title: Epidemiology of Norovirus Infection Among Immunocompromised Patients at a Tertiary Care Research Hospital, 2010-2013.
abstract: Background.Noroviruses are a major cause of infectious gastroenteritis worldwide, and viruses can establish persistent infection in immunocompromised individuals. Risk factors and transmission in this population are not fully understood.Methods.From 2010 through 2013, we conducted a retrospective review among immunocompromised patients (n = 268) enrolled in research studies at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center and identified a subset of norovirus-positive patients (n = 18) who provided stool specimens for norovirus genotyping analysis.Results.Norovirus genome was identified by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction in stools of 35 (13%) of the 268 immunocompromised patients tested, and infection prevalence was 21% (11 of 53) in persons with primary immune deficiencies and 12% (20 of 166) among persons with solid tumors or hematologic malignancies. Among 18 patients with norovirus genotyping information, norovirus GII.4 was the most prevalent genotype (14 of 18, 78%). Persistent norovirus infection (≥6 months) was documented in 8 of 18 (44%) individuals. Phylogenetic analysis of the GII.4 capsid protein sequences identified at least 5 now-displaced GII.4 variant lineages, with no evidence of their nosocomial transmission in the Clinical Center.Conclusions.Norovirus was a leading enteric pathogen identified in this immunocompromised population. Both acute and chronic norovirus infections were observed, and these were likely community-acquired. Continued investigation will further define the role of noroviruses in these patients and inform efforts toward prevention and treatment.
authors: Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).
authors: Karin
authors: K
authors: Bok
authors: Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, NIAID.
authors: D Rebecca
authors: DR
authors: Prevots
authors: Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, NIAID.
authors: Alison M
authors: AM
authors: Binder
authors: Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).
authors: Gabriel I
authors: GI
authors: Parra
authors: Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, NIAID.
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Strollo
authors: Microbiology Service, Clinical Center , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland.
authors: Gary A
authors: GA
authors: Fahle
authors: Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).
authors: Allison
authors: A
authors: Behrle-Yardley
authors: Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).
authors: Jordan A
authors: JA
authors: Johnson
authors: Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).
authors: Eric A
authors: EA
authors: Levenson
authors: Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).
authors: Stanislav V
authors: SV
authors: Sosnovtsev
authors: Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, NIAID.
authors: Steven M
authors: SM
authors: Holland
authors: Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Disease, NIAID; Hospital Epidemiology Service, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center.
authors: Tara N
authors: TN
authors: Palmore
authors: Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).
authors: Kim Y
authors: KY
authors: Green
keywords: epidemiology; immunocompromised; norovirus