title: Minocycline is effective in intracerebral hemorrhage by inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intracerebral hemorrhage is the least treatable type of stroke and affects millions of people worldwide. Treatment for ICH varies from medicine to surgery, but the rate of mortality and mobility still remains high. Minocycline is a tetracycline antibiotic increasingly recognized for its neuroprotective potential. In earlier studies, we demonstrated that many secondary injuries caused by ICH could be significantly reduced by injection of minocycline in rat models. The following research investigates the role of minocycline in reducing brain injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four rats were administered 100μl autologous arterial blood injections into the right basal ganglia, treated with minocycline or vehicle and euthanized on the 1st, 3rd, and 7th day. Immunohistochemistry, TUNEL, and western blot analysis were performed to analyze the effects of minocycline on apoptosis and autophagy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the injection of minocycline, TUNEL-positive cells were remarkably reduced on days 1, 3 and 7; Beclin-1, LC3BII/I, caspase-3/8 were all suppressed after treatment. The relationship between Cathepsin D and minocycline remained unknown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our studies suggest the potential medicinal value of minocycline, through both anti-autophagy and anti-apoptosis pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zehan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Electronic address: drfanzhao@163.com.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000071186:Beclin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053181:Caspase 8 / Q000378:metabolism; D002402:Cathepsin D / Q000378:metabolism; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008297:Male; D008911:Minocycline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000071186:Beclin-1; C512829:Becn1 protein, rat; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; C505528:Casp8 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D053181:Caspase 8; D002402:Cathepsin D; C533924:Ctsd protein, rat; D008911:Minocycline
keywords: Apoptosis; Autophagy; Intracerebral hemorrhage; Minocycline; Rats