Prevalence of malaria, typhoid, toxoplasmosis and rubella among febrile children in Cameroon.
The current roll-out of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) in many endemic countries has resulted in the reporting of fewer cases of malaria-attributed illnesses. However, lack of knowledge of the prevalence of other febrile illnesses and affordable diagnostic tests means that febrile patients are not managed optimally. This study assessed the prevalence of commonly treatable or preventable febrile illnesses in children between 6 months and 15 years using rapid diagnostic tests at the point-of-care.



Febrile children were enrolled between February-April 2014 at a health facility after obtaining informed consent from parent. Eligible participants were aged 6 months-15 years with a history of fever in the last 24 h or axillary temperature ≥38 °C at consultation. All participants were tested using RDTs for malaria, typhoid, toxoplasmosis and rubella. Malaria parasites were further identified by microscopy and PCR. Clinical and household characteristics were recorded and association with pathogens determined.



Of the 315 children enrolled, the mean age was 5.8 ± 3.8 years. Stomach pain (41.2 %) was the most reported symptom. Prior to attending the health facility, 70.8 % had taken antipyretics, 27.9 % antimalarials, 11.4 % antibiotics and 13.3 % antifungal drugs. Among 315 children with fever, based on RDTs, 56.8 % were infected with malaria, 4.4 % with typhoid, 3.2 % with acute toxoplasmosis, and 1.3 % with rubella (all positive for rubella were in the same family and not vaccinated). All non-malarial infections were co-infections and approximately 30 % of the fever cases went un-diagnosed. Malaria prevalence by microscopy and PCR was 43.4 and 70.2 % respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of RDTs for the diagnosis of malaria were 75.98 and 100 % respectively, with 0.73 measurement agreement between RDTs and microscopy while that of RDT and PCR were 81 and 100 % respectively with a K value of 0.72. The use of Insecticide Treated Bednets was 44 %. There was a significant association between ITN non-usage and malaria (p = 0. 029) as well as drinking water and presence of typhoid (p = 0.047). No association was observed between type of housing and malaria, or toxoplasmosis and raising cats.



Though malaria still remains the major cause of fever in children, using RDTs for other treatable febrile illnesses like typhoid and toxoplasmosis could facilitate the optimal management of febrile illnesses in children especially when these occur as co-infections with malaria.
The Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon. olivia.achonduh@gmail.com.|North Pacific Global Health Program, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA. olivia.achonduh@gmail.com.
Olivia A
OA
Achonduh-Atijegbe
Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA.
Kenji O
KO
Mfuh
The Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Aristid H E
AH
Mbange
The Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Jean P
JP
Chedjou
North Pacific Global Health Program, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA.|Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA.
Diane W
DW
Taylor
North Pacific Global Health Program, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA.|Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA.
Vivek R
VR
Nerurkar
The Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Wilfred F
WF
Mbacham
The Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.|North Pacific Global Health Program, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, USA.
Rose
R
Leke
D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002163:Cameroon / Q000453:epidemiology; D002415:Cats; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D060085:Coinfection / Q000188:drug therapy; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology; D006268:Health Facilities; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012409:Rubella / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014123:Toxoplasmosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014435:Typhoid Fever / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*
D000962:Antimalarials
Children; Fevers; Malaria; RDTs; Rubella; Toxoplasmosis; Typhoid