title: Fracture characterization of human cortical bone under mode II loading using the end-notched flexure test.
abstract: Fracture characterization of human cortical bone under mode II loading was analyzed using a miniaturized version of the end-notched flexure test. A data reduction scheme based on crack equivalent concept was employed to overcome uncertainties on crack length monitoring during the test. The crack tip shear displacement was experimentally measured using digital image correlation technique to determine the cohesive law that mimics bone fracture behavior under mode II loading. The developed procedure was validated by finite element analysis using cohesive zone modeling considering a trapezoidal with bilinear softening relationship. Experimental load-displacement curves, resistance curves and crack tip shear displacement versus applied displacement were used to validate the numerical procedure. The excellent agreement observed between the numerical and experimental results reveals the appropriateness of the proposed test and procedure to characterize human cortical bone fracture under mode II loading. The proposed methodology can be viewed as a novel valuable tool to be used in parametric and methodical clinical studies regarding features (e.g., age, diseases, drugs) influencing bone shear fracture under mode II loading.
authors: INEGI - Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
authors: F G A
authors: FGA
authors: Silva
authors: Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
authors: M F S F
authors: MFSF
authors: de Moura
authors: CMEMS-UMinho, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4804-533, Guimarães, Portugal. nunodourado@dem.uminho.pt.
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Dourado
authors: INEGI - Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 400, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.|Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Xavier
authors: Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.|Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors: F A M
authors: FAM
authors: Pereira
authors: Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors: J J L
authors: JJL
authors: Morais
authors: Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors: M I R
authors: MIR
authors: Dias
authors: Banco de Tecidos Ósseos do Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra - CHUC, EPE, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, 3030-396, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors: P J
authors: PJ
authors: Lourenço
authors: Banco de Tecidos Ósseos do Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra - CHUC, EPE, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, 3030-396, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors: F M
authors: FM
authors: Judas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019245:Compressive Strength; D003198:Computer Simulation; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008904:Miniaturization; D008954:Models, Biological; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength; D013977:Tibia / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing
keywords: Bone; Cohesive zone modeling; ENF test; Fracture characterization; Mode II