A Review on Atherosclerotic Biology, Wall Stiffness, Physics of Elasticity, and Its Ultrasound-Based Measurement.
Functional and structural changes in the common carotid artery are biomarkers for cardiovascular risk. Current methods for measuring functional changes include pulse wave velocity, compliance, distensibility, strain, stress, stiffness, and elasticity derived from arterial waveforms. The review is focused on the ultrasound-based carotid artery elasticity and stiffness measurements covering the physics of elasticity and linking it to biological evolution of arterial stiffness. The paper also presents evolution of plaque with a focus on the pathophysiologic cascade leading to arterial hardening. Using the concept of strain, and image-based elasticity, the paper then reviews the lumen diameter and carotid intima-media thickness measurements in combined temporal and spatial domains. Finally, the review presents the factors which influence the understanding of atherosclerotic disease formation and cardiovascular risk including arterial stiffness, tissue morphological characteristics, and image-based elasticity measurement.
Department of Computer Engineering, NIT, Kurukshetra, India.
Anoop K
AK
Patel
Mira Loma, Sacramento, CA, USA.
Harman S
HS
Suri
Department of Computer Engineering, NIT, Kurukshetra, India.
Jaskaran
J
Singh
Point-of-Care Devices, Global Biomedical Technologies, Inc., Roseville, CA, USA.
Dinesh
D
Kumar
CorVasc Vascular Laboratory, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Shoaib
S
Shafique
Vascular Diagnostic Center, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
Andrew
A
Nicolaides
Department of Computer Engineering, NIT, Kurukshetra, India.
Sanjay K
SK
Jain
Department of Radiology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
Luca
L
Saba
Radiology Department, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
Ajay
A
Gupta
UC Davis Vascular Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
John R
JR
Laird
Department of Vascular Surgery, Imperial College, London, UK.
Argiris
A
Giannopoulos
Vascular Diagnostic Center, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus. jasjit.suri@atheropoint.com.|Monitoring and Diagnostic Division, AtheroPoint™, Roseville, CA, USA. jasjit.suri@atheropoint.com.|Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Idaho (Affl.), Moscow, ID, USA. jasjit.suri@atheropoint.com.|Diagnosis and Stroke Monitoring Division, AtheroPoint™, Roseville, CA, USA. jasjit.suri@atheropoint.com.
Jasjit S
JS
Suri
D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases; D004548:Elasticity; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D059289:Vascular Stiffness
Atherosclerosis; Elasticity; Risk stratification; Stiffness; Tissue characterization; Ultrasound; Vascular