title: Evolutionary consequences of behavioral diversity.
abstract: Iterated games provide a framework to describe social interactions among groups of individuals. This body of work has focused primarily on individuals who face a simple binary choice, such as "cooperate" or "defect." Real individuals, however, can exhibit behavioral diversity, varying their input to a social interaction both qualitatively and quantitatively. Here we explore how access to a greater diversity of behavioral choices impacts the evolution of social dynamics in populations. We show that, in public goods games, some simple strategies that choose between only two possible actions can resist invasion by all multichoice invaders, even while engaging in relatively little punishment. More generally, access to a larger repertoire of behavioral choices results in a more "rugged" fitness landscape, with populations able to stabilize cooperation at multiple levels of investment. As a result, increased behavioral choice facilitates cooperation when returns on investments are low, but it hinders cooperation when returns on investments are high. Finally, we analyze iterated rock-paper-scissors games, the nontransitive payoff structure of which means that unilateral control is difficult to achieve. Despite this, we find that a large proportion of multichoice strategies can invade and resist invasion by single-choice strategies-so that even well-mixed populations will tend to evolve and maintain behavioral diversity.
authors: Department of Genetics, Environment and Evolution, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; jplotkin@sas.upenn.edu alex.stewart@ucl.ac.uk.
authors: Alexander J
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5234-3871
authors: AJ
authors: Stewart
authors: Laboratoire de Probabilités et Modèles Aléatoires, CNRS UMR 7599, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France.
authors: Todd L
authors: TL
authors: Parsons
authors: Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 jplotkin@sas.upenn.edu alex.stewart@ucl.ac.uk.
authors: Joshua B
authors: JB
authors: Plotkin
keywords: behavioral diversity; cooperation; evolution; game theory; rock–paper–scissors