Parental involvement in their school-aged children's post-operative pain management in the hospital setting: a comprehensive systematic review.
BACKGROUND
Paediatric pain management remains a challenge in clinical settings. Parents can contribute to the effective and accurate pain assessment and management of their child. No systematic reviews regarding the parental involvement in their child's post-operative pain management have been published.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the best available evidence regarding parental involvement in managing their children's post-operative pain in the hospital setting.


METHODS
The review considered studies that included parents of all ethnic groups with children aged between 6 to 12 years old who were hospitalised and undergone surgery of any kind with post-operative surgical or incision site pain where care was provided in acute hospital settings. The phenomena of interest were the experiences of parents in managing their children's post-operative pain.


METHODS
A three-step search strategy was utilised in each component of this review. Major databases searched included: MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, ScienceDirect, the Cochrane library, PubMed as well as Google Scholar. The search included published studies and papers in English from 1990 to 2009.


METHODS
Each included study was assessed by two independent reviewers using the appropriate appraisal checklists developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI).


METHODS
Quantitative and qualitative data were extracted from the included papers using standardised data extraction tools from the JBI, Meta-analysis Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument data extraction tool for descriptive/case series and the JBI-Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument data extraction tool for interpretive and critical research.


RESULTS
The five quantitative studies included in this review were not suitable for meta-analysis due to clinical and methodological heterogeneity and therefore the findings are presented in a narrative form. The two qualitative studies were from the same study, therefore meta-synthesis was not possible. Hence the results of the studies were presented in a narrative format.


RESULTS
Seven papers were included in this review. The evidence identified topics including: pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions carried out by parents; the experience of concern, fear, helplessness, anxiety, depression, frustration and lack of support felt by parents during their child's hospitalisation; communication issues and knowledge deficits; need for information by parents to promote effective participation in managing their child's post-operative pain.


CONCLUSIONS
This review revealed pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions carried out by parents to alleviate their children's post-operative pain. Obstacles and promoting factors influencing parents' experiences as well as their needs in the process of caring were identified.


CONCLUSIONS
Parents' roles in their child's surgical pain management should be clarified and their efforts acknowledged, which will encourage parents' active participation in their child's caring process. Nurses should provide guidance, education and support to parents.


CONCLUSIONS
More studies are needed to examine parents' experiences in caring for their child, investigate the effectiveness of education and guidance provided to parents by the nurses and explore the influence of parents' cultural values and nurses' perceptions of parental participation in their child's care.
1. National University of Singapore & Centre for Evidence-based Nursing, National University Hospital, Singapore: A Collaborating Centre of the Joanna Briggs Institute.
Lim Siew
LS
Hoon
He
H
Hong-Gu
Sandra
S
Mackey