title: Hoarding symptoms among psychiatric outpatients: confirmatory factor analysis and psychometric properties of the Saving Inventory - Revised (SI-R).
abstract: The growing interest in problematic hoarding as an independent clinical condition has led to the development of the Saving Inventory-Revised (SI-R) to assess hoarding phenomenology. The SI-R is one of the most widely used instruments to measure hoarding symptoms; however, it lacks validation in non-Western samples.
  
  
  
  The current study examined the construct, convergent, and discriminant validity of the SI-R among 500 outpatients at a psychiatric hospital in Singapore. The three-factor structure solution of the SI-R was fitted in a confirmatory factor analysis.
  
  
  
  The final model achieved mediocre fit (χ2 = 1026.02, df = 186; RMSEA = 0.095, SRMR = 0.06; CFI = 0.86; NNFI = 0.85). Two reverse-coded items (items 2 and 4) were removed due to insufficient factor loadings, resulting in the modified 21-item SI-R (SIR-21). Our findings indicate the need to further examine the construct validity of the SI-R, particularly in non-Western samples. Nonetheless, correlations with other hoarding-related constructs, such as anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II), supported the convergent and discriminant validity of the SIR-21 in our sample.
  
  
  
  Findings in our current majority Chinese sample were consistent with previous observations from other Chinese samples. Implications were discussed from a cross-cultural perspective, such as cultural emphasis on saving for future use and overlap between the concepts of discarding and acquiring in Chinese samples. Future studies should also examine differences among other ethnic groups (e.g., Malay, Indian).
authors: Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.|The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, NT, People's Republic of China.
authors: Siau Pheng
authors: SP
authors: Lee
authors: Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.|Present address: Department of Psychology, Utah State University, 2810 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322-2810, USA.
authors: Clarissa
authors: C
authors: Ong
authors: Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.|Present address: Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore.
authors: Vathsala
authors: V
authors: Sagayadevan
authors: Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.|Present address: Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore.
authors: Rebecca
authors: R
authors: Ong
authors: Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.|Present address: Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore.
authors: Edimansyah
authors: E
authors: Abdin
authors: Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.|Present address: Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore.
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Lim
authors: Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.|Present address: Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore.
authors: Janhavi
authors: J
authors: Vaingankar
authors: Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.|Present address: Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore.
authors: Louisa
authors: L
authors: Picco
authors: Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.|Present address: Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore.
authors: Swapna
authors: S
authors: Verma
authors: Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.|Present address: Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore.
authors: Siow Ann
authors: SA
authors: Chong
authors: Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore. mythily@imh.com.sg.|Present address: Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore. mythily@imh.com.sg.|Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, 10 Buangkok View, Singapore, 539747, Singapore. mythily@imh.com.sg.
authors: Mythily
authors: M
authors: Subramaniam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D060845:Hoarding / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010045:Outpatients / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012846:Singapore
keywords: Asian; Clutter; Cultural influence in psychiatry; Difficulty discarding; Excessive acquisition; Psychometric properties; Singapore; Validity