title: Caregiver profiles in dementia related to quality of life, depression and perseverance time in the European Actifcare study: the importance of social health.
abstract: To identify caregiver profiles of persons with mild to moderate dementia and to investigate differences between identified caregiver profiles, using baseline data of the international prospective cohort study Actifcare.
  
  
  
  A latent class analysis was used to discover different caregiver profiles based on disease related characteristics of 453 persons with dementia and their 453 informal caregivers. These profiles were compared with regard to quality of life (CarerQoL score), depressive symptoms (HADS-D score) and perseverance time.
  
  
  
  A 5-class model was identified, with the best Bayesian Information Criterion value, significant likelihood ratio test (p < 0.001), high entropy score (0.88) and substantive interpretability. The classes could be differentiated on two axes: (i) caregivers' age, relationship with persons with dementia, severity of dementia, and (ii) tendency towards stress and difficulty adapting to stress. Classes showed significant differences with all dependent variables, and were labelled 'older low strain', 'older intermediate strain', 'older high strain', 'younger low strain' and 'younger high strain'.
  
  
  
  Differences exist between types of caregivers that explain variability in quality of life, depressive symptoms and perseverance time. Our findings may give direction for tailored interventions for caregivers of persons with dementia, which may improve social health and reduce health care costs.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology , School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , The Netherlands.|b Department of Old Age Psychiatry , Mondriaan , Heerlen , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eveline P C J
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology , School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marjolein
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Vugt
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology , School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology , School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wolfs
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology , School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Liselot
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kerpershoek
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology , School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ron L H
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Handels
authors.affiliation: c Department of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences , Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham , Nottingham , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orrell
authors.affiliation: d Dementia Services Development Centre Wales , Bangor University , Bango , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Bob
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.affiliation: d Dementia Services Development Centre Wales , Bangor University , Bango , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jelley
authors.affiliation: e Medical Faculty , Institute for Health and Nursing Science , Halle-Wittenberg , Germany.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stephan
authors.affiliation: e Medical Faculty , Institute for Health and Nursing Science , Halle-Wittenberg , Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bieber
authors.affiliation: e Medical Faculty , Institute for Health and Nursing Science , Halle-Wittenberg , Germany.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: f Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health , Vestfold Hospital Trust , Tønsberg , Norway.
authors.forename: Knut
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Engedal
authors.affiliation: f Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health , Vestfold Hospital Trust , Tønsberg , Norway.
authors.forename: Geir
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Selbaek
authors.affiliation: g Department of Neurobiology, Care sciences and Society , Karolinska Institut , Stockholm , Sweden.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wimo
authors.affiliation: h School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University , Dublin , Ireland.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Irving
authors.affiliation: h School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University , Dublin , Ireland.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hopper
authors.affiliation: i CEDOC - Chronic Diseases Research Center , Nova Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonçalves-Pereira
authors.affiliation: j Alzheimer Unit , IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli , Brescia , Italy.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Portolani
authors.affiliation: j Alzheimer Unit , IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli , Brescia , Italy.
authors.forename: Orazio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zanetti
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology , School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frans R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Verhey
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000145:classification / Q000628:therapy*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012944:Social Support; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Dementia; caregivers; quality of life; social health; well-being