title: Phytogenic Polyphenols as Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibitors: The Potential of Triterpenes and Flavonoids for Glycaemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes.
abstract: Glycogen phosphorylase (GP) is a validated pharmaceutical target for the development of antihyperglycaemic agents. Phytogenic polyphenols, mainly flavonoids and pentacyclic triterpenes, have been found to be potent inhibitors of GP. These compounds have both pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potential for glycemic control in diabetes type 2. This review focuses mainly on the most successful (potent) of these compounds discovered to date. The protein-ligand interactions that form the structural basis of their potencies are discussed, highlighting the potential for exploitation of their scaffolds in the future design of new GP inhibitors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis 41500, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Demetres D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Leonidas
authors.affiliation: Centre for Materials Science and School of Physical Sciences & Computing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: Department of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Vassiliki T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Skamnaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Demetra S M
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Chatzileontiadou
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Anastassia L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kantsadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Efthimios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kyriakis
authors.affiliation: Centre for Materials Science and School of Physical Sciences & Computing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ben A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Chetter
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Stravodimos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024981:Glycogen Phosphorylase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D059808:Polyphenols; D014315:Triterpenes; D024981:Glycogen Phosphorylase
keywords: Alpha-glucosidases; antioxidants; diabetes; flavonoids; glycogen phosphorylase; pentacyclic triterpenes