title: Label-Free Molecular Imaging of Biological Cells and Tissues by Linear and Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopic Approaches.
abstract: Raman spectroscopy is an emerging technique in bioanalysis and imaging of biomaterials owing to its unique capability of generating spectroscopic fingerprints. Imaging cells and tissues by Raman microspectroscopy represents a nondestructive and label-free approach. All components of cells or tissues contribute to the Raman signals, giving rise to complex spectral signatures. Resonance Raman scattering and surface-enhanced Raman scattering can be used to enhance the signals and reduce the spectral complexity. Raman-active labels can be introduced to increase specificity and multimodality. In addition, nonlinear coherent Raman scattering methods offer higher sensitivities, which enable the rapid imaging of larger sampling areas. Finally, fiber-based imaging techniques pave the way towards in vivo applications of Raman spectroscopy. This Review summarizes the basic principles behind medical Raman imaging and its progress since 2012.
authors.affiliation: Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krafft
authors.affiliation: Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.affiliation: Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Iwan W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Schie
authors.affiliation: Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.|Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cialla-May
authors.affiliation: Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.|Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Matthäus
authors.affiliation: Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.|Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bocklitz
authors.affiliation: Leibniz-Institut für Photonische Technologien, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.|Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Abbe Center für Photonics, Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Popp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D057054:Molecular Imaging; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials
keywords: Raman spectroscopy; coherent Raman scattering; fiber probes; resonance Raman scattering; surface-enhanced Raman scattering