title: Understanding the impact of pelvic organ motion on dose delivered to target volumes during IMRT for cervical cancer.
abstract: Advanced radiotherapy techniques reduce normal tissue dose by conforming closely to target volumes. In cervical cancer radiotherapy, organ filling affects clinical target volume (CTV; cervix, uterus) position. This study estimates the dosimetric effect of this primary CTV position variation during chemoradiation.
  
  
  
  Twice weekly cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of ten patients undergoing cervical chemoradiation were retrospectively analysed. Primary CTV, bladder and rectum were delineated. RapidArc plans were created using 10-15mm CTV-PTV margins and dose delivered to CTV based on each CBCT position was calculated using a novel vector approach. Dose delivered along the central uterine, mid-uterus and cervix vectors were analysed as well as dose delivered to points at uterine tip, anterior mid-uterus and anterior cervix. Additional RapidArc plans were created for large planning bladder volume cases using the CTV acquired with bladder volume at 150-300cc.
  
  
  
  105 scans for 10 patients were analysed. Vector analysis revealed CTV underdosing in certain cases. Below 95% average vector coverage was found for all three vectors in 2 cases and one vector in 1 case. Volumetric analysis revealed D99<95% in 48% of fractions. Patients with large planning bladder volumes (>300cc) demonstrated the largest variation. Replanning improved this coverage. The anterior mid-uterus point was least well-covered; median 98.7% dose, reducing to 91.4% in cases with large planning bladder volumes. Again, replanning significantly improved this. D99>95% was maintained in 93% of fractions when bladder volume was 50cc below to 150cc above planning volume compared to 24% of fractions if bladder volume was outside this range. Similarly, D95>95% was 100% versus 84%.
  
  
  
  Organ position variation detrimentally affected dose delivered to CTV including cervix. Large planning bladder volumes (>300cc) led to more variation. We recommend bladder volumes of 150-300cc at planning and a range of 50cc below to 150cc above planning for treatment.
authors.affiliation: University College London Hospital, Department of Radiotherapy, United Kingdom. Electronic address: eminowicz@doctors.org.uk.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eminowicz
authors.affiliation: University College London Hospital, Department of Radiotherapy, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Vasilis
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rompokos
authors.affiliation: University College London Hospital, Department of Radiotherapy, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stacey
authors.affiliation: University College London Hospital, Department of Radiotherapy, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: University College London Hospital, Department of Radiotherapy, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCormack
mesh_terms: D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009038:Motion; D011874:Radiometry; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*; D012007:Rectum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*
keywords: Cervical cancer radiotherapy; Dosimetry; Organ motion