title: Normal testes asymmetry evaluated by apparent diffusion coefficient and magnetization transfer ratio.
abstract: Background In humans, the left testis generally hangs lower than the right and the right is larger than the left. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represents an important adjuvant modality in the investigation of testicular diseases. Purpose To assess if normal testes asymmetry is related to apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR). Material and Methods The normal testes from 106 men were included. Testicular volume (TV) was calculated by using the ellipsoid formula: length × width × height × 0.52. Diffusion-weighted imaging was performed using a SS EPI diffusion pulse sequence and b-values of 0 and 900 s/mm-2. Magnetization transfer imaging was obtained using a 3D GRE sequence both with and without an off-resonance radiofrequency pulse. MTR maps were obtained by the following formula: (SIo-SIm) / (SIo) × 100%, where SIo and SIm represent the signal intensity in the baseline image and that in the corresponding image acquired with an off-resonance MT pulse, respectively. The mean and standard deviation of testicular volume (TV), ADC, and MTR of both testes was calculated and compared using a paired sample t-test. Results The mean TV (mL) was greater ( P = 0.006) for the right testis (16.77 ± 4.84) compared to the left (15.97 ± 4.45). ADC of the right testis (1.09 ± 0.12 × 10- 3mm2s-1) was not different ( P = 0.064) from that of the left testis (1.07 ± 0.12 × 10-3mm2s-1). Differences ( P = 0.032) were observed between MTR of the right (46.6 ± 2.1%) and left testis (46.0 ± 2.2%). Conclusion The reported differences in paired testes size was confirmed, introducing a possible relationship with structural and functional asymmetry of normal testes, based on MTR.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Athina C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Tsili
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ntorkou
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Urology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giannakis
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Urology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sofikitis
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Radiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Maria I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Argyropoulou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013737:Testis / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); diffusion-weighted MRI; left–right asymmetry; magnetization transfer contrast imaging; testis