Chemical and Genetic Diversity of Nodularia spumigena from the Baltic Sea.
Nodularia spumigenais a toxic, filamentous cyanobacterium occurring in brackish waters worldwide, yet forms extensive recurrent blooms in the Baltic Sea.N. spumigenaproduces several classes of non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs) that are active against several key metabolic enzymes. Previously, strains from geographically distant regions showed distinct NRP metabolic profiles. In this work, conspecific diversity inN. spumigenawas studied using chemical and genetic approaches. NRP profiles were determined in 25N. spumigenastrains isolated in different years and from different locations in the Baltic Sea using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Genetic diversity was assessed by targeting the phycocyanin intergenic spacer and flanking regions (cpcBA-IGS). Overall, 14 spumigins, 5 aeruginosins, 2 pseudaeruginosins, 2 nodularins, 36 anabaenopeptins, and one new cyanopeptolin-like peptide were identified among the strains. Seven anabaenopeptins were new structures; one cyanopeptolin-like peptide was discovered inN. spumigenafor the first time. Based on NRP profiles andcpcBA-IGS sequences, the strains were grouped into two main clusters without apparent influence of year and location, indicating persistent presence of these two subpopulations in the Baltic Sea. This study is a major step in using chemical profiling to explore conspecific diversity with a higher resolution than with a sole genetic approach.
Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Marszałka J. Piłusudskiego 46, 81378 Gdynia, Poland. biohm@ug.edu.pl.
Hanna
H
Mazur-Marzec
Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Center of Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden. mireia.bertos.fortis@lnu.se.
Mireia
M
Bertos-Fortis
Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Marszałka J. Piłusudskiego 46, 81378 Gdynia, Poland. anna.torunska@ug.edu.pl.
Anna
A
Toruńska-Sitarz
Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Marszałka J. Piłusudskiego 46, 81378 Gdynia, Poland. anna.fidor77@gmail.com.
Anna
A
Fidor
Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Center of Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, 39182 Kalmar, Sweden. catherine.legrand@lnu.se.
Catherine
C
Legrand
D001454:Baltic States; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D046932:Nodularia / Q000235:genetics*; D010455:Peptides / Q000235:genetics; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods
D010455:Peptides
Baltic Sea; Nodularia spumigena; PC-IGS; chemotaxonomy; cyanobacteria; non-ribosomal peptides