title: Comparative evaluation and influence on shear bond strength of incorporating silver, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in orthodontic adhesive.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on shear bond strength (SBS).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty extracted premolars divided into four groups with thirty specimens in each group. Group 1 (control): brackets (American Orthodontics) were bonded with Transbond XT primer. Groups 2, 3, and 4: brackets (American Orthodontics) were bonded with adhesives incorporated with Ag, ZnO, and TiO2nanoparticles in the concentration of 1.0% nanoparticles of Ag, 1.0% TiO2, and 1.0% ZnO weight/weight, respectively. An Instron universal testing machine AGS-10k NG (SHIMADZU) was used to measure the SBS. The data were analyzed by SPSS software and then, the normal distribution of the data was confirmed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. One-way ANOVA test and Tukey's multiple post hoc procedures were used to compare between groups. In all statistical tests, the significance level was set at 5% (P< 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant difference was observed between control (mean [standard deviation (SD)] 9.43 [3.03], confidence interval [CI]: 8.30-10.56), Ag (mean [SD]: 7.55 [1.29], CI: 7.07-8.03), ZnO (mean [SD]: 6.50 [1.15], CI: 6.07-6.93), and TiO2(mean [SD]: 6.33 [1.51], CI: 5.77-0.89) with SBS (F= 16.8453,P< 0.05) at 5% level of significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incorporation of various nanoparticles into adhesive materials in minimal amounts may decrease SBS and may lead to the failure of bracket or adhesive. The limitation of this study is that it is anin vitroresearch and these results may not be comparable to what the expected bond strengths observedin vivo. Further clinical studies are needed to evaluate biological effects of adding such amounts of nanoparticles and approve such adhesives as clinically sustainable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Aileni Kaladhar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: Prabhuraj B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Kambalyal
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, College of Dentistry, Al Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, KSA.
authors.forename: Santosh R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Mallikarjun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vankhre
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Mohammed Yaser Ahmed
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, SVS Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Thamtam Ramana
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kumar
keywords: Adhesive; nanoparticles; shear bond strength