Hydrogen therapy: from mechanism to cerebral diseases.
The medicinal value of hydrogen (H2) was ignored prior to research illustrating that inhalation of 2% H2can significantly decrease the damage of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion caused by oxidative stressviaselective elimination of hydroxyl freebase (OH) and peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-). Subsequently, there have been numerous experiments on H2. Most research and trials involving the mechanisms underlying H2therapy show the effects of antioxygenation, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis. Among quantities of diseases related with H2therapy, the brain disease is a hotspot as brain tissue and cell damage are easier to be induced by oxidative stress and other stimulations. In this review, emphasis is on stroke, traumatic brain injuries, and degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Taking into account the blood-brain barrier, penetrability, possible side effects, and the molecular properties of H2within a single comprehensive review should contribute to advancing both clinical and non-clinical research and therapies. A systematic introduction of H2therapy with regards to mechanisms and cerebral diseases both in animal and human subjects can make it easier to comprehend H2therapy and therefore provide the basis for further clinical strategy.
Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
Cheng-Lin
CL
Liu
Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
Kai
K
Zhang
Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
Gang
0000-0002-0758-1907
G
Chen
apoptosis; cerebral diseases; hydrogen therapy; inflammation; ingestion; oxidative stress