title: Osmotic stress is accompanied by protein glycation in Arabidopsis thaliana.
abstract: Among the environmental alterations accompanying oncoming climate changes, drought is the most important factor influencing crop plant productivity. In plants, water deficit ultimately results in the development of oxidative stress and accumulation of osmolytes (e.g. amino acids and carbohydrates) in all tissues. Up-regulation of sugar biosynthesis in parallel to the increasing overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) might enhance protein glycation, i.e. interaction of carbonyl compounds, reducing sugars and α-dicarbonyls with lysyl and arginyl side-chains yielding early (Amadori and Heyns compounds) and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Although the constitutive plant protein glycation patterns were characterized recently, the effects of environmental stress on AGE formation are unknown so far. To fill this gap, we present here a comprehensive in-depth study of the changes in Arabidopsis thaliana advanced glycated proteome related to osmotic stress. A 3 d application of osmotic stress revealed 31 stress-specifically and 12 differentially AGE-modified proteins, representing altogether 56 advanced glycation sites. Based on proteomic and metabolomic results, in combination with biochemical, enzymatic and gene expression analysis, we propose monosaccharide autoxidation as the main stress-related glycation mechanism, and glyoxal as the major glycation agent in plants subjected to drought.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany.|Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Gagan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Paudel
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany.|Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.|Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bilova
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Rico
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Uta
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Greifenhagen
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tarakhovskaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Physiology, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stöckhardt
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolic and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Gerd Ulrich
authors.initials: GU
authors.lastname: Balcke
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Physiology, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Humbeck
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sinz
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolic and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Birkemeyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Ludger
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wessjohann
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany afrolov@ipb-halle.de.|Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frolov
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D003681:Dehydration; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism; D006031:Glycosylation; D009005:Monosaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D020543:Proteome / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D009005:Monosaccharides; D020543:Proteome
keywords: 
  Arabidopsis thaliana
  ; Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs); crop quality; drought stress; food quality; glycation; label-free quantification; plant proteomics; two-dimensional chromatography.