title: Cytotoxicity of Odorous Compounds from Poultry Manure.
abstract: Long-term exposure and inhalation of odorous compounds from poultry manure can be harmful to farm workers and the surrounding residents as well as animals. The aim of the present study was to determine the cytotoxicity and IC50values of common odorous compounds such as ammonium, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, butyric acid, phenol, and indole in the chick liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line LMH (Leghorn Male Hepatoma), in vitro, using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and PrestoBlue cytotoxicity assays. The cells were microscopically examined for any morphological changes post treatment. Dimethylamine exhibited the strongest cytotoxic effect on LMH cells with an IC50value of 0.06% and 0.04% after an exposure of 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Both ammonium and trimethylamine had comparable cytotoxicity and their IC50values were 0.08% and 0.04% after 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Of note, indole had the lowest cytotoxicity as the majority of cells were viable even after 72 h exposure. Thus, the IC50for indole was not calculated. Results achieved from both MTT and PrestoBlue assays were comparable. Moreover, the morphological changes induced by the tested odours in LMH cells resulted in monolayer destruction, cytoplasm vacuolisation, chromatin condensation, and changes in nucleus and cell shape. Our study showed harmful effects of odorous compounds in chick tissues.
authors: Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland. adriana.nowak@p.lodz.pl.
authors: Adriana
authors: A
authors: Nowak
authors: Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland. katarzyna.matusiak@p.lodz.pl.
authors: Katarzyna
authors: K
authors: Matusiak
authors: Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland. sebastian.borowski@p.lodz.pl.
authors: Sebastian
authors: S
authors: Borowski
authors: Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland. bakta@uwm.edu.pl.
authors: Tadeusz
authors: T
authors: Bakuła
authors: Department of Environment, Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38 C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland. sebastian.opalinski@up.wroc.pl.
authors: Sebastian
authors: S
authors: Opaliński
authors: Department of Environment, Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38 C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland. roman.kolacz@up.wroc.pl.
authors: Roman
authors: R
authors: Kołacz
authors: Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland. beata.gutarowska@p.lodz.pl.
authors: Beata
authors: B
authors: Gutarowska
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000145:classification / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002645:Chickens; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis*; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000737:chemistry; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D008372:Manure; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; C022616:thiazolyl blue
keywords: IC50; LMH cells; MTT; ammonium; cytotoxicity; dimethylamine; poultry; trimethylamine