title: [Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer - from Immunobiology to Immunotherapy].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The treatment of early or locally advanced stages of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is based on surgical resection or radiotherapy. Metastatic disease is always incurable, treatment is palliative, systemic based on chemotherapy or target therapy. NSCLC is the most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and new therapeutic approaches are needed. Based on the emerging data on the role of immune system in shaping of tumor outbreak and outcome, immunotherapy is currently in the center of interest of cancer research and therapy of solid cancers including NSCLC. Various anti-cancer vaccination approaches and antigen-independent immunomodulatory drugs are being developed and trialed. The most advanced in terms of approaching clinical practice are the so-called checkpoint inhibitors blocking cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) or programmed cell death of the protein and its ligand (PD-1, PD-L1). Beside innovative drug development, the field of cancer immunotherapy focuses on the identification and clinical application of effective biomarkers of clinical efficacy and on the evaluation of combinations of immunotherapeutic drugs or with classical anti-cancer approaches, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy or with targeted therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this review, we summarize basic principles of immnobiology of NSCLC in the context of innovative immunotherapeutics, strategy and phase III results of anti-cancer vaccines in NSCLC, results of NSCLC treatment with checkpoint inhibitors, and current challenges in immunotherapy of lung cancers.Key words: non-small cell lung cancer - immunotherapy - cancer vaccines - drug response biomarkersThis work was supported by MEYS - NPS I - LO1413.The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study.The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE recommendation for biomedical papers.Submitted: 10. 6. 2016Accepted: 16. 6. 2016.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bílek
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bohovicová
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Demlová
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poprach
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lakomý
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zdražilová-Dubská
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D000074324:Ipilimumab; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D000077594:Nivolumab; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; C423236:CD274 protein, human; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D000074324:Ipilimumab; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D000077594:Nivolumab; C000594389:atezolizumab; C582435:pembrolizumab; C520704:tremelimumab