title: Micro-pulse upconversion Doppler lidar for wind and visibility detection in the atmospheric boundary layer.
abstract: For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a compact, eye-safe, and versatile direct detection Doppler lidar is developed using an upconversion single-photon detection method at 1.5 μm. An all-fiber and polarization maintaining architecture is realized to guarantee the high optical coupling efficiency and the robust stability. Using integrated-optic components, the conservation of etendue of the optical receiver is achieved by manufacturing a fiber-coupled periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide and an all-fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI). The double-edge technique is implemented by using a convert single-channel FPI and a single upconversion detector, incorporating a time-division multiplexing method. The backscatter photons at 1548.1 nm are converted into 863 nm via mixing with a pump laser at 1950 nm. The relative error of the system is less than 0.1% over nine weeks. In experiments, atmospheric wind and visibility over 48 h are detected in the boundary layer. The lidar shows good agreement with the ultrasonic wind sensor, with a standard deviation of 1.04 m/s in speed and 12.3° in direction.
authors.forename: Haiyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Mingjia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shangguan
authors.forename: Chong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Guoliang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shentu
authors.forename: Jiawei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiankang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dou
authors.forename: Jianwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pan