title: Epidemiology and aetiology of traumatic cardiac arrest in England and Wales - A retrospective database analysis.
abstract: Historically, reported survival from traumatic cardiac arrest (TCA) was extremely low. More recent publications have recorded survival to discharge of up to 8%. This improvement is likely to be multi-factorial; however, there are currently no published data describing the epidemiology or aetiology of TCA in England and Wales to guide future practice improvement.
  
  
  
  Population-based analysis of 2009-2015 Trauma Audit and Research Network (TARN) data. The primary aim was to describe the 30-day survival following TCA. Patients of all ages with traumatic cardiac arrest pre-hospital or in the emergency department (ED) were included. Data are described as number (%), and median [interquartile range]. Two-group analysis with Chi-squared test was performed.
  
  
  
  During the study period 227,944 patients were included in the TARN database. Seven hundred and five (0.3%) suffered TCA: 74.3% were male, aged 44.3 [25.2-83.2] years, ISS 29 [21-75], and 601 (85.2%) had blunt injuries. 612 (86.8%) had a severe traumatic brain injury and or severe haemorrhage. Overall 30-day survival was 7.5% (95%CI 5.6-9.5) - 'pre-hospital only' TCA 11.5%, 'ED only' TCA 3.9%, p<0.02. No patients who were in TCA both pre-hospital and in the ED survived.
  
  
  
  This study has shown that short-term survival from TCA in this large civilian registry is 7.5%. Early and aggressive management of patients with TCA, using protocols that target the reversible causes of TCA, should be initiated. Further work to establish novel ways to manage patients with reversible causes of TCA is indicated. Resuscitation in this patient group is not futile.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Naval Medicine, Crescent Road, Alverstoke, UK; Academic Department of Military Emergency Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine (Research & Academia), Birmingham, UK. Electronic address: ukbarnard@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ed
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barnard
authors.affiliation: Trauma Audit and Research Network, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.affiliation: Trauma Audit and Research Network, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Antoinette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: Trauma Audit and Research Network, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Marisol
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fragoso-Iñiguez
authors.affiliation: Trauma Audit and Research Network, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jenks
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Military Emergency Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine (Research & Academia), Birmingham, UK; Emergency Department, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK.
authors.forename: Jason E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D054869:Clinical Audit / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020380:Needs Assessment; D058996:Quality Improvement; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D061665:Time-to-Treatment / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Cardiac arrest; Epidemiology; Trauma; Traumatic cardiac arrest