title: Altered time course of amygdala activation during speech anticipation in social anxiety disorder.
abstract: Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC).
  
  
  
  Participants (SAD n=58; HC n=16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task. Repeated measures multi-level modeling analyses were used to examine group differences in time course activity during speech vs. control anticipation for regions of interest, including bilateral amygdala, insula, ventral striatum, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex.
  
  
  
  The time course of amygdala activity was more prolonged and less variable throughout speech anticipation in SAD participants compared to HCs, whereas the overall magnitude of amygdala response did not differ between groups. Magnitude and time course of activity was largely similar between groups across other regions of interest.
  
  
  
  Analyses were restricted to regions of interest and task order was the same across participants due to the nature of deception instructions.
  
  
  
  Sustained amygdala time course during anticipation may uniquely reflect heightened detection of threat or deficits in emotion regulation in socially anxious individuals. Findings highlight the importance of examining temporal dynamics of amygdala responding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Carolyn D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jared B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Torre
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Defense Group Inc, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Burklund
authors.affiliation: Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, University of California, Davis, USA.
authors.forename: Philippe R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Goldin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Lily A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Niles
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lieberman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. Electronic address: craske@psych.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Michelle G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Craske
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000503:physiopathology*; D059031:Anticipation, Psychological; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D000072861:Phobia, Social / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D013060:Speech; D066328:Ventral Striatum / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Amygdala; Anticipation; Public speaking; Social anxiety disorder; fMRI