title: Non-neurological major complications of extreme lateral and related lumbar interbody fusion techniques.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Complications exclusive of new neurological deficits/injuries that follow extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF) and related lateral lumbar interbody techniques should be better recognized to determine the safety of these procedures. Unfortunately, a review of the XLIF literature did not accurately reflect the frequency of these "other complications" as few US surgeons publish such adverse events that may lead to medicolegal suits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Major complications occurring with XLIF included sympathectomy, major vascular injuries, bowel perforations, sterile seromas, and instrumentation failures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of sympathectomy was 4% for XLIF vs. 15% for anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF). There were three major vascular injuries for XLIF; one fatal intraoperative event, one life-threatening retroperitoneal hematoma, and one iatrogenic lumbar artery pseudoaneurysm that was successfully embolized. Two bowel perforations were reported, whereas a third was a "direct communication." One patient developed a sterile recurrent seroma due to vancomycin powder utilized for an XLIF. One study cited malpositioning of an XLIF cage resulting in a lateral L3-L4 extrusion, whereas the second series looked at the 45% risk of cage-overhang when XLIF devices were placed in the anterior one-third of the vertebral body.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excluding new neurological deficits, XLIF techniques resulted in multiple other major complications. However, these small numbers likely reflect just the tip of the iceberg (e.g., 10%) and the remaining 90% may never be known as many US-based spine surgeons fail to publish such adverse events as they are discoverable in a court of law and may lead to medicolegal suits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Winthrop Neuroscience, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Epstein
keywords: Bowel perforation; extreme lateral interbody fusion; lateral cage extrusion; major vessel injury; non-neurological complications; persistent seroma; retroperitoneal hematoma; sympathectomy