title: Antinociceptive activity and mechanism of action of hydroalcoholic extract and dichloromethane fraction of Amphilophium crucigerum seeds in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The medicinal plant generally known as monkey's comb (Amphilophium crucigerum) has been popularly described for the treatment of neuropathic and inflammatory pain, specially seeds preparations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of the crude extract (Crd) and dichloromethane fraction (Dcm) of A. crucigerum seeds, and investigate the involvement of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor in this effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Swiss mice were used in this study. The effects of Crd and Dcm was tested on capsaicin-induced Ca2+influx or the specific binding of [3H]-resiniferatoxin. Moreover, after treatment with Crd or Dcm, animals were exposed to acute pain (hot water tail-flick and capsaicin intraplantar test) or chronic pain models (injection of complete Freund's adjuvant or partial ligation of the sciatic nerve). Acute adverse effects were also noted: locomotor activity, corporal temperature, hepatic or renal damage, gastrointestinal transit alteration, and ulcerogenic activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The oral administration of Crd or Dcm resulted in an antinociceptive effect in the hot water tail-flick (48°C) and capsaicin intraplantar tests. Furthermore, these preparations exhibited antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in a chronic inflammatory pain model, and antinociceptive effects in a neuropathic pain model. Moreover, Crd and Dcm reduced capsaicin-induced Ca2+influx and diminished the [3H]-resiniferatoxin specific binding to spinal cord membranes. Acute adverse events were not found with Crd or Dcm administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, our results support the analgesic effect of A. crucigerum and suggest the presence of compounds that may act as TRPV1 antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (Unesc), 88006-000 Criciúma (SC), Brazil. Electronic address: samiradaltoe5@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Samira Dal Toé
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: De Prá
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (Unesc), 88006-000 Criciúma (SC), Brazil. Electronic address: ronsaniferropaula@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Paula Ronsani
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Ferro
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (Unesc), 88006-000 Criciúma (SC), Brazil. Electronic address: alessandramilioli@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Alessandra Marcon
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Milioli
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (Unesc), 88006-000 Criciúma (SC), Brazil. Electronic address: flakrigo@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Flávia Karine
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Rigo
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (Unesc), 88006-000 Criciúma (SC), Brazil. Electronic address: scotlandia1@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Orlando Justo
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Chipindo
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria (RS), Brazil. Electronic address: miladp@zipmail.com.br.
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Camponogara
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP - Ribeirão Preto), 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria (RS), Brazil. Electronic address: rocasoti@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rosana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casoti
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria (RS), Brazil. Electronic address: melpm10@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Melânia Palermo
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Manfron
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria (RS), Brazil. Electronic address: saramarchesan@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Sara Marchesan
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), 88049-900 Florianópolis (RS), Brazil. Electronic address: ferreija99@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Juliano
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (Unesc), 88006-000 Criciúma (SC), Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria (RS), Brazil. Electronic address: gabitrev@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trevisan
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D029402:Bignoniaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D001667:Binding, Competitive; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000494:pharmacology; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D008752:Methylene Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D059225:Nociception / Q000187:drug effects*; D059226:Nociceptive Pain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011485:Protein Binding; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D013574:Synaptosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D004224:Diterpenes; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; C493921:TRPV1 protein, mouse; D000431:Ethanol; D008752:Methylene Chloride; C024353:resiniferatoxin; D002211:Capsaicin
keywords: Capsaicin; Inflammation; Neuropathy; Pain; TRPV1; [(3)H]-RTX