title: Effectiveness of Bicycle Safety Helmets in Preventing Facial Injuries in Road Accidents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing head injuries is well- documented. Recent studies differ regarding the effectiveness of bicycle helmets in preventing facial injuries, especially those of the mid-face and the mandible.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was conducted to determine the protective effect of a bicycle helmet in preventing mid-face and mandibular fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from an accident research unit were analyzed to collect technical collision details (relative collision speed, type of collision, collision partner, and use of a helmet) and clinical data (type of fracture).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1999 and 2011, 5,350 bicycle crashes were included in the study. Of these, 175 (3.3%) had fractures of the mid-face or mandible. In total, 228 mid-face or mandibular fractures were identified. A significant correlation was found between age and relative collision speed, and the incidence of a fracture. While no significant correlation was found between the use of a helmet and the incidence of mid-facial fractures, the use of a helmet was correlated with a significantly increased incidence of mandibular fractures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher age of cyclists and increasing speed of the accident opponent significantly increase the likelihood of sustaining facial fractures. The use of bicycle helmets does not significantly reduce the incidence of mid-facial fractures, while being correlated with an even increased incidence of mandibular fractures.
authors: Department of Cranio Maxillofacial Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors: Rebecca
authors: R
authors: Stier
authors: Department for Accident Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors: Dietmar
authors: D
authors: Otte
authors: Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Müller
authors: Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors: Maximilian
authors: M
authors: Petri
authors: Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors: Ralph
authors: R
authors: Gaulke
authors: Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Krettek
authors: Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors: Stephan
authors: S
authors: Brand
keywords: Bicycle Helmet; Bicyclist; Facial Injury; Mandibular Fracture; Mid-face Fracture