title: The antecedents, experience, and coping strategies of driver boredom in young adult males.
abstract: Road crash statistics are evidence of the severe consequences resulting from human error, especially among young adult males. Drivers perform best and safest when they are adequately engaged in the driving task. Boredom and a lack of engagement in the driving task may cause risk taking and phone use. However, the antecedents to driver boredom, the subjective experience itself, as well as the coping strategies to combat boredom are not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate these aspects.
  
  
  
  We carried out a qualitative study in a simulated, safe, yet highly immersive driving environment. The 24 participants included male drivers aged 18 to 25 susceptible to risky driving and phone use. A phenomenological framework was used to analyze their accounts of the experience of boredom while driving.
  
  
  
  Results indicate that situations giving rise to driver boredom include low traffic, slow or constant speed, and routine drives. Feelings comprising the experience were frustration, vigilance, relaxing, autopilot, mind wandering, and discomfort. Coping mechanisms manifest themselves in approach strategies related to the driving task such as speeding, which are often dangerous, and avoidance strategies, which include phone use.
  
  
  
  We conclude that driver boredom bears similarities to the experience of boredom at work (unlike boredom at home) due to the situational constraints, where people feel stuck, trapped, or obliged to remain vigilant.
  
  
  
  The findings present an opportunity for the road safety and automotive technology community to address the issue of under-stimulation through safety interventions aimed at increased task engagement. Our work can also aid in investigating driver experiences in partially automated driving, which is likely to induce boredom as well.
authors.affiliation: Urban Informatics Research Lab, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, 4000 QLD, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), QUT, 130 Victoria Park Road, 4059 QLD, Kelvin Grove, Australia. Electronic address: fabius.steinberger@qut.edu.au.
authors.forename: Fabius
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Steinberger
authors.affiliation: Urban Informatics Research Lab, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, 4000 QLD, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: April
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moeller
authors.affiliation: Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q), QUT, 130 Victoria Park Road, 4059 QLD, Kelvin Grove, Australia; Urban Informatics Research Lab, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, 4000 QLD, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schroeter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D001887:Boredom; D003617:Dangerous Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011793:Queensland; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012449:Safety; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Distraction; Phenomenology; Risk taking; Road safety