title: Oral microbiota carriage in patients with multibracket appliance in relation to the quality of oral hygiene.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of oral microbiota (Candida species (spp.), Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacilli) in patients with multibracket (MB) appliances in relation to the quality of oral hygiene. Saliva and plaque samples were collected from three groups of 25 patients each (good oral hygiene (GOH), poor oral hygiene (POH), and poor oral hygiene with white spot lesions (POH/WSL)). Counts of colony forming units (CFU) of the investigated oral microbiota were compared using Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both saliva and plaque samples showed a high prevalence of Candida spp. in all patients (saliva: 73.4 %, plaque: 60.9 %). The main Candida species was C. albicans. The salivary CFU of Candida spp. in the GOH group was significantly lower than that in the POH group (p = 0.045) and POH/WSL group (p = 0.011). S. mutans was found in the saliva and plaque samples of all patients. Lactobacilli were found in the saliva samples of all patients and in 90.7 % of the plaque samples. In the saliva samples, the CFU of Lactobacilli were more numerous in the POH and POH/WSL groups than in the GOH group (p = 0.047).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The investigated sample of patients showed a high carriage of oral Candida spp. Patients with WSL formation during MB appliance treatment exhibited higher counts of Candida and Lactobacilli compared with patients with good oral hygiene. Independent of oral hygiene quality, S. mutans was detected in all patients.
authors: Department of Orthodontics, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Schlangenzahl 14, 35392, Giessen, Germany. Katharina.Klaus@dentist.med.uni-giessen.de.
authors: Katharina
authors: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4929-9213
authors: K
authors: Klaus
authors: Private orthodontic practice, Rosengasse 2, 35305, Grünberg, Germany.
authors: Johanna
authors: J
authors: Eichenauer
authors: Private orthodontic practice, Marktgasse 2, 72070, Tübingen, Germany.
authors: Rhea
authors: R
authors: Sprenger
authors: Department of Orthodontics, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Schlangenzahl 14, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
authors: Sabine
authors: S
authors: Ruf
mesh_terms: D002175:Candida / Q000472:pathogenicity; D002353:Carrier State; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology*; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000472:pathogenicity; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D011786:Quality Control; D012494:Sampling Studies; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000472:pathogenicity
keywords: Candida; Fixed appliance; Lactobacilli; Oral hygiene; Streptococcus mutans; White spot lesions