title: Epidemiology of hepatitis B in Portugal.
abstract: The epidemiology of hepatitis B in Portugal is insufficiently characterized. We aimed to review the epidemiology of hepatitis B in Portugal since 1980. A literature review was performed in MEDLINE, Scielo, Web of Science, and the Portuguese Scientific Repository for studies containing 'Hepatitis B' and 'Portugal' published from 1980 to June 2016. The initial search was complemented by abstract books from national gastroenterology and hepatology meetings and reports from the Service for Intervention on Addictive Behaviours and Dependences, the Portuguese Blood Institute, and Directorate-General of Health. Further studies were identified in references of retrieved papers and https://www.google.pt. Ninety references were included. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence was up to 2% in the general population and decreased in the last decades: 1.13-2.0% in studies carried out in 1980-1989 and 0.02-1.45% in studies carried out in 1990-2014. Among pregnant women, HBsAg prevalence was 1.35% in those on primary care, but 6.2% among risk parturients. Among drug abusers, HBsAg prevalence decreased from 10-19.6% in the decades of 1980-1990 to 4.8% in 2014. Higher HBsAg prevalence rates were observed among populations of African or Asian origin. Individuals with hepatitis B were mostly men, mean age 36.9-49 years. The most frequent viral genotype was D. Genotype E is more prevalent in patient cohorts from Central-Southern Portugal (10-62%) than those from Northern Portugal (1-4.1%). The proportion of inactive carriers varied from 24.2 to 73%. The prevalence of cirrhosis varied from 5.8 to 23.7%. Portugal is a low-endemicity country for hepatitis B. Nevertheless, prevalence is high among specific subgroups that may benefit from specifically designed healthcare programs.
authors.affiliation: aGastroenterology Department, Central Lisbon Hospital Centre bCEDOC (Chronic Diseases Research Center) - Integrated Pathophysiological Mechanisms Research Group. NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, New University of Lisbon/Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon cMedical-Surgical Specialties III Department, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, New University of Lisbon/Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon dPublic Health Unit, Primary Healthcare Centres Cluster of Almada and Seixal - ACES Almada-Seixal, Almada, Portugal.
authors.forename: Mário J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valente
authors.forename: Tiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Capela
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Filipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Calinas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011174:Portugal / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D006512:Hepatitis B Core Antigens; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines