title: Arterial dysgenesis and limb defects: Clinical and experimental examples.
abstract: Limb malformations are amongst the most common and visible birth effects. Causes have been purported to include genetic aberrations as well as teratogens, such as thalidomide. Here we review the evidence for vascular disruption in the genesis of limb malformations through abnormal arterial transitioning and from events such as amniocentesis, uterine constriction, and through teratogen exposure. We use several clinical and experimental examples and highlight the need to understand more about the role the vascular system plays in the molecular mechanisms underpinning normal limb development.
authors: School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK. Electronic address: n.vargesson@abdn.ac.uk.
authors: Neil
authors: N
authors: Vargesson
authors: Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Cellular and Developmental Biology, and Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 1133 Weiskotten Hall, 750 E Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13203, USA.
authors: David R
authors: DR
authors: Hootnick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology; D005121:Extremities / Q000098:blood supply / Q000196:embryology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017880:Limb Deformities, Congenital / Q000209:etiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D013723:Teratogens
keywords: Clubfoot; Holt-Oram Syndrome; Human embryo; Mifepristol; PFFD (proximal femoral focal deficiency); Thalidomide; Vascular disruption; Vascular transition; Vertebrate embryo; Vertical talus