title: Effectiveness and experiences of families and support workers participating in peer-led parenting support programs delivered as home visiting programs: a comprehensive systematic review.
abstract: Designing child and family health services to meet the diverse needs of contemporary families is intended to minimize impacts of early disadvantage and subsequent lifelong health and social issues. Innovative programs to engage families with child and family support services have led to interest in the potential value of peer-led home visiting from parents in local communities. There is a range of benefits and challenges identified in a limited number of studies associated with home visiting peer support.
  
  
  
  The objective of the review is to identify: INCLUSION CRITERIA PARTICIPANTS: Families/parents with one or more children aged zero to four years, peer support workers and their supervisors.
  
  
  
  Peer-led home visiting parenting support programs that use volunteer or paraprofessional home visitors from the local community compared to standard community maternal-child care. The phenomenon of interest will be the relationships between participants in the program.
  
  
  
  Quantitative studies: randomized control trials (RCTs). Qualitative studies: grounded theory and qualitative descriptive studies.
  
  
  
  Parental attitudes and beliefs, coping skills and confidence in parenting, parental stress, compliance with child health checks/links with primary healthcare services, satisfaction with peer support and services and the nature of the relationship between parents and home visitors.
  
  
  
  The search strategy will include both published and unpublished studies. Seven journal databases and five other sources will be searched. Only studies published in the English language from 2000 to 2015 will be considered.
  
  
  
  Studies were assessed by two independent reviewers using standardized critical appraisal tools from the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-MAStARI) and the Joanna Briggs Institute Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument (JBI-QARI) as appropriate.
  
  
  
  Both quantitative and qualitative data were independently extracted by two reviewers using standardized data extraction tools from the JBI-MAStARI and the JBI-QARI, respectively, including qualitative and quantitative details about setting of interventions, phenomena of interest, participants, study methods and outcomes or findings.
  
  
  
  For quantitative findings, statistical pooling was not possible due to differences in interventions and outcome measures. Findings were presented in narrative form. Qualitative findings were aggregated into categories based on similarity of meaning from which synthesized findings were generated.
  
  
  
  Quantitative results from two RCTs demonstrated positive impacts of peer-led home visiting parent support programs including more positive parenting attitudes and beliefs, and more child preventative health care visits.Fifteen qualitative findings from two studies were aggregated into five categories from which two synthesized findings emerged. Parents and home visitors identified similar components as contributing to their program's success, these being quality of relationships between parents and home visitors with elements being mutual respect, trust and being valued within the partnership. In addition, home visitors identified importance of enabling strategies to develop relationships. They also needed supportive working environments with clinical staff and management.
  
  
  
  The current review indicates a positive impact of peer-led home visiting parent support programs, incorporating a framework of partnership between parents and home visitors, on mother-infant dyads. Positive changes in parenting attitudes and beliefs, and increased number of child preventative healthcare visits are supported by the quality of the relationship between parent and home visitor, and home visitors' working environments.
  
  
  
  The essential characteristics of an effective parent support program are strategies for relationship building between parents and home visitors; ongoing staff and home visitor education to enhance communication, collaboration and working in partnership; supervision by team leaders; and continuous quality improvement.
  
  
  
  The focus of further research should be on confirmatory studies using an action research methodology and the cost-effectiveness of these models.
authors.affiliation: 1The Western Australian Group for Evidence Informed Healthcare Practice: a Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, School of Nursing Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Australia 2School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia 3School of Nursing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 4Professorial Research Fellow, Central Queensland University, Brisbane Campus, Australia 5Centre for Research Excellence in Aboriginal Health and Wellbeing, Telethon Kids Institute, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia 6University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Ailsa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Munns
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: Desley
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hegney
authors.forename: Roz
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000488:Allied Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods; D004505:Education, Nonprofessional / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006792:House Calls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D000068101:Maternal-Child Health Services / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011368:Professional-Family Relations; D015397:Program Evaluation; D036301:Qualitative Research; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D057566:Self Report; D012944:Social Support