Technical Note: Bone mineral density measurements of strontium-rich trabecular bone-mimicking phantoms using quantitative ultrasound.
OBJECTIVE
Bone quantity, as determined by the current gold standard, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), through measured areal bone mineral density (aBMD), is subject to positive biases if bone strontium levels are high. This is of particular concern for populations administered strontium-based compounds for the treatment of osteoporosis. This study investigated the dependence of bone mineral density (BMD) determinations, and associated ultrasound-determined indices, obtained by quantitative ultrasound (QUS), on bone strontium content using a new generation of trabecular bone-mimicking phantoms.


METHODS
A new generation of bone-mimicking phantoms, consisting of hydroxyapatite (HA) and gelatin, was developed. Castor oil layers were included in these phantoms to create a multilayer bone-mimicking phantom. These phantoms were prepared using a bone mineral fraction consisting of varying strontium concentrations in the range of 0-2.5% mol/mol as strontium-substituted HA. The effect of varying bone strontium content on determined quality indices was evaluated based on determined speed of sound (SOS), broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and determined quantitative ultrasound index (QUI) for phantoms with varying BMD values and varying strontium concentration using two QUS systems: a clinical Sahara® system and an in-house research system with two identical transducers with center frequency of 1 MHz. The two QUS systems were also compared through a Bland-Altman analysis.


RESULTS
Both the clinical system and the research QUS systems showed a strong dependency between BMD and BUA, indicating a potential for QUS to be used as a means of estimating BMD (p = 0.001). SOS was found to have no correlation to BMD (p = 0.546). There was no correlation observed between BUA and increasing bone strontium concentrations for the research (p = 0.749) and clinical (p = 0.609) QUS systems. Similarly, no dependency was observed between the SOS and bone strontium levels up to 2.5 mol/mol [Sr/(Sr+Ca)]% for the research (p = 0.862) and clinical (p = 0.481) QUS systems. No effect on the QUI values was observed with changing strontium levels with either research (p = 0.939) or clinical QUS systems (p = 0.931). A Bland-Altman analysis showed that there was a clear offset in determined QUI values for both systems but they are in agreement with one another.


CONCLUSIONS
Bone quality can be assessed through the use of QUS while increasing bone strontium concentration was found to have no effect on QUS-determined quality indices. This study concludes that QUS can potentially be used for the determination of bone quality without introducing biases due to bone strontium levels as is known to be the case with DXA determined aBMD.
Ryerson University, Department of Physics, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada.
Bisma
B
Rizvi
Ryerson University, Department of Physics, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada.
Eric
E
Da Silva
University Health Network, Osteoporosis Program, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada and University of Toronto, Centre of Excellence in Skeletal Health Assessment, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada.
Luba
L
Slatkovska
University Health Network, Osteoporosis Program, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada and University of Toronto, Centre of Excellence in Skeletal Health Assessment, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada.
Angela M
AM
Cheung
Ryerson University, Department of Physics, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada and Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada.
Jahan
J
Tavakkoli
Ryerson University, Department of Physics, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada.
Ana
A
Pejović-Milić
D015519:Bone Density; D000071556:Cancellous Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D013324:Strontium; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation*
D013324:Strontium