Association between Secondhand Smoke in Hospitality Venues and Urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol Concentrations in Non-Smoking Staff.
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between urinary cotinine and total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) concentrations in non-smoking staff and the indoor levels of fine particles (PM2.5) in hospitality venues that allow smoking, with respect to demographic and indoor environmental factors. We evaluated 62 hospitality venues that allowed smoking in Seoul, Korea. A real-time aerosol monitor was used to measure indoor PM2.5concentrations. Field technicians recorded indoor environmental characteristics. One non-smoking staff member in each hospitality venue was tested for urinary cotinine and total NNAL concentrations. Demographic characteristics were obtained from self-reported staff questionnaires. Natural-log (ln)-transformed PM2.5concentrations were significantly correlated with the ln-transformed cotinine (r= 0.31) and the total NNAL concentrations (r= 0.32). In multivariable regression analysis, the urinary cotinine concentrations of the staff members were significantly correlated with indoor PM2.5concentrations; those with the highest concentrations were more likely to be women or staff members that worked in venues with a volume <375 m³. Total NNAL concentrations were significantly correlated only with indoor PM2.5concentrations. Indoor PM2.5may be used as an indicator for urinary cotinine and total NNAL concentrations in non-smoking staff members in hospitality venues that allow smoking.
Department of Environmental Health Research, Seoul Medical Center, 156 Sinnae-ro, Jungnang-gu, Seoul 131-795, Korea. xellos88@naver.com.|Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea. xellos88@naver.com.
Jeonghoon
J
Kim
Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea. cleanair@snu.ac.kr.|Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea. cleanair@snu.ac.kr.
Kiyoung
K
Lee
Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, 119 Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan 448-701, Korea. hojang@dankook.ac.kr.
Ho-Jang
HJ
Kwon
National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si 410-769, Korea. dhlee@ncc.re.kr.
Do Hoon
DH
Lee
Department of Environmental Health Research, Seoul Medical Center, 156 Sinnae-ro, Jungnang-gu, Seoul 131-795, Korea. kyoosang@daum.net.
KyooSang
K
Kim
D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000652:urine*; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011725:Pyridines / Q000652:urine*; D012147:Restaurants; D057566:Self Report; D066106:Seoul; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis*
D000393:Air Pollutants; D015415:Biomarkers; D009602:Nitrosamines; D011725:Pyridines; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; C099565:4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol; D003367:Cotinine
NNAL; PM2.5; cotinine; hospitality venue; secondhand smoke