title: Characterizing the variability of benthic foraminifera in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico following the Deepwater Horizon event (2010-2012).
abstract: Following the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) event in 2010 subsurface hydrocarbon intrusions (1000-1300 m) and an order of magnitude increase in flocculent hydrocarbon deposition caused increased concentrations of hydrocarbons in continental slope sediments. This study sought to characterize the variability [density, Fisher's alpha (S), equitability (E), Shannon (H)] of benthic foraminifera following the DWH event. A series of sediment cores were collected at two sites in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico from 2010 to 2012. At each site, three cores were utilized for benthic faunal analysis, organic geochemistry, and redox metal chemistry, respectively. The surface intervals (∼0-10 mm) of the sedimentary records collected in December 2010 at DSH08 and February 2011 at PCB06 were characterized by significant decreases in foraminiferal density, S, E, and H, relative to the down-core intervals as well as previous surveys. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) analysis suggested that a 3-fold increase in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration in the surface interval, relative to the down-core interval, was the environmental driver of benthic foraminiferal variability. These records suggested that the benthic foraminiferal recovery time, following an event such as the DWH, was on the order of 1-2 years.
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 830 1st St. SE, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA. pschwing@mail.usf.edu.
authors.forename: P T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Schwing
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 830 1st St. SE, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA.
authors.forename: B J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 830 1st St. SE, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA.
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: Florida A&M University, School of the Environment, 1515 S. Martin L. King Blvd, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martínez-Colón
authors.affiliation: Eckerd College, 4200 54th Ave. S, St. Petersburg, FL, 33711, USA.
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hastings
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 830 1st St. SE, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Glabach
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 830 1st St. SE, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hladky
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 830 1st St. SE, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 830 1st St. SE, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hollander
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D004777:Environment; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D056908:Foraminifera; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D060851:Gulf of America; D006838:Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D008800:Mexico; D059392:Petroleum Pollution; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D006838:Hydrocarbons; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Benthic; Deepwater Horizon; Ecology; Foraminifera; Gulf of Mexico; Petroleum