title: Towards an integrated primary and secondary HIV prevention continuum for the United States: a cyclical process model.
abstract: Every new HIV infection is preventable and every HIV-related death is avoidable. As many jurisdictions around the world endeavour to end HIV as an epidemic, missed HIV prevention and treatment opportunities must be regarded as public health emergencies, and efforts to quickly fill gaps in service provision for all people living with and vulnerable to HIV infection must be prioritized.
  
  
  
  We present a novel, comprehensive, primary and secondary HIV prevention continuum model for the United States as a conceptual framework to identify key steps in reducing HIV incidence and improving health outcomes among those vulnerable to, as well as those living with, HIV infection. We further discuss potential approaches to address gaps in data required for programme planning, implementation and evaluation across the elements of the HIV prevention continuum.
  
  
  
  Our model conceptualizes opportunities to monitor and quantify primary HIV prevention efforts and, importantly, illustrates the interplay between an outcomes-oriented primary HIV prevention process and the HIV care continuum to move aggressively forward in reaching ambitious reductions in HIV incidence. To optimize the utility of this outcomes-oriented HIV prevention continuum, a key gap to be addressed includes the creation and increased coordination of data relevant to HIV prevention across sectors.
authors.affiliation: Treatment Action Group, New York, NY, USA; tim.horn@treatmentactiongroup.org.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.affiliation: amfAR, the Foundation for AIDS Research, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sherwood
authors.affiliation: HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Remien
authors.affiliation: Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, School of Public Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nash
authors.affiliation: Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Judith D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Auerbach
mesh_terms: D003266:Continuity of Patient Care; D058872:Epidemics; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: HIV; PrEP; continuum; cycle; prevention; process model; testing