title: High Diversity and Variability in the Vaginal Microbiome in Women following Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM): A Prospective Cohort Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the vaginal microbiota of women following preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), and determine if microbiome composition predicts latency duration and perinatal outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women with PPROM between 24+0 and 33+6 weeks gestational age (GA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Microbiome profiles, based on pyrosequencing of the cpn60 universal target, were generated from vaginal samples at time of presentation with PPROM, weekly thereafter, and at delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vaginal microbiome composition, latency duration, gestational age at delivery, perinatal outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microbiome profiles were generated from 70 samples from 36 women. Mean GA at PPROM was 28.8 wk (mean latency 2.7 wk). Microbiome profiles were highly diverse but sequences representing Megasphaera type 1 and Prevotella spp. were detected in all vaginal samples. Only 13/70 samples were dominated by Lactobacillus spp. Microbiome profiles at the time of membrane rupture did not cluster by gestational age at PPROM, latency duration, presence of chorioamnionitis or by infant outcomes. Mycoplasma and/or Ureaplasma were detected by PCR in 81% (29/36) of women, and these women had significantly lower GA at delivery and correspondingly lower birth weight infants than Mycoplasma and/or Ureaplasma negative women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with PPROM had mixed, abnormal vaginal microbiota but the microbiome profile at PPROM did not correlate with latency duration. Prevotella spp. and Megasphaera type I were ubiquitous. The presence of Mollicutes in the vaginal microbiome was associated with lower GA at delivery. The microbiome was remarkably unstable during the latency period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors.forename: Teenus
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paramel Jayaprakash
authors.affiliation: Women's Health Research Institute, BC Women's Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Emily C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.affiliation: Women's Health Research Institute, BC Women's Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Schalkwyk
authors.affiliation: Women's Health Research Institute, BC Women's Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Arianne Y K
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors.forename: Janet E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Women's Health Research Institute, BC Women's Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Deborah M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Money
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044822:Biodiversity; D002170:Canada; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D005322:Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D054892:Metagenome; D056186:Metagenomics / Q000379:methods; D050296:Microbial Viability; D064307:Microbiota; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D014621:Vagina / Q000382:microbiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S