title: Hepatic transcriptome implications for palm fruit juice deterrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in young male Nile rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Nile rat (NR,Arvicanthis niloticus) is a model of carbohydrate-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the metabolic syndrome. A previous study found that palm fruit juice (PFJ) delayed or prevented diabetes and in some cases even reversed its early stages in young NRs. However, the molecular mechanisms by which PFJ exerts these anti-diabetic effects are unknown. In this study, the transcriptomic effects of PFJ were studied in young male NRs, using microarray gene expression analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-week-old weanling NRs were fed either a high-carbohydrate diet (%En from carbohydrate/fat/protein = 70:10:20, 16.7 kJ/g;n= 8) or the same high-carbohydrate diet supplemented with PFJ (415 ml of 13,000-ppm gallic acid equivalent (GAE) for a final concentration of 5.4 g GAE per kg diet or 2.7 g per 2000 kcal;n= 8). Livers were obtained from these NRs for microarray gene expression analysis using Illumina MouseRef-8 Version 2 Expression BeadChips. Microarray data were analysed along with the physiological parameters of diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the control group, 71 genes were up-regulated while 108 were down-regulated in the group supplemented with PFJ. Among hepatic genes up-regulated were apolipoproteins related to high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and genes involved in hepatic detoxification, while those down-regulated were related to insulin signalling and fibrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained suggest that the anti-diabetic effects of PFJ may be due to mechanisms other than an increase in insulin secretion.
authors: Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia.
authors: Soon-Sen
authors: 0000-0002-8002-5376
authors: SS
authors: Leow
authors: Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
authors: Julia
authors: J
authors: Bolsinger
authors: Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
authors: Andrzej
authors: A
authors: Pronczuk
authors: Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02454 USA.
authors: K C
authors: KC
authors: Hayes
authors: Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia.
authors: Ravigadevi
authors: R
authors: Sambanthamurthi
keywords: Antioxidants; Diabetes; Gene expression; Metabolic syndrome; Nile rat; Oil palm phenolics; Palm fruit juice