title: Biological Basis for the Clustering of Symptoms.
abstract: Identification of biologic pathways of symptom clusters is necessary to develop precision therapies for distressing symptoms. This review examined extant literature evaluating relationships between biomarkers and symptom clusters in cancer survivors.
  
  
  
  PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched using terms "biological markers" or "biomarkers" and "symptom cluster" or "symptom complex" or "multiple symptoms."
  
  
  
  Biomarkers related to inflammation (eg, cytokines) were the most studied and showed the most significant relationships with clusters of symptoms. This review suggests that clustering of symptoms related to cancer or cancer therapy is linked to immune/inflammatory pathways.
  
  
  
  Understanding the etiology of symptom clusters may guide future nursing interventions for symptom management.
authors: Debra
authors: D
authors: Lynch Kelly
authors: Kristin
authors: K
authors: Dickinson
authors: Chao-Pin
authors: CP
authors: Hsiao
authors: Nada
authors: N
authors: Lukkahatai
authors: Velda
authors: V
authors: Gonzalez-Marrero
authors: Margaret
authors: M
authors: McCabe
authors: Leorey N
authors: LN
authors: Saligan
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D063189:Symptom Assessment
keywords: biological; cancer-related symptoms; inflammation; pathways; symptom cluster; symptom complex