Spatial Distribution and Site-Specific Spraying of Main Sucking Pests of Elm Trees.
Elm trees are important landscape trees and sucking insects weaken the elm trees and produce large amounts of honeydew. The main objectives of this study were to identify main honeydew-producing pests of elm trees and do site-specific spraying against these pests. To map the spatial distribution of the sucking pests in the large scale, the study area was divided into 40 × 40 m grids and one tree was chosen randomly from each grid (a total of 55 trees). These trees were sampled twice a year in 2011 and 2012. Each sample was a 30-cm branch terminal. Eight samples were taken from each tree in four cardinal directions and two canopy levels. The number of sucking insects and leaves of each sample were counted and recorded. Spatial analysis of the data was carried out using geostatistics. Kriging was used for producing prediction maps. Insecticide application was restricted to the regions with populations higher than threshold. To identify within-tree distribution of the honeydew-producing pests, six and four elm trees were chosen in 2011 and 2012 respectively, and sampled weekly. These trees were sampled as described previously. European elm scale (EES), Gossyparia spuria (Modeer) and two species of aphids were the dominant honeydew-producing pests. The results revealed that the effects of direction, canopy level and their interactions on insect populations were not statistically significant (P < 0.05). Site-specific spraying decreased the amount of insecticides used by ca. 20%, while satisfactory control of the sucking pests and honeydew excretion was obtained. Considering the environmental and economic benefits of site-specific spraying, it is worth doing more complementary works in this area.
Dept of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Univ of Tabriz, Tabriz, 51666-14888, Iran. r_karimzadeh@tabrizu.ac.ir.
R
R
Karimzadeh
Dept of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Univ of Tabriz, Tabriz, 51666-14888, Iran.
S
S
Iranipour
D063147:Animal Distribution; D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids; D007313:Insecta; D007306:Insecticides; D010571:Pest Control; D014197:Trees; D034403:Ulmus
D007306:Insecticides
GIS; Geostatistics; kriging; prediction maps; within-tree distribution