title: Control of the Termination Mechanism in Radical Polymerization by Viscosity: Selective Disproportionation in Viscous Media.
abstract: The termination mechanism of radical polymerization, that is, disproportionation (Disp) versus combination (Comb), determines the chain length and end-group structure of the resulting polymer as well as polymer properties, and yet factors governing the mechanism are still unclear. Furthermore, no attempts have been made to control the mechanism. Here, the effects of temperature and viscosity on the termination of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (St) polymerization were elucidated by using small molecular model-radicals and the corresponding polymer radicals in various solvents. The results showed that Disp was preferred over Comb if the temperature was decreased and the viscosity of the media was increased for all the radicals examined. Although the temperature effect on the Disp/Comb selectivity is counterintuitive because Disp should be favored entropically over Comb considering the decrease in the number of polymer chains in Comb, the results clearly showed that the observed inverse temperature effect was a result of the viscosity effect. Disp was favored over Comb at lower temperatures and in more viscous solvents because the transition state leading to Disp is more flexible than that for Comb. Because of the significant viscosity effect, Disp selectively occurred in highly viscous solvents; the Disp/Comb selectivity was 97/3 in both MMA and St termination. For the first time, the termination mechanism was intentionally controlled and such a high Disp selectivity was observed. In particular, the termination mechanism in St is described as Comb in textbooks, but nearly complete inversion of the selectivity from Comb to Disp is realized by simply changing the viscosity of the media.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Tasuku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan.
authors.forename: Sayaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hatano
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan.
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.affiliation: Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamago
keywords: combination; disproportionation; radical polymerization; reaction mechanism; termination