title: The effects of swimming fatigue on shoulder strength, range of motion, joint control, and performance in swimmers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of training induced fatigue on shoulder strength, ROM, joint position sense, and stroke length in elite competitive swimmers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen national level swimmers performed maximum isometric strength (internal and external rotation), ROM, and joint position sense tests before and after a fatiguing 8 × 100 m training set. Stroke length, heart rate, blood lactate and blood glucose levels were recorded throughout.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak blood lactate, blood glucose levels, and heart rate increased significantly (P < 0.001) post-training confirming fatigue. Reductions were observed in stroke length of both arms (P < 0.001), external rotation range of motion (P < 0.001, -5.29°, Right shoulder; P = 0.04, -3.18°, Left shoulder) and joint position sense in their dominant (breathing side) arm (P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This investigation revealed a reduction in stroke length across both arms and also an arm bias in swimming whereby a greater reduction in both external rotation range and joint position sense was observed in the dominant arm when fatigued. This has highlighted a relationship between fatigue and potential mechanism of shoulder pathology in swimmers.
authors: School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Frederick Road, Salford, Greater Manchester, M6 6PU, UK. Electronic address: m.j.matthews@salford.ac.uk.
authors: Martyn J
authors: MJ
authors: Matthews
authors: School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Frederick Road, Salford, Greater Manchester, M6 6PU, UK.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Green
authors: School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Frederick Road, Salford, Greater Manchester, M6 6PU, UK.
authors: Helen
authors: H
authors: Matthews
authors: School of Health Sciences, University of Salford, Frederick Road, Salford, Greater Manchester, M6 6PU, UK.
authors: Emma
authors: E
authors: Swanwick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007773:Lactates / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007773:Lactates
keywords: Fatigue; Injury; Shoulder; Swimming