title: Pollination of Campomanesia phaea (Myrtaceae) by night-active bees: a new nocturnal pollination system mediated by floral scent.
abstract: Bees are the most important diurnal pollinators of angiosperms. In several groups of bees a nocturnal/crepuscular habit developed, yet little is known about their role in pollination and whether some plants are adapted specifically to these bees. We used a multidisciplinary approach to investigate the reproductive biology and to understand the role of nocturnal/crepuscular bees in pollination of Campomanesia phaea (Myrtaceae), popularly named cambuci. We studied the floral biology and breeding system of C. phaea. We collected the floral visitors and tested the pollinators' effectiveness. We also determined the floral scents released at night and during daytime, and studied behavioural responses of crepuscular/nocturnal bees towards these scents. The flowers of cambuci were self-incompatible and had pollen as the only resource for flower visitors. Anthesis lasted around 14 h, beginning at 04:30 h at night. The flowers released 14 volatile compounds, mainly aliphatic and aromatic compounds. We collected 52 species of floral visitors, mainly bees. Nocturnal and crepuscular bees (four species) were among the most frequent species and the only effective pollinators. In field bioassays performed at night, nocturnal/crepuscular bees were attracted by a synthetic scent blend consisting of the six most abundant compounds. This study describes the first scent-mediated pollination system between a plant and its nocturnal bee pollinators. Further, C. phaea has several floral traits that do not allow classification into other nocturnal pollination syndromes (e.g. pollinator attraction already before sunrise, with pollen as the only reward), instead it is a plant specifically adapted to nocturnal bees.
authors: Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: G D
authors: GD
authors: Cordeiro
authors: Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Cerro Largo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Pinheiro
authors: Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Dötterl
authors: Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Alves-Dos-Santos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D001938:Brazil; D001947:Breeding; D057906:Circadian Clocks; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D027822:Myrtaceae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D057048:Plant Nectar / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D011058:Pollen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology; D054817:Pollination; D013045:Species Specificity; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D057048:Plant Nectar; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: 1-Octanol; Colletidae; Halictidae; cambuci; floral volatiles; nocturnal anthesis; pollinator effectiveness