title: Expression in grasses of multiple transgenes for degradation of munitions compounds on live-fire training ranges.
abstract: The deposition of toxic munitions compounds, such as hexahydro-1, 3, 5-trinitro-1, 3, 5-triazine (RDX), on soils around targets in live-fire training ranges is an important source of groundwater contamination. Plants take up RDX but do not significantly degrade it. Reported here is the transformation of two perennial grass species, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), with the genes for degradation of RDX. These species possess a number of agronomic traits making them well equipped for the uptake and removal of RDX from root zone leachates. Transformation vectors were constructed with xplA and xplB, which confer the ability to degrade RDX, and nfsI, which encodes a nitroreductase for the detoxification of the co-contaminating explosive 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The vectors were transformed into the grass species using Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection. All transformed grass lines showing high transgene expression levels removed significantly more RDX from hydroponic solutions and retained significantly less RDX in their leaf tissues than wild-type plants. Soil columns planted with the best-performing switchgrass line were able to prevent leaching of RDX through a 0.5-m root zone. These plants represent a promising plant biotechnology to sustainably remove RDX from training range soil, thus preventing contamination of groundwater.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Routsong
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Quyen
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.
authors.forename: Elizabeth L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Rylott
authors.affiliation: CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.
authors.forename: Neil C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Stuart E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Strand
mesh_terms: D031703:Agrostis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D058749:Military Facilities; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics; D009601:Nitroreductases / Q000235:genetics; D008897:Panicum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000235:genetics; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014227:Triazines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014303:Trinitrotoluene / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014227:Triazines; D014303:Trinitrotoluene; D009247:NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; C116041:flavodoxin NADPH oxidoreductase; D009601:Nitroreductases; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); C063242:hygromycin-B kinase; C009160:cyclonite
keywords: 
  RDX
  ; 
  TNT
  ; monocot promoters; phytoremediation; stacked genes; switchgrass