title: Asymmetrical Functional Deficits of ON and OFF Retinal Processing in the mdx3Cv Mouse Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The dystrophin mouse mutant mdx3Cv exhibits scotopic electroretinograpic (ERG) abnormalities, which resemble clinical changes observed in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients. In the present study, ERGs obtained from mdx3Cv and their wild-type littermates under scotopic, mesopic, and photopic conditions were analyzed to provide further insight on the affected retinal pathways, and to compare them with human data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electroretinograms of mdx3Cv (n = 9) and age-matched C57BL/6J mice (n = 10) included the scotopic full-field flash (for outer retinal deficits in rod pathway), scotopic threshold response (for inner retinal integrity), photopic flash, sinusoidal flicker (for outer retinal deficits in cone pathway), mesopic rapid-on/-off sawtooth flicker, and photopic long-duration flash measurements (for separate ON-/OFF-responses under different conditions).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mdx3Cv mice exhibited diminished and delayed scotopic and photopic ERGs, particularly in their b-wave and oscillatory potentials. Interestingly, homologues to the a- and b-wave of the mesopic ON-response were affected in their peak/trough times but not in their amplitude, whereas changes to both features were uncovered for photopic ON-response and sinusoidal flicker. Mesopic and photopic OFF-components were within the norm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormal scotopic and photopic flash ERGs were observed in mdx3Cv, which corroborate with deficits that are likely restricted to the level of photoreceptor-to-bipolar cell transmission. Further overlaps between mdx3Cv mice and DMD patients exist, including asymmetrical ON versus OFF ERG alterations under mesopic versus photopic vision. In mice, ON-pathway function is compromised, whereas the OFF-pathway is spared.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany 2Department of Biology, Animal Physiology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Tina I
authors: TI
authors: Tsai
authors: Núcleo de Neurociências e Comportamento, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 4Departmento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Mirella Telles Salgueiro
authors: MT
authors: Barboni
authors: Núcleo de Neurociências e Comportamento, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 4Departmento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 5Department of Mechatronics, Optics and Engineering Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
authors: Balázs Vince
authors: BV
authors: Nagy
authors: Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U 964, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
authors: Michel J
authors: MJ
authors: Roux
authors: Institut de la Vision/INSERM/UPMC, Univ Paris 06/CNRS/CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, Paris, France.
authors: Alvaro
authors: A
authors: Rendon
authors: Núcleo de Neurociências e Comportamento, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 4Departmento de Psicologia Experimental, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Dora Fix
authors: DF
authors: Ventura
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany 8School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom 9Department of Anatomy II, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Kremers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055253:Color Vision / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018101:Mice, Inbred mdx; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012160:Retina / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*