Gallstones: A Worldwide Multifaceted Disease and Its Correlations with Gallbladder Carcinoma.
BACKGROUND
Gallstones (GS) associated diseases are among the most recurrent and frequent diseases delineated in India and United Arab Emirates. Several reports suggest that the association of GS with gallbladder cancer (GBC) is very high in Northern part of India; however, its occurrence in UAE and Southern part of India is notably low. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to perform compositional analysis of GS in three different geographical areas by Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy.


METHODS
Natural abundance 13C cross polarization magic angle spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy is employed for the analysis of human gallstone.


RESULTS
Cholesterol, bilirubin and calcium carbonate were present in variant concentrations in GS obtained from three different geographical regions. Cholesterol was present predominantly in gallstones from North India. Bilirubin was found to be a main constituent in gallstones pertaining to South India. Whereas GS from UAE showed both cholesterol and bilirubin as their major constituents. Calcium carbonate was found in varying concentrations in gallstones acquired from different regions.


CONCLUSIONS
Variation in environmental condition and dietary habits may contribute and affect the GS formation. Alterations in bile composition influence the GB and augment the crystallization of cholesterol. Analysis of different geographical regions GS could be an important stride to understand the etiology of GS diseases.
Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS) - Campus, Lucknow, India.|Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Kursi road, Lucknow, India.
Raj Kumar
RK
Sharma
Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS) - Campus, Lucknow, India.|Department of Biochemistry & BiophysicsUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America.
Kanchan
K
Sonkar
Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS) - Campus, Lucknow, India.
Neeraj
N
Sinha
Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Somajiguda, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Pradeep
P
Rebala
Department of Surgery, Zayad Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
Ahmad Ebrah
AE
Albani
Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, SGPGIMS, Raibarelly Road Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Anu
A
Behari
Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Somajiguda, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Duvvuri Nageshwar
DN
Reddy
Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Kursi road, Lucknow, India.
Alvina
A
Farooqui
Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, SGPGIMS, Raibarelly Road Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Vinay Kumar
VK
Kapoor
D001663:Bilirubin / Q000032:analysis*; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000032:analysis*; D002769:Cholelithiasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000473:pathology*; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D042882:Gallstones / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014479:United Arab Emirates / Q000453:epidemiology
D002784:Cholesterol; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D001663:Bilirubin