title: The combination of β-caryophyllene, baicalin and catechin synergistically suppresses the proliferation and promotes the death of RAW267.4 macrophages in vitro.
abstract: β-caryophyllene, which is a constituent of many essential oils, has been known to be a selective agonist of the cannabinoid receptor type-2 and to exert cannabimimetic anti-inflammatory effects in animals. The effects of β-caryophyllene on macrophages have not been investigated to date. This study was undertaken to determine whether β-caryophyllene exerts suppressive effects on mouse RAW267.4 macrophages in vitro in comparison with other botanical molecules that exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The proliferation of RAW267.4 cells was suppressed by culture with β-caryophyllene (50, 100 and 200 µg/ml of medium) or curcumin (100 and 200 µg/ml). Culture with baicalin (1-200 µg/ml) or (+)-catechin (1-200 µg/ml) did not exert an effect on RAW267.4 cells. The combination of β-caryophyllene (1 or 10 µg/ml) with either curcumin (1 or 10 µg/ml), baicalin (1 or 10 µg/ml) or (+)-catechin (1 or 10 µg/ml) did not exert any suppressive effects on cell proliferation. Of note, the combination of all three agents, β-caryophyllene, baicalin and (+)-catechin at the concentration of either 1 or 10 µg/ml was found to exert synergistic suppressive effects on cell proliferation. Moreover, the combination of β-caryophyllene, baicalin and (+)-catechin synergistically promoted the death of RAW267.4 cells. Such an effect was blocked by culture with caspase-3 inhibitor. The combination of the three agents decreased the protein levels of Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 or -2. On the whole, this study demonstrates that the combination of β-caryophyllene, baicalin and (+)-catechin exerts synergistic suppressive effects on macrophages in vitro. This composition may be a useful as an anti-inflammatory treatment strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Development, Primus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Scottsdale, AZ 85253, USA.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002392:Catechin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D000081223:Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005419:Flavonoids; D000081223:Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C038044:baicalin; D002392:Catechin; C024714:caryophyllene