title: Prevalence of myopic retinopathy in rural Central India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of myopic retinopathy (MR) in rural Central India.
  
  
  METHODS
  The population-based Central India Eye and Medical Study included 4711 subjects (aged 30+ years). The participants underwent a detailed eye examination, including fundus photography. Myopic retinopathy was defined according to the Pathologic Myopia Study Group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Readable fundus photographs were available on 4561 (96.8%) subjects (8846 eyes). Myopic retinopathy was present in 15 (0.17 ± 0.04%; 95% confidence interval (CI):0.08%, 0.26%) eyes of 11 (0.24 ± 0.07%; 95%CI: 0.01, 0.04) individuals. Myopic retinopathy occurred only in eyes with an axial length of >26 mm. Eyes with MR had significantly larger optic discs than eyes without MR (3.69 ± 1.22 mm2versus 2.52 ± 0.77 mm2; p < 0.001). In binary regression analysis, higher prevalence of MR was associated with longer axial length (p < 0.001; odds ratio (OR): 19.6; 95%CI: 4.6, 82.9), higher prevalence of open-angle glaucoma (p = 0.02; OR: 16.1; 95%CI: 1.51, 170), lower best-corrected visual acuity (expressed in logMAR) (=0.03; OR: 0.06; 95%CI: 0.004, 0.75) and female gender (p = 0.002). If level of education was added to the model, educational level was not significantly associated with MR (p = 0.17; OR: 0.53; 95%CI: 0.22, 1.31). If gender was dropped from the model, higher prevalence of MR was associated with lower educational level (p = 0.04; OR: 0.44; 95%CI: 0.20, 0.97).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevalence of MR in rural Central India was low (11/4561 or 0.2%), and correlated with a 16 times higher risk of open-angle glaucoma, after adjusting for axial length and gender. If gender was excluded from the analysis, higher prevalence of MR was associated with lower educational level. This latter finding distinguishes adult MR from today's school children myopia which is strongly associated with higher educational level.
authors.affiliation: Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India.|Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Jost B
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2972-5227
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.affiliation: Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India.
authors.forename: Vinay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nangia
authors.affiliation: Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India.
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bhojwani
authors.affiliation: Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India.
authors.forename: Prabhat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nangia
authors.affiliation: Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India.|Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Songhomitra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panda-Jonas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009216:Myopia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012424:Rural Population; D014792:Visual Acuity
keywords: Central India Eye and Medical Study; high axial myopia; myopia; myopic ophthalmopathy; myopic retinopathy