Bioconcentration, metabolism, and biomarker responses in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) exposed to sulfamethazine.
The antibiotic sulfamethazine (SM2) is commonly used in agriculture and livestock for its broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. Due to its widespread application, SM2is frequently detected in surface water and sediments. The objective of this study was to investigate the bioconcentration, distribution and biomarker responses of SM2and its main metabolite, acetylated sulfamethazine (N-SM2) in medaka (Oryzias melastigma). Two treated groups of medaka were exposed to concentrations of 40μg/L and 200μg/L of SM2for 24h to simulate the habitual use of those antibiotics in aquiculture activities. SM2and its main metabolite, N-SM2, were measured in several tissues during the 24h uptake period by UPLC/MS/MS. The bile exhibited the highest SM2concentration followed by the liver, gonad, gills, and muscle and the bioconcenration factor (BCF) was 10.69-42.95 in female fish and 2.78-145.36 in male fish. N-SM2showed a different distribution pattern from the parent compound, accumulating mainly in the gonad, and its BCF was much higher in the male group. Gender-related differences were also observed in the bioconcentration, transform rate and biomarkers of SM2. Biomarkers (SOD, CAT) in the liver changed significantly after 2, 12, and 24h of exposure (P<0.05), and presented a double-peak phenomenon. These results indicated that SM2can be absorbed and metabolized through multiple routes by fish in a short time. Interactions between biological systems and SM2or its metabolites may induce biochemical disturbances in fish.
State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
Songhe
S
Zhao
State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China. Electronic address: xhwang@xmu.edu.cn.
Xinhong
X
Wang
State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
Yongyu
Y
Li
School of Bioengineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China.
Jianqing
J
Lin
D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006066:Gonads / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009990:Oryzias / Q000378:metabolism*; D013418:Sulfamethazine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D013418:Sulfamethazine; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
Bioaccumulation; Biomarkers; Fish; Sulfamethazine; Uptake