title: A three dimensional approach for quantifying resultant loading at the knee.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical effectiveness of lateral wedges for knee osteoarthritis is inconsistent across studies. One explanation is that knee loading is not fully described by the peak frontal-plane knee moment. The purpose of this study was to propose a 3D resultant approach to describing moments at the knee and evaluate how this moment changes in response to lateral wedges.
  
  
  METHODS
  Walking gait analysis was performed on 20 individuals with knee osteoarthritis, in their own shoes, with and without a six millimeter lateral wedge insole. Frontal-plane and 3D resultant moments were calculated for each participant and footwear condition. Paired t-tests identified differences between footwear conditions, correlations identified relationships between frontal-plane and 3D resultant moments, and regressions assessed relationships between moments and pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant reductions to peak frontal-plane moments (p=0.001) and 3D resultant moments at the same time point (p=0.042) were observed with lateral wedges. While an overall significant correlation was observed between change in frontal-plane moments and change in 3D resultant moments with a lateral wedge (r=0.68, p=0.001), 5/20 participants experienced disparate results where the frontal-plane moment was reduced yet the 3D moment increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While lateral wedges alter frontal-plane moment magnitude, the direction of change does not always correspond to the direction of change observed in the 3D resultant moment. Thus resultant knee load may sometimes increase with lateral wedges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future prospective studies should evaluate if changes in 3D resultant moments, and thus total knee load, offer an explanation as to why some participants do not experience clinical benefit from lateral wedges.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Electronic address: lewinson@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Ryan T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Lewinson
authors.affiliation: Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Chad P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Maag
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Victor M Y
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Lun
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: J Preston
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wiley
authors.affiliation: Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Chirag
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Darren J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stefanyshyn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D061826:Foot Orthoses; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012775:Shoes; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Gait; Joint loading; Knee adduction moment; Lateral wedge; Osteoarthritis