title: Immune Escape Strategies of Malaria Parasites.
abstract: Malaria is one of the most life-threatening infectious diseases worldwide. Immunity to malaria is slow and short-lived despite the repeated parasite exposure in endemic areas. Malaria parasites have evolved refined machinery to evade the immune system based on a range of genetic changes that include allelic variation, biomolecular exposure of proteins, and intracellular replication. All of these features increase the probability of survival in both mosquitoes and the vertebrate host.Plasmodiumspecies escape from the first immunological trap in its invertebrate vector host, theAnophelesmosquitoes. The parasites have to pass through various immunological barriers within the mosquito such as anti-microbial molecules and the mosquito microbiota in order to achieve successful transmission to the vertebrate host. Within these hosts,Plasmodiumspecies employ various immune evasion strategies during different life cycle stages. Parasite persistence against the vertebrate immune response depends on the balance among virulence factors, pathology, metabolic cost of the host immune response, and the parasites ability to evade the immune response. In this review we discuss the strategies thatPlasmodiumparasites use to avoid the vertebrate host immune system and how they promote successful infection and transmission.
authors: Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: Pollyanna S
authors: PS
authors: Gomes
authors: Division of Parasitology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research InstituteLucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative ResearchAnusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi, India.
authors: Jyoti
authors: J
authors: Bhardwaj
authors: Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine New York, NY, USA.
authors: Juan
authors: J
authors: Rivera-Correa
authors: Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: Celio G
authors: CG
authors: Freire-De-Lima
authors: Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: Alexandre
authors: A
authors: Morrot
keywords: blood stage; evasion strategies; immulogy; liver stage; malaria; microbiology; plamosdium