title: A multi-isotope investigation of diet and subsistence amongst island and mainland populations from early medieval western Britain.
abstract: This is the first investigation of dietary practices amongst multiple early medieval populations (AD 500-1000) from Wales and the Isle of Man using carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur isotope analysis. The analysis will illuminate similarities or differences between the diets and subsistence strategies of populations occupying different geographical regions, specifically those living in marginal coastal regions in comparison to inland populations well-connected to ecclesiastical centres and high-status settlements.
  
  
  
  One hundred and two human skeletons were sampled for carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, and 69 human skeletons were sampled for sulphur isotope analysis from nine cemetery sites from western Britain (Isle of Man = 3, southwest Wales = 4, southeast Wales = 2). Thirteen faunal skeletons from St Patrick's Chapel (southwest Wales) were sampled for carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur isotope analysis.
  
  
  
  Human δ13C values range from -19.4‰ to -21.2‰ (δ13C mean=-20.4 ±0.4‰, 1σ, n = 86), and δ15N values range from 9.1‰ to 13.8‰ (δ15N mean = 10.8 ± 0.9‰, 1σ, n = 86). δ34S values range from 1.2‰ to 18.4‰ (δ34S mean = 11.6 ± 4.5‰, 1σ, n = 66). Significant differences were noted between the mean δ13C, δ15N and δ34S values according to geographic region: Isle of Man (δ13C = -20.7 ± 0.4‰, δ15N = 11.4 ±0.6‰, n = 13/86; δ34S mean = 17.1 ±0.6, n = 4/66), southwest Wales (δ13C = -20.5 ± 0.4‰, δ15N = 11.0 ±1‰, n = 32/86; δ34S = 16.1 ± 2.1, n = 21/66), and southeast Wales (δ13C =-20.3 ±0.4‰, δ15N = 10.4 ±0.7‰, n = 41/86; δ34S= 8.8 ±3‰, n = 41/66). Faunal δ13C values range from -23.1‰ to -21.2‰ (δ13C mean= -22.1 ±0.5‰, 1σ, n = 13), and δ15N values range from 6.3‰ to 9.8‰ (δ15N mean = 7.3 ± 1.1‰, 1σ, n = 13). δ34S values range from 4.7‰ to 18.4‰ (δ34S mean= 16.3 ± 3.6‰, 1σ, n = 13).
  
  
  
  The data reveal a reliance on terrestrial protein, however differences are observed between the resource consumption of populations from southwest Wales and the Isle of Man in comparison to the populations from southeast Wales. Populations from the west coast have a marine sulphur signature that reflects their coastal proximity and may also include a reliance on seaweed as a fertiliser/food source. Populations in the southeast were connected to ecclesiastical centres and high-status settlements and had access to inland-grown produce. The data add support to the suggestion that δ34S can be used as a mobility indicator.
authors.affiliation: Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, S1 4ET, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Katie A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hemer
authors.affiliation: NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Angela L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.affiliation: NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Carolyn A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Chenery
authors.affiliation: NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000885:Anthropology, Physical; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry*; D002417:Cattle; D055699:Cemeteries; D002648:Child; D004032:Diet / Q000266:history*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D007554:Isotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012756:Sheep; D013552:Swine; D006113:United Kingdom; D014852:Wales; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007554:Isotopes
keywords: Isle of Man; Wales; palaeodietary reconstruction; post-Roman period; sulphur