Proteomic analysis of human saliva: An approach to find the marker protein for ovulation.
Human saliva contains numerous molecules that play a variety of roles. Among them there are proteins which serve as biomarkers of various physiological and/or pathological conditions. Compared to other body fluids, saliva is the most convenient material for investigations, and especially for monitoring the disease conditions. Presently, there is an increasing need to develop a noninvasive method to identify the time of ovulation in humans to ensure successful fertilization, and for evolving strategies for family planning. The present investigation has been an attempt to identify one or more proteins in the human saliva that would be an indicator(s) of ovulation. SDS-PAGE of salivary proteins showed seven prominent bands during the different phases of the menstrual cycle. Particularly, the 14.5kDa band was highly expressed during the ovulatory phase. Eleven proteins were identified in this band of which ten were highly specific to the ovulatory phase. Among those proteins the intense expression of Cystatin-S was validated using immunoblot analysis (p<0.05). The functional annotation of salivary proteins revealed a high percentage of proteins that engage in binding and regulatory activities. The present results indicate that salivary proteins, particularly those present during the ovulatory phase, might be used as biomarkers for impending ovulation.
Center for Pheromone Technology, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India.
Ganesan
G
Saibaba
Center for Pheromone Technology, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India; Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology, Quartier Salignan, 84 400 Apt, France.
Durairaj
D
Rajesh
Center for Pheromone Technology, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India; Centre for Animal Research, Training and Services (CAReTS), Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute (MGMC-RI) Campus, Puducherry, 607403, India.
Subramanian
S
Muthukumar
Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
Ganesan
G
Sathiyanarayanan
Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 636921, Singapore. Electronic address: ppadmanabhan@ntu.edu.sg.
Parasuraman
P
Padmanabhan
National Centre for Alternatives to Animal Experiments, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Mohammad Abdulkader
MA
Akbarsha
Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 636921, Singapore.
Balázs
B
Gulyás
Center for Pheromone Technology, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India; National Centre for Alternatives to Animal Experiments, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India. Electronic address: archunan@bdu.ac.in.
Govindaraju
G
Archunan
D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010060:Ovulation / Q000378:metabolism*; D040901:Proteomics; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
D015415:Biomarkers; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides; D004958:Estradiol
Biomarker; Cystatin-S; Functional annotation; Protein; SDS-PAGE