title: An open access database for the evaluation of heart sound algorithms.
abstract: In the past few decades, analysis of heart sound signals (i.e. the phonocardiogram or PCG), especially for automated heart sound segmentation and classification, has been widely studied and has been reported to have the potential value to detect pathology accurately in clinical applications. However, comparative analyses of algorithms in the literature have been hindered by the lack of high-quality, rigorously validated, and standardized open databases of heart sound recordings. This paper describes a public heart sound database, assembled for an international competition, the PhysioNet/Computing in Cardiology (CinC) Challenge 2016. The archive comprises nine different heart sound databases sourced from multiple research groups around the world. It includes 2435 heart sound recordings in total collected from 1297 healthy subjects and patients with a variety of conditions, including heart valve disease and coronary artery disease. The recordings were collected from a variety of clinical or nonclinical (such as in-home visits) environments and equipment. The length of recording varied from several seconds to several minutes. This article reports detailed information about the subjects/patients including demographics (number, age, gender), recordings (number, location, state and time length), associated synchronously recorded signals, sampling frequency and sensor type used. We also provide a brief summary of the commonly used heart sound segmentation and classification methods, including open source code provided concurrently for the Challenge. A description of the PhysioNet/CinC Challenge 2016, including the main aims, the training and test sets, the hand corrected annotations for different heart sound states, the scoring mechanism, and associated open source code are provided. In addition, several potential benefits from the public heart sound database are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Chengyu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Springer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Qiao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Moody
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.|ITACA Institute, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Ricardo Abad
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Juan
authors.affiliation: Service of Cardiology, Valencia University Clinic Hospital, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Chorro
authors.affiliation: ITACA Institute, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Castells
authors.affiliation: ITACA Institute, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: José Millet
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Roig
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Ikaro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Alistair E W
authors.initials: AEW
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Zeeshan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Syed
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Samuel E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Chrysa D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Papadaniil
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Leontios
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hadjileontiadis
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, K N Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hosein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Naseri
authors.affiliation: MIPS Laboratory, University of Haute Alsace, Mulhouse, France.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moukadem
authors.affiliation: MIPS Laboratory, University of Haute Alsace, Mulhouse, France.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dieterlen
authors.affiliation: Hospital University of Strasbourg, Mulhouse, France.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samieinasab
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Samieinasab
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sameni
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Roger G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Gari D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Clifford
mesh_terms: D022126:Access to Information; D000465:Algorithms; D016208:Databases, Factual; D006347:Heart Sounds; D006801:Humans; D010701:Phonocardiography; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted