Valproic Acid Promotes Human Glioma U87 Cells Apoptosis and Inhibits Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Through ERK/Akt Signaling.
BACKGROUND
Valproic acid (VPA), an established antiepileptic drug, was assessed for antitumor activity, including its effects on glioblastoma, but its role has not been determined.


METHODS
In the present study, we investigated VPA-induced apoptosis effects on human U87 cells by cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, TUNEL/Hoechst staining and flow cytometric in vitro, then we further explored the underlying molecular mechanisms using the selective antagonists PD98059, LY294002 and SB216763.


RESULTS
The data showed that VPA dose-dependent induction of glioma U87 cells to undergo apoptosis through the mitochondria-dependent pathway in vitro. VPA activated the ERK/Akt pathways by increasing their protein phosphorylation and in turn inhibited GKS3β activation by the induction of GKS3β phosphorylation. However, the MAPK inhibitor PD98059 and/or PI3K inhibitor LY294002 were able to antagonize the effects of VPA by abolishing ERK/Akt activations and cancelling GSK3β suppression, thus it impaired VPA apoptosis-inducing effects on glioma cells. Furthermore, the GSK3β inhibitor SB216763 caused a strong suppression of GSK3β activity, which showed similar effects of VPA on regulation of protein expression and apoptosis.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that GSK3β may be the central hub for VPA-induced apoptosis and VPA can be further evaluated as a novel agent for glioma therapy.
Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Chi
C
Zhang
Songlin
S
Liu
Xianrui
X
Yuan
Zhongliang
Z
Hu
Haoyu
H
Li
Ming
M
Wu
Jian
J
Yuan
Zijin
Z
Zhao
Jun
J
Su
Xiangyu
X
Wang
Yiwei
Y
Liao
Qing
Q
Liu
D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005910:Glioma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D014635:Valproic Acid; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases