Gastrodin relieved complete Freund's adjuvant-induced spontaneous pain by inhibiting inflammatory response.
The analgesic effects of gastrodin (GAS), an active component derived from the Chinese herb Tian ma (Gastrodia elata Blume), on chronic inflammatory pain of mice and the involved molecular mechanisms were investigated. GAS significantly attenuated mice chronic inflammatory pain induced by hindpaw injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and the accompanying anxiety-like behaviors. GAS administration reduced CFA-induced up-regulation of GluR1-containing α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-alpha (CaMKII-α) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The GluN2A and GluN2B subunits of NMDA receptors, the GluR1 type of AMPA receptor, and CaMKII-α are key molecules responsible for neuroplasticity involved in chronic pain and the accompanying anxiety. Moreover, GAS administration reduced the activation of astrocyte and microglia and the induction of TNF-α and IL-6 in the ACC of the CFA-injected mice. Therefore, GAS administration relieved chronic pain, exerted anxiolytic effects by regulating neuroplasticity molecules, and attenuated the inflammatory response by reducing the induction of TNF-α and IL-6 in the ACC of the CFA-injected mice.
Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R.China; Department of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R.China.
Ting
T
Sun
Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R.China; Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R.China.
Jian
J
Wang
Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R.China; Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R.China.
Xiang
X
Li
Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R.China.
Yu-Jiao
YJ
Li
Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R.China.
Dan
D
Feng
Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R.China; Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R.China.
Wen-Long
WL
Shi
Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R.China.
Ming-Gao
MG
Zhao
Department of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R.China. Electronic address: yyswjb@fmmu.edu.cn.
Jian-Bo
JB
Wang
Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, P.R.China. Electronic address: yumeiwu@fmmu.edu.cn.
Yu-Mei
YM
Wu
D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001592:Benzyl Alcohols / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D005960:Glucosides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000378:metabolism; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism; D014110:Touch; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
D000700:Analgesics; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001592:Benzyl Alcohols; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D054732:Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D005960:Glucosides; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C491049:Aif1 protein, mouse; C121001:NR2B NMDA receptor; C528900:glial fibrillary astrocytic protein, mouse; C577686:interleukin-6, mouse; C045345:gastrodin
ACC; Anxiety; CFA; Chronic inflammatory pain; Gastrodin; IL-6; Neuroplasticity; TNF-α