title: The Biology of Bone and Ligament Healing.
abstract: This review describes the normal healing process for bone, ligaments, and tendons, including primary and secondary healing as well as bone-to-bone fusion. It depicts the important mediators and cell types involved in the inflammatory, reparative, and remodeling stages of each healing process. It also describes the main challenges for clinicians when trying to repair bone, ligaments, and tendons with a specific emphasis on Charcot neuropathy, fifth metatarsal fractures, arthrodesis, and tendon sheath and adhesions. Current treatment options and research areas are also reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Avenue, South Orange, NJ 07101, USA. Electronic address: cottreje@shu.edu.
authors.forename: Jessica A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cottrell
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica Cardenas
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 Martin Luther King Boulevard, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
authors.forename: Treena Livingston
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Arinzeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Medical Sciences Building, Room E-659, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
authors.forename: J Patrick
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: O'Connor
mesh_terms: D001174:Arthrodesis; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013710:Tendons / Q000503:physiopathology; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Arthrodesis; Bone fracture healing; Charcot neuropathy; Fifth metatarsal fractures; Tendon and ligament healing; Tissue regeneration; Wound healing