title: Approaching a realistic force balance in geodynamo simulations.
abstract: Earth sustains its magnetic field by a dynamo process driven by convection in the liquid outer core. Geodynamo simulations have been successful in reproducing many observed properties of the geomagnetic field. However, although theoretical considerations suggest that flow in the core is governed by a balance between Lorentz force, rotational force, and buoyancy (called MAC balance for Magnetic, Archimedean, Coriolis) with only minute roles for viscous and inertial forces, dynamo simulations must use viscosity values that are many orders of magnitude larger than in the core, due to computational constraints. In typical geodynamo models, viscous and inertial forces are not much smaller than the Coriolis force, and the Lorentz force plays a subdominant role; this has led to conclusions that these simulations are viscously controlled and do not represent the physics of the geodynamo. Here we show, by a direct analysis of the relevant forces, that a MAC balance can be achieved when the viscosity is reduced to values close to the current practical limit. Lorentz force, buoyancy, and the uncompensated (by pressure) part of the Coriolis force are of very similar strength, whereas viscous and inertial forces are smaller by a factor of at least 20 in the bulk of the fluid volume. Compared with nonmagnetic convection at otherwise identical parameters, the dynamo flow is of larger scale and is less invariant parallel to the rotation axis (less geostrophic), and convection transports twice as much heat, all of which is expected when the Lorentz force strongly influences the convection properties.
authors: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138; Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; rakesh.yadav@cfa.harvard.edu.
authors: Rakesh K
authors: RK
authors: Yadav
authors: Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Diderot, UMR 7154 CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France.
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Gastine
authors: Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
authors: Ulrich R
authors: UR
authors: Christensen
authors: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138.
authors: Scott J
authors: SJ
authors: Wolk
authors: Astrophysics Research Center, Queen's University Belfast, BT7 1NN Belfast, United Kingdom Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138.
authors: Katja
authors: K
authors: Poppenhaeger
keywords: geodynamo; magnetohydrodynamics; planetary dynamos; rotating convection; turbulence