High-density array-CGH with targeted NGS unmask multiple noncontiguous minute deletions on chromosome 3p21 in mesothelioma.
We used a custom-made comparative genomic hybridization array (aCGH; average probe interval 254 bp) to screen 33 malignant mesothelioma (MM) biopsies for somatic copy number loss throughout the 3p21 region (10.7 Mb) that harbors 251 genes, including BRCA1 (breast cancer 1)-associated protein 1 (BAP1), the most commonly mutated gene in MM. We identified frequent minute biallelic deletions (<3 kb) in 46 of 251 genes: four were cancer-associated genes: SETD2 (SET domain-containing protein 2) (7 of 33), BAP1 (8 of 33), PBRM1 (polybromo 1) (3 of 33), and SMARCC1 (switch/sucrose nonfermentable- SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily c, member 1) (2 of 33). These four genes were further investigated by targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS), which revealed sequence-level mutations causing biallelic inactivation. Combined high-density aCGH and tNGS revealed biallelic gene inactivation in SETD2 (9 of 33, 27%), BAP1 (16 of 33, 48%), PBRM1 (5 of 33, 15%), and SMARCC1 (2 of 33, 6%). The incidence of genetic alterations detected is much higher than reported in the literature because minute deletions are not detected by NGS or commercial aCGH. Many of these minute deletions were not contiguous, but rather alternated with segments showing oscillating copy number changes along the 3p21 region. In summary, we found that in MM: (i) multiple minute simultaneous biallelic deletions are frequent in chromosome 3p21, where they occur as distinct events involving multiple genes; (ii) in addition to BAP1, mutations of SETD2, PBRM1, and SMARCC1 are frequent in MM; and (iii) our results suggest that high-density aCGH combined with tNGS provides a more precise estimate of the frequency and types of genes inactivated in human cancer than approaches based exclusively on NGS strategy.
Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo J663-8501, Japan.
Yoshie
Y
Yoshikawa
Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo J663-8501, Japan.|Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813.
Mitsuru
M
Emi
Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo J663-8501, Japan; tomokots@hyo-med.ac.jp mcarbone@cc.hawaii.edu.
Tomoko
T
Hashimoto-Tamaoki
Department of Genetics, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo J663-8501, Japan.
Masaki
M
Ohmuraya
Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo J663-8501, Japan.
Ayuko
A
Sato
Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo J663-8501, Japan.
Tohru
T
Tsujimura
Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo J663-8501, Japan.
Seiki
S
Hasegawa
Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo J663-8501, Japan.
Takashi
T
Nakano
Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813.
Masaki
M
Nasu
Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813.
Sandra
S
Pastorino
Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813.
Agata
A
Szymiczek
Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813.
Angela
A
Bononi
Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813.
Mika
M
Tanji
Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813.
Ian
I
Pagano
Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813.
Giovanni
G
Gaudino
Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813.
Andrea
A
Napolitano
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016.
Chandra
C
Goparaju
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016.
Harvey I
HI
Pass
Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813.
Haining
H
Yang
Thoracic Oncology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813; tomokots@hyo-med.ac.jp mcarbone@cc.hawaii.edu.
Michele
M
Carbone
D000483:Alleles; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002872:Chromosome Deletion; D002893:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3 / Q000235:genetics*; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D056915:DNA Copy Number Variations / Q000235:genetics; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020868:Gene Silencing; D015894:Genome, Human; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D008654:Mesothelioma / Q000235:genetics*; D000086002:Mesothelioma, Malignant; D005810:Multigene Family; D009154:Mutation; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
D012333:RNA, Messenger
BAP1; PBRM1; SETD2; SMARCC1; mesothelioma