title: The influence of deprivation on malnutrition risk in outpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
abstract: The social gradient in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is considerable, but the influence of deprivation on common clinical risk factors such as malnutrition is unclear. This study aimed to explore the relationship between COPD disease-severity, deprivation and malnutrition.
  
  
  
  424 outpatients with a confirmed diagnosis of COPD were routinely screened for malnutrition risk using the 'Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool' ('MUST') while attending respiratory clinics across two hospitals; a large city hospital (site A) and a smaller community hospital (site B). Deprivation was assessed for each outpatient according to their address (postcode) using the English governments' index of multiple deprivation (IMD) and related to malnutrition risk. Each postcode was attributed to both an IMD score and IMD rank, where a higher IMD score and a lower IMD ranking indicated increased deprivation.
  
  
  
  Overall prevalence of malnutrition was 22% (95% CI 18-26%; 9% medium risk, 13% high risk). It was significantly higher at site A (28% vs 17%; p = 0.004) where patients were also significantly more likely to reside in areas of more deprivation than those at site B (IMD rank: 15,510 SD 8137 vs 22,877 SD 6827; p < 0.001). COPD disease-severity was positively associated with malnutrition (p < 0.001) whilst a higher rank IMD was negatively associated with malnutrition (p = 0.014).
  
  
  
  Deprivation is a significant independent risk factor for malnutrition in outpatients with COPD. Consideration of deprivation is important in the identification of malnutrition and the nutritional management of patients with COPD.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. Electronic address: pf.collins@qut.edu.au.
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elia
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, Hampshire, UK; Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Kurukulaaratchy
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stratton
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: COPD; Deprivation; Malnutrition; ‘MUST’