title: Modulation of fixation stiffness from flexible to stiff in a rat model of bone healing.
abstract: Background and purpose - Constant fixator stiffness for the duration of healing may not provide suitable mechanical conditions for all stages of bone repair. We therefore investigated the influence of stiffening fixation on callus stiffness and morphology in a rat diaphyseal osteotomy model to determine whether healing time was shortened and callus stiffness increased through modulation of fixation from flexible to stiff. Material and methods - An external unilateral fixator was applied to the osteotomized femur and stiffened by decreasing the offset of the inner fixator bar at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after operation. After 5 weeks, the rats were killed and healing was evaluated with mechanical, histological, and microcomputed tomography methods. Constant fixation stiffness control groups with either stiff or flexible fixation were included for comparison. Results - The callus stiffness of the stiff group and all 4 experimental groups was greater than in the flexible group. The callus of the flexible group was larger but contained a higher proportion of unmineralized tissue and cartilage. The stiff and modulated groups (3, 7, 14, and 21 days) all showed bony bridging at 5 weeks, as well as signs of callus remodeling. Stiffening fixation at 7 and 14 days after osteotomy produced the highest degree of callus bridging. Bone mineral density in the fracture gap was highest in animals in which the fixation was stiffened after 14 days. Interpretation - The predicted benefit of a large robust callus formed through early flexible fixation could not be shown, but the benefits of stabilizing a flexible construct to achieve timely healing were demonstrated at all time points.
authors.affiliation: a Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , Brisbane , Australia.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bartnikowski
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University Hospital , Germany.
authors.forename: Lutz E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Claes
authors.affiliation: a Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , Brisbane , Australia.
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Koval
authors.affiliation: a Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , Brisbane , Australia.
authors.forename: Vaida
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Glatt
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University Hospital , Germany.
authors.forename: Ronny
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bindl
authors.affiliation: a Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , Brisbane , Australia.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Steck
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Ulm University Hospital , Germany.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ignatius
authors.affiliation: a Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , Brisbane , Australia.|c Trauma Service, Princess Alexandra Hospital , Brisbane , Australia .
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Schuetz
authors.affiliation: a Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , Brisbane , Australia.
authors.forename: Devakara R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Epari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002146:Bony Callus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018483:Diaphyses; D016267:External Fixators; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D005269:Femur / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods*; D017102:Fracture Healing; D008297:Male; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography