title: Diagnosis and treatment of bone metastasis: comprehensive guideline of the Japanese Society of Medical Oncology, Japanese Orthopedic Association, Japanese Urological Association, and Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology.
abstract: Diagnosis and treatment of bone metastasis requires various types of measures, specialists and caregivers. To provide better diagnosis and treatment, a multidisciplinary team approach is required. The members of this multidisciplinary team include doctors of primary cancers, radiologists, pathologists, orthopaedists, radiotherapists, clinical oncologists, palliative caregivers, rehabilitation doctors, dentists, nurses, pharmacists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, medical social workers, etc. Medical evidence was extracted from published articles describing meta-analyses or randomised controlled trials concerning patients with bone metastases mainly from 2003 to 2013, and a guideline was developed according to the Medical Information Network Distribution Service Handbook for Clinical Practice Guideline Development 2014. Multidisciplinary team meetings are helpful in diagnosis and treatment. Clinical benefits such as physical or psychological palliation obtained using the multidisciplinary team approaches are apparent. We established a guideline describing each specialty field, to improve understanding of the different fields among the specialists, who can further provide appropriate treatment, and to improve patients' outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology , Akita University Graduate School of Medicine , Akita , Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology , Juntendo University , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology , University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Japan.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sekine
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation , Chiba Prefectural University of Health Sciences , Chiba , Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases , Osaka , Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology , National Hospital Organization Shikoku Cancer Center , Matsuyama , Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iguchi
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology , Tochigi Cancer Center , Utsunomiya , Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Izumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology , Aichi Cancer Center Hospital , Nagoya , Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.affiliation: Division of Palliative Medicine , Shizuoka Cancer Center , Sunto-gun , Japan.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Osaka
authors.affiliation: Department for Cancer Chemotherapy , Iwate Prefectural Central Hospital , Morioka , Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology , National Cancer Center Hospital , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawai
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine , Kanazawa University Hospital , Kanazawa , Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinuya
authors.affiliation: Department of Breast and Medical Oncology , National Cancer Center Hospital , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kodaira
authors.affiliation: Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology , National Cancer Center Hospital , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology , Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital , Kanazawa , Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University , Morioka , Japan.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery , Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine , Sapporo , Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology , Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology , Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Fukuoka University Hospital , Fukuoka , Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takamatsu
authors.affiliation: Seirei Christopher University , Hamamatsu , Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University , Fukuoka , Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine , Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Tateishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology , KKR Sapporo Medical Center , Sapporo , Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagakura
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Sendai , Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Keio University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morioka
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology 2 , Kawasaki Medical School , Kurashiki , Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moriya
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology , Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yuasa
authors.affiliation: Division of Dentistry and Oral Surgery , Shizuoka Cancer Center , Sunto-gun , Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yurikusa
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Care , Saitama Cancer Center , Kitaadachi-gun , Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yomiya
authors.affiliation: Department of Hemodialysis and Surgery , Chemotherapy Research Institute, International University of Health and Welfare , Ichikawa , Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshida
keywords: a diagnosis and treatment guideline; bone metastasis; multidisciplinary team approach