title: The potential role of amlodipine on experimentally induced bacterial rhinosinusitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antibiotics are frequently used for the treatment of rhinosinusitis. Concerns have been raised regarding the adverse effects of antibiotics and growing resistance. The lack of development of new antibiotic compounds has increased the necessity for exploration of non-antibiotic compounds that have antibacterial activity. Amlodipine is a non-antibiotic compound with anti-inflammatory activity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study we aimed to investigate the potential role of amlodipine in the treatment of rhinosinusitis by evaluating its effects on tissue oxidative status, mucosal histology and inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen adult albino guinea pigs were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus and treated with saline, cefazolin sodium, or amlodipine for 7 days. The control group was composed by five healthy guinea pigs. Animals were sacrificed after the treatment. Histopathological changes were identified using Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. Inflammation was assessed by Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte infiltration density. Tissue levels of antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, glutathione) and an oxidative product (malondialdehyde) were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In rhinosinusitis induced animals, amlodipine reduced loss of cilia, lamina propria edema and collagen deposition compared to placebo (saline) and although not superior to cefazolin, amlodipine decreased polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration. The superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione levels were reduced, whereas the malondialdehyde levels were increased significantly in all three-treatment groups compared to the control group. Amlodipine treated group showed significantly increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels and decreased malondialdehyde levels compared to all treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The non-antibiotic compound amlodipine may have a role in acute rhinosinusitis treatment through tissue protective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
authors: Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Erzurum, Turkey. Electronic address: arzutatar@atauni.edu.tr.
authors: Arzu
authors: A
authors: Tatar
authors: Ordu University, Medical Faculty, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ordu, Turkey.
authors: Mukadder
authors: M
authors: Korkmaz
authors: Kafkas University, Medical Faculty, Department of Pharmacology, Kars, Turkey.
authors: Muhammed
authors: M
authors: Yayla
authors: Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Embryology and Histology, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors: Elif
authors: E
authors: Polat
authors: Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Microbiology, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors: Hakan
authors: H
authors: Uslu
authors: Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Pharmacology, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors: Zekai
authors: Z
authors: Halici
authors: Ataturk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Embryology and Histology, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors: Secil N
authors: SN
authors: Parlak
mesh_terms: D017311:Amlodipine / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002437:Cefazolin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005978:Glutathione / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D011897:Random Allocation; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D017311:Amlodipine; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione; D002437:Cefazolin
keywords: Amlodipina; Amlodipine; Antioxidantes; Antioxidants; Cobaia; Guinea pig; Non-antibiotic; Não antibiótico; Rhinosinusitis; Rinossinusite