title: Uroflow nomogram for healthy, 15-40 year old Indian men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Uroflowmetry is the objective method of measuring rate of urine flow. Nomograms are required to observe the change in flow rates at different voided volumes (VVs) and the use of which overcomes the limitation of referencing flow rates to any single VV. The purpose of the present study was to construct the Indian uroflow nomogram for adult healthy males between 15-40 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1000 healthy males between 15 and 40 years of age were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were any urinary symptoms or urological intervention. Parameters analyzed statistically were age, peak flow rate (Qmax), average flow rate (Qavg), and VV. A nomogram was drawn for the fitted regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 27.26 ± 6.71 years. The mean Qmax, Qavg, and VV were 24.32 ± 3.50 ml/s, 9.45 ± 2.55 ml/s, and 420.93 ± 97.89 ml, respectively. The correlation between flow rates and VV was statistically significant, indicating that the higher the VV, the higher the flow rates. A negative significant correlation of Qmaxwith age was seen in our study. We observed a decline of Qmaxby 1 ml/s/decade. The relationship of Qmaxwith VV is in linear progression up to 600 ml, and then it becomes a plateau and with higher VV it declined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Qmaxexhibits significant correlation with VV and age. A nomogram was constructed to attain normal reference values of flow rate over different VVs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Naveen Diwanand
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Abhirudra Ramkrishna
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mulay
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Vikram Pramod
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Satav
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Deepak Anandrao
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mane
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Vilas Pandurang
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Sabale
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Sharad Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kankalia
keywords: Average flow rate; nomogram; peak flow rate; uroflow; voided volume