title: The cooperative effect of reduced graphene oxide and Triton X-114 on the electromembrane microextraction efficiency of Pramipexole as a model analyte in urine samples.
abstract: A new design of electromembrane microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography was developed for the determination of Pramipexole as a model analyte in urine samples. The presence of reduced graphene oxide in the membrane and Triton X-114 in the donor phase augments the extraction efficiency of Pramipexole by the proposed method. Dispersed reduced graphene oxide in the organic solvent was held in the pores of the fiber wall by capillary forces and sonication. It is possible that the immobilized reduced graphene oxide acts as a sorbent, affording an additional pathway for analyte transportation. Besides, the presence of Triton X-114 in the donor phase promotes effective migration of ionic analytes across the membrane. The parameters influencing the extraction procedure, such as type and concentration of surfactant, type of organic solvent, amount of reduced graphene oxide, sonication time, applied voltage, extraction time, ionic strength, pH of the donor and acceptor solutions, and stirring rate were optimized. The linear working ranges of the method for preconcentration- determination of Pramipexole in water and urine samples were found to be 0.13-1000 and 0.47-1000ngmL-1with corresponding detection limits of 0.04 and 0.14ngmL-1, respectively. The proposed method allows achieving enrichment factors of 301 and 265 for preconcentration of the analyte in water and urine samples, respectively. The method was successfully applied for the determination of Pramipexole in the urine samples.
authors.affiliation: Phase Equilibria Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Postal Code 45371-38791 Zanjan, Iran. Electronic address: arminfashi@znu.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fashi
authors.affiliation: Phase Equilibria Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Postal Code 45371-38791 Zanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khanban
authors.affiliation: Phase Equilibria Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Postal Code 45371-38791 Zanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Yaftian
authors.affiliation: Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Postal Code 45371-38791 Zanjan, Iran.
authors.forename: Abbasali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zamani
mesh_terms: D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000652:urine*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D017830:Octoxynol; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077487:Pramipexole; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D052160:Benzothiazoles; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010087:Oxides; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014867:Water; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D006108:Graphite; D000077487:Pramipexole; D017830:Octoxynol; C010615:Nonidet P-40
keywords: Electromembrane extraction; Pramipexole; Reduced graphene oxide; Surfactant; Urine samples