title: Toxin profiles, PCR ribotypes and resistance patterns of Clostridium difficile: a multicentre study in China, 2012-2013.
abstract: A total of 178 clinical isolates of Clostridium difficile were collected from five major teaching hospitals representing northern, eastern and southern China from August 2012 to July 2013. Among the 178 isolates, 162 (91.0%) were toxigenic, including 66 (40.7%) toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive, 95 (58.6%) toxin A-positive, toxin B-positive and only 1 (0.6%) toxin A-, toxin B- and binary toxin-positive. Twenty-nine different PCR ribotypes were identified, of which 017 (21.0%), 012 (17.3%) and novel type H (16.7%) were the most prevalent. PCR ribotypes 027 and 078 were not found. All toxigenic strains were susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam. Resistance to moxifloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, fusidic acid, imipenem, linezolid and rifampicin was observed in 45.1%, 79.6%, 75.3%, 46.9%, 3.7%, 29.6%, 4.9%, 2.5% and 12.3% of the isolates, respectively. Ribotype 017 showed resistance to more antimicrobial agents tested than other ribotype strains.
authors: Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai, China.
authors: Qiong
authors: Q
authors: Gao
authors: Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai, China.
authors: Shi
authors: S
authors: Wu
authors: Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: huanghaihui@fudan.edu.cn.
authors: Haihui
authors: H
authors: Huang
authors: Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
authors: Yuxing
authors: Y
authors: Ni
authors: Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors: Ye
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: Beijing Hospital of Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.
authors: Yunjian
authors: Y
authors: Hu
authors: Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors: Yunsong
authors: Y
authors: Yu
mesh_terms: D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics*; D002681:China; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D021521:Ribotyping
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004768:Enterotoxins; C041348:tcdA protein, Clostridium difficile; C031815:toxB protein, Clostridium difficile; D036002:ADP Ribose Transferases; C410164:actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase, Clostridium
keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility; Clostridium difficile; Multicentre study; PCR ribotyping; Toxin profile