title: Using Propensity Scores to Examine the Association Between Behavioral Inhibition/Activation and Nonsuicidal and Suicidal Self-Injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-injurious behavior (e.g., nonsuicidal self-injury, suicide attempts) is a serious public health concern. One potentially important but understudied predictor of nonsuicidal and suicidal self-injury involves the behavioral inhibition and activation system (BIS/BAS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of the current study was to examine the relationship between nonsuicidal and suicidal self-injury and BIS/BAS, and to consider the influence of related variables in the relationship. Examination through this framework allowed us to consider BIS and BAS as potential unique risk factors of self-injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  After examining the relationship between nonsuicidal and suicidal self-injury and BIS/BAS among 1,912 participants, we used propensity scores to match participants' propensity for nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide attempts based on demographic variables (e.g., gender, age) and related risk factors (e.g., anxiety, depressive symptomology, impulsivity, and substance use problems).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants who reported nonsuicidal self-injury or attempted suicide scored higher on BIS and BAS compared with those without a history of these behaviors. After matching procedures, however, the only group difference found was on BIS between those with and without a history of nonsuicidal self-injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results support the notion that the behavioral inhibition system might play a role in nonsuicidal self-injury but not in suicidal self-injury.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Brooke A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Ammerman
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Evan M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Kleiman
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah Health Care Neuropsychiatric Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Abbigail L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Psychology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Mitchell E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: McCloskey
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D057216:Propensity Score; D011678:Punishment; D012201:Reward; D012307:Risk Factors; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: behavioral activation; behavioral inhibition; nonsuicidal self-injury; propensity scores; suicidal self-injury