title: Are persons with fibromyalgia or other musculoskeletal pain more likely to report hearing loss? A HUNT study.
abstract: Leading theories about the pathogenesis of fibromyalgia focus on central nervous dysregulation or sensitization, which can cause altered perception. There is growing evidence that fibromyalgia involves altered perception not only of pain, but also other sensory stimuli. On this basis, we investigated whether individuals with fibromyalgia are more likely to report subjective loss of hearing, adjusted for audiometrically measured loss of hearing, compared to persons without any musculoskeletal pain disorders. In addition, we studied persons with other musculoskeletal pain than fibromyalgia and persons who did not have any musculoskeletal pain.
  
  
  
  The study includes 44 494 persons from the second health survey in Nord-Trøndelag (HUNT2) who had undergone audiometry and answered a comprehensive questionnaire that mapped fibromyalgia, musculoskeletal pain at various sites and subjective hearing loss. Respondents with other musculoskeletal pain problems than fibromyalgia were divided into two groups with respectively localized and widespread musculoskeletal pain. Data were analyzed with logistic regression models adjusting for age, education, anxiety, depression and hearing thresholds.
  
  
  
  In adjusted analysis, individuals with fibromyalgia had increased likelihood to report subjective hearing loss, compared to persons without fibromyalgia or other musculoskeletal pain (OR 4.578, 95% CI 3.622-5.787 and OR 4.523, 95% CI 3.077-6.647 in women and men). Furthermore, people with local and widespread musculoskeletal pain not diagnosed with fibromyalgia, also had increased likelihood to report subjective hearing loss, compared to people with no musculoskeletal pain. This relationship was greater for widespread pain than for localized pain (OR 1.915, 95% CI 1.627-2.255, and 1.796, 95% CI 1.590-2.029, in women and men with local musculoskeletal pain and OR 3.073, 95% CI 2.668-3.539, OR 3.618, 95% CI 3.225-4.058, in women and men with widespread pain, respectively).
  
  
  
  Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that fibromyalgia is related to a general dysregulation of the central nervous system. The same might also be the case for other local and, in particular, other widespread, musculoskeletal pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway. magst@stud.ntnu.no.|, Harald Haarfagres gate 2, Trondheim, NO-7041, Norway. magst@stud.ntnu.no.
authors.forename: Magne
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1754-3709
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stranden
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Håvard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Solvin
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Egil A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Fors
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Linn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Getz
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.|St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.|Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Aging and Health, Vestfold Health Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.
authors.forename: Anne-S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Helvik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Allostatic load; Central sensitivity syndrome; Chronic activation theory of stress; Fibromyalgia; Musculoskeletal pain; Subjective hearing loss