A Transcriptome Meta-Analysis Proposes Novel Biological Roles for the Antifungal Protein AnAFP in Aspergillus niger.
Understanding the genetic, molecular and evolutionary basis of cysteine-stabilized antifungal proteins (AFPs) from fungi is important for understanding whether their function is mainly defensive or associated with fungal growth and development. In the current study, a transcriptome meta-analysis of the Aspergillus niger γ-core protein AnAFP was performed to explore co-expressed genes and pathways, based on independent expression profiling microarrays covering 155 distinct cultivation conditions. This analysis uncovered that anafp displays a highly coordinated temporal and spatial transcriptional profile which is concomitant with key nutritional and developmental processes. Its expression profile coincides with early starvation response and parallels with genes involved in nutrient mobilization and autophagy. Using fluorescence- and luciferase reporter strains we demonstrated that the anafp promoter is active in highly vacuolated compartments and foraging hyphal cells during carbon starvation with CreA and FlbA, but not BrlA, as most likely regulators of anafp. A co-expression network analysis supported by luciferase-based reporter assays uncovered that anafp expression is embedded in several cellular processes including allorecognition, osmotic and oxidative stress survival, development, secondary metabolism and autophagy, and predicted StuA and VelC as additional regulators. The transcriptomic resources available for A. niger provide unparalleled resources to investigate the function of proteins. Our work illustrates how transcriptomic meta-analyses can lead to hypotheses regarding protein function and predict a role for AnAFP during slow growth, allorecognition, asexual development and nutrient recycling of A. niger and propose that it interacts with the autophagic machinery to enable these processes.
Institute of Biotechnology, Department Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany.
Norman
N
Paege
Institute of Biotechnology, Department Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany.
Sascha
S
Jung
Institute of Biotechnology, Department Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany.
Paul
P
Schäpe
Institute of Biotechnology, Department Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany.
Dirk
D
Müller-Hagen
Institute of Biotechnology, Department Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany.|Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Department Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Jean-Paul
JP
Ouedraogo
Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Department Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Caroline
C
Heiderich
Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Department Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Johanna
J
Jedamzick
Institute of Biotechnology, Department Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany.
Benjamin M
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6438-2405
BM
Nitsche
Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Department Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden, The Netherlands.|HiTexaCoat, Gouda, The Netherlands.
Cees A
CA
van den Hondel
Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Department Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden, The Netherlands.|HiTexaCoat, Gouda, The Netherlands.
Arthur F
AF
Ram
Institute of Biotechnology, Department Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany.|HiTexaCoat, Gouda, The Netherlands.
Vera
V
Meyer
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001234:Aspergillus niger / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001343:Autophagy / Q000235:genetics; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D025301:Hyphae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D064210:Secondary Metabolism / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D059467:Transcriptome
C122186:Anafp protein, Aspergillus niger; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins