title: Association of peritraumatic dissociation with symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we evaluated whether peritraumatic dissociation (PD) was associated with symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and whether this association was modified by trauma prior to police work.
  
  
  METHODS
  Symptoms of depression, PTSD, peritraumatic dissociative experience (PDE), and trauma prior to police work were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale, PTSD Checklist-Civilian, PDE questionnaire, and the Brief Trauma questionnaire, respectively, in 328 police officers. Separate regression models were used to assess if either symptoms of depression or PTSD were associated with PD stratified by prior trauma. Means were adjusted for race, number of drinks per week, and smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PD was associated with symptoms of PTSD and depression (β = 0.65, p < .001 and β = 0.27, p < .001, respectively). PD was positively associated with symptoms of PTSD regardless of prior trauma (β = 0.61, p < .001(without prior trauma), 0.75, p < .001 (with prior trauma). In contrast to PTSD, depression symptoms were significantly associated with PD scores in individuals with prior trauma (β = 0.47, p < .001), but not in individuals without prior trauma (β = 0.13, p = .165).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is a cross-sectional study. Outcomes were obtained via self-report and were not clinically diagnosed. Aspects of both the trauma event as well as the symptoms and severity of PD may have introduced recall bias.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results add to the literature indicating that PD plays a role in symptoms of PTSD and depression and how prior trauma may modify this relationship. (PsycINFO Database Record
authors.affiliation: Health Effects Laboratory Division, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
authors.forename: Erin C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: McCanlies
authors.affiliation: Health Effects Laboratory Division, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
authors.forename: Khachatur
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sarkisian
authors.affiliation: Health Effects Laboratory Division, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Andrew
authors.affiliation: Health Effects Laboratory Division, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
authors.forename: Cecil M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Burchfiel
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, State University of New York.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Violanti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000073397:Occupational Stress / Q000523:psychology; D016495:Police / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D057566:Self Report; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*