title: Hyperammonaemia and associated factors in unprovoked convulsive seizures: A cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hyperammonaemia is frequently observed in patients who have experienced convulsive seizures. Although excessive muscle contraction is presumed to be responsible for the elevated levels of ammonia, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. The present study aimed to identify the independent factors associated with ammonia elevation using large-scale multivariate analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 379 adult patients who had been transported to our emergency department and treated for unprovoked convulsive seizures between August 2010 and September 2015. Elevation of venous plasma ammonia levels was set as the primary endpoint, and patients' clinical and laboratory data were obtained. Those with severe liver dysfunction, known hepatic encephalopathy, or convulsions due to cardiovascular or psychogenic causes, and those taking valproate were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a cut-off value of 50μg/dL, 183 patients (48.3%) were found to have elevated levels of plasma ammonia. Four factors were identified as independent variables associated with hyperammonaemia following seizures: elevated venous lactate, lowered venous pH, sex (male), and longer duration of convulsion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study revealed independent factors associated with hyperammonaemia following unprovoked convulsive seizures in a larger scale and with more plausible statistical analysis. The authors further suggest that the excessive skeletal muscle contraction and/or respiratory failure during/after convulsive seizure may be the primary mechanism of hyperammonaemia.
authors: Department of Neurology, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
authors: Kenichiro
authors: K
authors: Sato
authors: Department of Neurology, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan. Electronic address: noarai@hosp.ncgm.go.jp.
authors: Noritoshi
authors: N
authors: Arai
authors: Department of Neurology, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
authors: Aki
authors: A
authors: Omori
authors: Department of Neurology, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
authors: Ayumi
authors: A
authors: Hida
authors: Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
authors: Akio
authors: A
authors: Kimura
authors: Department of Neurology, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
authors: Sousuke
authors: S
authors: Takeuchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000641:Ammonia / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D022124:Hyperammonemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D000641:Ammonia
keywords: Ammonia elevation; Convulsion; Convulsive seizure; Epilepsy; Hyperammonaemia