title: Indoor secondary organic aerosols formation from ozonolysis of monoterpene: An example of d-limonene with ammonia and potential impacts on pulmonary inflammations.
abstract: Monoterpene is one class of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) which widely presents in household cleaning products and air fresheners. It plays reactive role in secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) formation with ozone (O3) in indoor environments. Such ozonolysis can be influenced by the presence of gaseous pollutants such as ammonia (NH3). This study focuses on investigations of ozone-initiated formation of indoor SOAs with d-limonene, one of the most abundant indoor monoterpenes, in a large environmental chamber. The maximum total particle number concentration from the ozonolysis in the presence of NH3was 60% higher than that in the absence of NH3. Both of the nuclei coagulation and condensation involve in the SOAs growth. The potential risks of pulmonary injury for the exposure to the secondary particles formed were presented with the indexes of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) expression levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) upon intratracheal instillation in mice lung for 6 and 12h. The results indicated that there was 22-39% stronger pulmonary inflammatory effect on the particles generated with NH3. This is a pilot study which demonstrates the toxicities of the indoor SOAs formed from the ozonolysis of a monoterpene.
authors.affiliation: School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, , Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Xinyi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Division of Atmosphere Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV89512, United States.
authors.forename: Steven Sai Hang
authors.initials: SSH
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Kin Fai
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China. Electronic address: huangyu@ieecas.cn.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Electronic address: cao@loess.llqg.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Zhenxing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Xiumei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Research Center for Environmental Technology and Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Shuncheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
authors.forename: Rujin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D000641:Ammonia / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D000077222:Limonene; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D010126:Ozone / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D013729:Terpenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D015850:Interleukin-6; D039821:Monoterpenes; D013729:Terpenes; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D016753:Interleukin-10; D010126:Ozone; D000641:Ammonia; D000077222:Limonene
keywords: Ammonia effect; Indoor air quality; Monoterpene; Pulmonary inflammation; Secondary organic aerosols