Considerations for the design and execution of protocols for animal research and treatment to improve reproducibility and standardization: "DEPART well-prepared and ARRIVE safely".
To review the factors in experimental design that contribute to poor translation of pre-clinical research to therapies for patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and how this might be improved.



Narrative review of the literature, and evaluation of the different stages of design conduct and analysis of studies using animal models of OA to define specific issues that might reduce quality of evidence and how this can be minimised.



Preventing bias and improving experimental rigour and reporting are important modifiable factors to improve translation from pre-clinical animal models to successful clinical trials of therapeutic agents. Despite publication and adoption by many journals of guidelines such as Animals in Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE), experimental animal studies published in leading rheumatology journals are still deficient in their reporting. In part, this may be caused by researchers first consulting these guidelines after the completion of experiments, at the time of publication. This review discusses factors that can (1) bias the outcome of experimental studies using animal models of osteoarthritis or (2) alter the quality of evidence for translation. We propose a checklist to consult prior to starting experiments; in the Design and Execution of Protocols for Animal Research and Treatment (DEPART).



Following DEPART during the design phase will enable completion of the ARRIVE checklist at the time of publication, and thus improve the quality of evidence for inclusion of experimental animal research in meta-analyses and systematic reviews: "DEPART well-prepared and ARRIVE safely".
Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute (University of Sydney), Level 10, Kolling Building, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
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Murray Maxwell Biomechanics Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute (University of Sydney), Level 10, Kolling Building, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia.
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Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute (University of Sydney), Level 10, Kolling Building, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia. Electronic address: christopher.little@sydney.edu.au.
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D000818:Animals; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000628:therapy*; D058996:Quality Improvement; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards*
Animal research; Experimental design; Research rigour; Risk-of-bias