title: Self-hardening and thermoresponsive alpha tricalcium phosphate/pluronic pastes.
abstract: Although calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are used for bone regeneration in a wide range of clinical applications, various physicochemical phenomena are known to hinder their potential use in minimally invasive surgery or in highly vascularized surgical sites, mainly because of their lack of injectability or their low washout resistance. The present work shows that the combination of CPCs with an inverse-thermoresponsive hydrogel is a good strategy for finely tuning the cohesive and rheological properties of CPCs to achieve clinical acceptable injectability to prevent phase separation during implantation and cohesion to avoid washout of the paste. The thermoresponsive CPC developed combines alpha-tricalcium phosphate with an aqueous solution of pluronic F127, which exhibits an inverse thermoresponsive behaviour, with a gelling transformation at around body temperature. These novel CPCs exhibited temperature-dependent properties. Addition of the polymer enhanced the injectability of the paste, even at a low liquid-to-powder ratio, and allowed the rheological properties of the cement to be tuned, with the injection force decreasing with the temperature of the paste. Moreover, the cohesion of the paste was also temperature-dependent and increased as the temperature of the host medium increased due to gelling induced in the paste. The thermoresponsive cement exhibited excellent cohesion and clinically acceptable setting times at 37°C, irrespective of the initial temperature of the paste. The addition of pluronic F127 slightly delayed the setting reaction in the early stages but did not hinder the full transformation to calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite. Moreover, the frozen storage of premixed thermoresponsive cement pastes was explored, the main physicochemical properties of the cements being maintained upon thawing, even after 18months of frozen storage. This avoids the need to mix the cement in the operating theatre and allows its use off-the-shelf. The reverse thermoresponsive cements studied herein open up new perspectives in the surgical field, where the sequential gelling/hardening of these novel cements could allow for a better and safer clinical application.
  
  
  
  Calcium phosphate cements are attractive bone substitutes due to their similarity to the bone mineral phase. Although they can be injectable, cohesion and stability of the paste are crucial in terms of performance and safety. A common strategy is the combination with hydrogels. However, this often results in a decrease of viscosity with increasing temperature, which can lead to extravasation and particle leakage from the bone defect. The preferred evolution would be the opposite: a low viscosity would enhance mixing and injection, and an instantaneous increase of viscosity after injection would ensure washout resistance to the blood flow. Here we develop for the first time a calcium phosphate cement exhibiting reverse thermoresponsive properties using a poloxamer featuring inverse thermal gelling.
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech (UPC), Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Yassine
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maazouz
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech (UPC), Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Edgar B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Montufar
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech (UPC), Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malbert
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech (UPC), Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Espanol
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, BarcelonaTech (UPC), Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, C. Baldiri Reixach 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: maria.pau.ginebra@upc.edu.
authors.forename: Maria-Pau
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ginebra
mesh_terms: D001843:Bone Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D007267:Injections; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D061848:Optical Imaging; D020442:Poloxamer / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D020442:Poloxamer; C018392:tricalcium phosphate
keywords: Calcium phosphate cement; Cohesion; Hydroxyapatite; Injectability; Pluronic; Thermoresponsive