title: Effects of inulin-type fructans, galacto-oligosaccharides and related synbiotics on inflammatory markers in adult patients with overweight or obesity: A systematic review.
abstract: Studies in humans with overweight or obesity have reported that some prebiotics and synbiotics have beneficial effects on metabolic endotoxaemia and immune function. However, to date, no systematic review of controlled clinical trials assessed this topic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of inulin-type fructans, galacto-oligosaccharides and related synbiotics on inflammatory markers in adults with overweight or obesity.
  
  
  
  A systematic review of the literature was performed until November 6, 2015 in four electronic databases and reference lists of all included articles and relevant reviews in the field, without using any filter.
  
  
  
  Ten trials (six prebiotic and four synbiotic trials) representing 534 overweight/obese adults were included. All trials evaluated C-reactive protein or high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, four trials evaluated cytokines (two prebiotic and two synbiotic trials) and five trials evaluated endotoxin (four prebiotic and one synbiotic trials). Six trials (two with galacto-oligosaccharide, one with inulin and three with different synbiotics) showed a reduction on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Four trials (one with oligofructose-enriched inulin, one with inulin and two with different synbiotics) showed a reduction on interleukin-6 and/or tumor necrosis factor. Four trials (one with galacto-oligosaccharide, one with oligofructose-enriched inulin, one with inulin and one with synbiotic) showed a reduction on endotoxin.
  
  
  
  Some prebiotics and synbiotics may have immunomodulatory action, however, more randomized controlled trials are needed to support the clinical use of inulin-type fructans, galacto-oligosaccharides or related synbiotics for the treatment of metabolic endotoxaemia or low-grade inflammation in overweight/obese people.
authors: Post-Graduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
authors: Ricardo
authors: R
authors: Fernandes
authors: Post-Graduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
authors: Vinicius A
authors: VA
authors: do Rosario
authors: Post-Graduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
authors: Michel C
authors: MC
authors: Mocellin
authors: Post-Graduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
authors: Marilyn G F
authors: MGF
authors: Kuntz
authors: Department of Nutrition and Post-Graduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil. Electronic address: erasmotrindade@gmail.com.
authors: Erasmo B S M
authors: EBSM
authors: Trindade
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D007444:Inulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D050177:Overweight / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D056692:Prebiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D058616:Synbiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D004731:Endotoxins; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D056692:Prebiotics; D007444:Inulin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Obesity; Overweight; Prebiotics; Synbiotics; Systematic review