Gene-Metabolite Networks of Volatile Metabolism in Airen and Tempranillo Grape Cultivars Revealed a Distinct Mechanism of Aroma Bouquet Production.
Volatile compounds are the major determinants of aroma and flavor in both grapes and wine. In this study, we investigated the emission of volatile and non-volatile compounds during berry maturation in two grape varieties (Airén and Tempranillo) throughout 2010 and 2011. HS-SPME coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry was applied for the identification and relative quantitation of these compounds. Principal component analysis was performed to search for variability between the two cultivars and evolution during 10 developmental stages. Results showed that there are distinct differences in volatile compounds between cultivars throughout fruit development. Early stages were characterized in both cultivars by higher levels of some apocarotenoids such as β-cyclocitral or β-ionone, terpenoids (E)-linalool oxide and (Z)-linalool oxide and several furans, while the final stages were characterized by the highest amounts of ethanol, benzenoid phenylacetaldehyde and 2-phenylethanol, branched-amino acid-derived 3-methylbutanol and 2-methylbutanol, and a large number of lipid derivatives. Additionally, we measured the levels of the different classes of volatile precursors by using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. In both varieties, higher levels of carotenoid compounds were detected in the earlier stages, zeaxanthin and α-carotene were only detected in Airén while neoxanthin was found only in Tempranillo; more variable trends were observed in the case of the other volatile precursors. Furthermore, we monitored the expression of homolog genes of a set of transcripts potentially involved in the biosynthesis of these metabolites, such as some glycosyl hydrolases family 1, lipoxygenases, alcohol dehydrogenases hydroperoxide lyases, O-methyltransferases and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases during the defined developmental stages. Finally, based on Pearson correlation analyses, we explored the metabolite-metabolite fluctuations within VOCs/precursors during the berry development; as well as tentatively linking the formation of some metabolites detected to the expression of some of these genes. Our data showed that the two varieties displayed a very different pattern of relationships regarding the precursor/volatile metabolite-metabolite fluctuations, being the lipid and the carotenoid metabolism the most distinctive between the two varieties. Correlation analysis showed a higher degree of overall correlation in precursor/volatile metabolite-metabolite levels in Airén, confirming the enriched aroma bouquet characteristic of the white varieties.
Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La ManchaAlbacete, Spain; Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValencia, Spain.
José L
JL
Rambla
Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Albacete, Spain.
Almudena
A
Trapero-Mozos
Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre Rome, Italy.
Gianfranco
G
Diretto
Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Albacete, Spain.
Angela
A
Rubio-Moraga
Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia Valencia, Spain.
Antonio
A
Granell
Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Albacete, Spain.
Lourdes
L
Gómez-Gómez
Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La ManchaAlbacete, Spain; Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla-La ManchaAlbacete, Spain.
Oussama
O
Ahrazem
Vitis vinifera; aroma; expression analysis; precursors; volatile organic compounds