title: Food-Related Symptoms and Food Allergy in Swedish Children from Early Life to Adolescence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Risk factors for persistence of food-related symptoms (FRS) and food allergy (FA) from early life to adolescence are incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for FRS and FA in adolescence amongst children with FRS or FA in the first four years of life (early life).
  
  
  METHODS
  In children enrolled in a Swedish birth cohort and followed to 16 years (n = 2572), we defined children with early life FRS in the absence of FA, and FA. Corresponding phenotypes were defined at 16 years. Associations between potential risk factors at 4 years and FRS and FA at 16 years were investigated using logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early life FRS and FA prevalences were 12.2% and 6.8%, respectively. Amongst children with early life FRS, 35.7% had FRS or FA at 16 years, whereas 74.3% of the children with early life FA had FA at 16 years. For each of the early life phenotypes, parental allergy, early life allergic multimorbidity, early life reactions to peanuts/tree nuts and IgE reactivity at 4 years were statistically significantly associated with FRS or FA at 16 years. In contrast, male sex was associated with an increased risk of FA at 16 years among children with early life FA only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In early life, food-related symptoms are twice as common as food allergy. Unlike food allergy, food-related symptoms often remit by adolescence. Yet, these phenotypes have many common risk factors for persistence to adolescence.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine and Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jennifer L P
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Protudjer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine and Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mirja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vetander
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine and Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Clinical Science and Education and Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kull
authors.affiliation: Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Women's and Children's Health and Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hedlin
authors.affiliation: Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Medicine Solna, Immunology and Allergy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Hage
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine and Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wickman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine and Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bergström
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000485:Allergens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000707:Anaphylaxis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D004485:Eczema / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005502:Food / Q000009:adverse effects; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005638:Fruit / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000276:immunology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D007073:Immunoglobulin E