title: Prevalence of Hypertension and Its Associated Risk Factors among 34,111 HAART Naïve HIV-Infected Adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
abstract: Background. Elevated blood pressure has been reported among treatment naïve HIV-infected patients. We investigated prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors in a HAART naïve HIV-infected population in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Methods. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among HAART naïve HIV-infected patients. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg. Overweight and obesity were defined as body mass index (BMI) between 25.0-29.9 kg/m2and ≥30 kg/m2, respectively. We used relative risks to examine factors associated with hypertension.Results. Prevalence of hypertension was found to be 12.5%. After adjusting for possible confounders, risk of hypertension was 10% more in male than female patients. Patients aged ≥50 years had more than 2-fold increased risk for hypertension compared to 30-39-years-old patients. Overweight and obesity were associated with 51% and 94% increased risk for hypertension compared to normal weight patients. Low CD4+ T-cell count, advanced WHO clinical disease stage, and history of TB were associated with 10%, 42%, and 14% decreased risk for hypertension.Conclusions. Older age, male gender, and overweight/obesity were associated with hypertension. Immune suppression and history of TB were associated with lower risk for hypertension. HIV treatment programs should screen and manage hypertension even in HAART naïve individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1536-2878
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Njelekela
authors.affiliation: Management and Development for Health, HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment Program, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Africa Academy for Public Health, P.O. Box 79810, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Alfa
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4477-7300
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muhihi
authors.affiliation: Management and Development for Health, HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment Program, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Akum
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aveika
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
authors.affiliation: Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.affiliation: Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Catharina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Enju
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Okuma
authors.affiliation: Management and Development for Health, HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment Program, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Guerino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chalamila
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Ferdinand
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mugusi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Wafaie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fawzi