The use of Clausena anisata in insect pest control in Africa: A review.
BACKGROUND
Clausena anisata is used traditionally by various communities across Africa against pests such as mosquitoes, flies and weevils among others. Pests are a major cause of disease and production losses in various crop and livestock production systems in Africa. This review discusses the available information on the occurrence, chemistry, biological activity and possible commercialization of Clausena anisata with a view to see the plant species being integrated in pest management.


METHODS
Information on the ethnomedical use, chemistry and biological activity of C. anisata published between 1980 and 2016 was accessed from various databases namely Science Direct, Springer Link and Wiley Online Library. In addition various relevant books were also consulted.


RESULTS
The crude extracts as well as different fractions of C. anisata have been evaluated for activity against various insect pests and have been shown to be active. Furthermore, close to 50 compounds have been isolated and identified from C. anisata, which include coumarins, carbazole alkaloids, limonoids and essential oils (monoterpenes). Some of these compounds have been proven to exhibit pesticidal properties in both laboratory and field studies against various pests including mosquitoes, flies and weevils. The possible mechanisms of action of these compounds have been explored in this review.


CONCLUSIONS
The results of pesticidal and phytochemical screening of C. anisata strongly indicate that the species is endowed with pesticidal properties that can be harnessed into commercial products. However, one glaring challenge in the evaluation of this plant species for pesticidal activity has been the non-availability of standard testing systems. Researchers have used various methods which they developed based on their own circumstances and resources. Formulation, standard appropriate testing systems and agronomic research are key in unlocking the potential of this important African species.
Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, P. Bag X04, Ondesterpoort 0110, South Africa.
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Mukandiwa
Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, P. Bag X04, Ondesterpoort 0110, South Africa.
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Naidoo
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. Electronic address: Katereredr@tut.ac.za.
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Katerere
D000349:Africa; D000818:Animals; D054700:Clausena / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007313:Insecta / Q000187:drug effects*; D010571:Pest Control / Q000379:methods*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
D010936:Plant Extracts
Botanical pesticide; Clausena anisata; Pest management; Rutaceae