Growth and BMI during the first 14 y of life in offspring from women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Infants of women with pregestational diabetes are at risk for developing obesity in later life. This study aimed to identify subgroups at highest risk, by studying growth profiles of offspring from women with type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus (ODM1, ODM2) until the age of 14 y.



Information from infant welfare centers was received for 78 ODM1 and 44 ODM2. Mean BMI SD scores (SDS) (based on 1980 nation-wide references) and height SDS (based on 2009 references) were calculated and included in a random-effects model. Values were compared to the 2009 Dutch growth study.



BMI SDS profiles differed between ODM1 and ODM2, with the highest mean BMI SDS profiles in ODM2. Other factors that affected growth profiles in these infants included the presence of maternal obesity, large for gestational age (LGA) at birth and in ODM2 a Dutch-Mediterranean origin.



Offspring of women with diabetes have higher BMI SDS profiles than observed in the 2009 Dutch growth study, with the highest BMI SDS in ODM2 who are LGA at birth and have obese mothers. Preventive strategies for offspring adiposity may include pursuing lower prepregnancy maternal BMI, prevention of LGA at birth, and prevention of increased weight gain during childhood.
Department of Obstetrics, Division Woman & Baby, the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Department of Internal medicine and infectious diseases, the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Nurah M
NM
Hammoud
Department of Internal medicine and infectious diseases, the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Harold W
HW
de Valk
Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Lenie
L
van Rossem
Department of Internal medicine and infectious diseases, the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Douwe H
DH
Biesma
Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Jan M
JM
Wit
Department of Obstetrics, Division Woman & Baby, the University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Gerard H A
GH
Visser
D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D001724:Birth Weight; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D009426:Netherlands; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015430:Weight Gain