title: Comparison of fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system and routine care with morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia in the management of early postoperative mobilisation: results from a randomised study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system (ITS) (IONSYS®, The Medicines Company, Parsippany, NJ, USA) and morphine intravenous (IV) patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) have demonstrated equivalent pain control in several published studies. The primary objective of the current study was to compare fentanyl ITS with morphine IV PCA with regard to the patient's ability to mobilise with acute postoperative pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this multicentre, open-label, randomised, active-controlled, prospective phase IV study, postoperative patients initially received IV morphine and were titrated to pain score ⩽ 4out of 10 on a Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and then received fentanyl ITS (up to 240 µg (6 doses)/hour; up to a maximum of 3.2 mg (80 doses)/24 hours) or morphine IV PCA (doses up to 20 mg morphine/2 hours, up to 240 mg/24 hours). The primary efficacy measure was ability to mobilise, assessed using patient responses to three validated questions regarding mobility on a 6-point Likert scale (0 = no difficulty to mobilise to 5 = a very great deal of difficulty to mobilise). The study was originally planned to include ~200 patients. However, following the early suspension and termination of the study, a total of 108 patients were randomised to study treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and eight patients were recruited prior to undergoing surgical procedures (orthopaedic surgical procedures (72%) or underwent major abdominal procedures (28%)). Postoperatively, 58 were randomised to receive fentanyl ITS, and 50 to morphine IV PCA. Fentanyl ITS patients had a greater ability to mobilise at the time of stopping study drug, with an adjusted mean ability to mobilise score (95% confidence interval (CI)) of 0.14 (-0.19, 0.47) for fentanyl ITS patients and 2.37 (1.98, 2.76) for morphine IV PCA patients (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients treated with fentanyl ITS reported that they were better able to mobilise than patients treated with morphine IV PCA, at all time-points following surgery out to 24 hours.
authors.affiliation: Pain and Anaesthesia Research Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Langford
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuang-Yi
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: The Medicines Company, Parsippany, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: The Medicines Company, Parsippany, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abraham
keywords: Fentanyl; iontophoretic transdermal system; morphine; patient-controlled analgesia; postoperative mobilisation