title: Pathophysiology of visual disorders induced by phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this review was to summarize the ocular action of the most common phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and the subsequent visual disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a literature review of several important articles focusing on the pathophysiology of visual disorders induced by PDE inhibitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PDE inhibitors have been associated with ocular side effects, including changes in color vision and light perception, blurred vision, transient alterations in electroretinogram (ERG), conjunctival hyperemia, ocular pain, and photophobia. Sildenafil and tadalafil may induce reversible increase in intraocular pressure and be involved in the development of non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy. Reversible idiopathic serous macular detachment, central serous chorioretinopathy, and ERG disturbances have been related to the significant impact of sildenafil and tadalafil on retinal perfusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  So far, PDE inhibitors do not seem to cause permanent toxic effects on chorioretinal tissue and photoreceptors. However, physicians should write down any visual symptom observed during PDE treatment and refer the patients to ophthalmologists.
authors: 1st Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors: Marilita M
authors: MM
authors: Moschos
authors: 1st Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors: Eirini
authors: E
authors: Nitoda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002829:Choroid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010410:Penile Erection / Q000187:drug effects*; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000187:drug effects; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
keywords: PDE5; erectile dysfunction; pathophysiological mechanisms; phosphodiesterase inhibitors; visual disorders