title: Metabolomics of Ulva lactuca Linnaeus (Chlorophyta) exposed to oil fuels: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis as tools for metabolic fingerprint.
abstract: Fossil fuels, e.g. gasoline and diesel oil, account for substantial share of the pollution that affects marine ecosystems. Environmental metabolomics is an emerging field that may help unravel the effect of these xenobiotics on seaweeds and provide methodologies for biomonitoring coastal ecosystems. In the present study, FTIR and multivariate analysis were used to discriminate metabolic profiles of Ulva lactuca after in vitro exposure to diesel oil and gasoline, in combinations of concentrations (0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, and 1.0% - v/v) and times of exposure (30min, 1h, 12h, and 24h). PCA and HCA performed on entire mid-infrared spectral window were able to discriminate diesel oil-exposed thalli from the gasoline-exposed ones. HCA performed on spectral window related to the protein absorbance (1700-1500cm-1) enabled the best discrimination between gasoline-exposed samples regarding the time of exposure, and between diesel oil-exposed samples according to the concentration. The results indicate that the combination of FTIR with multivariate analysis is a simple and efficient methodology for metabolic profiling with potential use for biomonitoring strategies.
authors.affiliation: Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900 Florianopolis, Brazil. Electronic address: fernanda.kop@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Fernanda Kokowicz
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Pilatti
authors.affiliation: Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianopolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ramlov
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900 Florianopolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eder Carlos
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Centre Biological Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900 Florianopolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eva Regina de
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900 Florianopolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Centre Biological Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900 Florianopolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: Zenilda Laurita
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Bouzon
authors.affiliation: Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900 Florianopolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maraschin
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005648:Fuel Oils / Q000032:analysis*; D005742:Gasoline / Q000032:analysis; D055442:Metabolome / Q000187:drug effects*; D055432:Metabolomics; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D044445:Ulva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005648:Fuel Oils; D005742:Gasoline
keywords: Diesel oil; FTIR; Gasoline; Hierarchical clusters; Principal components analysis; Ulva lactuca