Analysis of primary modulation based x-ray scatter correction methods.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of primary modulation based scatter estimation techniques and evaluate their performance as well as to propose improvements. There have been published two distinct approaches to estimate scatter with primary modulators; however they have not been compared, so far. This work seeks to quantify their performance (focusing on how accurately they can estimate a smooth scatter from primary modulated images with real textures and signal to noise ratios) along with that of proposed improved variants. The influence of the parameters of the described algorithms on the estimation error is also investigated.


METHODS
Simulations were carried out using primary components derived from real chest DTS projections. After modulation, artificial scatter distributions were added to these projections, and the difference between the estimated and the artificial scatter distributions was quantified. Two existing and four proposed methods were assessed. The performance of the scatter estimators was examined under noisy and noiseless circumstances and with scatter distributions of different bandwidths. The proposed methods (SSE, SSENP, ADASE) solve the problem of varying effective transmission factors in the case of cell-image based methods, and they include an improved gradient based method (LSGSE) as well, which estimates scatter distribution more accurately.


RESULTS
It was found that the gradient based algorithms outperformed the cell-image based algorithms under noiseless conditions, while the cell-image based solutions proved to be insensitive to noise. The proposed improved methods reached considerably lower scatter estimation errors than the existing ones. Modulator cell sampling windows of different sizes and shapes were examined. Although much lower effective transmission factors (higher contrast between the attenuated and unattenuated cells) can be achieved using narrow windows, in our case the best estimation results are provided by windows that cover about half of the pixels of a modulator cell. The effect of detector backscatter on scatter estimation was also studied, and a solution was proposed to incorporate this type of scatter into the primary modulation framework.


CONCLUSIONS
Considering all the above results, the authors suggest the use of LSGE for scatter estimation with primary modulation.
Department of Measurement and Information Systems, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Budapest 1117, Hungary.
Áron
Á
Horváth
Department of Measurement and Information Systems, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Budapest 1117, Hungary.
Dániel
D
Hadházi
Department of Measurement and Information Systems, Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME), Budapest 1117, Hungary.
Gábor
G
Horváth
D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D014965:X-Rays