title: The mechanics of head-supported load carriage by Nepalese porters.
abstract: In the Everest valley of Nepal, because of the rugged mountain terrain, roads are nothing more than dirt paths and all material must be conveyed on foot. The Nepalese porters routinely carry head-supported loads, which often exceed their body mass, over long distances up and down the steep mountain footpaths. In Africa, women transport their loads economically thanks to an energy-saving gait adaptation. We hypothesized that the Nepalese porters may have developed a corresponding mechanism. To investigate this proposition, we measured the mechanical work done during level walking in Nepalese porters while carrying different loads at several speeds. Our results show that the Nepalese porters do not use an equivalent mechanism as the African women to reduce work. In contrast, the Nepalese porters develop an equal amount of total mechanical work as Western control subjects while carrying loads of 0 to 120% of their body mass at all speeds measured (0.5-1.7 m s-1), making even more impressive their ability to carry loads without any apparent mechanically determined tricks. Nevertheless, our results show that the Nepalese porters have a higher efficiency, at least at slow speeds and high loads.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratoire de physiologie et biomécanique de la locomotion, Université catholique de Louvain, Place P. de Coubertin, 1, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Bastien
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratoire de physiologie et biomécanique de la locomotion, Université catholique de Louvain, Place P. de Coubertin, 1, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratoire de physiologie et biomécanique de la locomotion, Université catholique de Louvain, Place P. de Coubertin, 1, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium benedicte.schepens@uclouvain.be.
authors.forename: B
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8352-1244
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schepens
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratoire de physiologie et biomécanique de la locomotion, Université catholique de Louvain, Place P. de Coubertin, 1, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium.
authors.forename: N C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Heglund
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D009390:Nepal; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Efficiency; Load carrying; Locomotion; Mechanics; Muscular work; Walking