title: Molecular Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms of Retinoids and Carotenoids in Alzheimer's Disease: a Review of Current Evidence.
abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered as one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive loss of mental function and ability to learn. AD is a multifactorial disorder. Various hypotheses are suggested for the pathophysiology of AD including "Aβ hypothesis," "tau hypothesis," and "cholinergic hypothesis." Recently, it has been demonstrated that neuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Neuroinflammation causes synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death within the brain. Excessive production of pro-inflammatory mediators induces Aβ peptide production/accumulation and hyperphosphorylated tau generating inflammatory molecules and cytokines. These inflammatory molecules disrupt blood-brain barrier integrity and increase the production of Aβ42 oligomers. Retinoids and carotenoids are potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents having neuroprotective properties. They are able to prevent disease progression through several mechanisms such as suppression of Aβ peptide production/accumulation, oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory mediator's secretion as well as improvement of cognitive performance. These observations, therefore, confirm the neuroprotective role of retinoids and carotenoids through multiple pathways. Therefore, the administration of these nutrients is considered as a promising approach to the prevention and/or treatment of AD in the future. The aim of this review is to present existing evidences regarding the beneficial effects of retinoids and carotenoids on AD's risk and outcomes, seeking the mechanism of their action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Niyaz
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mohammadzadeh Honarvar
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. a.saedisomeolia@westernsydney.edu.au.|Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia. a.saedisomeolia@westernsydney.edu.au.|School of Molecular Bioscience, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia. a.saedisomeolia@westernsydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saedisomeolia
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdolahi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shayeganrad
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, East Tehran Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Gholamreza
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Taheri Sangsari
authors.affiliation: Azad University of Karaj, Karaj, Iran.
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hassanzadeh Rad
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muench
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012176:Retinoids / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D012176:Retinoids
keywords: Alzheimer disease (AD); Carotenoids; Neuroinflammation; Retinoids