Respiratory illness and air pollution from the steel industry: the case of Piquiá de Baixo, Brazil (Preliminary report).
BACKGROUND
This report is based on an independent study carried out by medical professionals of the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (National Cancer Institute) in Milan, Italy, and  aimed to assess the incidence of respiratory diseases in a Brazilian community (Piquiá de Baixo, in the city of Açailandia) exposed to extreme air pollution in connection to a local steel manufacturing plant. The study has the objective to contribute to the existing literature on the health risks associated with fine particle pollution (PM2.5) due to steel production with data from Brazil.


METHODS
The study is based on a cross-sectional sample of the resident population of Piquiá de Baixo age 16 or over consisting of 220 people. We collected data about the health conditions of participant subjects in two ways: a) medical history questionnaires and b) clinical assessment of respiratory function through spirometry testing. The results were evaluated based on comparative studies.


RESULTS
According to the spirometric tests performed, 28 % of the sample population suffers from respiratory pathologies (for the most part of restrictive rather than obstructive nature). This incidence rate is between six and two times higher than those reported in similar studies carried out in other countries (which range between 4.6 and 14.5 %). In addition, the incidence rate is also significantly high in light of the fact that our sample population did not include the category of subjects most at risk for pulmonary disorders in connection to air pollution caused by the Piquiá steel processing complex: in other words, men and women employed in the steel mills or in connection with their industrial cycle (as many as 434 Piquiá residents age 16 and over were unable to participate to our study due to "work-related reasons").


CONCLUSIONS
In light of the above considerations, we believe that our findings contribute to the existing literature on the correlation between pulmonary disease and air pollution in industrialized areas, while warranting further scientific research on the public health consequences of industrial production in Piquiá de Baixo. In turn, on the ethical plane, we believe that research of this nature strengthens the need to advocate for more severe environmental and health policies aimed at limiting the hazards associated with the steel industry in Piquiá and in similar contexts around the world.
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
Carla
C
Valenti
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
Paolo
P
Pozzi
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
Alessandra
A
Busia
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
Roberto
R
Mazza
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
Paolo
P
Bossi
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
Cinzia
C
De Marco
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
Ario Alberto
AA
Ruprecht
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
Alessandro
A
Borgini
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
Roberto
R
Boffi
Air contaminants; COPD; Fine particle pollution; Lung disease