Detection and quantification of acidic drug residues in South African surface water using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
A method was optimized for derivatization, separation, detection and quantification of salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, nalidixic acid, ibuprofen, phenacetin, naproxen, ketoprofen, meclofenamic acid and diclofenac in surface water using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For most of the acidic drugs, recovery was in the range 60-110% and the percent standard deviation was below 15% for the entire method, with limits of detection ranging from 0.041 to 1.614 μg L-1. The developed method was applied in the analysis of acidic drugs in Umgeni River system, KwaZulu-Natal South Africa. All of the selected acidic drugs were detected and quantified, their concentration in Umgeni River system ranged from 0.0200 to 68.14 μg L-1.
University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Chemistry and Physics, Private Bag x 54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.
Bhekumuzi P
BP
Gumbi
University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Chemistry and Physics, Private Bag x 54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.
Brenda
B
Moodley
Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Private Bag 1410, Mbarara, Uganda.
Grace
G
Birungi
University of Johannesburg, Department of Applied Chemistry, Doornfotein, Private Bag 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa. Electronic address: pndungu@uj.ac.za.
Patrick G
PG
Ndungu
D000146:Acids, Carbocyclic / Q000032:analysis; D001241:Aspirin / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009268:Nalidixic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D009288:Naproxen / Q000032:analysis; D010615:Phenacetin / Q000032:analysis; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D013019:South Africa; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
D000146:Acids, Carbocyclic; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D009268:Nalidixic Acid; D009288:Naproxen; D010615:Phenacetin; D001241:Aspirin
Acidic drugs; Derivatization; GC-MS; Method validation; Surface water; Umgeni river