title: Vaccinia virus Western Reserve induces rapid surface expression of a host molecule detected by the antibody 4C7 that is distinct from CLEC2D.
abstract: In this study, the effect of active infection with vaccinia virus Western Reserve (VACV WR) on expression of C-type lectin domain family 2 (CLEC2D), a ligand of the human NK cell inhibitory receptor NKR-P1, was examined. As predicted, VACV infection led to a loss of CLEC2D mRNA in 221 cells, a B cell lymphoma line. Surprisingly, VACV infection of 221 cells caused a dramatic increase in cell surface staining for one CLEC2D-specific antibody, 4C7. There were no changes in other antibodies specific for CLEC2D and no indication that NK cells with NKR-P1A were inhibited, suggesting 4C7 detects a non-CLEC2D molecule following infection. The rapid increase in 4C7 signal requires virus attachment and is disrupted by UV treatment, but does not depend on new transcription or translation of either cellular or viral proteins. 4C7 does react with intracellular compartments, suggesting the molecule that is detected at the surface following infection is derived from an intracellular store. The phenomenon extends beyond lymphoid cells: it was observed in the non-human primate cell line Cos-7, but not with myxoma, a poxvirus distinct from VACV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of VACV or any poxvirus leading to rapid externalization of a host molecule. Among the VACV strains tested, the phenomenon was restricted to VACV WR and IHD-W, suggesting it has a virulence-, as opposed to a replication-related, function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.
authors.forename: Kinola J N
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.
authors.forename: Heather E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.
authors.forename: Supraja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rengan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.
authors.forename: Deborah N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Burshtyn
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D037181:Lectins, C-Type / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D055651:NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014615:Vaccinia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000502:physiology*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053585:Virus Attachment
chemical_list: C400041:CLEC2D protein, human; C527203:KLRB1 protein, human; D037181:Lectins, C-Type; D055651:NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D014764:Viral Proteins
keywords: C-type lectin domain family 2; lectin-like transcript 1; poxvirus; vaccinia virus