title: Placental pathology and hypospadias.
abstract: Studies have shown that hypospadias is associated with placenta-mediated pregnancy complication (PMPC). The role of placental lesions is still unclear. We aimed to examine the association between hyposadias and placental pathology, and the effect of PMPC.
  
  
  
  Using data from the US Collaborative Perinatal Project in 1959-1966, we identified 15,780 male subjects (167 hypospadias) for analysis. Detailed placental examinations were conducted following a standard protocol. Subjects were divided into two groups according to whether they had PMPC, including small-for-gestational-age, pre-eclampsia/eclampsia or placental abruption. Logistic regression models were used to explore the association.
  
  
  
  The prevalence of hypospadias was two times higher in subjects with PMPC than those without. Compared to pregnancies with PMPC but no hypospadias, those with both PMPC and hypospadias had significant higher prevalence of placental lesions, such as low placental weight, vascular lesions, villous lesions, and membranous insertion of cord (adjusted odds ratio (OR) ranging from 2.6 to 5.2) after adjusting for potential confounders. In subjects without PMPC, no significant difference of placental pathology was found between those with or without hypospadias.
  
  
  
  About one third of hypospadias cases were complicated with PMPC and had a higher risk of placental lesions, suggesting heterogeneity of hypospadias etiology and mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.|Department of Neonatology, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Fetal medicine, First Maternity and Infant Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Luming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Hongquan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.affiliation: MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Public Health, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000037:Abruptio Placentae; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010920:Placenta / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors