title: Dialysis Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections: A Cluster-Randomized Trial of the ClearGuard HD Antimicrobial Barrier Cap.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The rate of bloodstream infections (BSIs) is disproportionately high in hemodialysis (HD) patients with central venous catheters (CVCs) versus those with permanent accesses, contributing to poorer outcomes, such as increased rates of death and hospitalizations.
  
  
  METHODS
  12-month, prospective, cluster-randomized, multicenter, open-label trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  40 Fresenius Medical Care North America dialysis facilities were matched and paired by positive blood culture rate and number of patients with CVCs and then cluster-randomized with 20 in each study group. 2,470 patients participated in the study (1,245, intervention group; 1,225, control group), accruing approximately 350,000 CVC-days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Use of ClearGuard HD Antimicrobial Barrier Caps versus use of standard CVC caps; assigned at the facility level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary end point was positive blood culture rate as an indicator of BSI rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Positive blood cultures, hospital admissions for BSI, hospitalization-days for BSI, intravenous antibiotic starts, and CVC-days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline positive blood culture rates were similar (P=0.8) between groups. Use of ClearGuard HD caps for 12 months was associated with a 56% lower BSI rate versus use of standard CVC caps (0.26 vs 0.59/1,000 CVC-days, respectively; P=0.01). When considering sustained use (defined as last 6 months of the study), the intervention versus the control was associated with a 69% lower BSI rate (0.22 vs 0.72/1,000 CVC-days, respectively; P=0.01), 43% fewer hospital admissions for BSI (0.28 vs 0.48/1,000 CVC-days, respectively; P=0.04), and 51% fewer hospitalization days for BSI (2.42 vs 4.94/1,000 CVC-days, respectively; P=0.04). No device-related adverse events were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study was open label; patients occasionally received HD at nonresearch facilities; patients did not receive the intervention when hospitalized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings show that use of ClearGuard HD Antimicrobial Barrier Caps, when compared with standard CVC caps, significantly lowers rates of catheter-related BSIs and hospital admissions for BSI in HD patients using CVCs.
authors.affiliation: Fresenius Medical Care North America, Waltham, MA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hymes
authors.affiliation: Frenova Renal Research, Waltham, MA.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mooney
authors.affiliation: Frenova Renal Research, Waltham, MA.
authors.forename: Carly
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Zandt
authors.affiliation: Pursuit Vascular, Inc, Maple Grove, MN.
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.affiliation: Pursuit Vascular, Inc, Maple Grove, MN.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ziebol
authors.affiliation: Pursuit Vascular, Inc, Maple Grove, MN. Electronic address: dkillion@pursuitvascular.com.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Killion
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents
keywords: ClearGuard HD antimicrobial barrier cap; Hemodialysis; antimicrobial lock; bloodstream infection (BSI); catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI); central line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI); central venous catheter (CVC); chlorhexidine acetate; cluster-randomized trial; end-stage renal disease (ESRD); infection prevention; positive blood culture