title: Cases of advanced visual field loss at referral to glaucoma clinics - more men than women?
abstract: In many medical conditions 'late presentation' of disease is more of a problem for men than women. Risk of sight loss from glaucoma is certainly greater in those detected with advanced disease. We performed a retrospective study to test the hypothesis that men are more likely than women to have advanced visual field loss at referral to glaucoma clinics.
  
  
  
  We used 152 918 Humphrey visual fields from 32 147 patients from three regionally different hospitals in England; no other clinical data were made available apart from patient's age, sex and examination dates. The study population was defined as patients with measureable visual field loss in at least one eye at referral to glaucoma clinics. Cases of advanced visual field loss as defined by the Enhanced Glaucoma Severity Staging method at the first visit to secondary care were used as a proxy measure for late presentation of glaucoma. Age-adjusted relative risk (RR) was calculated as the ratio of the proportion of men to women with this proxy measure.
  
  
  
  Median (interquartile range) age and MD (worse eye) for 3733 men and 4264 women was 72 (63, 79) and 74 (64, 81) years and -6.4 (-11.7, -3.8) and -6.3 (-11.0, -3.8) dB respectively. Overall proportion of patients with advanced visual field loss at referral to glaucoma clinics was slightly higher in men (25.0%) than in women (22.3%); this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01). Overall age-standardised RR was statistically significant (1.16; p < 0.001); a person with late presentation of glaucoma is 16% (95% confidence interval: 7-25%) more likely to be a man than a woman.
  
  
  
  A large number of patients with glaucomatous visual field defects are estimated to have advanced loss in at least one eye on referral to secondary care in England; risk for men more likely presenting with late disease is slightly greater than for women.
authors.affiliation: Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, UK.
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Crabb
authors.affiliation: Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, UK.
authors.forename: Luke J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.affiliation: Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, UK.
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018450:Disease Progression; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012607:Scotoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D058609:Visual Field Tests / Q000379:methods; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: epidemiology; glaucoma; perimetry; public health; visual fields