title: Influence of strain on the corrosion of magnesium alloys and zinc in physiological environments.
abstract: During implantation load-bearing devices experience stress that may influence its mechanical and corrosion profile and potentially lead to premature rupture. The susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of the Mg-Al alloy AZ61 and Zn was studied in simulated body fluid (m-SBF) and whole blood by slow strain rate (SSR) testing in combination with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and further ex situ analysis including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. AZ61 was found to be highly susceptible to SCC. EIS analysis show that although the majority of cracking occurred during the apparent plastic straining, cracking initiation occurs already in the elastic region at ∼50% of the ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Shifts in EIS phase angle and open circuit potential can be used to detect the onset of SCC. Zinc demonstrated a highly ductile behavior with limited susceptibility to SCC. No significant decrease in UTS was observed in m-SBF but a decrease in time to failure by ∼25% compared to reference samples indicates some effect on the mechanical properties during the ductile straining. The formation of micro cracks, ∼10μm deep, was indicated by the EIS analysis and later confirmed by ex situ SEM. The results of SSR analysis of zinc in whole blood showed a reduced effect compared to m-SBF and no cracks were detected. It appears that formation of an organic surface layer protects the corroding surface from cracking. These results highlight the importance of considering the effect of biological species on the degradation of implants in the clinical situation.
  
  
  
  Strain may deteriorate the corrosion properties of metallic implants drastically. We study the influence of load on the corrosion properties of a magnesium alloy and zinc by a combination of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and slow strain rate analysis. This combination of techniques has previously not been used for studying degradation in physiological relevant electrolytes. EIS provide valuable information on the initial formation of cracks, detecting crack nucleation before feasible in slow strain rate analysis. This sensitivity of EIS shows the potential for electrochemical methods to be used for in situ monitoring crack formation of implants in more applied studies.
authors: Materials and Nano Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Electrum 229, 16440 Kista, Sweden; St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN 55117, USA.
authors: Karin
authors: K
authors: Törne
authors: St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN 55117, USA.
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Örnberg
authors: Materials and Nano Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Electrum 229, 16440 Kista, Sweden. Electronic address: jonas@kth.se.
authors: Jonas
authors: J
authors: Weissenrieder
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry*; D003343:Corrosion; D004560:Electricity; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016062:Porosity; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D008274:Magnesium; D015032:Zinc
keywords: AZ61; Biodegradable; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS); Magnesium alloy; Slow strain rate (SSR); Stress corrosion cracking (SCC); Zinc