Evaluation of tissue morphology and gene expression as biomarkers of pollution in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis caging experiment.
The ecosystem is being anthropogenically disturbed, which has serious consequences for the environment and human health, having strong social and economic impacts on the community. One of the most common methods to evaluate the effects of toxic contaminants is based on biomonitoring, e.g., placing Mytilus galloprovincialis in the polluted areas investigated. In this study, we have combined two different methods, transcriptomic and morphological analysis, with the purpose of determining whether cell morphology and the ultrastructural organization of our animal model are related to gene expression in outdoor experiments. The most pronounced changes were observed in mussel gills and digestive gland for mRNA involved in protein machinery (18S, 28S and EF1), while HSP70, MT10, CYP4Y1, SOD1, and CAT mRNAs showed scattered modifications not related to the studied area. In agreement with 18S, 28S, and EF1 mRNA evaluation, optical and electron microscopy demonstrated an initial inflammatory response of the cells that can lead to apoptosis in the caged mussels in all the polluted areas. In conclusion, the application of a multi-disciplinary approach proved to be effective for assessing the biological effects of contaminations on the health of aquatic organisms, and thus suitable to be applied in eco-toxicological studies. Although affected by several uncontrolled environmental variables, the assessment of mRNA can represent a useful endpoint for an integrated estimation of the overall threats to the sea environment within a field research approach.
Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università dell'Insubria, Via Dunant 3, Varese, Italy.
Federica
F
Rossi
Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università dell'Insubria, Via Dunant 3, Varese, Italy.
Silvia
S
Palombella
Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università dell'Insubria, Via Dunant 3, Varese, Italy.
Cristina
C
Pirrone
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica, Elettronica e Informatica Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, Catania, Italy.
Giuseppe
G
Mancini
Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università dell'Insubria, Via Dunant 3, Varese, Italy; "The Protein Factory" Research Center, Politecnico di Milano, ICRM-CNR Milano and Università dell'Insubria, Via Mancinelli 7, Milano, Italy.
Giovanni
G
Bernardini
Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università dell'Insubria, Via Dunant 3, Varese, Italy; "The Protein Factory" Research Center, Politecnico di Milano, ICRM-CNR Milano and Università dell'Insubria, Via Mancinelli 7, Milano, Italy. Electronic address: rosalba.gornati@uninsubria.it.
Rosalba
R
Gornati
D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002374:Catalase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000187:drug effects*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
D015415:Biomarkers; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002374:Catalase; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1
Quantitative PCR; Sentinel organisms; Stress-related genes; TEM; mRNA