title: Secondhand Smoke Is an Important Modifiable Risk Factor in Sickle Cell Disease: A Review of the Current Literature and Areas for Future Research.
abstract: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive hemoglobinopathy that causes significant morbidity and mortality related to chronic hemolytic anemia, vaso-occlusion, and resultant end-organ damage. Tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) through secondhand smoke exposure in people with SCD of all ages and through primary smoking in adolescents and adults is associated with significantly increased morbidity, with increased rates of emergency department visits and hospitalizations for painful vaso-occlusive crises and acute chest syndrome (ACS). Secondhand smoke is also associated with pulmonary function abnormalities in children with SCD who are already at risk for pulmonary function abnormalities on the basis of SCD. TSE is emerging as one of the few modifiable risk factors of SCD. This review discusses the current state of the evidence with respect to TSE and SCD morbidity, discusses potential mechanisms, and highlights current gaps in the evidence and future research directions.
authors.affiliation: Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. ssadrea1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: S Christy
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Sadreameli
authors.affiliation: Section of Pediatric Pulmonology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA. Benjamin.Kopp@nationwidechildrens.org.|Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA. Benjamin.Kopp@nationwidechildrens.org.
authors.forename: Benjamin T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Kopp
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA. Susan.Creary@nationwidechildrens.org.
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Creary
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. meakin1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Michelle N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Eakin
authors.affiliation: Eudowood Division of Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. smcgrath@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McGrath-Morrow
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Hematology and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. john.strouse@duke.edu.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Strouse
mesh_terms: D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology; D012307:Risk Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: environmental tobacco smoke; pulmonary function tests; secondhand smoke; sickle cell disease; tobacco