Exposure assessment of chemical hazards in pork meat, liver, and kidney, and health impact implication in Hung Yen and Nghe An provinces, Vietnam.
OBJECTIVE
This study assesses the risk of exposure to hazardous chemical residues in pork meat, liver, and kidney collected at wet markets in Nghe An and Hung Yen provinces and discusses health impact implication.


METHODS
514 pig feed, kidney, liver, and pork samples were pooled and qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, sulphonamide, chloramphenicol, β-agonists, and heavy metals. We compare the results with current regulations on chemical residues and discuss health implications.


RESULTS
Legal antibiotics were found in feed. Tetracycline and fluoroquinolones were not present in pork, but 11% samples were positive with sulfamethazine above maximum residue limits (MRL); 11% of packaged feed and 4% of pork pooled samples were positive for chloramphenicol, a banned substance; two feed, two liver, and one pork samples were positive for β-agonists but did not exceed current MRL; 28% of pooled samples had lead, but all were below MRL; and all samples were negative for cadmium and arsenic. Thus, the health risks due to chemical hazards in pork in Hung Yen and Nghe An seemed not as serious as what were recently communicated to the public on the mass media.


CONCLUSIONS
There is potential exposure to sulphonamide, chloramphenicol, and β-agonists from pork. Risk communication needs to focus on banned chemicals, while informing the public about the minimal risks associated with heavy metals.
Environmental Health Department, Hanoi University of Public Health, 1A Duc Thang Road, Duc Thang Ward, North Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam. tth2@huph.edu.vn.
Tran Thi
TT
Tuyet-Hanh
Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research (CENPHER), Hanoi University of Public Health, 1A Duc Thang Road, Duc Thang Ward, North Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Dang Xuan
DX
Sinh
Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research (CENPHER), Hanoi University of Public Health, 1A Duc Thang Road, Duc Thang Ward, North Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Pham Duc
PD
Phuc
Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research (CENPHER), Hanoi University of Public Health, 1A Duc Thang Road, Duc Thang Ward, North Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Tran Thi
TT
Ngan
Center for Veterinary Hygiene and Inspection No.1, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Chu
C
Van Tuat
International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
Delia
D
Grace
International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Fred
F
Unger
International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Hung
H
Nguyen-Viet
D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000032:analysis; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D059022:Food Safety; D007668:Kidney / Q000737:chemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D000069466:Red Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D013552:Swine; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000032:analysis; D014744:Vietnam
D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D019155:Veterinary Drugs
Antibiotic residues; Exposure assessment; Growth promoters; Heavy metals; Pork; Vietnam