title: Three-dimensional analysis of the proximal humeral and glenoid geometry using MicroScribe 3D digitizer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand the geometry of the proximal humerus and glenoid fossa to facilitate the design of components used in shoulder arthroplasty. The aim is to evaluate the geometry of the proximal humerus and glenoid fossa and their relationship using a MicroScribe 3D digitizer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scans and measurements were obtained from 20 pairs of dry proximal humeri and scapulae [10 female and 10 male cadavers: median age 81 years (range 70-94 years)] using a MicroScribe 3D digitizer and Rhinoceros software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Means (±SD) of humeral inclination, medial wall angle of the bicipital groove, and radius of the humeral head values were 135 ± 11°, 39 ± 19°, and 14 ± 3 mm, respectively. Means (±SD) of glenoid height and width were 35 ± 4 and 26 ± 4 mm, while the means (±SD) of the angles of glenoid inclination, retroversion, and rotation were 87 ± 32°, 96 ± 10°, and 9 ± 6°, respectively. A significant difference in glenoid height (P ≤ 0.002) and width (P ≤ 0.0001) was observed between males and females, despite them having almost an identical radius of the humeral head, glenoid inclination, retroversion, and angle of rotation. There was also a significant difference (P ≤ 0.01) in the angle of glenoid retroversion between the right and left sides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a MicroScribe 3D digitizer, the glenoid fossa was observed to be significantly smaller in females than males; furthermore, there was a difference in glenoid retroversion between the right and left sides.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification (CAHID), School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom.|Department of Anatomy, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Wejdan H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Owaydhah
authors.affiliation: Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification (CAHID), School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom. m.alobaidy@dundee.ac.uk.|Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. m.alobaidy@dundee.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Mohammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Alobaidy
authors.affiliation: Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification (CAHID), School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom.|King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdulrahman S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Alraddadi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification (CAHID), School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Roger W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Soames
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D061165:Glenoid Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D058430:Humeral Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male
keywords: Glenoid; MicroScribe 3D digitizer; Proximal humerus; Rhinoceros software; Shoulder