Identification of Two Heritable Cross-Disorder Endophenotypes for Tourette Syndrome.
Phenotypic heterogeneity in Tourette syndrome is partly due to complex genetic relationships among Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Identifying symptom-based endophenotypes across diagnoses may aid gene-finding efforts.



Assessments for Tourette syndrome, OCD, and ADHD symptoms were conducted in a discovery sample of 3,494 individuals recruited for genetic studies. Symptom-level factor and latent class analyses were conducted in Tourette syndrome families and replicated in an independent sample of 882 individuals. Classes were characterized by comorbidity rates and proportion of parents included. Heritability and polygenic load associated with Tourette syndrome, OCD, and ADHD were estimated.



The authors identified two cross-disorder symptom-based phenotypes across analyses: symmetry (symmetry, evening up, checking obsessions; ordering, arranging, counting, writing-rewriting compulsions, repetitive writing tics) and disinhibition (uttering syllables/words, echolalia/palilalia, coprolalia/copropraxia, and obsessive urges to offend/mutilate/be destructive). Heritability estimates for both endophenotypes were high and statistically significant (disinhibition factor=0.35, SE=0.03; symmetry factor=0.39, SE=0.03; symmetry class=0.38, SE=0.10). Mothers of Tourette syndrome probands had high rates of symmetry (49%) but not disinhibition (5%). Polygenic risk scores derived from a Tourette syndrome genome-wide association study (GWAS) were significantly associated with symmetry, while risk scores derived from an OCD GWAS were not. OCD polygenic risk scores were significantly associated with disinhibition, while Tourette syndrome and ADHD risk scores were not.



The analyses identified two heritable endophenotypes related to Tourette syndrome that cross traditional diagnostic boundaries. The symmetry phenotype correlated with Tourette syndrome polygenic load and was present in otherwise Tourette-unaffected mothers, suggesting that this phenotype may reflect additional Tourette syndrome (rather than OCD) genetic liability that is not captured by traditional DSM-based diagnoses.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Sabrina M
SM
Darrow
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Matthew E
ME
Hirschtritt
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Lea K
LK
Davis
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Cornelia
C
Illmann
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Lisa
L
Osiecki
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Marco
M
Grados
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Paul
P
Sandor
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Yves
Y
Dion
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Robert
R
King
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
David
D
Pauls
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Cathy L
CL
Budman
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Danielle C
DC
Cath
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Erica
E
Greenberg
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Gholson J
GJ
Lyon
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Dongmei
D
Yu
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Lauren M
LM
McGrath
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
William M
WM
McMahon
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Paul C
PC
Lee
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Kevin L
KL
Delucchi
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Jeremiah M
JM
Scharf
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
Carol A
CA
Mathews
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; the Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; the Department of Psychiatry and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Youthdale Treatment Centres, Toronto; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal; the Yale Child Study Center and the Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn.; the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore/Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, N.Y.; the Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; the Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; the Department of Behavioral Health, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu; the Departments of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville.
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D058068:Endophenotypes; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D020412:Multifactorial Inheritance / Q000235:genetics; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D010641:Phenotype; D018570:Risk Assessment; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; Genetics; Latent Variable Modeling; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Tourette’s Disorder