title: Alcohol and its contributory role in fatal drowning in Australian rivers, 2002-2012.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Examine the prevalence of alcohol and its contributory role in unintentional fatal river drowning in Australia to inform strategies for prevention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases of unintentional fatal river drowning in Australia, 1-July-2002 to 30-June-2012, were extracted from the National Coronial Information System. Cases with positive alcohol readings found through autopsy or toxicology reports were retained for analysis. Discrete analysis was conducted on cases with a Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) of ≥0.05% (0.05grams of alcohol in every 100 millilitres of blood).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcohol was known to be involved in 314 cases (40.8%), 279 recorded a positive BAC, 196 (70.3%) recorded a BAC of ≥0.05%. 40.3% of adult victims had a BAC of ≥0.20%. Known alcohol involvement was found to be more likely for victims who drowned as a result of jumping in (χ2=7.8; p<0.01), identify as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (χ2=8.9; p<0.01) and drowned in the evening (χ2=7.8; p<0.01) and early morning (χ2=16.1; p<0.01) hours.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The number of people who drown with alcohol in their bloodstream is concerning and challenging for prevention. To assist with the prevention of alcohol related river drowning improved data quality, as well as a greater understanding of alcohol's contribution and consumption patterns at rivers (especially those <18 years of age) is required.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol contributes to fatal unintentional drowning in Australian rivers. Although prevention is challenging, better data and exposure studies are the next step to enhance prevention efforts.
authors: Royal Life Saving Society - Australia, PO Box 558, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia. Electronic address: apeden@rlssa.org.au.
authors: Amy E
authors: AE
authors: Peden
authors: Royal Life Saving Society - Australia, PO Box 558, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia; College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
authors: Richard C
authors: RC
authors: Franklin
authors: College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia; Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
authors: Peter A
authors: PA
authors: Leggat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001344:Autopsy; D004332:Drowning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012309:Risk-Taking; D045483:Rivers; D000095283:Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol
keywords: Alcohol; Drowning prevention; Epidemiology; Injury prevention; Risk factors; Rivers