Defective ciliogenesis in thyroid hürthle cell tumors is associated with increased autophagy.
Primary cilia are found in the apical membrane of thyrocytes, where they may play a role in the maintenance of follicular homeostasis. In this study, we examined the distribution of primary cilia in the human thyroid cancer to address the involvement of abnormal ciliogenesis in different thyroid cancers. We examined 92 human thyroid tissues, including nodular hyperplasia, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, follicular tumor, Hürthle cell tumor, and papillary carcinoma to observe the distribution of primary cilia. The distribution and length of primary cilia facing the follicular lumen were uniform across variable-sized follicles in the normal thyroid gland. However, most Hürthle cells found in benign and malignant thyroid diseases were devoid of primary cilia. Conventional variant of papillary carcinoma (PTC) displayed longer primary cilia than those of healthy tissue, whereas both the frequency and length of primary cilia were decreased in oncocytic variant of PTC. In addition, ciliogenesis was markedly defective in primary Hürthle cell tumors, including Hürthle cell adenomas and carcinomas, which showed higher level of autophagosome biogenesis. Remarkably, inhibition of autophagosome formation by Atg5 silencing or treatment with pharmacological inhibitors of autophagosome formation restored ciliogenesis in the Hürthle cell carcinoma cell line XTC.UC1 which exhibits a high basal autophagic flux. Moreover, the inhibition of autophagy promoted the accumulation of two factors critical for ciliogenesis, IFT88 and ARL13B. These results suggest that abnormal ciliogenesis, a common feature of Hürthle cells in diseased thyroid glands, is associated with increased basal autophagy.
Department of Pathology, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 34943, Republic of Korea.
Junguee
J
Lee
Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea.
Shinae
S
Yi
Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea.
Yea Eun
YE
Kang
Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea.
Joon Young
JY
Chang
Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea.
Jung Tae
JT
Kim
Department of Pathology, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 34943, Republic of Korea.
Hae Joung
HJ
Sul
Department of Pathology, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 34943, Republic of Korea.
Jong Ok
JO
Kim
Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea.
Jin Man
JM
Kim
Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
Joon
J
Kim
Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology-FABIT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy and Interdepartmental Industrial Research Center on Health Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Anna Maria
AM
Porcelli
Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea.|Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea.
Koon Soon
KS
Kim
Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea.
Minho
M
Shong
D020727:ADP-Ribosylation Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D018249:Adenoma, Oxyphilic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000071182:Autophagosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D001343:Autophagy; D000071187:Autophagy-Related Protein 5 / Q000235:genetics; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002923:Cilia; D005260:Female; D050031:Hashimoto Disease / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000072637:Thyroid Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
C502778:ATG5 protein, human; D000071187:Autophagy-Related Protein 5; C098623:IFT88 protein, human; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D020727:ADP-Ribosylation Factors; C530391:ARL13B protein, human
autophagy; defective ciliogenesis; primary cilia; thyroid hürthle cell