title: A survey of deep tissue injury in elite female wheelchair basketball players.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate deep tissue injuries (DTIs) in elite female wheelchair basketball players and identify factors associated with their occurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants were 22 female wheelchair basketball players on the Japanese national team. The sacral and bilateral ischial regions of each participant were examined using ultrasonography to detect DTIs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DTIs were found in 15 players (68.2%). DTIs were more frequent in players with a central nervous system disorder (CNSd) (85.7%) than in those with skeletal system disease (SSd) (37.5%, p = 0.020), and in players using a wheelchair in daily life (84.6%) than those using a wheelchair only for basketball (44.4%, p = 0.046). Players with pelvic instability were more likely to have DTIs (90.9% vs. 45.5%, p = 0.017). DTIs were deeper in the ischial region than the sacral region (p = 0.022). Players with CNSd had more DTIs in sacral regions (90% vs. 10%, p = 0.014). Players with DTIs had lower systolic blood pressure (sBP), red blood cell (RBC) count, and serum creatinine levels (sCr) (all p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ischial DTIs were deeper than sacral DTIs. Players with CNSd had more sacral DTIs than those with SSd. CNSd, wheelchair use in daily life, pelvic instability, and lower sBP, RBC, and sCr increased the risk of DTIs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan.|Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiyo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirotaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mutsuzaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, School of Healthcare, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tachibana
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Social Welfare, Yamaguchi Prefectural University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsunoda
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Healthcare, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazushi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hotta
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tsukuba International University, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukaya
authors.affiliation: Art and Sciences, Faculty of Education, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuyoshi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wadano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001490:Basketball / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D064846:Sports for Persons with Disabilities; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014910:Wheelchairs; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adaptive sports; female athletes; pressure ulcer; ultrasonography