Biodegradation of micropollutant naproxen with a selected fungal strain and identification of metabolites.
Pharmaceuticals are widely used for treating human and animal diseases. Naproxen [(S) 6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthalene acetic acid] and its sodium salt are members of the α-arylpropionic acid group of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Due to excessive usage of naproxen, this drug has been determined even in drinking water. In this study, four fungal strains Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Funalia trogii, Aspergillus niger, and Yarrowia lipolytica were investigated in terms of naproxen removal abilities. According to LC/MS data, A. niger was found the most efficient strain with 98% removal rate. Two main by-products of fungal transformation, O-desmethylnaproxen and 7-hydroxynaproxen, were identified by using LC/MS, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR. Our results showed that O-demethylation and hydroxylation of naproxen is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzyme system.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey, Phone: +903122978024.
Y Doruk
YD
Aracagök
Central Instrumental Analysis II Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100 Tandoğan, Ankara, Turkey.
Hakan
H
Göker
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.
Nilüfer
N
Cihangir
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D001234:Aspergillus niger / Q000201:enzymology*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001711:Biotransformation; D066241:Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006900:Hydroxylation; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009288:Naproxen / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism*; D020075:Phanerochaete / Q000201:enzymology; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*; D025062:Yarrowia / Q000201:enzymology
D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D009288:Naproxen; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C034451:desmethylnaproxen
7-hydroxynaproxen; Aspergillus niger; O-desmethylnaproxen; biodegradation; fungal cytochrome P450; naproxen