title: Educational strategies to enable expansion of pharmacogenomics-based care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current state of pharmacogenomics education for pharmacy students and practitioners is discussed, and resources and strategies to address persistent challenges in this area are reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consensus-based pharmacist competencies and guidelines have been published to guide pharmacogenomics knowledge attainment and application in clinical practice. Pharmacogenomics education is integrated into various pharmacy school courses and, increasingly, into Pharm.D. curricula in the form of required standalone courses. Continuing-education programs and a limited number of postgraduate training opportunities are available to practicing pharmacists. For colleges and schools of pharmacy, identifying the optimal structure and content of pharmacogenomics education remains a challenge; insufficient numbers of faculty members with pharmacogenomics expertise and the inadequate availability of practice settings for experiential education are other limiting factors. Strategies for overcoming those challenges include providing early exposure to pharmacogenomics through foundational courses and incorporating pharmacogenomics into practice-based therapeutics courses and introductory and advanced pharmacy practice experiences. For practitioner education, online resources, clinical decision support-based tools, and certificate programs can be used to supplement structured postgraduate training in pharmacogenomics. Recently published data indicate successful use of "shared curricula" and participatory education models involving opportunities for learners to undergo personal genomic testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pharmacy profession has taken a leadership role in expanding student and practitioner education to meet the demand for increased pharmacist involvement in precision medicine initiatives. Effective approaches to teaching pharmacogenomics knowledge and driving its appropriate application in clinical practice are increasingly available.
authors.affiliation: Personalized Medicine Program, UF Health, Gainesville, FL.|Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL.
authors.forename: Kristin Wiisanen
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Weitzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: Christina L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Aquilante
authors.affiliation: Government and Professional Affairs, American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manchester University College of Pharmacy, Natural and Health Sciences, Fort Wayne, IN.
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Kisor
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Institute for Precision Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. pempey@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Philip E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Empey
mesh_terms: D004512:Education, Pharmacy / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D005791:Patient Care / Q000639:trends*; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000639:trends; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000193:education* / Q000639:trends*; D013339:Students, Pharmacy
keywords: continuing; education; genomics/education; pharmacists; pharmacogenetics/education; pharmacogenetics/trends; pharmacy; precision medicine; schools