title: Periocular, periorbital, and orbital pathology in liver disease.
abstract: Although the connection is not often apparent, hepatic pathology may be associated with ophthalmic disease. We review the literature concerning the periocular, periorbital, and orbital manifestations of various hepatic disorders. This includes periocular or periorbital jaundice, the impact of hepatitis B and C, eyelid changes in cirrhosis, orbital mass lesions in hepatocellular carcinoma, and cutaneous vascular malformations as they are related to liver disease. The motility disorders associated with Wilson disease, the ophthalmic manifestations of Alagille syndrome, and the effects of liver transplantation are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Emory Eye Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Travis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Peck
authors.affiliation: Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; Emily Couric Cancer Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. Electronic address: zezak1@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Zeynel A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Karcioglu
mesh_terms: D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D006801:Humans; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D009915:Orbit / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: Alagille syndrome; cirrhosis; hepatic disease; hepatitis; hepatocellular carcinoma; orbit; periocular tissues; periorbital tissues