Exploring relationships of catheter-associated urinary tract infection and blockage in people with long-term indwelling urinary catheters.
OBJECTIVE
To describe and explore relationships among catheter problems in long-term indwelling urinary catheter users, including excess healthcare use for treating catheter problems.


BACKGROUND
Long-term urinary catheter users experience repeated problems with catheter-related urinary tract infection and blockage of the device, yet little has been reported of the patterns and relationships among relevant catheter variables.


METHODS
Secondary data analysis was conducted from a sample in a randomised clinical trial, using data from the entire sample of 202 persons over 12 months' participation.


METHODS
Descriptive statistics were used to characterise the sample over time. Zero-inflated negative binomial models were employed for logistic regressions to evaluate predictor variables of the presence/absence and frequencies of catheter-related urinary tract infection and blockage.


RESULTS
Catheter-related urinary tract infection was marginally associated with catheter blockage. Problems reported at least once per person in the 12 months were as follows: catheter-related urinary tract infection 57%, blockage 34%, accidental dislodgment 28%, sediment 87%, leakage (bypassing) 67%, bladder spasms 59%, kinks/twists 42% and catheter pain 49%. Regression analysis demonstrated that bladder spasms were significantly related to catheter-related urinary tract infection and sediment amount, and catheter leakages were marginally significantly and positively related to catheter-related urinary tract infection. Frequencies of higher levels of sediment and catheter leakage were significantly associated with higher levels of blockage, and being female was associated with fewer blockages. Persons who need help with eating (more disabled) were also more likely to have blockages.


CONCLUSIONS
Catheter-related urinary tract infection and blockage appear to be related and both are associated with additional healthcare expenditures. More research is needed to better understand how to prevent adverse catheter outcomes and patterns of problems in subgroups.


CONCLUSIONS
Nurses can develop care management strategies to identify catheter blockage prior to its occurrence by tracking the amount of sediment and frequency of leakage. Bladder spasms could be an early warning of catheter-related urinary tract infection.
School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
Mary H
MH
Wilde
School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
James M
JM
McMahon
School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
Hugh F
HF
Crean
School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
Judith
J
Brasch
D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000451:nursing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000451:nursing / Q000517:prevention & control
blockage; catheter-associated urinary tract infection; complications; nursing; urinary catheterisation