Warm-up for Sprint Swimming: Race-Pace or Aerobic Stimulation? A Randomized Study.
Neiva, HP, Marques, MC, Barbosa, TM, Izquierdo, M, Viana, JL, Teixeira, AM, and Marinho, DA. Warm-up for sprint swimming: race-pace or aerobic stimulation? A randomized study. J Strength Cond Res 31(9): 2423-2431, 2017-The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 2 different warm-up intensities on 100-m swimming performance in a randomized controlled trial. Thirteen competitive swimmers performed two 100-m freestyle time-trials on separate days after either control or experimental warm-up in a randomized design. The control warm-up included a typical race-pace set (4 × 25 m), whereas the experimental warm-up included an aerobic set (8 × 50 m at 98-102% of critical velocity). Cortisol, testosterone, blood lactate ([La]), oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2), heart rate, core (Tcore and Tcorenet) and tympanic temperatures, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored. Stroke length (SL), stroke frequency (SF), stroke index (SI), and propelling efficiency (ηp) were assessed for each 50-m lap. We found that V[Combining Dot Above]O2, heart rate, and Tcorenet were higher after experimental warm-up (d > 0.73), but only the positive effect for Tcorenet was maintained until the trial. Performance was not different between conditions (d = 0.07). Experimental warm-up was found to slow SF (mean change ±90% CL = 2.06 ± 1.48%) and increase SL (1.65 ± 1.40%) and ηp (1.87 ± 1.33%) in the first lap. After the time-trials, this warm-up had a positive effect on Tcorenet (d = 0.69) and a negative effect on [La] (d = 0.56). Although the warm-ups had similar outcomes in the 100-m freestyle, performance was achieved through different biomechanical strategies. Stroke length and efficiency were higher in the first lap after the experimental warm-up, whereas SF was higher after control warm-up. Physiological adaptations were observed mainly through an increased Tcore after experimental warm-up. In this condition, the lower [La] after the trial suggests lower dependency on anaerobic metabolism.
1Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; 2Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, Covilhã, Portugal; 3National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; 4Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Navarre, Spain; 5University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal; and 6Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal.
Henrique P
HP
Neiva
Mário C
MC
Marques
Tiago M
TM
Barbosa
Mikel
M
Izquierdo
João L
JL
Viana
Ana M
AM
Teixeira
Daniel A
DA
Marinho
D000293:Adolescent; D056352:Athletes; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D001831:Body Temperature; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D063996:Warm-Up Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
D019344:Lactic Acid; D013739:Testosterone; D006854:Hydrocortisone