title: Adhesion, invasion, cytotoxic effect and cytokine production in response to atypical Salmonella Typhimurium infection.
abstract: Pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella have the ability to respond to a wide variety of environmental stimuli. These responses allow them to survive and withstand insults both of an external location as well as within the host. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of preadaptation in stressful conditions encountered in seawater microcosms for different periods of time on Salmonella Typhimurium survival, antibiotic susceptibility and interactions with Caco-2 cells. These results showed that the number of bacterial cells depends from the periods of stress in culture medium, highlighting the importance of using the right culture medium for the enumeration of stressed bacteria. The antibiotic resistance of starved cells was modified and their exposure to stressful conditions in seawater during 12 months significantly increased adhesion, invasion and cytotoxic activities on Caco-2 cells. Moreover, cellular cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 secretions were up-regulated. Present results seem to suggest that the preadaptation of S. Typhimurium in seawater microcosms affect the cultural characters by the appearance of the atypical cells that may play a critical role in the intestinal infection and in the systemic spread of the disease. These findings are very important to understand bacterial responses to changing conditions and explain the persistence of these atypical in eukaryotic cells.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Tunisia. Electronic address: chakrounibtissem2244@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Ibtissem
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chakroun
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Hector
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cordero
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Abdelkarim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahdhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morcillo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Kais
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fedhila
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuesta
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Amina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bakhrouf
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Analysis, Treatment and Valorization of Pollutants of the Environment and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Kacem
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mahdouani
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria Ángeles
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Esteban
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D003470:Culture Media; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004777:Environment; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008954:Models, Biological; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8
keywords: Adhesion; Caco-2 cells; Cytokines; Cytotoxicity; Invasion; Salmonella; Seawater