title: Meat and haem iron intake in relation to glioma in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study.
abstract: Diets high in red or processed meat have been associated positively with some cancers, and several possible underlying mechanisms have been proposed, including iron-related pathways. However, the role of meat intake in adult glioma risk has yielded conflicting findings because of small sample sizes and heterogeneous tumour classifications. The aim of this study was to examine red meat, processed meat and iron intake in relation to glioma risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. In this prospective cohort study, 408 751 individuals from nine European countries completed demographic and dietary questionnaires at recruitment. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine intake of red meat, processed meat, total dietary iron and haem iron in relation to incident glioma. During an average follow-up of 14.1 years, 688 incident glioma cases were diagnosed. There was no evidence that any of the meat variables (red, processed meat or subtypes of meat) or iron (total or haem) were associated with glioma; results were unchanged when the first 2 years of follow-up were excluded. This study suggests that there is no association between meat or iron intake and adult glioma. This is the largest prospective analysis of meat and iron in relation to glioma and as such provides a substantial contribution to a limited and inconsistent literature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London.
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gayle
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jakszyn
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merritt
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå.
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Melin
authors.affiliation: Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Freisling
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm.|Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø.|Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway.|Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Elisabete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weiderpass
authors.affiliation: Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjonneland
authors.affiliation: Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus.
authors.forename: Christina C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Dahm
authors.affiliation: Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus.|Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overvad
authors.affiliation: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg.
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Katzke
authors.affiliation: German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg.
authors.forename: Tilman
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kühn
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany.
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boeing
authors.affiliation: Hellenic Health Foundation.|Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, University of Athens Medical School.
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trichopoulou
authors.affiliation: Hellenic Health Foundation.|Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, University of Athens Medical School.|Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Pagona
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lagiou
authors.affiliation: Hellenic Health Foundation.|Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kyrozis
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palli
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan.
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krogh
authors.affiliation: Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, 'Civic - M.P. Arezzo' Hospital, ASP Ragusa.
authors.forename: Rosario
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tumino
authors.affiliation: Unit of Epidemiology, Regional Health Service, Grugliasco (TO).|Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin.
authors.forename: Fulvio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ricceri
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mattiello
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London.|Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven.|Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Bas
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bueno-de-Mesquita
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London.|Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Petra H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Peeters
authors.affiliation: Public Health Directorate, Asturias.
authors.forename: José Ramón
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Quirós
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agudo
authors.affiliation: Andalusian School of Public Health, Research Insititute Biosanitary Granada, University Hospital Granada/University of Granada, Granada.|CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Barranco
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid.|Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Regional Government of the Basque Country, Donostia.
authors.forename: Nerea
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Larrañaga
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid.|Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Huerta
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid.|Navarra Public Health Institute.|Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Aurelio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barricarte
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sonestedt
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandström
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Ruth C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Travis
authors.affiliation: Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London.
authors.forename: Elio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Riboli
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London.
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cross
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005910:Glioma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006418:Heme / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D019266:Iron, Dietary; D006418:Heme