title: User-independent assessment of conditioning pain modulation by cuff pressure algometry.
abstract: The use of conditioning pain modulation (CPM) is hampered by poor reproducibility and lack of user-independent paradigms. This study refined the CPM paradigm by applying user-independent cuff algometry.
  
  
  
  In 20 subjects, the CPM effect of conditioning with cuff stimulation on the arm was investigated by pain test stimuli on the contralateral leg before and in parallel with different cuff conditionings (10, 30, 60 kPa/60 s; 30, 60 kPa/10 s). As test stimulus, another cuff was inflated (1 kPa/s) until the subjects detected the pain tolerance threshold (PTT) during which the pain detection threshold (PDT) and the pressure at a pain intensity of 6 cm on a 10-cm visual analogue scale (PVAS6) were extracted. For comparison, pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) as test stimuli were recorded by the user-dependent handheld pressure algometry. Combinations of cuff locations for conditioning (pain intensity standardized) and contralateral test stimuli were additionally evaluated (leg-arm, leg-leg, arm-thigh). The test-retest reliability in two sessions 1 month apart was assessed in five CPM protocols.
  
  
  
  In all protocols, the PDT, PVAS6 and PTT increased during conditioning compared with baseline (p < 0.05). The CPM effect (i.e. conditioning minus baseline) for PVAS6, PTT and PPT increased for increasing conditioning intensities (p < 0.05). The CPM effects were not significantly different for changes in conditioning durations or conditioning/test stimulus locations. In two sessions, the CPM effects for PVAS6 and PTT assessed after 60 s of conditioning on the leg/thigh showed the highest intra-class correlations (0.47-0.73), where they were 0.04-0.6 for PPTs.
  
  
  
  The user-independent cuff algometry is reliable for CPM assessment and for supra-pain threshold test stimuli better than the user-dependent technology.
  
  
  
  A user-independent CPM technique where the conditioning is controlled by one cuff stimulation, and the test-stimulus is provided by another cuff stimulation. This study shows that cuff algometry is reliable for CPM assessment.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Graven-Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kochi University, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Izumi
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arendt-Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D008297:Male; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D017288:Pain Threshold; D011312:Pressure; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult