title: The Serum Changes of Neuron-Specific Enolase and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 in Patients With Diffuse Axonal Injury Following Progesterone Administration: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Improvement of neurologic outcome in progesterone-administered patients with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) has been found in a recent study. Also, there has been interest in the importance of serum parameters as predictors of outcome in traumatic brain injury.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the effect of progesterone administration on serum levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in clinical DAI.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, the serum levels of ICAM-1 and NSE of 32 male DAI patients (18 - 60 years of age, a Glasgow coma scale of 12 or less, and admitted within 4 hours after injury) who were randomized for a controlled phase II trial of progesterone were analyzed. The analysis was performed between the control and progesterone groups at admission time, and 24 hours and six days after DAI, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A reduction in the serum level of ICAM-1 was noticed in the progesterone group 24 hours after the injury (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the serum level of NSE between the study groups during evaluation. At 24 hours after the injury, the level of ICAM-1 in the control group was higher than that at admission time (P < 0.05). The lowest level of NSE in the two groups was seen six days after DAI (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, progesterone administration reduced serum ICAM-1, and whereby may attenuate blood brain barrier disruption, the latter needs further investigation for confirmation.
authors: Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran.
authors: Nader
authors: N
authors: Shahrokhi
authors: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran.
authors: Zahra
authors: Z
authors: Soltani
authors: Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran.
authors: Mohammad
authors: M
authors: Khaksari
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran.
authors: Saeid
authors: S
authors: Karamouzian
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran.
authors: Behshad
authors: B
authors: Mofid
authors: Department of Biochemistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran.
authors: Gholamreza
authors: G
authors: Asadikaram
keywords: Diffuse Axonal Injury; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Neuron-Specific Enolase; Progesterone; Serum