title: Metabolic Profiling of Liver Tissue in Diabetic Mice Treated with Artemisia Capillaris and Alisma Rhizome Using LC-MS and CE-MS.
abstract: Artemisia Capillaris (AC) and Alisma Rhizome (AR) are natural products for the treatment of liver disorders in oriental medicine clinics. Here, we report metabolomic changes in the evaluation of the treatment effects of AC and AR on fatty livers in diabetic mice, along with a proposition of the underlying metabolic pathway. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic metabolites extracted from mouse livers were analyzed using HPLC-QTOF and CE-QTOF, respectively, to generate metabolic profiles. Statistical analysis of the metabolites by PLS-DA and OPLA-DA fairly discriminated between the diabetic, and the AC- and AR-treated mice groups. Various PEs mostly contributed to the discrimination of the diabetic mice from the normal mice, and besides, DG (18:1/16:0), TG (16:1/16:1/20:1), PE (21:0/20:5), and PA (18:0/21:0) were also associated with discrimination by s-plot. Nevertheless, the effects of AC and AR treatment were indistinct with respect to lipid metabolites. Of the 97 polar metabolites extracted from the CE-MS data, 40 compounds related to amino acid, central carbon, lipid, purine, and pyrimidine metabolism, with [Formula: see text] values less than 0.05, were shown to contribute to liver dysregulation. Following treatment with AC and AR, the metabolites belonging to purine metabolism preferentially recovered to the metabolic state of the normal mice. The AMP/ATP ratio of cellular energy homeostasis in AR-treated mice was more apparently increased ([Formula: see text]) than that of AC-treated mice. On the other hand, amino acids, which showed the main alterations in diabetic mice, did not return to the normal levels upon treatment with AR or AC. In terms of metabolomics, AR was a more effective natural product in the treatment of liver dysfunction than AC. These results may provide putative biomarkers for the prognosis of fatty liver disorder following treatment with AC and AR extracts.
authors.affiliation: * Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 150 Bugahyeon-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea.|† Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: † Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: In-Seung
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: † Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kang-Hoon
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: † Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jiyoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: * Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 150 Bugahyeon-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea.|‡ Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: * Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 150 Bugahyeon-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eunjung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bang
authors.affiliation: † Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeung-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: * Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 150 Bugahyeon-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea.|‡ Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yun-Cheol
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Na
mesh_terms: D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D034902:Alisma / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D019306:Artemisia / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011687:Purines / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D011687:Purines; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; C030985:purine
keywords: Alisma Rhizome; Artemisia Capillaris; Hepatic Metabolite; Natural Product; Phytotherapy; Type 2 Diabetes