The microbiome-metabolome crosstalk in the pathogenesis of respiratory fungal diseases.
Filamentous fungi of the genus Aspergillus are responsible for several superficial and invasive infections and allergic syndromes. The risk of infection and its clinical outcome vary significantly even among patients with similar predisposing clinical factors and pathogen exposure. There is increasing evidence that the individual microbiome supervises the outcome of the host-fungus interaction by influencing mechanisms of immune regulation, inflammation, metabolism, and other physiological processes. Microbiome-mediated mechanisms of resistance allow therefore the control of fungal colonization, preventing the onset of overt disease, particularly in patients with underlying immune dysfunction. Here, we review this emerging area of research and discuss the contribution of the microbiota (and its dysbiosis), including its immunoregulatory properties and relationship with the metabolic activity of commensals, to respiratory fungal diseases. Finally, we highlight possible strategies aimed at decoding the microbiome-metabolome dialog and at its exploitation toward personalized medical interventions in patients at high risk of infection.
a Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.|b ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory , Guimarães , Portugal.
Samuel M
SM
Gonçalves
c Department of Microbiology and Immunology , KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.|d Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Center for Medical Mycology , University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.
Katrien
K
Lagrou
a Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.|b ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory , Guimarães , Portugal.
Cláudio
C
Duarte-Oliveira
e Department of Hematology , University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.
Johan A
JA
Maertens
a Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.|b ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory , Guimarães , Portugal.
Cristina
C
Cunha
a Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.|b ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory , Guimarães , Portugal.
Agostinho
A
Carvalho
D000818:Animals; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D064806:Dysbiosis; D005658:Fungi / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D055442:Metabolome / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D064307:Microbiota / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D009181:Mycoses / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D057285:Precision Medicine; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013559:Symbiosis
antifungal immunity; aspergillosis; fungal disease; host genetics; metabolome; microbiome; personalized medicine