title: Danish Nationwide Data Reveal a Link between Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic Retinopathy, and Glaucoma.
abstract: Aims. To determine the association between treatment against diabetes mellitus (DM) and treatment with antiglaucomatous drugs in the entire Danish population and to investigate the comorbidity between DM and its complications with antiglaucomatous treatment.Methods. Retrospective nationwide cohort study with data over a 16-year follow-up period. The National Danish Registry of Medicinal Products Statistics was used to identify all claimed prescriptions for antiglaucomatous medication and DM drugs. ICD-10 classifications were furthermore used to identify comorbidities between antiglaucomatous medication and the DM complications, diabetic retinopathy (DR), and nephropathy.Results. A total of 6,343,747 individuals in the period between 1996 and 2012 were analyzed. The overall incidence rate of new-onset glaucoma patients was 0.07 per 1000 person-years for the reference population compared to 36 per 1000 person-years for all diagnosed DM cases. Patients treated with DM drugs had about two times higher relative risk of glaucoma, when adjusting for a range of factors. The presence of DR alone or in combination with nephropathy increased the risk of glaucoma.Conclusions. The present study reports a strong association between DM and onset of glaucoma treatment in the entire Danish population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5767-4653
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horwitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 10, Szeged 6720, Hungary; Akershus University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Campus Ahus, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway.
authors.forename: Beáta Éva
authors.initials: BÉ
authors.lastname: Petrovski
authors.affiliation: Aalborg University Hospital, Department of Health, Science and Technology, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Torp-Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Zealand University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Vestermarksvej 23, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8697-0734
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolko
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010277:Parasympathomimetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011465:Prostaglandins, Synthetic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D058647:Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Agonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002257:Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D010277:Parasympathomimetics; D011465:Prostaglandins, Synthetic