Effect of Deforestation and Land Use Changes on Mosquito Productivity and Development in Western Kenya Highlands: Implication for Malaria Risk.
BACKGROUND
African highlands were known to be free of malaria for the past 50 years. However, the ever growing human population in the highlands of Africa has led to the deforestation and land coverage changes to create space for more land for cultivation, grazing, and house construction materials needs. This has lead to the creation of suitable breeding habitats, which are in open places. Decrease of canopy and forest cover has led to increased temperature both in outdoors and indoors in deforested areas. This increased temperature has resulted in the shortening of developmental stages of aquatic stages of mosquitoes and sporogony development in adult mosquitoes.


METHODS
Assessment of the effects of deforestation and land coverage changes (decrease), which leads to temperature changes and subsequently increases survivorship of adults and sporogony development in adult mosquitoes' body was gathered from previous data collected from 2003 to 2012 using different analysis techniques. Habitats productivity, species dynamics and abundance, mosquitoes feeding rates, and sporogony development are presented in relation to temperature changes.


RESULTS
The effects of temperature rise due to land cover changes in highlands of western Kenya on larval developmental rates, adult sporogony developments, and malaria risk in human population were derived. Vector species dynamics and abundance in relation to land use changes have been found to change with time.


CONCLUSIONS
This study found that, land cover changes is a key driver for the temperature rise in African highlands and increases the rate of malaria vectorsAnopheles gambiaessp.,An. Funestus, andAn. arabiensiscolonizing the highlands. It has also significantly enhanced sporogony development rate and adult vector survival and therefore the risk of malaria transmission in the highlands.
Mosquito Section, Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania; Department of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania.
Eliningaya J
EJ
Kweka
Mosquito Section, Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Tropical Pesticides Research Institute , Arusha , Tanzania.
Epiphania E
EE
Kimaro
Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute , Kisumu , Kenya.
Stephen
S
Munga
Anopheles gambiae ssp.; gonotrophic cycle; habitat productivity; highland; land use; temperature; topography