title: Which factors are associated with difficult surgical extraction of impacted lower third molars?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate factors associated with increased difficulty in the surgical extraction of impacted lower third molars and to improve identification of difficult cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 680 patients who required 762 surgical extractions of impacted lower third molars from 2009 to 2014 were enrolled in the study. Demographic factors, clinical factors, radiographic factors, surgical extraction difficulty, and presumed causes of difficulty were collected. Data were statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 23.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age, sex, depth of impaction, and blurred radiographic image influenced difficulty in surgical extraction. The position of the impacted tooth influenced surgical difficulty, especially when it was accompanied by other factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is challenging to design a reliable and practical instrument to predict difficulty in surgical extraction of impacted lower third molars. To identify very difficult cases, root investigation using computed tomography is advised when impacted tooth position suggests difficult extraction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyeong-Lok
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1283-5665
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Park
keywords: Difficulty; Impaction; Mandible; Third molar; Tooth extraction