title: Challenges in engineering large customized bone constructs.
abstract: The ability to treat large tissue defects with customized, patient-specific scaffolds is one of the most exciting applications in the tissue engineering field. While an increasing number of modestly sized tissue engineering solutions are making the transition to clinical use, successfully scaling up to large scaffolds with customized geometry is proving to be a considerable challenge. Managing often conflicting requirements of cell placement, structural integrity, and a hydrodynamic environment supportive of cell culture throughout the entire thickness of the scaffold has driven the continued development of many techniques used in the production, culturing, and characterization of these scaffolds. This review explores a range of technologies and methods relevant to the design and manufacture of large, anatomically accurate tissue-engineered scaffolds with a focus on the interaction of manufactured scaffolds with the dynamic tissue culture fluid environment. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1129-1139. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia.
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Forrestal
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia.
authors.forename: Travis J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia.
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Woodruff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000637:transplantation*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000639:trends*
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes
keywords: 3D printing; additive manufacturing; bioreactor; computational fluid dynamics; scaffold; tissue engineering