Online and offline video game use in adolescents: measurement invariance and problem severity.
Despite the increasing popularity of video game playing, little is known about the similarities and differences between online and offline video game players.



The aims of this study were (i) to test the applicability and the measurement invariance of the previously developed Problematic Online Gaming Questionnaire (POGQ) in both online and offline gamers and to (ii) examine the differences in these groups.



Video game use habits and POGQ were assessed in a sample of 1,964 (71% male) adolescent videogame players. Those gamers who played at least sometimes in an online context were considered "online gamers," while those who played videogames exclusively offline were considered "offline gamers."



Confirmatory factor analysis supported the measurement invariance across online and offline videogame players. According to the multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) model, online gamers were more likely to score higher on overuse, interpersonal conflict, and social isolation subscales of the POGQ.



The results of the present study suggest that online and offline gaming can be assessed using the same psychometric instrument. These findings open the possibility for future research studies concerning problematic video gaming to include participants who exclusively play online or offline games, or both. However, the study also identified important structural features about how online and offline gaming might contribute differently to problematic use. These results provide important information that could be utilized in parental education and the prevention program about the possible detrimental consequences of online vs. offline video gaming.
a Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology , Budapest , Hungary.|b Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary.|d Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary, Institute of Psychology , Budapest , Hungary.
Máté
M
Smohai
a Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology , Budapest , Hungary.
Róbert
R
Urbán
c Nottingham Trent University , Psychology Division , Nottingham , United Kingdom.
Mark D
MD
Griffiths
a Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology , Budapest , Hungary.|b Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary.
Orsolya
O
Király
d Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary, Institute of Psychology , Budapest , Hungary.
Zsuzsanna
Z
Mirnics
d Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary, Institute of Psychology , Budapest , Hungary.
András
A
Vargha
a Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Psychology , Budapest , Hungary.
Zsolt
Z
Demetrovics
D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009862:Online Systems; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D018910:Video Games / Q000523:psychology*
MIMIC model; Measurement invariance; offline video games; online video games; problem severity; problematic video game use