title: Vital signs as predictors for aggression in hospital patients (VAPA).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine and describe the relationship between physiological status and violent and aggressive behaviours in hospital patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The majority of adverse events are preceded by physiological abnormalities; whether physiological deterioration is a predictor of violent or aggressive behaviours remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective audit of 999 patients from two major health services in Melbourne, Australia. There were 333 cases who required an emergency response for aggressive or violent behaviour (Code Grey) in the emergency department, medical or surgical units, or inpatient mental health unit between January-June 2015. Two control patients who did not have a Code Grey were randomly selected from the same unit and same day that the Code Grey occurred for the case patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient locations were 54·4% medical or surgical units, 23·7% emergency department and 21·9% mental health units. Code Grey patients had less documentation of physiological assessment and were more likely to have respiratory rate, heart rate and conscious state abnormalities in the 12 hours preceding Code Grey. After adjusting for confounders, the risk of Code Grey was highest for patients with confusion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients experiencing behavioural disturbance had lower standards of patient assessment, greater incidence of physiological abnormalities and more inpatient deaths. Early recognition of, and response to, patient and physiological predictors of Code Grey should be a strategy to prevent behavioural escalation to the point of Code Grey.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strategies are needed to improve physiological assessment of patients with behavioural disturbance while ensuring staff safety. There are patient and physiological factors associated with increased risk of Code Grey that may be used to prevent behavioural escalation to the point of an emergency response.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia.|Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research, Deakin University, Box Hill, Vic., Australia.|Eastern Health - Deakin University Nursing and Midwifery Research Centre, Box Hill, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3801-2456
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Considine
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia.|Eastern Health - Deakin University Nursing and Midwifery Research Centre, Box Hill, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.affiliation: Eastern Health, Box Hill, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia.|Centre for Quality and Patient Safety Research, Deakin University, Box Hill, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: Natisha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sands
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000374:Aggression; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D063189:Symptom Assessment; D055986:Vital Signs / Q000502:physiology*; D064450:Workplace Violence / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology
keywords: aggression; nursing; nursing assessment; patient safety; risk management; violence