Ecological risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in the receiving environment of pharmaceutical wastewater in Pakistan.
The pharmaceutical industry of Pakistan is growing with an annual growth rate of 10%. Besides this growth, this industry is not complying with environmental standards, and discharging its effluent into domestic wastewater network. Only limited information is available about the occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) in the environmental matrices of Pakistan that has motivated us to aim at the occurrence and ecological risk assessment of 11 PCs of different therapeutic classes in the wastewater of pharmaceutical industry and in its receiving environmental matrices such as sludge, solid waste and soil samples near the pharmaceutical formulation units along Shiekhupura road, Lahore, Pakistan. Target PCs (paracetamol, naproxen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, amlodipine, rosuvastatin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, sparfloxacin and gemifloxacin) were quantified using in-house developed HPLC-UV. Ibuprofen (1673µg/L, 6046µg/kg, 1229µg/kg and 610µg/kg), diclofenac (836µg/L, 4968µg/kg, 6632µg/kg and 257µg/kg) and naproxen (464µg/L, 7273µg/kg, 4819µg/kg and 199µg/kg) showed the highest concentrations among 11 target PCs in wastewater, sludge, solid waste and soil samples, respectively. Ecological risk assessment, in terms of risk quotient (RQ), was also carried out based on the maximum measured concentration of PCs in wastewater. The maximum RQ values obtained were with paracetamol (64 against daphnia), naproxen (177 against fish), diclofenac (12,600 against Oncorhynchus mykiss), ibuprofen (167,300 against Oryzias latipes), ofloxacin (81,000 against Pseudomonas putida) and ciprofloxacin (440 against Microcystis aeruginosa). These results show a high level of ecological risk due to the discharge of untreated wastewater from pharmaceutical units. This risk may further lead to food web contamination and drug resistance in pathogens. Thus, further studies are needed to detect the PCs in crops as well as the government should strictly enforce environmental legislation on these pharmaceutical units.
Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, H. H. Campus, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan; Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China. Electronic address: ashfaqchemist@hotmail.com.
Muhammad
M
Ashfaq
Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, H. H. Campus, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan.
Khujasta
K
Nawaz Khan
Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
Muhammad
M
Saif Ur Rehman
Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, H. H. Campus, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan.
Ghulam
G
Mustafa
Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, H. H. Campus, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan.
Muhammad
M
Faizan Nazar
Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
Qian
Q
Sun
Department of Chemical Engineering, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
Javed
J
Iqbal
Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
Sikandar I
SI
Mulla
Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
Chang-Ping
CP
Yu
D000818:Animals; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000032:analysis; D004463:Ecology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000032:analysis; D000077735:Gemifloxacin; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000032:analysis; D000077266:Moxifloxacin; D009287:Naphthyridines / Q000032:analysis; D010154:Pakistan; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
D004008:Diclofenac; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D000077735:Gemifloxacin; D007052:Ibuprofen; D000077266:Moxifloxacin; D009287:Naphthyridines; D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C061363:sparfloxacin
Formulation units; HPLC-UV; Liquid-liquid extraction; Pharmaceutical compounds; Risk assessment