title: A Positivity Bias in Written and Spoken English and Its Moderation by Personality and Gender.
abstract: The human tendency to use positive words ("adorable") more often than negative words ("dreadful") is called the linguistic positivity bias. We find evidence for this bias in two studies of word use, one based on written corpora and another based on naturalistic speech samples. In addition, we demonstrate that the positivity bias applies to nouns and verbs as well as adjectives. We also show that it is found to the same degree in written as well as spoken English. Moreover, personality traits and gender moderate the effect, such that persons high on extraversion and agreeableness and women display a larger positivity bias in naturalistic speech. Results are discussed in terms of how the linguistic positivity bias may serve as a mechanism for social facilitation. People, in general, and some people more than others, tend to talk about the brighter side of life.
authors.affiliation: Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Adam A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Augustine
authors.affiliation: University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
authors.forename: Matthias R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mehl
authors.affiliation: Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Randy J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Larsen
keywords: Electronically Activated Recorder; big five; gender; linguistic positivity bias; word frequency; word valence