title: Screening and verifying endometrial carcinoma diagnostic biomarkers based on a urine metabolomic profiling study using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endometrial carcinoma (EOC) is a gynecological disease with one of the highest worldwide incidences. Due to the lack of typical clinical symptoms and limited sensitive screening methods used to diagnose endometrial carcinoma, the disease is easily neglected before patients are aware of its presence. Therefore, EOC results in serious impacts on women's lives and health. We screened diagnostic biomarkers of EOC with a noninvasive method that compared healthy individuals and endometrial hyperplasia (EOH) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The morning urine of 25 healthy individuals, 25 patients with EOC and 10 patients with EOH were analyzed using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) platform. Metabolomics data were used to screen the different metabolites according to principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) analyses. Furthermore, the screened biomarkers of the newly diagnosed EOC and EOH candidates and healthy individuals were verified using the predictive model of the support vector machine (SVM) to obtain EOC diagnostic biomarkers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An EOC diagnostic biomarker group was found according to the metabolomics method. Five diagnostic biomarkers, including porphobilinogen, acetylcysteine, N-acetylserine, urocanic acid and isobutyrylglycine, were significantly changed in the EOC patients. Among them, porphobilinogen and acetylcysteine were significantly down-regulated, while N-acetylserine, urocanic acid and isobutyrylglycine were significantly up-regulated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Disturbances in these biomarkers have negative impacts on the body's metabolic functioning. The EOC diagnostic biomarker group can provide a clinical reference for diagnosing EOC and insight into the diagnosis of other diseases in the clinic.
authors: College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300193, China.
authors: Xidong
authors: X
authors: Shao
authors: National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
authors: Ke
authors: K
authors: Wang
authors: Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan West Road, Tianjin 300193, China.
authors: Xinyu
authors: X
authors: Liu
authors: Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan West Road, Tianjin 300193, China.
authors: Caiyun
authors: C
authors: Gu
authors: Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan West Road, Tianjin 300193, China.
authors: Pengjie
authors: P
authors: Zhang
authors: Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan West Road, Tianjin 300193, China.
authors: Jiabin
authors: J
authors: Xie
authors: National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
authors: Wenxin
authors: W
authors: Liu
authors: National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China.
authors: Lu
authors: L
authors: Sun
authors: College of Management and Economics, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300193, China.
authors: Tong
authors: T
authors: Chen
authors: Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 Anshan West Road, Tianjin 300193, China. Electronic address: yaowufenxi001@sina.com.
authors: Yubo
authors: Y
authors: Li
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004714:Endometrial Hyperplasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000652:urine; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D055432:Metabolomics
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor
keywords: Diagnostic biomarkers; Endometrial carcinoma; Metabolomics