title: Integrated exposure and risk characterization of bisphenol-A in Europe.
abstract: The current study aims at a comprehensive risk characterization of bisphenol A (BPA) supported by an integrated exposure modelling framework that comprises far field and near field exposure modelling coupled to a dynamic lifetime PBTK model. Exposure analysis was done on European data of BPA food residues and human biomonitoring (HBM). The latter were further assimilated through an advanced exposure reconstruction modelling framework to estimate the corresponding external and internal systemic dose of BPA and its metabolites. Special attention was paid on the assessment of exposure to BPA during critical developmental stages such as gestation by modelling the mother-fetus toxicokinetic interaction. Our findings showed that current exposure levels in Europe are below the temporary Tolerable Daily Intake (t-TDI) of 4 μg/kg_bw/d proposed by the European Food Safety Authority. Taking into account age-dependent bioavailability differences, internal exposure of premature neonates hosted in intensive care units was reckoned close to the biologically effective dose (BED) resulting from translating the EFSA temporary total daily intake (t-TDI) into equivalent internal dose. Use of the ToxCast21 Biological Pathway Altering Dose (BPAD) as an alternative internal exposure reference value, resulted in increased margins of safety compared to the conventional exposure/risk characterization scheme.
authors: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Natural and Renewable Resource Exploitation Laboratory, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; Institute for Advanced Study (IUSS), Environmental Health Engineering, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy. Electronic address: denis@eng.auth.gr.
authors: Dimosthenis A
authors: DA
authors: Sarigiannis
authors: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Natural and Renewable Resource Exploitation Laboratory, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors: Spyros P
authors: SP
authors: Karakitsios
authors: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors: Evangelos
authors: E
authors: Handakas
authors: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors: Konstantina
authors: K
authors: Simou
authors: Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute, Natural and Renewable Resource Exploitation Laboratory, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors: Ermioni
authors: E
authors: Solomou
authors: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Institute for Advanced Study (IUSS), Environmental Health Engineering, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Gotti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal / Q000633:toxicity*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D055815:Young Adult; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal; D010636:Phenols; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: Bisphenol A; Integrated exposure; Internal dose; Modelling platform; PBTK; Risk assessment