title: Kidney Injury Marker 1 and Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in Chronic Kidney Disease.
abstract: The current categorization of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is based on biomarkers of the glomerular function (estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR) and injury (urinary albumin creatinine ratio, UACR) and provides information on the risk of death and of progression of kidney disease. However, there are gaps in knowledge regarding the risk stratification of elderly patients with eGFR 45-60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and of younger patients with higher eGFR but physiological albuminuria. In this regard, most of the kidney cell mass is composed of tubules. Recent studies have explored whether biomarkers derived from the acute kidney injury literature, which are mainly tubular injury markers, may improve the information provided by eGFR and UACR. We now review the potential role of kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)/lipocalin 2 as biomarkers for kidney or cardiovascular outcomes in CKD patients. In general, neither urinary KIM-1 nor urinary NGAL (uNGAL) outperform or add relevant information to eGFR or UACR. However, promising results were obtained for circulating KIM-1 prediction of renal outcomes in type 1 diabetes. Additionally, uNGAL may have some value in non-proteinuric patients and increased values have been observed in persons at risk for Mesoamerican nephropathy. Further studies are warranted in these niche populations.
authors: IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain.
authors: Esmeralda
authors: E
authors: Castillo-Rodriguez
authors: Raul
authors: R
authors: Fernandez-Prado
authors: Catalina
authors: C
authors: Martin-Cleary
authors: Maria Soledad
authors: MS
authors: Pizarro-Sánchez
authors: Maria Dolores
authors: MD
authors: Sanchez-Niño
authors: Ana Belen
authors: AB
authors: Sanz
authors: Beatriz
authors: B
authors: Fernandez-Fernandez
authors: Alberto
authors: A
authors: Ortiz
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D000071068:Lipocalin-2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C491143:HAVCR1 protein, human; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2
keywords: Biomarker; Cardiovascular; Kidney injury; Proximal tubular cell