title: Effects of antiseptic mouthwash on resting metabolic rate: A randomized, double-blind, crossover study.
abstract: The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway has emerged as a significant source of nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity. Dietary intake of inorganic nitrate has a number of cardiovascular effects as well as a decrease in oxygen cost during exercise and a reduction in resting metabolic rate (RMR). Oral bacteria have a key role in bioactivation of inorganic nitrate since they catalyse the conversion of salivary nitrate to the more reactive nitrite anion. Recent studies demonstrate that blood pressure increases with the use of an antiseptic mouthwash, indicating that endogenous, NO-synthase derived nitrate is recycled into nitrite and NO, sufficiently to modulate cardiovascular function. Here we tested if also RMR would be affected by an antiseptic mouthwash. Seventeen healthy normotensive female subjects (23 ± 4 y) participated in this randomized, double-blinded, crossover study. During two 3-day periods separated by 28 days the subjects consumed a diet low in nitrate combined with rinsing their mouth three times daily with a chlorhexidine-containing mouthwash (mouthwash) or placebo mouthwash (placebo) with similar taste but no antiseptic properties. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured by indirect calorimetry and 24 h ambulatory blood pressure recordings were obtained after each intervention together with blood, saliva and urine samples. Treatment with chlorhexidine-containing mouthwash effectively reduced oral conversion of nitrate to nitrite but had no effect on plasma levels of these anions or plasma cGMP. RMR and 24 h ambulatory blood pressure were unaffected by the intervention. We conclude that in young healthy females an antiseptic mouthwash was effective in disrupting oral bacterial nitrate conversion to nitrite, but this was not associated with changes in plasma nitrite, RMR or blood pressure.
authors: Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Function Area Clinical Nutrition, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Michaela L
authors: ML
authors: Sundqvist
authors: Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Jon O
authors: JO
authors: Lundberg
authors: Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: eddie.weitzberg@ki.se.
authors: Eddie
authors: E
authors: Weitzberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001481:Basal Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001944:Breath Tests; D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D009573:Nitrites / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D009067:Mouthwashes; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002710:Chlorhexidine
keywords: Blood pressure; Calorimetry; Diet; Metabolism; Microbiome; Nitrate; Nitric oxide; Nitrite; Oral