Belgian hand hygiene campaigns in ICU, 2005-2015.
BACKGROUND
Healthcare-associated infections (HCAI) are still a major problem especially in most intensive care units (ICU). Incompliance by clinical staff with hand hygiene (HH) increases rates of preventable infections. We report the outcome of the Belgian national hand hygiene campaign from 2005 to 2015 with focus on intensive care units.


METHODS
Using the World Health organisation (WHO) standardised observation roster, trained infection control teams measured adherence to HH guidelines by direct observation. HH opportunities were counted and the actual episodes of HH were scored as no HH, HH with water and soap, or HH with alcohol-based hand rub. Measurements were repeatedly done before and after a one month awareness campaign every second year. Compliance was stratified by indication and by type of healthcare worker, and computed as a percentage of the number of HH episodes with water and soap or with alcohol-based hand rub, divided by the number of opportunities.


RESULTS
A total of 108,050 hand hygiene opportunities were observed in ICU during this period. HH compliance increased significantly from 49.6 % before campaign in 2005 to 72.0 % before campaign in 2015. Over the same time frame, post campaign compliance increased from 67.0 to 80.2 %. The number of opportunities observed substantially increased when automated feedback was installed.


CONCLUSIONS
In Belgian intensive care units, hand hygiene compliance is getting improved overtime, though consecutive campaigns with immediate feedback are required to achieve and sustain a high compliance rate.
Scientific Institute of Public Health, Operational Direction Public Health and Surveillance, Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Brussels, Belgium.
Sylvanus
0000-0001-8225-9443
S
Fonguh
Scientific Institute of Public Health, Operational Direction Public Health and Surveillance, Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Brussels, Belgium.
Annie
A
Uwineza
Scientific Institute of Public Health, Operational Direction Public Health and Surveillance, Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, Brussels, Belgium.
Boudewijn
B
Catry
Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc UCL, Laboratory of Microbiology, Brussels, Belgium ; Pôle de Microbiologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UC Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
Anne
A
Simon
Hand hygiene compliance; Healthcare-associated infections; Intensive care units