Biomarkers for the Early Detection and Prognosis of Acute Kidney Injury.
AKI is an increasingly common disorder that is strongly linked to short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. Despite a growing heterogeneity in its causes, providing a timely and certain diagnosis of AKI remains challenging. In this review, we summarize the evolution of AKI biomarker studies over the past few years, focusing on two major areas of investigation: the early detection and prognosis of AKI. We highlight some of the lessons learned in conducting AKI biomarker studies, including ongoing attempts to address the limitations of creatinine as a reference standard and the recent shift toward evaluating the prognostic potential of these markers. Lastly, we suggest current gaps in knowledge and barriers that may be hindering their incorporation into care and a full ascertainment of their value.
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
Rakesh
R
Malhotra
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical center, Nashville, Tennessee.|Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Veteran's Administration Medical Center, Veterans Health Administration, Nashville, Tennessee; and.|Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease and Integrated Program for Acute Kidney Injury Research, Nashville, Tennessee.
Edward D
ED
Siew
D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood*; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1 / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine; D000071068:Lipocalin-2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
D015415:Biomarkers; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; C491143:HAVCR1 protein, human; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D020382:Interleukin-18; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D003404:Creatinine
Early Diagnosis; Prognosis; acute kidney injury; acute renal failure; biomarkers; creatinine