title: Nanomedicines for renal disease: current status and future applications.
abstract: Treatment and management of kidney disease currently presents an enormous global burden, and the application of nanotechnology principles to renal disease therapy, although still at an early stage, has profound transformative potential. The increasing translation of nanomedicines to the clinic, alongside research efforts in tissue regeneration and organ-on-a-chip investigations, are likely to provide novel solutions to treat kidney diseases. Our understanding of renal anatomy and of how the biological and physico-chemical properties of nanomedicines (the combination of a nanocarrier and a drug) influence their interactions with renal tissues has improved dramatically. Tailoring of nanomedicines in terms of kidney retention and binding to key membranes and cell populations associated with renal diseases is now possible and greatly enhances their localization, tolerability, and efficacy. This Review outlines nanomedicine characteristics central to improved targeting of renal cells and highlights the prospects, challenges, and opportunities of nanotechnology-mediated therapies for renal diseases.
authors: Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anaesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.|Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
authors: Nazila
authors: N
authors: Kamaly
authors: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
authors: John C
authors: JC
authors: He
authors: Center for Assessment Technology and Continuous Health, and Center for Systems Biology, Program in Membrane Biology and Division of Nephrology, Simches Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.|Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors: Dennis A
authors: DA
authors: Ausiello
authors: Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anaesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.|King Abdulaziz University, King Fahad Road, Jeddah, 22254, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Omid C
authors: OC
authors: Farokhzad
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000639:trends; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000627:therapeutic use*