title: Genetic diversity of STLV-2 and interspecies transmission of STLV-3 in wild-living bonobos.
abstract: There are currently four known primate T-cell lymphotropic virus groups (PTLV1-4), each of which comprises closely related simian (STLV) and human (HTLV) viruses. For PTLV-1 and PTLV-3, simian and human viruses are interspersed, suggesting multiple cross-species transmission events; however, for PTLV-2 this is not so clear because HTLV-2 and STLV-2 strains from captive bonobos (Pan paniscus) form two distinct clades. To determine to what extent bonobos are naturally infected with STLV, we screened fecal samples (n = 633) from wild-living bonobos (n = 312) at six different sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) for the presence of STLV nucleic acids. STLV infection was detected in 8 of 312 bonobos at four of six field sites, suggesting an overall prevalence of 2.6% (ranging from 0 to 8%). Six samples contained STLV-2, while the two others contained STLV-3, as determined by phylogenetic analysis of partialtaxand Long Terminal Repeats (LTR) sequences. The new STLV-2 sequences were highly diverse, but grouped with previously identified STLV-2 strains as a sister clade to HTLV-2. In contrast, the new STLV-3 sequences did not cluster together, but were more closely related to STLVs from sympatric monkey species. These results show for the first time that fecal samples can be used to detect STLV infection in apes. These results also show that wild-living bonobos are endemically infected with STLV-2, but have acquired STLV-3 on at least two occasions most likely by cross-species transmission from monkey species on which they prey. Future studies of bonobos and other non-human primate species in Central Africa are needed to identify the simian precursor of HTLV-2 in humans.
authors: Unité Mixte Internationale 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM U1175, and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34394, France; Institut National de Recherches Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors: Steve
authors: S
authors: Ahuka-Mundeke
authors: Institut National de Recherches Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors: Octavie
authors: O
authors: Lunguya-Metila
authors: Projet Lac Tumba, WWF, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors: Valentin
authors: V
authors: Mbenzo-Abokome
authors: Unité Mixte Internationale 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM U1175, and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34394, France.
authors: Christelle
authors: C
authors: Butel
authors: Projet Lac Tumba, WWF, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors: Bila-Isia
authors: BI
authors: Inogwabini
authors: Institut Congolais de Conservation de la Nature (ICCN), Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors: Valentin
authors: V
authors: Omasombo
authors: Institut National de Recherches Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors: Jean-Jacques
authors: JJ
authors: Muyembe-Tamfum
authors: Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
authors: Alexander V
authors: AV
authors: Georgiev
authors: Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
authors: Martin N
authors: MN
authors: Muller
authors: Department of Ecology and Management of Plant and Animal Resources, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
authors: Jean-Bosco N
authors: JN
authors: Ndjango
authors: Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors: Yingying
authors: Y
authors: Li
authors: Unité Mixte Internationale 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM U1175, and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34394, France.
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Delaporte
authors: Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors: Beatrice H
authors: BH
authors: Hahn
authors: Unité Mixte Internationale 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM U1175, and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34394, France.
authors: Martine
authors: M
authors: Peeters
authors: Unité Mixte Internationale 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM U1175, and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34394, France.
authors: Ahidjo
authors: A
authors: Ayouba
keywords: DRC; STLV-2; STLV-3; bonobos; feces