title: Subjective anger and overt aggression in psychiatric outpatients.
abstract: The attention given to anger and aggression in psychiatric patients pales in comparison to the attention given to depression and anxiety. Most studies have focused on a limited number of psychiatric disorders, and results have been inconsistent. The present report from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project sought to replicate and extend prior findings examining which psychiatric disorders and demographic characteristics were independently associated with elevated levels of anger and aggression.
  
  
  
  3800 individuals presenting to the Rhode Island Hospital Department of Psychiatry outpatient practice underwent a semi-structured interview to determine current Axis I (N=3800) and Axis II (N=2151) pathology. Severity of subjective anger and overt aggression within the past week were also assessed for each patient, and odds ratios were determined for each disorder. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine which diagnoses independently contributed to increased levels of anger and aggression.
  
  
  
  Almost half of the sample reported moderate-to-severe levels of current subjective anger, and more than 20% endorsed moderate-to-severe levels of current overt aggression. The frequency of anger was similar to the frequencies of depressed mood and psychic anxiety. Anger and aggression were elevated across all diagnoses except adjustment disorder. Anger and aggression were most elevated in patients with major depressive disorder, panic disorder with agoraphobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, and cluster B personality disorders.
  
  
  
  Anger is as common as depressed mood and psychic anxiety amongst psychiatric outpatients, and problems with anger cut across diagnostic categories. Given the high prevalence of problems with anger in psychiatric patients, more research should be directed towards its effective treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI.
authors.forename: Kristy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dalrymple
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI.
authors.forename: Iwona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chelminski
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI. Electronic address: mzimmerman@lifespan.org.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D000786:Anger; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010045:Outpatients / Q000523:psychology; D012237:Rhode Island / Q000453:epidemiology