title: Epidemiology of ocular disorders presumed to be inherited in three large Italian dog breeds in Italy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the epidemiology and the types of eye disorders that are presumed to be inherited (PIED) in three large Italian dog breeds.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three large Italian dog breeds: Neapolitan Mastiff (FCI code: 197), Maremma Sheepdog (FCI code: 201), and Italian Corso dog (FCI code: 343).
  
  
  METHODS
  All dogs that underwent a complete ophthalmic examination between 1992 and 2012 were included in this prospective observational study. The prevalence of eye disorders with 95% confidence intervals was reported for presumed healthy dogs and for dogs referred to a veterinary center for an ophthalmic consultation. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression techniques were used to generate odds ratios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 605 dogs examined during the study period, 351 dogs were affected by at least one PIED (58%; 95% CI: 54-62%). The prevalence of PIED was significantly lower in dogs presented for ophthalmic examination (53.8%) as compared to presumed healthy dogs (62.2%)(OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.02-1.9; P = 0.037). Also after multivariate adjustment for the period of observation, the odds of Neapolitan Mastiff (92.1%; OR: 21.4; 95% CI: 11.1-41.4) and of Cane Corso (57.7%; OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.7-3.6) suffering a PIED were greater than the Maremma Sheepdog (35.4%). The most common PIED in each breed were entropion (24.3% of all the PIED) in the Neapolitan Mastiff, ectropion (36.6%) in the Corso dog, and cataract (27.9%) in the Maremma Sheepdog.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should be aware that three large Italian dog breeds frequently suffer PIED. Breed standards should be reconsidered, and breeding programs should be directed at limiting such disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS), Via Sandro Giovannini 53, Rome, 00137, Italy.
authors.forename: Adolfo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guandalini
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS), Via Sandro Giovannini 53, Rome, 00137, Italy.|Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Di Girolamo
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS), Via Sandro Giovannini 53, Rome, 00137, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Santillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS), Via Sandro Giovannini 53, Rome, 00137, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Andreani
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS), Via Sandro Giovannini 53, Rome, 00137, Italy.|Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Teramo, Strada Provinciale 18 snc, Piano d'Accio, Teramo, 64100, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Corvi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS), Via Sandro Giovannini 53, Rome, 00137, Italy.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bandini
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology, Centro Veterinario Torinese, Lungo Dora Pietro Colletta 147, Torino, 10153, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peruccio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002386:Cataract / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000662:veterinary; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D004285:Dogs; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000662:veterinary*; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013045:Species Specificity
keywords: breed; ectropion; entropion; epidemiology; inherited; predisposition