title: Harms from alcohol consumption by strangers in five Indian states and policy implications.
abstract: India has a checkered history of alcohol prohibition; however, alcohol use is becoming more prevalent. We assessed the reporting of tangible and intangible harms from strangers' alcohol consumption by respondents' sex and how respondents' drinking and sociodemographic characteristics were associated with the reporting of these alcohol-related harms by strangers.
  
  
  
  We analysed cross-sectional data from household interviews administered in five Indian states from October 2011 to May 2012. We analysed data among 7332 adults who responded to all 12 questions on alcohol-related harms from strangers' drinking and for whom data were available on drinking status and sex.
  
  
  
  In this sample, 63.2% reported experiences of one or more harms from strangers' drinking in the past year, with 47.4% reporting at least one tangible harm. Nearly one-fifth reported being physically harmed from strangers' alcohol consumption. Drinking by women did not predict reports of alcohol-related harms from strangers, while drinking by men was associated with at least 1.9 greater odds of reporting these harms compared with non-drinkers. Living in rural areas was associated with reduced odds of reporting psychological harms from strangers' drinking among women but greater odds of reporting physical and sexual harms among men.
  
  
  
  In five Indian states, both drinkers and non-drinkers report being harmed by strangers' alcohol consumption. Greater implementation and enhanced enforcement of multilevel interventions may effectively reduce these alcohol-related harms, such as regulating the density of alcohol outlets, screening and brief interventions in health settings and community empowerment initiatives. [Esser MB, Gururaj G, Rao GN, Jayarajan D, Sethu L, Murthy P, Jernigan DH, Benegal V. Harms from alcohol consumption by strangers in five Indian states and policy implications. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;00:000-000].
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: Marissa B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Esser
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, Centre for Public Health, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Gopalkrishna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gururaj
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, Centre for Public Health, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Girish N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jayarajan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Lakshmanan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sethu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Pratima
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Murthy
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Jernigan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Benegal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011050:Policy Making; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: alcohol drinking; prevention; public health; social behaviour; social control policy