title: Desensitisation to cigarette package graphic health warnings: a cohort comparison between London and Singapore.
abstract: We compared 2 sociocultural cohorts with different duration of exposure to graphic health warning labels (GHWL), to investigate a possible desensitisation to their use. We further studied how a differing awareness and emotional impact of smoking-associated risks could be used to prevent this.
  
  
  
  Structured interviews of patients from the general respiratory department were undertaken between 2012 and 2013 in 2 tertiary hospitals in Singapore and London.
  
  
  
  266 participants were studied, 163 Londoners (35% smokers, 54% male, age 52±18 years) and 103 Singaporeans (53% smokers, p=0.003; 78% male, p<0.001; age 58±15 years, p=0.012).
  
  
  
  50 items assessed demographics, smoking history, knowledge and the deterring impact of smoking-associated risks. After showing 10 GHWL, the impact on emotional response, cognitive processing and intended smoking behaviour was recorded.
  
  
  
  Singaporeans scored lower than the Londoners across all label processing constructs, and this was consistent for the smoking and non-smoking groups. Londoners experienced more 'disgust' and felt GHWL were more effective at preventing initiation of, or quitting, smoking. Singaporeans had a lower awareness of lung cancer (82% vs 96%, p<0.001), despite ranking it as the most deterring consequence of smoking. Overall, 'blindness' was the least known potential risk (28%), despite being ranked as more deterring than 'stroke' and 'oral cancer' in all participants.
  
  
  
  The length of exposure to GHWL impacts on the effectiveness. However, acknowledging the different levels of awareness and emotional impact of smoking-associated risks within different sociocultural cohorts could be used to maintain their impact.
authors: Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.|Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors: Culadeeban
authors: C
authors: Ratneswaran
authors: Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.|Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors: Ben
authors: B
authors: Chisnall
authors: Department of Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors: Mingyue
authors: M
authors: Li
authors: Department of Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Tan
authors: Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
authors: Abdel
authors: A
authors: Douiri
authors: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
authors: Devanand
authors: D
authors: Anantham
authors: Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.|Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors: Joerg
authors: J
authors: Steier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001364:Awareness; D003071:Cognition; D004349:Drug Packaging; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008131:London; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D011356:Product Labeling; D012846:Singapore; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors; D062789:Tobacco Products; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Smoking cessation; psychology; tobacco control