The effect of malaria and anti-malarial drugs on skeletal and cardiac muscles.
Malaria remains one of the most important infectious diseases in the world, being a significant public health problem associated with poverty and it is one of the main obstacles to the economy of an endemic country. Among the several complications, the effects of malaria seem to target the skeletal muscle system, leading to symptoms, such as muscle aches, muscle contractures, muscle fatigue, muscle pain, and muscle weakness. Malaria cause also parasitic coronary artery occlusion. This article reviews the current knowledge regarding the effect of malaria disease and the anti-malarial drugs on skeletal and cardiac muscles. Research articles and case report publications that addressed aspects that are important for understanding the involvement of malaria parasites and anti-malarial therapies affecting skeletal and cardiac muscles were analysed and their findings summarized. Sequestration of red blood cells, increased levels of serum creatine kinase and reduced muscle content of essential contractile proteins are some of the potential biomarkers of the damage levels of skeletal and cardiac muscles. These biomarkers might be useful for prevention of complications and determining the effectiveness of interventions designed to protect cardiac and skeletal muscles from malaria-induced damage.
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo, SP, 01246-904, Brazil. mmarelli@usp.br.|Bone-Muscle Collaborative Science, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, University of Texas-Arlington, 501 S. Nedderman Drive, Life Science Building, Suite 436/437, Arlington, TX, 76019-0498, USA. mmarelli@usp.br.
Mauro Toledo
MT
Marrelli
Bone-Muscle Collaborative Science, College of Nursing & Health Innovation, University of Texas-Arlington, 501 S. Nedderman Drive, Life Science Building, Suite 436/437, Arlington, TX, 76019-0498, USA.
Marco
M
Brotto
D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*
D000962:Antimalarials
Anti-malaria drugs; Cardiac muscle; Fatigue; Malaria; Skeletal muscles