title: Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Metastatic Medulloblastoma and Prognostic Relevance of Clinical and Biologic Parameters.
abstract: Purpose To assess an intensified treatment in the context of clinical and biologic risk factors in metastatic medulloblastoma. Patients and Methods Patients (4 to 21 years old, diagnosed between 2001 and 2007) received induction chemotherapy, dose-escalated hyperfractionated craniospinal radiotherapy, and maintenance chemotherapy. Subgroup status and other biologic parameters were assessed. Results In 123 eligible patients (median age, 8.2 years old; median follow-up, 5.38 years), 5-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were 62% (95% CI, 52 to 72) and 74% (95% CI, 66 to 82), respectively. OS was superior compared with the precedent HIT '91 trial. The 5-year EFS and OS were both 89% (95% CI, 67 to 100) for desmoplastic/nodular (n = 11), 61% (95% CI, 51 to 71) and 75% (95% CI, 65 to 85) for classic (n = 107), and 20% (95% CI, 0 to 55) and 40% (95% CI, 0 to 83) for large-cell/anaplastic (n = 5) medulloblastoma ( P < .001 for EFS; P = .001 for OS). Histology (hazard ratio, 0.19 for desmoplastic/nodular and 45.97 for large-cell/anaplastic medulloblastoma) and nonresponse to the first chemotherapy cycle (hazard ratio, 1.97) were independent risk factors (EFS). Among 81 (66%) patients with tumor material, 5-year EFS and OS differed between low-risk (wingless [WNT], n = 4; both 100%), high-risk ( MYCC/ MYCN amplification; n = 5, both 20%), and intermediate-risk patients (neither; n = 72, 63% and 73%, respectively). Survival rates were different between molecular subgroups (WNT, n = 4; sonic hedgehog [SHH; n = 4]; group 4 [n = 41]; group 3 with [n = 3] or without [n = 17] MYCC/MYCN amplification; P < .001). All cases showed p53 immuno-negativity. There was no association between patients with nonresponding tumors to induction chemotherapy and WNT ( P = .143) or MYCC/MYCN status ( P = .075), histologic subtype ( P = .814), or molecular subtype ( P = .383), as assessed by Fisher's exact test. Conclusion This regimen was feasible and conferred overall favorable survival. Our data confirm the relevance of subgroup status and biologic parameters (WNT/ MYCC/ MYCN status) in a homogeneous prospective trial population, and show that metastatic group 3 patients do not uniformly have poor outcomes. Biologic subgroup, MYCC/ MYCN status, response to induction chemotherapy, and histologic subtype may serve for improved treatment stratification.
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: André O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: von Bueren
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Rolf-Dieter
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Kortmann
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: von Hoff
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mynarek
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goschzik
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zur Mühlen
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Warmuth-Metz
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Soerensen
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Deinlein
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benesch
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zwiener
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kwiecien
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faldum
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fleischhack
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hovestadt
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kool
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Northcott
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuehl
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pietsch
authors.affiliation: André O. von Bueren, Katja von Hoff, Carsten Friedrich, Martin Mynarek, and Stefan Rutkowski, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; André O. von Bueren, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen; Rolf-Dieter Kortmann and Klaus Müller, University of Leipzig; Carsten Friedrich, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig; Katja von Hoff, Nicolas Gerber, Monika Warmuth-Metz, Niels Soerensen, Frank Deinlein, and Joachim Kuehl, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg; Tobias Goschzik, Anja zur Mühlen, and Torsten Pietsch, University of Bonn Medical Center; Udo Bode, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn; Isabella Zwiener and Andreas Faldum, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz; Robert Kwiecien and Andreas Faldum, University of Muenster, Muenster; Gudrun Fleischhack, University Hospital of Essen, Essen; Volker Hovestadt, Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Research Center; Marcel Kool, David Jones, Paul Northcott, and Stefan Pfister, German Cancer Consortium; Stefan Pfister, University Hospital and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; Nicolas Gerber, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Martin Benesch, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; and Paul Northcott, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rutkowski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001317:Austria; D002528:Cerebellar Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016371:Cranial Irradiation; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D060046:Maintenance Chemotherapy; D008297:Male; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013557:Switzerland; D055815:Young Adult