Garcinia kola aqueous suspension prevents cerebellar neurodegeneration in long-term diabetic rat - a type 1 diabetes mellitus model.
BACKGROUND
The development of compounds able to improve metabolic syndrome and mitigate complications caused by inappropriate glycemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus is challenging. The medicinal plant with established hypoglycemic properties Garcinia kola Heckel might have the potential to mitigate diabetes mellitus metabolic syndrome and complications.


OBJECTIVE
We have investigated the neuroprotective properties of a suspension of G. kola seeds in long-term type 1 diabetes mellitus rat model.


METHODS
Wistar rats, made diabetic by single injection of streptozotocin were monitored for 8 months. Then, they were administered with distilled water or G. kola oral aqueous suspension daily for 30 days. Body weight and glycemia were determined before and after treatment. After sacrifice, cerebella were dissected out and processed for stereological quantification of Purkinje cells. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses of markers of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration were performed.


RESULTS
Purkinje cell counts were significantly increased, and histopathological signs of apoptosis and neuroinflammation decreased, in diabetic animals treated with G. kola compared to diabetic rats given distilled water. Glycemia was also markedly improved and body weight restored to non-diabetic control values, following G. kola treatment.


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that G. kola treatment improved the general condition of long-term diabetic rats and protected Purkinje cells partly by improving the systemic glycemia and mitigating neuroinflammation.
Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: mohammed.farahna@gmail.com.
Mohammed
M
Farahna
Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
Paul F
PF
Seke Etet
Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan.
Sayed Y
SY
Osman
Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey.
Kıymet K
KK
Yurt
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, UAE.
Naheed
N
Amir
Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
Lorella
L
Vecchio
Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey.
Isınsu
I
Aydin
Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
Yousef H
YH
Aldebasi
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, UAE.
Azimullah
A
Sheikh
Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 51452 Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
John C
JC
Chijuka
Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey.
Süleyman
S
Kaplan
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, UAE. Electronic address: abdu.adem@uaeu.ac.ae.
Abdu
A
Adem
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002526:Cerebellar Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D029763:Garcinia kola / Q000737:chemistry*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009410:Nerve Degeneration; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000187:drug effects; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011689:Purkinje Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013311:Streptozocin; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000378:metabolism
D001786:Blood Glucose; C491898:Fas protein, rat; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D028321:Plant Preparations; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019014:fas Receptor; D013311:Streptozocin
Ataxia; D-Glucose (PubChem CID: 5793); Garcinia kola; Medicinal plant; Neuroprotection; Purkinje cell; Streptozotocin (PubChem CID: 29327); Type 1 diabetes mellitus