Trityl radicals in perfluorocarbon emulsions as stable, sensitive, and biocompatible oximetry probes.
EPR oximetry with the use of trityl radicals can enable sensitive O2measurement in biological cells and tissues. However, in vitro cellular and in vivo biological applications are limited by rapid trityl probe degradation or biological clearance and the need to enhance probe O2sensitivity. We synthesized novel perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsions, ∼200nm droplet size, containing esterified perchlorinated triphenyl methyl (PTM) radicals dispersed in physiological aqueous buffers. These formulations exhibit excellent EPR signal stability, over 20-fold greater than free PTM probes, with high oxygen sensitivity ∼17mG/mmHg enabling pO2measurement in aqueous solutions or cell suspensions with sensitivity >0.5mmHg. Thus, PFC-PTM probes hold great promise to enable combined O2delivery and sensing as needed to restore or enhance tissue oxygenation in disease.
Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Ilirian
I
Dhimitruka
Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Yasmin Alsayed
YA
Alzarie
Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Craig
C
Hemann
Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Alexandre
A
Samouilov
Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Jay L
JL
Zweier
D002460:Cell Line; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry*; D004951:Esterification; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D010092:Oximetry / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis*
D004655:Emulsions; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D010100:Oxygen
Cellular respiration; EPR oximetry; Oxygen sensitivity; Perchlorotriphenyl methyl radicals; Perfluorocarbon emulsions