title: The effects of active mobilisation and rehabilitation in ICU on mortality and function: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Early active mobilisation and rehabilitation in the intensive care unit (ICU) is being used to prevent the long-term functional consequences of critical illness. This review aimed to determine the effect of active mobilisation and rehabilitation in the ICU on mortality, function, mobility, muscle strength, quality of life, days alive and out of hospital to 180 days, ICU and hospital lengths of stay, duration of mechanical ventilation and discharge destination, linking outcomes with the World Health Organization International Classification of Function Framework.
  
  
  METHODS
  A PRISMA checklist-guided systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and controlled clinical trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen studies of varying quality including a total of 1753 patients were reviewed. Active mobilisation and rehabilitation had no impact on short- or long-term mortality (p > 0.05). Meta-analysis showed that active mobilisation and rehabilitation led to greater muscle strength (body function) at ICU discharge as measured using the Medical Research Council Sum Score (mean difference 8.62 points, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39-15.86), greater probability of walking without assistance (activity limitation) at hospital discharge (odds ratio 2.13, 95% CI 1.19-3.83), and more days alive and out of hospital to day 180 (participation restriction) (mean difference 9.69, 95% CI 1.7-17.66). There were no consistent effects on function, quality of life, ICU or hospital length of stay, duration of mechanical ventilation or discharge destination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Active mobilisation and rehabilitation in the ICU has no impact on short- and long-term mortality, but may improve mobility status, muscle strength and days alive and out of hospital to 180 days.
  CRD42015029836.
authors.affiliation: Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.|Department of Physiotherapy, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Claire J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Tipping
authors.affiliation: Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.|Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Meg
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harrold
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.|Latrobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.affiliation: The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Travis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nisbet
authors.affiliation: Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. carol.hodgson@monash.edu.|Department of Physiotherapy, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. carol.hodgson@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Carol L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hodgson
mesh_terms: D016638:Critical Illness / Q000401:mortality / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004434:Early Ambulation / Q000379:methods*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D010351:Patient Discharge; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D012121:Respiration, Artificial
keywords: Critical illness; Early mobility; Intensive care units; Mortality; Rehabilitation