title: Association between full breastfeeding, timing of complementary food introduction, and iron status in infancy in Germany: results of a secondary analysis of a randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Considering the low content in breast milk breastfed infants might be at particular risk for depleted iron stores after the first months of life. This study evaluates the association of the mode of milk feeding and the timing of complementary food (CF) introduction with parameters of iron status in term healthy infants in Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial, parents recorded all foods consumed by their infants from the age of 8 weeks onwards. Mothers were advised on the German food-based dietary guidelines for infants. Accordingly, CF was introduced between the fifth and seventh month of age. Blood samples were taken at 4 and at 10 months of age for analyses of iron status parameters. Iron depletion was defined as serum ferritin <12 ng/mL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The iron intake was lower in breastfed infants (n = 50) than in formula fed (n = 23) with decreasing differences during the course of infancy. At 10 months of age, most iron parameters were not associated with the mode of milk feeding or the timing of CF introduction. At this age, the iron depletion prevalence was >34% without general differences according to the mode of milk feeding or the timing of CF introduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high prevalence of depleted iron stores observed in both breastfed and formula-fed infants illustrates the need for further studies to improve our understanding of the optimal iron intake and sensitive parameters of iron status in infancy.
authors: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147, Essen, Germany. lars.libuda@uni-due.de.|Research Institute for the Prevention of Allergies and Respiratory Diseases in Childhood, Department of Pediatrics, Marien-Hospital Wesel, Wesel, Germany. lars.libuda@uni-due.de.
authors: Lars
authors: L
authors: Libuda
authors: University of Applied Science Niederrhein, Mönchengladbach, Germany.
authors: Annett
authors: A
authors: Hilbig
authors: Health Authority Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
authors: Seda
authors: S
authors: Berber-Al-Tawil
authors: Pediatric Clinic Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
authors: Hermann
authors: H
authors: Kalhoff
authors: Research Institute of Child Nutrition (FKE) Dortmund, University Clinic, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors: Mathilde
authors: M
authors: Kersting
mesh_terms: D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002657:Child Development; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D005260:Female; D005293:Ferritins / Q000097:blood; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food; D041943:Infant Formula; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000193:education; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010349:Patient Compliance; D015995:Prevalence; D012306:Risk; D047929:Term Birth
chemical_list: D019266:Iron, Dietary; D005293:Ferritins
keywords: Breastfeeding; Complementary feeding; Formula; Iron deficiency; Iron status