title: Oral Administration of Apple Procyanidins Ameliorates Insulin Resistance via Suppression of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Liver of Diabetic ob/ob Mice.
abstract: Procyanidins, the main ingredient of apple polyphenols, are known to possess antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects associated closely with the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. We investigated the effects of orally administered apple procyanidins (APCs) on glucose metabolism using diabetic ob/ob mice. We found no difference in body weight or body composition between mice treated with APCs and untreated mice. A 4 week oral administration of APCs containing water [0.5% (w/v)] ameliorated glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and hepatic gluconeogenesis in ob/ob mice. APCs also suppressed the increase in the level of the pancreatic β-cell. Insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation was significantly enhanced; pro-inflammatory cytokine expression levels were significantly decreased, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation was downregulated in the liver of those mice treated with APCs. In conclusion, APCs ameliorate insulin resistance by improving hepatic insulin signaling through suppression of hepatic inflammation in ob/ob mice, which may be a mechanism with possible beneficial health effects of APCs in disturbed glucose metabolism.
authors: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors: Kasane
authors: K
authors: Ogura
authors: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors: Masahito
authors: M
authors: Ogura
authors: Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, NARO , 2-1 Fujimoto, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan.
authors: Toshihiko
authors: T
authors: Shoji
authors: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors: Yuichi
authors: Y
authors: Sato
authors: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors: Yumiko
authors: Y
authors: Tahara
authors: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors: Gen
authors: G
authors: Yamano
authors: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors: Hiroki
authors: H
authors: Sato
authors: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors: Kazu
authors: K
authors: Sugizaki
authors: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors: Naotaka
authors: N
authors: Fujita
authors: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors: Hisato
authors: H
authors: Tatsuoka
authors: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors: Ryota
authors: R
authors: Usui
authors: Laboratory of Medical Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Science, Ritsumeikan University , 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
authors: Eri
authors: E
authors: Mukai
authors: Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University , 185-1, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan.
authors: Shimpei
authors: S
authors: Fujimoto
authors: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors: Nobuya
authors: N
authors: Inagaki
authors: Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University , 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors: Kazuaki
authors: K
authors: Nagashima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044946:Biflavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002392:Catechin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D044946:Biflavonoids; D016207:Cytokines; D007328:Insulin; D010936:Plant Extracts; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C017674:procyanidin; D002392:Catechin
keywords: apple procyanidins; inflammation; insulin resistance; ob/ob mouse