title: A novel forward osmosis system in landfill leachate treatment for removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and for direct fertigation.
abstract: Landfill leachate (LL) is harmful to aquatic environment because it contains high concentrations of dissolved organic matter, inorganic components, heavy metals, and other xenobiotics. Thus, the remediation of LL is crucial for environmental conservation. Here, a potential application of the forward osmosis (FO) filtration process with ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) as a draw solution (DS) was investigated to remediate membrane bioreactor-treated LL (M-LL). After the leachate treatment, the toxicity and removal efficiencies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated using zebrafish and cultured human cells. The water recovery rate was improved using the current protocol up to 86.6% and 91.6% by both the pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) mode and the forward osmosis (FO) mode. Water flux increased with the increasing DS concentrations, but solution velocities decreased with the operation time. Toxicity tests revealed that the M-LL treated by NH4HCO3had no toxic effect on zebrafish and human cells. Moreover, green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in the transgenic zebrafish Tg(cyp1a:gfp) induced by PAHs was very weak compared to the effects induced by untreated M-LL. Since the diluted DS met local safety requirements of liquid fertilizer, it could be directly applied as the liquid fertilizer for fertigation. In conclusion, this novel FO system using NH4HCO3as the DS provides a cheap and efficient protocol to effectively remove PAHs and other pollutants in LL, and the diluted DS can be directly applied to crops as a liquid fertilizer, indicating that this technique is effective and eco-friendly for the treatment of different types of LL.
authors: Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Li
authors: Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
authors: Aping
authors: A
authors: Niu
authors: Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
authors: Chun-Jiao
authors: CJ
authors: Lu
authors: Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
authors: Jing-Hui
authors: JH
authors: Zhang
authors: Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors: Muhammad
authors: M
authors: Junaid
authors: Department of Biology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors: Phyllis R
authors: PR
authors: Strauss
authors: Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
authors: Ping
authors: P
authors: Xiao
authors: Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
authors: Xiao
authors: X
authors: Wang
authors: Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; Chongqing Industrial Technology Innovation Institute of Environmental Protection Membrane Materials and Equipment Technology, Chongqing 400714, China. Electronic address: renyiwei@cigit.ac.cn.
authors: Yi-Wei
authors: YW
authors: Ren
authors: Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China. Electronic address: peids@cigit.ac.cn.
authors: De-Sheng
authors: DS
authors: Pei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000737:chemistry; D019149:Bioreactors; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000032:analysis*; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods*; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009995:Osmosis; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D012996:Solutions; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D005308:Fertilizers; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012996:Solutions; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C027043:ammonium bicarbonate
keywords: Acute toxicity; Landfill leachate; Liquid fertilizer; Membrane technology; Tg(cyp1a:gfp) zebrafish