title: Reduction in Dietary Acrylamide Exposure-Impact of Potatoes with Low Acrylamide Potential.
abstract: Acrylamide forms primarily from a reaction between reducing sugars (e.g., glucose and fructose) and an amino acid (asparagine, Asn) formed naturally in foods, including potatoes. This reaction occurs when carbohydrate-rich foods are heated at temperatures above 120 °C. Multiple potato varieties were transformed with potato genomic DNA that results in down-regulation of the expression of the asparagine synthetase-1 gene (Asn1), significantly reducing synthesis of free Asn, and consequently lowering the potential to form acrylamide during cooking. These potatoes with low acrylamide potential (LAP) were tested in agronomic trials, and processed into French fries and potato chips. Decreased levels of acrylamide were measured in these cooked food products when derived from LAP potatoes compared with those derived from conventional potatoes. These reductions can be directly attributed to reduction in Asn levels in the LAP potatoes. The corresponding average reduction in exposure to acrylamide from French fry and potato chip consumption is estimated to be 65%, which would amount to approximately a 25% reduction in overall dietary exposure. Considering that children consume nearly three times more acrylamide than adults on a per kg body weight basis, they would experience the most impact from the reduced acrylamide associated with LAP potatoes. The potential public health impacts, in context of dietary acrylamide exposure reduction, are discussed in this study.
authors.affiliation: Exponent, Inc., Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Nga L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: Exponent, Inc., Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Leila M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Barraj
authors.affiliation: J.R. Simplot Company, Boise, ID, USA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Collinge
mesh_terms: D020106:Acrylamide / Q000737:chemistry*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D001216:Asparagine / Q000737:chemistry; D002241:Carbohydrates; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003296:Cooking; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry; D000074341:Dietary Exposure; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005502:Food; D005506:Food Contamination; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods; D005632:Fructose / Q000737:chemistry*; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008875:Middle Aged; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010957:Plasmids; D011198:Solanum tuberosum / Q000737:chemistry*; D000073893:Sugars / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D002241:Carbohydrates; D000073893:Sugars; D020106:Acrylamide; D005632:Fructose; D001216:Asparagine; D004247:DNA; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Acrylamide; French fries and potato chips; asparagine; biotechnology; potato