title: Imaging in extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global public health problem, with 1.5 million deaths annually worldwide. One in five cases of TB present as extrapulmonary TB (EPTB), posing major diagnostic and management challenges. Mycobacterium tuberculosis adapts to a quiescent physiological state and is notable for its complex interaction with the host, producing poorly understood disease states ranging from latent infection to active clinical disease. New tools in the diagnostic armamentarium are urgently required for the rapid diagnosis of TB and monitoring of TB treatments, and to gain new insights into pathogenesis. The typical and atypical imaging features of EPTB are reviewed herein, and the roles of several imaging modalities for the diagnosis and management of EPTB are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow, India. Electronic address: gaambhir@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gambhir
authors.affiliation: Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Mudalsha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ravina
authors.affiliation: Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Kasturi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rangan
authors.affiliation: Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dixit
authors.affiliation: Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Sukanta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barai
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, of Nuclear Medicine, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, 235 Euston Road, London NW1 2BU, UK. Electronic address: jamshed.bomanji@nhs.net.
authors.forename: Jamshed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bomanji
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis; D011634:Public Health; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET–CT; Biomarker; CT; Extrapulmonary tuberculosis; Imaging; MRI; PET–CT; Tuberculosis