title: Risk of Adverse Outcomes in Euploid Pregnancies With Isolated Short Fetal Femur and Humerus on Second-Trimester Sonography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate pregnancies with isolated short fetal femur and humerus on second-trimester sonography. Short fetal long bones are known to be associated with aneuploidy and structural anomalies. In this study, we wanted to show the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in euploid and nonanomalous pregnancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Singleton pregnancies with short femur and humerus were included. Pregnancies with normal fetal bone lengths and age-matched mothers were selected as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study group included 30 pregnancies with short fetal femur and humerus, and the control group included 60 normal pregnancies. The overall odds ratio for an adverse pregnancy outcome in the study group was 24.9. Preterm delivery occurred significantly more frequently (odds ratio, 20.8; P < .001), and one-third of pregnancies were complicated by preeclampsia. In the group with short long bones, the odds ratio for a pathologic umbilical Doppler flow pattern was 45.2 (P < .001), and birth weight was significantly lower (P < .001). Also, 3 (10.3%) stillbirths and 4 (13.3%) cases of early neonatal death were recorded in this group. These complications were not recorded in the control group. The risk of emergency cesarean delivery was significantly higher in the group with short long bones (odds ratio, 11.8; P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes is significant in euploid and nonanomalous pregnancies with isolated short long bones. Close follow-up is needed during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland marja.kaijomaa@hus.fi.
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaijomaa
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Veli-Matti
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Ulander
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ryynanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Vedran
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stefanovic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
keywords: fetal growth restriction; obstetric ultrasound; perinatal death; placental insufficiency; preeclampsia; pregnancy-associated plasma protein A; premature birth; short long bones; stillbirth