title: The development of locomotor kinetics in the foal and the effect of osteochondrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Foals stand and walk immediately after birth, but insight into the subsequent longitudinal development of their gait kinetics in the early juvenile phase and the possible influence of osteochondrosis thereon is lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify gait kinetics in foals during the first half year of life, taking into account their osteochondrosis status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, cohort study performed at a single stud farm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pressure plate measurements at walk and trot from 11 Dutch Warmblood foals during the first 24 weeks of life were used to determine body mass normalised peak vertical force, normalised vertical impulse and stance duration. Coefficients of variation of peak vertical force and stance duration were used as measures for gait maturity. Radiographs of tarsocrural and femoropatellar joints were taken at age 4-6 weeks and after 6 months to check for osteochondrosis. A linear mixed model was used to determine the effects of age, limb, presence of osteochondrosis and speed on gait parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean walking and trotting velocity increased over time as did stance duration and normalised vertical impulse, normalised peak vertical force values however remained relatively constant. During the first weeks of their life only the coefficient of variation of stance duration decreased significantly, while the coefficient of variation of peak vertical force did not. None of the foals was visibly lame, but the presence of osteochondrosis resulted in a temporarily but significantly reduced normalised peak vertical force.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is a relatively small sample size of one breed from a single stud farm. A stand-alone pressure plate was used and body mass was estimated rather than measured.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite being precocious, foals need time to mature their gait. During growth, velocity at walk and trot increases, but normalised peak vertical force remains relatively constant. Although not visibly lame, a temporary reduction in normalised peak vertical force was detected in osteochondrosis positive foals using a pressure plate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: B M C
authors.initials: BMC
authors.lastname: Gorissen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Wolschrijn
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Serra Bragança
authors.affiliation: eDigit, Equine Digital Imaging, Roosendaal, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: A A J
authors.initials: AAJ
authors.lastname: Geerts
authors.affiliation: eDigit, Equine Digital Imaging, Roosendaal, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: W O J L
authors.initials: WOJL
authors.lastname: Leenders
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.|Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Back
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: van Weeren
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D055034:Osteochondrosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016138:Walking
keywords: foal; gait development; horse; kinetics; osteochondrosis