title: Prospective study of Type 2 diabetes mellitus, anti-diabetic drugs and risk of prostate cancer.
abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has consistently been associated with decreased risk of prostate cancer; however, if this decrease is related to the use of anti-diabetic drugs is unknown. We prospectively studied men in the comparison cohort in the Prostate Cancer data Base Sweden 3.0, with data on T2DM, use of metformin, sulfonylurea and insulin retrieved from national health care registers and demographic databases. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to compute hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of prostate cancer, adjusted for confounders. The study consisted of 612,846 men, mean age 72 years (standard deviation; SD = 9 years), out of whom 25,882 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer during follow up, mean time of 5 years (SD = 3 years). Men with more than 1 year's duration of T2DM had a decreased risk of prostate cancer compared to men without T2DM (HR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.82-0.88) but among men with T2DM, those on metformin had no decrease (HR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.77-1.19), whereas men on insulin (89%) or sulfonylurea (11%) had a decreased risk (HR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.55-0.98), compared to men with T2DM not on anti-diabetic drugs. Men with less than 1 year's duration of T2DM had no decrease in prostate cancer risk (HR = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.95-1.31). Our results gave no support to the hypothesis that metformin protects against prostate cancer as recently proposed. However, our data gave some support to an inverse association between T2DM severity and prostate cancer risk.
authors: Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.|Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.|Department of Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors: Christel
authors: C
authors: Häggström
authors: Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, United Kingdom.|Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors: Mieke
authors: M
authors: Van Hemelrijck
authors: Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.|Department of Scientific Support, Medical Products Agency, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Björn
authors: B
authors: Zethelius
authors: Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Robinson
authors: Department of Scientific Support, Medical Products Agency, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Birgitta
authors: B
authors: Grundmark
authors: Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, United Kingdom.|Department of Surgical Sciences, Regional Cancer Centre Uppsala/Örebro, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Lars
authors: L
authors: Holmberg
authors: Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors: Soffia
authors: S
authors: Gudbjörnsdottir
authors: Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, London, United Kingdom.|Department of Surgical Sciences, Regional Cancer Centre Uppsala/Örebro, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Hans
authors: H
authors: Garmo
authors: Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.|Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Pär
authors: P
authors: Stattin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D008687:Metformin
keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; cohort study; metformin; prostate cancer; survival analysis