title: Simultaneous determination of seven multiclass veterinary antibiotics in surface water samples in the Republic of Korea using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: A simultaneous determination method using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was developed to detect and quantify the presence of seven multiclass veterinary antibiotics (13 compounds in total) in surface water samples, which included the effluents of livestock wastewater and sewage treatment plants, as well as the reservoir drainage areas from dense animal farms. The pH of all water samples was adjusted to 2 or 6 before solid-phase extraction using Oasis HLB cartridges. The developed method was fully validated in terms of linearity, method detection limit, method quantitation limit, accuracy, and precision. The linearity of all tested drugs was good, with R2determination coefficients ≥ 0.9931. The method detection limits and method quantitation limits were 0.1-74.3 and 0.5-236.6 ng/L, respectively. Accuracy and precision values were 71-120 and 1-17%, respectively. The determination method was successfully applied for monitoring water samples obtained from the Yeongsan River in 2015. The most frequently detected antibiotics were lincomycin (96%), sulfamethazine (90%), sulfamethoxazole (88%), and sulfathiazole (50%); the maximum concentrations of which were 398.9, 1151.3, 533.1, and 307.4 ng/L, respectively. Overall, the greatest numbers and concentrations of detected antibiotics were found in samples from the effluents of livestock wastewater, sewage treatment plants, and reservoir drainage areas. Diverse veterinary antibiotics were present, and their presence was dependent upon the commercial sales and environmental properties of the analytes, the geographical positions of the sampling points, and the origin of the water.
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hyung Suk
authors: HS
authors: Chung
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jeong-Heui
authors: JH
authors: Choi
authors: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
authors: A M
authors: AM
authors: Abd El-Aty
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors: Young-Jun
authors: YJ
authors: Lee
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors: Han Sol
authors: HS
authors: Lee
authors: Yeongsan River Environment Research Center, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors: Sangdon
authors: S
authors: Kim
authors: Yeongsan River Environment Research Center, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors: Hee-Jung
authors: HJ
authors: Jung
authors: Yeongsan River Environment Research Center, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors: Tae-Woo
authors: TW
authors: Kang
authors: Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors: Ho-Chul
authors: HC
authors: Shin
authors: Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jae-Han
authors: JH
authors: Shim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012722:Sewage; D019155:Veterinary Drugs; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: River water; Solid-phase extraction; Surface water; Tandem mass spectrometry; Veterinary antibiotics