title: Membrane filtration immobilization technique-a simple and novel method for primary isolation and enrichment of bacteriophages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a method for the isolation and enrichment of bacteriophages selectively against specific bacteria coupled with a membrane filtration technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rapid isolation and concentration of host-specific bacteriophages was achieved by exposure of the sample suspected to contain bacteriophages to a specific host immobilized on a 0·45 μm membrane in a membrane filtration unit. The principle behind this method is the exploitation of host-specific interaction of bacteriophages with their host and maximizing this interaction using a classic membrane filtration method. This provides a chance for each bacteriophage in the sample to interact with the specific host on the membrane filter fitted with a vacuum pump. Specific bacteriophages of the host are retained on the membrane along with its host cells due to the effect of adsorption and these adsorbed bacteriophages (along with their hosts) on the filter disc are then amplified and enriched in regular nutritive broth tryptose soya broth by incubation. With the help of the plaque assay method, host-specific phages of various bacterial species were isolated, segregated and enriched.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The phage concentration method coupled with membrane filtration immobilization of host bacteria was able to isolate and enrich the host-specific bacteriophages by several fold using a lower quantity of an environmental water sample, or other phage suspensions. Enrichment of phages from single plaques was also achieved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The isolation and detection of host-specific bacteriophages from a low density bacteriophage water sample in a single step by the use of a simple and basic microbiological technique can be achieved. Enrichment of phages from low phage titre suspensions is also achieved very effectively.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Virology Cell, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR NEERI), Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Ghugare
authors.affiliation: Environmental Virology Cell, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR NEERI), Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: Environmental Virology Cell, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR NEERI), Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nimkande
authors.affiliation: Environmental Virology Cell, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR NEERI), Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sarode
authors.affiliation: Environmental Virology Cell, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR NEERI), Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rangari
authors.affiliation: Environmental Virology Cell, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR NEERI), Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khairnar
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000821:virology*; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005374:Filtration; D058507:Host Specificity; D007194:India; D014773:Virology / Q000379:methods*; D014871:Water Microbiology
keywords: bacteriophages; biocontrol; environmental health; membrane; rapid methods