Degradation and sorption of the fungicide tebuconazole in soils from golf greens.
The fungicide tebuconazole (TBZ) is used to repress fungal growth in golf greens and ensure their playability. This study determined the degradation and sorption of TBZ applied as an analytical grade compound, a commercial fungicide formulation or in combination with a surfactant product in thatch and soils below two types of greens (USGA and push-up greens) in 12-cm vertical profiles covered by three different types of turf grass. Only minor TBZ degradation was observed and it was most pronounced in treatments with the commercial fungicide product or in combination with the surfactant compared to the analytical grade compound alone. A tendency for higher TBZ sorption when applied as the formulated product and lowest sorption when applied as a formulated product in combination with the surfactant was observed, with this effect being most distinct on USGA greens. No correlation between occurrence of degradation and soil depth, green type or grass type was observed. Sorption seemed to be the main process governing the leaching risk of TBZ from the greens and a positive correlation to the organic matter content was shown. In light of these findings, organic matter content should be taken into consideration during the construction of golf courses, especially when following USGA guidelines.
Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Electronic address: nba@geus.dk.
Nora
N
Badawi
Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
Annette E
AE
Rosenbom
Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
Anne M D
AMD
Jensen
Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
Sebastian R
SR
Sørensen
D000327:Adsorption; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000737:chemistry*; D006055:Golf; D006109:Poaceae; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D014230:Triazoles / Q000737:chemistry*
D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014230:Triazoles; C087114:tebuconazole
Fungicide, degradation; Golf courses; Leaching potential; Sorption; Water contamination