Effect of energy restriction and physical exercise intervention on phenotypic flexibility as examined by transcriptomics analyses of mRNA from adipose tissue and whole body magnetic resonance imaging.
Overweight and obesity lead to changes in adipose tissue such as inflammation and reduced insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to assess how altered energy balance by reduced food intake or enhanced physical activity affect these processes. We studied sedentary subjects with overweight/obesity in two intervention studies, each lasting 12 weeks affecting energy balance either by energy restriction (~20% reduced intake of energy from food) in one group, or by enhanced energy expenditure due to physical exercise (combined endurance- and strength-training) in the other group. We monitored mRNA expression by microarray and mRNA sequencing from adipose tissue biopsies. We also measured several plasma parameters as well as fat distribution with magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Comparison of microarray and mRNA sequencing showed strong correlations, which were also confirmed using RT-PCR In the energy restricted subjects (body weight reduced by 5% during a 12 weeks intervention), there were clear signs of enhanced lipolysis as monitored by mRNA in adipose tissue as well as plasma concentration of free-fatty acids. This increase was strongly related to increased expression of markers for M1-like macrophages in adipose tissue. In the exercising subjects (glucose infusion rate increased by 29% during a 12-week intervention), there was a marked reduction in the expression of markers of M2-like macrophages and T cells, suggesting that physical exercise was especially important for reducing inflammation in adipose tissue with insignificant reduction in total body weight. Our data indicate that energy restriction and physical exercise affect energy-related pathways as well as inflammatory processes in different ways, probably related to macrophages in adipose tissue.
Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway sindre.lee@medisin.uio.no.
Sindre
S
Lee
Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
Frode
F
Norheim
Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Torgrim M
TM
Langleite
The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Hans J
HJ
Noreng
The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Trygve H
TH
Storås
Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Lydia A
LA
Afman
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dietetics, Imperial College Hammersmith Campus, London, UK.
Gary
G
Frost
Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK.
Jimmy D
JD
Bell
Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK.
E Louise
EL
Thomas
Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
Kristoffer J
KJ
Kolnes
Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
Daniel S
DS
Tangen
Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
Hans K
HK
Stadheim
Department of Medical Genetics Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Gregor D
GD
Gilfillan
Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Hanne L
HL
Gulseth
Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Kåre I
KI
Birkeland
Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
Jørgen
J
Jensen
Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Christian A
CA
Drevon
Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Torgeir
T
Holen
D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001835:Body Weight; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D050177:Overweight; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism
D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D012333:RNA, Messenger
Adipose tissue; energy restriction; exercise; immunometabolism; macrophages; obesity