title: Influence of bioactive particles on the chemical-mechanical properties of experimental enamel resin infiltrants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed at evaluating the chemophysical properties of experimental resin infiltrants (ERIs) doped with different bioactive particles.
  
  
  METHODS
  A control resin infiltrant (CR) was formulated using triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (BisEMA). Moreover, five experimental ERIs were also created by incorporating the following bioactive fillers (10 wt%) into the CR: hydroxyapatite (Hap), amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), zinc-polycarboxylated bioactive glass (BAG-Zn), bioactive glass 45S5 (BAG 45S5), and calcium silicate modified with beta tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). ICON® resin infiltrant was also used as control. All the ERIs used in this study were assessed for degree of conversion (DC), Knoop microhardness (KHN), softening ratio (SR), tensile cohesive strength (TCS), modulus of elasticity (E-modulus), water sorption (WS), and solubility (SL). Data were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 5%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  ICON® presented the lowest DC, KHN, TCS, E-modulus, and SR. Incorporation of bioactive fillers into CR caused significant increase in the KHN. Conversely, no significant effect was observed on DC, TCS, and E-modulus. The resin infiltrant containing Hap showed a significant increase in softening ratio, while, ICON® presented the highest WS and SL. The WS of ACP-doped resin infiltrant was significantly higher than that of the Hap-doped infiltrant. The SL of the ACP-doped infiltrant was higher than CR BAG-Zn or BAG 45S5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incorporation of bioactive particles into experimental resin infiltrants can improve the chemomechanical properties and reduce water sorption and solubility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resin infiltrants doped with bioactive particles may improve the long-term performance of the treatment of white-spot lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Limeira Avenue, 901-Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ravana Angelini
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sfalcin
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Limeira Avenue, 901-Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Américo Bortolazzo
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Correr
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Limeira Avenue, 901-Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas Rafael
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Morbidelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Limeira Avenue, 901-Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tatiany Gabrielle Freire
authors.initials: TGF
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Alexandre Baraúna Road, Fortaleza, Ceará, 949, Brazil.
authors.forename: Victor Pinheiro
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Feitosa
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Limeira Avenue, 901-Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lourenço
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Correr-Sobrinho
authors.affiliation: King's College London Dental Institute, Tissue Engineering & Biophotonics, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
authors.forename: Timothy Frederick
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials and Minimally Invasive Dentistry-Departamento de Odontologia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU, Cardenal Herrera, C/Del Pozo s/n, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain. salvatore.sauro@uch.ceu.es.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2527-8776
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sauro
mesh_terms: D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry; D006244:Hardness; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry*; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement / Q000737:chemistry; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D012117:Resins, Synthetic / Q000737:chemistry*; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D003764:Dental Materials; D008689:Methacrylates; D011076:Polycarboxylate Cement; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D012117:Resins, Synthetic; D017640:Silicates; C519480:amorphous calcium phosphate; C425330:bioactive glass 45S5; C578177:icon infiltrant; C020946:triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C074277:ethoxylated bis-phenol A dimethacrylate; D017886:Durapatite; C018392:tricalcium phosphate; C031293:calcium silicate
keywords: Bioactive fillers; Degree of conversion; Hardness; Resin infiltrants; Tensile strength