title: Carotenoid Cleavage Oxygenases from Microbes and Photosynthetic Organisms: Features and Functions.
abstract: Apocarotenoids are carotenoid-derived compounds widespread in all major taxonomic groups, where they play important roles in different physiological processes. In addition, apocarotenoids include compounds with high economic value in food and cosmetics industries. Apocarotenoid biosynthesis starts with the action of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs), a family of non-heme iron enzymes that catalyze the oxidative cleavage of carbon-carbon double bonds in carotenoid backbones through a similar molecular mechanism, generating aldehyde or ketone groups in the cleaving ends. From the identification of the first CCD enzyme in plants, an increasing number of CCDs have been identified in many other species, including microorganisms, proving to be a ubiquitously distributed and evolutionarily conserved enzymatic family. This review focuses on CCDs from plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria, describing recent progress in their functions and regulatory mechanisms in relation to the different roles played by the apocarotenoids in these organisms.
authors: Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain. Oussama.Ahrazem@uclm.es.
authors: Oussama
authors: O
authors: Ahrazem
authors: Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain. MariaLourdes.Gomez@uclm.es.
authors: Lourdes
authors: L
authors: Gómez-Gómez
authors: Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain. mjrodrigo@iata.csic.es.
authors: María J
authors: MJ
authors: Rodrigo
authors: Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain. avalos@us.es.
authors: Javier
authors: J
authors: Avalos
authors: Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain. carmenlimon@us.es.
authors: María Carmen
authors: MC
authors: Limón
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005658:Fungi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010105:Oxygenases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010788:Photosynthesis; D010944:Plants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013379:Substrate Specificity
chemical_list: D002338:Carotenoids; D010105:Oxygenases; C500451:carotenoid oxygenase; C004984:apocarotenal
keywords: algae; apocarotenoids; bacteria; carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase; fungi; plants