title: Direct SAR mapping by thermoacoustic imaging: A feasibility study.
abstract: To develop a new method capable of directly measuring specific absorption rate (SAR) deposited in tissue using the thermoacoustic signal induced by short radiofrequency (RF) pulse excitation.
  
  
  
  A detailed model based on the thermoacoustic wave generation and propagation is presented.
  
  
  
  We propose a new concept for direct measurement of SAR, to be used as a safety assessment/monitoring tool for MRI. The concept involves the use of short bursts of RF energy and the measurement of the resulting thermoacoustic excitation pattern by an array of ultrasound transducers, followed by image reconstruction to yield the 3D SAR distribution. We developed a simulation framework to model this thermoacoustic SAR mapping concept and verified the concept in vitro.
  
  
  
  Simulations show good agreement between reconstructed and original SAR distributions with an error of 4.2, 7.2, and 8.4% of the mean SAR values in axial, sagittal, and coronal planes and support the feasibility of direct experimental mapping of SAR distributions in vivo. The in vitro experiments show good agreement with theory (r2= 0.52).
  
  
  
  A novel thermoacoustic method for in vivo mapping of local SAR patterns in MRI has been proposed and verified in simulation and in a phantom experiment. Magn Reson Med 78:1599-1606, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
authors: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors: Simone A
authors: 0000-0002-8080-9488
authors: SA
authors: Winkler
authors: Endra, Inc, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors: Paul A
authors: PA
authors: Picot
authors: Endra, Inc, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
authors: Michael M
authors: MM
authors: Thornton
authors: Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors: Brian K
authors: BK
authors: Rutt
mesh_terms: D065966:Absorption, Physicochemical; D000162:Acoustics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006257:Head / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D008954:Models, Biological; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging
keywords: safety; specific absorption rate; thermoacoustics