title: Determination of Genotoxic Effects of Hookah Smoking by Micronucleus and Chromosome Aberration Methods.
abstract: BACKGROUND Use of a hookah (a type of water pipe) is a traditional way of smoking tobacco, particularly in the Middle East. In Turkey, its popularity has been growing in recent years, especially among young people. It is known that cigarette smoking has genotoxic effects and causes mutations, but no comprehensive study has been done on the genotoxic effects of hookah usage, particularly in Turkey. MATERIAL AND METHODS We collected peripheral blood/buccal smear samples from 30 subjects who did not smoke cigarettes but who regularly smoke a hookah an average of 2 times per week, and from 30 control subjects who had never smoked cigarettes or a hookah. Chromosome analyses were performed on the samples obtained from peripheral blood of each individual, 25 metaphase plaques were counted for each, and chromosome/chromatid breakage/gap parameters were evaluated. Micronucleus analysis was done on buccal smear samples and micronucleus/binucleus parameters were investigated by counting 2000 cells of each individual. RESULTS Chromosome breakage ratios were found to be 0.64±0.86 and 0.46±0.71 in the study and control groups, respectively, while chromatid breakage ratios were 0.53±0.83 and 0.53±0.71; fragment ratios were 0.82±1.24 and 0.21±0.49 (p<0.05); and gap ratios were 0.57±0.83 and 0.18±0.53 (p<0.05), respectively. Micronucleus ratio was 6.03±2.06 and 4.43±2.27 (p<0.05) in the study and control groups, respectively, and binucleus ratios were 8.53±3.23 and 12.15±5.18, respectively (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Results of our study reveal significant statistical differences between the individuals who smoked hookah and those who did not in terms of fragment, gap, micronucleus, and binucleus parameters, suggesting that smoking a hookah may cause genotoxic effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ebru
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Derici Eker
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy of Hayribey, Tozkoparan Street, Mersin, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hayri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koyuncu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nefise Özlen
authors.initials: NÖ
authors.lastname: Şahin
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy of Bilgi, Cumhuriyet Street, Mersin, Turkey.
authors.forename: Altan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yüksel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yüzüncüyıl University, Van, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berköz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Sciences, Niğde University, Niğde, Turkey.
authors.forename: Songul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Budak Diler
authors.affiliation: Boehringer Ingelheim Site Coordinator, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Altan Akgül
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D004249:DNA Damage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000235:genetics; D014421:Turkey; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke