title: Outcomes of a pharmacist-managed glucose collaborative practice agreement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The impact of a pharmacist-managed glucose collaborative practice agreement (CPA) on glycemic control at a tertiary medical center was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective data analysis was performed on hospitalized, noncritically ill patients admitted between December 2012 and June 2014 who received at least one dose of subcutaneous insulin and experienced at least one blood glucose concentration of 140 mg/dL or higher. The study population was divided into cohorts based on admittance before versus after implementation of the CPA, as well as glucose management by pharmacist versus nonpharmacist provider. The primary endpoint of the study was glycemic control, defined as the percentage of total admitted days spent within a goal blood glucose range of 70-180 mg/dL. Secondary endpoints included the rate of hypoglycemia (less than 70 mg/dL), the rate of severe hypoglycemia (less than 40 mg/dL), the rate of severe hyperglycemia (greater than 300 mg/dL), the length of stay, and workload metrics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 5146 patients were included in the study. There was no statistically significant difference in glycemic control across all cohorts (p > 0.05). Secondary outcomes showed no statistically significant differences in the rates of hypoglycemia, severe hypoglycemia, and severe hyperglycemia across all cohorts. There was a significantly longer length of stay in the pharmacist-managed cohort (p < 0.001). Workload metrics indicated a 25.8% increase in the number of pharmacist-managed glucose consults post-CPA implementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pharmacists at a tertiary medical center were able to provide an inpatient glucose management service that maintained similar glycemic control for patients with diabetes as nonpharmacist providers.
authors.affiliation: Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT. vidya.pugazhenthi@imail.org.
authors.forename: Vidya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pugazhenthi
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.
authors.forename: Travis B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.affiliation: Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Call
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000070516:Intersectoral Collaboration; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000639:trends*; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D024382:Professional Role; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents
keywords: collaborative practice agreement; diabetes; glucose; hyperglycemia; inpatient; insulin