title: Standardized Extract from Caesalpinia spinosa is Cytotoxic Over Cancer Stem Cells and Enhance Anticancer Activity of Doxorubicin.
abstract: Cancer stem cells (CSC) are the primary cell type responsible for metastasis and relapse. ABC-transporters are integral membrane proteins involved in the translocation of substrates across membranes protecting CSC from chemotherapeutic agents. A plant extract derived from C. spinosa (P2Et) previously investigated for its antitumor activity has been shown to reduce lung and spleen metastasis in mice that have been transplanted with breast cancer cells, suggesting that P2Et has a significant activity against cancer stem cells (CSC). P2Et extract was thoroughly characterized by HPLC/MS. The cytotoxicity of P2Et extract was evaluated using a MTT assay in human and murine cell lines with different profiles of resistance, by Pgp overexpression or by enrichment in cancer stem cells. The synergistic effect of P2Et with doxorubicin was evaluated in vitro in several cell lines and in vivo in mice transplanted with TS/A cells, a highly resistant cell line and enriched in CD44[Formula: see text]CD24[Formula: see text]CSC. The chromatographic fingerprint of P2Et extract revealed 13 gallotannins. We also found that P2Et extract was cytotoxic to cells regardless of their resistant phenotype. Similarly, complementary activities were observed as drug efflux reversion and antioxidant activity. Short-treatment with P2Et extract, revealed a synergistic effect with doxorubicin in resistant cell lines. In vivo the P2Et increases mice survival in a TS/A breast cancer model associated with augmentation of calreticulin expression. Our results suggest that P2Et treatment could be used as adjuvant along with conventional chemotherapy to treat tumors with a MDR phenotype or with high frequency of CSC.
authors.affiliation: * Department of Microbiology, Grupo de Investigación Fitoquímica Universidad Javeriana (GIFUJ), Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Tito A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Sandoval
authors.affiliation: * Department of Microbiology, Grupo de Investigación Fitoquímica Universidad Javeriana (GIFUJ), Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Claudia P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Urueña
authors.affiliation: * Department of Microbiology, Grupo de Investigación Fitoquímica Universidad Javeriana (GIFUJ), Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Llano
authors.affiliation: * Department of Microbiology, Grupo de Investigación Fitoquímica Universidad Javeriana (GIFUJ), Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gómez-Cadena
authors.affiliation: * Department of Microbiology, Grupo de Investigación Fitoquímica Universidad Javeriana (GIFUJ), Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.affiliation: † Departament of Chemistry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Grupo de Investigación Fitoquímica Universidad Javeriana (GIFUJ), Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Luis Gonzalo
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Sequeda
authors.affiliation: † Departament of Chemistry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Grupo de Investigación Fitoquímica Universidad Javeriana (GIFUJ), Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Alix E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Loaiza
authors.affiliation: * Department of Microbiology, Grupo de Investigación Fitoquímica Universidad Javeriana (GIFUJ), Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.affiliation: ‡ Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Shaoping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: * Department of Microbiology, Grupo de Investigación Fitoquímica Universidad Javeriana (GIFUJ), Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fiorentino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D029911:Caesalpinia / Q000737:chemistry*; D037282:Calreticulin / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000975:Antioxidants; D037282:Calreticulin; D047348:Hydrolyzable Tannins; D010936:Plant Extracts; D004317:Doxorubicin
keywords: Caesalpinia spinose; Gallotannins; Multidrug Resistance; P-glycoprotein; Synergy