Real-time 4D dose reconstruction for tracked dynamic MLC deliveries for lung SBRT.
OBJECTIVE
This study provides a proof of concept for real-time 4D dose reconstruction for lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) with multileaf collimator (MLC) tracking and assesses the impact of tumor tracking on the size of target margins.


METHODS
The authors have implemented real-time 4D dose reconstruction by connecting their tracking and delivery software to an Agility MLC at an Elekta Synergy linac and to their in-house treatment planning software (TPS). Actual MLC apertures and (simulated) target positions are reported to the TPS every 40 ms. The dose is calculated in real-time from 4DCT data directly after each reported aperture by utilization of precalculated dose-influence data based on a Monte Carlo algorithm. The dose is accumulated onto the peak-exhale (reference) phase using energy-mass transfer mapping. To investigate the impact of a potentially reducible safety margin, the authors have created and delivered treatment plans designed for a conventional internal target volume (ITV) + 5 mm, a midventilation approach, and three tracking scenarios for four lung SBRT patients. For the tracking plans, a moving target volume (MTV) was established by delineating the gross target volume (GTV) on every 4DCT phase. These were rigidly aligned to the reference phase, resulting in a unified maximum GTV to which a 1, 3, or 5 mm isotropic margin was added. All scenarios were planned for 9-beam step-and-shoot IMRT to meet the criteria of RTOG 1021 (3 × 18 Gy). The GTV 3D center-of-volume shift varied from 6 to 14 mm.


RESULTS
Real-time dose reconstruction at 25 Hz could be realized on a single workstation due to the highly efficient implementation of dose calculation and dose accumulation. Decreased PTV margins resulted in inadequate target coverage during untracked deliveries for patients with substantial tumor motion. MLC tracking could ensure the GTV target dose for these patients. Organ-at-risk (OAR) doses were consistently reduced by decreased PTV margins. The tracked MTV + 1 mm deliveries resulted in the following OAR dose reductions: lung V20up to 3.5%, spinal cord D2up to 0.9 Gy/Fx, and proximal airways D2up to 1.4 Gy/Fx.


CONCLUSIONS
The authors could show that for patient data at clinical resolution and realistic motion conditions, the delivered dose could be reconstructed in 4D for the whole lung volume in real-time. The dose distributions show that reduced margins yield lower doses to healthy tissue, whilst target dose can be maintained using dynamic MLC tracking.
Joint Department of Physics, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom.
Cornelis Ph
CP
Kamerling
Joint Department of Physics, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom.
Martin F
MF
Fast
Joint Department of Physics, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom.
Peter
P
Ziegenhein
Joint Department of Physics, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom.
Martin J
MJ
Menten
Joint Department of Physics, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom.
Simeon
S
Nill
Joint Department of Physics, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom.
Uwe
U
Oelfke
D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D056973:Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009068:Movement; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D013997:Time Factors