Clot Burden Score on Baseline Computerized Tomographic Angiography and Intra-Arterial Treatment Effect in Acute Ischemic Stroke.
A high clot burden score (CBS) is associated with favorable outcome after intravenous treatment for acute ischemic stroke. The added benefit of intra-arterial treatment might be less in these patients. The aim of this exploratory post hoc analysis was to assess the relation of CBS with neurological improvement and endovascular treatment effect.



For 499 of 500 patients in the MR CLEAN study (Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke in the Netherlands), the CBS was determined. Ordinal logistic regression models with and without main baseline prognostic variables were used to assess the association between CBS (continuous or dichotomized at CBS of 6) and a shift toward better outcome on the modified Rankin Scale. The model without main baseline prognostic variables only included treatment allocation and CBS. Models with and without a multiplicative interaction term of CBS and treatment were compared using the χ2test to assess treatment effect modification by CBS.



Higher CBS was associated with a shift toward better outcome on the modified Rankin Scale; adjusted common odds ratio per point CBS was 1.12 (95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.20]. Dichotomized CBS had an adjusted common odds ratio of 1.67 (95% confidence interval, 1.12-2.51). Both effect estimates were slightly attenuated by adding baseline prognostic variables. The addition of the interaction terms did not significantly improve the fit of the models. There was a small and insignificant increase of intra-arterial treatment efficacy in the high CBS group.



A higher CBS is associated with improved outcome and may be used as a prognostic marker. We found no evidence that CBS modifies the effect of intra-arterial treatment.



URL: http://www.trialregister.nl. Unique identifier: NTR1804. URL: http://www.controlled-trials.com. Unique identifier: ISRCTN10888758.
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.). k.m.treurniet@amc.uva.nl.
Kilian M
KM
Treurniet
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.).
Albert J
AJ
Yoo
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.).
Olvert A
OA
Berkhemer
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.).
Hester F
HF
Lingsma
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.).
Anna M M
AM
Boers
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.).
Puck S S
PS
Fransen
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.).
Debbie
D
Beumer
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.).
Lucie A
LA
van den Berg
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.).
Marieke E S
ME
Sprengers
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.).
Sjoerd F M
SF
Jenniskens
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.).
Geert J
GJ
Lycklama À Nijeholt
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.).
Marianne A A
MA
van Walderveen
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.).
Joseph C J
JC
Bot
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.).
Ludo F M
LF
Beenen
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.).
René
R
van den Berg
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.).
Wim H
WH
van Zwam
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.).
Aad
A
van der Lugt
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.).
Robert J
RJ
van Oostenbrugge
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.).
Diederik W J
DW
Dippel
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.).
Yvo B W E M
YB
Roos
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.).
Henk A
HA
Marquering
From the Department of Radiology (K.M.T., O.A.B., A.M.M.B., M.E.S.S., L.F.M.B., R.v.d.B., H.A.M., C.B.L.M.M.), Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics (A.M.M.B., H.A.M.), and Department of Neurology (L.A.v.d.B., Y.B.W.E.M.R.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Texas Stroke Institute, Dallas (A.J.Y.); Department of Neurology (O.A.B., P.S.S.F., D.W.J.D.), Department of Public Health (H.F.L.), and Department of Radiology (P.S.S.F., A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (D.B., R.J.v.O.) and Department of Radiology (O.A.B., W.H.v.Z.), Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands (A.M.M.B.); Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (S.F.M.J.); Department of Radiology, MC Haaglanden, The Hague, The Netherlands (G.J.L.À.N.); Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (M.A.A.v.W.); and Department of Radiology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.J.B.).
Charles B L M
CB
Majoie
D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D002533:Cerebral Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D000072226:Computed Tomography Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D020521:Stroke / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D017131:Thrombectomy / Q000379:methods*; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy
intracranial embolism; neuroimaging; stroke; thrombectomy; thrombolytic therapy