title: The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease.
abstract: This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of four mountains within a computer-generated landscape is tested using a delayed match-to-sample paradigm. Allocentric spatial memory is assessed by altering the viewpoint, colors and textures between the initially presented and target images. Allocentric spatial memory is a key function of the hippocampus, one of the earliest brain regions to be affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and impairment of hippocampal function predates the onset of dementia. It was hypothesized that performance on the 4MT would aid the diagnosis of predementia AD, which manifests clinically as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). The 4MT was applied to patients with MCI, stratified further based on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarker status (10 MCI biomarker positive, 9 MCI biomarker negative), and with mild AD dementia, as well as healthy controls. Comparator tests included tests of episodic memory and attention widely accepted as sensitive measures of early AD. Behavioral data were correlated with quantitative MRI measures of the hippocampus, precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus. 4MT scores were significantly different between the two MCI groups (p = 0.001), with a test score of ≤8/15 associated with 100% sensitivity and 78% specificity for the classification of MCI with positive AD biomarkers, i.e., predementia AD. 4MT test scores correlated with hippocampal volume (r = 0.42) and cortical thickness of the precuneus (r = 0.55). In conclusion, the 4MT is effective in identifying the early stages of AD. The short duration, easy application and scoring, and favorable psychometric properties of the 4MT fulfil the need for a simple but accurate diagnostic test for predementia AD.
authors: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge; dc598@medschl.cam.ac.uk.
authors: Dennis
authors: D
authors: Chan
authors: Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School.
authors: Laura Marie
authors: LM
authors: Gallaher
authors: Clinical Imaging Sciences Centre, Brighton and Sussex Medical School.
authors: Kuven
authors: K
authors: Moodley
authors: U.O. Direzione Scientifica, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta.
authors: Ludovico
authors: L
authors: Minati
authors: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London; n.burgess@ucl.ac.uk.
authors: Neil
authors: N
authors: Burgess
authors: Department of Psychology, University of York; tom.hartley@york.ac.uk.
authors: Tom
authors: T
authors: Hartley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011594:Psychometrics; D065852:Spatial Memory