title: Semi-autonomous inline water analyzer: design of a common light detector for bacterial, phage, and immunological biosensors.
abstract: The use of biosensors as sensitive and rapid alert systems is a promising perspective to monitor accidental or intentional environmental pollution, but their implementation in the field is limited by the lack of adapted inline water monitoring devices. We describe here the design and initial qualification of an analyzer prototype able to accommodate three types of biosensors based on entirely different methodologies (immunological, whole-cell, and bacteriophage biosensors), but whose responses rely on the emission of light. We developed a custom light detector and a reaction chamber compatible with the specificities of the three systems and resulting in statutory detection limits. The water analyzer prototype resulting from the COMBITOX project can be situated at level 4 on the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale and this technical advance paves the way to the use of biosensors on-site.
authors.affiliation: CEA, DRF, BIAM, Lab Bioenerget Cellulaire, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.|CNRS, UMR Biol Veget & Microbiol Environ, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.|Aix-Marseille Université, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
authors.forename: Elodie C T
authors.initials: ECT
authors.lastname: Descamps
authors.affiliation: AP2E, 240, rue Louis de Broglie, Les Méridiens Bâtiment A, CS90537, 13593, Aix-en-Provence, France.
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Meunier
authors.affiliation: CEA, DRF, BIAM, Lab Bioenerget Cellulaire, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.|CNRS, UMR Biol Veget & Microbiol Environ, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.|Aix-Marseille Université, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brutesco
authors.affiliation: CEA, DRF, BIAM, Lab Bioenerget Cellulaire, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.|CNRS, UMR Biol Veget & Microbiol Environ, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.|Aix-Marseille Université, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prévéral
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UMR7283, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Franche
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Génie de L'Environnement industriel, École des Mines d'Alès, CEDEX, 6 Avenue de Clavières, 30319, Alès, France.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bazin
authors.affiliation: AP2E, 240, rue Louis de Broglie, Les Méridiens Bâtiment A, CS90537, 13593, Aix-en-Provence, France.
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Miclot
authors.affiliation: AP2E, 240, rue Louis de Broglie, Les Méridiens Bâtiment A, CS90537, 13593, Aix-en-Provence, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Larosa
authors.affiliation: CEA, DRF, BIAM, Lab Bioenerget Cellulaire, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.|CNRS, UMR Biol Veget & Microbiol Environ, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.|Aix-Marseille Université, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Escoffier
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UMR7283, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Raphael
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fantino
authors.affiliation: CEA, DRF, BIAM, Lab Bioenerget Cellulaire, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.|CNRS, UMR Biol Veget & Microbiol Environ, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.|Aix-Marseille Université, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UMR7283, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Mireille
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ansaldi
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69003, INSA de Lyon, F-69621, CNRS, UMR5240, Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, Villeurbanne, Université Lyon 1, F-69622, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Agnès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodrigue
authors.affiliation: CEA, DRF, BIAM, Lab Bioenerget Cellulaire, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.|CNRS, UMR Biol Veget & Microbiol Environ, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.|Aix-Marseille Université, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pignol
authors.affiliation: AP2E, 240, rue Louis de Broglie, Les Méridiens Bâtiment A, CS90537, 13593, Aix-en-Provence, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cholat
authors.affiliation: CEA, DRF, BIAM, Lab Bioenerget Cellulaire, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France. nginet@imm.cnrs.fr.|CNRS, UMR Biol Veget & Microbiol Environ, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France. nginet@imm.cnrs.fr.|Aix-Marseille Université, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France. nginet@imm.cnrs.fr.|Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UMR7283, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. nginet@imm.cnrs.fr.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5544-4376
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ginet
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005504:Food Analysis; D008027:Light; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Bacterial pathogens; Bioluminescence; Biosensors; Chemiluminescence; Metals; On-site water analyzer; Toxins