title: The Impact of Vitamin E and Other Fat-Soluble Vitamins on Alzheimer´s Disease.
abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly population, currently affecting 46 million people worldwide. Histopathologically, the disease is characterized by the occurrence of extracellular amyloid plaques composed of aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles containing the microtubule-associated protein tau. Aβ peptides are derived from the sequential processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by enzymes called secretases, which are strongly influenced by the lipid environment. Several vitamins have been reported to be reduced in the plasma/serum of AD-affected individuals indicating they have an impact on AD pathogenesis. In this review we focus on vitamin E and the other lipophilic vitamins A, D, and K, and summarize the current knowledge about their status in AD patients, their impact on cognitive functions and AD risk, as well as their influence on the molecular mechanisms of AD. The vitamins might affect the generation and clearance of Aβ both by direct effects and indirectly by altering the cellular lipid homeostasis. Additionally, vitamins A, D, E, and K are reported to influence further mechanisms discussed to be involved in AD pathogenesis, e.g., Aβ-aggregation, Aβ-induced neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory processes, as summarized in this article.
authors: Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany. marcus.grimm@uks.eu.|Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany. marcus.grimm@uks.eu.|Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP), Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany. marcus.grimm@uks.eu.
authors: Marcus O W
authors: MO
authors: Grimm
authors: Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany. janine.mett@uks.eu.
authors: Janine
authors: J
authors: Mett
authors: Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany. tobias.hartmann@mx.uni-saarland.de.|Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany. tobias.hartmann@mx.uni-saarland.de.|Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP), Saarland University, Kirrberger Str. 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany. tobias.hartmann@mx.uni-saarland.de.
authors: Tobias
authors: T
authors: Hartmann
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000378:metabolism*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000378:metabolism*; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D014801:Vitamin A; D014812:Vitamin K; D014807:Vitamin D; D014810:Vitamin E
keywords: Alzheimer´s disease; lipids; tocopherol; tocotrienol; vitamin A; vitamin D; vitamin E; vitamin K