title: Abnormal vaginal bleeding in women with gynaecological malignancies.
abstract: Abnormal vaginal bleeding is a common gynaecological symptom, and most causes are benign. International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics proposed a PALM-COEIN classification in 2011 to decrease heterogeneity in studies. The gynaecological malignancies that present with abnormal bleeding vary according to the age of the patient and the origin (upper versus lower genital tract). It is important that a thorough history and examination is performed to make this distinction. The common malignancies presenting symptoms and treatment are discussed in this article according to the age of the patient. There is a considerable overlap between the reproductive age and menopause. This article focuses on children, adolescents and women in the reproductive age group.
authors.affiliation: Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cape Town/Groote Schuur Hospital, South Africa.
authors.forename: Tracey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Department Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cape Town/Groote Schuur Hospital, South Africa. Electronic address: lynette.denny@uct.ac.za.
authors.forename: Lynette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Denny
mesh_terms: D018262:Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005833:Genital Neoplasms, Female / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D031901:Gestational Trophoblastic Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D011247:Pregnancy; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D018312:Sex Cord-Gonadal Stromal Tumors / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cervical cancer; fertility sparing; inequity in care; torrential bleeding management