title: Population health risk via dietary exposure to trace elements (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As) in Qiqihar, Northeastern China.
abstract: The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of six trace elements (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As) in vegetables (leafy vegetable, i.e., bok choy, fruit vegetables, i.e., cucumber and tomato, and other categories, i.e., mushroom, kidney bean, and potato), cereals (rice and wheat flour), and meats (pork, mutton, and beef) most commonly consumed by adult inhabitants of Qiqihar, Northeastern China, were determined to assess the health status of local people. The average EDIs of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As were with 20.77 μg (kg bw)-1day-1of Cu, 288 μg (kg bw)-1day-1of Zn, 2.01 μg (kg bw)-1day-1of Pb, 0.41 μg (kg bw)-1day-1of Cd, 0.01 μg (kg bw)-1day-1of Hg, and 0.52 μg (kg bw)-1day-1of As, respectively, which are below the daily allowance recommended by FAO/WHO. However, the maximum EDIs of Pb and Cd were 4.56 μg (kg bw)-1day-1and 1.68 μg (kg bw)-1day-1, respectively, which are above the recommended levels [i.e., 3.58 μg (kg bw)-1day-1for Pb and 1.0 μg (kg bw)-1day-1for Cd] by FAO/WHO. This finding indicates that the potential health risk induced by daily ingestion of Pb and Cd for the local residents should receive a significant concern. Similarly, we detected elevated Pb and Cd concentrations, i.e., with average of 13.58 and 0.60 mg kg-1dw, respectively, in the adult scalp hairs. Consumption of rice, potato, bok choy, and wheat flour contributed to 75 and 82% of Pb and Cd daily intake from foodstuffs. Nevertheless, human scalp hair is inappropriate biological material for determination of the nutritional status of trace elements in this region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Science, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, People's Republic of China. Luojm1000@sina.com.
authors.forename: Jinming
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7005-9719
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Science, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yajie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Science, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yongjie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, 161006, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bai
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002681:China; D000074341:Dietary Exposure; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D000075485:Population Health; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Biomarker; Dietary intake; Health risk; Human scalp hair; Trace element