title: Urinary sex steroid hormone and placental leucine aminopeptidase concentration differences between live births and stillbirth of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus).
abstract: Under the environment of pregnancy, the placenta assumes an important steroidogenic role in the maintenance of pregnancy.
  
  
  
  Urinary placental leucine aminopeptidase (PLAP), estrone-3-glucuronide (E1G), and pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG) concentrations were compared among five pregnancies (four live births and one stillbirth) in four orangutans.
  
  
  
  The gestation period of the stillbirth (223 days) was shorter than that of the live births (239-254 days). In females who gave a live birth, average PLAP and E1G concentrations increased until the delivery. Conversely, in the female who gave a stillbirth, PLAP concentration failed to increase, and E1G concentration was significantly low in late pregnancy period. Regarding PdG concentrations, there was no significant difference among all pregnancies.
  
  
  
  This is the first study reporting a change in urinary PLAP, E1G, and PdG concentrations during orangutan stillbirth and live birth pregnancies. The findings will assist in developing pregnancy screening tests.
authors.affiliation: Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Kodzue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.affiliation: Osaka Municipal Tennoji Zoological Gardens, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.affiliation: Kobe Municipal Oji Zoo, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takai
authors.affiliation: Tama Zoological Park, Hino, Japan.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Zoorasia Yokohama Zoological Gardens, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Asahikawa City Asahiyama Zoo, Ashashikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ouchi
authors.affiliation: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda, Japan.|National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan.
authors.forename: Noko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kuze
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.|National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan.
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue-Murayama
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Gen'ichi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Idani
authors.affiliation: Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Munehiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ozaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D010122:Cystinyl Aminopeptidase / Q000032:analysis*; D004970:Estrone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000652:urine*; D050498:Live Birth / Q000662:veterinary*; D010920:Placenta / Q000201:enzymology*; D011148:Pongo pygmaeus / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011276:Pregnanediol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D050497:Stillbirth / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; C022270:pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide; C015856:estrone-3-glucuronide; D004970:Estrone; D010122:Cystinyl Aminopeptidase; C105964:leucyl-cystinyl aminopeptidase; D011276:Pregnanediol
keywords: estrone-3-glucuronide; placental leucine aminopeptidase; pregnancy; pregnanediol-3-glucuronide; urine