title: Consumption of energy-dense diets in relation to metabolic syndrome and inflammatory markers in Iranian female nurses.
abstract: To examine the relationship between dietary energy density (DED) and risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS), its components and inflammatory markers.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional study. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated dish-based semi-quantitative FFQ. DED was calculated by dividing energy intake (kcal/d) by the total weight of foods only (g/d). MetS was defined based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. All associations were examined in the quartiles of DED, with higher quartiles indicating more energy-dense diets.
  
  
  
  Isfahan, Iran.
  
  
  
  Female nurses (n 1036) aged >30 years.
  
  
  
  After controlling for potential confounders, individuals in the top quartile of DED had 78 % greater chance of MetS compared with those in the first (OR=1·78; 95 % CI 1·36, 2·98; P<0·001). Individuals in the highest quartile of DED were more likely to be abdominally obese (OR=1·51; 95 % CI 1·00, 2·63) and have hypertriacylglycerolaemia (OR=2·95; 95 % CI 1·58, 3·91) and low HDL cholesterol levels (OR=1·36; 95 % CI 1·17, 2·54) compared with those in the lowest quartile. Mean concentration of plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) across increasing quartiles of DED was 1·7, 1·7, 2·0, 2·4 mg/l (P for trend=0·04). Such increasing concentrations across increasing quartiles of DED were also seen for TNF-α (4·1, 4·5, 4·5, 4·8 ng/l; P for trend=0·03) and IL-6 (1·6, 1·6, 1·5, 2·5 ng/l; P for trend <0·01).
  
  
  
  Consumption of high-energy-dense foods was associated with increased chance of MetS, most of its features and inflammatory markers including hs-CRP, TNF-α and IL-6.
authors.affiliation: 1Diabetes Research Center,Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Azadbakht
authors.affiliation: 5Department of Community Nutrition,School of Nutrition and Food Science,Isfahan University of Medical Sciences,Isfahan,Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Fahimeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haghighatdoost
authors.affiliation: 6Department of Medicine,University of Alberta,Edmonton,Alberta,Canada.
authors.forename: Ammar Hassanzadeh
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Keshteli
authors.affiliation: 7Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center,Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Bagher
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larijani
authors.affiliation: 8Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center,Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute,Tehran University of Medical Sciences,PO Box 14155/6117,Tehran,Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esmaillzadeh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D016207:Cytokines; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D014280:Triglycerides; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Abdominal obesity; Energy density; Inflammation; Lipids; Metabolic syndrome