title: Chronic toxicity of arsenic during Rhinella arenarum embryonic and larval development: Potential biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant response.
abstract: The Argentinean autochthonous toad Rhinella arenarum was selected to study the chronic toxicity of arsenic (As) and the biochemical responses elicited by exposure to As in water during embryonic and larval development. Significant decreases in the total reactive antioxidant potential and in catalase activity were observed in individuals exposed chronically to sublethal concentrations of As, which is indicative of an oxidative stress situation. However, an antioxidant response was elicited during chronic exposure to As, as evidenced by the increase in endogenous reduced glutathione content and glutathione-related enzymatic activities such as glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase. This protective response might prevent a deeper decline in the antioxidant system and further oxidative damage. Alternatively, it might be linked to As conjugation with reduced glutathione for its excretion. Considering the sustained increase in GST activity and the decrease in the total antioxidant reactive potential observed, the authors propose them as good candidates to be used as biomarkers during As exposure. Interestingly, glutathione reductase activity was inhibited at a very low concentration of As considered safe for aquatic life. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1614-1621. © 2016 SETAC.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research in Environmental Toxicology and Agrobiotechnology of Comahue, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research-National University of Comahue, Neuquén, Neuquén, Argentina.|Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, National University of Comahue, Cinco Saltos, Río Negro, Argentina.
authors.forename: Mariana Noelia
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Mardirosian
authors.affiliation: Center for Research in Environmental Toxicology and Agrobiotechnology of Comahue, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research-National University of Comahue, Neuquén, Neuquén, Argentina.|Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, National University of Comahue, Cinco Saltos, Río Negro, Argentina.
authors.forename: Cecilia Inés
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Lascano
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, National University of Comahue, Cinco Saltos, Río Negro, Argentina.
authors.forename: Guillermina Azucena
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Bongiovanni
authors.affiliation: Center for Research in Environmental Toxicology and Agrobiotechnology of Comahue, National Council of Scientific and Technical Research-National University of Comahue, Neuquén, Neuquén, Argentina.|Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, National University of Comahue, Cinco Saltos, Río Negro, Argentina.
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Venturino
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001151:Arsenic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002022:Bufo arenarum / Q000196:embryology* / Q000254:growth & development; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D002374:Catalase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005978:Glutathione; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Amphibian; Aquatic toxicology; Detoxification; Glutathione S-transferase; Stress response; Total reactive antioxidant potential