title: Effects of Pipemidic Acid, Phenazopyridine HCL and Sodium Diclofenac on Pain Perception Following Endoscopic Urological Surgery: Double-blinded Randomized-Controlled Trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to evaluate the analgesic effect, the side effects and the safety of analgesics following endoscopic urological procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  eighty patients who underwent endoscopic urological surgery at Kardinah Hospital, Tegal from June to July 2015 were divided into four groups. The experimental group was administered analgesic for 4 days pipemidic acid (A) 400 mg bid, or phenazopyridine (B) 200 mg tid, or sodium diclofenac (C) 50 mg bid and the control (D) group was administered placebo tid for 4 days. The analgesic effects were assessed using Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Association between variables was assessed using Cramers V and Kruskall Wallis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  the endoscopic urological procedures consisted of 30 patients for URS, 6 patients for lithotripsy, 17 patients for TURP, 24 patients for removal JJ stent and 3 patients for cystoscopy. The mean age of group A, B, C and D (control) was 50.1 (13.7), 50.7 (14.8), 49.1 (13.4), and 49.6 (14.3) years, respectively, and follow-up period was 7 days. The VAS score in all experimental groups was less than control group on day 1 to 7 following endoscopic urological procedures (p<0.05). In the experimental group, there was no difference between groups B and C (p>0.05). Group A demonstrated a more favourable analgesic effect than B and C (p<0.05). No serious side effects were detected in any of the cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  we conclude that oral analgesics are effective for pain relief following endoscopic urological surgery. Pipemidic acid was found to have a superior analgesic effect than phenazopyridine HCl and sodium diclofenac.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Medical Faculty, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. prahara.yuri@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Prahara
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yuri
authors.forename: Zulfikar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Nur
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rasyid
authors.forename: Ponco
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Birowo
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058748:Pain Perception; D010621:Phenazopyridine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010876:Pipemidic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000892:Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004008:Diclofenac; D010621:Phenazopyridine; D010876:Pipemidic Acid
keywords: Pipemidic acid; endoscopic urology; phenazopyridine; sodium diclofenac; visual analog scale