title: Assessing radiocephalic wrist arteriovenous fistulas of obtuse anastomosis using computational fluid dynamics and clinical application.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the best choice for achieving vascular access (VA) for hemodialysis, but this AVF has high rates of early failure due to juxta-anastomotic stenosis, making it impossible to use for dialysis. Low hemodynamic shear stress contributes to the pathophysiology of VA failure due to secondary thrombosis, stenosis, and re-occlusion after percutaneous intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) approach to evaluate the shear stress distribution and minimize its effects under various conditions including changes in the anastomosis angle. A three-dimensional computational domain was designed for arteriovenous end-to-side anastomosis based on anastomosis angles of 45°, 90° and including 135° angle of an obtuse anastomosis using three-dimensional design software. COMSOL Multiphysics® simulation software was used to identify the hemodynamic factors influencing wall shear stress at the anastomosis site using a low Reynolds number k-ε turbulence model that included non-Newtonian blood flow characteristics, the complete cardiac pulse cycle, and distention of blood vessels. In preliminary clinical study, all 201 patients who received a radiocephalic wrist AVF from January 2009 to February 2014 were divided into classic and obtuse angle groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CFD results showed that the largest anastomosis angle (135°) resulted in lower shear stress, which would help reduce AVF failures. This obtuse angle was preferred, as it minimized the development of anastomotic stenosis and tended to favor primary and primary-assisted patency in clinical study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An obtuse radiocephalic wrist AVF shows more favorable patency compared to a classic radiocephalic AVF. Surgeons establishing a radiocephalic wrist AVF would be better to consider an AVF with an obtuse anastomosis.
authors: School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon - Republic of Korea.
authors: Jinkee
authors: J
authors: Lee
authors: School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon - Republic of Korea.
authors: Sunho
authors: S
authors: Kim
authors: School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon - Republic of Korea.
authors: Sung-Min
authors: SM
authors: Kim
authors: School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon - Republic of Korea.
authors: Ryungeun
authors: R
authors: Song
authors: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu-city, Gyeonggi-do - Republic of Korea.
authors: Hyun Kyu
authors: HK
authors: Kim
authors: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu-city, Gyeonggi-do - Republic of Korea.
authors: Jang Sang
authors: JS
authors: Park
authors: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu-city, Gyeonggi-do - Republic of Korea.
authors: Sun Cheol
authors: SC
authors: Park
mesh_terms: D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009716:Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted; D017534:Radial Artery / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012984:Software; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014654:Vascular Patency; D059289:Vascular Stiffness; D014680:Veins / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D014953:Wrist / Q000098:blood supply*