title: Accurately characterizing the importance of wave-particle interactions in radiation belt dynamics: The pitfalls of statistical wave representations.
abstract: Wave-particle interactions play a crucial role in energetic particle dynamics in the Earth's radiation belts. However, the relative importance of different wave modes in these dynamics is poorly understood. Typically, this is assessed during geomagnetic storms using statistically averaged empirical wave models as a function of geomagnetic activity in advanced radiation belt simulations. However, statistical averages poorly characterize extreme events such as geomagnetic storms in that storm-time ultralow frequency wave power is typically larger than that derived over a solar cycle andKpis a poor proxy for storm-time wave power.
authors.affiliation: NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre Greenbelt Maryland USA.
authors.forename: Kyle R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada.
authors.forename: Ian R
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1004-7841
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.affiliation: Department of Space and Climate Physics, Mullard Space Science Laboratory University College London Dorking UK.
authors.forename: I Jonathan
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Rae
authors.affiliation: NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre Greenbelt Maryland USA.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Sibeck
authors.affiliation: Department of Meteorology University of Reading Reading UK.
authors.forename: Clare E J
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Watt
keywords: ULF waves; geomagnetic storms; modeling; radiation belts; wave‐particle interactions