title: Operative Autonomy among Senior Surgical Trainees during Infrainguinal Bypass Operations Is Not Associated with Worse Long-term Patient Outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In an era of rapidly evolving surgical training, intraoperative teaching remains paramount to the education of surgical trainees. The impact of surgical trainees' level of expertise on outcomes after infrainguinal bypass surgery, a technically demanding operation, remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of surgical residents' experience on outcomes after infrainguinal bypass surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, we identified patients who underwent infrainguinal bypass from 2005 to 2012. Patients were stratified according to the training level of the most senior operating trainee. Univariate and multivariate analyses, as well as propensity score matched analysis, were performed to compare patient cohorts on operative time, length of hospital stay (LOS), bleeding, early graft failure, unplanned readmission, and 30-day mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 19,579 patients were identified, of which 35.6% were female and 64.4% were male; mean age was 67.6 years. A PGY1 (postgraduate year) was the highest level trainee operating on 2.5%, a PGY2-4 for 26.2%, and a PGY5+ (postgraduate year 5 or greater) for 37.1%. Attending surgeons operated without trainees on 34.2%. PGY5+s were more likely to operate on patients who were younger, non-White, male, and on dialysis. In multivariable analysis, involvement of any surgical trainee was associated with procedures that took a greater length of time, had a greater odds of blood transfusion, and necessitated a longer hospital LOS relative to procedures performed by an attending surgeon alone. Only bypasses wherein PGY5+s were involved were associated with greater odds of early graft failure, unplanned readmission, and 30-day mortality when compared with procedures done without trainee involvement. After excluding lower extremity bypasses in which an attending surgeon operated without a trainee, propensity score matching analysis showed that patients operated on by PGY5+s had longer operative time (4.11 vs. 3.96 hr, P < 0.0001) and greater rates of postoperative bleeding (9.77% vs. 8.15%, P = 0.004) relative to patients operated on by attendings assisted by PGY1-4s, but no statistically significant difference in LOS, early graft failure, unplanned readmission, and perioperative mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Operative involvement of senior trainees was associated with worse outcomes during infrainguinal bypass, potentially reflecting a lesser extent of attending surgeon involvement, but no difference in patient outcomes after bypass procedure.
authors: Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA.
authors: Erin K
authors: EK
authors: Greenleaf
authors: Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA.
authors: Faisal
authors: F
authors: Aziz
authors: Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA; Department of Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA. Electronic address: chollenbeak@psu.edu.
authors: Christopher S
authors: CS
authors: Hollenbeak
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000193:education* / Q000401:mortality; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003479:Curriculum; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D061646:Operative Time; D010359:Patient Readmission; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D017009:Professional Autonomy; D057216:Propensity Score; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D066231:Surgeons / Q000193:education* / Q000523:psychology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult