Neuroendocrine neoplasms of liver - A 5-year retrospective clinico-pathological study applying World Health Organization 2010 classification.
OBJECTIVE
To study the clinicopathological characteristics of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) on liver samples and apply World Health Organization (WHO) 2010 grading of gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) NEN.


METHODS
Clinicopathological features of 79 cases of NEN of the liver diagnosed between January 2011 to December 2015 were analyzed. WHO 2010 classification of GEP NEN was applied and the tumors were graded as G1, G2 or G3. Two more categories, D1/2 (discordant 1/2) and D2/3 (discordant 2/3) were also applied. The D1/2 grade tumors had a mitotic count of G1 and Ki-67 index of G2. The D2/3 tumors had a mitotic count of G2 and Ki-67 index of G3. The follow up details which were available till the end of the study period (December 2015) were collected.


RESULTS
Of the 79 tumors, 16 each were G1 and G2, and 18 were G3 tumors. Of the remaining 29 tumors, 13 were assigned to D1/2 and 16 were D2/3 grade. Male preponderance was noted in all tumors except for G2 neoplasms, which showed a slight female predilection. The median age at presentation was 47 years (range 10-82 years). The most common presentation was abdominal pain (81%). Pancreas (49%) was the most common site of primary followed by gastrointestinal tract (24.4%) and lungs (18%). Radiologically, 87% of the patients had multiple liver lesions. Histopathologically, necrosis was seen in only D2/3 and G3 tumors. Microvascular invasion was seen in all grades. Metastasis occurred in all grades of primary NEN and the grades of the metastatic tumors and their corresponding primary tumors were similar in 67% of the cases. Of the 79 patients, 36 had at least one follow up visit with a median duration of follow up of 8.5 mo (range: 1-50 mo). This study did not show any impact of the grade of tumor on the short term clinical outcome of these patients.


CONCLUSIONS
Liver biopsy is an important tool for clinicopathological characterization and grading of NEN, especially when the primary is not identified. Eighty-seven percent of the patients had multifocal liver lesions irrespective of the WHO grade, indicating a higher stage of disease at presentation. Follow up duration was inadequate to derive any meaningful conclusion on long term outcome in our study patients.
Deepak Kalyansingh Burad, Thomas Alex Kodiatte, Banumathi Ramakrishna, Department of Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India.
Deepak Kalyansingh
DK
Burad
Deepak Kalyansingh Burad, Thomas Alex Kodiatte, Banumathi Ramakrishna, Department of Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India.
Thomas Alex
TA
Kodiatte
Deepak Kalyansingh Burad, Thomas Alex Kodiatte, Banumathi Ramakrishna, Department of Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India.
Sayd Mohamed
SM
Rajeeb
Deepak Kalyansingh Burad, Thomas Alex Kodiatte, Banumathi Ramakrishna, Department of Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India.
Ashish
A
Goel
Deepak Kalyansingh Burad, Thomas Alex Kodiatte, Banumathi Ramakrishna, Department of Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India.
Chundamannil Eapen
CE
Eapen
Deepak Kalyansingh Burad, Thomas Alex Kodiatte, Banumathi Ramakrishna, Department of Pathology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India.
Banumathi
B
Ramakrishna
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms; Ki-67; Liver; Metastasis; Microvascular invasion; Neuroendocrine neoplasms