title: A general algorithm for calculation of recombination losses in ionization chambers exposed to ion beams.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dosimetry with ionization chambers in clinical ion beams for radiation therapy requires correction for recombination effects. However, common radiation protocols discriminate between initial and general recombination and provide no universal correction method for the presence of both recombination types in ion beams of charged particles heavier than protons. The advent of multiple field optimization in ion beams, allowing for complex patterns of dose delivery in both temporal and spatial domains, results in new challenges for recombination correction where the resulting recombination depends on the plan delivered. Here, the authors present the open source code IonTracks version 1.0, where the combined initial and general recombination effects in principle can be predicted for any ion beam with arbitrary particle-energy spectrum and temporal structure.
  
  
  METHODS
  IonTracks uses track structure theory to distribute the charge carriers in ion tracks. The charge carrier movements are governed by a pair of coupled differential equations, based on fundamental physical properties as charge carrier drift, diffusion, and recombination, which are solved numerically while the initial and general charge carrier recombination is computed. A space charge screening of the electric field is taken into account and the algorithm furthermore allows an inclusion of a free-electron component.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The algorithm is numerically stable and in accordance with experimentally validated theories for initial recombination in heavy ion tracks and general recombination in a proton beam.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given IonTracks' ability to handle arbitrary inputs, IonTracks can in principle be applied to any complex particle field in the spatial and temporal domain. IonTracks is validated against the Jaffé's and Boag's theory of recombination in pulsed beams of multiple ion species. IonTracks is able to calculate the correction factor for initial and general recombination losses in parallel-plate ionization chambers. Even if only few experimental data on recombination effects in ionization chambers are available today, the universal concept of IonTracks is not limited to the ions investigated here. Future experimental investigations of recombination in pulsed and possibly also continuous ion beams may be conducted with IonTracks, which ultimately may lead to a more precise prediction of recombination factors in complex radiation fields.
authors: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
authors: Jeppe Brage
authors: JB
authors: Christensen
authors: Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 85, Sweden.
authors: Heikki
authors: H
authors: Tölli
authors: Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
authors: Niels
authors: N
authors: Bassler
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004583:Electrons; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage