Novel immunotherapeutic approaches for treatment of infertility.
One of the most important reasons of infertility and human reproductive failure is related to uncontrolled immunological response of maternal immune system to early embryo or fetus, that cause rejection of this semi-allograft. Therefore, a tolerance in the immune system is essential to modulate the reactions against the fetus to avoid rejection. The immune system imbalance during implantation or pregnancy may lead to implantation failure or miscarriage. So, use of immunosuppressive or immunomodulator agents can be helpful to prevent immunological attack. Initially, there was a focus on steroids like prednisolone or intralipids in treatment of miscarriage that suppressed the activity of most immune cells, Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) was then introduced with various mechanisms. Nowadays, novel and specific strategies are established such as monoclonal antibodies and cytokines. More recently, Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine, which were utilized in prevention of transplantation reject, are used as immunosuppressive factors in modulation of immune responses against the fetus. This review is focused on the main immunotherapeutic methods of infertility treatment.
Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Samaneh
S
Abdolmohammadi-Vahid
Gynecology Department, Eastern Azerbaijan ACECR ART center, Eastern Azerbaijan branch of ACECR, Tabriz, Iran.
Shahla
S
Danaii
Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Kobra
K
Hamdi
Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Farhad
F
Jadidi-Niaragh
Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Majid
M
Ahmadi
Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: yousefime@tbzmed.ac.ir.
Mehdi
M
Yousefi
D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D007246:Infertility / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents
Immunotherapy; Infertility; Miscarriage