title: Somatic and Reinforcement-Based Plasticity in the Initial Stages of Human Motor Learning.
abstract: As one learns to dance or play tennis, the desired somatosensory state is typically unknown. Trial and error is important as motor behavior is shaped by successful and unsuccessful movements. As an experimental model, we designed a task in which human participants make reaching movements to a hidden target and receive positive reinforcement when successful. We identified somatic and reinforcement-based sources of plasticity on the basis of changes in functional connectivity using resting-state fMRI before and after learning. The neuroimaging data revealed reinforcement-related changes in both motor and somatosensory brain areas in which a strengthening of connectivity was related to the amount of positive reinforcement during learning. Areas of prefrontal cortex were similarly altered in relation to reinforcement, with connectivity between sensorimotor areas of putamen and the reward-related ventromedial prefrontal cortex strengthened in relation to the amount of successful feedback received. In other analyses, we assessed connectivity related to changes in movement direction between trials, a type of variability that presumably reflects exploratory strategies during learning. We found that connectivity in a network linking motor and somatosensory cortices increased with trial-to-trial changes in direction. Connectivity varied as well with the change in movement direction following incorrect movements. Here the changes were observed in a somatic memory and decision making network involving ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and second somatosensory cortex. Our results point to the idea that the initial stages of motor learning are not wholly motor but rather involve plasticity in somatic and prefrontal networks related both to reward and exploration.
  
  
  
  In the initial stages of motor learning, the placement of the limbs is learned primarily through trial and error. In an experimental analog, participants make reaching movements to a hidden target and receive positive feedback when successful. We identified sources of plasticity based on changes in functional connectivity using resting-state fMRI. The main finding is that there is a strengthening of connectivity between reward-related prefrontal areas and sensorimotor areas in the basal ganglia and frontal cortex. There is also a strengthening of connectivity related to movement exploration in sensorimotor circuits involved in somatic memory and decision making. The results indicate that initial stages of motor learning depend on plasticity in somatic and prefrontal networks related to reward and exploration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada.
authors.forename: Ananda
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2325-3137
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sidarta
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada.|Functional Neuroimaging Unit, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada, and.
authors.forename: Shahabeddin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vahdat
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada.
authors.forename: Nicolò F
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1250-1916
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada, david.ostry@mcgill.ca.|Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut 06511.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ostry
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D063132:Connectome / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: reinforcement; resting-state fMRI; sensorimotor learning; somatosensory