Immune regulatory effects of high dose vitamin D3supplementation in a randomized controlled trial in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis patients receiving IFNβ; the SOLARIUM study.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a disturbed immune homeostasis and low serum vitamin D levels are associated with an increased disease activity. While vitamin D has been hypothesized to promote the maintenance of immune homeostasis, vitamin D supplementation could be of benefit to patients with MS. The SOLAR study investigated the effects of high dose vitamin D3supplementation on clinical outcomes in a randomized controlled trial. Here we present the immune regulatory effects, investigated in the SOLARIUM sub-study. Thirty Dutch relapsing remitting (RR) MS patients treated with IFNβ-1a received high dose vitamin D3supplementation and 23 patients received placebo during a period of 48weeks. Lymphocytes were phenotypically characterized by flow cytometry and in vitro cytokine secretion was assessed in the presence or absence of 1,25(OH)2D3using Luminex technology. Changes in immune regulatory parameters were determined within subjects as well as between treatment groups. The proportion of cells in the immune regulatory cell compartment (nTreg, iTreg and Breg) was not altered upon high dose vitamin D3supplementation. Proportions of T helper subsets were not affected by vitamin D3, except for the proportion of IL4+Th cells, which decreased in the placebo but not in the vitamin D3group. T cell cytokine secretion increased, most pronounced for IL5 and latency activated protein of TGFβ, in the placebo group but not in the vitamin D3group. Lymphocytes remained equally reactive to in vitro 1,25(OH)2D3. In conclusion, high dose vitamin D3supplementation did not result in a relative increase in lymphocytes with a regulatory phenotype. However, this study supports the hypothesis that vitamin D contributes to the maintenance of immune homeostasis by preventing further disturbance of the T cell compartment early in the disease course of MS.
School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Academic MS Center Limburg, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard, The Netherlands. Electronic address: a.muris@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
Anne-Hilde
AH
Muris
Academic MS Center Limburg, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard, The Netherlands.
Joost
J
Smolders
School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Academic MS Center Limburg, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard, The Netherlands.
Linda
L
Rolf
Academic MS Center Limburg, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard, The Netherlands.
Marielle
M
Thewissen
School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Academic MS Center Limburg, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard, The Netherlands.
Raymond
R
Hupperts
Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Jan
J
Damoiseaux
D000328:Adult; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
D002762:Cholecalciferol; D016899:Interferon-beta
Immune regulation; Lymphocytes; Pathogenic/encephalitogenic Th cells; Relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis; Vitamin D supplementation