title: Regulation of sequential release of growth factors using bilayer polymeric nanoparticles for cardiac tissue engineering.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiac tissue engineering aims to develop engineered constructs for myocardial infarction repair, where a challenge is the control of growth factor (GF) sequential release. Herein, bilayer polymeric nanoparticles composed of a GF-encapsulating core surrounded by rate-regulating shell were developed for sequential GF release.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single and bilayer polymeric nanoparticles were fabricated, characterized and biologically assessed. A novel 'Geno-Neural model' was developed and validated for rate-programming of the nanoparticles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bilayer nanoparticles featured low burst effect and time-delayed release, and allowed for sequential release of PDGF following co-release of VEGFand bFGF, which promoted angiogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nanoparticulate delivery system, along with the Geno-Neural model, offers great potential for spatiotemporal control of GF release for cardiovascular regenerative medicine.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.|Saskatchewan Cerebrovascular Centre, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Izadifar
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.|Saskatchewan Cerebrovascular Centre, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.|Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.|Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors.forename: Xiongbiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D065546:Drug Liberation; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D011108:Polymers; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C075278:platelet-derived growth factor A; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2
keywords: angiogenesis; cardiovascular; controlled release; nanoparticles; regenerative medicine; tissue engineering