title: Utilization of iron (III)-doped nanoshells for in vivo marking of nonpalpable tumors using a VX2 rabbit model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We aimed to evaluate the potential for ultrasound (US) visible biodegradable nanoshells (NS) as an alternative to wire-guided localization for nonpalpable tumors in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  VX2 tumor was injected in bilateral thighs of 22 New Zealand rabbits and after 5 to 10 days, 1 tumor was marked with a wire as a control and the contralateral tumor was injected with 1 mL of 500 nm gas-filled silica NS under Doppler US. Tumors were excised after 24 hours. Chi-square was used for significance, P = .05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One rabbit was excluded on postoperative day 1 due to equipment failure, no ill effects were observed from the NS. The NS were used to localize and resect 100% of marked tissue, 4/21 wires were displaced (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that preoperatively injected US visible silica NS can be successfully used to mark nonpalpable tumors in vivo more consistently than WL.
authors: Moores Cancer Center, University of California, 3855 Heath Science Dr MC 0987, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
authors: Erin P
authors: EP
authors: Ward
authors: Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors: Natalie
authors: N
authors: Mendez
authors: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors: Jian
authors: J
authors: Yang
authors: Moores Cancer Center, University of California, 3855 Heath Science Dr MC 0987, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Barback
authors: Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors: Jessica
authors: J
authors: Wang-Rodriguez
authors: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Trogler
authors: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors: Andrew C
authors: AC
authors: Kummel
authors: Moores Cancer Center, University of California, 3855 Heath Science Dr MC 0987, San Diego, CA 92093, USA. Electronic address: slblair@ucsd.edu.
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Blair
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D057145:Nanoshells; D011817:Rabbits; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds
keywords: Breast cancer; Nanoshells; Nonpalpable; Silica nanoparticles; Tumor localization