title: Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance in children and adolescents with overweight/obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate in a large sample of overweight/obese (OW/OB) children and adolescents the prevalence of prediabetic phenotypes such as impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and to assess their association with cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors including hepatic steatosis (HS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Population data were obtained from the CARdiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents in ITALY study. Between 2003 and 2013, 3088 youths (972 children and 2116 adolescents) received oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and were included in the study. In 798 individuals, abdominal ultrasound for identification of HS was available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of IFG (3.2 vs. 3.3%) and IGT (4.6 vs. 5.0%) was similar between children and adolescents. Children with isolated IGT had a 2-11 fold increased risk of high LDL-C, non-HDL-C, Tg/HDL-C ratio, and low insulin sensitivity, when compared to those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). No significant association of IFG with any CMR factor was found in children. Among adolescents, IGT subjects, and to a lesser extent those with IFG, showed a worse CMR profile compared to NGT subgroup. In the overall sample, IGT phenotype showed a twofold increased risk of HS compared to NGT subgroup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows an unexpected similar prevalence of IFG and IGT between children and adolescents with overweight/obesity. The IGT phenotype was associated with a worse CMR profile in both children and adolescents. Phenotyping prediabetes conditions by OGTT should be done as part of prediction and prevention of cardiometabolic diseases in OW/OB youth since early childhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, "S. Maria delle Grazie", Pozzuoli Hospital, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Di Bonito
authors.affiliation: Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy. lucia.pacifico@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pacifico
authors.affiliation: Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chiesa
authors.affiliation: Department of Movement and Wellness Sciences, Parthenope University, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valerio
authors.affiliation: Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miraglia Del Giudice
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maffeis
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morandi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences and Rehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Invitti
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, AORN Santobono-Pausilipon, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Licenziati
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Endocrine Unit, Regional Hospital for Microcitemia, Cagliari, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loche
authors.affiliation: Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tornese
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Unity, AOU Udine, Udine, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manco
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.|Endocrinology, Department Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Baroni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005215:Fasting / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin
keywords: Cardiometabolic risk factors; Impaired fasting glucose; Impaired glucose tolerance; Pediatric obesity; Prediabetes