title: Effect of endovenous lidocaine on analgesia and serum cytokines: double-blinded and randomized trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This trial aimed to compare postoperative analgesia, opioid consumption, duration of ileus and hospital stay, and cytokine levels in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomies who received intravenous lidocaine in comparison with a control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, longitudinal, double-blind, and randomized study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Operating room and postoperative recovery area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four American Society of Anesthesiologists I and II patients older than 17 years, undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, under general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first group received intravenous lidocaine during the procedure until 1 hour postoperatively, whereas the second group received saline. Both groups received dipyrone and morphine patient-controlled analgesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pain was assessed by Visual Numeric Scale at rest and when coughing at different times after the end of the surgery. Blood samples were taken at the end of procedure and 24 hours later. The total morphine patient-controlled analgesia demand, the time for the first flatus, and the length of hospital stay were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Groups were similar in relation to sex (P= .2), age (P= .5), weight (P= .08), and length of surgery (P= .6). No differences were observed regarding the intensity of postoperative pain between the groups, either at rest (P= .76) or when coughing (P= .31), in morphine consumption (P= .9), and in the duration of ileus (P= .5) or length of hospital stay (P= .9). The inflammatory markers interleukin (IL)-1 (P= .02), IL-6 (P< .01), interferon-γ (P< .01), and tumor necrosis factor α (P< .01) showed significant reduction in the lidocaine group against the placebo group, except IL-10 (P= .01), that, because of its anti-inflammatory effects, increased its concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravenous lidocaine was not able to reduce postoperative pain, opioid consumption, and duration of ileus or length of hospital stay. However, its anti-inflammatory effect was noticeable.
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Michele Purper
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Anesthesia, Center of Health Science, University Hospital of Santa Maria, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Celoni de Mello
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Godoy
authors.affiliation: University Hospital of Santa Maria, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rochelle Silveira
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Schlosser
authors.affiliation: University Hospital of Santa Maria, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael Purper
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.affiliation: University Hospital of Santa Maria, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jõao Pedro Mello
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Godoy
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo Sagrillo
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Santiago
authors.affiliation: Graduation Core of Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Department of Biomedicin and Medicin, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávia Karine
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Rigo
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Verônica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduation Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Lutheran University of Brazil, Santa Maria Campus, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marta Maria Medeiros Frescura
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Anesthesia, Center of Health Science, University Hospital of Santa Maria, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: miriamsmenezes@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Miriam Seligman
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Menezes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004177:Dipyrone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D045823:Ileus / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007902:Length of Stay; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016207:Cytokines; D004177:Dipyrone; D009020:Morphine; D008012:Lidocaine
keywords: Analgesia; Cytokines; Lidocaine; Postoperative pain