In vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of composite mixtures of natural rubber and leather residues used for textile applications.
A novel composite material has been developed from natural rubber and leather waste, and a corresponding patent has been filed. This new material may be incorporated into textile and footwear products. However, as leather waste contains chromium, the biocompatibility of this new material and its safety for use in humans must be investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of chromium in this new material, determine the amount of each form of chromium present (trivalent or hexavalent), and evaluate the potential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the novel composite in two cell lines. The cellular viability was quantified using the MTT3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction method and neutral red uptake assay, and genotoxic damage was analyzed using the comet assay. Our findings indicated that the extracts obtained from the composite were severely cytotoxic to both cell lines tested, and additionally highly genotoxic to MRC-5 cells. These biological responses do not appear to be attributable to the presence of chromium, as the trivalent form was predominantly found to be present in the extracts, indicating that hexavalent chromium is not formed during the production of the novel composite. The incorporation of this new material in applications that do not involve direct contact with the human skin is thus indicated, and it is suggested that the chain of production of this material be studied in order to improve its biocompatibility so that it may safely be used in the textile and footwear industries.
Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
Dalita Gsm
DG
Cavalcante
Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
Andressa S
AS
Gomes
Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
Elton Ap
EA
Dos Reis
Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
Caroline S
CS
Danna
Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
Leandra E
LE
Kerche-Silva
Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
Eidi
E
Yoshihara
Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, UNESP, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
Aldo E
AE
Job
D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis*; D003020:Clothing; D020552:Comet Assay; D003412:Cricetulus; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D012408:Rubber / Q000633:toxicity*; D013784:Textiles / Q000633:toxicity*
D007220:Industrial Waste; D002857:Chromium; C074702:chromium hexavalent ion; D012408:Rubber
Chromium; biocompatibility; cell line; leather; natural rubber