title: Cross-Language Activation Begins During Speech Planning and Extends Into Second Language Speech.
abstract: Three groups of native English speakers named words aloud in Spanish, their second language (L2). Intermediate proficiency learners in a classroom setting (Experiment 1) and in a domestic immersion program (Experiment 2) were compared to a group of highly proficient English-Spanish speakers. All three groups named cognate words more quickly and accurately than matched noncognates, indicating that all speakers experienced cross-language activation during speech planning. However, only the classroom learners exhibited effects of cross-language activation in their articulation: Cognate words were named with shorter overall durations, but longer (more English-like) voice onset times. Inhibition of the first language during L2 speech planning appears to impact the stages of speech production at which cross-language activation patterns can be observed.
authors: Ithaca College.
authors: April
authors: A
authors: Jacobs
authors: Pennsylvania State University.
authors: Melinda
authors: M
authors: Fricke
authors: Pennsylvania State University.
authors: Judith F
authors: JF
authors: Kroll
keywords: cascading processing; cognate effect; cross-language activation; second language speech