title: Pre-existing risk factors for in-hospital death among older patients could be used to initiate end-of-life discussions rather than Rapid Response System calls: A case-control study.
abstract: To investigate associations between clinical parameters - beyond the evident physiological deterioration and limitations of medical treatment - with in-hospital death for patients receiving Rapid Response System (RRS) attendances.
  
  
  
  Retrospective case-control analysis of clinical parameters for 328 patients aged 60 years and above at their last RRS call during admission to a single teaching hospital in the 2012-2013 calendar years. Generalised estimating equation modelling was used to compare the deceased with a randomly selected sample of those who had RRS calls and survived admission (controls), matched by age group, sex, and hospital ward.
  
  
  
  In addition to a pre-existing order for limitation of treatment or cardiac arrest (OR 6.92; 95%CI 4.61-10.27), nursing home residence, proteinuria, advanced malignancy, acute myocardial infarction, chronic kidney disease, cognitive impairment and frailty were associated with high risk of death. After adjusting for all the clinical indicators investigated, the strongest risk factors for in-hospital death for patients with a RRS call were advanced malignancy (OR 3.95; 95%CI 2.16-7.21) and new myocardial infarction (OR 2.79; 95%CI 1.86-4.20). Patients with cognitive impairment, frailty indicator or chronic kidney disease were twice as likely to die as patients without those risk factors.
  
  
  
  In a sample of older deteriorated patients requiring a RRS attendance, multiple indicators of chronic illness, cognitive impairment and frailty were significantly associated with high risk of death. These clinical features beyond the evident orders for limitation of medical treatment should signal the need for clinicians to initiate end-of-life discussions that may prevent futile interventions.
authors: The Simpson Centre for Health Services Research, South Western Sydney Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, P.O. Box 6087 UNSW, Sydney, NSW 1466, Australia. Electronic address: m.cardonamorrell@unsw.edu.au.
authors: Magnolia
authors: M
authors: Cardona-Morrell
authors: Intensive Care Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Level 2, Clinical Building, 1 Elizabeth St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
authors: Amanda
authors: A
authors: Chapman
authors: School of Public Health and Community Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Level 2, Samuels Building, UNSW Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
authors: Robin M
authors: RM
authors: Turner
authors: The Simpson Centre for Health Services Research, South Western Sydney Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, P.O. Box 6087 UNSW, Sydney, NSW 1466, Australia.
authors: Ebony
authors: E
authors: Lewis
authors: Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Level 6, 57 Talavera Rd., North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia.
authors: Blanca
authors: B
authors: Gallego-Luxan
authors: The Simpson Centre for Health Services Research, South Western Sydney Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, P.O. Box 6087 UNSW, Sydney, NSW 1466, Australia; Intensive Care Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Level 2, Clinical Building, 1 Elizabeth St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Parr
authors: The Simpson Centre for Health Services Research, South Western Sydney Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, P.O. Box 6087 UNSW, Sydney, NSW 1466, Australia; Intensive Care Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Level 2, Clinical Building, 1 Elizabeth St., Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
authors: Ken
authors: K
authors: Hillman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D000073496:Frailty / Q000401:mortality; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D057209:Hospital Rapid Response Team / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018447:Medical Futility; D016414:Resuscitation Orders; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013727:Terminal Care; D019564:Unnecessary Procedures
keywords: Case-control studies; End-of-life; Hospital rapid response team; In-hospital mortality; Risk factors