Responses of earthworms and microbial communities in their guts to Triclosan.
Responses of the earthworm (Eisenia fetida) and compositions of associated microbial communities were determined after exposure to various concentrations of Triclosan (TCS) for 7 d. Concentrations of TCS were greater in intestines than in epidermis of earthworms, which suggested that earthworms accumulate TCS mainly by ingestion rather than by epidermic penetration. Exposure to TCS caused a concentration-dependent increase in activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) and in malondialdehyde (MDA) in E. fetida. Analyses of both the bacterial and eukaryotic community by next generation sequencing (NGS), demonstrated that TCS caused a concentration-dependent decrease in sensitive genera. While relative abundances of Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, and Achromobacter were increased. Nine susceptible microbial groups were more sensitive to exposure to TCS, than were activities of enzymes in earthworms. Thus, rapid genomic measures of gut flora can be used as indicators to assess adverse effects of chemicals on earthworms.
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
Lili
L
Ma
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
Yuwei
Y
Xie
Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, MEP, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, China.
Zhihua
Z
Han
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Zoology, and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
John P
JP
Giesy
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China. Electronic address: zhangxw@nju.edu.cn.
Xiaowei
X
Zhang
D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014260:Triclosan / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014260:Triclosan; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002374:Catalase; D009195:Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
Antimicrobial; Ecotoxicological assessment; Genomics; Indicator; Invertebrate; Next generation sequencing; Toxicity