title: Characterization of the particulate matter and relationship between buccal micronucleus and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels among cashew nut roasting workers.
abstract: The present study is the first assessment of occupational risk associated with artisanal cashew nut roasting using exposure and effect biomarkers, as well as a characterization and dispersion analysis of the released particulate matter (PM). A real-time particle monitor was used to quantify PM1.0, PM2.5and PM10. Furthermore, the PM was sampled using a Handi-vol sampler, and the physicochemical characteristics were determined by SEM-EDS analysis. Trajectories, dispersion and deposition of the emitted material were calculated using the NOAA-HYSPLIT model. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) levels were analyzed by HPLC. DNA damage, chromosomal instability and cell death were measured by a buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt). The PM concentrations for all measurements in the exposed area were higher than in the non-exposed area. SEM-EDS analyses exhibited a wide variety of particles, and K, Cl, S and Ca biomass burning tracers were the major inorganic compounds. In addition, atmospheric modeling analysis suggested that these particles can reach regions farther away than 40 kilometers. Occupational polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure was confirmed by increases in 1-OHP levels in cashew nut workers. Frequencies of BMCyt biomarkers of genotoxicity (micronuclei and nuclear bud) and cytotoxicity (pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis and condensed chromatin) were higher in the exposed group compared with the controls. The influence of factors, such as age, on the micronuclei frequencies was demonstrated, and a correlation between 1-OHP and micronuclei was observed. To the best of our knowledge, no other study has demonstrated a correlation between these types of biomarkers. The use of exposure (1-OHP) and effect (BMCyt) biomarkers were therefore efficient in assessing the occupational risk associated with artisanal cashew nut roasting, and the high rates of PM2.5are considered to be a potential contributor to this effect.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil. Electronic address: marcosfelipe.galvao@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Marcos Felipe
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: de Oliveira Galvão
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil. Electronic address: jana_dara@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Jana Dara Freires
authors.initials: JDF
authors.lastname: de Queiroz
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Climáticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil. Electronic address: edicless@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Ediclê de Souza Fernandes
authors.initials: ESF
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas e Climáticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil. Electronic address: judith.hoelzemann@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Judith Johanna
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hoelzemann
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: pauloafonso@lim05.fm.usp.br.
authors.forename: Paulo Afonso
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: de André
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: pepino@usp.br.
authors.forename: Paulo Hilário Nascimento
authors.initials: PHN
authors.lastname: Saldiva
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Toxicologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil. Electronic address: antomen@ufba.br.
authors.forename: José Antônio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Menezes Filho
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil. Electronic address: sbatistu@cb.ufrn.br.
authors.forename: Silvia Regina
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Batistuzzo de Medeiros
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D031021:Anacardium; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D016923:Cell Death; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D043171:Chromosomal Instability; D004249:DNA Damage; D005260:Female; D005511:Food Handling; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015162:Micronucleus Tests / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000652:urine*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011721:Pyrenes; C033146:1-hydroxypyrene
keywords: 1-Hydroxypyrene; Buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt); Cashew nut roasting; Occupational exposure; Particulate matter