title: The flicker fusion frequency of budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) revisited.
abstract: While color vision and spatial resolution have been studied in many bird species, less is known about the temporal aspects of bird vision. High temporal resolution has been described in three species of passerines but it is unknown whether this is specific to passerines, to small actively flying birds, to insectivores or to birds living in bright habitats. Temporal resolution of vision is commonly tested by determining the flicker fusion frequency (FFF), at which the eye can no longer distinguish a flickering light from a constant light of equal intensity at different luminances. Using a food reward, we trained the birds to discriminate a constant light from a flickering light, at four different luminances between 750 and 7500 cd/m2. The highest FFF found in one bird at 3500 cd/m2was 93 Hz. Three birds had higher FFF (82 Hz) at 7500 cd/m2than at 3500 cd/m2. Six human subjects had lower FFF than the birds at 1500 but similar FFF at 750 cd/m2. These results indicate that high temporal resolution is not a common trait for all small and active birds living in bright light habitats. Whether it is typical for passerines or for insectivorous birds remains to be tested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jannika E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Boström
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Nicola K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Haller
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dimitrova
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ödeen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362, Lund, Sweden. almut.kelber@biol.lu.se.
authors.forename: Almut
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3937-2808
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kelber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D046408:Melopsittacus / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011601:Psychophysics; D012201:Reward; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Avian vision; Flicker fusion frequency; Psittaciformes; Temporal resolution; Visual ecology