title: Effects of Sabbagh Universal Spring 2 fixed functional appliance on class II/1 patients at their postpubertal-peak growth period compared with the extraction method : A randomized clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effects of the Sabbagh Universal Spring 2 (SUS 2) fixed functional appliance compared to the premolar extraction method in correcting class II/1 malocclusion in patients who had passed their peak of postpubertal growth (stages 4-6 of Cervical Vertebral Maturation Index).
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 40 class II/1 patients were randomized to receive SUS 2 application (7 males, 13 females, age 15.75 ± 1.02 years) or maxillary premolar extraction (8 males, 12 females, age 15.40 ± 0.99 years). Pre- and posttreatment digital cephalographs were traced at least twice. A paired t test was used to compare the pre- and posttreatment measurements. Treatment changes were compared using an independent samples t test (P ≤ 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extent of change was significant in the following variables: ANB, nasolabial angle, Mand1-ML, 1L-NB, anterior and posterior facial heights, N-A-Pog, 1U-NF, 6L-MP, Ar-Go, OP-HP, A-B, A-Sn, B-Sm, APDI, NAPog, AB-NPog, POr-DOP, SN-OcP, POr-OcP, Wits, 1 l-APog, 1LMeLm, S-Go:N-Me, N-ANS-Pog, Ap1LAp1u-DOP, ANS-Cond, Pog-Cond, SS-Ls, A-N-Pog, Pog-Pog', MeGoOcP, 1L-Npog, Go-Me, Go-Me:N-S, S-Me, Ls-(Sn-Pog'), Stms-Stmi, N'-Gn', N'NsPog', 6u-PTV, 1u-NA, FMIA, and IMPA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SUS 2 corrected class II/1 malocclusion of patients in the postpubertal growth period by inhibiting the maxilla's forward growth, advancing the mandible, decreasing the nasolabial and interincisal angles, proclining the incisors, increasing the facial height, and clockwise rotation of the occlusal plane. Extraction reduced the interincisal angle and protruded the lower incisors. However, it did not change the soft tissue thickness and did not cause a clockwise rotation in the occlusal plane.
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic Department, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, PO Box 19585-175, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Siamak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hemmatpour
authors.affiliation: Orthodontic Department, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, PO Box 19585-175, Tehran, Iran. ali.mokhtar1989@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mokhtar
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Anatomy and Morphology, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rakhshan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000601:surgery*; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008311:Malocclusion, Angle Class I / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D017289:Orthodontic Appliances, Functional; D011627:Puberty; D014081:Tooth Extraction; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Cervical Vertebral Maturation Index; Class II division 1; Fixed functional appliances; Maxillary premolar extraction; Sabbagh Universal Spring 2