title: Preliminary trials of the ethanedinitrile fumigation of logs for eradication of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vector insect Monochamus alternatus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its insect vectors from the Monochamus genus are major global quarantine pests of timber products. Owing to the phase-out of methyl bromide for plant quarantine and preshipment treatments, an alternative fumigant is essential. Based on preliminary laboratory studies on the efficacy of ethanedinitrile (C2N2) to B. xylophilus and Monochamus alternatus, three quarantine trials were conducted at three dosages and three temperatures. Potential for inhalation exposure was assessed by monitoring atmospheric C2N2in relation to the threshold limit value.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentration × time products (Ct) of 398.6, 547.2 and 595.9 g h m-3were obtained for each trial. A 100% mortality of B. xylophilus and M. alternatus larvae at 23 ± 4 °C and 10 ± 4 °C occurred with a load factor of pine logs of 46% and at 3 ± 1 °C with a load factor of 30%. During all fumigations, atmospheric levels of C2N220 m downwind were below the TLV. During aeration, levels 10 and 5 m downwind were below the TLV after 0.4 and 1 h respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the purpose of quarantine or phytosanitary treatment, specific doses of C2N2at the trial temperatures could control B. xylophilus and M. alternatus larvae without significant inhalation risk to workers. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Byung-Ho
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Plant Quarantine Technology Centre, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong-Oh
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: 40 Piddington Street, Watson, ACT, 2602, Australia (retired).
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beckett
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary and Life Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Yonglin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ren
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000187:drug effects*; D005651:Fumigation / Q000379:methods*; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D028223:Pinus / Q000469:parasitology; D013696:Temperature; D017187:Tylenchida / Q000187:drug effects*; D014934:Wood
chemical_list: D000969:Antinematodal Agents; D009570:Nitriles; C011206:cyanogen
keywords: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus; Monochamus alternatus; ethanedinitrile; fumigant; logs; quarantine fumigation