Investigating cholesterol metabolism and ageing using a systems biology approach.
CVD accounted for 27 % of all deaths in the UK in 2014, and was responsible for 1·7 million hospital admissions in 2013/2014. This condition becomes increasingly prevalent with age, affecting 34·1 and 29·8 % of males and females over 75 years of age respectively in 2011. The dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism with age, often observed as a rise in LDL-cholesterol, has been associated with the pathogenesis of CVD. To compound this problem, it is estimated by 2050, 22 % of the world's population will be over 60 years of age, in culmination with a growing resistance and intolerance to pre-existing cholesterol regulating drugs such as statins. Therefore, it is apparent research into additional therapies for hypercholesterolaemia and CVD prevention is a growing necessity. However, it is also imperative to recognise this complex biological system cannot be studied using a reductionist approach; rather its biological uniqueness necessitates a more integrated methodology, such as that offered by systems biology. In this review, we firstly discuss cholesterol metabolism and how it is affected by diet and the ageing process. Next, we describe therapeutic strategies for hypercholesterolaemia, and finally how the systems biology paradigm can be utilised to investigate how ageing interacts with complex systems such as cholesterol metabolism. We conclude by emphasising the need for nutritionists to work in parallel with the systems biology community, to develop novel approaches to studying cholesterol metabolism and its interaction with ageing.
Department of Chemical Engineering,University of Chester,Thornton Science Park,Chester CH2 4NU,UK.
A E
AE
Morgan
Faculty of Health and Social Care,Edge Hill University,Ormskirk,Lancashire L39 4QP,UK.
K M
KM
Mooney
Department of Chemical Engineering,University of Chester,Thornton Science Park,Chester CH2 4NU,UK.
S J
SJ
Wilkinson
Department of Biological Sciences,University of Chester,Parkgate Road,Chester CH1 4BJ,UK.
N A
NA
Pickles
Department of Chemical Engineering,University of Chester,Thornton Science Park,Chester CH2 4NU,UK.
M T
MT
Mc Auley
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D003226:Congresses as Topic; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004046:Dietetics / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D058620:Elder Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D052756:Nutritional Sciences / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D012306:Risk; D012958:Societies, Scientific; D049490:Systems Biology / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D002784:Cholesterol
 ABC ATP-binding cassette;  BSH bile salt hydrolase;  CETP cholesteryl ester transfer protein;  CYP7A1 cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase;  HMG 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl;  LDLr LDL receptors;  NPC1L1 Niemann–Pick C1-like 1 protein;  TC total cholesterol; Ageing; Cholesterol; Computational modelling; Systems biology