title: mScarlet: a bright monomeric red fluorescent protein for cellular imaging.
abstract: We report the engineering of mScarlet, a truly monomeric red fluorescent protein with record brightness, quantum yield (70%) and fluorescence lifetime (3.9 ns). We developed mScarlet starting with a consensus synthetic template and using improved spectroscopic screening techniques; mScarlet's crystal structure reveals a planar and rigidified chromophore. mScarlet outperforms existing red fluorescent proteins as a fusion tag, and it is especially useful as a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) acceptor in ratiometric imaging.
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Cytology and van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Daphne S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bindels
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Cytology and van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Haarbosch
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Cytology and van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Weeren
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Cytology and van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Postma
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Cytology and van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Katrin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Wiese
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Cytology and van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mastop
authors.affiliation: European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.|Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble, F-38044, France.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aumonier
authors.affiliation: European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.|Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble, F-38044, France.
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gotthard
authors.affiliation: European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.|Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble, F-38044, France.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Royant
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Cytology and van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hink
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Cytology and van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Theodorus W J
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Gadella
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002470:Cell Survival; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015202:Protein Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein