title: Screening probiotic candidates for a mixture of probiotics to enhance the growth performance, immunity, and disease resistance of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch), against Aeromonas hydrophila.
abstract: Six bacteria, including, Lactobacillus casei M15, Lac. plantarum D8, Lac. pentosus BD6, Lac. fermentum LW2, Enterococcus faecium 10-10, and Bacillus subtilis E20, and one yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae P13 were selected as probiotics for Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer, by tracking the growth performance and disease resistance of fish against Aeromonas hydrophila in the first trial. The probiotic efficiency screening results showed that B. subtilis E20 and Lac. pentosus BD6, and S. cerevisiae P13 and Lac. fermentum LW2 respectively improved either the growth performance or disease resistance. Therefore, these four probiotics were then selected to prepare a probiotics mixture, and this was incorporated in equal proportions into diets for Asian seabass at levels of 0 (control), and 106(MD6), 107(MD7), 108(MD8), and 109(MD9) colony-forming units (cfu) (kg diet)-1. A synergistic effect of the combined probiotics was investigated in this study, and the probiotics mixture was able to improve both the growth performance and health status of fish. After 56 days of feeding, fish fed the MD9 diet had a higher final weight and percentage of weight gain. In addition, protein contents in the dorsal muscle of fish fed the MD8 and MD9 diets were significantly higher compared to the control. For the pathogen challenge test, fish fed the MD7, MD8, and MD9 diets had significantly lower cumulative mortalities after A. hydrophila infection compared to those of fish fed the control and MD6 diets, which might have been due to increased respiratory bursts, decreased superoxide dismutase activity in leucocytes, and increased phagocytic activity. Therefore, we considered that the probiotics mixture could adequately provide probiotic efficiency for Asian seabass, and the diet containing 109cfu (kg diet)-1probiotic mixture is recommended to improve the growth and health status of Asian seabass.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Hsueh-Li
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Ya-Li
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Shiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chiu-Shia
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Freshwater Aquaculture Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Changhua, 50562, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: shihling@mail.fwlk.tfrin.gov.tw.
authors.forename: Shih-Ling
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: chliu@mail.npust.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chun-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D016980:Aeromonas hydrophila / Q000502:physiology; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000276:immunology; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D060467:Disease Resistance; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000276:immunology; D010473:Perciformes / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D019936:Probiotics; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000737:chemistry
keywords: Asian seabass; Growth performance; Health status; Probiotic mixture