title: Effects of a structured midsole on spatio-temporal variables and running economy in overground running.
abstract: Research to enhance running performance has led to the design of a leaf spring-structured midsole shoe (LEAF). In treadmill running, it has been shown that LEAF led to an increased running economy and increased stride length (SL) through a horizontal foot shift during stance compared to a standard foam shoe (FOAM). The purpose of this study was to analyse whether (a) these findings can also be observed in overground running and (b) relations exist between spatio-temporal variables and running economy. Ten male long-distance heel-strike runners ran at their individual 2 mmol/l blood lactate speed with LEAF and FOAM in randomized order. Kinematic data were recorded with an inertial measurement unit synchronized with 2D video. Oxygen consumption was measured using an automated metabolic gas analysis system. Blood lactate was collected after each run. The strike pattern was unaffected by LEAF. SL was increased by 0.9 ± 1.1 cm (95% CI 0.2 to 1.5; p = .040; dz= 0.76), stride rate (SR) was reduced by -0.4 ± 0.3 strides/min (95% CI -0.6 to -0.1; p = .029; dz= 0.82) and oxygen consumption tended to be reduced by 1% (-0.4 ± 0.6 ml/min/kg; 95% CI -0.8 to 0.0; p = .082; dz= 0.62) when running with LEAF compared to FOAM. Changes in oxygen consumption in LEAF were correlated with SL (r = 0.71; p = .022) and SR (r = -0.68; p = .031). It can be concluded that LEAF has the potential to cause small changes in spatio-temporal variables during running. Runners increasing SL and decreasing SR in response to LEAF can achieve small improvements in running economy, which is beneficial in terms of performance.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wunsch
authors.affiliation: a Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kröll
authors.affiliation: a Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stöggl
authors.affiliation: a Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology , University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria.
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schwameder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D005080:Exercise Test; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D012775:Shoes
keywords: Biomechanics; endurance; performance; physiology