title: Identification of sex-specific urinary biomarkers for major depressive disorder by combined application of NMR- and GC-MS-based metabonomics.
abstract: Women are more vulnerable to major depressive disorder (MDD) than men. However, molecular biomarkers of sex differences are limited. Here we combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)- and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabonomics to investigate sex differences of urinary metabolite markers in MDD, and further explore their potential of diagnosing MDD. Consequently, the metabolite signatures of women and men MDD subjects were significantly different from of that in their respective healthy controls (HCs). Twenty seven women and 36 men related differentially expressed metabolites were identified in MDD. Fourteen metabolites were changed in both women and men MDD subjects. Significantly, the women-specific (m-Hydroxyphenylacetate, malonate, glycolate, hypoxanthine, isobutyrate and azelaic acid) and men-specific (tyrosine, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, N-methylnicotinamide, indoxyl sulfate, citrate and succinate) marker panels were further identified, which could differentiate men and women MDD patients from their respective HCs with higher accuracy than previously reported sex-nonspecific marker panels. Our findings demonstrate that men and women MDD patients have distinct metabonomic signatures and sex-specific biomarkers have promising values in diagnosing MDD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: J-J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: C-J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: K-W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: M-L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Department of Neurology, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
authors.forename: Z-H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.|Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers