title: A laser-induced pulsed water jet for layer-selective submucosal dissection of the esophagus.
abstract: Background and aims:Conventional water jet devices have been used for injecting fluid to lift up lesions during endoscopic submucosal dissection or endoscopic mucosal resection procedures. However, these devices cannot dissect the submucosal layer effectively. Here we aim to elucidate the dissection capability of a laser-induced pulsed water jet and to clarify the mechanism of dissection with layer selectivity.Materials (Subjects) and methods:Pulsed water jets were ejected from a stainless nozzle by accelerating saline using the energy of a pulsed holmium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser. The impact force (strength) of the jet was evaluated using a force meter. Injection of the pulsed jet into the submucosal layer was documented by high-speed imaging. The physical properties of the swine esophagus were evaluated by measuring the breaking strength. Submucosal dissection of the swine esophagus was performed and the resection bed was evaluated histologically.Results:Submucosal dissection of the esophagus was accomplished at an impact force of 1.11-1.47 N/pulse (laser energy: 1.1-1.5 J/pulse; standoff distance: 60 mm). Histological specimens showed clear dissection at the submucosal layer without thermal injury. The mean static breaking strength of the submucosa (0.11 ± 0.04 MPa) was significantly lower than that of the mucosa (1.32 ± 0.18 MPa), and propria muscle (1.45 ± 0.16 MPa).Conclusions:The pulsed water jet device showed potential for achieving selective submucosal dissection. It could achieve mucosal, submucosal, and muscle layer selectivity owing to the varied breaking strengths.
authors.affiliation: Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.affiliation: Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fujishima
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tominaga
authors.affiliation: Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Satomi
authors.affiliation: Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohuchi
keywords: endoscopic submucosal dissection; esophagus; holmium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser; pulsed water jet