title: A process evaluation of a return-to-work intervention to improve Cooperation between Sick-listed employees and their Supervisors (COSS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This is a process evaluation of an intervention to improve Cooperation regarding return-to-work (RTW) between sick-listed employees and their supervisors (COSS, which consists of a conversation roadmap, monitoring of cooperation using questionnaires and, if necessary, extra support by an occupational physician (OP).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Objectives were to study (1) the adoption of COSS by a banking organization and (2) its implementation among individual employees, supervisors and OPs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used quantitative data (online questionnaire, project administration, conversation minutes, emails) and qualitative data (semi-structured interviews). We analyzed quantitative data descriptively (by calculating sum scores, percentages, mean scores and standard deviations). The coding system to analyze the qualitative data was data-driven.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The organization's representatives reported positively (e.g. fit with existing policy) and negatively (e.g. high intensity) about COSS. At least one OP (out of five) used the monitoring information. Project administration data show a modest reach of COSS among employees and supervisors. The roadmap was used by a minority (35% of the employees and 25% of the supervisors). Relatively many (40% of the employees and 100% of the supervisors who used COSS to evaluate conversations) were satisfied with COSS as a  tool to evaluate conversations with the employee/supervisor afterwards. Interview results indicate that the roadmap was considered useful in specific situations (e.g. psychological complaints). All employees and supervisors participated in the monitoring. The majority of the responding employees and supervisors received OP support and was satisfied about this support.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the good adoption of COSS by the organisation, it was only partially implemented by professionals, employees and supervisors. We hypothesize that our implementation approach did not fit completely with the culture at the bank. Also, the results illustrate the need for other intervention methods for improving cooperation between employees and supervisors and a more specific target population.
authors: Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
authors: Nicole
authors: N
authors: Hoefsmit
authors: Department of Social Medicine, Caphri School for Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Nicolle
authors: N
authors: Boumans
authors: Department of Social Medicine, Caphri School for Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Inge
authors: I
authors: Houkes
authors: Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, Research School Work and Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors: Frans
authors: F
authors: Nijhuis
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce; D003142:Communication; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015397:Program Evaluation; D062707:Return to Work; D018582:Sick Leave; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Sick leave; implementation; sickness absence; work resumption