Telipogon peruvianus (Orchidaceae) Flowers Elicit Pre-Mating Behaviour in Eudejeania (Tachinidae) Males for Pollination.
Several neotropical orchid genera have been proposed as being sexually deceptive; however, this has been carefully tested in only a few cases. The genus Telipogon has long been assumed to be pollinated by male tachinid flies during pseudocopulatory events but no detailed confirmatory reports are available. Here, we have used an array of methods to elucidate the pollination mechanism in Telipogon peruvianus. The species presents flowers that have a mean floral longevity of 33 days and that are self-compatible, although spontaneous self-pollination does not occur. The flowers attract males of four tachinid species but only the males of an undescribed Eudejeania (Eudejeania aff. browni; Tachinidae) species are specific pollinators. Males visit the flowers during the first few hours of the day and the pollination success is very high (42% in one patch) compared with other sexually deceptive species. Female-seeking males are attracted to the flowers but do not attempt copulation with the flowers, as is usually described in sexually deceptive species. Nevertheless, morphological analysis and behavioural tests have shown an imperfect mimicry between flowers and females suggesting that the attractant stimulus is not based only on visual cues, as long thought. Challenging previous conclusions, our chemical analysis has confirmed that flowers of Telipogon release volatile compounds; however, the role of these volatiles in pollinator behaviour remains to be established. Pollinator behaviour and histological analyses indicate that Telipogon flowers possess scent-producing structures throughout the corolla. Our study provides the first confirmed case of (i) a sexually deceptive species in the Onciidinae, (ii) pollination by pre-copulatory behaviour and (iii) pollination by sexual deception involving tachinid flies.
Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 10-1 Containerstadt, D-89081, Ulm, Germany.
Carlos
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9892-1999
C
Martel
Institut für Spezielle Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, D-55099, Mainz, Germany.
Lianka
L
Cairampoma
Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Université de Genève, CP 60, Chambésy, 1292, Geneva, Switzerland.
Fred W
FW
Stauffer
Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Helmholtzstraße 10-1 Containerstadt, D-89081, Ulm, Germany.
Manfred
M
Ayasse
D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D004175:Diptera / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009812:Odorants / Q000032:analysis; D029595:Orchidaceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D054817:Pollination / Q000187:drug effects; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors