title: Reproductive cycle and maternal-embryonic nutritional relationship of shovelnose guitarfish Pseudobatos productus in the Gulf of California.
abstract: Samples of the shovelnose guitarfish Pseudobatos productus were collected on board a vessel and at landings of artisanal commercial fisheries in the Gulf of California from May 2004 to June 2007. Samples of 650 females, 2047 embryos and 484 uterine eggs were examined. The reproductive cycle is annual, ovulation and parturition occur in July, the uterine eggs are in diapause for 9 months (July-March) before an accelerated growth of embryos of 3 months. Histological analyses of the uterine wall of pregnant females suggested that no secretions were used for embryo nourishment. The standard percentage of water content was 48·6% in fertilized eggs and 80·75% in full-term embryos. Dry mass loss during embryonic development was 16·3% and the chemical balance of development was 0·84. This indicates that P. productus is a strictly lecithotrophic, viviparous species, that makes no maternal contribution of nutrients during embryonic development.
authors.affiliation: Departamento Oceanografía Biológica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), No 3918 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, C.P. 22860, México.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Romo-Curiel
authors.affiliation: Departamento Oceanografía Biológica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), No 3918 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, C.P. 22860, México.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sosa-Nishizaki
authors.affiliation: El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Av. Rancho Polígono 2-A, Ciudad Industrial, Lerma Campeche, C.P. 24500, México.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pérez-Jiménez
authors.affiliation: Departamento Oceanografía Biológica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), No 3918 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, C.P. 22860, México.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Medrano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002140:California; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000502:physiology*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D052285:Ovoviviparity / Q000502:physiology*; D010060:Ovulation; D010063:Ovum / Q000502:physiology*; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D012860:Skates, Fish / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Rhinobatidae; diapause; embryonic development; lecithotrophy; mode of reproduction