title: Protective immunity to liver-stage malaria.
abstract: Despite decades of research and recent clinical trials, an efficacious long-lasting preventative vaccine for malaria remains elusive. This parasite infects mammals via mosquito bites, progressing through several stages including the relatively short asymptomatic liver stage followed by the more persistent cyclic blood stage, the latter of which is responsible for all disease symptoms. As the liver acts as a bottleneck to blood-stage infection, it represents a potential site for parasite and disease control. In this review, we discuss immunity to liver-stage malaria. It is hoped that the knowledge gained from animal models of malaria immunity will translate into a more powerful and effective vaccine to reduce this global health problem.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Lauren E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Holz
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4040-9121
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: William R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Heath