Initial Characterization of the Pig Skin Bacteriome and Its Effect on In Vitro Models of Wound Healing.
Elucidating the roles and composition of the human skin microbiome has revealed a delicate interplay between resident microbes and wound healing. Evolutionarily speaking, normal cutaneous flora likely has been selected for because it potentiates or, at minimum, does not impede wound healing. While pigs are the gold standard model for wound healing studies, the porcine skin microbiome has not been studied in detail. Herein, we performed 16S rDNA sequencing to characterize the pig skin bacteriome at several anatomical locations. Additionally, we used bacterial conditioned-media with in vitro techniques to examine the paracrine effects of bacterial-derived proteins on human keratinocytes (NHEK) and fibroblasts (NHDF). We found that at the phyla level, the pig skin bacteriome is similar to that of humans and largely consists of Firmicutes (55.6%), Bacteroidetes (20.8%), Actinobacteria (13.3%), and Proteobacteria (5.1%) however species-level differences between anatomical locations exist. Studies of bacterial supernatant revealed location-dependent effects on NHDF migration and NHEK apoptosis and growth factor release. These results expand the limited knowledge of the cutaneous bacteriome of healthy swine, and suggest that naturally occurring bacterial flora affects wound healing differentially depending on anatomical location. Ultimately, the pig might be considered the best surrogate for not only wound healing studies but also the cutaneous microbiome. This would not only facilitate investigations into the microbiome's role in recovery from injury, but also provide microbial targets for enhancing or accelerating wound healing.
Damage Control Resuscitation, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States of America.
Matthew K
MK
McIntyre
Dental Trauma Research Detachment, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States of America.
Trent J
TJ
Peacock
Extremity Trauma and Regenerative Medicine, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States of America.
Kevin S
KS
Akers
Damage Control Resuscitation, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas, United States of America.
David M
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1256-0158
DM
Burmeister
D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000382:microbiology; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000382:microbiology; D064307:Microbiota / Q000502:physiology*; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology*; D013552:Swine / Q000382:microbiology*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*