title: Long-Term Evaluation of Continuous Epidural Anesthesia in an Improved Canine Model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Continuous epidural analgesia with catheterization is a useful technique, because it has a wide adaptation range and provides prolonged analgesia. Problems that may arise from long-term epidural analgesia are changes in the analgesic area, duration of analgesia and catheter-related problems. Few articles have evaluated gradual changes of long-term epidural analgesia. In the animal models used in those studies, the catheter was inserted by an invasive surgical procedure. In the present study, we evaluated changes in a canine model in which the catheter was inserted by a minimally invasive procedure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate long-term changes in the efficacy of epidural analgesia in an improved canine model in which the epidural catheter was inserted and fixed for 5 weeks using a minimally invasive procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six beagles underwent epidural catheterization under general anaesthesia. The catheter tip was located in the sixth lumbar region; the catheter peripheral end was passed subcutaneously through the neck. Physiological saline was continuously infused (1.0 mL/h) via the catheter throughout the study. The efficacy of epidural analgesia was assessed weekly with 2% lidocaine once a week in 5 weeks. Peripheral blood analysis including interleukin-6 (IL-6) level in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), histological evaluations and epidurography were performed to evaluate the mechanisms underlying the changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No dog died and the catheters were kept in place. The efficacy of analgesia was well maintained until 4 weeks; at 5th week, the efficacy decreased by half. The spread of injected medium was not observed in the cranial direction at 5th week and the tip of catheter was capped with granulation tissue. Throughout the study period, white blood cell counts and C-reactive protein levels were slightly high for catheterization and the IL-6 level in CSF was below detectable limits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This was the longest study period with continuous epidural analgesia administered in canines. The effective period of epidural anesthesia was 4 weeks in this study. We speculate that time-dependent decrease in the anaesthetic efficacy was attributed to formation of granulation tissue surrounding the catheter tip.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Anesthesiology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sasauchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Anesthesiology, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuhisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sunada
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioartificial Organs, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakamura
keywords: Anesthesia; Animal Experimentation; Epidural