title: Biomechanical Effects of an Injury Prevention Program in Preadolescent Female Soccer Athletes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common, and children as young as 10 years of age exhibit movement patterns associated with an ACL injury risk. Prevention programs have been shown to reduce injury rates, but the mechanisms behind these programs are largely unknown. Few studies have investigated biomechanical changes after injury prevention programs in children. Purpose/Hypothesis: To investigate the effects of the F-MARC 11+ injury prevention warm-up program on changes to biomechanical risk factors for an ACL injury in preadolescent female soccer players. We hypothesized that the primary ACL injury risk factor of peak knee valgus moment would improve after training. In addition, we explored other kinematic and kinetic variables associated with ACL injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled laboratory study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 51 female athletes aged 10 to 12 years were recruited from soccer clubs and were placed into an intervention group (n = 28; mean [±SD] age, 11.8 ± 0.8 years) and a control group (n = 23; mean age, 11.2 ± 0.6 years). The intervention group participated in 15 in-season sessions of the F-MARC 11+ program (2 times/wk). Pre- and postseason motion capture data were collected during preplanned cutting, unanticipated cutting, double-leg jump, and single-leg jump tasks. Lower extremity joint angles and moments were estimated using OpenSim, a biomechanical modeling system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Athletes in the intervention group reduced their peak knee valgus moment compared with the control group during the double-leg jump (mean [±standard error of the mean] pre- to posttest change, -0.57 ± 0.27 %BW×HT vs 0.25 ± 0.25 %BW×HT, respectively; P = .034). No significant differences in the change in peak knee valgus moment were found between the groups for any other activity; however, the intervention group displayed a significant pre- to posttest increase in peak knee valgus moment during unanticipated cutting ( P = .044). Additional analyses revealed an improvement in peak ankle eversion moment after training during preplanned cutting ( P = .015), unanticipated cutting ( P = .004), and the double-leg jump ( P = .016) compared with the control group. Other secondary risk factors did not significantly improve after training, although the peak knee valgus angle improved in the control group compared with the intervention group during unanticipated cutting ( P = .018).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The F-MARC 11+ program may be effective in improving some risk factors for an ACL injury during a double-leg jump in preadolescent athletes, most notably by reducing peak knee valgus moment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides motivation for enhancing injury prevention programs to produce improvement in other ACL risk factors, particularly during cutting and single-leg tasks.
authors: Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, USA.
authors: Julie A
authors: JA
authors: Thompson
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, USA.|School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors: Andrew A
authors: AA
authors: Tran
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, USA.
authors: Corey T
authors: CT
authors: Gatewood
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, USA.
authors: Rebecca
authors: R
authors: Shultz
authors: Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors: Amy
authors: A
authors: Silder
authors: Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, USA.|Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors: Scott L
authors: SL
authors: Delp
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, USA.
authors: Jason L
authors: JL
authors: Dragoo
mesh_terms: D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012916:Soccer / Q000293:injuries*; D063996:Warm-Up Exercise
keywords: ACL injury; biomechanics; intervention program; youth athletes