title: Toward a Novel Multilocus Phylogenetic Taxonomy for the Dermatophytes.
abstract: Type and reference strains of members of the onygenalean family Arthrodermataceae have been sequenced for rDNA ITS and partial LSU, the ribosomal 60S protein, and fragments of β-tubulin and translation elongation factor 3. The resulting phylogenetic trees showed a large degree of correspondence, and topologies matched those of earlier published phylogenies demonstrating that the phylogenetic representation of dermatophytes and dermatophyte-like fungi has reached an acceptable level of stability. All trees showed Trichophyton to be polyphyletic. In the present paper, Trichophyton is restricted to mainly the derived clade, resulting in classification of nearly all anthropophilic dermatophytes in Trichophyton and Epidermophyton, along with some zoophilic species that regularly infect humans. Microsporum is restricted to some species around M. canis, while the geophilic species and zoophilic species that are more remote from the human sphere are divided over Arthroderma, Lophophyton and Nannizzia. A new genus Guarromyces is proposed for Keratinomyces ceretanicus. Thirteen new combinations are proposed; in an overview of all described species it is noted that the largest number of novelties was introduced during the decades 1920-1940, when morphological characters were used in addition to clinical features. Species are neo- or epi-typified where necessary, which was the case in Arthroderma curreyi, Epidermophyton floccosum, Lophophyton gallinae, Trichophyton equinum, T. mentagrophytes, T. quinckeanum, T. schoenleinii, T. soudanense, and T. verrucosum. In the newly proposed taxonomy, Trichophyton contains 16 species, Epidermophyton one species, Nannizzia 9 species, Microsporum 3 species, Lophophyton 1 species, Arthroderma 21 species and Ctenomyces 1 species, but more detailed studies remain needed to establish species borderlines. Each species now has a single valid name. Two new genera are introduced: Guarromyces and Paraphyton. The number of genera has increased, but species that are relevant to routine diagnostics now belong to smaller groups, which enhances their identification.
authors: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands. s.hoog@cbs.knaw.nl.|Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. s.hoog@cbs.knaw.nl.|Basic Pathology Department, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. s.hoog@cbs.knaw.nl.|Peking University Health Science Center, Research Center for Medical Mycology, Beijing, China. s.hoog@cbs.knaw.nl.|Shanghai Institute of Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. s.hoog@cbs.knaw.nl.|Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. s.hoog@cbs.knaw.nl.
authors: G Sybren
authors: GS
authors: de Hoog
authors: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Karolina
authors: K
authors: Dukik
authors: Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors: Michel
authors: M
authors: Monod
authors: Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium.
authors: Ann
authors: A
authors: Packeu
authors: Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium.
authors: Dirk
authors: D
authors: Stubbe
authors: Mycology and Aerobiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium.
authors: Marijke
authors: M
authors: Hendrickx
authors: Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medicine Berlin - Charité, Berlin, Germany.
authors: Christiane
authors: C
authors: Kupsch
authors: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Thermo Fisher Scientific, Landsmeer, The Netherlands.
authors: J Benjamin
authors: JB
authors: Stielow
authors: CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Thermo Fisher Scientific, Landsmeer, The Netherlands.
authors: Joanna
authors: J
authors: Freeke
authors: Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Brunswick, Germany.
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Göker
authors: Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.|Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
authors: Ali
authors: A
authors: Rezaei-Matehkolaei
authors: Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors: Hossein
authors: H
authors: Mirhendi
authors: Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medicine Berlin - Charité, Berlin, Germany. yvonne.graeser@charite.de.
authors: Yvonne
authors: Y
authors: Gräser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004821:Epidermophyton / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D008864:Microsporum / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D010445:Peptide Elongation Factors / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014005:Tinea / Q000382:microbiology; D014249:Trichophyton / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D014404:Tubulin / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; D010445:Peptide Elongation Factors; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins; D014404:Tubulin
keywords: Arthrodermataceae; Dermatophytes; Phylogeny; Taxonomy; Trichophyton