title: Concentrations and health risk assessment of rare earth elements in vegetables from mining area in Shandong, China.
abstract: To investigate the concentrations of rare earth elements in vegetables and assess human health risk through vegetable consumption, a total of 301 vegetable samples were collected from mining area and control area in Shandong, China. The contents of 14 rare earth elements were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The total rare earth elements in vegetables from mining and control areas were 94.08 μg kg-1and 38.67 μg kg-1, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The leaf vegetable had the highest rare earth elements concentration (984.24 μg kg-1and 81.24 μg kg-1for mining and control areas, respectively) and gourd vegetable had the lowest rare earth elements concentration (37.34 μg kg-1and 24.63 μg kg-1for mining and control areas, respectively). For both areas, the rare earth elements concentration in vegetables declined in the order of leaf vegetable > taproot vegetable > alliaceous vegetable > gourd vegetable. The rare earth elements distribution patterns for both areas were characterized by enrichment of light rare earth elements. The health risk assessment demonstrated that the estimated daily intakes (0.69 μg kg-1d-1and 0.28 μg kg-1d-1for mining and control areas, respectively) of rare earth elements through vegetable consumption were significantly lower than the acceptable daily intake (70 μg kg-1d-1). The damage to adults can be neglected, but more attention should be paid to the effects of continuous exposure to low levels of rare earth elements on children.
authors.affiliation: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: Maoqiang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.affiliation: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: Jinshan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: Suyun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: Danru
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: Kebo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: Peirui
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: Lianlong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: Jingyang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: Liansen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China. Electronic address: chuzunhua1973@163.com.
authors.forename: Zunhua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002681:China; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008674:Metals, Rare Earth / Q000032:analysis*; D008906:Mining; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008674:Metals, Rare Earth; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: China; Health risk; Rare earth elements; Vegetable