title: Ancestry trumps experience: Transgenerational but not early life stress affects the adult physiological stress response.
abstract: Exposure to stressors can affect an organism's physiology and behavior as well as that of its descendants (e.g. through maternal effects, epigenetics, and/or selection). We examined the relative influence of early life vs. transgenerational stress exposure on adult stress physiology in a species that has populations with and without ancestral exposure to an invasive predator. We raised offspring of eastern fence lizards (Sceloporus undulatus) from sites historically invaded (high stress) or uninvaded (low stress) by predatory fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) and determined how this different transgenerational exposure to stress interacted with the effects of early life stress exposure to influence the physiological stress response in adulthood. Offspring from these high- and low-stress populations were exposed weekly to either sub-lethal attack by fire ants (an ecologically relevant stressor), topical treatment with a physiologically-appropriate dose of the stress-relevant hormone, corticosterone (CORT), or a control treatment from 2 to 43weeks of age. Several months after treatments ended, we quantified plasma CORT concentrations at baseline and following restraint, exposure to fire ants, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) injection. Exposure to fire ants or CORT during early life did not affect lizard stress physiology in adulthood. However, offspring of lizards from populations that had experienced multiple generations of fire ant-invasion exhibited more robust adult CORT responses to restraint and ACTH-injection compared to offspring from uninvaded populations. Together, these results indicate that transgenerational stress history may be at least as important, if not more important, than early life stress in affecting adult physiological stress responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Center for Brain, Behavior and Cognition, The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Electronic address: gail.mccormick.10@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gail L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Electronic address: robbins.travis@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Travis R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.affiliation: The Center for Brain, Behavior and Cognition, The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Electronic address: sac34@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Sonia A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cavigelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; The Center for Brain, Behavior and Cognition, The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. Electronic address: tll30@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Langkilde
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D000818:Animals; D001000:Ants / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology*; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D020387:Food Chain; D008116:Lizards / Q000097:blood / Q000469:parasitology / Q000502:physiology; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000072741:Maternal Inheritance / Q000502:physiology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D003345:Corticosterone
keywords: Corticosterone; Early life stress; Evolutionary history; Fire ant; Invasive species; Lizard; Predation; Stress response; Transgenerational stress