title: Trade-Offs for Viruses in Overcoming Innate Immunities in Plants.
abstract: Plants recognize viral infection via an immune receptor, i.e., nucleotide-binding site (NB)-leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins. Another immune receptor, receptor-like kinase proteins, which share an LRR domain with NB-LRRs, perceive conserved molecules of pathogens called pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns, but NB-LRRs generally perceive particular viral proteins. As viruses can evolve more rapidly than the host immune system, how do plant immune systems, which rely on the perception of proteins, remain effective? Viral adaptive evolution may be controlled by penalties that result from mutations in viral proteins that are perceived by NB-LRRs. Our recent studies in pea (Pisum sativum) suggest a penalty of increased susceptibility to another immune system. When a viral protein mutates to evade one immune system, the virus with the mutated protein becomes more susceptible to another. Such antagonistic pleiotropy of a viral protein by two independent plant immune systems may have precedents. Plants may rely on pairs of immune systems to constrain adaptive evolution by viruses and thereby maintain durable antiviral immunity. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2016 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 International license .
authors.affiliation: 1 Pathogen-Plant Interactions Group, Plant Breeding Science, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; and.
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyashita
authors.affiliation: 2 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan.
authors.forename: Go
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Atsumi
authors.affiliation: 1 Pathogen-Plant Interactions Group, Plant Breeding Science, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; and.
authors.forename: Kenji S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Nakahara
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D057865:Plant Immunity / Q000276:immunology*; D010944:Plants / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000378:metabolism; D018406:Virus Physiological Phenomena / Q000276:immunology*; D014780:Viruses / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D011971:Receptors, Immunologic