title: Paradoxical dissociation between heart rate and heart rate variability following different modalities of exercise in individuals with metabolic syndrome: The RESOLVE study.
abstract: Aims To analyse the effects of different modalities of exercise training on heart rate variability (HRV) in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods and results Eighty MetS participants (aged 50-70 years) were housed and managed in an inpatient medical centre for 21 days, including weekends. Physical activity and food intake/diet were intensively monitored. Participants were randomly assigned into three training groups, differing only by intensity of exercise: moderate-endurance-moderate-resistance ( re), high-resistance-moderate-endurance ( Re), and moderate-resistance-high-endurance ( rE). HRV was recorded before and after the intervention by 24-hour Holter electrocardiogram. Although mean 24-hour heart rate decreased more in Re than re (-11.6 ± 1.6 vs. -4.8 ± 2.1%; P = 0.010), low frequency/high frequency decreased more in re than Re (-20.4 ± 5.5% vs. + 20.4 ± 9.1%; P = 0.002) and rE (-20.4 ± 5.5% vs. -0.3 ± 11.1%; P = 0.003). Very low frequency increased more in Re than re (+121.2 ± 35.7 vs. 42.9 ± 11.3%; P = 0.004). For all HRV parameters, rE ranged between re and Re values. Low frequency/high frequency changes were linked with visceral fat loss only in re (coefficient 5.9, 95% CI 1.9-10.0; P = 0.004). By day 21, HRV parameters of MetS groups (heart rate -8.6 ± 1.0%, standard deviation of R-R intervals + 34.0 ± 6.6%, total power + 63.3 ± 11.1%; P < 0.001) became closer to values of 50 aged-matched healthy controls. Conclusions A 3-week residential programme with intensive volumes of physical activity (15-20 hours per week) enhanced HRV in individuals with MetS. Participants with moderate intensity of training had greater improvements in sympathovagal balance, whereas those with high intensity in resistance training had greater decreases in heart rate and greater increases in very low frequency. Modality-specific relationships were observed between enhanced HRV and visceral fat loss. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00917917.
authors.affiliation: 1 University Clermont Auvergne, Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological conditions (AME2P, EA3533), France.|2 University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand (CHU), Preventive and Occupational Medicine, France.
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boudet
authors.affiliation: 3 University of Avignon, LaPEC EA4278, France.
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.affiliation: 1 University Clermont Auvergne, Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological conditions (AME2P, EA3533), France.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Courteix
authors.affiliation: 3 University of Avignon, LaPEC EA4278, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Obert
authors.affiliation: 1 University Clermont Auvergne, Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological conditions (AME2P, EA3533), France.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lesourd
authors.affiliation: 4 University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand (CHU), Clinical Research and Innovation Direction, France.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: 1 University Clermont Auvergne, Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological conditions (AME2P, EA3533), France.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chapier
authors.affiliation: 3 University of Avignon, LaPEC EA4278, France.
authors.forename: Agnès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vinet
authors.affiliation: 2 University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand (CHU), Preventive and Occupational Medicine, France.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chamoux
authors.affiliation: 5 Australian Catholic University, School of Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, Australia.
authors.forename: Geraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Naughton
authors.affiliation: 6 Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Canada.|7 Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poirier
authors.affiliation: 1 University Clermont Auvergne, Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological conditions (AME2P, EA3533), France.|2 University Hospital of Clermont Ferrand (CHU), Preventive and Occupational Medicine, France.|5 Australian Catholic University, School of Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, Australia.|8 CNRS, UMR 6024, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, University Clermont Auvergne, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dutheil
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength; D020127:Recovery of Function; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Heart rate variability; cardiovascular risk; diet; obesity; physical activity; resistance; very low frequency