title: The emergence of longevous populations.
abstract: The human lifespan has traversed a long evolutionary and historical path, from short-lived primate ancestors to contemporary Japan, Sweden, and other longevity frontrunners. Analyzing this trajectory is crucial for understanding biological and sociocultural processes that determine the span of life. Here we reveal a fundamental regularity. Two straight lines describe the joint rise of life expectancy and lifespan equality: one for primates and the second one over the full range of human experience from average lifespans as low as 2 y during mortality crises to more than 87 y for Japanese women today. Across the primate order and across human populations, the lives of females tend to be longer and less variable than the lives of males, suggesting deep evolutionary roots to the male disadvantage. Our findings cast fresh light on primate evolution and human history, opening directions for research on inequality, sociality, and aging.
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark.|Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark.|Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock 18057, Germany.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Colchero
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock 18057, Germany.|Institute of Sociology and Demography, University of Rostock, Rostock 18057, Germany.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rau
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark.|Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark.
authors.forename: Owen R
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5720-4686
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark.|Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark.
authors.forename: Julia A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Barthold
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark.|Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark.
authors.forename: Dalia A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Conde
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark.|Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lenart
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock 18057, Germany.
authors.forename: Laszlo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nemeth
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock 18057, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scheuerlein
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark.|Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock 18057, Germany.|Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schoeley
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark.|Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark.
authors.forename: Catalina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark.|Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zarulli
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544.|Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, 00502 Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Jeanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Altmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223.
authors.forename: Diane K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Brockman
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bronikowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4.
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Fedigan
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708.
authors.forename: Anne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Pusey
authors.affiliation: The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International and Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30315.
authors.forename: Tara S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Stoinski
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706.
authors.forename: Karen B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Strier
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark.|Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark.|Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baudisch
authors.affiliation: Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, 00502 Nairobi, Kenya; jvaupel@health.sdu.dk alberts@duke.edu.|Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708.|Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708.|Duke Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708.
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Alberts
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark; jvaupel@health.sdu.dk alberts@duke.edu.|Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock 18057, Germany.|Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark.|Duke Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708.
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Vaupel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008136:Longevity; D008297:Male; D011323:Primates; D012727:Sex Characteristics
keywords: biodemography; equality; lifespan; pace and shape; senescence