"Miswak" Based Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Evaluation and Comparison of Their Microbicidal Activities with the Chemical Synthesis.
Microbicidal potential of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) can be drastically improved by improving their solubility or wettability in the aqueous medium. In the present study, we report the synthesis of both green and chemical synthesis of Ag-NPs, and evaluate the effect of the dispersion qualities of as-prepared Ag-NPs from both methods on their antimicrobial activities. The green synthesis of Ag-NPs is carried out by using an aqueous solution of readily availableSalvadora persicaL. root extract (RE) as a bioreductant. The formation of highly crystalline Ag-NPs was established by various analytical and microscopic techniques. The rich phenolic contents ofS. persicaL. RE (Miswak) not only promoted the reduction and formation of NPs but they also facilitated the stabilization of the Ag-NPs, which was established by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. Furthermore, the influence of the volume of the RE on the size and the dispersion qualities of the NPs was also evaluated. It was revealed that with increasing the volume of RE the size of the NPs was deteriorated, whereas at lower concentrations of RE smaller size and less aggregated NPs were obtained. During this study, the antimicrobial activities of both chemically and green synthesized Ag-NPs, along with the aqueous RE ofS. persicaL., were evaluated against various microorganisms. It was observed that the green synthesized Ag-NPs exhibit comparable or slightly higher antibacterial activities than the chemically obtained Ag-NPs.
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. rafiskm@gmail.com.
Mohammed Rafi
MR
Shaik
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. ghadeer8830@hotmail.com.|Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, P.O. Box 741, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia. ghadeer8830@hotmail.com.
Ghadeer H
GH
Albalawi
Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. stkhan@ksu.edu.sa.
Shams Tabrez
ST
Khan
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. mkhan3@ksu.edu.sa.
Merajuddin
M
Khan
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. sfadil@ksu.edu.sa.
Syed Farooq
SF
Adil
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. mufsir@gmail.com.
Mufsir
M
Kuniyil
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. awarthan@ksu.edu.sa.
Abdulrahman
A
Al-Warthan
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. rafiqs@ksu.edu.sa.
Mohammed Rafiq H
MR
Siddiqui
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. khathlan@ksu.edu.sa.
Hamad Z
HZ
Alkhathlan
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. kmujeeb@ksu.edu.sa.
Mujeeb
M
Khan
D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology / Q000379:methods; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010316:Particle Size; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D019163:Reducing Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D032121:Salvadoraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012995:Solubility; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D019163:Reducing Agents; D012834:Silver
anti-microbial activity; green chemistry; natural products; silver nanoparticles