title: Exploratory analysis of real personal emergency response call conversations: considerations for personal emergency response spoken dialogue systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to derive data from real, recorded, personal emergency response call conversations to help improve the artificial intelligence and decision making capability of a spoken dialogue system in a smart personal emergency response system. The main study objectives were to: develop a model of personal emergency response; determine categories for the model's features; identify and calculate measures from call conversations (verbal ability, conversational structure, timing); and examine conversational patterns and relationships between measures and model features applicable for improving the system's ability to automatically identify call model categories and predict a target response.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was exploratory and used mixed methods. Personal emergency response calls were pre-classified according to call model categories identified qualitatively from response call transcripts. The relationships between six verbal ability measures, three conversational structure measures, two timing measures and three independent factors: caller type, risk level, and speaker type, were examined statistically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Emergency medical response services were the preferred response for the majority of medium and high risk calls for both caller types. Older adult callers mainly requested non-emergency medical service responders during medium risk situations. By measuring the number of spoken words-per-minute and turn-length-in-words for the first spoken utterance of a call, older adult and care provider callers could be identified with moderate accuracy. Average call taker response time was calculated using the number-of-speaker-turns and time-in-seconds measures. Care providers and older adults used different conversational strategies when responding to call takers. The words 'ambulance' and 'paramedic' may hold different latent connotations for different callers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data derived from the real personal emergency response recordings may help a spoken dialogue system classify incoming calls by caller type with moderate probability shortly after the initial caller utterance. Knowing the caller type, the target response for the call may be predicted with some degree of probability and the output dialogue could be tailored to this caller type. The average call taker response time measured from real calls may be used to limit the conversation length in a spoken dialogue system before defaulting to a live call taker.
authors.affiliation: University Health Network - Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada. vw.young@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: University Health Network - Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rochon
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.|University Health Network - Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mihailidis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003142:Communication; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Aging-in-place; Artificial intelligence; Communication; Conversation analysis; Dialogue planning; Human-computer interaction; Personal emergency response system