title: Development of Japanese version of King's Stigma Scale and its short version: Psychometric properties of a self-stigma measure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed to develop two Japanese versions of King's Stigma Scale, a full version (KSS-J-1) and a short version (KSS-J-2), through psychometric property testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 112 people with mental illness. We tested the constructs of the scales using both confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were tested. We examined convergent validity with self-esteem or perceived stigma, and different group validity, using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas a relatively weak model fit (comparative fit index = 0.66, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.63, root mean square error of approximation = 0.097) of KSS-J-1 (full version: 28 items) was found, KSS-J-2 (short version: 17 items), produced by exploratory factor analysis, had a moderate model fit (comparative fit index = 0.90, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.89, root mean square error of approximation = 0.063). High internal consistency (KSS-J-1, ω = 0.82-0.89; KSS-J-2, ω = 0.86-0.89) and moderate test-retest reliability (KSS-J-1, interclass correlation = 0.56-0.88; KSS-J-2, interclass correlation = 0.45-0.85) were reported. Some subscales and the entire scale of KSS-J-1 were significantly correlated with self-esteem and perceived stigma. Conversely, only two subscales in KSS-J-2 were significantly correlated with self-esteem. The scores of each subscale and the entire score for both KSS-J-1 and KSS-J-2 in the high psychological distress group were higher than the low group (KSS-J-1, d = 0.61-0.83; KSS-J-2, d = 0.47-0.70), except for the Discrimination subscale in KSS-J-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both Japanese versions of King's Stigma Scale can be utilized depending on their intended use.
authors: Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Masashi
authors: M
authors: Mizuno
authors: Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Sosei
authors: S
authors: Yamaguchi
authors: Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Ayano
authors: A
authors: Taneda
authors: Department of Adult Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Hiroaki
authors: H
authors: Hori
authors: Faculty of Human Welfare, Seigakuin University, Saitama, Japan.
authors: Ayako
authors: A
authors: Aikawa
authors: Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Chiyo
authors: C
authors: Fujii
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012649:Self Concept; D057545:Social Stigma; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: mental illness; perceived stigma; scale development; self-esteem; self-stigma