title: A retrospective study of open thoracotomies versus thoracoscopic surgeries for persistent postthoracotomy pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Persistent thoracotomy pain syndrome (PTPS) is a recognized complication and is considered to be less after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) compared with open thoracic surgery (OTS). The primary objective was to compare the incidence of PTPS at 6 months. Secondary objectives were to compare the incidence of neuropathic pain between VATS and OTS and to report perioperative factors associated with the development of PTPS.
  
  
  METHODS
  This historical cohort study involved patient contact by a questionnaire regarding the presence of PTPS and its type. Patient, surgical, and analgesia factors were collected from health records, acute pain, and thoracic surgery databases. The data were analyzed using a multivariable logistic regression analysis, with results reported as adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval; P value).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 308 patients, 130 returned their questionnaire, and 106 responses were analyzed. The incidence of PTPS was 35% and 54% with VATS and OTS respectively, with an adjusted OR, 0.33 (95% confidence interval, 0.13-0.86), P= .024. The percentage of neuropathic pain was 18% and 48%, with VATS and OTS respectively, with an adjusted OR, 0.18 (0.04-0.85), P= .031. The diagnosis of cancer and previous chronic pain history were observed to be significantly associated with PTPS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study indicates that PTPS is significantly more common and has a higher chance of being neuropathic with OTS. Despite being relatively less traumatic, VATS still carries a significant potential for PTPS. A diagnosis of cancer and history of previous pain are highly predictive of its development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: harshamd@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Harsha
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shanthanna
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aboutouk
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.affiliation: McMaster University & The Research Institute, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, McMaster University & Department of Thoracic Surgery, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Finley
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; McMaster University & The Research Institute, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Lehana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thabane
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000698:Analgesia / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: Chronic pain; Neuropathic pain; Persistent pain; Thoracic surgeries