title: Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in Italy: First nationwide survey, 2012.
abstract: A 3-month epidemiological study to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial infections was performed in 52 centres throughout Italy in 2012. A total of 21,873 pathogens were analysed. The prevalence of S. aureus among all nosocomial pathogens isolated in that period was 11.6% (n=2541), whilst the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) among the S. aureus was 35.8% (n=910). All tested antimicrobials demonstrated ≥92.2% susceptibility against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, with the exception of clindamycin (89.7%) and erythromycin (84.2%). Among MRSA, percentages of resistance ranged from 12.6% to >39% for tetracycline, rifampicin, clindamycin and gentamicin; higher percentages were found for erythromycin (65.4%) and fluoroquinolones (72.3-85.8%). Overall, the glycopeptide minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) distribution showed that 58.3% of strains possessed MICs of 1-2mg/L and few strains were linezolid- or daptomycin-resistant. Molecular characterisation was performed on 102 MRSA selected from Northern, Central and Southern regions. Five major clones were found: Italian/ST228-I (t001-t023-t041-t1686-t3217), 33.3%; USA500/ST8-IV (t008), 17.6%; E-MRSA15/ST22-IVh (t020-t025-t032-t223), 16.7%; USA100/ST5-II (t002-t653-t1349-t2164-t3217-t388), 14.7%; and Brazilian/ST239/241-III (t030-t037), 3.9%. Five PVL-positive CA-MRSA isolates, belonging to USA300 and minor clones, were also identified. In conclusion, this first nationwide surveillance study showed that in Italy, S. aureus infections accounted for 11.6% of all nosocomial infections; MRSA accounted for approximately one-third of the S. aureus isolates and these were multidrug-resistant organisms. Five major MRSA epidemic clones were observed and were inter-regionally distributed, with ST228-SCCmecI becoming predominant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Catania, Italy. Electronic address: f.campanile@unict.it.
authors.forename: Floriana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Campanile
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Dafne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bongiorno
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Gino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mongelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sessa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benvenuto
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (ISMETT), Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Floriana
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gona
authors.affiliation: Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Pietro E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Varaldo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stefani
keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; Italy; MRSA; Molecular epidemiology; Staphylococcus aureus; Surveillance