title: Adjuvants for Clostridium tetani and Clostridium diphtheriae vaccines updating.
abstract: It's known that diphtheria and tetanus are a contagious lethal diseases over the years, they caused by pathogenic microbes corynebacterium diphtheria and Clostridium tetani, respectively. The diseases result from the production of bacterial toxin. Vaccination with bacterial toxoid vaccines adsorbed on particulates adjuvants still are the best way to prevent this epidemic diseases from spread. The particulate vaccines have been shown to be more efficient than soluble one for the induction of the immune responses. Nanoparticles can be engineered to enhance the immune responses. As well known the immune response to inactivate killed and subunit vaccine enhances by alum adjuvants. The adjuvants examined and tested after reducing its size to particle size, thus mimic size of viruses which is considered smallest units can derive the immune system. The major issue is minimizing the adjuvant particles, to gain insight of resulting immunity types and impact on immune response. The adjuvant effect of micro/nanoparticles appears to largely be a consequence of their uptake into antigen presenting cells.
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Fatimah M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Alshanqiti
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Saad B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Al-Masaudi
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ahmed M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Al-Hejin
authors.affiliation: Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.|Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt.
authors.forename: Elrashdy M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Redwan
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000145:classification; D000534:Alum Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D003017:Clostridium tetani / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003353:Corynebacterium diphtheriae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004165:Diphtheria / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004168:Diphtheria Toxoid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D013185:Squalene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D013742:Tetanus / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000534:Alum Compounds; D004168:Diphtheria Toxoid; D015721:Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; C041524:aluminum sulfate; D013185:Squalene; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant
keywords: Bacteria; adjuvant; immune response; toxoid; vaccine