title: Effects of foliar and systemic insecticides on whitefly transmission and incidence of Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) is a cosmopolitan viral disease transmitted by Bemisia tabaci that infects cucurbit crops. Cantaloupe production in the southwestern USA has been confronted by epidemics of CYSDV since 2006 when it was first identified in Arizona and California. As a phloem-limited virus that is vectored in a semi-persistent manner by B. tabaci, CYSDV has transmission characteristics that may be suppressed by select insecticide applications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight active ingredients formulated as foliar and/or soil-applied insecticides were tested to determine the suppressive effect on transmission and incidence of CYSDV in greenhouse and field studies. Many compounds limited virus transmission to <10% infected plants even when challenged by 30 viruliferous whiteflies. Foliar formulations had greater knockdown activity than their soil-applied analogs and resulted in lower virus transmission. Insecticides that had the greatest effect on reducing virus transmission in the greenhouse also showed the lowest incidence of CYSDV in field trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Select insecticides can significantly reduce transmission of CYSDV. However, insecticide management of CYSDV incidence in cantaloupes has limitations in chronically high infestation areas such as the southwestern USA, and is often only able to delay disease onset rather than prevent its occurrence. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Maricopa, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Castle
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Yuma Agricultural Center, University of Arizona, Yuma, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palumbo
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Maricopa, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Merten
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Maricopa, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cowden
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Nilima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Prabhaker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029383:Crinivirus; D028463:Cucumis melo / Q000821:virology*; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000821:virology; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000821:virology; D007306:Insecticides; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides
keywords: cantaloupes; chemical control; crinivirus; knockdown activity