Structured imaging technique in the gynecologic office for the diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding.
The aim in the diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is to identify the bleeding cause, which can be classified by the PALM-COEIN (Polyp, Adenomyosis, Leiomyoma, Malignancy (and hyperplasia), Coagulopathy, Ovulatory disorders, Endometrial, Iatrogenic and Not otherwise classified) classification system. In a gynecologic setting, the first step is most often to identify structural abnormalities (PALM causes). Common diagnostic options for the identification of the PALM include ultrasonography, endometrial sampling, and hysteroscopy. These options alone or in combination are sufficient for the diagnosis of most women with AUB. Contrast sonography with saline or gel infusion, three-dimensional ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging may be included.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this article is to describe how a simple structured transvaginal ultrasound can be performed and implemented in the common gynecologic practice to simplify the diagnosis of AUB and determine when additional invasive investigations are required. Structured transvaginal ultrasound for the identification of the most common endometrial and myometrial abnormalities and the most common ultrasound features are described. Moreover, situations where magnetic resonance imaging may be included are described. This article proposes a diagnostic setup in premenopausal women for the classification of AUB according to the PALM-COEIN system. Moreover, a future diagnostic setup for fast-track identification of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women based on a structured evaluation of the endometrium is described.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. Electronic address: dueholm@dadlnet.dk.
Margit
M
Dueholm
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
Ina Marie D
IM
Hjorth
D062788:Adenomyosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000328:Adult; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D004717:Endometrium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015907:Hysteroscopy / Q000379:methods; D007889:Leiomyoma / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D007890:Leiomyosarcoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009215:Myometrium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D011127:Polyps / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology
abnormal uterine bleeding; hysteroscopy; magnetic resonance imaging; saline infusion sonography; transvaginal ultrasound