title: Toxicity of individual pharmaceuticals and their mixtures to Aliivibrio fischeri: Evidence of toxicological interactions in binary combinations.
abstract: The combined toxicities of binary mixtures of veterinary pharmaceutical active compounds were examined using the bioluminescent bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri as a test organism (Microtox® test). Mixtures were prepared at an equitoxic ratio that corresponded to the inhibitory concentration, 10% (IC10) of individual pharmaceutical active compounds. In addition, the toxicity was determined of a multicomponent mixture that contained all of the investigated pharmaceutical active compounds mixed at a ratio corresponding to their individual predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) values. The experimental results were successively compared with those obtained by applying the 2 most widely used models for predicting mixture toxicity, the concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models. Although the toxicity of the multicomponent mixture tested was well predicted by the CA and IA models, deviations from the model predictions were found for almost all of the binary mixtures. The deviations from the CA and IA models were greater at lower concentrations, particularly when diclofenac sodium and amoxicillin were present in the mixture. Based on these results, another hypothesis was tested, that of toxicological interactions occurring in binary mixtures (in the direction of synergistic or antagonistic effects), by applying the combination index method, which allowed for computerized quantification of synergism, the additive effect and antagonism. The application of this method confirmed, for at least half of the binary combinations, the clear presence of synergistic deviations at the lowest tested concentrations, with a tendency toward antagonism at the higher ones. In 1 case, a relevant antagonistic interaction was observed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:815-822. © 2016 SETAC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Nica
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Villa
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Finizio
mesh_terms: D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D019155:Veterinary Drugs; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Aliivibrio fischeri; Combination index; Mixture toxicity; Synergism; Veterinary pharmaceuticals