title: Biological relevance of volatile organic compounds emitted during the pathogenic interactions between apple plants and Erwinia amylovora.
abstract: Volatile organic compounds emitted during the infection of apple (Malus pumila var. domestica) plants by Erwinia amylovora or Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae were studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry, and used to treat uninfected plants. Infected plants showed a disease-specific emission of volatile organic compounds, including several bio-active compounds, such as hexenal isomers and 2,3-butanediol. Leaf growth promotion and a higher resistance to the pathogen, expressed as a lower bacterial growth and migration in plant tissues, were detected in plants exposed to volatile compounds from E. amylovora-infected plants. Transcriptional analysis revealed the activation of salicylic acid synthesis and signal transduction in healthy plants exposed to volatiles produced by E. amylovora-infected neighbour plants. In contrast, in the same plants, salicylic acid-dependent responses were repressed after infection, whereas oxylipin metabolism was activated. These results clarify some metabolic and ecological aspects of the pathogenic adaptation of E. amylovora to its host.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40127, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cellini
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40127, Italy.
authors.forename: Giampaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Buriani
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40127, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rocchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40127, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rondelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40127, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Savioli
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40127, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Rodriguez Estrada
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Radboud University, Institute of Molecules and Materials, Nijmegen, 6525AJ, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Simona M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cristescu
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40127, Italy.
authors.forename: Guglielmo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40127, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Spinelli
mesh_terms: D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000494:pharmacology; D060026:Endophytes / Q000254:growth & development; D044084:Erwinia amylovora / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D027845:Malus / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000494:pharmacology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003517:Cyclopentanes; D054883:Oxylipins; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; C011006:jasmonic acid; D020156:Salicylic Acid
keywords: 2,3-butanediol; fire blight; growth promotion; microbe-associated molecular patterns; plant resistance; salicylic acid