title: Carrot solution culture bioproduction of uniformly labeled13C-lutein and in vivo dosing in non-human primates.
abstract: Lutein is a xanthophyll abundant in nature and most commonly present in the human diet through consumption of leafy green vegetables. With zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin, lutein is a component of the macular pigment of the retina, where it protects against photooxidation and age-related macular degeneration. Recent studies have suggested that lutein may positively impact cognition throughout the lifespan, but outside of the retina, the deposition, metabolism, and function(s) of lutein are poorly understood. Using a novel botanical cell culture system ( Daucus carota), the present study aimed to produce a stable isotope lutein tracer for use in future investigations of dietary lutein distribution and metabolism. Carrot cultivars were initiated into liquid solution culture, lutein production conditions optimized, and uniformly labeled13C-glucose was provided as the sole media carbon source for four serial growth cycles. Lutein yield was 2.58 ± 0.24 µg/g, and mass spectrometry confirmed high enrichment of13C: 64.9% of lutein was uniformly labeled and 100% of lutein was labeled on at least 37 of 40 possible carbons. Purification of carrot extracts yielded a lutein dose of 1.92 mg with 96.0 ± 0.60% purity.13C-lutein signals were detectable in hepatic extracts of an adult rhesus macaque monkey ( Macaca mulatta) dosed with13C-lutein, but not in hepatic samples collected from control animals. This novel botanical biofactory approach can be used to produce sufficient quantities of highly enriched and pure13C-lutein doses for use in tracer studies investigating lutein distribution, metabolism, and function.
authors: 1 Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors: Joshua W
authors: JW
authors: Smith
authors: 2 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors: Randy B
authors: RB
authors: Rogers
authors: 1 Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors: Sookyoung
authors: S
authors: Jeon
authors: 3 Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors: Stanislav S
authors: SS
authors: Rubakhin
authors: 3 Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors: Lin
authors: L
authors: Wang
authors: 3 Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors: Jonathan V
authors: JV
authors: Sweedler
authors: 4 Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
authors: Martha
authors: M
authors: Neuringer
authors: 5 Abbott Nutrition, Columbus, OH 43219, USA.
authors: Matthew J
authors: MJ
authors: Kuchan
authors: 1 Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.|2 Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors: John W
authors: JW
authors: Erdman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000737:chemistry*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D018552:Daucus carota / Q000737:chemistry*; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D014975:Lutein / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D010936:Plant Extracts; D005947:Glucose; D014975:Lutein
keywords: Lutein; isotopic tracer; mass spectrometry; non-human primate; nutrition; phytochemicals