Improving immunization approaches to cholera.
Cholera's impact is greatest in resource-limited countries. In the last decade several large epidemics have led to a global push to improve and implement the tools for cholera prevention and control. Areas covered: PubMed, Google Scholar and the WHO website were searched to review the literature and summarize the current status of cholera vaccines to make recommendations on improving immunization approaches to cholera. Oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) have demonstrated their effectiveness in endemic, outbreak response and emergency settings, highlighting their potential for wider adoption. While two doses of the currently available OCVs are recommended by manufacturers, a single dose would be easier to implement. Encouragingly, recent studies have shown that cold chain requirements may no longer be essential. The establishment of the global OCV stockpile in 2013 has been a major advance in cholera preparedness. New killed and live-attenuated vaccines are being actively explored as candidate vaccines for endemic settings and/or as a traveller's vaccine. The recent advances in cholera vaccination approaches should be considered in the global cholera control strategy. Expert commentary: The development of affordable cholera vaccines is a major success to improve cholera control. New vaccines and country specific interventions will further reduce the burden of this disease globally.
a School of public Health and Community medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW , Australia.|b Infectious Diseases Division , International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr, b) , Dhaka , Bangladesh.
Amit
A
Saha
a School of public Health and Community medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW , Australia.
Alexander
A
Rosewell
a School of public Health and Community medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW , Australia.|c Faculty of Health , University of Technology Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia.
Andrew
A
Hayen
a School of public Health and Community medicine , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW , Australia.
C Raina
CR
MacIntyre
b Infectious Diseases Division , International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh (icddr, b) , Dhaka , Bangladesh.
Firdausi
F
Qadri
D000284:Administration, Oral; D002771:Cholera / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022121:Cholera Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control; D019353:Endemic Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D014195:Travel; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology
D022121:Cholera Vaccines; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated
Cholera; OCV stockpile; herd protection; oral cholera vaccine; pre-emptive vaccination; reactive vaccination