title: Measuring the Effect of Filters on Segmentation of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) can be detected with ultrasonography (USG) images. However, the accuracy of this method is dependent on the skill of the radiologist. Radiologists measure the hip joint angles without computer-based diagnostic systems. This causes mistakes in the diagnosis of DDH.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we aimed to automate segmentation of DDH ultrasound images in order to make it convenient for radiologic diagnosis by this recommended system.
  
  
  METHODS
  This experiment consisted of several steps, in which pure DDH and various noise-added images were formed. Then, seven different filters (mean, median, Gaussian, Wiener, Perona and Malik, Lee, and Frost) were applied to the images, and the output images were evaluated. The study initially evaluated the filter implementations on the pure DDH images. Then, three different noise functions, speckle, salt and pepper, and Gaussian, were applied to the images and the noisy images were filtered. In the last part, the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and mean square error (MSE) values of the filtered images were evaluated. PSNR and MSE distortion measurements were applied to determine the image qualities of the original image and the output image. As a result, the differences in the results of different noise removal filters were observed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The best results of PSNR values obtained in filtering were: Wiener (43.49), Perona and Malik (27.68), median (40.60) and Lee (35.35) for the noise functions of raw images, Gaussian noise added, salt and pepper noise added and speckle noise added images, respectively. After the segmentation process, it was seen that applying filtering to DDH USG images had low influence. We correctly segmented the ilium zone with the active contour model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Various filters are needed to improve the image quality. In this study, seven different filters were implemented and investigated on both noisy and noise-free images.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronics and Computer Education, Technical Education Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hasan Erdinc
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Kocer
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Programming, Bor Vocational High School, Nigde University, Nigde, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kerim Kursat
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Cevik
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mesut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sivri
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koplay
keywords: Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip; Filtering; Image Processing; Ultrasonography