title: Pharmacognostical Analysis and Protective Effect of Standardized Extract and Rizonic Acid fromErythrina velutinaagainst 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Erythrina velutinais a tree common in the northeast of Brazil extensively used by traditional medicine for the treatment of central nervous system disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop a standardized ethanol extract ofE. velutina(EEEV) and to investigate the neuroprotective potential of the extract and rizonic acid (RA) fromE. velutinaon neuronal cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The plant drug ofE. velutinapreviously characterized was used for the production of EEEV. Three methods were evaluated in order to obtain an extract with higher content of phenols. The neuroprotective effect of standardized EEEV (HPLC-PDA) and RA was investigated on SH-SY5Y cell exposure to the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The powder of the plant drug was classified as moderately coarse and several quality control parameters were determined. EEEV produced by percolation gave the highest phenol content when related to others extractive methods, and its HPLC-PDA analysis allowed to identify four flavonoids and RA, some reported for the first time for the species. EEEV and RA reduced significantly the neurotoxicity induced by 6-OHDA in SH-SY5Y cells determined by the MTT assay and the nitrite concentration. EEEV also showed a free radical scavenging activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first pharmacological study aboutE. velutinawhich used a controlled standardized extract since the preparation of the herbal drug. This extract and RA, acting as an antioxidant, presents a neuroprotective effect suggesting that they have potential for future development as a therapeutic agent in neurodegenerative disease as Parkinson.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The powder ofErythrina velutinawas classified as moderately coarse and several quality-control parameters were determined.Ethanolic extract fromE. velutina(EEEV) produced by percolation gave the highest phenol content when related to others extractive methods and its HPLC-PDA analysis of EEEV allowed to identify four flavonoids and rizonic acid (RA), some reported for the first time for the species.The EEEV and RA reduced significantly the neurotoxicity induced by 6-OHDA in SH-SY5Y cells determined by the MTT assay and the nitrite concentration.The EEEV also showed a free radical scavenging activity.Abbreviations used:±: More or less, %: Percentage, °C: Degree Celsius, <: Less than, μg: Microgram, μL: Microliter, μM: Micromol, [1D] MNR: One-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, [2D] MNR:Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 6-OHDA: [6-] Hydroxydopamine. Abs: Absorbance, CFU: Colony forming units, CH2Cl2: Dichloromethane, CHCl3: Chloroform cmCentimeter, DMEM/F12:Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium: Nutrient Mixture F-12. DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide, DPPH: 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, EAG: Gallic acid equivalents, EEEV: Ethanolic extract of Erythrina velutina, EtOAc: Ethyl acetate, g: Gram, h: Hour, H2O: Water, HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography, H REIMS: Hydrogen rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry, Kg: Kilogram M: Molar, m: Metro, MeOH: Methanol, mg: Milligram, min: Minute, mL: Milliliter, mm: Millimeter, MTT: Bromide 3 [4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium, N: Normal, NBT: Nitroblue tetrazolium, nm: Nanometer, PDA: Photodiode array detector, TPC: Total polyphenol content, RA: Rizonic acid, RP: Reverse phase, SOD: Superoxide dismutase, v/v: Volume per volume, Vs: Versus W: Watts.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos e Cosméticos (CEFAC), Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brasil.
authors.forename: Aline H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos e Cosméticos (CEFAC), Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brasil.
authors.forename: Francisco Noé
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brasil.
authors.forename: Antônia T A
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Pimenta
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brasil.
authors.forename: MaryAnne S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brasil.
authors.forename: Edilberto Rocha
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brasil.
authors.forename: Glauce S B
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Viana
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brasil.
authors.forename: Silvânia M M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos e Cosméticos (CEFAC), Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brasil.
authors.forename: Luzia Kalyne A M
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Leal
keywords: Antioxidant effect; Erythrina velutina; neuroprotective activity; quality control; rizonic acid