Are the Current Classifications and Radiographic Measurements for Trochlear Dysplasia Appropriate in the Skeletally Immature Patient?
BACKGROUND
The assessment and classification of trochlear dysplasia in pediatric patients has yet to be well documented or validated.


OBJECTIVE
To examine several different measurements/classifications of trochlear dysplasia in skeletally immature patients to assess inter- and intraobserver reliability and to determine which best correlates with patellar instability.


METHODS
Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3.


METHODS
Radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 36 skeletally immature patients undergoing surgery for patellar instability were compared with 27 age-matched cohort patients who had similar imaging for an acute knee injury but no clinical evidence of patellar instability. Trochlear dysplasia was measured/classified using the radiographic and MRI Dejour classifications, the trochlear depth index (TDI), the lateral trochlear inclination (LTI), and the medial condyle trochlear offset (MCTO). Additionally, the tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance was calculated for all patients. Inter- and intraobserver reliability of each measurement, as well as the ability to discriminate patients with patellar instability, were evaluated.


RESULTS
Inadequate radiographs prevented the radiographic Dejour classification from being assessed in 78% of cases. The MRI Dejour classification had the lowest inter- and intraobserver reliabilities (κ = 0.687 and 0.596, respectively); all other measurements were greater than 0.80. The TDI, LTI, and MCTO all significantly differentiated patients with patellar instability compared with those with no instability, with critical cutoffs of 3 mm, 17°, and 1 mm, respectively. Patients with a TDI <3 mm or MCTO <1 mm were 33 and 38 times more likely to have patellar instability, respectively. The TT-TG was directly correlated with trochlear dysplasia severity.


CONCLUSIONS
Trochlear dysplasia is common in skeletally immature patients with patellar instability. The objective assessment of trochlear dysplasia with axial imaging MRI is reliable. The objective measurements of TDI, LTI, and MCTO are more reproducible than the more subjective Dejour classification. The TDI, LTI, and MCTO all significantly differentiated patients with patellar instability.
Rady Children's Hospital, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, San Diego, California, USA.; Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Virginia, USA.
Matthew
M
Stepanovich
Rady Children's Hospital, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, San Diego, California, USA.
James D
JD
Bomar
Rady Children's Hospital, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, San Diego, California, USA.
Andrew T
AT
Pennock
patellar instability; reliability; trochlear dysplasia; validity