title: Markers of lipid oxidative damage in the exhaled breath condensate of nano TiO2production workers.
abstract: Nanoscale titanium dioxide (nanoTiO2) is a commercially important nanomaterial. Animal studies have documented lung injury and inflammation, oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Yet, human health data are scarce and quantitative risk assessments and biomonitoring of exposure are lacking. NanoTiO2is classified by IARC as a group 2B, possible human carcinogen. In our earlier studies we documented an increase in markers of inflammation, as well as DNA and protein oxidative damage, in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of workers exposed nanoTiO2. This study focuses on biomarkers of lipid oxidation. Several established lipid oxidative markers (malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-trans-hexenal, 4-hydroxy-trans-nonenal, 8-isoProstaglandin F2α and aldehydes C6-C12) were studied in EBC and urine of 34 workers and 45 comparable controls. The median particle number concentration in the production line ranged from 1.98 × 104to 2.32 × 104particles/cm3with ∼80% of the particles <100 nm in diameter. Mass concentration varied between 0.40 and 0.65 mg/m3. All 11 markers of lipid oxidation were elevated in production workers relative to the controls (p < 0.001). A significant dose-dependent association was found between exposure to TiO2and markers of lipid oxidation in the EBC. These markers were not elevated in the urine samples. Lipid oxidation in the EBC of workers exposed to (nano)TiO2complements our earlier findings on DNA and protein damage. These results are consistent with the oxidative stress hypothesis and suggest lung injury at the molecular level. Further studies should focus on clinical markers of potential disease progression. EBC has reemerged as a sensitive technique for noninvasive monitoring of workers exposed to engineered nanoparticles.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Occupational Medicine , First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pelclova
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS , Prague , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zdimal
authors.affiliation: c Institute of Chemical Technology Prague , Prague , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kacer
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS , Prague , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Nadezda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zikova
authors.affiliation: d Department of Methodology , Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic.|e First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Informatics, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komarc
authors.affiliation: a Department of Occupational Medicine , First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Zdenka
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fenclova
authors.affiliation: a Department of Occupational Medicine , First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Stepanka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vlckova
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS , Prague , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS , Prague , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Otakar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Makeš
authors.affiliation: c Institute of Chemical Technology Prague , Prague , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Kamila
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Syslova
authors.affiliation: f J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the CAS , Prague , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Navratil
authors.affiliation: g Department of Chemistry , "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Centre, and NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino , Torino , Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Turci
authors.affiliation: g Department of Chemistry , "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Centre, and NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Torino , Torino , Italy.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Corazzari
authors.affiliation: a Department of Occupational Medicine , First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zakharov
authors.affiliation: h UMass Lowell, Department of Public Health , College of Health Sciences , Lowell, MA , USA.
authors.forename: Dhimiter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bello
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D001944:Breath Tests; D002617:Chemical Industry; D004249:DNA Damage; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D014025:Titanium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C009495:titanium dioxide; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D015237:Dinoprost; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Nanoparticles; TiO2; aldehydes; exhaled breath condensate; monitoring; occupational exposure; oxidative stress