title: Importance of the use of protocols for the management of analgesia and sedation in pediatric intensive care unit.
abstract: Analgesia and sedation are essential elements in patient care in the intensive care unit (ICU), in order to promote the control of pain, anxiety and agitation, prevent the loss of devices, accidental extubation, and improve the synchrony of the patient with mechanical ventilation. However, excess of these medications leads to rise in morbidity and mortality. The ideal management will depend on the adoption of clinical and pharmacological measures, guided by scales and protocols.
  Literature review on the main aspects of analgesia and sedation, abstinence syndrome, and delirium in the pediatric intensive care unit, in order to show the importance of the use of protocols on the management of critically ill patients.
  Articles published in the past 16 years on PubMed, Lilacs, and the Cochrane Library, with the terms analgesia, sedation, abstinence syndrome, mild sedation, daily interruption, and intensive care unit.
  Seventy-six articles considered relevant were selected to describe the importance of using a protocol of sedation and analgesia. They recommended mild sedation and the use of assessment scales, daily interruptions, and spontaneous breathing test. These measures shorten the time of mechanical ventilation, as well as length of hospital stay, and help to control abstinence and delirium, without increasing the risk of morbidity and morbidity.
  Despite the lack of controlled and randomized clinical trials in the pediatric setting, the use of protocols, optimizing mild sedation, leads to decreased morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Assistant Physician at the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Emiliana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Motta
authors.affiliation: Clinical Preceptor at the PICU, Instituto da Criança, HC-FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luglio
authors.affiliation: Professor, Habilitation (BR: Livre-docência), Department of Pediatrics, FMUSP. Coordinator of the PICU, Instituto da Criança, HC-FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Artur Figueiredo
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.affiliation: Full Professor of Intensive Care/Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Werther Brunow de
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Carvalho
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D002985:Clinical Protocols / Q000592:standards*; D016638:Critical Illness; D003693:Delirium / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D008297:Male; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives