The effectiveness of delegation interventions by the registered nurse to the unlicensed assistive personnel and their impact on quality of care, patient satisfaction, and RN staff satisfaction: a systematic review.
BACKGROUND
Delegation by the registered nurse is a decision making process that includes assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Due to an ever-expanding global shortage of nurses, registered nurses are increasingly dependent on unlicensed assistive personnel to assist in the provision of safe patient care. Delegation is recognised as a fundamental nursing skill that can be utilised effectively to improve quality care.


OBJECTIVE
To examine and synthesize the best available evidence regarding the impact of delegation interventions used by the registered nurse with the unlicensed assistive personnel and their impact on quality of care, patient satisfaction, and registered nurse staff satisfaction.


METHODS
Registered nurses and unlicensed assistive personnel in patient care settings where delegation occurs.This review considered studies that evaluated the effectiveness of delegation interventions by registered nurses to unlicensed assistive personnel.The outcomes examined were quality of care, patient satisfaction, and/or registered nurse staff satisfaction as measured by validated and reliable tools.The review first considered randomised controlled trials; in their absence other research designs, such as non-randomised controlled trials, or other quasi-experimental studies, observational studies and descriptive studies were considered for inclusion in the systematic review.


METHODS
The search strategy aimed to find both published and unpublished studies in the English language from the inception of the included databases through December 2011. The databases searched included the Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Healthsource Nursing/Academic edition, and PsycINFO. A search of the grey literature and electronic hand searching of relevant journals was also performed.


METHODS
The studies selected for retrieval were critically evaluated by two independent reviewers for methodological quality using standardised critical appraisal instruments from the Joanna Briggs Institute.


METHODS
Data were extracted using standardised data extraction instruments from the Joanna Briggs Institute.


RESULTS
Studies were found to have significant heterogeneity between the populations and interventions of the included studies; therefore, pooled statistical meta-analysis could not be completed. The findings are presented in narrative form.


RESULTS
Two quasi-experimental studies were identified. In one study, the women counselled by the lay nurse aides received 80% of recommended messages compared to 75% received by the women counselled by the nurse-midwives (β= 4.7, 95%CI: -1.7, 11.0; Non-inferiority). Non-inferiority was demonstrated between the lay nurse aides and the nurse-midwives with respect to communication techniques. The mean performance was high, 95% and 98% among nurse-midwives and lay nurse aides respectively (β =2.4, 95%CI: -0.2, 5.0; Non-inferiority). No difference was found between the nurse-midwives and the lay nurse aides in providing antenatal counselling, education, and maternal-newborn care when proper training and supervision was given. The other study examined six hypotheses that looked at quality of care outcomes in a care model where the registered nurse delegated tasks to unlicensed assistive personal. Five of these outcomes showed no significant improvement as a result of the intervention. Patient knowledge about intravenous therapy was the only quality of care outcome that showed improvement post-intervention with scores increasing from 27% at baseline to 78% at 12 months. There was no improvement in the one hypotheses evaluating registered nurses job satisfaction.


CONCLUSIONS
There is a paucity of evidence on the effectiveness of delegation interventions and strategies by registered nurses to unlicensed assistive personnel. Delegation interventions require characteristics such as teamwork, training, support, supervision, communication, and evaluation to positively impact quality of care, patient satisfaction, and registered nurse staff satisfaction outcomes.


CONCLUSIONS
Task shifting could have a positive impact on quality of care and staff satisfaction while providing the registered nurse with an opportunity to increase efficiency.


CONCLUSIONS
The areas of feedback and evaluation in the registered nurse / unlicensed assistive personnel relationship needs further study.
1.Pace University, New York, NY. 2.Pace University, New York, NY; The New Jersey Centre for Evidence Based Nursing: A Collaborating Centre of the Joanna Briggs Institute at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey.
Una
U
Hopkins
Any Sajan
AS
Itty
Helen
H
Nazario
Miriam
M
Pinon
Jason
J
Slyer
Joanne
J
Singleton