title: Low Alcohol and Cigarette Use Is Associated to the Risk of Developing Chronic Pancreatitis.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of smoking and alcohol intake and pancreas divisum on the risk of developing chronic pancreatitis (CP).
  
  
  
  Consecutive patients with CP who underwent secretin-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography were compared with consecutive patients without pancreatic disease who underwent secretin-enhanced magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography for irritable bowel syndrome.
  
  
  
  We enrolled 145 consecutive CP patients and 103 irritable bowel syndrome patients from 2010 to 2014. In a univariate analysis, statistically significant differences in sex, mean age, and the duration and amount of cigarette and alcohol use were found. Per a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, thresholds for cigarette and alcohol consumption were, respectively, 5.5 cigarettes and 13.5 g daily. In a multivariate analysis, independent risk factors for CP were male sex (odds ratio [OR], 2.05), smoking more than 5.5 cigarettes per day (OR, 2.72), and drinking more than 13.5 g/d (OR, 6.35).
  
  
  
  In an Italian population, we confirmed smoking and alcohol as cofactors in the development of CP. This study shows that alcohol intake and smoking habits are 2 of the most important risk factors for the development of CP.
authors.affiliation: From the *Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan; and †Gastroenterology Unit 1, Scientific Institute for Digestive Disease 'S. de Bellis' Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy ‡Institute for Digestive Liver Health, University College, London, United Kingdom; §Section of Gastroenterology Boston University School of Medicine Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA; ∥Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; and ¶Department of Clinical Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Parma, Parma; and #Department of Radiology Center for Experimental Imaging, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Leo
authors.forename: Gioacchino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leandro
authors.forename: Satish K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bianco
authors.forename: Raffaella Alessia
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Zuppardo
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Goni
authors.forename: Teresa Marzia
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Rogger
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Di Mario
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guslandi
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Cobelli
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Del Maschio
authors.forename: Pier Alberto
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Testoni
authors.forename: Giulia Martina
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Cavestro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D049448:Cholangiopancreatography, Magnetic Resonance; D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009154:Mutation; D010179:Pancreas / Q000002:abnormalities*; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D050500:Pancreatitis, Chronic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D019005:Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator