Dietary Energy Density, Renal Function, and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease.
Background. There is evidence of the association between dietary energy density and chronic diseases. However, no report exists regarding the relation between DED and chronic kidney disease (CKD).Objective. To examine the association between dietary energy density (DED), renal function, and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD).Design. Cross-sectional.Setting. Three nephrology clinics.Subjects. Two hundred twenty-one subjects with diagnosed CKD.Main Outcome Measure. Dietary intake of patients was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire. DED (in kcal/g) was calculated with the use of energy content and weight of solid foods and energy yielding beverages. Renal function was measured by blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Cr), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).Results. Patients in the first tertile of DED consumed more amounts of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, potassium, phosphorus, zinc, magnesium, calcium, folate, vitamin C, and vitamin B2. After adjusting for confounders, we could not find any significant trend for BUN and Cr across tertiles of DED. In multivariate model, an increased risk of being in the higher stage of CKD was found among those in the last tertile of DED (OR: 3.15; 95% CI: 1.30, 7.63;P= 0.01).Conclusion. We observed that lower DED was associated with better nutrient intake and lower risk of CKD progression.
Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Mohammad Hossein
MH
Rouhani
Department of Nephrology, Isfahan Kidney Diseases Research Center, Isfahan, Iran.
Mojgan Mortazavi
MM
Najafabadi
Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Ahmad
A
Esmaillzadeh
Faculty of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Awat
A
Feizi
Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Leila
0000-0002-7169-6960
L
Azadbakht