title: The concept of double inlet-double outlet right ventricle: a distinct congenital heart disease.
abstract: The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence and to analyze the anatomy of double inlet-double outlet right ventricle complex and its associated cardiac anomalies in our autopsy series. Among the 1640 hearts with congenital heart disease of our Anatomical Collection, we reviewed the specimens with double inlet-double outlet right ventricle, according to the sequential-segmental analysis, identifying associated cardiac anomalies and examining lung histology to assess the presence of pulmonary vascular disease. We identified 14 hearts with double inlet-double outlet right ventricle (0.85%). Right atrial isomerism was observed in 10 hearts, situs solitus in 3 and left atrial isomerism in one. Regarding the mode of atrioventricular connection, all hearts but one had a common atrioventricular valve. Systemic or pulmonary venous abnormalities were noted in all patients with atrial isomerism. In nine patients a valvular or subvalvular pulmonary stenosis was present. Among the functionally "univentricular hearts", double inlet- double outlet right ventricle represents a peculiar entity, mostly in association with right atrial isomerism. Multiple cardiac anomalies are associated and may complicate surgical repair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Spadotto
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frescura
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Morphology Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, SW36NP, London, UK.
authors.forename: Siew Yen
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy. Electronic address: gaetano.thiene@unipd.it.
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thiene
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004310:Double Outlet Right Ventricle / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000002:abnormalities*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Congenital heart disease; Double inlet right ventricle; Double outlet right ventricle; Univentricular heart