title: Exploring the missing link - Empathy among dental students: An institutional cross-sectional survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Empathy plays an important role in healthy dentist and patient relationship. Hence, the aim of the study is to (a) to measure the self-reported empathy levels among dental undergraduate and postgraduate students. (b) To review the trend of changes in empathy level with experience, age, and gender among dental undergraduate and postgraduate students.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was carried out in two private dental institutions situated in Sri Ganganagar, India, with a sample size of 978. Data were obtained from the 1stto final year (BDS), interns, and postgraduate students from January to March 2015. An empathy level of students was assessed by the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy - Health Profession Students Version Questionnaire. An exploratory factor analysis using Kaiser's criteria was undertaken to appraise the construct validity and dimensionality. Based on the results of the factor analysis, three factors were selected; labeled as perspective taking, compassionate care, and standing in patient's shoes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of the students was female in a equivalent  ratio of 1338:618. There were significant differences in empathy scores by gender and age (P< 0.01). The lowest and highest mean empathy scores were found in postgraduate (mean = 108.77, standard deviation [SD] =9.12) and 1styear (mean = 117.23, SD = 14.19) dental students, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dental educators should consider the likely decline in empathy among students as early as possible and adopt communication teaching strategies to promote the development of empathy and reduce the risk of further decline.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Dentistry, Surendera Dental College and Research Institute, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: Vikram Pal
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics Including Crown and Bridge, Surendera Dental College and Research Institute, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Dentistry, Surendera Dental College and Research Institute, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: Nikita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goyal
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Dentistry, Surendera Dental College and Research Institute, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: Puneet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sakshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singhal
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics Including Crown and Bridge, Surendera Dental College and Research Institute, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singla
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Dentistry, Surendera Dental College and Research Institute, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: Deeksha
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gijwani
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Dentistry, Surendera Dental College and Research Institute, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: Aditi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
keywords: Dental; Surveys and Questionnaires; dentist; education; empathy