title: Prospective study of the dietary inflammatory index and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
abstract: Diet in relation to breast cancer etiology has been studied widely, but results have remained inconsistent. Various dietary components including fruits, vegetables, and meat have been implicated through their effects on inflammation. Using data from the Iowa Women's Health Study we examine prospectively the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and breast cancer incidence.
  
  
  
  DII scores were computed based on baseline dietary intake assessed by a validated 121-item food frequency questionnaire in a cohort of 34 700 women, aged 55-69 years at recruitment in 1986 and followed for incident breast cancer. During the 25-year follow-up period (1986-2011), 2910 incident breast cancer cases were identified. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We found positive associations between DII scores and breast cancer risk (HR for DIItertiles: T3vs T1= 1.11; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.22), with stronger associations in obese women (HR for DIIcontinuous: 1.05 per unit increase in DII; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.12; HR for DIItertiles: T3vs T1= 1.35; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.66, p-value for interaction = 0.02).
  
  
  
  A proinflammatory diet, as indicated by higher DII scores, appears to increase the risk of developing breast cancer, especially in obese postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shivappa
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.|University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
authors.forename: Cindy K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.|Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Anna E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Prizment
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hébert
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007484:Iowa / Q000453:epidemiology; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables; D016387:Women's Health
keywords: Breast cancer; Cohort; Diet; Inflammation; Iowa