title: From solvent-free microspheres to bioactive gradient scaffolds.
abstract: A solvent-free microsphere sintering technique was developed to fabricate scaffolds with pore size gradient for tissue engineering applications. Poly(D,L-Lactide) microspheres were fabricated through an emulsification method where TiO2nanoparticles were employed both as particulate emulsifier in the preparation procedure and as surface modification agent to improve bioactivity of the scaffolds. A fine-tunable pore size gradient was achieved with a pore volume of 30±2.6%. SEM, EDX, XRD and FTIR analyses all confirmed the formation of bone-like apatite at the 14thday of immersion in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) implying the ability of our scaffolds to bond to living bone tissue. In vitro examination of the scaffolds showed progressive activity of the osteoblasts on the scaffold with evidence of increase in its mineral content. The bioactive scaffold developed in this study has the potential to be used as a suitable biomaterial for bone tissue engineering and hard tissue regeneration.
authors: Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Helmerich Advanced Technology Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, USA.
authors: Morteza
authors: M
authors: Rasoulianboroujeni
authors: Helmerich Advanced Technology Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, USA.
authors: Mostafa
authors: M
authors: Yazdimamaghani
authors: The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Biomedical Engineering Department, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, US.
authors: Payam
authors: P
authors: Khoshkenar
authors: Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors: Venkata Raveendra
authors: VR
authors: Pothineni
authors: Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors: Kwang Min
authors: KM
authors: Kim
authors: Biomedical Engineering Department, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, US.
authors: Teresa A
authors: TA
authors: Murray
authors: Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
authors: Jayakumar
authors: J
authors: Rajadas
authors: Biomedical Engineering Department, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, US.
authors: David K
authors: DK
authors: Mills
authors: Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
authors: Daryoosh
authors: D
authors: Vashaee
authors: School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, UK.
authors: Keyvan
authors: K
authors: Moharamzadeh
authors: Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Helmerich Advanced Technology Research Center, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, USA. Electronic address: lobat.tayebi@marquette.edu.
authors: Lobat
authors: L
authors: Tayebi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001031:Apatites / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D002460:Cell Line; D051379:Mice; D008863:Microspheres; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D013499:Surface Properties; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D011091:Polyesters; C009495:titanium dioxide; C033616:poly(lactide); D014025:Titanium
keywords: Bone-like apatite; Microsphere sintering; Mineralization; Pore size gradient; Solvent-free method; Tissue engineering scaffold