title: Prevalence and Risk Factors for Refractive Error in Adult Chinese Americans: The Chinese American Eye Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of refractive errors in adult Chinese Americans, and to evaluate factors associated with myopia and high myopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based, cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chinese Americans 50 years and older residing in Monterey Park, California, were recruited. Noncycloplegic automated refraction with supplemental subjective refraction was performed. Myopia, high myopia, hyperopia, and high hyperopia were defined as a spherical equivalent of <-0.5 diopter (D), <-5.0 D, >+0.5 D, and ≥+3.0 D, respectively. Astigmatism and high astigmatism were defined as a cylinder of >0.5 D and >2.25 D, respectively. Risk factor assessment was guided by a conceptual model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 4144 participants were analyzed. The overall prevalence of myopia, high myopia, hyperopia, high hyperopia, astigmatism, and high astigmatism in the right eye was 35.1% (95% confidence interval, 33.6%-36.6%), 7.4% (6.6%-8.3%), 40.2% (38.7%-41.8%), 2.7% (2.2%-3.3%), 45.6% (44.1%-47.2%), and 3.7% (3.1%-4.3%), respectively. The prevalence of myopia and high myopia was lower among older individuals (P < .05). Reversed age trends were observed for the other refractive errors (P < .05). There was no sex difference in the prevalence of refractive errors, except for a higher prevalence of hyperopia among female subjects (P = .010). Age, acculturation, education, income, marital status, birth country, history of ocular disease, nonocular comorbidities, and recent eye examination were associated with prevalence of myopia. All of these factors, except for acculturation, were also associated with high myopia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data present the first population-based estimates of the prevalence of refractive errors among adult Chinese Americans. Compared with whites, Hispanics, and blacks, Chinese Americans have a higher burden of myopia, high myopia, and astigmatism.
authors: USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. Electronic address: rvarma@usc.edu.
authors: Rohit
authors: R
authors: Varma
authors: USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors: Mina
authors: M
authors: Torres
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors: Roberta
authors: R
authors: McKean-Cowdin
authors: Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors: Fen
authors: F
authors: Rong
authors: USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors: Chunyi
authors: C
authors: Hsu
authors: USC Roski Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors: Xuejuan
authors: X
authors: Jiang
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001213:Asian; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002681:China / Q000208:ethnology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009216:Myopia / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014792:Visual Acuity