Approach to patients with refractory coeliac disease.
Refractory coeliac disease (RCD) is a recognised complication, albeit very rare, of coeliac disease (CD). This condition is described when individuals with CD continue to experience enteropathy and subsequent or ongoing malabsorption despite strict adherence to a diet devoid of gluten for at least 12 months and when all other causes mimicking this condition are excluded. Depending on the T-cell morphology and T-cell receptor (TCR) clonality at the β/γ loci, RCD can be subdivided into type 1 (normal intra-epithelial lymphocyte morphology, polyclonal TCR population) and type 2 (aberrant IELs with clonal TCR). It is important to differentiate between the two types as type 1 has an 80% survival rate and is managed with strict nutritional and pharmacological management. RCD type 2 on the other hand has a 5-year mortality of 50% and can be complicated by ulcerative jejunitis or enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL). Management of RCD type 2 has challenged many experts, and different treatment approaches have been adopted with variable results. Some of these treatments include immunomodulation with azathioprine and steroids, methotrexate, cyclosporine, alemtuzumab (an anti CD-52 monoclonal antibody), and cladribine or fludarabine sometimes with autologous stem cell transplantation. In this article, we summarise the management approach to patients with RCD type 2.
Gastroenterology Department, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
Ikram
I
Nasr
Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
Iman
I
Nasr
Kings College London, Medical School, London, UK.
Hannah
H
Campling
Gastroenterology Department, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
Paul J
PJ
Ciclitira
EATL; RCD type 1; RCD type 2; celiac disease; enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma; non-responsive coeliac disease; ulcerative jejunitis