title: A feasability study of color flow doppler vectorization for automated blood flow monitoring.
abstract: An ongoing issue in vascular medicine is the measure of the blood flow. Catheterization remains the gold standard measurement method, although non-invasive techniques are an area of intense research. We hereby present a computational method for real-time measurement of the blood flow from color flow Doppler data, with a focus on simplicity and monitoring instead of diagnostics. We then analyze the performance of a proof-of-principle software implementation. We imagined a geometrical model geared towards blood flow computation from a color flow Doppler signal, and we developed a software implementation requiring only a standard diagnostic ultrasound device. Detection performance was evaluated by computing flow and its determinants (flow speed, vessel area, and ultrasound beam angle of incidence) on purposely designed synthetic and phantom-based arterial flow simulations. Flow was appropriately detected in all cases. Errors on synthetic images ranged from nonexistent to substantial depending on experimental conditions. Mean errors on measurements from our phantom flow simulation ranged from 1.2 to 40.2% for angle estimation, and from 3.2 to 25.3% for real-time flow estimation. This study is a proof of concept showing that accurate measurement can be done from automated color flow Doppler signal extraction, providing the industry the opportunity for further optimization using raw ultrasound data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospital, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland. raoul.schorer@hcuge.ch.
authors.forename: R
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7848-7021
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schorer
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Imaging Group, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Badoual
authors.affiliation: Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bastide
authors.affiliation: Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vandebrouck
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospital, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Licker
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Imaging Group, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sage
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D001330:Electronic Data Processing; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012984:Software; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: Automation; Computing; Doppler; Monitoring; Ultrasound