title: A review of American pharmacy: education, training, technology, and practice.
abstract: In the United States, pharmacists are responsible for the provision of safe, effective, efficient, and accountable medication related-care for hospital and health-system patients. Leveraging automated technologies, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacist extenders are the means through which efficient, effective, and safe medication use processes are created and maintained. These strategies limit the amount of pharmacist resources needed for nonjudgmental tasks such as medication distribution, allowing more capacity for advanced direct patient care roles. Pharmacists are directly integrated into interprofessional medical teams. Pharmacists optimize patient outcomes through a variety of channels, including: providing recommendations for evidence-based medication selection on patient care rounds; offering drug information to other health care providers and patients; monitoring therapeutic responses; and reconciling medications as patients transition across the continuum of care. Achieving the highest level of pharmacy practice necessitates that United States pharmacists are soundly educated and trained. Pharmacist education, training, and professional practice models closely mirror those of physicians. Many health-systems also pursue credentialing and privileging of pharmacists to ensure competency and facilitate growth and development. Advanced training, along with credentialing, privileging, and collaborative practice agreements have positioned pharmacists to serve as stewards of the medication use system, champions of patient safety, and essential contributors to optimal patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
authors.forename: Scott J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Knoer
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic Main Campus, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA.
authors.forename: Allison R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Eck
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Neonatology, Olathe Medical Center, 20333 West 151st Street, Olathe, KS 66062 USA.
authors.forename: Amber J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lucas
keywords: Pharmacist education; Pharmacist training; Pharmacy enterprise; Practice model; Professional practice; Technology