title: Prisoners co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV: a systematic review.
abstract: Almost from the beginning of the HIV epidemic in 1981, an association with tuberculosis (TB) was recognized. This association between HIV and TB co-infection has been particularly evident amongst prisoners. However, despite this, few studies of TB in prisons have stratified results by HIV status. Given the high prevalence of HIV-positive persons and TB-infected persons in prisons and the documented risk of TB in those infected with HIV, it is of interest to determine how co-infection varies amongst prison populations worldwide. For this reason we have undertaken a systematic review of studies of co-infected prisoners to determine the incidence and/or prevalence of HIV/TB co-infection in prisons, as well as outcomes in this group, measured as treatment success or death.
  
  
  
  A literature search was undertaken using the online databases PubMed, Embase, IBSS, Scopus, Web of Science, Global Health and CINAHL Plus. No restrictions were set on language or publication date for article retrieval, with articles included if indexed up to 18 October 2015. A total of 1975 non-duplicate papers were identified. For treatment and outcome data all eligible papers were appraised for inclusion; for incidence/prevalence estimates papers published prior to 2000 were excluded from full text review. After full text appraisal, 46 papers were selected for inclusion in the review, 41 for incidence/prevalence estimates and nine for outcomes data, with four papers providing evidence for both outcomes and prevalence/incidence.
  
  
  
  Very few studies estimated the incidence of TB in HIV positive prisoners, with most simply reporting prevalence of co-infection. Co-infection is rarely explicitly measured, with studies simply reporting HIV status in prisoners with TB, or a cross-sectional survey of TB prevalence amongst prisoners with HIV. Estimates of co-infection prevalence ranged from 2.4 to 73.1% and relative risks for one, given the other, ranged from 2.0 to 10.75, although some studies reported no significant association between HIV and TB. Few studies provided a comparison with the risk of co-infection in the general population.
  
  
  
  Prisoners infected with HIV are at high risk of developing TB. However, the magnitude of risk varies between different prisons and countries. There is little evidence on treatment outcomes in co-infected prisoners, and the existing evidence is conflicting in regards to HIV status influence on prisoner treatment outcomes.PROSPERO Number: CRD42016034068.
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England; chantal.edge@lshtm.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Chantal L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Edge
authors.affiliation: Brighton and Hove City Council, Brighton and Hove, England.
authors.forename: Emma J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Program of International Research and Training, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dolan
authors.affiliation: ECOHOST, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McKee
mesh_terms: D060085:Coinfection / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D011329:Prisoners; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: HIV; TB; co-infection; incidence; outcomes; prevalence; prisoners; tuberculosis