title: Antibiotics degradation in soil: A case of clindamycin, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole and their transformation products.
abstract: Twelve different soil types that represent the soil compartments of the Czech Republic were fortified with three antibiotics (clindamycin (CLI), sulfamethoxazole (SUL), and trimethoprim (TRI)) to investigate their fate. Five metabolites (clindamycin sulfoxide (CSO), hydroxy clindamycin sulfoxide (HCSO), S-(SDC) and N-demethyl clindamycin (NDC), N4-acetyl sulfamethoxazole (N4AS), and hydroxy trimethoprim (HTR)) were detected and identified using HPLC/HRMS and HRPS in the soil matrix in this study. The identities of CSO and N4AS were confirmed using commercially available reference standards. The parent compounds degraded in all soils. Almost all of the metabolites have been shown to be persistent in soils, with the exception of N4AS, which was formed and degraded completely within 23 days of exposure. The rate of degradation mainly depended on the soil properties. The PCA results showed a high dependence between the soil type and behaviour of the pharmaceutical metabolites. The mentioned metabolites can be formed in soils, and the most persistent ones may be transported to the ground water and environmental water bodies. Because no information on the effects of those metabolites on living organism are available, more studies should be performed in the future to predict the risk to the environment.
authors.affiliation: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czechia. Electronic address: okoba@frov.jcu.cz.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Koba
authors.affiliation: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czechia.
authors.forename: Oksana
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Golovko
authors.affiliation: Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague 6, Czechia.
authors.forename: Radka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kodešová
authors.affiliation: Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, 16521 Prague 6, Czechia.
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fér
authors.affiliation: University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czechia.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grabic
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002981:Clindamycin / Q000032:analysis*; D018153:Czech Republic; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000032:analysis*; D014295:Trimethoprim / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002981:Clindamycin; D014295:Trimethoprim; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole
keywords: Kinetic; Liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry; Metabolites; Pharmaceuticals; Soil compartment