Huxleys' Missing Filament: Form and Function of Titin in Vertebrate Striated Muscle.
Although superthin filaments were inferred from early experiments on muscle, decades passed before their existence was accepted. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that titin, the largest known protein, first appeared in the common ancestor of chordates and nematodes and evolved rapidly via duplication. Twitchin and projectin evolved later by truncation. Sallimus mutants in Drosophila exhibit disrupted sarcomere and chromosome structure, suggesting that giant proteins may have evolved as chromosomal scaffolds that were co-opted for a similar purpose in striated muscles. Though encoded by only one gene, titin comprises hundreds of exons and has the potential for enormous diversity. Shorter isoforms typically confer greater passive stiffness associated with smaller in vivo muscle strains. Recent studies demonstrate unequivocally that titin stiffness increases upon muscle activation, but the mechanisms are only now being uncovered. Although some basic principles have been established, a vast opportunity remains to extend our understanding of titin function in striated muscle.
Center for Bioengineering Innovation, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-4185.
Stan
S
Lindstedt
Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-4185; email: Kiisa.Nishikawa@nau.edu.
Kiisa
K
Nishikawa
D000818:Animals; D064211:Connectin / Q000378:metabolism*; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D054792:Muscle, Striated / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012518:Sarcomeres / Q000378:metabolism; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000378:metabolism*
D064211:Connectin
connectin; evolution; force enhancement; giant sarcomeric proteins; muscle passive tension; titin activation