2016 Update of the Italian Pediatric Society Guidelines for Management of Fever in Children.
To review new scientific evidence to update the Italian guidelines for managing fever in children as drafted by the panel of the Italian Pediatric Society.



Relevant publications in English and Italian were identified through search of MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from May 2012 to November 2015.



Previous recommendations are substantially reaffirmed. Antipyretics should be administered with the purpose to control the child's discomfort. Antipyretics should be administered orally; rectal administration is discouraged except in the setting of vomiting. Combined use of paracetamol and ibuprofen is discouraged, considering risk and benefit. Antipyretics are not recommended preemptively to reduce the incidence of fever and local reactions in children undergoing vaccination, or in attempt to prevent febrile convulsions in children. Ibuprofen and paracetamol are not contraindicated in children who are febrile with asthma, with the exception of known cases of paracetamol- or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced asthma.



Recent medical literature leads to reaffirmation of previous recommendations for use of antipyretics in children who are febrile.
Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy. Electronic address: elena.chiappini@unifi.it.
Elena
E
Chiappini
Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
Elisabetta
E
Venturini
Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
Giulia
G
Remaschi
Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
Nicola
N
Principi
Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
Riccardo
R
Longhi
Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
Pier-Angelo
PA
Tovo
Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
Paolo
P
Becherucci
Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
Francesca
F
Bonsignori
Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
Susanna
S
Esposito
Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
Filippo
F
Festini
Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
Luisa
L
Galli
Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
Bice
B
Lucchesi
Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
Alessandro
A
Mugelli
Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
Gian Luigi
GL
Marseglia
Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
Maurizio
M
de Martino
Department of Science Health, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
D058633:Antipyretics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D005334:Fever / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans
D058633:Antipyretics
antipyretic; children; fever; thermometer