Optical biosensing strategies for DNA methylation analysis.
DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification of DNA, where a methyl group is added at the fifth carbon of the cytosine base to form 5 methyl cytosine (5mC) without altering the DNA sequences. It plays important roles in regulating many cellular processes by modulating key genes expression. Alteration in DNA methylation patterns becomes particularly important in the aetiology of different diseases including cancers. Abnormal methylation pattern could contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer either by silencing key tumor suppressor genes or by activating oncogenes. Thus, DNA methylation biosensing can help in the better understanding of cancer prognosis and diagnosis and aid the development of therapies. Over the last few decades, a plethora of optical detection techniques have been developed for analyzing DNA methylation using fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), electrochemiluminescence and colorimetric readouts. This paper aims to comprehensively review the optical strategies for DNA methylation detection. We also present an overview of the remaining challenges of optical strategies that still need to be focused along with the lesson learnt while working with these techniques.
School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; Queensland Micro, and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
Md
M
Nazmul Islam
School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; Queensland Micro, and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
Sharda
S
Yadav
School of Medicine and Cancer Molecular Pathology laboratory in Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
Md
M
Hakimul Haque
Queensland Micro, and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
Ahmed
A
Munaz
School of Medicine and Cancer Molecular Pathology laboratory in Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
Farhadul
F
Islam
Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, NSW 2519, Australia.
Md Shahriar
MS
Al Hossain
School of Medicine and Cancer Molecular Pathology laboratory in Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
Vinod
V
Gopalan
School of Medicine and Cancer Molecular Pathology laboratory in Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
Alfred K
AK
Lam
Queensland Micro, and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia.
Nam-Trung
NT
Nguyen
School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; Queensland Micro, and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia. Electronic address: m.shiddiky@griffith.edu.au.
Muhammad J A
MJA
Shiddiky
D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D006801:Humans; D008163:Luminescent Measurements / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008958:Models, Molecular; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
D004247:DNA
Bisulfite treatment; DNA methylation; Epigenetic biomarker; Methylation assays; Optical biosensors