Post-transcriptional modifications in development and stem cells.
Cells adapt to their environment by linking external stimuli to an intricate network of transcriptional, post-transcriptional and translational processes. Among these, mechanisms that couple environmental cues to the regulation of protein translation are not well understood. Chemical modifications of RNA allow rapid cellular responses to external stimuli by modulating a wide range of fundamental biochemical properties and processes, including the stability, splicing and translation of messenger RNA. In this Review, we focus on the occurrence of N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C) and pseudouridine (Ψ) in RNA, and describe how these RNA modifications are implicated in regulating pluripotency, stem cell self-renewal and fate specification. Both post-transcriptional modifications and the enzymes that catalyse them modulate stem cell differentiation pathways and are essential for normal development.
Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK.
Michaela
M
Frye
Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK sblanco@cicbiogune.es.|CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, Derio, Bizkaia 48160, Spain.
Sandra
0000-0001-7352-9392
S
Blanco
D000328:Adult; D053687:Adult Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D000066673:Cell Self Renewal / Q000235:genetics; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics*; D048788:Growth and Development / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism; D012323:RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional / Q000502:physiology*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*
D012313:RNA
5-methylcytosine; N6-methyladenosine; Post-transcriptional modifications; Pseudouridylation; RNA methylation; Stem cells