title: Prevalence of restless legs syndrome in migraine patients with and without aura: a cross-sectional, case-controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the comorbidity of migraine and restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been well-documented, the association between RLS and migraine frequency has yet to be elucidated. The present study aims to evaluate the prevalence of RLS among individuals who experience low-frequency, high-frequency, or chronic migraine presenting with and without aura.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional, case-controlled study involving 505 participants receiving outpatient headache treatment. Standardized questionnaires were administered to collect information on experiences of migraine, RLS, sleep quality, anxiety, depression, and demographics. Participants were categorized into low-frequency (1-8/month), high-frequency (9-14/month), and chronic (≥15/month) headache groups. RLS was diagnosed according to the criteria outlined by the International RLS Study Group (IRLSSG). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were used to assess sleep quality and identify symptoms of anxiety and depression. Associations between migraine frequency and RLS prevalence were investigated using multivariate linear and logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Univariate analysis revealed an effect of migraine frequency on RLS prevalence (p = 0.026), though this effect did not persist following adjustment for baseline characteristics (p = 0.256). The trend was robust in patients whose migraines presented with auras (punivariate= 0.002; pmultivariate= 0.043) but not in those without auras (punivariateand pmultivariate> 0.05). Higher anxiety [odds ratio (OR) = 1.18, p = 0.019] and sleep disturbance (OR = 1.17, p = 0.023) scores were associated with higher RLS prevalence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher migraine frequency correlates with a higher prevalence of RLS, particularly among patients with auras.
authors: Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Guan-Yu
authors: GY
authors: Lin
authors: Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Yu-Kai
authors: YK
authors: Lin
authors: Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Jiunn-Tay
authors: JT
authors: Lee
authors: School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Meei-Shyuan
authors: MS
authors: Lee
authors: Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Chun-Chieh
authors: CC
authors: Lin
authors: Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Chia-Kuang
authors: CK
authors: Tsai
authors: Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.|Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors: Chi-Hsin
authors: CH
authors: Ting
authors: Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan. fuji-yang@yahoo.com.tw.
authors: Fu-Chi
authors: FC
authors: Yang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020325:Migraine with Aura / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020326:Migraine without Aura / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Dopamine; Hospital anxiety and depression subscales; Iron metabolism; Migraine; Pittsburgh sleep quality index; Restless legs syndrome