title: The effect of particle size on the genotoxicity of gold nanoparticles.
abstract: Despite the increasing biomedical applications of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), their toxicological effects need to be thoroughly understood. In the present study, the genotoxic potential of commercially available AuNPs with varying size (5, 20, and 50 nm) were assessed using a battery of in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity assays. In the comet assay, 20 and 50 nm AuNPs did not induce obvious DNA damage in HepG2 cells at the tested concentrations, whereas 5 nm NPs induced a dose-dependent increment in DNA damage after 24-h exposure. Furthermore, 5 nm AuNPs induced cell cycle arrest in G1 phase in response to DNA damage, and promoted the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the chromosomal aberration test, AuNPs exposure did not increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells. In the standard in vivo micronucleus test, no obvious increase in the frequency of micronucleus formation was found in mice after 4 day exposure of AuNPs. However, when the exposure period was extended to 14 days, 5 nm AuNPs presented significant clastogenic damage, with a dose-dependent increase of micronuclei frequencies. This finding suggests that particle size plays an important role in determining the genotoxicity of AuNPs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 710-719, 2017.
authors: National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
authors: Qiyue
authors: Q
authors: Xia
authors: National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
authors: Hongxia
authors: H
authors: Li
authors: National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.|West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Liu
authors: National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.|West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
authors: Shuyang
authors: S
authors: Zhang
authors: National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.|Laboratory of Non-Human Primate Disease Model research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
authors: Qiyi
authors: Q
authors: Feng
authors: National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.|Laboratory of Non-Human Primate Disease Model research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
authors: Kai
authors: K
authors: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004249:DNA Damage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D059585:G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects*; D006046:Gold / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective; D010316:Particle Size; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006046:Gold
keywords: DNA damage; comet assay; genotoxicity; gold nanoparticles; micronucleus test; particle size