Underlying role of mitochondrial mutagenesis in the pathogenesis of a disease and current approaches for translational research.
Mitochondrial diseases have been extensively investigated over the last three decades, but many questions regarding their underlying aetiologies remain unanswered. Mitochondrial dysfunction is not only responsible for a range of neurological and myopathy diseases but also considered pivotal in a broader spectrum of common diseases such as epilepsy, autism and bipolar disorder. These disorders are a challenge to diagnose and treat, as their aetiology might be multifactorial. In this review, the focus is placed on potential mechanisms capable of introducing defects in mitochondria resulting in disease. Special attention is given to the influence of xenobiotics on mitochondria; environmental factors inducing mutations or epigenetic changes in the mitochondrial genome can alter its expression and impair the whole cell's functionality. Specifically, we suggest that environmental agents can cause damage in mitochondrial DNA and consequently lead to mutagenesis. Moreover, we describe current approaches for handling mitochondrial diseases, as well as available prenatal diagnostic tests, towards eliminating these maternally inherited diseases. Undoubtedly, more research is required, as current therapeutic approaches mostly employ palliative therapies rather than targeting primary mechanisms or prophylactic approaches. Much effort is needed into further unravelling the relationship between xenobiotics and mitochondria, as the extent of influence in mitochondrial pathogenesis is increasingly recognised.
School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
Maria
M
Paraskevaidi
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Central Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston PR5 6AW, UK and.
Pierre L
PL
Martin-Hirsch
Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK.
Maria
M
Kyrgiou
School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
Francis L
FL
Martin
D000818:Animals; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial; D006801:Humans; D028361:Mitochondrial Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D016296:Mutagenesis; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical
D004785:Environmental Pollutants