title: Effects of morning versus evening combined strength and endurance training on physical performance, muscle hypertrophy, and serum hormone concentrations.
abstract: This study investigated the effects of 24 weeks of morning versus evening same-session combined strength (S) and endurance (E) training on physical performance, muscle hypertrophy, and resting serum testosterone and cortisol diurnal concentrations. Forty-two young men were matched and assigned to a morning (m) or evening (e) E + S or S + E group (mE + S, n = 9; mS + E, n = 9; eE + S, n = 12; and eS + E, n = 12). Participants were tested for dynamic leg press 1-repetition maximum (1RM) and time to exhaustion (Texh) during an incremental cycle ergometer test both in the morning and evening, cross-sectional area (CSA) of vastus lateralis and diurnal serum testosterone and cortisol concentrations (0730 h; 0930 h; 1630 h; 1830 h). All groups similarly increased 1RM in the morning (14%-19%; p < 0.001) and evening (18%-24%; p < 0.001). CSA increased in all groups by week 24 (12%-20%, p < 0.01); however, during the training weeks 13-24 the evening groups gained more muscle mass (time-of-day main effect; p < 0.05). Texhincreased in all groups in the morning (16%-28%; p < 0.01) and evening (18%-27%; p < 0.001), however, a main effect for the exercise order, in favor of E + S, was observed on both testing times (p < 0.051). Diurnal rhythms in testosterone and cortisol remained statistically unaltered by the training order or time. The present results indicate that combined strength and endurance training in the evening may lead to larger gains in muscle mass, while the E + S training order might be more beneficial for endurance performance development. However, training order and time seem to influence the magnitude of adaptations only when the training period exceeded 12 weeks.
authors.affiliation: a University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Küüsmaa
authors.affiliation: a University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Moritz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schumann
authors.affiliation: b Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81499, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sedliak
authors.affiliation: c Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kraemer
authors.affiliation: d Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, 6027, Joondalup, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert U
authors.initials: RU
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.affiliation: a University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Jari-Pekka
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Malinen
authors.affiliation: e Central Hospital of Central Finland, 40620, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nyman
authors.affiliation: a University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.|e Central Hospital of Central Finland, 40620, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Arja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Häkkinen
authors.affiliation: a University of Jyväskylä, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Keijo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Häkkinen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054874:Athletic Performance; D001642:Bicycling; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D015444:Exercise; D005080:Exercise Test; D005221:Fatigue / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D024510:Muscle Development; D053580:Muscle Strength; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D010352:Patient Dropouts; D010807:Physical Endurance; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000009:adverse effects; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors; D014891:Weight Lifting
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: concurrent training; cortisol; effet de l’ordre; entraînement concurrent; moment du jour; muscle cross-sectional area; order effect; section musculaire transversale; testosterone; testostérone; time of day