Multidimensional structure of a questionnaire to assess barriers to and motivators of physical activity in recipients of solid organ transplantation.
To explore the underlying dimensions of the Barriers and Motivators Questionnaire that is used to assess barriers to and motivators of physical activity experienced by recipients of solid organ transplantation and thereby improve the application in research and clinical settings.



A cross-sectional study was performed in recipients of solid organ transplantation (n = 591; median (IQR) age = 59 (49; 66); 56% male). The multidimensional structure of the questionnaire was analyzed by exploratory principal component analysis. Cronbach's α was calculated to determine internal consistency of the entire questionnaire and individual components.



The barriers scale had a Cronbach's α of 0.86 and was subdivided into four components; α of the corresponding subscales varied between 0.80 and 0.66. The motivator scale had an α of 0.91 and was subdivided into four components with an α between 0.88 to 0.70. Nine of the original barrier items and two motivator items were not included in the component structure.



A four-dimensional structure for both the barriers and motivators scale of the questionnaire is supported. The use of the indicated subscales increases the usability in research and clinical settings compared to the overall scores and provide opportunities to identify modifiable constructs to be targeted in interventions. Implications for rehabilitation Organ transplant recipients are less active than the general population despite established health benefits of physical activity. A multidimensional structure is shown in the Barriers and Motivators Questionnaire, the use of the identified subscales increases applicability in research and clinical settings. The use of the questionnaire with its component structure in the clinical practice of a rehabilitation physician could result in a faster assessment of problem areas in daily practice and result in a higher degree of clarity as opposed to the use of the individual items of the questionnaire.
a Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences , Groningen , The Netherlands.|b Department of Rehabilitation Medicine , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.|c Groningen Transplant Center , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.
Edwin J
0000-0003-1192-2935
EJ
van Adrichem
a Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences , Groningen , The Netherlands.
Wim P
WP
Krijnen
b Department of Rehabilitation Medicine , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.|d Center of Sports Medicine , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.
Rienk
0000-0001-6649-6289
R
Dekker
c Groningen Transplant Center , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.|e Department of Health Psychology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.
Adelita V
0000-0001-7048-3771
AV
Ranchor
b Department of Rehabilitation Medicine , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.|f Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.
Pieter U
PU
Dijkstra
a Research Group Healthy Ageing, Allied Health Care and Nursing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences , Groningen , The Netherlands.|b Department of Rehabilitation Medicine , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.
Cees P
CP
van der Schans
D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005221:Fatigue; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D009042:Motivation; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D066027:Transplant Recipients / Q000523:psychology
Attitude to health; barriers; motivators; organ transplant; physical activity