title: Association between rice, bread, and noodle intake and the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Japanese middle-aged men and women.
abstract: Prevention of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through lifestyle modification is an important public health issue. Carbohydrate intake from soft drinks has received particular interest. Owing to differences in dietary habits, however, major contributors to the intake of dietary carbohydrates, such as rice, bread, and noodles, might have more influence on NAFLD prevalence in East Asian countries than consumption of soft drinks. We examined the relationship of the intake of rice, bread, and noodles, as well as overall carbohydrate intake, with NAFLD prevalence in middle-aged Japanese.
  
  
  
  This is a cross-sectional study of 977 men and 1467 women aged 40-69 y. Dietary information was obtained using a validated self-administered diet history questionnaire. Diagnosis of NAFLD was based on the following criteria: presence of steatosis on abdominal ultrasound, alcohol intake <20 g/day in women and <30 g/day in men, and exclusion of other liver diseases. Logistic regression was performed as multivariate analysis.
  
  
  
  The presence of NAFLD was 34.9% (n = 341) in men and 11.7% (n = 171) in women. Carbohydrate intake was positively associated with NAFLD prevalence in women (p for trend = 0.008). There was also a positive association between rice intake and NAFLD prevalence in women; the multi-adjusted odds ratio for the highest versus the lowest quartiles of rice intake was 1.87 (95% CI: 1.03, 3.41; p for trend = 0.006). These associations were not observed in men. No association was observed between bread and noodle intake and the prevalence of NAFLD in either sex.
  
  
  
  Consumption of carbohydrates and rice was positively associated with NAFLD prevalence in middle-aged Japanese women.
authors: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan.
authors: Ryoko
authors: R
authors: Tajima
authors: Center for Preventive Medicine, St. Luke's International University, 10-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0044, Japan.
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Kimura
authors: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan.
authors: Ayaka
authors: A
authors: Enomoto
authors: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan.
authors: Kaede
authors: K
authors: Yanoshita
authors: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan.
authors: Aki
authors: A
authors: Saito
authors: Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors: Satomi
authors: S
authors: Kobayashi
authors: Center for Preventive Medicine, St. Luke's International University, 10-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0044, Japan.
authors: Katsunori
authors: K
authors: Masuda
authors: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan. Electronic address: iida.kaoruko@ocha.ac.jp.
authors: Kaoruko
authors: K
authors: Iida
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001939:Bread; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D012275:Oryza; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D014280:Triglycerides
keywords: Dietary carbohydrate; NAFLD; Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; Non-alcoholic steatosis; Rice intake; Starchy foods