title: Neuropsychiatric Predictors of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson Disease: A Longitudinal Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between anxiety, depression, apathy, and cognitive decline in Parkinson disease (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal study design to assess whether specific neuropsychiatric, demographic, and clinical features predict future cognitive decline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Veterans Affairs San Diego Medical Center and the University of California, San Diego.
  
  
  METHODS
  PD patients (N = 68) and healthy controls (N = 30).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were administered self-report measures of depression (Geriatric Depression Scale), anxiety (State Trait Anxiety Scale), and apathy (Apathy Scale), and a comprehensive neuropsychological battery assessing attention, language, visuospatial function, verbal and visual learning and memory, and executive function. Participants were tested at baseline and after an approximate 2-year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anxiety and depression at baseline were the strongest predictors of longitudinal decline on measures of verbal and visual learning, over and above other clinical and demographic characteristics. However, baseline neuropsychiatric symptoms did not significantly correlate with decline in other cognitive domains. No significant correlations were detected between neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognition in the healthy control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that anxiety and depression in PD may be risk factors for subsequent declines in learning. Emerging evidence suggests nonmotor symptoms are critical determinants of PD prognosis, and the results of this study highlight the importance of assessment of depression and anxiety early in PD.
authors.affiliation: Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pirogovsky-Turk
authors.affiliation: Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Raeanne C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA; Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: J Vincent
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Filoteo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Litvan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA; Neurology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA; Neurology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Lessig
authors.affiliation: Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA. Electronic address: dschiehser@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Schiehser
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis*; D057565:Apathy; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011379:Prognosis
keywords: Neuropsychiatric symptoms; Parkinson disease; cognitive decline; longitudinal study