title: Feasibility study of Compton cameras for x-ray fluorescence computed tomography with humans.
abstract: X-ray fluorescence imaging is a promising imaging technique able to depict the spatial distributions of low amounts of molecular agents in vivo. Currently, the translation of the technique to preclinical and clinical applications is hindered by long scanning times as objects are scanned with flux-limited narrow pencil beams. The study presents a novel imaging approach combining x-ray fluorescence imaging with Compton imaging. Compton cameras leverage the imaging performance of XFCT and abolish the need for pencil beam excitation. The study examines the potential of this new imaging approach on the base of Monte-Carlo simulations. In the work, it is first presented that the particular option of slice/fan-beam x-ray excitation has advantages in image reconstruction in regard of processing time and image quality compared to traditional volumetric Compton imaging. In a second experiment, the feasibility of the approach for clinical applications with tracer agents made from gold nano-particles is examined in a simulated lung scan scenario. The high energy of characteristic x-ray photons from gold is advantageous for deep tissue penetration and has lower angular blurring in the Compton camera. It is found that Doppler broadening in the first detector stage of the Compton camera adds the largest contribution on the angular blurring; physically limiting the spatial resolution. Following the analysis of the results from the spatial resolution test, resolutions in the order of one centimeter are achievable with the approach in the center of the lung. The concept of Compton imaging allows one to distinguish to some extent between scattered photons and x-ray fluorescent photons based on their difference in emission position. The results predict that molecular sensitivities down to 240 pM l-1for 5 mm diameter lesions at 15 mGy for 50 nm diameter gold nano-particles are achievable. A 45-fold speed up time for data acquisition compared to traditional pencil beam XFCT could be achieved for lung imaging at the cost of a small sensitivity decrease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vernekohl
authors.forename: Moiz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Garry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chinn
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xing
mesh_terms: D005240:Feasibility Studies; D015902:Gamma Cameras; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D017785:Photons; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006046:Gold