Oxidative Stress during HIV Infection: Mechanisms and Consequences.
It is generally acknowledged that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play crucial roles in a variety of natural processes in cells. If increased to levels which cannot be neutralized by the defense mechanisms, they damage biological molecules, alter their functions, and also act as signaling molecules thus generating a spectrum of pathologies. In this review, we summarize current data on oxidative stress markers associated with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection, analyze mechanisms by which this virus triggers massive ROS production, and describe the status of various defense mechanisms of the infected host cell. In addition, we have scrutinized scarce data on the effect of ROS on HIV-1 replication. Finally, we present current state of knowledge on the redox alterations as crucial factors of HIV-1 pathogenicity, such as neurotoxicity and dementia, exhaustion of CD4+/CD8+T-cells, predisposition to lung infections, and certain side effects of the antiretroviral therapy, and compare them to the pathologies associated with the nitrosative stress.
Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
Alexander V
0000-0002-5659-9679
AV
Ivanov
Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
Vladimir T
0000-0003-0365-570X
VT
Valuev-Elliston
Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
Olga N
0000-0002-3673-4714
ON
Ivanova
Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
Sergey N
SN
Kochetkov
Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia; M. P. Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow 142782, Russia.
Elizaveta S
ES
Starodubova
Cancer Research Center Lyon, INSERM U1052 and CNRS 5286, Lyon University, 69003 Lyon, France; DevWeCan Laboratories of Excellence Network (Labex), France.
Birke
B
Bartosch
Riga Stradins University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; N. F. Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia.
Maria G
0000-0001-9382-2254
MG
Isaguliants
D000818:Animals; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D016516:CD4-CD8 Ratio; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D016877:Oxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014779:Virus Replication
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D016877:Oxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species