title: Pathological and physiological muscle co-activation during active elbow extension in children with unilateral cerebral palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To address the roles and mechanisms of co-activation in two flexor/extensor pairs during elbow extension in children with cerebral palsy (CP).
  
  
  METHODS
  13 Typically Developing (TD) and 13 children with unilateral spastic CP performed elbow extension/flexion at different speeds. Elbow angle and velocity were recorded using a 3D motion analysis system. The acceleration and deceleration phases of extension were analyzed. Co-activation of the brachioradialis/triceps and biceps/triceps pairs was computed for each phase from surface electromyographic signals. Statistical analysis involved linear mixed effects models and Spearman rank correlations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the acceleration phase, there was strong co-activation in both muscle pairs in the children with CP, which increased with speed. Co-activation was weak in the TD children and it was not speed-dependent. During the deceleration phase, co-activation was strong and increased with speed in both groups; co-activation of brachioradialis/triceps was stronger in children with CP, and was negatively correlated with extension range and positively correlated with flexor spasticity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abnormal patterns of co-activation in children with CP were found throughout the entire movement. Co-activation was specific to the movement phase and to each flexor muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Co-activation in children with CP is both physiological and pathological.
authors.affiliation: Motion Analysis Laboratory, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Saint Jacques Hospital, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France; Laboratory of Medical Information Processing (LaTIM), INSERM UMR 1101, Brest, France. Electronic address: aurelie.sarcher@gmail.com.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarcher
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Engineering Chair Applied to Pediatrics (RECAP), Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, 5200 rue Bélanger Est, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raison
authors.affiliation: Motion Analysis Laboratory, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Saint Jacques Hospital, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France; College of Health and Social Care, University of Salford, Frederick Road Campus, Salford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leboeuf
authors.affiliation: Motion Analysis Laboratory, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Saint Jacques Hospital, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Perrouin-Verbe
authors.affiliation: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France; Laboratory of Medical Information Processing (LaTIM), INSERM UMR 1101, Brest, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brochard
authors.affiliation: Motion Analysis Laboratory, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Saint Jacques Hospital, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France; Laboratory of Medical Information Processing (LaTIM), INSERM UMR 1101, Brest, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gross
mesh_terms: D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002648:Child; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Antagonist muscle; Elbow extension; Muscle co-activation; Surface electromyography; Unilateral spastic cerebral palsy