title: The chitinases expression is related to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Encephalitis (SIVE) and in HIV encephalitis (HIVE).
abstract: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection can induce neurocognitive complications classified as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). The chitinase family is associated with innate immunity cells and many infectious diseases.
  
  
  
  We analyzed microarray datasets obtained from NCBI in order to verify the expression of chitinase family genes in hippocampus of uninfected rhesus macaques versus those with histopathologic evidence of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Encephalitis (SIVE). Moreover, we have analysed two human microarray datasets to verify the results obtained in macaques hippocampus affected by SIVE. For these studies, we have also used the open source tools Genome-scale Integrated Analysis of gene Networks in Tissues (GIANT) to identify the chitinase genes network.
  
  
  
  CHIT1, CHI3L1 and CHI3L2 levels were significantly increased in SIVE hippocampus as compared to non-infected control specimens. Furthermore, we found a negative correlation between CHIA vs. Brain Viral Load (BVL). These data was confirmed partially in human brain section of HAD/HIVE subjects. Also, we showed that HIV-1 was able to modulate the expression of CHIT1, CHI3L1, CHI3L2 and CHID1 in human macrophages.
  
  
  
  These results suggest that chitinase gene expression is altered in SIVE and in HAD/HIVE brain sections and call for more studies examining whether this is a protective immunological reaction or a destructive tissue response to encephalitis.
authors: Section of Neurosciences, Department G.F. Ingrassia, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 78, 95123, Catania, Italy.
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Sanfilippo
authors: Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Nunnari
authors: Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Italy.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Calcagno
authors: Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy.
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Malaguarnera
authors: Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-43180, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Blennow
authors: Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-43180, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Zetterberg
authors: Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy. Electronic address: mdirosa@unict.it.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Di Rosa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002688:Chitinases / Q000235:genetics*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D018792:Encephalitis, Viral / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology*; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D005810:Multigene Family; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015302:Simian Immunodeficiency Virus; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D002688:Chitinases
keywords: Chitinases; HIV-1; HIVE; Hippocampus; SIVE