title: Quantification of 1-hydroxypyrene, 1- and 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene and 6-hydroxynitropyrene by HPLC-MS/MS in human urine as exposure biomarkers for environmental and occupational surveys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several urinary PAHs metabolites can be detected by HPLC-MS/MS for individual exposure assessment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Quantitation of urinary metabolites of four PAHs, selected on the basis of their significance, with reduced costs and high sensitivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  HPLC-MS/MS was used and pure standards and isotope-labeled internal analogs of the analytes. Two hundred samples were tested after enzymatic hydrolysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accuracy was higher than 90% and variability lower than 19%; LODs permit to measure 1-hydroxypyrene, 1 and 2-hydroxynaphthalene in all subjects, 6-hydroxynitropyrene in the 65% and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene in the 70%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The method is suitable both for occupational and for environmental studies. This is the first paper reporting urinary levels of 6-hydroxynitropyrene in European subjects, nonoccupationally exposed to nitro-PAHs.
authors: a Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF) Viterbo , University of Tuscia , Italy.
authors: Flavio
authors: F
authors: Raponi
authors: b Department of Epidemiology Lazio Regional Health Service , Agenzia di Sanita Pubblica Regione Lazio , Roma , Italy.
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Bauleo
authors: b Department of Epidemiology Lazio Regional Health Service , Agenzia di Sanita Pubblica Regione Lazio , Roma , Italy.
authors: Carla
authors: C
authors: Ancona
authors: b Department of Epidemiology Lazio Regional Health Service , Agenzia di Sanita Pubblica Regione Lazio , Roma , Italy.
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Forastiere
authors: c INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene , Monte Porzio Catone (RM) , Italy.
authors: Enrico
authors: E
authors: Paci
authors: c INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene , Monte Porzio Catone (RM) , Italy.
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Pigini
authors: c INAIL Research, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene , Monte Porzio Catone (RM) , Italy.
authors: Giovanna
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8973-6046
authors: G
authors: Tranfo
mesh_terms: D001580:Benzopyrenes / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D009284:Naphthols / Q000652:urine; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000652:urine; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D001580:Benzopyrenes; D015415:Biomarkers; D009284:Naphthols; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011721:Pyrenes; C021338:3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene; C033146:1-hydroxypyrene
keywords: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; carcinogens; diesel exhaust; general population; method validation; tobacco smoke