title: Comparative studies on osmosis based encapsulation of sodium diclofenac in porcine and outdated human erythrocyte ghosts.
abstract: The objective of our study was to develop controlled drug delivery system based on erythrocyte ghosts for amphiphilic compound sodium diclofenac considering the differences between erythrocytes derived from two readily available materials - porcine slaughterhouse and outdated transfusion human blood. Starting erythrocytes, empty erythrocyte ghosts and diclofenac loaded ghosts were compared in terms of the encapsulation efficiency, drug releasing profiles, size distribution, surface charge, conductivity, surface roughness and morphology. The encapsulation of sodium diclofenac was performed by an osmosis based process - gradual hemolysis. During this process sodium diclofenac exerted mild and delayed antihemolytic effect and increased potassium efflux in porcine but not in outdated human erythrocytes. FTIR spectra revealed lack of any membrane lipid disorder and chemical reaction with sodium diclofenac in encapsulated ghosts. Outdated human erythrocyte ghosts with detected nanoscale damages and reduced ability to shrink had encapsulation efficiency of only 8%. On the other hand, porcine erythrocyte ghosts had encapsulation efficiency of 37% and relatively slow drug release rate. More preserved structure and functional properties of porcine erythrocytes related to their superior encapsulation and release performances, define them as more appropriate for the usage in sodium diclofenac encapsulation process.
authors: Department Pharmaceutics, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: kbukara@tmf.bg.ac.rs.
authors: Katarina
authors: K
authors: Bukara
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors: Ivana
authors: I
authors: Drvenica
authors: Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors: Vesna
authors: V
authors: Ilić
authors: Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors: Ana
authors: A
authors: Stančić
authors: Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors: Danijela
authors: D
authors: Mišić
authors: Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors: Borislav
authors: B
authors: Vasić
authors: Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Zemun, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors: Radoš
authors: R
authors: Gajić
authors: Institute for Tranfusiology and Haemobiology of Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors: Dušan
authors: D
authors: Vučetić
authors: Department Pharmaceutics, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors: Filip
authors: F
authors: Kiekens
authors: Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors: Branko
authors: B
authors: Bugarski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004339:Drug Compounding; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D009995:Osmosis; D010316:Particle Size; D013045:Species Specificity; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D004008:Diclofenac
keywords: Controlled drug delivery; Encapsulation; Erythrocyte membranes; Gradual hypotonic hemolysis; Pharmaceutical biotechnology; Slaughterhouse blood