title: Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: diagnostic inpatient rates from 2000 to 2013 in Germany.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite growing consensus on nosology and epidemiology of bipolar disorder (BD) in minors, differences remain. We contribute to this discussion by measuring long-term trends in the inpatient discharge rates of BD in minors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nationwide German inpatient discharge diagnoses of BD and other related psychiatric disorders were mapped between 2008 and 2013 using registry data from the German Federal Health Monitoring System. This was compared with previously published data, 2000-2007, to assess long-term trends in diagnosis of BD at discharge. Long-term trends (2000-2013) were also computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Discharge diagnosis of BD increased by 18% (2.02-2.46 per 100,000) in minors. There was a significant increase of 24.1% in adolescents 15-19 years old (6.56-8.14 per 100,000). BD, at discharge, as a proportion of all psychiatric disorders, increased from 0.26% in 2008 to 0.27% in 2013. When analysing long-term trends (2000-2013), the rates for BD increased significantly as did trends for all mental disorders, except for psychotic disorders, which fell by almost 14%. Between 2000 and 2013, the rate for depression in minors increased by 730%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dataset consisted of cross-sectional administrative data points with diagnoses based on clinical criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of BD as a discharge diagnosis in German minors has increased significantly, consistently exceeding the general trend for a rise in rates for mental disorders. Overall, the rate of discharge diagnosis of BD from inpatient units in Germany remains a small proportion of all psychiatric diagnoses.
authors.affiliation: Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences & School of Paediatrics and Child Health; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. pradeeprao14@doctors.net.uk.|Department of Health, Western Australia, Community Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Perth, WA, Australia. pradeeprao14@doctors.net.uk.
authors.forename: Pradeep
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5637-7769
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences & School of Paediatrics and Child Health; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.|Paediatric Consultation-Liaison Program, Department of Health, Western Australia, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Julie K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences & School of Paediatrics and Child Health; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Runions
authors.affiliation: Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.|Department of Clinical Research and Education, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Department of Health, Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bear
authors.affiliation: Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences & School of Paediatrics and Child Health; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.|Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Janice W Y
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Hamm, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holtmann
authors.affiliation: Centre & Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences & School of Paediatrics and Child Health; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.|Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.|Department of Health in Western Australia, Specialised Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS), Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Florian D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Zepf
keywords: Adolescents; Bipolar disorder; Children; Discharge diagnostic rates; Germany; Inpatients