title: Essential Oil Composition, Antimicrobial and Pharmacological Activities ofLippia sidoidesCham. (Verbenaceae) From São Gonçalo do Abaeté, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lippia sidoides(Verbenaceae) is used in Brazilian folk medicine as an antiseptic, and it is usually applied topically on skin, mucous membranes, mouth, and throat, or used for vaginal washings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the chemical composition of the essential oil fromL. sidoidescollected in São Gonçalo do Abaeté, Minas Gerais and grown in Hidrolândia, Goiás; to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil, crude ethanol extract, and hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl-acetate, and aqueous fractions (AFs); to study the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and central nervous system activities of the crude ethanol extract.
  
  
  METHODS
  The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed by GC/MS. The antimicrobial activityin vitrowas performed by broth microdilution method. The pharmacological tests were performed using female Swiss albino mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The major components of the essential oil were isoborneol (14.66%), bornyl acetate (11.86%),α-humulene (11.23%),α-fenchene (9.32%), and 1.8-cineole (7.05%), supporting the existence of two chemotypes of this species. The hexane fraction (HF) had good antifungal activity againstCryptococcussp. ATCC D (MIC = 31.25 μg/mL) andCryptococcus gattiL48 (MIC = 62.5 μg/mL). In the pharmacological tests, the crude ethanol extract presented antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given that the ethanol extract ofL. sidoidesis included in the Formulary of Phytotherapeutic Agents of the Brazilian Pharmacopeia as an anti-inflammatory for oral cavities, the present work provides scientific evidence to back this use and highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate chemotype on the basis of the expected biological response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The major components of the essential oil ofL. sidoideswere isoborneol bornyl acetate,α-humulene,α-fenchene, and 1.8-cineole. The HF had good antifungal activity againstCryptococcussp. ATCC D andC. gattiL4.The crude ethanol extract ofL. sidoidespresented antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities.The present work provides scientific evidence of the importance of selecting the appropriate chemotype on the basis of the expected biological response.Abbreviations used:UFG: Universidade Federal de Goiás; HF: hexane fraction; DF: dichloromethane fraction; EAF: ethyl acetate fraction; AF: aqueous fraction; MeOH: methanol; MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration; ATCC: American Type Culture Collection; MH: Müller Hinton; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; RPMI: Roswell Park Memorial Institute; NaCl: sodium chloride; μL: microliters; mL: milliliters; μg: microgram; kg: kilogram; h: hour; min: minute; cm: centimeter; COBEA: Brazilian College of Animal Experiments; p.o.:, oral; i.p.: intraperitoneal; s.c.: subcutaneous; SEM: standard error of the mean; RI: retention indices.
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, Campus Flamboyant, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sandra Ribeiro
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: de Morais
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, Campus Flamboyant, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago Levi Silva
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lanussy Porfiro
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leonice Manrique Faustino
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Tresvenzol
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edemilson Cardoso
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: da Conceição
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Helena
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Rezende
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tatiana de Sousa
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Fiuza
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elson Alves
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, Molecular Bioactivity Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro Henrique
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.affiliation: Research Laboratory of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Realino
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: de Paula
keywords: Anti-inflammatory activity; Lippia sidoides; antimicrobial activity; antinociceptive activity; essential oil