title: Past, Present, and Future of Antibacterial Economics: Increasing Bacterial Resistance, Limited Antibiotic Pipeline, and Societal Implications.
abstract: Growing antimicrobial resistance and a dwindling antibiotic pipeline have resulted in an emerging postantibiotic era, as patients are now dying from bacterial infections that were once treatable. The fast-paced "Golden Age" of antibiotic development that started in the 1940s has lost momentum; from the 1980s to the early 2000s, there was a 90% decline in the approval of new antibiotics as well as the discovery of few new novel classes. Many companies have shifted away from development due to scientific, regulatory, and economic hurdles that proved antibiotic development to be less attractive compared with more lucrative therapeutic areas. National and global efforts are focusing attention toward potential solutions for reinvigorating the antibiotic pipeline and include "push" incentives such as public-private partnerships and "pull" incentives such as reimbursement reform and market exclusivity. Hybrid models of incentives, global coordination among stakeholders, and the appropriate balance of antibiotic pricing, volume of drug used, and proper antimicrobial stewardship are key to maximizing efforts toward drug development to ensure access to patients in need of these therapies.
authors.affiliation: Medical Affairs Strategic Solutions, LLC, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Katherine H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Luepke
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois.
authors.forename: Katie J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Suda
authors.affiliation: Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boucher
authors.affiliation: Arsanis, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Rene L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Bonney
authors.affiliation: Editas Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.affiliation: Medical Affairs Strategic Solutions, LLC, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Mohr
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003363:Cost Control; D055808:Drug Discovery; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000191:economics; D007349:Insurance, Health, Reimbursement; D055818:Public-Private Sector Partnerships; D012107:Research Design
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D016568:Drugs, Generic
keywords: antibacterial; antibiotic; antimicrobial resistance; development; economics; research