title: Systematic alanine insertion reveals the essential regions that encode structure formation and activity of dihydrofolate reductase.
abstract: Decoding sequence information is equivalent to elucidating the design principles of proteins. For this purpose, we conducted systematic alanine insertion analysis to reveal the regions in the primary structure where the sequence continuity cannot be disrupted. We applied this method to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and examined the effects of alanine insertion on structure and the enzymatic activity by solubility assay and trimethoprim resistance, respectively. We revealed that DHFR is composed of "Structure Elements", "Function Elements" and linkers connecting these elements. The "Elements" are defined as regions where the alanine insertion caused DHFR to become unstructured or inactive. Some "Structure Elements" overlap with "Function Elements", indicating that loss of structure leads to loss of function. However, other "Structure Elements" are not "Function Elements", in that alanine insertion mutants of these regions exhibit substrate- or inhibitor-induced folding. There are also some "Function Elements" which are not "Structure Elements"; alanine insertion into these elements deforms the catalytic site topology without the loss of tertiary structure. We hypothesize that these elements are involved essential interactions for structure formation and functional expression. The "Elements" are closely related to the module structure of DHFR. An "Element" belongs to a single module, and a single module is composed of some number of "Elements." We propose that properties of a module are determined by the "Elements" it contains. Systematic alanine insertion analysis is an effective and unique method for deriving the regions of a sequence that are essential for structure formation and functional expression.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
authors.forename: Rumi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shiba
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Umeyama
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
authors.forename: Sayaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsukasa
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
authors.forename: Hironari
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kamikubo
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Protein Design Research Group, Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwakura
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
authors.forename: Mikio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kataoka
keywords: design principle of protein architecture; function element; module; sequence consecutivity; structure element