title: Genotyping of single spore isolates of a Pasteuria penetrans population occurring in Florida using SNP-based markers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To generate single spore lines of a population of bacterial parasite of root-knot nematode (RKN), Pasteuria penetrans, isolated from Florida and examine genotypic variation and virulence characteristics exist within the population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six single spore lines (SSP), 16SSP, 17SSP, 18SSP, 25SSP, 26SSP and 30SSP were generated. Genetic variability was evaluated by comparing single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in six protein-coding genes and the 16S rRNA gene. An average of one SNP was observed for every 69 bp in the 16S rRNA, whereas no SNPs were observed in the protein-coding sequences. Hierarchical cluster analysis of 16S rRNA sequences placed the clones into three distinct clades. Bio-efficacy analysis revealed significant heterogeneity in the level virulence and host specificity between the individual clones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SNP markers developed to the 5' hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene may be useful in biotype differentiation within a population of P. penetrans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates an efficient method for generating single spore lines of P. penetrans and gives a deep insight into genetic heterogeneity and varying level of virulence exists within a population parasitizing a specific Meloidogyne sp. host. The results also suggest that the application of generalist spore lines in nematode management may achieve broad RKN control.
authors.affiliation: Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.affiliation: Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: W B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Danquah
authors.affiliation: USDA ARS, Tifton, GA, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Timper
authors.affiliation: Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mekete
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005431:Florida; D005838:Genotype; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum; D058676:Pasteuria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010802:Phylogeny; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000469:parasitology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D013171:Spores, Bacterial; D014431:Tylenchoidea / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: 
  Pasteuria penetrans
  ; 
  SNP
  ; biotype; heterogeneity; host; root-knot nematode; specificity; spore