Improving household air, drinking water and hygiene in rural Peru: a community-randomized-controlled trial of an integrated environmental home-based intervention package to improve child health.
Diarrhoea and acute lower respiratory infections are leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality, which can be prevented by simple low-cost interventions. Integrated strategies can provide additional benefits by addressing multiple health burdens simultaneously.



We conducted a community-randomized-controlled trial in 51 rural communities in Peru to evaluate whether an environmental home-based intervention package, consisting of improved solid-fuel stoves, kitchen sinks, solar disinfection of drinking water and hygiene promotion, reduces lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal disease and improves growth in children younger than 36 months. The attention control group received an early child stimulation programme.



We recorded 24 647 child-days of observation from 250 households in the intervention and 253 in the attention control group during 12-month follow-up. Mean diarrhoea incidence was 2.8 episodes per child-year in the intervention compared with 3.1 episodes in the control arm. This corresponds to a relative rate of 0.78 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.58-1.05] for diarrhoea incidence and an odds ratio of 0.71 (95% CI: 0.47-1.06) for diarrhoea prevalence. No effects on acute lower respiratory infections or children's growth rates were observed.



Combined home-based environmental interventions slightly reduced childhood diarrhoea, but the confidence interval included unity. Effects on growth and respiratory outcomes were not observed, despite high user compliance of the interventions. The absent effect on respiratory health might be due to insufficient household air quality improvements of the improved stoves and additional time needed to achieve attitudinal and behaviour change when providing composite interventions.
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.|Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru.
S M
SM
Hartinger
Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru.
C F
CF
Lanata
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
J
J
Hattendorf
Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru.
H
H
Verastegui
Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru.
A I
AI
Gil
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
J
J
Wolf
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
D
D
Mäusezahl
D000886:Anthropometry; D000067576:Child Health; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003296:Cooking; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000382:microbiology / Q000592:standards*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012424:Rural Population; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
D060766:Drinking Water
Community-randomised trial; hand-washing; household air pollution; household water treatment; improved cook stove; integrated interventions; kitchen hygiene