title: Genetic trail for the early migrations of Aisin Gioro, the imperial house of the Qing dynasty.
abstract: The House of Aisin Gioro, the imperial clan of Qing dynasty (1644-1911), affected the history of China and the formation of Manchu ethnicity greatly. However, owing to the lack of historical records and archeological evidences, the origin of the House of Aisin Gioro remains ambiguous. To clarify the origin of Aisin Gioro clan, we conducted whole Y-chromosome sequencing on three samples and Y-single-nucleotide polymorphism (Y-SNP) genotyping on other four samples beside those reported in previous work. We confirmed that the paternal lineage of the Aisin Gioro clan belongs to haplogroup C3b1a3a2-F8951, a brother branch of C3*-Star Cluster (currently named as C3b1a3a1-F3796, once linked to Genghis Khan), which is quite different from the predominant lineage C3c-M48 in other Tungusic-speaking populations. We also determined a series of unique Y-SNP markers for the Aisin Gioro clan. Diversity analyses of haplogroup C3b1a3a2-F8951 revealed the early migration of the ancestors of the Aisin Gioro clan from the middle reaches of Amur River to their later settlement in southeastern Manchuria. Hence, our results suggest that the Aisin Gioro clan may be descendants of ancient populations in Transbaikal region and closely related to origin of current Daur populations. Our research indicated that detailed research of stemma and deep sequencing of Y chromosomes are helpful to explore the prehistoric activities of populations lacking historical records and archeological evidences.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai Society of Anthropology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lan-Hai
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3119-7400
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai Society of Anthropology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Shi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8304-8445
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai Society of Anthropology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai Society of Anthropology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yun-Zhi
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai Society of Anthropology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Da-Li
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai Society of Anthropology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Shi-Lin
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai Society of Anthropology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.|Shanghai Society of Anthropology, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000737:chemistry; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics*; D005789:Genealogy and Heraldry; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006239:Haplotypes; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D063426:Human Migration; D006801:Humans; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D000072740:Paternal Inheritance; D010802:Phylogeny; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide