Trends in Injury Outcomes Across Canadian Trauma Systems.
In response to the burden of injury, the structure of injury care has changed considerably across Canada in the past decade. However, little is known about how patient outcomes have evolved.



To evaluate trends in mortality, hospital length of stay, and unplanned readmission in Canadian trauma systems between 2006 and 2012.



A pan-Canadian retrospective cohort study was conducted among adults admitted for major injury to a Canadian level I or II trauma center between April 1, 2006, and March 31, 2012. Data analysis was conducted from April 15 to December 3, 2015.



Trauma centers and systems.



Multilevel generalized linear models were used to evaluate trends in the risk-adjusted incidence of mortality and readmission and risk-adjusted mean length of stay. Trend analyses were conducted globally and by province.



Among 78 807 patients (mean [SD] age, 50.7 [22.0] years; 22 540 women and 56 267 men) admitted for major injury during the study period, risk-adjusted mortality decreased from 12.1% (95% CI, 9%-16.1%) to 9.9% (95% CI, 7.4%-13.3%; P < .001) and mean length of hospital stay decreased from 11.6 (95% CI, 9.9-13.6) to 10.6 (95% CI, 9.1-12.5) days (P < .001). Statistically significant reductions in mortality were observed for Ontario (12% [95% CI, 10.7%-13.6%] to 8% [95% CI, 6.9%-9.2%]; P < .001), Alberta (12% [95% CI, 10%-14.3%] to 9.1% [95% CI, 7.7%-10.8%]; P = .02), and Manitoba (13% [95% CI, 9.1%-18.4%] to 11.1% [95% CI, 8.3%-14.7%]; P = .04). Risk-adjusted hospital stay decreased significantly in Québec (11.6 [95% CI, 11.1-12] to 9.1 [95% CI, 8.9-9.5] days; P < .001), British Columbia (12.5 [95% CI, 12-13.1] to 11.4 [10.9-11.9] days; P < .001), and Ontario (10.1 [95% CI, 9.8-10.4] to 9.8 [95% CI, 9.5-10.1] days; P < .001). No change in the incidence of readmission was observed.



We observed an 18.2% relative decrease in risk-adjusted mortality in Canadian trauma centers during the study period, representing 248 additional lives saved in 2012 vs 2006. Risk-adjusted mean hospital stay decreased by 8.6%, representing nearly 10 000 hospital days saved. A better understanding of the structures and processes behind observed improvements is needed to further reduce the burden of injury in Canada.
Department of Social and Preventative Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada2Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, Trauma, Emergency, and Critical Care Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
Lynne
L
Moore
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Medicine and Community Health Sciences, O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Henry Thomas
HT
Stelfox
Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
David
D
Evans
Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Sayed Morad
SM
Hameed
Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Natalie L
NL
Yanchar
Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Richard
R
Simons
Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
John
J
Kortbeek
Institut National d'Excellence en Santé et en Services Sociaux, Québec, Québec City, Canada.
Gilles
G
Bourgeois
Department of Surgery, Université Laval, Québec, Québec City, Canada.
Julien
J
Clément
Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, Trauma, Emergency, and Critical Care Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada9Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec City, Canada.
Alexis F
AF
Turgeon
Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, Trauma, Emergency, and Critical Care Medicine, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada9Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec City, Canada.
François
F
Lauzier
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000639:trends*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063868:Patient Outcome Assessment; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000639:trends*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020379:Risk Adjustment; D014193:Trauma Centers / Q000639:trends*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*