title: Individualized, patient-centered use of lixisenatide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease associated with hyperglycemia, which can lead to serious vascular complications. Current treatment guidelines place particular emphasis on personalization of therapy. Within this guidance, the use of various second-line therapies, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), is recommended under certain circumstances. Areas covered: Factors influencing glucose homeostasis, including gastric emptying and the associated cardiovascular (CV) risk when homeostasis is not maintained, are reviewed. Physiology relating to the mechanism of action of GLP-1 RAs is summarized, with a particular focus on lixisenatide. In addition, an overview of efficacy and safety data for lixisenatide is presented and the CV effects of GLP-1 RAs are examined. Finally, the rationale and clinical data supporting the combination of lixisenatide and basal insulin are explored. Expert opinion: GLP-1 analogs meet a need for better glycemic control, with the added benefits of reduced hypoglycemic risk and body weight. The combination of a short-acting GLP-1 RA, such as lixisenatide, with a basal insulin, exploits the complementary effects of both of these therapies and seems well suited for the treatment of T2DM. However, further studies are needed to establish the associated CV risks and/or benefits of GLP-1 RAs.
authors: a Centre for Clinical Studies , GWT-TUD GmbH , Dresden , Germany.
authors: Markolf
authors: M
authors: Hanefeld
authors: b Department of Diabetology , University Hospital Sainte-Marguerite , Marseille , France.
authors: Denis
authors: D
authors: Raccah
authors: c Laboratory of Human Nutrition and Atherosclerosis, Institute of Clinical Research , University of Montpellier I , Montpellier , France.
authors: Louis
authors: L
authors: Monnier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018802:Patient-Centered Care / Q000379:methods; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods; D000097789:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists; D000067758:Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Receptor
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D010455:Peptides; D000097789:Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists; C479460:lixisenatide; D000067758:Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Receptor
keywords: Lixisenatide; cardiovascular risk; individualized treatment; postprandial plasma glucose; type 2 diabetes mellitus