Prevalence of Semicircular Canal Hypoplasia in Patients With CHARGE Syndrome: 3C Syndrome.
CHARGE syndrome refers to a syndrome involving coloboma, heart defects, atresia choanae, retardation of growth and development, genitourinary disorders, and ear anomalies. However, Verloes revised the characteristics of CHARGE syndrome in 2005 to define this syndrome more broadly. Deficiency of the semicircular canals is now a major criterion for CHARGE syndrome.



To characterize patients with CHARGE syndrome at our center using Verloes' criteria and to reevaluate the nomenclature for this condition.



We performed a medical chart review of patients with CHARGE syndrome and reviewed their temporal bone imaging studies at a tertiary care children's hospital affiliated with Washington University in St Louis. Two authors independently reviewed each imaging study (A.W. and K.H.). Radiologic studies, physical findings, genetic tests, and other diagnostic tests were included. Patients with no temporal bone imaging studies were excluded.



Eighteen children were included in this study; 13 children (72%) were male, and the mean (median; range) age of patients at the time of inner ear imaging studies was 2 years (4.5 years; 8 months to 8 years). Coloboma was present in 13 patients (72%) and choanal atresia in 5 (28%); semicircular canal anomalies were present in all patients. Additionally, 13 patients (72%) were diagnosed as having hindbrain anomalies, 17 (94%) as having endocrine disorders, 17 (94%) as having mediastinal organ malformations, and all as having middle or external ear abnormalities and development delay. Cleft lip and cleft palate were found in 6 of 14 patients (43%) who did not have choanal atresia. We tested 16 patients for mutations in the CHD7 gene; 10 were positive (63%) for mutations, 4 (25%) were negative, and 2 (13%) were inconclusive.



Semicircular canal anomalies were the most consistent finding in our patients with CHARGE syndrome. Given the high prevalence of semicircular canal hypoplasia and importance of imaging for diagnosing CHARGE syndrome, we propose changing the term CHARGE syndrome to 3C syndrome to emphasize the importance of the semicircular canals and to recall the 3 major criteria for diagnosis: coloboma, choanal atresia, and semicircular canal anomaly. The nomenclature would also reference the 3 semicircular canals in each ear. This new name for CHARGE syndrome would provide a mnemonic and focus the disease on the most important clinical criteria for diagnosis.
Department of Otolaryngology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Andre
A
Wineland
Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
Maithilee D
MD
Menezes
Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
Joshua S
JS
Shimony
Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
Marwan S
MS
Shinawi
Department of Otolaryngology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland.
Timothy E
TE
Hullar
Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
Keiko
K
Hirose
D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D058747:CHARGE Syndrome / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D003616:Dandy-Walker Syndrome / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012665:Semicircular Canals / Q000002:abnormalities*; D009626:Terminology as Topic