title: Microstructure analysis method for evaluating degenerated intervertebral disc tissue.
abstract: Degeneration of intervertebral disc (IVD) tissue is characterized by several structural changes that result in variations in disc physiology and loss of biomechanical function. The complex process of degeneration exhibits highly intercorrelated biomechanical, biochemical, and cellular interactions. There is currently some understanding of the cellular changes in degenerated intervertebral disc tissue, but microstructural changes and deterioration of the tissue matrix has previously been rarely explored. In this work, sequestered IVD tissue was successfully characterized using histology, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to quantitatively evaluate parameters of interest for intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) such as delamination of the collagenous matrix, cell density, cell size, and extra cellular matrix (ECM) thickness. Additional qualitative parameters investigated included matrix fibration and irregularity, neovascularization of the IVD, granular inclusions in the matrix, and cell cluster formation. The results of this study corroborated several previously published findings, including those positively correlating female gender and IVD cell density, age and cell size, and female gender and ECM thickness. Additionally, an array of quantitative and qualitative investigations of IVD degeneration could be successfully evaluated using the given methodology, resin-embedded SEM in particular. SEM is especially practical for studying micromorphological changes in tissue, as other microscopy methods can cause artificial tissue damage due to the preparation method. Investigation of the microstructural changes occurring in degenerated tissue provides a greater understanding of the complex process of disc degeneration as a whole. Developing a more complete picture of the degenerative changes taking place in the intervertebral disc is crucial for the advancement and application of regenerative therapies based on the pathology of intervertebral disc degeneration.
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Halle, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Friedmann
authors.affiliation: BG Klinikum Bergmannstrost Halle gGmbH, Department of Neurosurgery, Halle, Germany; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Finland.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Goehre
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Halle, Germany; University of Tennessee, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Knoxville, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ludtka
authors.affiliation: Friedrich Schiller University, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Department of Trauma Surgery, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mendel
authors.affiliation: BG Klinikum Bergmannstrost Halle gGmbH, Department of Neurosurgery, Halle, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Joerg
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Meisel
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Halle, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heilmann
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Halle, Germany. Electronic address: Stefan.Schwan@imws.fraunhofer.de.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002452:Cell Count; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000473:pathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D012038:Regeneration; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cell density; Delamination; Disc tissue; IDD; Microstructure; SEM; Scanning electron microscopy