title: Intrathecal Midazolam as an Adjuvant in Pregnancy-Induced Hypertensive Patients Undergoing an Elective Caesarean Section: A Clinical Comparative Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A pain-free postoperative period is essential following a caesarean section so new mothers may care for and bond with their neonates. Intrathecal adjuvants are often administered during this procedure to provide significant analgesia, but they may also have bothersome side effects. Intrathecal midazolam produces effective postoperative analgesia with no significant side effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This prospective, randomized, double-blind study was designed to compare the analgesic efficacy and safety of intrathecal midazolam vs. plain bupivacaine as an adjunct to bupivacaine in pregnancy-induced hypertension patients scheduled for elective caesarean section.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients diagnosed with pregnancy-induced hypertension on regular treatment who were scheduled for a caesarean section were randomly allocated into two groups: a control group (Group BC, n = 30) and a midazolam group (Group BM, n = 30). Both groups received 10 mg (2 mL) of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. Group BC received 0.4 mL of distilled water, while group BM received 0.4 mL (2 mg) of midazolam intrathecally. The duration of postoperative analgesia, analgesic requirements during the first 24 hours after surgery, onset times and durations of sensory and motor blocks, incidence of hypotension, vasopressor requirements, and side effects were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative analgesia was significantly longer in the midazolam group compared to the control group (201.5 minutes vs. 357.6 minutes). The mean onset times of the sensory and motor blocks were significantly faster (P < 0.01) in the midazolam group compared to the control group. The mean times to attain the maximum sensory level and motor blocks were also significantly faster in the midazolam group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The incidence of hypotension was 6.6% in the midazolam group and 36.6% in the control group, which was highly significant. In addition, the number of patients with side effects was significantly lower in the midazolam group compared to the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrathecal midazolam 2 mg provides significantly longer and effective postoperative analgesia with no side effects.
authors.affiliation: ESIC Medical College, Gulbarga, India.
authors.forename: Ravichandra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dodawad
authors.affiliation: ESIC Medical College, Gulbarga, India.
authors.forename: Sumalatha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: G B
authors.affiliation: ESIC Medical College, Gulbarga, India.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pandarpurkar
authors.affiliation: ESIC Medical College, Gulbarga, India.
authors.forename: Parashuram
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jajee
keywords: Midazolam; PIH; hypotension; postoperative analgesia