title: Evaluation of calcium cyanamide addition during co-composting of manure and maize straw in a forced-aeration static-pile system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Composting is one of the most environmentally friendly treatments to inactivate pathogenic organisms or reduce them to acceptable levels. However, even under thermal conditions, some pathogenic organisms such asE. colicould exist for a long time in composting. Such great persistence may increase the possibility of outbreaks of these organisms and further increase the environmental load. Calcium cyanamide (CaCN2) has recently been recognized to have the fungicidal effect on the pathogens of the soilborne diseases. So, the present study determined the effect of CaCN2addition on composting progress as an antimicrobial agent and an amendment during forced-aeration static-pile composting of cow manure, which was mainly aimed to inhibit the pathogens that had not been inactivated by heat during composting.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mixtures of dairy cow manure and maize straw with addition of 2 % CaCN2or no addition were composted for 63 days. The physical, chemical and biological changes in compost mixtures were examined during composting. The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA procedure from SAS software (version 9.0).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that the addition of CaCN2significantly increased the maximum temperature and lengthened the duration of the thermophilic phase, and increased the percent T-N but decreased C/N ratio. For microbiological test, the addition of CaCN2shortened the time to inactivateE. coli, and increased the total average population of thermophilic bacteria but did not significantly influence that of mesophilic bacteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicated that the addition of CaCN2, at least at the additive content of 2 % could benefit the thermophilic phase and the composting could quickly reach the sanitary standard during the composting of manure with maize straw in a forced-aeration static-pile system. This finding will contribute to solve the feces disposal problems.
authors: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhaowuda road, 306, 010018 Hohhot, China.
authors: Huasai
authors: H
authors: Simujide
authors: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhaowuda road, 306, 010018 Hohhot, China.
authors: Chen
authors: C
authors: Aorigele
authors: College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhaowuda road, 306, 010018 Hohhot, China.
authors: Chun-Jie
authors: CJ
authors: Wang
authors: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhaowuda road, 306, 010018 Hohhot, China.
authors: Tian-Hua
authors: TH
authors: Zhang
authors: College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhaowuda road, 306, 010018 Hohhot, China.
authors: Bai
authors: B
authors: Manda
keywords: Antimicrobial agent; Calcium cyanamide; Composting; Manure; Pathogen