title: Humanin Protects RPE Cells from Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis by Upregulation of Mitochondrial Glutathione.
abstract: Humanin (HN) is a small mitochondrial-encoded peptide with neuroprotective properties. We have recently shown protection of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) cells by HN in oxidative stress; however, the effect of HN on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has not been evaluated in any cell type. Our aim here was to study the effect of HN on ER stress-induced apoptosis in RPE cells with a specific focus on ER-mitochondrial cross-talk. Dose dependent effects of ER stressors (tunicamycin (TM), brefeldin A, and thapsigargin) were studied after 12 hr of treatment in confluent primary human RPE cells with or without 12 hr of HN pretreatment (1-20 μg/mL). All three ER stressors induced RPE cell apoptosis in a dose dependent manner. HN pretreatment significantly decreased the number of apoptotic cells with all three ER stressors in a dose dependent manner. HN pretreatment similarly protected U-251 glioma cells from TM-induced apoptosis in a dose dependent manner. HN pretreatment significantly attenuated activation of caspase 3 and ER stress-specific caspase 4 induced by TM. TM treatment increased mitochondrial superoxide production, and HN co-treatment resulted in a decrease in mitochondrial superoxide compared to TM treatment alone. We further showed that depleted mitochondrial glutathione (GSH) levels induced by TM were restored with HN co-treatment. No significant changes were found for the expression of several antioxidant enzymes between TM and TM plus HN groups except for the expression of glutamylcysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), the rate limiting enzyme required for GSH biosynthesis, which is upregulated with TM and TM+HN treatment. These results demonstrate that ER stress promotes mitochondrial alterations in RPE that lead to apoptosis. We further show that HN has a protective effect against ER stress-induced apoptosis by restoring mitochondrial GSH. Thus, HN should be further evaluated for its therapeutic potential in disorders linked to ER stress.
authors: Department of Pathology and Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
authors: Douglas
authors: D
authors: Matsunaga
authors: Arnold and Mabel Beckman Macular Research Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
authors: Parameswaran G
authors: PG
authors: Sreekumar
authors: Arnold and Mabel Beckman Macular Research Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
authors: Keijiro
authors: K
authors: Ishikawa
authors: Arnold and Mabel Beckman Macular Research Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
authors: Hiroto
authors: H
authors: Terasaki
authors: Arnold and Mabel Beckman Macular Research Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
authors: Ernesto
authors: E
authors: Barron
authors: Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
authors: Pinchas
authors: P
authors: Cohen
authors: Arnold and Mabel Beckman Macular Research Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
authors: Ram
authors: R
authors: Kannan
authors: Department of Pathology and Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
authors: David R
authors: DR
authors: Hinton
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053471:Caspases, Initiator / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000166:cytology*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: C497249:DDIT3 protein, human; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; C427211:humanin; D013481:Superoxides; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP; C093516:CASP4 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D053471:Caspases, Initiator; D005721:Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase; D005978:Glutathione