Energy Landscapes and the Landscape of Fear.
Animals are not distributed randomly in space and time because their movement ecology is influenced by a variety of factors. Energy landscapes and the landscape of fear have recently emerged as largely independent paradigms, both reshaping our perspectives and thinking relating to the spatial ecology of animals across heterogeneous landscapes. We argue that these paradigms are not distinct but rather complementary, collectively providing a better mechanistic basis for understanding the spatial ecology and decision-making of wild animals. We discuss the theoretical underpinnings of each paradigm and illuminate their complementary nature through case studies, then integrate these concepts quantitatively by constructing quantitative pathways of movement modulated by energy and fear to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the spatial ecology of wild animals.
Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA; Beneath the Waves, Inc., Miami, FL 33133, USA. Electronic address: agallagher@rsmas.miami.edu.
Austin J
AJ
Gallagher
Department of Ecology, 310 Lewis Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
Scott
S
Creel
Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
Rory P
RP
Wilson
Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
Steven J
SJ
Cooke
D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D004463:Ecology; D017753:Ecosystem; D005239:Fear; D009068:Movement
animal ecology; energy; fear; movement; predators