title: Patients with HFpEF and HFrEF have different clinical characteristics but similar prognosis: a retrospective cohort study.
abstract: Globally, heart failure (HF) has been recognized as one of the major cardiovascular disorder with high morbidity, mortality and considerable social impact. In Sub Saharan African countries, HF has turned out as a leading form of cardiovascular diseases, and has considerable socioeconomic impact. However, there are differences in clinical characteristics and survival status among patients with preserved (HFpEF) and reduced (HFrEF) ejection fraction. The aim of this study is to outline the clinical characteristics and medication profile, assess the survival status and prognostic factors of Ethiopian HF patients with HFrEF and HFpEF.
  
  
  
  A retrospective cohort study was carried out and we employed medical records of patient's, admitted as a result of HF to the University of Gondar Referral Hospital in the period between December 02, 2010 and December 01, 2015 due to HF. Kaplan Meier curve was used to analyze the survival status and log rank test was used to compare the curves. Cox regression was used to analyze independent predictors of mortality in all HF patients.
  
  
  
  Of the 850 patients who were admitted due to HF, 311 patients met the inclusion criteria. Majority of the patients had HFpEF (52.73%) and tend to be women (76.22%). They predominantly had etiologies of valvular and hypertensive heart diseases, and took calcium channel blockers and anticoagulants. Conversely, patients with HFrEF had etiologies of ischemic heart disease and dilated cardiomyopathy and were prescribed angiotensine converting inhibitors (ACEI) and beta blockers. Kaplan Meier curves and Log rank test (p = 0.807) showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the mortality difference among patients with HFpEF and HFrEF. On the other hand, Cox regression analysis showed advanced age, lower sodium level, higher creatinine level and absence of medications like ACEI, spironolactone and statins independently predicted mortality in all HF patients.
  
  
  
  Different clinical characteristics were found in both groups of HF patients. There was no difference in survival outcome between patients with HFrEF and HFpEF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. Befekadutamrat@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tamrat Befekadu
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Abebe
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Eyob Alemayehu
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Gebreyohannes
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Yonas Getaye
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Tefera
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Tadesse Melaku
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Abegaz
mesh_terms: D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Clinical characteristics; Ejection fraction; Ethiopia; Heart failure; Survival