QRS fragmentation is superior to QRS duration in predicting mortality in adults with tetralogy of Fallot.
Although QRS duration >180 ms has prognostic value in adults with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), its sensitivity to predict mortality is low. Fragmented QRS complexes, a simple measurement on ECG, are related to myocardial fibrosis and dysfunction in patients with TOF. Our objective was to determine whether QRS fragmentation predicts major outcomes in TOF.



This multicentre study included adult patients with TOF from a prospective registry. Notches in the QRS complex in ≥2 contiguous leads on a 12-lead ECG, not related to bundle branch block, were defined as QRS fragmentation, which was classified as none, moderate (≤4 leads) or severe (≥5 leads). The primary and secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality and clinical ventricular arrhythmia, respectively.



A total of 794 adult patients with TOF (median age 27 years, 55% male; 52% no QRS fragmentation, 32% moderate, 16% severe) were included. During long-term (median 10.4 years) follow-up, 46 (6%) patients died and 35 (4%) patients had ventricular arrhythmias. Overall, 10-year survival was 98% in patients without fragmented QRS complexes, 93% in patients with moderate QRS fragmentation and 81% in patients with severe QRS fragmentation. In multivariable Cox hazards regression analysis, extent of QRS fragmentation (HR: 2.24/class, 95% CI 1.48 to 3.40, p<0.001) remained independently predictive for mortality, whereas QRS duration was not predictive (p=0.85). The extent of QRS fragmentation was also independently predictive for ventricular arrhythmia (HR: 2.00/class, 95% CI 1.26 to 3.16, p=0.003).



The extent of QRS fragmentation is superior to QRS duration in predicting mortality in adult patients with TOF and may be used in risk stratification.
Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands.|Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Jouke P
JP
Bokma
Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands.
Michiel M
MM
Winter
Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands.
Jim T
JT
Vehmeijer
Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Hubert W
HW
Vliegen
Department of Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Arie P
AP
van Dijk
Department of Cardiology, Groningen University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Joost P
JP
van Melle
Department of Cardiology, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Folkert J
FJ
Meijboom
Department of Cardiology, Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
Martijn C
MC
Post
Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Aeilko H
0000-0003-0361-3139
AH
Zwinderman
Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands.|Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Barbara J M
BJ
Mulder
Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands.|Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Berto J
BJ
Bouma
D000200:Action Potentials; D000328:Adult; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002423:Cause of Death; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009426:Netherlands; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
ECG/electrocardiogram