title: Genomic islands of divergence linked to ecotypic variation in sockeye salmon.
abstract: Regions of the genome displaying elevated differentiation (genomic islands of divergence) are thought to play an important role in local adaptation, especially in populations experiencing high gene flow. However, the characteristics of these islands as well as the functional significance of genes located within them remain largely unknown. Here, we used data from thousands of SNPs aligned to a linkage map to investigate genomic islands of divergence in three ecotypes of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from a single drainage in southwestern Alaska. We found ten islands displaying high differentiation among ecotypes. Conversely, neutral structure observed throughout the rest of the genome was low and not partitioned by ecotype. One island on linkage group So13 was particularly large and contained six SNPs with FST> 0.14 (average FSTof neutral SNPs = 0.01). Functional annotation revealed that the peak of this island contained a nonsynonymous mutation in a gene involved in growth in other species (TULP4). The islands that we discovered were relatively small (80-402 Kb), loci found in islands did not show reduced levels of diversity, and loci in islands displayed slightly elevated linkage disequilibrium. These attributes suggest that the islands discovered here were likely generated by divergence hitchhiking; however, we cannot rule out the possibility that other mechanisms may have produced them. Our results suggest that islands of divergence serve an important role in local adaptation with gene flow and represent a significant advance towards understanding the genetic basis of ecotypic differentiation.
authors.affiliation: School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat Street, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195-5020, USA.
authors.forename: Wesley A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.affiliation: School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat Street, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195-5020, USA.
authors.forename: Morten T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Limborg
authors.affiliation: School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat Street, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195-5020, USA.
authors.forename: Garrett J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: McKinney
authors.affiliation: School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat Street, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195-5020, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Schindler
authors.affiliation: School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat Street, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195-5020, USA.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Seeb
authors.affiliation: School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat Street, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195-5020, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Seeb
mesh_terms: D000413:Alaska; D000818:Animals; D060146:Ecotype; D051456:Gene Flow; D005828:Genetics, Population; D044404:Genomic Islands; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012474:Salmon / Q000235:genetics*
keywords: divergence hitchhiking; ecotype; genomic islands of divergence; genotyping by sequencing; local adaptation; sockeye salmon