title: Manual Intrapleural Saline Flushing Plus Urokinase: A Potentially Useful Therapy for Complicated Parapneumonic Effusions and Empyemas.
abstract: We sought to evaluate the safety profile and effectiveness of manual pleural saline flushing, in addition to urokinase, for managing complicated parapneumonic effusions and empyemas.
  
  
  
  Retrospective comparative review of 23 consecutive patients with complicated parapneumonic effusions or empyemas who received saline flushing plus urokinase through small-bore chest catheters, and 39 who were only treated with fibrinolytics. Both groups had similar baseline characteristics and treatments were mostly protocol-driven.
  
  
  
  As compared with patients only receiving urokinase, those additionally treated with saline flushing needed less fibrinolytic doses (a single dose being sufficient in 15 vs 44%, p = 0.019), chest tube duration (5 vs 2 days, p < 0.01), and length of hospital stay (8 vs 6 days, p = 0.011). There were no adverse events attributed to saline therapy.
  
  
  
  Manual pleural saline flushing via chest tube, in addition to urokinase, is a safe and potentially beneficial therapy in patients with pleural infection.
authors.affiliation: Pleural Medicine Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Arnau de Villanova University Hospital, Institute for Biomedical Research Dr Pifarre Foundation, IRBLLEIDA, Avda Alcalde Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain. jporcelp@yahoo.es.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Porcel
authors.affiliation: Pleural Medicine Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Arnau de Villanova University Hospital, Institute for Biomedical Research Dr Pifarre Foundation, IRBLLEIDA, Avda Alcalde Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
authors.forename: Horacio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Valencia
authors.affiliation: Pleural Medicine Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Arnau de Villanova University Hospital, Institute for Biomedical Research Dr Pifarre Foundation, IRBLLEIDA, Avda Alcalde Rovira Roure 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bielsa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015505:Chest Tubes; D016724:Empyema, Pleural / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator
keywords: Empyema; Parapneumonic effusion; Saline; Urokinase