title: Association Between Health Symptoms and Particulate Matter from Traffic and Residential Heating - Results from RHINE III in Tartu.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traffic and residential heating are the main sources of particulate matter (PM) in Northern Europe. Wood is widely used for residential heating and vehicle numbers are increasing. Besides traffic exhaust, studded tires produce road dust that is the main source of traffic-related PM10. Several studies have associated total PM mass with health symptoms; however there has been little research on the effects of PM from specific sources.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the health effects resulting from traffic and local heating PM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on respiratory and cardiac diseases were collected within the framework of RHINE III (2011/2012) in Tartu, Estonia. Respondents' geocoded home addresses were mapped in ArcGIS and linked with local heating-related PM2.5,traffic-related PM10and total PM2.5concentrations. Association between self-reported health and PM was assessed using multiple logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The annual mean modelled exposure for local heating PM2.5was 2.3 μg/m3, for traffic PM103.3 μg/m3and for all sources PM2.55.6 μg/m3. We found relationship between traffic induced PM10as well as all sources induced PM2.5with cardiac disease, OR=1.45 (95% CI 1.06-1.93) and 1.42 (95% CI 1.02-1.95), respectively. However, we did not find any significant association between residential heating induced particles and self-reported health symptoms. People with longer and better confirmed exposure period were also significantly associated with traffic induced PM10, all sources induced PM2.5and cardiac diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Traffic-related PM10and all sources induced PM2.5associated with cardiac disease; whereas residential heating induced particles did not.
authors.affiliation: University of Tartu, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Mihkel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pindus
authors.affiliation: University of Tartu, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Tartu, Estonia; Umeå University, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Orru
authors.affiliation: Estonian Environmental Research Centre (EERC), Tallinn, Estonia; Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maasikmets
authors.affiliation: University of Tartu, Institute of Physics, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaasik
authors.affiliation: Tartu University Hospital, Lung Clinic, Tartu, Estonia.
authors.forename: Rain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jõgi
keywords: Air pollution; Cardiac disease; Particulate matter; RHINE; Residential heating; Respiratory disease; Traffic