title: How to study the impact of sex and gender in medical research: a review of resources.
abstract: There is a growing appreciation by the biomedical community that studying the impact of sex and gender on health, aging, and disease will lead to improvements in human health. Sex- and gender-based comparisons can inform research on disease mechanisms and the development of new therapeutics as well as enhance scientific rigor and reproducibility. This review will assist basic researchers, clinical investigators, as well as epidemiologists, population, and social scientists by providing an annotated bibliography of currently available resource tools on how to consider sex and gender as independent variables in research design and methodology. These resources will assist investigators applying for funding from the National Institutes of Health since all grant applicants will be required (as of January 25, 2016) to address the role of sex as a biological variable in vertebrate animal and human studies.
authors: Division of Sex and Gender in Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI USA.
authors: Alyson J
authors: AJ
authors: McGregor
authors: Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA.
authors: Memoona
authors: M
authors: Hasnain
authors: Center for the Study of Sex Differences in Health, Aging and Disease, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors: Kathryn
authors: K
authors: Sandberg
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA.
authors: Mary F
authors: MF
authors: Morrison
authors: Center for Women's Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA.
authors: Michelle
authors: M
authors: Berlin
authors: University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA.
authors: Justina
authors: J
authors: Trott
keywords: Gender analysis; Research methods; Resource; Sex analysis; Sex and gender