title: Effectiveness of ketamine as an adjuvant to opioid-based therapy in decreasing pain associated with opioid tolerance in adults undergoing orthopedic surgery: a systematic review protocol.
abstract: The objective of this systematic review is to examine the best available evidence on the clinical effectiveness of ketamine as an adjuvant to opioid-based therapy versus opioid-based therapy alone in decreasing perioperative pain associated with opioid tolerance in adult patients, aged 18-70 years, undergoing orthopedic surgical procedures.The following question guides the systematic review: does the administration of ketamine as an adjuvant to opioid-based therapy, compared to opioid-based therapy alone, improve perioperative pain relief in opioid-tolerant adult patients undergoing orthopedic surgical procedures?
authors.affiliation: The Louisiana Centre for Promotion of Optimal Health Outcomes: a Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, New Orleans, United States of America.
authors.forename: Marsha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bonanno
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kuhn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000379:methods*; D004361:Drug Tolerance / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009985:Orthopedics / Q000592:standards*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D059035:Perioperative Period; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D000078202:Systematic Reviews as Topic; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D007649:Ketamine