title: Globus Pallidus Interna in Tourette Syndrome: Decreased Local Activity and Disrupted Functional Connectivity.
abstract: Globus pallidus interna (GPi) is an effective deep brain stimulation site for the treatment of Tourette syndrome (TS), and plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of TS. To investigate the functional network feature of GPi in TS patients, we retrospectively studied 24 boys with 'pure' TS and 32 age-/education-matched healthy boys by resting state functional magnetic resonance images. Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and functional connectivity were used to estimate the local activity in GPi and its functional coordinate with the whole brain regions, respectively. We found decreased ALFF in patients' bilateral GPi, which was also negatively correlated with clinical symptoms. Functional connectivity analysis indicated abnormal regions within motor and motor-control networks in patients (inferior part of sensorimotor area, cerebellum, prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, caudate nucleus, and brain stem). Transcranial magnetic stimulation sites defined by previous studies ("hand knob" area, premotor area, and supplementary motor area) did not show significantly different functional connectivity with GPi between groups. In summary, this study characterized the disrupted functional network of GPi and provided potential regions-of-interest for further basic and clinical studies on TS.
authors: Laboratory of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Anhui Medical UniversityHefei, China; Department of Psychology, School of Education, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China; Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders and the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive ImpairmentsHangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental HealthHefei, China.
authors: Gong-Jun
authors: GJ
authors: Ji
authors: Center for Information in BioMedicine, Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu, China.
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Liao
authors: Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China.
authors: Yang
authors: Y
authors: Yu
authors: Department of Psychology, School of Education, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China; Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders and the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive ImpairmentsHangzhou, China.
authors: Huan-Huan
authors: HH
authors: Miao
authors: Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China.
authors: Yi-Xuan
authors: YX
authors: Feng
authors: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei, China.
authors: Kai
authors: K
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China.
authors: Jian-Hua
authors: JH
authors: Feng
authors: Department of Psychology, School of Education, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China; Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders and the Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive ImpairmentsHangzhou, China.
authors: Yu-Feng
authors: YF
authors: Zang
keywords: Tourette’s syndrome; amplitude of low frequency fluctuation; deep brain stimulation; functional MRI; globus pallidus; resting-state