title: Penile Priapism, Clitoral Priapism, and Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder: A Contemporary Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Priapism is a persistent erection that arises from a dysfunction of the normal regulatory mechanisms of penile tumescence, rigidity, and flaccidity. It is defined as an erection lasting longer than 6 hours that is not related to sexual stimulation. There are three types of priapism: ischemic, non-ischemic, and stuttering. Similarly, clitoral priapism may occur in females manifested by symptoms such as engorgement with pain and swelling of the clitoris and surrounding tissue. Persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD) is uncontrollable genital arousal in females, with or without orgasms, that occurs spontaneously and without any sexual feelings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this article is to review the available literature on priapism, clitoral priapism, and PGAD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was performed through PubMed regarding priapism, clitoral priapism, and PGAD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The main outcome is an assessment of the potential etiologies, pathophysiology, diagnostic tools, and management options (medical and surgical) for these conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial workup of priapism should include a thorough history, physical examination, and cavernous arterial blood gas measurement. Findings should guide further management depending on the etiology of priapism (ischemic vs. non-ischemic). For ischemic priapism, a widely used therapeutic algorithm has been described. For patients with stuttering priapism, multiple oral therapies are currently available. Most reported cases of clitoral priapism appear to be drug-induced, and the primary treatment is stopping the offending agent. Medications like phenylpropanolamine and phenylephrine can also be utilized. PGAD may be associated with anatomical abnormalities, such as Tarlov cysts for which an epidural anesthesia block may be considered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early recognition and diagnosis of priapism is paramount to preserving erectile function. Current treatment regimens for ischemic priapism have room for innovation in both pharmacological and surgical therapies. Further investigation into the etiologies and treatment options for clitoral priapism and PGAD are required. Yafi FA, April D, Powers MK, Sangkum P, and Hellstrom WJG. Penile priapism, clitoral priapism, and persistent genital arousal disorder: A contemporary review. Sex Med Rev 2015;3:145-159.
authors: Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors: Faysal A
authors: FA
authors: Yafi
authors: Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: April
authors: Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors: Mary K
authors: MK
authors: Powers
authors: Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors: Premsant
authors: P
authors: Sangkum
authors: Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA. Electronic address: whellst@tulane.edu.
authors: Wayne J G
authors: WJ
authors: Hellstrom
keywords: Clitoral Priapism; Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder; Priapism