title: Acute and chronic effects of aquatic treadmill training on land treadmill running kinematics: A cross-over and single-subject design approach.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine if selected kinematic measures (foot strike index [SI], knee contact angle and overstride angle) were different between aquatic treadmill (ATM) and land treadmill (LTM) running, and to determine if these measures were altered during LTM running as a result of 6 weeks of ATM training. Acute effects were tested using 15 competitive distance runners who completed 1 session of running on each treadmill type at 5 different running speeds. Subsequently, three recreational runners completed 6 weeks of ATM training following a single-subject baseline, intervention and withdrawal experiment. Kinematic measures were quantified from digitisation of video. Regardless of speed, SI values during ATM running (61.3 ± 17%) were significantly greater (P = 0.002) than LTM running (42.7 ± 23%). Training on the ATM did not change (pre/post) the SI (26 ± 3.2/27 ± 3.1), knee contact angle (165 ± 0.3/164 ± 0.8) or overstride angle (89 ± 0.4/89 ± 0.1) during LTM running. Although SI values were different between acute ATM and LTM running, 6 weeks of ATM training did not appear to alter LTM running kinematics as evidenced by no change in kinematic values from baseline to post intervention assessments.
authors.affiliation: a Biomechanics Laboratory , Utah State University , Logan , UT , USA.|b Sport Performance Research Institute , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand.|c John Worley Sports Medicine Research Center , Utah State University , Logan , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Eadric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bressel
authors.affiliation: a Biomechanics Laboratory , Utah State University , Logan , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Talin J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Louder
authors.affiliation: a Biomechanics Laboratory , Utah State University , Logan , UT , USA.
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hoover
authors.affiliation: a Biomechanics Laboratory , Utah State University , Logan , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Luke C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: c John Worley Sports Medicine Research Center , Utah State University , Logan , UT , USA.
authors.forename: Dennis G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Dolny
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064797:Physical Conditioning, Human / Q000379:methods*; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000379:methods*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D014867:Water; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Chronic injuries; aquatic exercise; biomechanics; foot strike patterns