title: Two Membrane-Anchored Aspartic Proteases Contribute to Pollen and Ovule Development.
abstract: Aspartic proteases are a class of proteolytic enzymes with conserved aspartate residues, which are implicated in protein processing, maturation, and degradation. Compared with yeast and animals, plants possess a larger aspartic protease family. However, little is known about most of these enzymes. Here, we characterized two Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) putative glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored aspartic protease genes, A36 and A39, which are highly expressed in pollen and pollen tubes. a36 and a36 a39 mutants display significantly reduced pollen activity. Transmission electron microscopy and terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling assays further revealed that the unviable pollen in a36 a39 may undergo unanticipated apoptosis-like programmed cell death. The degeneration of female gametes also occurred in a36 a39 Aniline Blue staining, scanning electron microscopy, and semi in vitro guidance assays indicated that the micropylar guidance of pollen tubes is significantly compromised in a36 a39 A36 and A39 that were fused with green fluorescent protein are localized to the plasma membrane and display punctate cytosolic localization and colocalize with the GPI-anchored protein COBRA-LIKE10. Furthermore, in a36 a39, the abundance of highly methylesterified homogalacturonans and xyloglucans was increased significantly in the apical pollen tube wall. These results indicate that A36 and A39, two putative GPI-anchored aspartic proteases, play important roles in plant reproduction in Arabidopsis.
authors.affiliation: Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijia Zhuang, Hebei 050024, People's Republic of China (H.G., Y.Z., W.W., K.Z., C.L., L.B., R.L., Y.G.); and.|Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijia Zhuang, Hebei 050024, People's Republic of China (H.G., Y.Z., W.W., K.Z., C.L., L.B., R.L., Y.G.).
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijia Zhuang, Hebei 050024, People's Republic of China (H.G., Y.Z., W.W., K.Z., C.L., L.B., R.L., Y.G.); and.|Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijia Zhuang, Hebei 050024, People's Republic of China (H.G., Y.Z., W.W., K.Z., C.L., L.B., R.L., Y.G.).
authors.forename: Yinghui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijia Zhuang, Hebei 050024, People's Republic of China (H.G., Y.Z., W.W., K.Z., C.L., L.B., R.L., Y.G.); and.|Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijia Zhuang, Hebei 050024, People's Republic of China (H.G., Y.Z., W.W., K.Z., C.L., L.B., R.L., Y.G.).
authors.forename: Wanlei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijia Zhuang, Hebei 050024, People's Republic of China (H.G., Y.Z., W.W., K.Z., C.L., L.B., R.L., Y.G.); and.|Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijia Zhuang, Hebei 050024, People's Republic of China (H.G., Y.Z., W.W., K.Z., C.L., L.B., R.L., Y.G.).
authors.forename: Keke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijia Zhuang, Hebei 050024, People's Republic of China (H.G., Y.Z., W.W., K.Z., C.L., L.B., R.L., Y.G.); and.|Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijia Zhuang, Hebei 050024, People's Republic of China (H.G., Y.Z., W.W., K.Z., C.L., L.B., R.L., Y.G.).
authors.forename: Chunmei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijia Zhuang, Hebei 050024, People's Republic of China (H.G., Y.Z., W.W., K.Z., C.L., L.B., R.L., Y.G.); and.|Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijia Zhuang, Hebei 050024, People's Republic of China (H.G., Y.Z., W.W., K.Z., C.L., L.B., R.L., Y.G.).
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijia Zhuang, Hebei 050024, People's Republic of China (H.G., Y.Z., W.W., K.Z., C.L., L.B., R.L., Y.G.); and ruili@mail.hebtu.edu.cn guoyi@mail.hebtu.edu.cn.|Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijia Zhuang, Hebei 050024, People's Republic of China (H.G., Y.Z., W.W., K.Z., C.L., L.B., R.L., Y.G.) ruili@mail.hebtu.edu.cn guoyi@mail.hebtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijia Zhuang, Hebei 050024, People's Republic of China (H.G., Y.Z., W.W., K.Z., C.L., L.B., R.L., Y.G.); and ruili@mail.hebtu.edu.cn guoyi@mail.hebtu.edu.cn.|Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Shijia Zhuang, Hebei 050024, People's Republic of China (H.G., Y.Z., W.W., K.Z., C.L., L.B., R.L., Y.G.) ruili@mail.hebtu.edu.cn guoyi@mail.hebtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3119-7646
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D057055:Aspartic Acid Proteases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000201:enzymology*; D020090:Chromosome Segregation; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D018525:Germination; D005936:Glucans / Q000378:metabolism; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D056771:Ovule / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D010368:Pectins / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D011058:Pollen / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053205:Pollen Tube / Q000254:growth & development; D054817:Pollination; D059748:Proteolysis; D012639:Seeds / Q000378:metabolism; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000201:enzymology; D014990:Xylans / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D005936:Glucans; D014990:Xylans; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; C029353:xyloglucan; D010368:Pectins; D057055:Aspartic Acid Proteases; C003181:polygalacturonic acid