title: Effects of Endurance Training on the Skeletal Muscle Nitric Oxide Metabolism in Insulin-Independent Type 2 Diabetic Men-A Pilot Study.
abstract: Increases in the amount of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein and abnormal production of nitric oxide (NO) in skeletal muscle have been suggested to be associated with peripheral insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This pilot study analyzed whether a 3-month endurance training can affect iNOS protein and NO metabolite levels in the vastus lateralis muscle of insulin-independent T2DM men, thereby affecting the patients` glycemic control. Furthermore, serum molecules, which have been shown to activate iNOS protein expression in in vitro experiments, were quantified.
  
  
  
  Eight overweight/obese T2DM men (years = 61 ± 10) participated in the study. Muscle biopsies and venous blood collections were performed at T1 (6 weeks before training), T2 (1 week before training), and T3 (3 to 4 days after training). Protein contents (iNOS) were determined by Western blotting, nitrite concentrations by chemiluminescence, and serum molecule levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits.
  
  
  
  The training reduced iNOS protein contents significantly (T2-T3: approximately -31%, P = 0.018). Nitrite concentrations as well as fasting glucose and HbA1c decreased, but not significantly. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (lipid peroxidation as an indirect measure of reactive oxygen species), lipopolysaccharide binding protein, interferon-γ, and interleukin-1β showed no significant changes.
  
  
  
  The data indicate that the endurance training performed in the present study can reduce iNOS protein contents in insulin-independent T2DM men. Future studies should identify key molecules in iNOS regulation in vivo and fully clarify whether iNOS downregulation can help improve insulin sensitivity in T2DM patients in the long term.
authors: 1 Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne , Cologne, Germany .
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Brinkmann
authors: 1 Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne , Cologne, Germany .
authors: Benedikt
authors: B
authors: Schulte-Körne
authors: 1 Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne , Cologne, Germany .
authors: Marijke
authors: M
authors: Grau
authors: 1 Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne , Cologne, Germany .
authors: Sinja
authors: S
authors: Obels
authors: 1 Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne , Cologne, Germany .
authors: Roman
authors: R
authors: Kemmerling
authors: 2 Outpatient Clinic for Sports Traumatology and Public Health Consultation, German Sport University Cologne , Cologne, Germany .
authors: Thorsten
authors: T
authors: Schiffer
authors: 1 Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne , Cologne, Germany .
authors: Wilhelm
authors: W
authors: Bloch
authors: 1 Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne , Cologne, Germany .
authors: Klara
authors: K
authors: Brixius
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
keywords: central obesity; lifestyle modification; type 2 diabetes