title: The efficacy and safety of adrenergic alpha-antagonists in treatment of distal ureteral stones in pediatric patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adrenergic alpha-antagonists as a medical expulsive therapy for ureteral stones in pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register databases were searched up to January 2016. All randomized controlled trials and all cohort studies in which patients were randomized to receive either adrenergic alpha-antagonists or placebo for ureteral stones were identified. The outcome measures assessed were overall stone expulsion rate (primary), expulsion time (secondary), and treatment-emergent adverse events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five trials with a total of 406 pediatric patients met the inclusion criteria. According to the doses of adrenergic alpha-antagonists, the pooling effects of adrenergic alpha-antagonists were analyzed, with a higher expulsion rate obtained than in controls, the stone expulsion rate (OR=2.70, 95% CI 1.49 to 4.91, P=0.001). Adrenergic alpha-antagonists statistically did not significantly decrease the number of the stone expulsion time with the placebo, the stone expulsion time (SMD=-4.65, 95% CI -9.76 to 0.45, P=0.07). Safety assessments included common treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) (OR=2.01, 95% CI 0.74 to 5.48, P=0.17). Compared with placebos, there was a higher stone expulsion rate with the adrenergic alpha-antagonists; in addition, fewer adverse effects were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This meta-analysis may suggest that adrenergic alpha-antagonists are a safe and effective medical expulsive therapy choice for ureteral stones in pediatric patients. As the level of classification of evidence-based medicine, the level of evidence of our article is Ia. But it remains to need a large-scale multicenter randomized controlled study to be further confirmed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The level of evidence of our study is V.
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Neurourology Research Division, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Daxue
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Neurourology Research Division, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Neurourology Research Division, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Neurourology Research Division, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Huantao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zong
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Neurourology Research Division, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, Beijing, China. Electronic address: 758980179@qq.com.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D010372:Pediatrics; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists
keywords: Adrenergic alpha-antagonists; Distal ureteral stones; Meta-analysis; Pediatrics; Randomized controlled trials