title: X-ray fiber diffraction modeling of structural changes of the thin filament upon activation of live vertebrate skeletal muscles.
abstract: In order to clarify the structural changes of the thin filaments related to the regulation mechanism in skeletal muscle contraction, the intensities of thin filament-based reflections in the X-ray fiber diffraction patterns from live frog skeletal muscles at non-filament overlap length were investigated in the relaxed state and upon activation. Modeling the structural changes of the whole thin filament due to Ca2+-activation was systematically performed using the crystallographic data of constituent molecules (actin, tropomyosin and troponin core domain) as starting points in order to determine the structural changes of the regulatory proteins and actin. The results showed that the globular core domain of troponin moved toward the filament axis by ∼6 Å and rotated by ∼16° anticlockwise (viewed from the pointed end) around the filament axis by Ca2+-binding to troponin C, and that tropomyosin together with the tail of troponin T moved azimuthally toward the inner domains of actin by ∼12° and radially by ∼7 Å from the relaxed position possibly to partially open the myosin binding region of actin. The domain structure of the actin molecule in F-actin we obtained for frog muscle thin filament was slightly different from that of the Holmes F-actin model in the relaxed state, and upon activation, all subdomains of actin moved in the direction to closing the nucleotide-binding pocket, making the actin molecule more compact. We suggest that the troponin movements and the structural changes within actin molecule upon activation are also crucial components of the regulation mechanism in addition to the steric blocking movement of tropomyosin.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biophysical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuhito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8568, Japan.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.affiliation: Division of Biophysical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takezawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Biophysical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasunobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.affiliation: RIKEN, SPring-8 Center, RIKEN Harima Institute, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5146, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.affiliation: Division of Biophysical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuzo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakabayashi
keywords: Ca2+-regulation; Thin filament; X-ray fiber diffraction; skeletal muscle