title: Polar extracts from the berry-like fruits of Hypericum androsaemum L. as a promising ingredient in skin care formulations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The top flowering aerial parts of the Hypericum species are traditionally used to prepare ointments to heal cuts and burns. Sometimes even the fruits are used for these purposes. Hypericum androsaemum L., commonly known as tutsan or shrubby St. John's Wort, is a Mediterranean medicinal plant which has been traditionally used to prepare an ointment for treating cuts and wounds.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the extracts obtained from H. androsaemum red berries as functional ingredients for skin care formulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The methanolic extract was obtained by Soxhlet extraction while the aqueous extract was prepared by decoction; their composition was determined by HPLC analysis. Their biological activities were measured in terms of proliferation and migration of human fibroblasts, inhibition of collagenase activity, and immunomodulatory effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In addition, we evaluated their photostability by UV spectroscopy and their protective effects against APPH-induced hemolysis in red blood cells (RBC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The polar extracts contained significant amounts of shikimic (108,143.7-115,901.3mg/kg) and chlorogenic acids (45,781.1-57,002.7mg/kg). The main components of these extracts made an important contribution to a significant increase in human fibroblast migration. Both extracts were also active as collagenase inhibitors, with the aqueous one showing a greater inhibitory capacity (IC50value of 88.1µg/mL), similar to that of chlorogenic acid. The kinetic parameters determined for the enzymatic reaction revealed for both aqueous extract and chlorogenic acid an uncompetitive mechanism of inhibition. The methanolic extract showed important effects on PBMCs by modulating IL-6. Both extracts proved to be photostable in the UVA/B range and protected RBC against peroxidation at low concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  H. androsaemum red berries were proven to contain phytochemicals that improve skin regeneration, hence potentially employable in skin care formulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabiana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Antognoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Mariacaterina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lianza
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Ferruccio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Poli
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buccioni
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Santinelli
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Caprioli
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
authors.forename: Romilde
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iannarelli
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lupidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Damiani
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beghelli
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alunno
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy. Electronic address: filippo.maggi@unicam.it.
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maggi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D017364:Collagenases / Q000378:metabolism; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004355:Drug Stability; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D020902:Hypericum / Q000737:chemistry*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D008875:Middle Aged; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D012765:Shikimic Acid / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D017592:Skin Care / Q000379:methods*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D003879:Dermatologic Agents; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water; D012765:Shikimic Acid; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; D017364:Collagenases; D000432:Methanol
keywords: Chlorogenic acid (PubChem CID 1794427); Collagenase activity; Fibroblast migration; Hypericum androsaemum; Immunomodulatory; Polar constituents; Shikimic acid (PubChem CID 8742); UV-protection