title: Analysis of whole human blood for Pb, Cd, Hg, Se, and Mn by ICP-DRC-MS for biomonitoring and acute exposures.
abstract: We improved our inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) whole blood method [1] for determination of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) by including manganese (Mn) and selenium (Se), and expanding the calibration range of all analytes. The method is validated on a PerkinElmer (PE) ELAN® DRC II ICP-MS (ICP-DRC-MS) and uses the Dynamic Reaction Cell (DRC) technology to attenuate interfering background ion signals via ion-molecule reactions. Methane gas (CH4) eliminates background signal from40Ar2+to permit determination of80Se+, and oxygen gas (O2) eliminates several polyatomic interferences (e.g.40Ar15N+,54Fe1H+) on55Mn+. Hg sensitivity in DRC mode is a factor of two higher than vented mode when measured under the same DRC conditions as Mn due to collisional focusing of the ion beam. To compensate for the expanded method's longer analysis time (due to DRC mode pause delays), we implemented an SC4-FAST autosampler (ESI Scientific, Omaha, NE), which vacuum loads the sample onto a loop, to keep the sample-to-sample measurement time to less than 5min, allowing for preparation and analysis of 60 samples in an 8-h work shift. The longer analysis time also resulted in faster breakdown of the hydrocarbon oil in the interface roughing pump. The replacement of the standard roughing pump with a pump using a fluorinated lubricant, Fomblin®, extended the time between pump maintenance. We optimized the diluent and rinse solution components to reduce carryover from high concentration samples and prevent the formation of precipitates. We performed a robust calculation to determine the following limits of detection (LOD) in whole blood: 0.07µgdL-1for Pb, 0.10µgL-1for Cd, 0.28μgL-1for Hg, 0.99µgL-1for Mn, and 24.5µgL-1for Se.
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. Electronic address: dmjones1@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Deanna R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffery M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jarrett
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
authors.forename: Denise S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Tevis
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; Battelle Memorial Institute, 2987 Clairmont Rd, Suite 450, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
authors.forename: Neva J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Mullinix
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
authors.forename: Kristen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wallon
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, P.O. Box 117, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Derrick Quarles
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Caldwell
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood; D002138:Calibration; D000074341:Dietary Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood; D008345:Manganese / Q000097:blood; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D008628:Mercury / Q000097:blood; D011786:Quality Control; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012643:Selenium / Q000097:blood; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000097:blood* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D008345:Manganese; D008628:Mercury; D012643:Selenium
keywords: Biomonitoring; Blood lead; Cadmium; ICP-MS; Manganese; Mercury; Reaction cell; Selenium; Whole blood