title: Neuropsychological characteristics of child and adolescent offspring of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
abstract: Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are considered neurobiological disorders which share some clinical, cognitive and neuroimaging characteristics. Studying child and adolescent offspring of patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BDoff) or schizophrenia (SZoff) is regarded as a reliable method for investigating early alterations and vulnerability factors for these disorders. This study compares the neuropsychological characteristics of SZoff, BDoff and a community control offspring group (CC) with the aim of examining shared and differential cognitive characteristics among groups.
  
  
  
  41 SZoff, 90 BDoff and 107 CC were recruited. They were all assessed with a complete neuropsychological battery which included intelligence quotient, working memory (WM), processing speed, verbal memory and learning, visual memory, executive functions and sustained attention.
  
  
  
  SZoff and BDoff showed worse performance in some cognitive areas compared with CC. Some of these difficulties (visual memory) were common to both offspring groups, whereas others, such as verbal learning and WM in SZoff or PSI in BDoff, were group-specific.
  
  
  
  The cognitive difficulties in visual memory shown by both the SZoff and BDoff groups might point to a common endophenotype in the two disorders. Difficulties in other cognitive functions would be specific depending on the family diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Clinical Institute for the Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 2014SGR489, Spain. Electronic address: eserna@clinic.ub.es.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de la Serna
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Clinical Institute for the Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 2014SGR489, Spain; August Pi i Sunyer Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Gisela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sugranyes
authors.affiliation: Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Early Intervention Psychosis Service, Pere Mata Institute and University Hospital, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Spain.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Gistau
authors.affiliation: Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Complutense University, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Toscano
authors.affiliation: Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Clinical Institute for the Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 2014SGR489, Spain.
authors.forename: Immaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baeza
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Clinical Institute for the Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 2014SGR489, Spain.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vila
authors.affiliation: Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Clinical Institute for the Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 2014SGR489, Spain.
authors.forename: Soledad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Complutense University, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Gutierrez
authors.affiliation: Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Complutense University, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Mª José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Penzol
authors.affiliation: Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Complutense University, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Clinical Institute for the Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 2014SGR489, Spain; August Pi i Sunyer Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Josefina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castro-Fornieles
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Cognition; Family factors; Risk factors; Schizophrenia