title: Genetic and environmental components of female depression as a function of the severity of the disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both clinical care and genome-wide studies need to account for levels of severity in the etiology of depression. The purpose of the study is to estimate the genetic and environmental components of female depression as a function of the severity of the disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  A genetic and environmental model analysis of depression incidence was made using the IOP Depression Severity Measure (IDSM). Details of lifetime depression incidence were obtained by questionnaire from twins on the DTR registry. Data from 1449 matched female twin pairs in the age range 19-85 years in four ordinal categories of increasing severity were employed in the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estimates of additive and dominance genetic components of 27% and 25% were found when all three levels of depression were included, and near zero and 33% when the recurrent/severe level was excluded. Shared environmental effects were not significant in either case, but the estimate for random environmental effects was greater when the severe level was excluded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the incidence of severe depression is associated with homozygotic alleles and the less severe with heterozygotic alleles. This is in accord with the finding that the hereditary component of severe depression is relatively high and that milder forms are more dependent on life-time environmental factors. Such conclusions have clinical implications for the diagnosis and treatment of the disorder by practicing psychiatrists. They also lead to the importance of focusing future genome-wide and linkage studies on those females with severe levels of depression if progress in identifying genetic risk loci is to be made.
authors: Department of Psychological Sciences Birkbeck University of London London UK.
authors: James S M
authors: JS
authors: Rusby
authors: Department of Psychological Sciences Birkbeck University of London London UK.
authors: Fiona
authors: F
authors: Tasker
authors: Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology King's College London London UK.
authors: Lynn
authors: L
authors: Cherkas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008957:Models, Genetic; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012042:Registries; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: additive and dominance estimates; homozygotic and heterozygotic alleles; major depression; mood disorders; twin studies