title: Accurate Carbohydrate Counting Is an Important Determinant of Postprandial Glycemia in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes on Insulin Pump Therapy.
abstract: Carbohydrate (CHO) counting is a key nutritional intervention utilized in the management of diabetes to optimize postprandial glycemia. The aim of the study was to examine the impact of accuracy of CHO counting on the postprandial glucose in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes on insulin pump therapy.
  
  
  
  Children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes who were on insulin pump therapy for a minimum of 6 months are enrolled in the study. Patients were instructed to record details of meals consumed, estimated CHO count per meal, and 2-hour postprandial glucose readings over 3-5 days. Meals' CHO contents were recounted by an experienced clinical dietician, and those within 20% of the dietician's counting were considered accurate.
  
  
  
  A total of 30 patients (21 females) were enrolled. Age range (median) was 8-18 (SD 13) years. Data of 247 meals were analyzed. A total of 165 (67%) meals' CHO contents were accurately counted. Of those, 90 meals (55%) had in-target postprandial glucose ( P < .000). There was an inverse relationship between inaccurate CHO estimates and postprandial glucose. Of the 63 underestimated meals, 55 had above-target glucose, while 12 of the 19 overestimated meals were followed by low glucose. There was no association between accuracy and meal size (Spearman's rho = .019).
  
  
  
  Accuracy of CHO counting is an important determining factor of postprandial glycemia. However, other factors should be considered when advising on prandial insulin calculation. Underestimation and overestimation of CHO result in postprandial hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, respectively. Accuracy does not correlate with meal size.
authors.affiliation: 1 Paediatric Endocrinology Department, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Asma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deeb
authors.affiliation: 1 Paediatric Endocrinology Department, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Ahlam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al Hajeri
authors.affiliation: 1 Paediatric Endocrinology Department, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Iman
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Alhmoudi
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagelkerke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood*; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000097:blood*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin
keywords: carbohydrate; counting; diabetes; insulin pump