title: Sex differences in social cognition: The case of face processing.
abstract: Several studies have demonstrated that women show a greater interest for social information and empathic attitude than men. This article reviews studies on sex differences in the brain, with particular reference to how males and females process faces and facial expressions, social interactions, pain of others, infant faces, faces in things (pareidolia phenomenon), opposite-sex faces, humans vs. landscapes, incongruent behavior, motor actions, biological motion, erotic pictures, and emotional information. Sex differences in oxytocin-based attachment response and emotional memory are also mentioned. In addition, we investigated how 400 different human faces were evaluated for arousal and valence dimensions by a group of healthy male and female University students. Stimuli were carefully balanced for sensory and perceptual characteristics, age, facial expression, and sex. As a whole, women judged all human faces as more positive and more arousing than men. Furthermore, they showed a preference for the faces of children and the elderly in the arousal evaluation. Regardless of face aesthetics, age, or facial expression, women rated human faces higher than men. The preference for opposite- vs. same-sex faces strongly interacted with facial age. Overall, both women and men exhibited differences in facial processing that could be interpreted in the light of evolutionary psychobiology. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Milan-Mi Center for Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Alice Mado
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Proverbio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005145:Face; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010121:Oxytocin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012919:Social Behavior; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010121:Oxytocin
keywords: affective response; emotions; empathy; females; gender differences; theory of mind