title: Geometry of the Proximal Phalanx of Hallux and First Metatarsal Bone to Predict Hallux Abducto Valgus: A Radiological Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hallux abducto valgus (HAV) is one of the most common forefoot deformities in adulthood with a variable prevalence but has been reported as high as 48%. The study proposed that HAV development involves a skeletal parameter of the first metatarsal bone and proximal phalanx hallux (PPH) to determine if the length measurements of the metatarsal and PPH can be used to infer adult HAV.
  
  
  METHODS
  All consecutive patients over 21 years of age with HAV by roentgenographic evaluation were included in a cross-sectional study. The control group included patients without HAV. The study included 160 individuals. We identified and assessed the following radiographic measurements to evaluate HAV: the distances from the medial (LDM), central (LDC), and lateral (LDL) aspects of the base to the corresponding regions of the head of the PPH. The difference between the medial and lateral aspect of PPH was also calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reliability of the variables measured in 40 radiographic films show perfect reliability ranging from 0.941 to 1 with a small error ranging from 0.762 to 0. Also, there were no systematic errors between the two measurements for any variable (P > 0.05). The LDM PPH showed the highest reliability and lowest error.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is more suitable to measure the LDM PPH instead of the LDC PPH when calculating the hallux valgus angle based on our reliability results. When the differences of the medial and lateral PPH are greater, the risk for developing HAV increases.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perez Boal
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podologia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Becerro de Bengoa Vallejo
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fuentes Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Research, Health and Podiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, Universidade da Coruña, Coruña, Spain.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lopez Lopez
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta Elena
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7588-2069
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Losa Iglesias
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006214:Hallux / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006215:Hallux Valgus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008682:Metatarsal Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results