Alcohol-Related Dementia and Neurocognitive Impairment: A Review Study.
BACKGROUND
Alcohol consumption has escalated rapidly in many countries over the past decade. Evidence suggests a correlation between alcohol use and cognitive decline. We have systematically reviewed the concept and controversies, epidemiology, nosology, neuropathology and neurobiology, neuropsychology and management updates of alcohol-related dementia (ARD) in this paper.


METHODS
We retrieved papers for this review by searching the PubMed database for terms "alcohol and dementia", "alcohol and cognitive impairment", and "alcohol and wernicke-korsakoff" mentioned in the title of the published papers. A total of 131 studies showed up. Appropriate studies were shortlisted and included (n = 72). Cross-references if relevant were considered from the selected studies. Eligible articles were fully read by the authors and the results were compiled.


RESULTS
The prolonged and excessive use of alcohol may lead to structural and functional brain damage, leading to ARD. The cognitive deficits are most frequently observed in domains of visuospatial functions, memory and executive tasks, with a potential of partial recovery if abstinence is maintained. However, there are doubts regarding the etiopathogenesis, nosological status, prevalence and diagnostic criteria for ARD, due to difficulty in assessment and various confounding factors.


CONCLUSIONS
With growing cohort of young and middle-aged people, there is a probable risk of upsurge of ARD. Presently, there are dilemmas over the diagnosis of independent ARD. Thus, there is a need to develop evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management of ARD through further systematic studies.
Department of Psychiatry, ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Maharishi Dayanand University, Haryana, India.
Ankur
A
Sachdeva
Department of Psychiatry and Drug De-addiction, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India.
Mina
M
Chandra
Department of Psychiatry and Drug De-addiction, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India.
Mona
M
Choudhary
National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre (WHO Collaborating Centre), All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India.
Prabhoo
P
Dayal
Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India.
Kuljeet Singh
KS
Anand
Alcohols; Cognition; Dementia; Thiamine; Wernicke Encephalopathy