title: Your money or your time? How both types of scarcity matter to physical activity and healthy eating.
abstract: Lack of time is one of the most common reasons people give for not exercising or eating healthy food, yet few studies explicitly test its relationship with health behaviours.
  
  
  
  Conceptualising time as a social determinant we estimate how scarcity - of income or time - generate barriers to health behaviours.
  
  
  
  Using longitudinal, nationally-representative survey data on Australians aged 25-54 years, our design addresses endogeneity and reverse causation by considering how new episodes of scarcity are related to changes in healthy eating and physical activity. Regression models estimated how scarcity of income (low income or feeling poor) or time (heavy time commitments or feeling rushed for time) predicted change over two consecutive years.
  
  
  
  We find that both income and time scarcity reduce physical activity and, in some cases, lead people to consume less fruit and vegetables, eat out more and eat more discretionary calories (food high in salt, sugar or fat). Further, income and time scarcity operate independently to constrain healthy choices, although for more than one in ten people they synergistically increase risk.
  
  
  
  Because income and time scarcity are patterned by socio-economic status and gender, our results underline the need to address both if public health interventions are to be more effective and fair.
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, 62 Mills Road, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Venn
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, 62 Mills Road, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia. Electronic address: lyndall.strazdins@anu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Lyndall
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Strazdins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D000072001:Diet, Healthy / Q000523:psychology / Q000592:standards; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Australia; Endogeneity; Gender inequality; Health inequality; Healthy eating; Physical activity; Social determinants of health; Time poverty