Clock genes, ADHD and aggression.
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is frequently associated with comorbid aggression and sleep disturbances. The sleep/wake cycle is under the control of the circadian system which is moderated by clock genes. Clock genes can regulate the transcription of monoamine oxidase A, which is involved in the degradation of monoamines. Disturbances in monoamine interaction with clock genes in those with monoamine gene polymorphisms may regulate susceptibility of ADHD and comorbid aggression/sleep disturbances. While monoamines influence circadian rhythm and clock gene expression, circadian rhythm components modulate aggressive behavior, and altered clock genes expression have been associated with ADHD. We propose a mechanism by which circadian rhythm and clock gene expression may influence ADHD and comorbid aggression through the modulation of neurotransmitters. The role of clock genes in ADHD patients with comorbid aggression awaits further research; therefore we also indicate directions for future studies to help increase understanding of the underlying mechanisms in ADHD with comorbid aggression and sleep disturbances.
Graduate School of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience/Donders Institute, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Floriana.Mogavero@radboudumc.nl.
Floriana
F
Mogavero
Department of Cognitive Neuroscience/Donders Institute, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Amanda
A
Jager
Department of Cognitive Neuroscience/Donders Institute, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Jeffrey C
JC
Glennon
D000374:Aggression; D000818:Animals; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D057906:Circadian Clocks / Q000235:genetics*; D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents
Aggression; Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Circadian rhythm; Clock; Comorbid; Conduct disorder; Dopamine; Melatonin; Monoamine; Neurotransmitter; Noradrenaline; Serotonin; Sleep disturbances