Alpha-Enolase (ENO1), a potential target in novel immunotherapies.
Alpha-enolase (ENO1) is a metabolic enzyme involved in the synthesis of pyruvate. It also acts as a plasminogen receptor and mediates the activation of plasmin and extracellular matrix degradation. In tumor cells,ENO1is up-regulated and supports the Warburg effect; it is expressed at the cell surface, where it promotes cancer invasion, and is subjected to a specific array of post-translational modifications, namely acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation.ENO1overexpression and post-translational modifications could be of diagnostic and prognostic value in many cancer types. Information on the biochemical, proteomics and immunological characterization ofENO1, and particularly its ability to trigger a strong specific humoral and cellular immune response, make this ubiquitous protein an interesting tumor target; DNA vaccination withENO1in preclinical models efficiently delays the development of very aggressive tumors such as pancreatic cancer. This review aims to analyze the main stages by which the tumor associated antigen (TAA)ENO1has become a promising target that opens potential avenues for cancer immunotherapy.
Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126 Italy,and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, 10126 Italy,and Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies.
Paola
P
Cappello
Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126 Italy,and Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies.
Moitza
M
Principe
Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126 Italy,and Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies.
Sara
S
Bulfamante
Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Azienda Universitaria Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, via Santena 5, Torino 10126 Italy, franco.novelli@unito.it.
Francesco
F
Novelli
D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000378:metabolism; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D001323:Autoantibodies; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C095157:ENO1 protein, human; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase