Weight gain by gut microbiota manipulation in productive animals.
Antibiotics, prebiotics and probiotics are widely used as growth promoters in agriculture. In the 1940s, use of Streptomyces aureofaciens probiotics resulted in weight gain in animals, which led to the discovery of chlortetracycline. Tetracyclines, macrolides, avoparcin and penicillins have been commonly used in livestock agriculture to promote growth through increased food intake, weight gain, and improved herd health. Prebiotic supplements including oligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides, and galactosyl-lactose improve the growth performance of animals. Probiotics used in animal feed are mainly bacterial strains of Gram-positive bacteria and have been effectively used for weight gain in chickens, pigs, ruminants and in aquaculture. Antibiotics, prebiotics and probiotics all modify the gut microbiota and the effect of a probiotic species on the digestive flora is probably determined by bacteriocin production. Regulations governing the introduction of novel probiotics and prebiotics vary by geographical region and bias is very common in industry-funded studies. Probiotic and prebiotic foods have been consumed for centuries, either as natural components of food, or as fermented foods and it is possible to cause the same weight gain effects in humans as in animals. This review presents the use of growth promoters in food-producing animals to influence food intake and weight gain.
Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes: URMITE CNRS-IRD 198 UMR 6236, Aix Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, France.
Emmanouil
E
Angelakis
D000821:Animal Feed / Q000382:microbiology; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017756:Aquaculture; D002645:Chickens / Q000254:growth & development; D004435:Eating; D005285:Fermentation; D005516:Food Microbiology; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D006020:Glycopeptides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria; D006133:Growth Substances; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007778:Lactobacillus; D018942:Macrolides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009765:Obesity; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D010406:Penicillins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011200:Poultry / Q000254:growth & development; D056692:Prebiotics; D019936:Probiotics / Q000266:history / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012418:Ruminants / Q000254:growth & development; D013304:Streptomyces aureofaciens; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development; D013754:Tetracyclines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015430:Weight Gain
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D006020:Glycopeptides; D006133:Growth Substances; D018942:Macrolides; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D010406:Penicillins; D056692:Prebiotics; D013754:Tetracyclines; C116580:fructooligosaccharide; C016249:avoparcin
Antibiotics; Growth promoters; Gut microbiota; Obesity; Prebiotics; Probiotics