title: A pilot study of toceranib/vinblastine therapy for canine transitional cell carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Effective therapies for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) are limited, with objective response rates to most chemotherapeutic regimens below 20%. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biologic activity of combined toceranib phosphate and vinblastine chemotherapy for treatment of TCC. A secondary objective was to compare the utility of Computed Tomography (CT) and abdominal ultrasound (AUS) in tumor response assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dogs with TCC received vinblastine at 1.6 mg/m2 every 2 weeks and toceranib at 2.5-2.75 mg/kg on Monday/Wednesday/Friday. Tumor monitoring was achieved through CT and AUS. Five patients completed the 16-week study. Based on AUS assessments, 3 dogs experienced biologic response to therapy including partial responses (PR, n = 2) and stable disease (SD, n = 1). Based on CT, 5 dogs experienced a biologic response (n = 2 PR, n = 3 SD). Both imaging modalities (ultrasound and CT) were found to provide repeatable measurements between operators, however agreement between operator measurements was greater when CT images were used to assess tumor size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of toceranib and vinblastine did not result in improved response rates. While agreement in tumor volume assessments between both AUS and CT were excellent between operators, this did not extend to assessment of tumor response. The higher rate of concordance between operators when assessing response to treatment with CT suggests that CT should be considered for future clinical trials involving canine bladder TCC to improve the accuracy and repeatability of tumor measurement. The data suggest that response to therapy as assessed by AUS or CT do not predict duration of clinical response.
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Rippy
authors.affiliation: Departments of Veterinary Clinical and Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 454 Veterinary Medical Academic Building, 1925 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Heather L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.affiliation: Premier Veterinary Group of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Sandra M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Departments of Veterinary Clinical and Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 454 Veterinary Medical Academic Building, 1925 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Emma E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Warry
authors.affiliation: Premier Veterinary Group of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Roberta A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Portela
authors.affiliation: Departments of Veterinary Clinical and Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 454 Veterinary Medical Academic Building, 1925 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
authors.forename: William Tod
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Drost
authors.affiliation: Departments of Veterinary Clinical and Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 454 Veterinary Medical Academic Building, 1925 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Eric T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Hostnik
authors.affiliation: Departments of Veterinary Clinical and Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 454 Veterinary Medical Academic Building, 1925 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: Departments of Veterinary Clinical and Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 454 Veterinary Medical Academic Building, 1925 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Departments of Veterinary Clinical and Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 454 Veterinary Medical Academic Building, 1925 Coffey Rd., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. london.20@osu.edu.
authors.forename: Cheryl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: London
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D007211:Indoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D014747:Vinblastine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D011758:Pyrroles; C464577:toceranib phosphate; D014747:Vinblastine
keywords: Computed tomography; Toceranib; Transitional cell carcinoma; Ultrasound; Vinblastine