title: Resistance of Permafrost and ModernAcinetobacter lwoffiiStrains to Heavy Metals and Arsenic Revealed by Genome Analysis.
abstract: We performed whole-genome sequencing of five permafrost strains ofAcinetobacter lwoffii(frozen for 15-3000 thousand years) and analyzed their resistance genes found in plasmids and chromosomes. Four strains contained multiple plasmids (8-12), which varied significantly in size (from 4,135 to 287,630 bp) and genetic structure; the fifth strain contained only two plasmids. All large plasmids and some medium-size and small plasmids contained genes encoding resistance to various heavy metals, including mercury, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, copper, chromium, and arsenic compounds. Most resistance genes found in the ancient strains ofA.lwoffiihad their closely related counterparts in modern clinicalA.lwoffiistrains that were also located on plasmids. The vast majority of the chromosomal resistance determinants did not possess complete sets of the resistance genes or contained truncated genes. Comparative analysis of variousA.lwoffiiand ofA.baumanniistrains discovered a number of differences between them: (i) chromosome sizes inA.baumanniiexceeded those inA.lwoffiiby about 20%; (ii) on the contrary, the number of plasmids inA.lwoffiiand their total size were much higher than those inA.baumannii; (iii) heavy metal resistance genes in the environmentalA.lwoffiistrains surpassed those inA.baumanniistrains in the number and diversity and were predominantly located on plasmids. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.
authors: Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia.
authors: Sofia
authors: 0000-0001-5011-280X
authors: S
authors: Mindlin
authors: Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia.
authors: Anatolii
authors: 0000-0001-6951-3996
authors: A
authors: Petrenko
authors: Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia.
authors: Anton
authors: A
authors: Kurakov
authors: Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, Bld. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia.
authors: Alexey
authors: A
authors: Beletsky
authors: Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, Bld. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia.
authors: Andrey
authors: A
authors: Mardanov
authors: Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia.
authors: Mayya
authors: 0000-0001-5411-0457
authors: M
authors: Petrova
mesh_terms: D000150:Acinetobacter / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D001151:Arsenic / Q000633:toxicity; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D002874:Chromosome Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D016680:Genome, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000633:toxicity*; D065946:Permafrost / Q000382:microbiology*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D001151:Arsenic