title: Indocyanine green-enhanced fluorescence for assessing parathyroid perfusion during thyroidectomy.
abstract: Identification of the parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery may prevent their inadvertent surgical removal and thus provide a better postoperative quality of life. Nevertheless, the most common "technique" for intraoperative evaluation of perfusion of parathyroid gland tissues during thyroid surgery is visual inspection of the physical condition of tissues, e.g., their color and bleeding edges. Another technique is measurement of intact parathyroid hormone. Recently, indocyanine green-enhanced fluorescence has been used in various surgical techniques, particularly laparoscopic surgery, to improve visualization and to provide detailed anatomical information. Fluorescent optical guidance helps surgeons to avoid inadvertent tissue injury while enhancing procedural efficiency. This technique has potential use for evaluating perfusion of the parathyroid gland in real-time intraoperative angiography.
authors.affiliation: 1st Division of General Surgery, Research Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences and Human Morphology, University of Insubria (Varese-Como), via Guicciardini 9, 21100 Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lavazza
authors.affiliation: Division of Thyroid Surgery, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chewei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Police General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Siam University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Angkoon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anuwong
authors.affiliation: KUMC Thyroid Center Korea University, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hoon Yub
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
authors.forename: Renbin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Division of Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Randolph
authors.affiliation: 1st Division of General Surgery, Research Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences and Human Morphology, University of Insubria (Varese-Como), via Guicciardini 9, 21100 Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Inversini
authors.affiliation: 1st Division of General Surgery, Research Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences and Human Morphology, University of Insubria (Varese-Como), via Guicciardini 9, 21100 Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boni
authors.affiliation: 1st Division of General Surgery, Research Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences and Human Morphology, University of Insubria (Varese-Como), via Guicciardini 9, 21100 Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rausei
authors.affiliation: 1st Division of General Surgery, Research Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences and Human Morphology, University of Insubria (Varese-Como), via Guicciardini 9, 21100 Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Frattini
authors.affiliation: 1st Division of General Surgery, Research Center for Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences and Human Morphology, University of Insubria (Varese-Como), via Guicciardini 9, 21100 Varese, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianlorenzo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dionigi
keywords: Indocyanine green (ICG); fluorescence; hypocalcemia; parathyroid; thyroidectomy