title: Assessment of left ventricular ejection force and sympathetic skin response in normotensive and hypertensive subjects: A double-blind observational comparative case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pathophysiology of essential hypertension remains obscure. Correlation among ventricular ejection force, sympathetic activity, and hypertension is less clearly narrated in hypertensive subjects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess correlation among ventricular ejection force, sympathetic activity, and hypertension in hypertensive subjects, and to be compared with normotensive subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a case-control study to assess left ventricular ejection force (LVEF) and sympathetic skin response, in normotensive (group 1; control), and hypertensive subjects (group 2; cases). 100 cases were selected. Subjects having stages 1 and 2 hypertension were categorized in groups 2A and 2B, respectively. LVEF was calculated by using echocardiography observing aortic acceleration time (AT) and peak systolic velocity. Comparison among groups was done by using one-way ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both groups were comparable. In group 2, 60 cases had stage 1 hypertension and 40 had stage 2 hypertension. Significantly short AT and significantly high LVEF were found in hypertension (groups 2A and 2B) (p<0.0001). Sympathetic activity was high in group 2A (p<0.0001). Stroke volume (SV) was high in group 2B (p<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stage 1 hypertension is a stage of increased sympathetic activity, leading to increased LVEF and hypertension (resetting of baroreceptors); stage 2 hypertension is a stage of normal sympathetic activity, increased LVEF, increased SV, and hypertension (possibly a stage of shift of renal equilibrium curve/renal output curve and blood pressure to a newer level).
authors: Senior Consultant, Department of Internal Medicine, Mittal Hospital and Research Centre, Ajmer, India. Electronic address: yogdiab@gmail.com.
authors: Tarun
authors: T
authors: Saxena
authors: Honorary Consultant, Mittal Hospital and Research Centre, Ajmer, India.
authors: Sanjay
authors: S
authors: Patidar
authors: Department of Yoga and Physical Education, Mittal Hospital and Research Centre, Ajmer, India.
authors: Manjari
authors: M
authors: Saxena
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012867:Skin / Q000294:innervation*; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Aortic acceleration time; Basal sympathetic rhythm; Hypertension; Left ventricular ejection force