title: Infrared analysis of lipoproteins in the detection of alcohol biomarkers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcoholism is a major public health problem. Alcohol causes modifications in the composition and concentration of lipoproteins and influences the enzymes and transfer proteins that transform lipoproteins in plasma. Alcohol is associated with the presence of alcohol biomarkers (fatty acid ethyl esters [FAEEs] and phosphatidylethanol [PEth]) in lipoproteins. We explore the possibilities of detecting alcohol biomarkers in non-high-density-lipoproteins (non-HDLs) precipitated from serum using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyzes were carried out on stored serum samples, with known % carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) values, included in a driver's license regranting program under the control of the Belgian Institute of Road Safety. The study consisted of 127 control samples (CDT≤1.3%) and 114 alcoholic samples (CDT>1.3%). Liver enzymes, CRP, triglycerides, total, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol values were determined. Non-HDLs were precipitated with sodium phosphotungstate and MgCl2 and analyzed using ATR-FTIR in the range from 4500 cm-1 to 450 cm-1 using a Perkin Elmer ATR-FTIR Spectrometer Two.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The area under the curve of the 1130-990 cm-1 region (AUC1130-990 cm-1) was able to discriminate controls from alcoholics (p<0.0001) due to the presence of FAEEs in lipoproteins. Multiple regression analysis significantly predicted the AUC1130-990 cm-1 (adj. r2=0.13, p<0.0001). Significant correlations were found between AUC1130-990 cm-1 and CDT values (r=0.32, p<0.0001), AST/ALT ratio (r=0.21, p=0.001). GGT showed no significant correlation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infrared analysis of lipoproteins is a potential tool in the detection of alcohol biomarkers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent.
authors.forename: Sander
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Bruyne
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent.
authors.forename: Tinne
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Monteyne
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent.
authors.forename: Marijn M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Speeckaert
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent.
authors.forename: Joris R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Delanghe
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000097:blood* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL
keywords: alcoholism; diagnostic markers; fatty acid ethyl esters; infrared spectroscopy; lipoproteins