title: Review of preclinical studies on pediatric general anesthesia-induced developmental neurotoxicity.
abstract: Thousands of infants and children undergo complicated surgical procedures that require prolonged periods of anesthesia and/or sedation each year. A growing body of preclinical research suggests pediatric anesthetics are harmful to the developing brain; yet, the extent to which these effects generalize to the clinical setting remains unclear. As there will be a continuing need for surgical and other interventions requiring sedation and/or anesthesia during the neonatal period, it seems clear that research efforts should focus on determining the extent to which general anesthetics can affect the developing brain as well as determining strategies for preventing or ameliorating the adverse effects associated with exposure to such agents. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of the preclinical literature examining the effects of general anesthesia on brain and behavioral development. This paper will detail the effects of different anesthetic agents on various indices of neurotoxicity and functional outcomes as well as provide a review of potential protective compounds and suggestions for areas of future research.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/FDA, Division of Neurotoxicology, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States. Electronic address: Jennifer.Walters@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.affiliation: National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/FDA, Division of Neurotoxicology, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States.
authors.forename: Merle G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Paule
mesh_terms: D018681:Anesthetics, General / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D018681:Anesthetics, General; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents
keywords: and preclinical; neurobehavioral; neurotoxicity; pediatric anesthesia