title: NONDAMAGING RETINAL LASER THERAPY FOR TREATMENT OF CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY: What is the Evidence?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the literature addressing subthreshold or nondamaging retinal laser therapy (NRT) for central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) and to discuss results and trends that provoke further investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of current literature evaluating NRT with micropulse or continuous wave lasers for CSCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen studies including 398 patients consisted of retrospective case series, prospective nonrandomized interventional case series, and prospective randomized clinical trials. All studies but one evaluated chronic CSCR, and laser parameters varied greatly between studies. Mean central macular thickness decreased, on average, by ∼80 μm by 3 months. Mean best-corrected visual acuity increased, on average, by about 9 letters by 3 months, and no study reported a decrease in acuity below presentation. No retinal complications were observed with the various forms of NRT used, but six patients in two studies with micropulse laser experienced pigmentary changes in the retinal pigment epithelium attributed to excessive laser settings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the current evidence, NRT demonstrates efficacy and safety in 12-month follow-up in patients with chronic and possibly acute CSCR. The NRT would benefit from better standardization of the laser settings and understanding of mechanisms of action, as well as further prospective randomized clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Edward H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Karth
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sanislo
authors.forename: Darius M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Moshfeghi
authors.forename: Daniel V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Palanker
mesh_terms: D056833:Central Serous Chorioretinopathy / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014792:Visual Acuity