, Col. Ex Hacienda "El Canadá", Escobedo, C.P. 66050, Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors: Francisco
authors: F
authors: Zavala García
mesh_terms: D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D004463:Ecology; D004777:Environment; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity; D008800:Mexico; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D003313:Zea mays / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides
keywords: Center of origin of maize; Data transportability; Ecoregions; Environmental risk assessment; GM maize; Meta-analysis