title: Diagnosed but Not Undiagnosed Diabetes Is Associated with Depression in Rural Areas.
abstract: Background: There is a lack of study on the relation between undiagnosed diabetes and depression in the general population.Methods: A total of 11,531 adults were examined using a multistage cluster sampling method to select a representative sample of individuals who were at least 35 years old. Subjects were classified into three groups: no diabetes (ND), diagnosed diabetes (DD), and undiagnosed diabetes (UD). The participants were surveyed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9).Results: Of all the 11,531 participants, the prevalence of depression was higher in the DD group than in the other two groups. Multi variable logistic regression analyses show that the DD group had significantly higher odds for depression compared with the ND group (p< 0.01), while the UD group showed no significant differences compared to the ND group. Subgroup analyses show that diagnosed diabetes in subjects with a lower educational level, compared with subjects with an educational level of high school or above, had higher odds for a PHQ-9 score ≥5 (p< 0.01).Conclusion: In this general population, diagnosed but not undiagnosed diabetes was significantly associated with depression. Much higher odds for depression were found among diagnosed diabetic individuals with a lower level of education.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China. zhaolisy@outlook.com.
authors.forename: Zhao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China. guoxiaofanl1986@outlook.com.
authors.forename: Xiaofan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China. jianghongkun1975@sina.com.
authors.forename: Hongkun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China. melichian@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Guozhe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China. yxsun@mail.cmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yingxian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. meilichian3@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maria Roselle
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Abraham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002681:China; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012423:Rural Health
keywords: depression; diagnosed diabetes; population