title: A novel approach of utilization of the fungal conidia biomass to remove heavy metals from the aqueous solution through immobilization.
abstract: The biomass of filamentous fungi is an important cost-effective biomass for heavy metal biosorption. However, use of free fungal cells can cause difficulties in the separation of biomass from the effluent. In this study, we immobilized the living conidia of the heavy metal-resistant Penicillium janthinillum strain GXCR by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-sodium alginate (SA) beads to remove heavy metals from an aqueous solution containing a low concentration (70 mg/L) of Cu, Pb, and Cd. The PVA-SA-conidia beads showed perfect characters of appropriate mechanical strength suitable for metal removal from the dynamic wastewater environment, an ideal settleability, easy separation from the solution, and a high metal biosorption and removal rate even after four cycles of successive sorption-desorption of the beads, overcoming disadvantages when fungal biomasses alone are used for heavy metal removal from wastewater. We also discuss the major biosorption-affecting factors, biosorption models, and biosorption mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China.|State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Chun-Xiang
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China.|State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China.|Hezhou University, 18 Xihuan Road, Hezhou, Guangxi 54289, P. C. China.|State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Nian-Fang
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China.|State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xue-Wei
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China.|State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China.|State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China.|State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xian-Wei
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China.|State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering; College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China.
authors.forename: You-Zhi
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry*; D010407:Penicillium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical