title: Evaluating health-related quality of life in type 1 diabetes: a systematic literature review of utilities for adults with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition associated with micro- and macrovascular complications that have a notable impact on health-related quality of life, the magnitude of which can be quantified via the use of utility values. The aim of this review was to conduct a systematic literature review to identify and compare published health state utility values for adults with type 1 diabetes both, with and without diabetes-related complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature searches of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were performed to identify English language studies on adults with type 1 diabetes, published from 2000 onward, reporting utility values for patients with or without diabetes-related complications or assessing the impact of changes in HbA1c or body mass index on quality of life. For inclusion, studies were required to report utilities elicited using validated methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 20 studies were included in the final review that included utility values elicited using the EuroQuol five dimensions questionnaire (n=9), 15D questionnaire (n=2), Quality of Well-Being scale (n=4), time trade-off (n=3), and standard gamble (n=2) methods. For patients with no complications, reported utility values ranged from 0.90 to 0.98. Complications including stroke (reported disutility range, -0.105 to -0.291), neuropathy (range, -0.055 to -0.358), and blindness (range, -0.132 to -0.208) were associated with the largest decrements in utility values. The magnitude of utility values and utility decrements was influenced by the assessment method used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complications lead to impaired health-related quality of life in patients with type 1 diabetes, the magnitude of which is influenced by the method used to determine utilities. There is currently a lack of utility data for certain complications of type 1 diabetes, meaning that many economic evaluations have relied on a combination of type 1 and type 2 diabetes utilities, despite differences between the conditions and populations, or type 1 diabetes-specific utilities derived from different instruments.
authors: Ossian Health Economics and Communications GmbH, Basel, Switzerland.
authors: Jayne
authors: J
authors: Smith-Palmer
authors: Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors: Jay P
authors: JP
authors: Bae
authors: Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors: Kristina S
authors: KS
authors: Boye
authors: Eli Lilly Finland, Helsinki, Finland.
authors: Kirsi
authors: K
authors: Norrbacka
authors: Ossian Health Economics and Communications GmbH, Basel, Switzerland.
authors: Barnaby
authors: B
authors: Hunt
authors: Ossian Health Economics and Communications GmbH, Basel, Switzerland.
authors: William J
authors: WJ
authors: Valentine
keywords: complications; health status; quality of life; type 1 diabetes