title: Working hours and common mental disorders in English police officers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a paucity of evidence on working hours and their psychological correlates in police officers of the federated ranks in England.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  An exploratory study to establish the extent to which a sample of English police officers worked long hours and the association between long working hours and common mental disorder (CMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Officers of the federated ranks (constable, sergeant, inspector) from two English county forces completed a questionnaire to report their typical weekly working hours and symptoms of CMD. We also collected socio- and occupational-demographic data. We defined long working hours as ≥49 h in a typical week in accordance with 48-h weekly limit specified in the 1993 European Directive on the Organisation of Working Time. We established associations between long working hours and self-reported CMDs using binary logistic regression to generate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for potential confounding variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven per cent (n = 327/1226) of respondents reported long working hours. The ORs for psychological distress (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.57-2.68), emotional exhaustion (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.52-2.59), and depersonalization (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.00-1.71) were significantly increased for long working hours after adjustment for socio- and occupational-demographic characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than one quarter of sampled police officers reported working long hours and were significantly more likely to report CMD. National and longitudinal research is required to confirm these findings, which suggest management of working hours may effectively promote psychological well-being.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK, jonathan.houdmont@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Houdmont
authors.affiliation: School of Business and Economics, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Randall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology; D003861:Depersonalization / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016495:Police / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Burnout; police officers; psychological distress; working hours.