Cancer nanomedicine: progress, challenges and opportunities.
The intrinsic limits of conventional cancer therapies prompted the development and application of various nanotechnologies for more effective and safer cancer treatment, herein referred to as cancer nanomedicine. Considerable technological success has been achieved in this field, but the main obstacles to nanomedicine becoming a new paradigm in cancer therapy stem from the complexities and heterogeneity of tumour biology, an incomplete understanding of nano-bio interactions and the challenges regarding chemistry, manufacturing and controls required for clinical translation and commercialization. This Review highlights the progress, challenges and opportunities in cancer nanomedicine and discusses novel engineering approaches that capitalize on our growing understanding of tumour biology and nano-bio interactions to develop more effective nanotherapeutics for cancer patients.
Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
Jinjun
J
Shi
Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.
Philip W
PW
Kantoff
Tarveda Therapeutics, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, USA.
Richard
R
Wooster
Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.|King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
Omid C
OC
Farokhzad
D006801:Humans; D050997:Nanomedicine; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*