title: Prevalence and associated factors of pain in the Swiss spinal cord injury population.
abstract: METHODS
  Population-based, cross-sectional.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine pain prevalence and identify factors associated with chronic pain in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) living in Switzerland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swiss SCI Cohort Study (SwiSCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Pain characteristics were assessed using an adapted version of the International SCI Pain Basic Data Set, adding one item of the SCI Secondary Conditions Scale to address chronic pain. Pain prevalence was calculated using stratification over demographic, SCI-related and socioeconomic characteristics; odds ratios (adjusted for non-response) for determinants of severity of chronic pain were calculated using stereotype logistic regressions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain (in the past week) was reported by 68.9% and chronic pain by 73.5% (significant 36.9%) of all participants (N=1549; 28% female). Most frequently reported pain type was musculoskeletal (71.1%). Back/spine was the most frequently reported pain location (54.6%). Contrasting the 'significant' to the 'none/mild' category of chronic pain, adjusted odds ratios were 1.54 (95% CI: 1.18-2.01; P<0.01) for women (vs men); 6.64 (95% CI: 3.37-11.67; P<0.001) for the oldest age group 61+ (vs youngest (16-30)); 3.41 (95% CI: 2.07-5.62; P<0.001) in individuals reporting severe financial hardship (vs no financial hardship). Individuals reporting specific SCI-related health conditions were 1.41-2.92 (P<0.05) times more likely to report chronic pain as 'significant' rather than 'none/mild' compared with those without the respective condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain is highly prevalent in individuals with SCI living in Switzerland. Considered at risk for chronic pain are women, older individuals and individuals with financial hardship and specific secondary health conditions. Longitudinal studies are necessary to identify predictors for the development of pain and its chronification.
authors.affiliation: Empowerment, Participation and Social Integration Unit, Swiss Paraplegic Research (SPF), Nottwil, Switzerland.|Department of Health Sciences and Health Policy, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Empowerment, Participation and Social Integration Unit, Swiss Paraplegic Research (SPF), Nottwil, Switzerland.|Department of Health Sciences and Health Policy, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M W G
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Brinkhof
authors.affiliation: Empowerment, Participation and Social Integration Unit, Swiss Paraplegic Research (SPF), Nottwil, Switzerland.|Department of Health Sciences and Health Policy, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Arnet
authors.affiliation: Division of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hinrichs
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pain Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Landmann
authors.affiliation: Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care, Pain and operative Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Béchir
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015995:Prevalence; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013557:Switzerland; D055815:Young Adult