title: Lipoprotein Biomarkers and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Laboratory Medicine Best Practices (LMBP) Systematic Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Controversy exists about the incremental utility of nontraditional lipid biomarkers [e.g., apolipoprotein (apo) B, apo A-I, and non-HDL-C] in improving cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction when added to a conventional model of traditional risk factors (e.g., total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, sex, age, smoking status, and blood pressure). Here we present a systematic review that was conducted to assess the use of nontraditional lipid biomarkers including apo B, apo A-I, apo B/A-I ratio, and non-HDL-C in improving CVD risk prediction after controlling for the traditional risk factors in populations at risk for cardiovascular events.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This systematic review used the Laboratory Medicine Best Practices (LMBP™) A-6 methods. A total of 9 relevant studies published before and including July 2015 comprised the evidence base for this review. Results from this systematic review indicated that after the adjustment for standard nonlipid and lipid CVD risk factors, nontraditional apolipoprotein biomarkers apo B (overall effect = relative risk: 1.31; 95% CI, 1.22-1.40; 4 studies) and apo B/apo A-I ratio (overall effect = relative risk: 1.31; 95% CI, 1.11-1.38; 7 studies) resulted in significant improvement in long-term CVD risk assessment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Available evidence showed that nontraditional lipid biomarkers apo B and apo B/apo I ratio can improve the risk prediction for cardiovascular events after controlling for the traditional risk factors for the populations at risk. However, because of insufficient evidence, no conclusions could be made for the effectiveness of apo A-I and non-HDL-C lipid markers to predict the CVD events, indicating a need for more research in this field.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Laboratory Research and Evaluation Branch, Division of Laboratory Systems, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Paramjit K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Sandhu
authors.affiliation: Family Resiliency Center, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL.
authors.forename: Salma M A
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Musaad
authors.affiliation: National Institutes of Health, Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Alan T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Remaley
authors.affiliation: Battelle Health & Analytics, Columbus, OH.
authors.forename: Stephanie S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Buehler
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Laboratory Research and Evaluation Branch, Division of Laboratory Systems, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Sonya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Strider
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Derzon
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Clinical Standardization Programs, Protein Biomarker and Lipid Reference Laboratory, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Hubert W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Vesper
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Laboratory Research and Evaluation Branch, Division of Laboratory Systems, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ranne
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Laboratory Research and Evaluation Branch, Division of Laboratory Systems, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Colleen S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Christenson