Closed-loop insulin delivery in inpatients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, parallel-group trial.
We assessed whether fully closed-loop insulin delivery (the so-called artificial pancreas) is safe and effective compared with standard subcutaneous insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes in the general ward.



For this single-centre, open-label, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial, we enrolled patients aged 18 years or older with type 2 diabetes who were receiving insulin therapy. Patients were recruited from general wards at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) by a computer-generated minimisation method to receive closed-loop insulin delivery (using a model-predictive control algorithm to direct subcutaneous delivery of rapid-acting insulin analogue without meal-time insulin boluses) or conventional subcutaneous insulin delivery according to local clinical guidelines. The primary outcome was time spent in the target glucose concentration range of 5·6-10·0 mmol/L during the 72 h study period. Analyses were by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01774565.



Between Feb 20, 2015, and March 24, 2016, we enrolled 40 participants, of whom 20 were randomly assigned to the closed-loop intervention group and 20 to the control group. The proportion of time spent in the target glucose range was 59·8% (SD 18·7) in the closed-loop group and 38·1% (16·7) in the control group (difference 21·8% [95% CI 10·4-33·1]; p=0·0004). No episodes of severe hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia with ketonaemia occurred in either group. One adverse event unrelated to study devices occurred during the study (gastrointestinal bleed).



Closed-loop insulin delivery without meal-time boluses is effective and safe in insulin-treated adults with type 2 diabetes in the general ward.



Diabetes UK; European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes; JDRF; National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre; Wellcome Trust.
Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wolfson Diabetes Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
Hood
H
Thabit
Wolfson Diabetes Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
Sara
S
Hartnell
Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Janet M
JM
Allen
Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Andrea
A
Lake
Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Malgorzata E
ME
Wilinska
Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Yue
Y
Ruan
Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wolfson Diabetes Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
Mark L
ML
Evans
Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wolfson Diabetes Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
Anthony P
AP
Coll
Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: rh347@cam.ac.uk.
Roman
R
Hovorka
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin