Biodegradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by bacteria with highly antibiotic-resistant pattern isolated from wheat field soils in Kurdistan, Iran.
Recently, there has been increasing interest to clean up the soils contaminated with herbicide. Our aim was to determine the bioremediation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from wheat fields which have a long history of herbicide in Sanandaj. Based on our literature survey, this study is the first report to isolate and identify antimicrobial resistant bacteria from polluted wheat field soils in Sanandaj which has the capacity to degrade 2,4-D. From 150 2,4-D-exposed soil samples, five different bacteria were isolated and identified based on biochemical tests and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Pseudomonas has been the most frequently isolated genus. By sequencing the 16S rRNA gene of the isolated bacteria, the strains were detected and identified as a member of the genus Pseudomonas sp, Entrobacter sp, Bacillus sp, Seratia sp, and Staphylococcus sp. The sequence of Sanandaj 1 isolate displayed 87% similarity with the 16S rRNA gene of a Pseudomonas sp (HE995788). Similarly, all the isolates were compared to standard strains based on 16S rRNA. Small amounts of 2,4-D could be transmitted to a depth of 10-20 cm; however, in the depth of 20-40 cm, we could not detect the 2,4-D. The isolates were resistant to various antibiotics particularly, penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin.
Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Pasdaran Street, Sanandaj, Iran.
Solmaz
S
Karami
Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Pasdaran Street, Sanandaj, Iran.
Afshin
A
Maleki
Agriculture Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran.
Ebrahim
E
Karimi
Dietary and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
Helen
H
Poormazaheri
Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Pasdaran Street, Sanandaj, Iran.
Shiva
S
Zandi
Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Pasdaran Street, Sanandaj, Iran.|Department of Medical Entomology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
Behrooz
B
Davari
Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Pasdaran Street, Sanandaj, Iran.
Yahya Zand
YZ
Salimi
Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Pasdaran Street, Sanandaj, Iran.
Fardin
F
Gharibi
Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Pasdaran Street, Sanandaj, Iran. ekalantar@hotmail.com.|Dietary and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. ekalantar@hotmail.com.
Enayatollah
E
Kalantar
D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D007492:Iran; D011549:Pseudomonas / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D014908:Triticum / Q000254:growth & development*
D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
16S rRNA; 2,4-D degradation; Degradation; Herbicide; Pseudomonas; Soil