title: Genitourinary Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: An Overview of Pathogenesis, Evaluation, and Management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes mellitus is a vastly prevalent metabolic disorder with escalating global health concerns. Particularly when mismanaged, chronic micro- and macrovascular complications may highly impair physiological systems while immunodeficiency disposes us to infection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigate infections, localized complications, and neoplasms of the genitourinary system secondary to the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus in males and females.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive MEDLINE® search was guided using key words relevant to diabetes mellitus and the genitourinary system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pathogen-friendly environments may implicate the sequelae of urinary tract and genital mycotic infections, potentially generating necrosis, abscess, and other inflammatory complications, which may present concomitantly with neurogenic and/or vasculogenic dysfunction to further exacerbate an existing genitourinary condition. Manifestations of the adrenal, renal, and genital organs and tissues are discussed as they relate to vascular, immunodeficient, and other hyperglycemic complications of the diabetic state. Among those, chronic kidney disease and cystopathy are the most prevailing and detrimental. Though studies have connected diabetes to either an increased risk of developing or poor prognosis of bladder, renal, prostate, endometrial, and cervical cancers, the explicit biological relationships are as of yet inconclusive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the availability of precise treatments to ameliorate most presently reviewed conditions, particularly urinary tract and genital mycotic infection-related sequelae, reversing permanent vascular damage remains a great challenge. Leading a healthier lifestyle and managing diabetes mellitus with a patient-centric approach from the outset are the most putative methods for preventing critical long-term genitourinary manifestations of diabetes mellitus.
authors: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794. United States.
authors: Jason
authors: J
authors: Gandhi
authors: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794. United States.
authors: Gautam
authors: G
authors: Dagur
authors: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794. United States.
authors: Kelly
authors: K
authors: Warren
authors: Foley Plaza Medical, New York, NY. United States.
authors: Noel L
authors: NL
authors: Smith
authors: Department of Urology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center T9- 040, 101 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794. United States.
authors: Sardar A
authors: SA
authors: Khan
mesh_terms: D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D052776:Female Urogenital Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D052801:Male Urogenital Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence
keywords: Chronic kidney disease; diabetes mellitus; diabetic
  neuropathies; diabetic angiopathies; diabetic cystopathy; diabetic nephropathies; genital mycotic infections; lower urinary tract symptoms; urinary tract infections