The Ecology of Stress: linking life-history traits with physiological control mechanisms in free-living guanacos.
BACKGROUND
Providing the context for the evolution of life-history traits, habitat features constrain successful ecological and physiological strategies. In vertebrates, a key response to life's challenges is the activation of the Stress (HPA) and Gonadal (HPG) axes. Much of the interest in stress ecology is motivated by the desire to understand the physiological mechanisms in which the environment affects fitness. As reported in the literature, several intrinsic and extrinsic factors affect variability in hormone levels. In both social and non-social animals, the frequency and type of interaction with conspecifics, as well as the status in social species, can affect HPA axis activity, resulting in changes in the reproductive success of animals. We predicted that a social environment can affect both guanaco axes by increasing the secretion of testosterone (T) and Glucocorticoid (GCs) in response to individual social interactions and the energetic demands of breeding. Assuming that prolonged elevated levels of GCs over time can be harmful to individuals, it is predicted that the HPA axis suppresses the HPG axis and causes T levels to decrease, as GCs increase.


METHODS
All of the data for individuals were collected by non-invasive methods (fecal samples) to address hormonal activities. This is a novel approach in physiological ecology because feces are easily obtained through non-invasive sampling in animal populations.


RESULTS
As expected, there was a marked adrenal (p-value = .3.4e-12) and gonadal (p-value = 0.002656) response due to seasonal variation inLama guanicoe. No significant differences were found in fecal GCs metabolites between males/females*season for the entire study period (p-value = 0.2839). Despite the seasonal activity variation in the hormonal profiles, our results show a positive correlation (p-value = 1.952e-11, COR = 0.50) between the adrenal and gonadal system. The marked endocrine (r2= 0.806) and gonad (r2= 0.7231) response due to seasonal variation in male guanaco individuals highlights the individual's energetic demands according to life-history strategies. This is a remarkable result because no inhibition was found between the axes as theory suggests. Finally, the dataset was used to build a reactive scope model for guanacos.


CONCLUSIONS
Guanacos cope with the trade-off between sociability and reproductive benefits and costs, by regulating their GCs and T levels on a seasonal basis, suggesting an adaptive role of both axes to different habitat pressures. The results presented here highlight the functional role of stress and gonad axes on a critical phase of a male mammal's life-the mating period-when all of the resources are at the disposal of the male and must be used to maximize the chances for reproductive success.
Laboratorio de Ecología Conductual, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratorio de Interacciones Ecológicas, Instituto de investigaciones den zonas áridas (CONICET-MENDOZA-LIE-IADIZA), Mendoza, Argentina; Grupo de Investigación de Eco-fisiología de Fauna Silvestre (GIEFAS), Asentamiento Universitario de San Martín de los Andes (AUSMA), Universidad Nacional del Comahue (INIBIOMA-CONICET-AUSMA-UNCo), Neuquén, Argentina.
Ramiro J A
RJ
Ovejero Aguilar
Laboratorio de Reproducción y Lactancia, Universidad de Mendoza (IMBECU-CCT-MENDOZA) , Mendoza , Argentina.
Graciela A
GA
Jahn
Laboratorio de Ecología Conductual, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia , Chile.
Mauricio
M
Soto-Gamboa
Programa Estepa-Andino Patagonica-CONICET-PATAGONIA NORTE-INIBIOMA , Neuquén , Argentina.
Andrés J
AJ
Novaro
Grupo de Investigación de Eco-fisiología de Fauna Silvestre (GIEFAS), Asentamiento Universitario de San Martín de los Andes (AUSMA), Universidad Nacional del Comahue (INIBIOMA-CONICET-AUSMA-UNCo) , Neuquén , Argentina.
Pablo
P
Carmanchahi
Hormonal profiles in wildlife; Lama guanicoe; Non-invasive methods; Reproduction; Sociality; Stress ecology