title: Changes in the Ginsenoside Content During Fermentation Using an Appliance for the Preparation of Red Ginseng.
abstract: The total amount of ginsenoside in fermented red ginseng (FRG) is increased by microbial fermentation. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether fermentation time and temperature affect the ginsenoside content during fermentation using an appliance for the preparation of red ginseng. The FRG and fermented red ginseng extracts (FRG-e) were prepared using an appliance for the preparation of red ginseng. The temperature was recorded and time points for sampling were scheduled at pre-fermentation (0[Formula: see text]h) and 18, 36, 48, 60 and 72[Formula: see text]h after the addition of the microbial strains. Samples of FRG and FRG-e were collected to identify changes in the ginsenoside contents at each time point during the fermentation process. The ginsenoside content was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The levels of ginsenoside Rh1, Rg3, and compound Y, which are known to have effective pharmacological properties, increased more than three-fold in the final products of FRG relative to samples prior to fermentation. Although the ginsenoside constituents of FRG-e decreased or increased and then decreased during fermentation, the total amount of ginsenoside in FRG-e was even higher than those in FRG; the total amounts of ginsenoside in FRG-e and FRG were 8282.8 and 738.0[Formula: see text]mg, respectively. This study examined the changes in composition of ginsenosides and suggests a method to manufacture high-content total ginsenosides according to the fermentation temperature and process time. Reducing the extraction time is expected to improve the decrease of ginsenosides in FRG-e as a function of the fermentation time.
authors.affiliation: * Clinical Pharmacology Unit and Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: So Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: * Clinical Pharmacology Unit and Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: * Clinical Pharmacology Unit and Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yunjeong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: * Clinical Pharmacology Unit and Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.|† Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Gul
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005285:Fermentation; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D013678:Technology, Pharmaceutical / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D036145:Ginsenosides
keywords: An Appliance for the Preparation of Red Ginseng; Fermented Red Ginseng; Ginsenoside; HPLC