title: Relationship between Advanced Glycation End Products and Steroidogenesis in PCOS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Women with PCOS have elevated levels of the harmful Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs), which are highly reactive molecules formed after glycation of lipids and proteins. Additionally, AGEs accumulate in the ovaries of women with PCOS potentially contributing to the well-documented abnormal steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of articles and abstracts available in PubMed was conducted and presented in a systemic manner. This article reports changes in steroidogenic enzyme activity in granulosa and theca cells in PCOS and PCOS-models. It also described the changes in AGEs and their receptors in the ovaries of women with PCOS and presents the underlying mechanism(s) whereby AGEs could be responsible for the PCOS-related changes in granulosa and theca cell function thus adversely impacting steroidogenesis and follicular development. AGEs are associated with hyperandrogenism in PCOS possibly by altering the activity of various enzymes such as cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme cytochrome P450, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, 17α-hydroxylase, and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. AGEs also affect luteinizing hormone receptor and anti-Mullerian hormone receptor expression as well as their signaling pathways in granulosa cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A better understanding of how AGEs alter granulosa and theca cell function is likely to contribute meaningfully to a conceptual framework whereby new interventions to prevent and/or treat ovarian dysfunction in PCOS can ultimately be developed.
authors: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11219, USA.
authors: Deepika
authors: D
authors: Garg
authors: Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NYU School of Medicine, 180 Varick Street, sixth floor, New York City, NY, 11014, USA. zom00@hotmail.com.
authors: Zaher
authors: Z
authors: Merhi
mesh_terms: D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002786:Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism*; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006107:Granulosa Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D010053:Ovary / Q000378:metabolism*; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism*; D011974:Receptors, LH / Q000378:metabolism; D018000:Receptors, Peptide / Q000378:metabolism; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D013254:Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase / Q000378:metabolism; D013799:Theca Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D011974:Receptors, LH; D018000:Receptors, Peptide; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; C084621:anti-Mullerian hormone receptor; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein; D015096:3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; D013254:Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase; D002786:Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme
keywords: 17α-hydroxylase; 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; Advanced glycation end products (AGEs); Aromatase; Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme; PCOS; RAGE; Steroidogenesis; Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)