The Effect of Exertion on Heart Rate and Rating of Perceived Exertion in Acutely Concussed Individuals.
OBJECTIVE
Research suggests that one physiological effect of concussion is a disruption in regulation of autonomic nervous system control that affects the balance between parasympathetic and sympathetic output. While changes in heart rate after concussion have been observed, the nature of the heart rate change during progressive exercise has not been well evaluated in acutely symptomatic patients. Additionally, little is known about the relationship between HR and RPE in this population.


METHODS
We compared changes in heart rate and perceived effort during graded treadmill exertion in recently concussed patients to elucidate the effect of brain injury on cardiovascular response to exercise. Resting HR, HR on exercise initiation, and changes in HR and RPE during the Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test (BCTT) were compared on two test visits: When patients were symptomatic (acute) and after recovery. Results were compared with the test-retest results obtained from a control group consisting of healthy, non-concussed individuals.


RESULTS
Patients had a significantly lower HR at onset of exercise when acutely concussed as compared to when recovered and reported greater perceived exertion at every exercise intensity level when symptomatic, despite exercising at lower workloads, than when recovered. Sympathetic response to increased exertion was not affected by concussion - HR increased in response to exercise at a comparable rate in both tests. These differences observed in response to exercise between the first BCTT and follow-up evaluation in initially concussed patients were not present in non-concussed individuals.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that during the acute phase after concussion, acutely concussed patients demonstrated an impaired ability to shift from parasympathetic to sympathetic control over heart rate at the onset of exercise. Changes in the autonomic nervous system after concussion may be more complex than previously reported. Continued evaluation of autonomic regulatory effects in the acute phase after concussion is warranted.
Department of Psychiatry, University Sports Medicine, Buffalo New York, USA.
Andrea
A
Hinds
UBMD Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
John
J
Leddy
UBMD Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
Michael
M
Freitas
SUNY Jacobs School of Medicine, Buffalo, New York, USA.
Natalie
N
Czuczman
Department of Psychiatry, University Sports Medicine, Buffalo New York, USA.
Barry
B
Willer
Acute; Autonomic; Cardiovascular; Concussion; Exercise; Exertion; Heart rate