title: Evaluation of Swallowing Functions in Patients with Sjögren's Syndrome.
abstract: Patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) manifest symptoms such as dry eyes, dry mouth, and dysphagia. This study aims to evaluate the swallowing functions of the patients with SS. 69 patients with SS (65 females, 4 males) and 40 healthy individuals (33 females, 7 males) were included as study and control groups, respectively. Mean ages were 52.86 and 48.25 years for study and control groups, respectively. Swallowing functions were evaluated by fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES). All the patients underwent FEES and were given 3, 5, and 10 ml water, yogurt, and fish-shaped crackers twice, respectively. The presence of bolus control, residue, penetration, and aspiration were evaluated. Additionally, certain types of foods triggering the dysphagia, any difficulties in bolus control, need to clean the throat, sensation of having a lump in the throat, sensation of choking, and xerostomia were included in the questionnaire. The MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory were administered to patients. Considering the presence of residue with yogurt and fish cracker, there was a significant difference between groups (P < 0.05). Penetration was present in two patients in the study group; however, the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Regarding the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory, the average scores were 48.18 ± 13.21 and 87.6 ± 10.67 for study and control groups, respectively, and a statistically significant difference was detected (P < 0.05). Regarding the Beck Depression Inventory, the average scores were 11.83 ± 9.37 and 8.03 ± 6.84 for study and control groups, respectively (P < 0.05). SS affected the swallowing functions significantly. The presence of residue with yogurt and cracker was the most obvious finding, whereas penetration/aspiration was not clinically significant. Swallowing dysfunction reduced the quality of life in patients with SS.
authors.affiliation: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sibel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eyigör
authors.affiliation: Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey. bahasezgin18@hotmail.com.|Tip Fakultesi, KBB Anabilim Dalı, Ege Universitesi, Izmir, Turkey. bahasezgin18@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Baha
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7340-452X
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sezgin
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine, Rheumatology Department, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gonca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Karabulut
authors.affiliation: Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kerem
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Öztürk
authors.affiliation: Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sercan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Göde
authors.affiliation: Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ege University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tayfun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kirazlı
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Deglutition; Deglutition disorders; Dysphagia; Endoscopic evaluation of swallowing; Fiberoptic; Sjögren’s Syndrome