title: Externalizing problems in childhood and adolescence predict subsequent educational achievement but for different genetic and environmental reasons.
abstract: Childhood behavior problems predict subsequent educational achievement; however, little research has examined the etiology of these links using a longitudinal twin design. Moreover, it is unknown whether genetic and environmental innovations provide incremental prediction for educational achievement from childhood to adolescence.
  
  
  
  We examined genetic and environmental influences on parental ratings of behavior problems across childhood (age 4) and adolescence (ages 12 and 16) as predictors of educational achievement at age 16 using a longitudinal classical twin design.
  
  
  
  Shared-environmental influences on anxiety, conduct problems, and peer problems at age 4 predicted educational achievement at age 16. Genetic influences on the externalizing behaviors of conduct problems and hyperactivity at age 4 predicted educational achievement at age 16. Moreover, novel genetic and (to a lesser extent) nonshared-environmental influences acting on conduct problems and hyperactivity emerged at ages 12 and 16, adding to the genetic prediction from age 4.
  
  
  
  These findings demonstrate that genetic and shared-environmental factors underpinning behavior problems in early childhood predict educational achievement in midadolescence. These findings are consistent with the notion that early-childhood behavior problems reflect the initiation of a life-course persistent trajectory with concomitant implications for social attainment. However, we also find evidence that genetic and nonshared-environment innovations acting on behavior problems have implications for subsequent educational achievement, consistent with recent work arguing that adolescence represents a sensitive period for socioaffective development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Department of Education, University of York, Heslington, UK.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asbury
authors.affiliation: Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, MRC Social, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Plomin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D004522:Educational Status; D004739:England; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D011379:Prognosis; D012919:Social Behavior; D014852:Wales
keywords: Education; Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; behavior problems; genetics; longitudinal; twin study