title: Cyclin D1 as a therapeutic target of renal cell carcinoma- a combined transcriptomics, tissue microarray and molecular docking study from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
abstract: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a seventh ranked malignancy with poor prognosis. RCC is lethal at metastatic stage as it does not respond to conventional systemic treatments, and there is an urgent need to find out promising novel biomarkers for effective treatment. The goal of this study was to evaluate the biomarkers that can be potential therapeutic target and predict effective inhibitors to treat the metastatic stage of RCC.
  
  
  
  We conducted transcriptomic profiling to identify differentially expressed genes associated with RCC. Molecular pathway analysis was done to identify the canonical pathways and their role in RCC. Tissue microarrays (TMA) based immunohistochemical stains were used to validate the protein expression of cyclinD1 (CCND1) and were scored semi-quantitatively from 0 to 3+ on the basis of absence or presence of staining intensity in the tumor cell. Statistical analysis determined the association of CCND1 expression with RCC. Molecular docking analyses were performed to check the potential of two natural inhibitors, rutin and curcumin to bind CCND1.
  
  
  
  We detected 1490 significantly expressed genes (1034, upregulated and 456, downregulated) in RCC using cutoff fold change 2 and p value < 0.05. Hes-related family bHLH transcription factor with YRPW motif 1 (HEY1), neuropilin 2 (NRP2), lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1), and histone cluster 1 H3h (HIST1H3H) were most upregulated while aldolase B, fructose-bisphosphate (ALDOB), solute carrier family 12 (SLC12A1), calbindin 1 (CALB1) were the most down regulated genes in our dataset. Functional analysis revealed Wnt/β-catenin signaling as the significantly activated canonical pathway (z score = 2.53) involving cyclin D1 (CCND1). CCND1 was overexpressed in transcriptomic studies (FC = 2.26, p value = 0.0047) and TMA results also showed the positive expression of CCND1 in 53 % (73/139) of RCC cases. The ligands - rutin and curcumin bounded with CCND1 with good affinity.
  
  
  
  CCND1 was one of the important upregulated gene identified in microarray and validated by TMA. Docking study showed that CCND1 may act as a potential therapeutic target and its inhibition could focus on the migratory, invasive, and metastatic potential of RCC. Further in vivo and in vitro molecular studies are needed to investigate the therapeutic target potential of CCND1 for RCC treatment.
authors: Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. skarim1@kau.edu.sa.
authors: Sajjad
authors: S
authors: Karim
authors: Department of Pathology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.|Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Jaudah A
authors: JA
authors: Al-Maghrabi
authors: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Hasan M A
authors: HM
authors: Farsi
authors: Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Ahmad J
authors: AJ
authors: Al-Sayyad
authors: Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Hans-Juergen
authors: HJ
authors: Schulten
authors: Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Abdelbaset
authors: A
authors: Buhmeida
authors: King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Zeenat
authors: Z
authors: Mirza
authors: Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Alaa A
authors: AA
authors: Al-Boogmi
authors: Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Fai T
authors: FT
authors: Ashgan
authors: Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Manal M
authors: MM
authors: Shabaad
authors: Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Hend F
authors: HF
authors: NourEldin
authors: Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Khalid B M
authors: KB
authors: Al-Ghamdi
authors: Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.|KACST Innovation Center for Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Adel
authors: A
authors: Abuzenadah
authors: Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors: Adeel G A
authors: AG
authors: Chaudhary
authors: Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. mhalqahtani@kau.edu.sa.
authors: Mohammed H
authors: MH
authors: Al-Qahtani
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019938:Cyclin D1
keywords: Cyclin D1; Gene expression profiling; Molecular docking; Renal cell carcinoma; Saudi Arabia; Therapeutic target; Tissue microarray