title: Phenotyping and genetic characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates from Turkey revealing arise of different features specific to geography.
abstract: 192 Food samples (commonly consumed 8 food types), 355 animal samples (animal feces of bovine, ovine, goat and chicken) and 50 samples from clinical human cases in Sanliurfa city, Turkey in a year were collected to determine the Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica mosaic in Turkey. 161 Salmonella isolates represented 17 serotypes, 20 sequence types (STs) and 44 PFGE patterns (PTs). 3 serotypes, S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium and S. Kentucky, were recovered from three different hosts. The highest discriminatory power was obtained by PFGE (SID=0.945), followed by MLST (SID=0.902) and serotyping (SID=0.885) for all isolates. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes (aadA1, aadA2, strA, strB, aphA1-Iab, blaTEM-1, blaPSE-1, tetA) was highly correlated with phenotypic profiles of aminoglycoside, ß-lactam and tetracycline groups (kappa >0.85). From our knowledge, this is the first study reporting spatial and temporal distribution of Salmonella species through phenotypic and genetic approaches over farm to fork chain in Turkey. Thus, our data provided further information for evolution, ecology and transmission of Salmonella in Turkey.
authors: Food Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
authors: Sinem
authors: S
authors: Acar
authors: Food Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
authors: Ece
authors: E
authors: Bulut
authors: Food Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
authors: Bora
authors: B
authors: Durul
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
authors: Ilhan
authors: I
authors: Uner
authors: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
authors: Mehmet
authors: M
authors: Kur
authors: Agricultural Biotechnology, Ahi Evran University, Kirsehir, Turkey.
authors: M Dilek
authors: MD
authors: Avsaroglu
authors: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey.
authors: Hüseyin Avni
authors: HA
authors: Kirmaci
authors: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
authors: Yasar Osman
authors: YO
authors: Tel
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
authors: Fadile Y
authors: FY
authors: Zeyrek
authors: Food Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey. Electronic address: ysoyer@metu.edu.tr.
authors: Yesim
authors: Y
authors: Soyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D005843:Geography; D006041:Goats / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000382:microbiology*; D019779:Salmonella enterica / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012703:Serotyping; D012756:Sheep / Q000382:microbiology*; D013753:Tetracycline Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D014421:Turkey; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST); Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE); Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica; Serotyping