title: Association between nephrinuria, podocyturia, and proteinuria in women with pre-eclampsia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Podocyte depletion in the kidney is associated with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Pre-eclampsia (PE) increases the risk of ESKD in later life. This study was performed to determine whether nephrinuria (soluble nephrin in the urine) is correlated with proteinuria and/or podocyturia (podocytes in the urine) in PE women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-three urine samples, consisting of 45 and 38 samples from 27 normotensive and nine PE women, respectively, underwent simultaneous determination of nephrin, protein, and creatinine concentrations in the urine supernatant and quantitative analysis of podocyte-specific protein mRNA expression. This included podocin (Pod-mRNA) and nephrin (Nep-mRNA), using real-time polymerase chain reaction in the pelleted urine. Nephrinuria and proteinuria were corrected by creatinine concentration. Pod- and Nep-mRNA expression levels were corrected by GAPDH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nephrinuria, proteinuria, Pod-mRNA expression, and Nep-mRNA expression all increased with advancing gestation in PE women, while not in normotensive women. The nephrinuria was strongly correlated with proteinuria (R = 0.901, P <  0.001), Pod-mRNA expression level (R = 0.824, P < 0.001), and Nep-mRNA expression level (R  =  0.724, P <  0.001) in urine samples from PE women, while the nephrinuria was significantly correlated with proteinuria alone (R  =  0.419, P <  0.005) in urine samples from normotensive women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nephrinuria reflected well the degrees of proteinuria and podocyturia in PE women. This suggested that increased nephrinuria/proteinuria was associated with podocyte loss in the kidneys of PE women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Itsuko
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Furuta
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Tianyue
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9236-9945
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Umazume
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Kinuko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Mamoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisanori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Minakami
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003401:Creatine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000652:urine; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000652:urine*; D050199:Podocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000652:urine*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000652:urine*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; C113267:nephrin; D003401:Creatine
keywords: nephrin; podocyte injury; pre-eclampsia; proteinuric diseases; urine test