title: Endemic bladder calculi in children.
abstract: Urinary calculi are being recognized more frequently in children and the urinary bladder is the most common site for stone formation in the lower urinary tract. Bladder calculi are grouped into three basic categories: primary idiopathic/endemic, secondary, and migrant. The incidence of vesical calculi has declined significantly in the last 70 years in developed nations owing to improvements in nutrition and socioeconomic conditions, but it is still high in developing nations. Primary idiopathic/endemic bladder calculi typically occur in children, in the absence of urinary tract infection (UTI), urinary stasis, or foreign body, and diet lacking in animal proteins is the major contributor factor. Comprehensive preventive and treatment strategies are critical for improving the quality of life of diseased children, in addition to helping to eradicate, or at least decrease, the incidence of endemic bladder calculi in developing nations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Center of Pediatric Nephrology & Transplantation, Kasr Al Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. nsoliman@kasralainy.edu.eg.
authors.forename: Neveen A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Soliman
authors.affiliation: Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: S Adibul Hasan
authors.initials: SAH
authors.lastname: Rizvi
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019353:Endemic Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D000078502:Meat Proteins; D011788:Quality of Life; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000473:pathology; D001744:Urinary Bladder Calculi / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D000078502:Meat Proteins
keywords: Bladder calculi; Dehydration; Endemic stone belt; Malnutrition