Effect of Holarrhena antidysentrica (Ha) and Andrographis paniculata (Ap) on the biofilm formation and cell membrane integrity of opportunistic pathogen Salmonella typhimurium.
Increasing occurrence of gastroenteritis outbreaks caused by food borne opportunistic microorganisms has become a major problem in food industry as well as in immunocompromised host. Antimicrobial agents are losing their efficacy due to increase in the microbial resistance. For such reasons, conventional treatment has become limited to manage the infections state. Need of the hour is to instigate the search for safer holistic alternatives. The present study was hence conducted to assess the antibiofilm effect and mode of action of aquo alcoholic extracts of Holarrhena antidysentrica (Ha) and Andrographis paniculata (Ap) against the Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. Both the extracts were screened for the presence of phytocompounds followed by the characterization using Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) infrared spectroscopy and bioactivity finger print analysis. Anti-biofilm assays were determined to test the potential of both extracts to inhibit the biofilm formation, while Propidium Iodide (PI) uptake analysis revealed that cell membrane was damaged by the exposure of nutraceuticals for 1 h. This study has demonstrated that both nutraceuticals have anti-biofilm and antimicrobial activity perturbing the membrane integrity of food-borne S. typhimurium and could be used as curative remedy to control the food borne microbial infection.
Heavy Metal and Clinical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India; Division of CBRN Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India.
Ankit
A
Tanwar
Division of CBRN Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India.
Raman
R
Chawla
Division of CBRN Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India.
Ankita Singh
AS
Chakotiya
Division of CBRN Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India.
Pallavi
P
Thakur
Division of CBRN Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India.
Rajeev
R
Goel
Division of CBRN Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India.
Mitra
M
Basu
Office of DG (LS), Defence Research and Development Organisation, DRDO Bhawan, Delhi, India.
Rajesh
R
Arora
Heavy Metal and Clinical Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India. Electronic address: hakhantox@gmail.com.
Haider Ali
HA
Khan
D035685:Andrographis / Q000737:chemistry*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D035462:Holarrhena / Q000737:chemistry*; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011419:Propidium / Q000032:analysis; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013194:Staining and Labeling
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011419:Propidium
Andrographis paniculata; Antibacterial; Antibiofilm; Holarrhena antidysentrica; Opportunistic pathogen; Salmonella typhimurium