title: A novel survey of the ethno medicinal knowledge of dental problems in Manoor Valley (Northern Himalaya), Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the study area, the traditional knowledge and cultural practices of utilizing medicinal plants in the human healthcare is primarily restricted to the old age members of the community, while younger generation is mostly unaware of the natural wealth usage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We provide the first ever ethno medicinal insights into the management of dental disorders in Pakistan. The prime objective of the study was to explore novel knowledge of these local and remote community members and share it with rest of the world in documented form.
  
  
  METHODS
  Field surveys were arranged for collection and documentation of medicinal plants of Manoor valley during 2015. Total 71 local inhabitants were interviewed randomly through questionnaire. The data obtained were quantitatively analyzed using the use value (UVi), relative frequency citations (RFCs), fidelity level index (FL%) and consensus index (CI%). For novel uses all plants were thoroughly checked with previously published articles on the same disorder and analyzed through Jaccard index (JI) and Sorensen's similarity index (QS). The collected specimens after confirmation were submitted to the Herbarium, Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan (HUP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In present study 25 plants belonging to 17 families are reported, these plants were used commonly as ethno medicine. There were herbs (64%), shrubs (20%) and trees (16%) whereas, Lamiaceae with 4 species was the leading family. Majority of medicinal plant species were used in treatment of toothache (38%), wound healing (19%), gum infections (16%) whereas and lowest percentage of species were used for mouth ulcer as well as teeth powder (3%). Leaves were the most widely part used plant part in the treatment of different diseases (36%). Dominated medicinal plants with high used values were Juglans regia (UVi=0.94), Rumex dentatus (0.89) and Indigofera heterantha (0.88). Based on the RFC values, the most valuable and cited medicinal plant species used by the traditional drivers are Juglans regia having (RFCs=0.69) and Rumex dentatus (0.58). CI results show that most respondents percentage was for Juglans regia having CI%=69%, followed by Rumex dentatus (57.7%). Medicinal plants with high fidelity level and reported for one dental disorder were Berberis lycium, Geranium wallichianum, Lathyrus aphaca, Platanus orientalis, Sedum spp. and Urtica dioica for toothache. Further, new medicinal uses of Abies pindrow, Ajuga integrifolia, Berberis lycium, Urtica dioica, Indigofera heterantha were recorded for the first time from Pakistan and Astragalus grahamianus, Corydalis cornuta, Prunella vulgaris, Ranunculus muricatus, Rumex hastatus, Stellaria media, Tagetes minuta, Taraxacum officinale and Lathyrus aphaca, across the world for the current reported medicinal uses. All mentioned plant species are reported for the first time ever for dental disorders from Manoor Valley. Nonetheless, this is a novel study as no single ethno medicinal study on dental disorder up-till now has been reported from Pakistan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study is the first ever documentation of ethno medicinal practices aiming at the dental disorders in Pakistan, which resulted in 64% of medicinal uses new claims. So, the reported species of remote valley should be further evaluated for proper experimentation and pharmacological activities to authenticate their current traditional usage. Field observation revealed vegetation of the area was generally threatened due to its unwise use by the local communities. Trends like deforestation, over grazing, habitat fragmentation and introduction of the exotic taxa were the visible threats. So conservation of such an important natural God gifted treasure is mandatory.
authors: Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan. Electronic address: hajibotanist@outlook.com.
authors: Inayat Ur
authors: IU
authors: Rahman
authors: Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan.
authors: Farhana
authors: F
authors: Ijaz
authors: Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan.
authors: Zafar
authors: Z
authors: Iqbal
authors: Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan. Electronic address: aftabafzalkiani@yahoo.com.
authors: Aftab
authors: A
authors: Afzal
authors: Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan.
authors: Niaz
authors: N
authors: Ali
authors: Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan.
authors: Muhammad
authors: M
authors: Afzal
authors: Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan.
authors: Muhammad Azhar
authors: MA
authors: Khan
authors: Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan.
authors: Said
authors: S
authors: Muhammad
authors: Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan.
authors: Ghulam
authors: G
authors: Qadir
authors: Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan.
authors: Muhammad
authors: M
authors: Asif
mesh_terms: D019448:Ethnobotany / Q000379:methods; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008519:Medicine, Traditional / Q000379:methods; D010154:Pakistan; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000379:methods; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D028321:Plant Preparations
keywords: Dental disorder; Lesser Himalayan; Manoor Valley; Novel survey; Pakistan; Traditional medicine