title: Development of screen-printed tryptophan-kynurenine immunosensor for in vitro assay of kynurenine-mediated immunosuppression effect of cancer cells on activated T-cells.
abstract: The development of analytical methods that respond to the emerging need to perform rapid 'in situ' analyses of human metabolic pathways (HMPs) demonstrates disposable screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) as an alternative to the traditional tools. In the kynurenine pathway, one of the important HMPs, increased production of kynurenine (Kyn) as a main catabolite of tryptophan (Trp) degradation is involved in the immuno-editing process supporting cancer cells in escaping from the human immune system. In the current study, we demonstrate the development of a screen-printed potentiometric immunosensor for in vitro evaluation of Trp consumption and Kyn production controlled by cancer cells in response to the activated T-lymphocytes. To engineer this immunosensor, uniform layer of carboxylated multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) was deposited on gold screen-printed electrode (AuSPE), and afterwards monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific to l-kynurenine was covalently conjugated with the MWCNT modified AuSPE. The engineered immunosensor was examined in monitoring Trp consumption and Kyn production in metastatic (Calu-6, NCI-H1299, and HT29) and nonmetastatic (HepG2 and 1321NI) cancer cell lines. Without applying preparation and separation steps, this Trp-Kyn immunosensor offers an improved limit of detection (0.5nM and 120nM for Kyn and Trp detection, respectively) and a broad linear range of detection (LRD: 0.001-1µM and 1-100µM for Kyn, and 0.1-300µM for Trp detection). However, this immunosensor was successfully used for in situ analysis of Kyn that are produced during immuno-editing process in cell culture media, and could reveal that Trp consumption and Kyn production by highly metastatic cancer cells (HT29) were significantly higher than nonmetastatic HepG2 cancer cells. Owing to the screen-printed nature, such kind of biosensors have capability of being integrated into lab-on-a-chip (LOC), microfluidics, and micro total analysis systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Faculty of Tabriz University, Iran; Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Pharmacy Faculty of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Pari
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karami
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Faculty of Tabriz University, Iran. Electronic address: majidi@tabrizu.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mir Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Majidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences (ArUMS), Ardabil, Iran. Electronic address: m.johari@pharmacy.arums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johari-Ahar
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Pharmacy Faculty of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Jaleh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barar
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Pharmacy Faculty of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: yomidi@tbzmed.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Yadollah
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Omidi
mesh_terms: D055910:Antibodies, Immobilized / Q000276:immunology; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000295:instrumentation; D007737:Kynurenine / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology*; D011199:Potentiometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D055910:Antibodies, Immobilized; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D007737:Kynurenine; D006046:Gold; D014364:Tryptophan
keywords: Cancer; Immunosensor; Kynurenine pathway; PSA; SPE