title: Multiplicity of Buc copies in Atlantic salmon contrasts with loss of the germ cell determinant in primates, rodents and axolotl.
abstract: The primordial germ cells (PGCs) giving rise to gametes are determined by two different mechanisms in vertebrates. While the germ cell fate in mammals and salamanders is induced by zygotic signals, maternally delivered germ cell determinants specify the PGCs in birds, frogs and teleost fish. Assembly of the germ plasm in the oocyte is organized by the single Buc in zebrafish, named Velo1 in Xenopus, and by Oskar in Drosophila. Secondary loss of oskar in several insect lineages coincides with changes in germline determination strategies, while the presence of buc in mammals suggests functions not associated with germline formation.
  
  
  
  To clarify the evolutionary history of buc we searched for the gene in genomes available from various chordates. No buc sequence was found in lamprey and chordate invertebrates, while the gene was identified in a conserved syntenic region in elephant shark, spotted gar, teleosts, Comoran coelacanth and most tetrapods. Rodents have probably lost the buc gene, while a premature translation stop was found in primates and in Mexican axolotl lacking germ plasm. In contrast, several buc and buc-like (bucL) paralogs were identified in the teleosts examined, including zebrafish, and the tetraploid genome of Atlantic salmon harbors seven buc and bucL genes. Maternal salmon buc1a, buc2a and buc2b mRNAs were abundant in unfertilized eggs together with dnd and vasa mRNAs. Immunostained salmon Buc1a was restricted to cleavage furrows in 4-cell stage embryos similar to a fluorescent zebrafish Buc construct injected in salmon embryos. Salmon Buc1a and Buc2a localized together with DnD, Vasa and Dazl within the Balbiani body of early oocytes.
  
  
  
  Buc probably originated more than 400 million years ago and might have played an ancestral role in assembling germ plasm. Functional redundancy or subfunctionalization of salmon Buc paralogs in germline formation is suggested by the maternally inherited mRNAs of three salmon buc genes, the localized Buc1a in the cleavage furrows and the distribution of Buc1a and Buc2a in the Balbiani body during oogenesis. The extra-ovarian expression of salmon buc genes and the presence of a second zebrafish bucL gene suggest additional functions not related to germ cell specification.
authors: Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), PO Box 5003, N-1430, Ås, Norway.
authors: Adrijana
authors: A
authors: Škugor
authors: Nofima, PO Box 6122, N-9291,, Tromsø, Norway.
authors: Helge
authors: H
authors: Tveiten
authors: Nofima, PO Box 6122, N-9291,, Tromsø, Norway.
authors: Hanne
authors: H
authors: Johnsen
authors: Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), PO Box 5003, N-1430, Ås, Norway. oivind.andersen@nofima.no.|Nofima, PO Box 5010, N-1430, Ås, Norway. oivind.andersen@nofima.no.
authors: Øivind
authors: 0000-0001-6460-2690
authors: Ø
authors: Andersen
mesh_terms: D000558:Ambystoma mexicanum / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D018628:Gene Dosage; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D009866:Oogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D011323:Primates / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012377:Rodentia / Q000235:genetics*; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger
keywords: Balbiani body; Bucky ball; Germ plasm; Germline; Mexican axolotl; Oskar