Development of an algorithm to identify urgent referrals for suspected cancer from the Danish Primary Care Referral Database.
BACKGROUND
Accurate identification of specific patient populations is a crucial tool in health care. A prerequisite for exploring the actions taken by general practitioners (GPs) on symptoms of cancer is being able to identify patients urgently referred for suspected cancer. Such system is not available in Denmark; however, all referrals are electronically stored. This study aimed to develop and test an algorithm based on referral text to identify urgent cancer referrals from general practice.


METHODS
Two urgently referred reference populations were extracted from a research database and linked with the Primary Care Referral (PCR) database through the unique Danish civil registration number to identify the corresponding electronic referrals. The PCR database included GP referrals directed to private specialists and hospital departments, and these referrals were scrutinized. The most frequently used words were integrated in the first version of the algorithm, which was further refined by an iterative process involving two population samples from the PCR database. The performance was finally evaluated for two other PCR population samples against manual assessment as the gold standard for urgent cancer referral.


RESULTS
The final algorithm had a sensitivity of 0.939 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.905-0.963) and a specificity of 0.937 (95% CI: 0.925-0.963) compared to the gold standard. The positive and negative predictive values were 69.8% (95% CI: 65.0-74.3) and 99.0% (95% CI: 98.4-99.4), respectively. When applying the algorithm on referrals for a population without earlier cancer diagnoses, the positive predictive value increased to 83.6% (95% CI: 78.7-87.7) and the specificity to 97.3% (95% CI: 96.4-98.0).


CONCLUSIONS
The final algorithm identified 94% of the patients urgently referred for suspected cancer; less than 3% of the patients were incorrectly identified. It is now possible to identify patients urgently referred on cancer suspicion from general practice by applying an algorithm for populations in the PCR database.
Department of Public Health, Research Unit for General Practice; Department of Public Health, Research Centre for Cancer Diagnosis in Primary Care (CaP), Aarhus University; Department of Public Health, Section for General Medical Practice.
Berit Skjødeberg
BS
Toftegaard
Department of Public Health, Research Unit for General Practice; Department of Public Health, Research Centre for Cancer Diagnosis in Primary Care (CaP), Aarhus University; Department of Public Health, Section for General Medical Practice.
Louise Mahncke
LM
Guldbrandt
Department of Public Health, Research Unit for General Practice; Department of Public Health, Research Centre for Cancer Diagnosis in Primary Care (CaP), Aarhus University.
Kaare Rud
KR
Flarup
Department of Public Health, Research Unit for General Practice.
Hanne
H
Beyer
Department of Public Health, Research Unit for General Practice; Department of Public Health, Section for General Medical Practice.
Flemming
F
Bro
Department of Public Health, Research Unit for General Practice; Department of Public Health, Research Centre for Cancer Diagnosis in Primary Care (CaP), Aarhus University; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
Peter
P
Vedsted
Denmark; algorithm; cancer; early diagnosis; general practice; referral