title: Does maternal exposure to artificial food coloring additives increase oxidative stress in the skin of rats?
abstract: Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A polypeptide 1 (CYP1A1) metabolize and detoxify carcinogens, drugs, environmental pollutants, and reactive oxygen species. Changes of GST expression in tissues and gene mutations have been reported in association with many neoplastic skin diseases and dermatoses. Widely used artificial food coloring additives (AFCAs) also reported to effect primarily behavioral and cognitive function and cause neoplastic diseases and several inflammatory skin diseases. We aimed to identify the changes in expression of GSTs, CYP1A1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in rat skin which were maternally exposed AFCAs. A rat model was designed to evaluate the effects of maternal exposure of AFCAs on skin in rats. "No observable adverse effect levels" of commonly used AFCAs as a mixture were given to female rats before and during gestation. Immunohistochemical expression of GSTs, CYP1A1, and VEGF was evaluated in their offspring. CYP1A1, glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP), glutathione S-transferase alpha (GSTA), glutathione S-transferase mu (GSTM), glutathione S-transferase theta (GSTT), and VEGF were expressed by epidermal keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, sebaceous glands, hair follicle, and subcutaneous striated muscle in the normal skin. CYP1A1, GSTA, and GSTT were expressed at all microanatomical sites of skin in varying degrees. The expressions of CYP1A1, GSTA, GSTT, and VEGF were decreased significantly, while GSTM expression on sebaceous gland and hair follicle was increased. Maternal exposure of AFCAs apparently effects expression of the CYP1A1, GSTs, and VEGF in the skin. This prominent change of expressions might play role in neoplastic and nonneoplastic skin diseases.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pathology, Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Science, Turkish Ministry of Health, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Başak
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Dermatology, Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Science, Turkish Ministry of Health, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: P Y
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Başak
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical School, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Doğuç
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Antalya Atatürk State Hospital, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aylak
authors.affiliation: 5 Departmant of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oğuztüzün
authors.affiliation: 5 Departmant of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: B M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Bozer
authors.affiliation: 6 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gültekin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005505:Food Coloring Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D054792:Muscle, Striated / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005505:Food Coloring Agents; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C467498:vascular endothelial growth factor A, rat; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D005982:Glutathione Transferase
keywords: Food coloring additives; genotoxicity; glutathione-S-transferase; oxidative stress; skin disease