Degradation of Herbicides in the Tropical Marine Environment: Influence of Light and Sediment.
Widespread contamination of nearshore marine systems, including the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) lagoon, with agricultural herbicides has long been recognised. The fate of these contaminants in the marine environment is poorly understood but the detection of photosystem II (PSII) herbicides in the GBR year-round suggests very slow degradation rates. Here, we evaluated the persistence of a range of commonly detected herbicides in marine water under field-relevant concentrations and conditions. Twelve-month degradation experiments were conducted in large open tanks, under different light scenarios and in the presence and absence of natural sediments. All PSII herbicides were persistent under control conditions (dark, no sediments) with half-lives of 300 d for atrazine, 499 d diuron, 1994 d hexazinone, 1766 d tebuthiuron, while the non-PSII herbicides were less persistent at 147 d for metolachlor and 59 d for 2,4-D. The degradation of herbicides was 2-10 fold more rapid in the presence of a diurnal light cycle and coastal sediments; apart from 2,4-D which degraded more slowly in the presence of light. Despite the more rapid degradation observed for most herbicides in the presence of light and sediments, the half-lives remained > 100 d for the PS II herbicides. The effects of light and sediments on herbicide persistence were likely due to their influence on microbial community composition and its ability to utilise the herbicides as a carbon source. These results help explain the year-round presence of PSII herbicides in marine systems, including the GBR, but more research on the transport, degradation and toxicity on a wider range of pesticides and their transformation products is needed to improve their regulation in sensitive environments.
Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.|The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
Philip
P
Mercurio
The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
Jochen F
JF
Mueller
The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
Geoff
G
Eaglesham
The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
Jake
J
O'Brien
Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
Florita
F
Flores
Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
Andrew P
AP
Negri
D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D057894:Coral Reefs; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006207:Half-Life; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D014329:Tropical Climate; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
D006540:Herbicides; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical