title: Child death and maternal psychosis-like experiences in 44 low- and middle-income countries: The role of depression.
abstract: Studies on the effect of child death on the mental wellbeing of women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are scarce despite the high child mortality rates. Thus, the aim of the current study was to assess the association between child death and psychosis-like experiences (PLEs), as well as the role of depression in this association.
  
  
  
  Data from 44 LMICs which participated in the World Health Survey (WHS) were analyzed. A total of 59,444 women who ever gave birth, aged 18-49years, without a self-reported lifetime psychosis diagnosis, were included in the analysis. The World Mental Health Survey version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to establish the diagnosis of past 12-month DSM-IV depression, and assess four positive psychotic symptoms. Depression was defined as self-reported lifetime depression diagnosis and/or past 12-month depression. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed.
  
  
  
  After adjustment for potential confounders, women who experienced child death had higher odds for all types of PLEs (when unadjusted for depression) (OR 1.20-1.71; p<0.05) and depression (OR=1.64; 95%CI=1.39-1.93). When adjusted for depression, only delusion of control was strongly associated with child death (OR=1.54; 95%CI=1.20-1.97).
  
  
  
  Child death may be an important determinant of mental wellbeing among women in LMICs. Given the known adverse health outcomes associated with PLEs and depression, as well as the co-occurrence of these symptoms, mental health care may be particularly important for mothers who have experienced child loss in LMICs.
authors.affiliation: Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona 08830, Spain; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Monforte de Lemos 3-5 Pabellón 11, Madrid 28029, Spain. Electronic address: a.koyanagi@pssjd.org.
authors.forename: Ai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koyanagi
authors.affiliation: University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, 50 University Hall #7360, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA; Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue Suite #1200, Oakland, CA 94612, USA. Electronic address: hansoh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona 08830, Spain; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Monforte de Lemos 3-5 Pabellón 11, Madrid 28029, Spain. Electronic address: jmharo@pssjd.org.
authors.forename: Josep Maria
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Haro
authors.affiliation: Medical Network Group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, West Wing 5F, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. Electronic address: fumichan23@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Fumi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hirayama
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work, University of Maryland, 525 W Redwood Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Electronic address: JDEVYLDER@ssw.umaryland.edu.
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DeVylder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D046688:Child Mortality; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Child death; Depression; Low- and middle-income countries; Psychosis-like experience