Long-Term Prognostic Analysis after Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery for Olfactory Neuroblastoma: A Retrospective Study of 13 Cases.
OBJECTIVE
To summarize the characteristics and long-term outcomes of olfactory neuroblastoma through the analysis of 13 cases in single institution, with the assessment of treatment modality, prognostic factors.


METHODS
A retrospective study of thirteen cases diagnosed as olfactory neuroblastoma and underwent combined treatments during the period 2000-2010. Statistical analysis was performed to search for prognostic factors and compared different treatment modalities.


RESULTS
13 patients were enrolled in this study, including 8 male and 5 female, ranging from 15 to 69 (median 43) years old. One patient at stage A was only treated with endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES). Seven patients were treated with preoperative radiotherapy and EES, two with EES and postoperative radiotherapy, and the other three with combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The range of follow-up time varied from 23 to 116 months (median 65 months). The 5-year overall survival rate was 46.2% (6/13). To date, these thirteen patients have not suffered local recurrences while two patients had lymph node recurrences and one had distant metastasis in the bone marrow. In 13 patients, 61.5% were diagnosed as late T stage (T3/4), 69.2% late Kadish stage (C/D) and 53.8% were high Hyams grade (I/ II), which indicated poor prognosis. Related prognostic factors were the TNM stage (T stage P = 0.028, N stage P = 0.000, M stage P = 0.007), Kadish stage (P = 0.025) and treatment modality (P = 0.015).


CONCLUSIONS
Late stage of TNM and Kadish staging system indicated a poor prognosis. Combined treatment modality, including endoscopic endonasal surgery, achieved a better outcome than non-surgical approach.
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Luyao
L
Zhang
Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the No.1 Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
Kai
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2040-6887
K
Niu
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Kang
K
Zhu
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Cui
C
Xia
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Jing
J
Yan
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shangluo Central Hospital, Shangluo, Shaanxi, China.
Wei
W
Zhao
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Junrong
J
Wei
Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
Maoli
M
Duan
Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Guoxi
G
Zheng
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D004358:Drug Therapy; D004724:Endoscopy; D018304:Esthesioneuroblastoma, Olfactory / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000601:surgery*; D009669:Nose Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D011379:Prognosis; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D055815:Young Adult