title: Pneumatic Dilation of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter Can Now Be Successfully Performed Without Morbidity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with dysphagia may be diagnosed with impaired lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation and treated with pneumatic dilation (PD), stretching and tearing LES muscle fibers. Esophageal perforation has been reported to be as high as 10%. We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the perforation rate of PD when used for impaired relaxation of the LES using current techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  A chart review was conducted to identify patients referred for esophageal manometry by high-resolution manometry and later received PD from January 2013 to April 2016. The diagnoses of achalasia, gastroesophageal junction outlet obstruction or hypertensive LES with accompanying impaired LES relaxation were based on the Chicago Classification III. Demographic data, clinical findings, treatment approaches and outcomes were explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 187 patients were referred for dysphagia and had esophageal manometry during this time frame. In all, 62 patients (34 female), mean age of 52 years, met the criteria for incomplete relaxation of the LES and underwent a total of 88 PD procedures. All initial PD procedures used the 30-mm diameter balloon, 18 subsequently required a 35-mm balloon and 8 went on to 40-mm balloon size. No perforations or other complications were documented by esophagogastroduodenoscopy, gastrografin testing immediately postdilation or by subsequent clinical outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PD by an experienced gastroenterologist using general anesthesia, fluoroscopic guidance, Rigiflex balloon equipment and a specific repetitive technique can be successfully performed without perforation. Hence, the already known therapeutic efficacy of PD can now be combined with the knowledge that there is essentially no accompanying perforation rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bustamante
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas.
authors.forename: Sharareh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moraveji
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas. Electronic address: richard.mccallum@ttuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: McCallum
mesh_terms: D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D004106:Dilatation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000628:therapy*; D004939:Esophageal Perforation / Q000209:etiology*; D049630:Esophageal Sphincter, Lower; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Achalasia; Dysphagia; Gastroesophageal junction outlet obstruction; Hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter; Pneumatic dilation