Dietary phosphorus burden increases cariogenesis independent of vitamin D uptake.
An association between excessive sugar consumption and dental decay, particularly in children, has been well-established. In this study we have analyzed whether consumption of phosphorus, an important ingredient of sugary drinks, has any association with the evolvement of dental decay. Food consumption, gingival redness and dental decay were evaluated in a total of 8,317 children with the mean age of 9.99+0.68 years with a strong gender bias (p<0.0005); boys being more affected than girls. Our results showed a significant association (p=0.044) between dental decay and calorie-adjusted sugar intake. Presence of gingival inflammation also correlated (p=0.008) with the formation of dental decay. In addition, decayed teeth were positively associated with increased salivary levels of adiponectin (p=0.0002) and matrix degrading MMP-9 (p=0.015), while negatively associated with salivary levels of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; p=0.008). More importantly, we found a statistically significant correlation (p=0.0008) between calorie-adjusted dietary phosphorus intake and occurrence of dental decay. Our analyzed results also showed a significantly high percentage of dental decay in children who consumed a diet, low in sugar but high in phosphorus (6.58%, n=661), compared to those who consumed a low sugar and low phosphorus containing diet (5.02%, n=413). Finally, we did not find any significant association between vitamin D uptake and the genesis of dental decay. From these results, we concluded that both high sugar and high phosphate consumption can influence evolvement of dental decay, and that, a healthier diet could be achieved by reducing consumption of dental cariogenic dietary factors, sugar and phosphate.
Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
J Max
JM
Goodson
Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Ping
P
Shi
Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, University of Rwanda College of Medicine & Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Kigali, Rwanda.
Chrispinus H
CH
Mumena
Division of Research & Development, VPS Healthcare, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
Afrozul
A
Haq
Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, University of Rwanda College of Medicine & Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Kigali, Rwanda; Department of Oral Health Policy & Epidemiology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: mrazzaque@forsyth.org.
Mohammed S
MS
Razzaque
D052242:Adiponectin / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D007730:Kuwait; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary / Q000378:metabolism*; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D013334:Students; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism*; D014815:Vitamins
D052242:Adiponectin; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D; C579270:MMP9 protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
Dental decay; Diet; Inflammation; Phosphate; Sugar