title: Ocular manifestations of Type 1 diabetes mellitus in pediatric population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate the necessity of ocular screening in Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to investigate the diabetes-related ocular changes according to the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level and duration of diabetes in children and compare the results with nondiabetic healthy children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational cross-sectional study designed by ophthalmology and pediatric endocrinology clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two children with Type 1 DM, 42 healthy gender- and age-matched children as controls were enrolled. All patients underwent ophthalmic and physical examination, with a review of medical history and current medication. HbA1c level, best corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), tear break-up time (BUT), Schirmer test, dilated fundus examination findings, central retinal thickness (CRT), and total macular volume (TMV) measurements were noted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive statistics, Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, Chi-square test for comparison of the group parameters and correlation analyses (Spearman analysis) were performed with SPSS statistical software 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Type 1 DM group exhibited significantly reduced Schirmer test, increased IOP and decreased retinal thickness relative to the age-matched control group (P < 0.05) but no statistically significant difference was found for the BUT (P = 0.182) and for the CCT (P = 0.495). The correlations between the age, duration, HbA1c and IOP, BUT, Schirmer test, TMV, CRT measurements did not reach statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More frequent screening may be needed for complications, including neuropathy-related dry eye syndrome, IOP changes, and diabetic retinopathy in children with Type 1 DM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Handan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akil
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ayse Derya
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Buluş
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Kecioren Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nesibe
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Andiran
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet Numan
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Alp
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human