title: Hydrodynamic injection on electrophoresis microchips using an electronic micropipette.
abstract: Here we report for the first time the use of an electronic micropipette as hydrodynamic (HD) injector for microchip electrophoresis (ME) devices. The micropipette was directly coupled to a PDMS device, which had been fabricated in a simple cross format with two auxiliary channels for sample volume splitting. Sample flow during the injection procedure was controlled in automatic dispenser mode using a volume of 0.6µL. Channel width and device configuration were optimized and the best results were achieved using a simple cross layout containing two auxiliary channels with 300µm width for sample splitting. The performance of the HD injector was evaluated using a model mixture of high-mobility cationic species. The results obtained were compared to the data obtained via electrokinetic (EK) injection. Overall, the HD provided better analytical performance in terms of resolution and injection-to-injection repeatability. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values for peak intensities were lower than 5% (n=10) when the micropipette was employed. In comparison with EK injection, the use of the proposed HD injector revealed an unbiased profile for a mixture containing K+and Li+(300 µmol L-1each) over various buffer concentrations. For EK injection, the peak areas decreased from 2.92 ± 0.20-0.72 ± 0.14Vs for K+and from 1.30 ± 0.10-0.38 ± 0.10Vs for Li+when the running buffer increased from 20 to 50mmolL-1. For HD injection, the peak areas for K+and Li+exhibited average values of 2.48±0.07 and 2.10±0.06Vs, respectively. The limits of detection (LDs) for K+, Na+and Li+ranged from 18 to 23µmolL-1. HD injection through an electronic micropipette allows to automatically dispense a bias-free amount of sample inside microchannels with acceptable repeatability. The proposed approach also exhibited instrumental simplicity, portability and minimal microfabrication requirements.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ellen F M
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Gabriel
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eulício O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Lobo-Júnior
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kariolanda C A
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Rezende
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalítica (INCTBio), 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: wendell@ufg.br.
authors.forename: Wendell K T
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Coltro
mesh_terms: D046209:Electrophoresis, Microchip / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D007267:Injections; D008094:Lithium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D011188:Potassium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D008094:Lithium; D011188:Potassium
keywords: Automatic dispensing; Bias-free sample injection; Microfluidic transport; Portable instrumentation