title: Dietary effect of apple cider vinegar and propionic acid on immune related transcriptional responses and growth performance in white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei.
abstract: This experiment was conducted to study the effect of various levels of ACV®and Propionic acid (PA) on expression of immune related genes and growth performance in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Three hundred and seventy-five shrimps with an average initial weight of 10.2 ± 0.04 g were collected and acclimatized for two weeks. Five experimental diets including control diet, 0.5% PA diet and 1%, 2% and 4% ACV®diets were applied to feed the shrimps. They were fed 4 times a day with 2.5% of body weight. After 60 days of culture, shrimps fed with ACV®and PA diets showed no significant difference in growth performance. Expression of prophenoloxidase (proPo), lysozyme (Lys), penaeidin-3a (Pen-3a) and Crustin (Cru) genes were determined from hepatopancreas, using the real-time PCR after 15, 30 and 60 days. Expression of Lys and proPo genes was significantly up regulated in shrimps fed with ACV®and PA diets compared to the control group after 30 and 60 days of treatment. After 15 days, Pen-3a gene expression was significantly higher in PA group compared to the control group. Also, shrimps fed with 1% and 4% ACV®and PA diets showed significantly increased expression of Pen-3a after 30 days. In contrast, expression of Cru was significantly down regulated in response to ACV®diets, but, Cru expression in treated shrimps with PA diet was greater than the control group after 30 and 60 days. Overall, the results provided evidence that ACV®could be used as a natural immunostimulant for shrimps in order to adjust and enhance expression of the immune related genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. Electronic address: Sajjad5550@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sajjad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pourmozaffar
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
authors.forename: Abdolmajid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hajimoradloo
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamed Kolangi
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Miandare
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D011422:Propionates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D011422:Propionates; C029658:propionic acid; D019342:Acetic Acid
keywords: Apple cider vinegar; Growth performance; Immune genes; Litopenaeus vanname; Propionic acid