title: Recrudescence of onchocerciasis in the Comoé valley in Southwest Burkina Faso.
abstract: Onchocerciasis control by vector control was instigated in southwest Burkina Faso in January 1969 by ORSTOM/OCCGE, and continued until operations were taken over by the WHO Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) in February 1975, which itself ceased operations in the area in 1989 when onchocerciasis was judged to have been reduced to insignificant levels. Initially (1969-1975) vector immigration maintained unacceptably high levels of transmission, but OCP was much larger than the preceding campaign and in 1975 the Annual Transmission Potential (ATP) dropped below 100 at all sites in the Comoé river valley except Folonzo, which continued to be subject to reinvasion, along with the whole of the Léraba river valley. However, after the southern extension of the OCP in 1979, ATPs dropped below 100 everywhere in the Comoé basin (including the Léraba valley), and further dropped to insignificant levels after the western extension of the OCP in 1985. Thus transmission dropped more quickly in the Comoé river valley than the Léraba river valley (which had been subject to vector reinvasion), and this was also reflected in prevalence of microfilaraemia in the human population. After 1986 prevalence was less than 5% in all villages in the Comoé river valley (except for two, which subsequently dropped to 0% and 3.7% by 1999). However, in 2001 (12 years after the cessation of vector control) the prevalence in one village in the Comoé river valley had increased to 39.6%, and two more had increased above 5% by 2007. New epidemiological surveys in 2011 and 2012 showed that in 13 out of 30 villages in the Comoé river valley prevalence of microfilaraemia was above 5%, although this was not observed in the Léraba river valley where prevalence remained low. This is the first documented case of recrudescence of onchocerciasis in the old OCP area, and the reasons are not clear. It is possible that there has been immigration of parasites with humans or vectors from areas where there has been a shorter period of control, or that control has been less effective. It is possible that in spite of very low levels of transmission the local parasite population was never reduced to a level below the transmission breakpoint, or that there has been a local recrudescence due to stochastic population effects. In any case it is clear that the distribution of ivermectin against lymphatic filariasis in the area since 2004 has failed to prevent the recrudescence of onchocerciasis, and the Burkina Faso Programme National de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose (PNLO - Ministere de la Santé) has instigated a programme of Community Directed Treatment with Ivermectin specifically aimed at onchocerciasis in accordance with the strategy developed by APOC and recommended to governments by OCP when it was dissolved in 2002.
authors.affiliation: Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche scientific et de l'Innovation, Direction régionale de l'Institut de recherche en sciences de la santé (IRSS/Bobo), Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Lassane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Koala
authors.affiliation: Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche scientific et de l'Innovation, Direction régionale de l'Institut de recherche en sciences de la santé (IRSS/Bobo), Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Achille
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nikiema
authors.affiliation: Liverpool John Moores University, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK; Disease Control Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK. Electronic address: r.j.post@ljmu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Rory J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Post
authors.affiliation: Helen Keller International, Ouagadougou, 06 BP 9515, Ouaga 06, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Alain Brice
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Paré
authors.affiliation: Ministère de la Santé, Direction de la Lutte Contre la Maladie, Ouagadougou, 01 BP 7003, Ouaga 01, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Claude Montant
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kafando
authors.affiliation: Ministère de la Santé, Direction de la Lutte Contre la Maladie, Ouagadougou, 01 BP 7003, Ouaga 01, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Drabo
authors.affiliation: Ouagadougou, 01 BP 2938, Ouaga 01, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Soungalo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Traoré
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002050:Burkina Faso / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004605:Elephantiasis, Filarial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008842:Microfilariae; D009855:Onchocerciasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015995:Prevalence; D012008:Recurrence
chemical_list: D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D007559:Ivermectin
keywords: Burkina Faso; Onchocerca volvulus; Onchocerciasis; Onchocerciasis Control Programme; River blindness; Simulium damnosum; Vector control