Feasibility and Accuracy of Cardiac Right-to-Left-Shunt Detection in Children by New Transpulmonary Ultrasound Dilution Method.
Transpulmonary ultrasound dilution (TPUD) method, a novel indicator dilution (ID) technique for cardiac output measurement, detects and quantifies shunts, both in children and adults. However, its accuracy and reproducibility in cardiac right-to-left-shunt (RLS) detection have not been investigated. In a prospective observational study, we assessed the validity of TPUD algorithm for RLS detection in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) and proven RLS in comparison with controls without shunts between February 2010 and October 2011. As TPUD algorithm was unknown, we tested ID curve morphology, appearance time (AT) and central blood volume index (CBVI) as diagnostic criteria. TPUD identified RLS correctly in all 16 RLS subjects [median age (range): 18 months (1 month-15 years 6 months)] and excluded RLS in all 26 controls [74 months (8 months to 17 years 4 months)]. AT was significantly shorter in RLS (P < 0.05). Applying only AT (93.8 % sensitivity, 92.3 % specificity), RLS can be detected by shortening of ≥1.69 s of normally expected AT. RLS ID curves were subdivided into four morphological categories: (I) hump-on-upslope (n = 5); (II) double-hump (n = 3); (III) pseudonormal (n = 3); (IV) abnormal width (n = 5). No correlation was found between specific type of CHD and RLS categories. CBVI measurements were significantly smaller in RLS categories I-III than in controls (P < 0.05). TPUD appears to be a valid method for cardiac RLS detection. Shortened AT and low CBVI are reliable parameters for RLS identification. RLS categories have specific implications for cardiac output, blood volume and RLS fraction measurements. TPUD is valuable to monitor shunt direction and magnitude to optimise haemodynamic and respiratory therapy.
Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. boehne.martin@mh-hannover.de.
Martin
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7659-5715
M
Boehne
Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
Mathias
M
Baustert
Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
Verena
V
Paetzel
Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
Dietmar
D
Boethig
Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
Harald
H
Köditz
Clinic for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
Nils
N
Dennhardt
Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
Philipp
P
Beerbaum
Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
Harald
H
Bertram
D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007201:Indicator Dilution Techniques; D007223:Infant; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
Appearance time; Cardiac output; Right-to-left-shunt; Ultrasound dilution