title: Toxicokinetic models and related tools in environmental risk assessment of chemicals.
abstract: Environmental risk assessment of chemicals for the protection of ecosystems integrity is a key regulatory and scientific research field which is undergoing constant development in modelling approaches and harmonisation with human risk assessment. This review focuses on state-of-the-art toxicokinetic tools and models that have been applied to terrestrial and aquatic species relevant to environmental risk assessment of chemicals. Both empirical and mechanistic toxicokinetic models are discussed using the results of extensive literature searches together with tools and software for their calibration and an overview of applications in environmental risk assessment. These include simple tools such as one-compartment models, multi-compartment models to physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models, mostly available for aquatic species such as fish species and a number of chemical classes including plant protection products, metals, persistent organic pollutants, nanoparticles. Data gaps and further research needs are highlighted.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France; LASER, Strategy and Decision Analytics, 10 place de Catalogne, 75014 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grech
authors.affiliation: Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brochot
authors.affiliation: European Food Safety Authority, Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Jean-Lou
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Dorne
authors.affiliation: LASER, Strategy and Decision Analytics, 10 place de Catalogne, 75014 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Quignot
authors.affiliation: Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Bois
authors.affiliation: Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France. Electronic address: remy.beaudouin@ineris.fr.
authors.forename: Rémy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beaudouin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054750:Ecotoxicology / Q000379:methods*; D005399:Fishes; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D008954:Models, Biological; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012984:Software; D066007:Toxicokinetics; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Bioconcentration factor; Environmental risk assessment; Internal dose; PBTK; Toxicokinetics