Authentication of whisky due to its botanical origin and way of production by instrumental analysis and multivariate classification methods.
Headspace mass-spectrometry (HS-MS), mid infrared (MIR) and UV-vis spectroscopy were used to authenticate whisky samples from different origins and ways of production ((Irish, Spanish, Bourbon, Tennessee Whisky and Scotch). The collected spectra were processed with partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to build the classification models. In all cases the five groups of whiskies were distinguished, but the best results were obtained by HS-MS, which indicates that the biggest differences between different types of whisky are due to their aroma. Differences were also found inside groups, showing that not only raw material is important to discriminate samples but also the way of their production. The methodology is quick, easy and does not require sample preparation.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland. Electronic address: p.m.wisniewska@gmail.com.
Paulina
P
Wiśniewska
Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili., Marcel.lí Domingo St. s/n (Campus Sescelades), 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
Ricard
R
Boqué
Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili., Marcel.lí Domingo St. s/n (Campus Sescelades), 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
Eva
E
Borràs
Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili., Marcel.lí Domingo St. s/n (Campus Sescelades), 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
Olga
O
Busto
Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
Waldemar
W
Wardencki
Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
Jacek
J
Namieśnik
Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza St., 80-233 Gdansk, Poland. Electronic address: tomasz.dymerski@gmail.com.
Tomasz
T
Dymerski
D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared / Q000379:methods
Botanical origin; Mass spectrometry; Mid infrared spectroscopy; UV–Vis spectroscopy; Whisky