title: Human Growth Hormone Increases SMN Expression and Survival in Severe Spinal Muscular Atrophy Mouse Model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autosomal recessive spinal muscle atrophy (SMA) is characterized by the loss of α motor neurons resulting in progressive muscle loss and respiratory failure. SMA is one of the most common inherited causes of infant death with a carrier frequency of 1 in 50 and a calculated prevalence of about 1 in 11,000 live births in the US. The low amount of functional survival motor neuron (SMN) protein due to mutations or deletion in the SMN1 gene causes SMA.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A potential treatment strategy for SMA is to upregulate levels of SMN protein originating from the paralog SMN2 gene compensating in part for the absence of the SMN1 gene. Our group has previously shown that activation of the STAT5 pathway by lactation hormone prolactin (PRL) increased SMN levels, improved motor function and enhanced survival in a severe SMA mouse model. Given that human growth hormone (HGH) is also known to activate the STAT5 signalling pathway and is already used extensively in clinical settings, we thus elected to assess its impact on SMN levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of HGH in NT2 cells activated STAT5 pathway which resulted into significant induction in SMN protein levels. Furthermore, systemic administration of HGH to transgenic SMA mice induced SMN protein levels in the brain and spinal cord samples. Critically, HGH treatment improved disease phenotype and increased survival in two severe SMA mouse models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm earlier work suggesting STAT5 pathway activators as potential therapeutic compounds for the treatment of SMA and identify HGH as one such promising agent.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Duncan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Fahad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shamim
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mongeon
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Ankur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: MacKenzie
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Faraz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Farooq