title: Formulation, Optimization, Characterization, and Pharmacokinetics of Progesterone Intravenous Lipid Emulsion for Traumatic Brain Injury Therapy.
abstract: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality and disability throughout the world. Progesterone (PROG) plays an important role in neurologic treatment. The aim of this study was to develop a progesterone formulation with good physical and chemical stability. Progesterone intravenous lipid emulsion (PILE) was prepared based on one-factor-at-a-time experiments and orthogonal design. The optimal PILE was evaluated for mean particle size, particle size distribution, zeta potential, morphology, pH, osmolarity, entrapment efficiency, storage stability, and pharmacokinetics in ICR mice compared with the commercial progesterone products. The droplets of PILE had the smallest possible diameters of 218.0 ± 1.8 nm and adequate zeta potential of -41.1 ± 0.9 mV. The volume percentage of droplets exceeding 5 μm (PFAT5) of PILE was 0.003 ± 0.0015% and much less than the specified standard. The TEM imaging proved that emulsion droplets had a smooth spherical appearance. Chemically and physically stable PILE was obtained with excellent entrapment efficiency that was up to 95.23%, with suitable pH at 7.15 ± 0.01 and osmolarity at 301.3 ± 1.2 mOsmol/l. Storage stability tests indicated that the emulsion was stable long term under ambient temperature conditions. Animal studies demonstrated that the emulsion was more effective with the higher progesterone concentration in the brain compared with commercial products. Therefore, the optimized PILE would offer great promise as a means of progesterone delivery for TBI therapy.
authors: Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Lipid Emulsions, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.|Shanghai FrontHealth Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
authors: Jin
authors: J
authors: Zhao
authors: Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Lipid Emulsions, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China. yqdna@hotmail.com.
authors: Quan
authors: Q
authors: Yuan
authors: Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Lipid Emulsions, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China. cwhfyjk@163.com.|Shanghai FrontHealth Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China. cwhfyjk@163.com.
authors: WeiHui
authors: W
authors: Cai
authors: Shanghai FrontHealth Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
authors: Pan
authors: P
authors: Sun
authors: Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Lipid Emulsions, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
authors: LiYan
authors: L
authors: Ding
authors: Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Lipid Emulsions, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.|Shanghai FrontHealth Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
authors: Fang
authors: F
authors: Jin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000628:therapy*; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004355:Drug Stability; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010316:Particle Size; D011374:Progesterone / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011372:Progestins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D011372:Progestins; D011374:Progesterone
keywords: high homogenization; intravenous lipid emulsion; progesterone; stability; traumatic brain injury