Antioxidant activity, anti-proliferative activity, and amino acid profiles of ethanolic extracts of edible mushrooms.
Biological activities of various mushrooms have recently been discovered, particularly, immunomodulatory and antitumor activities. Herein, three edible mushrooms, Auricularia auricula-judae (AA), Pleurotus abalonus (PA) and Pleurotus sajor-caju (PS) extracted using Soxhlet ethanol extraction were evaluated for their antioxidative, anti-proliferative effects on leukemia cells. Using the Folin-Ciocalteau method and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay, phenolics and antioxidant activity were found in all sample mushrooms. Additionally, anti-proliferative activity of mushroom extracts against U937 leukemia cells was determined using a viability assay based on mitochondrial activity. PA (0.5 mg/mL) and AA (0.25-0.5 mg/mL) significantly reduced cell viability. Interestingly, PS caused a hormetic-like biphasic dose-response. Low doses (0-0.25 mg/L) of PS promoted cell proliferation up to 140% relative to control, whereas higher doses (0.50 mg/mL) inhibited cell proliferation. Against U937 cells, AA IC50was 0.28 ± 0.04 mg/mL, which was lower than PS or PA IC50(0.45 ± 0.01 and 0.49 ± 0.001 mg/mL, respectively). Furthermore, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage conferred cytotoxicity. PS and PA were not toxic to U937 cells at any tested concentration; AA (0.50 mg/mL) showed high LDH levels and caused 50% cytotoxicity. Additionally, UPLC-HRMS data indicated several phytochemicals known to support functional activities as either antioxidant or anti-proliferative. Glutamic acid was uniquely found in ethanolic extracts of AA, and was considered an anti-cancer amino acid with potent anti-proliferative effects on U937 cells. Collectively, all mushroom extracts exhibited antioxidant effects, but their anti-proliferative effects were dose-dependent. Nevertheless, the AA extract, with highest potency, is a promising candidate for future applications.
Graduate Program in Molecular Science of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.|Medical Biotechnology Center, Medical Life Science Institute, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand.
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Panthong
Medical Biotechnology Center, Medical Life Science Institute, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand.
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Boonsathorn
Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand siriporn.ch@chula.ac.th.|Innovation Center for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Technology Project, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand siriporn.ch@chula.ac.th.
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Chuchawankul
D000363:Agaricales / Q000737:chemistry*; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000494:pharmacology; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D055432:Metabolomics; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D020298:U937 Cells
D000596:Amino Acids; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D000431:Ethanol; D002166:Camptothecin