Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking and Gastric Cancer Risk among Vietnamese Men.
BACKGROUND
The association of waterpipe tobacco (WPT) smoking with gastric cancer (GC) risk was suggested.


METHODS
A hospital-based case-control study was conducted to examine the association of WPT with GC risk among Vietnamese men, in Hanoi city, during the period of 2003-2011. Newly-diagnosed GC cases (n = 454) and control patients (n = 628) were matched by age (+/- 5 years) and the year of hospitalization. Information on smoking and alcohol drinking habits and diet including salty food intake and fruits/vegetables consumption were obtained by the interview. Maximum likelihood estimates of odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (Cis) were obtained using conditional logistic regression models.


RESULTS
The group with the highest consumption of citrus fruits showed a significantly low GC risk (OR = 0.6, 95%CI = 0.4-0.8, P for trend = 0.002). However, there was no association of raw vegetable consumption with GC risk. Referring to never smokers, GC risk was significantly higher in current WPT smokers (OR = 1.8, 95%CI = 1.3-2.4), and it was more evident in exclusively WPT smokers (OR = 2.7, 95%CI = 1.2-6.5). GC risk tended to be higher with daily frequency and longer duration of WPT smoking but these trends were not statistically significant (P for trend: 0.144 and 0.154, respectively). GC risk of those who started smoking WPT before the age of 25 was also significantly high (OR = 3.7, 95%CI = 1.2-11.3). Neither cigarette smoking nor alcohol drinking was related to GC risk.


CONCLUSIONS
The present findings revealed that WPT smoking was positively associated with GC risk in Vietnamese men.
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
Hang Thi Minh
HT
Lai
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
Chihaya
C
Koriyama
National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan.
Shinkan
S
Tokudome
Department of Surgery, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Hoc Hieu
HH
Tran
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
Long Thanh
LT
Tran
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
Athira
A
Nandakumar
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
Suminori
S
Akiba
Department of Occupational Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Ngoan Tran
NT
Le
D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002957:Citrus / Q000378:metabolism; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D005638:Fruit / Q000378:metabolism; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D065840:Protective Factors; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013270:Stomach / Q000473:pathology; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014675:Vegetables / Q000378:metabolism; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology