title: Enterovirus 71 infection of motor neuron-like NSC-34 cells undergoes a non-lytic exit pathway.
abstract: Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causing Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease, is regarded as the most important neurotropic virus worldwide. EV71 is believed to replicate in muscles and infect motor neurons to reach the central nervous system (CNS). To further investigate the mechanisms involved, we have employed the motor neuron cell line NSC-34. NSC-34 cells were permissive to EV71 and virus production yields were strain-dependent with differential efficacy at the entry, replication and egress steps. Furthermore, unlike all the other cell lines previously reported, EV71-infected NSC-34 cells neither displayed cytopathic effect nor underwent apoptosis. Instead, autophagy was markedly up-regulated and virus-containing autophagic vacuoles were isolated from the culture supernatant, providing the first experimental evidence that EV71 can adopt a non-lytic exit pathway. Finally, the ability of EV71 to infect productively NSC-34 cells correlated with its ability to invade the CNS in vivo, supporting the relevance of NSC-34 cells to study the intrinsic neurovirulence of EV71 strains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.|Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
authors.forename: Issac Horng Khit
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Too
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.|Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
authors.forename: Huimin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.affiliation: Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore.
authors.forename: October Michael
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Sessions
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, National University Hospital, 119074, Singapore.
authors.forename: Benedict
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.|Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
authors.forename: Eshele Anak
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Libau
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
authors.forename: Josephine L C
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.|Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ze Qin
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.|Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
authors.forename: Shalini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suku-Maran
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.|Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
authors.forename: Wei-Yi
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.affiliation: Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 5 A Engineering Drive 1, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore.
authors.forename: Kaw Bing
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.|Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
authors.forename: Boon Seng
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
authors.forename: Vincent T K
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology &Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.|Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, CeLS building, 28 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alonso
mesh_terms: D001343:Autophagy; D002460:Cell Line; D029821:Enterovirus A, Human / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology*; D014776:Virus Cultivation; D053586:Virus Internalization; D057074:Virus Release; D014779:Virus Replication