title: Prophylactic Oral Dextrose Gel for Newborn Babies at Risk of Neonatal Hypoglycaemia: A Randomised Controlled Dose-Finding Trial (the Pre-hPOD Study).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neonatal hypoglycaemia is common, affecting up to 15% of newborns, and can cause brain damage. Currently, there are no strategies, beyond early feeding, to prevent neonatal hypoglycaemia. Our aim was to determine a dose of 40% oral dextrose gel that will prevent neonatal hypoglycaemia in newborn babies at risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-finding trial of buccal dextrose gel to prevent neonatal hypoglycaemia at two hospitals in New Zealand. Babies at risk of hypoglycaemia (infant of a mother with diabetes, late preterm delivery, small or large birthweight, or other risk factors) but without indication for admission to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were randomly allocated either to one of four treatment groups: 40% dextrose at one of two doses (0.5 ml/kg = 200 mg/kg, or 1 ml/kg = 400 mg/kg), either once at 1 h of age or followed by three additional doses of dextrose (0.5 ml/kg before feeds in the first 12 h); or to one of four corresponding placebo groups. Treatments were administered by massaging gel into the buccal mucosa. The primary outcome was hypoglycaemia (<2.6 mM) in the first 48 h. Secondary outcomes included admission to a NICU, admission for hypoglycaemia, and breastfeeding at discharge and at 6 wk. Prespecified potential dose limitations were tolerance of gel, time taken to administer, messiness, and acceptability to parents. From August 2013 to November 2014, 416 babies were randomised. Compared to babies randomised to placebo, the risk of hypoglycaemia was lowest in babies randomised to a single dose of 200 mg/kg dextrose gel (relative risk [RR] 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47-0.99, p = 0.04) but was not significantly different between dose groups (p = 0.21). Compared to multiple doses, single doses of gel were better tolerated, quicker to administer, and less messy, but these limitations were not different between dextrose and placebo gel groups. Babies who received any dose of dextrose gel were less likely to develop hypoglycaemia than those who received placebo (RR 0.79; 95% CI 0.64-0.98, p = 0.03; number needed to treat = 10, 95% CI 5-115). Rates of NICU admission were similar (RR 0.64; 95% CI 0.33-1.25, p = 0.19), but admission for hypoglycaemia was less common in babies randomised to dextrose gel (RR 0.46; 95% CI 0.21-1.01, p = 0.05). Rates of breastfeeding were similar in both groups. Adverse effects were uncommon and not different between groups. A limitation of this study was that most of the babies in the trial were infants of mothers with diabetes (73%), which may reduce the applicability of the results to babies from other risk groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of neonatal hypoglycaemia can be reduced with a single dose of buccal 40% dextrose gel 200 mg/kg. A large randomised trial (Hypoglycaemia Prevention with Oral Dextrose [hPOD]) is under way to determine the effects on NICU admission and later outcomes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12613000322730.
authors: Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.|Newborn Services, National Women's Health, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors: Joanne Elizabeth
authors: JE
authors: Hegarty
authors: Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors: Jane Elizabeth
authors: JE
authors: Harding
authors: Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors: Gregory David
authors: GD
authors: Gamble
authors: Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors: Caroline Anne
authors: CA
authors: Crowther
authors: School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Edlin
authors: Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.|Newborn Services, National Women's Health, Auckland, New Zealand.|Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors: Jane Marie
authors: JM
authors: Alsweiler
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005782:Gels; D005947:Glucose / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D013549:Sweetening Agents; D005947:Glucose