title: Intake of antioxidant vitamins and risk of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Oxidative stress is proposed to be one of the potential mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. However, previous epidemiologic studies investigating associations between antioxidant vitamins, such as vitamins E and C and carotenoids, and PD risk have produced inconsistent results.
  
  
  
  The objective of this work was to prospectively examine associations between intakes of antioxidant vitamins, including vitamins E and C and carotenoids, and PD risk.
  
  
  
  Cases were identified in two large cohorts: the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Cohort members completed semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires every 4 years.
  
  
  
  A total of 1036 PD cases were identified. Dietary intakes of vitamin E and carotenoids were not associated with PD risk; the multivariable-adjusted relative risk comparing extreme intake quintiles were 0.93 (95% confidence interval: 0.75-1.14) and 0.97 (95% confidence interval: 0.69-1.37), respectively. Dietary vitamin C intake was significantly associated with reduced PD risk (relative risk: 0.81; 95% confidence interval: 0.65-1.01; ptrend, 0.01); however, this result was not significant in a 4-year lag analysis. For vitamins E and C, intake from foods and supplements combined were also unrelated to PD risk.
  
  
  
  Our results do not support the hypothesis that intake of antioxidant vitamins reduces the risk of PD. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Katherine C
authors: KC
authors: Hughes
authors: Department of Nutritional Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors: Xiang
authors: X
authors: Gao
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Iris Y
authors: IY
authors: Kim
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Eric B
authors: EB
authors: Rimm
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Molin
authors: M
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Marc G
authors: MG
authors: Weisskopf
authors: MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Schwarzschild
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Ascherio
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014481:United States; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids; D001205:Ascorbic Acid
keywords: Parkinson's disease; carotenoids; oxidative stress; vitamin C; vitamin E