title: Synthesis, characterization and modification of Gum Arabic microgels for hemocompatibility and antimicrobial studies.
abstract: Gum Arabic (GA) microgels were successfully prepared via reverse micellization method with high yield (78.5±5.0%) in 5-100μm size range using divinyl sulfone (DVS) as a crosslinker. The GA microgels were degraded hydrolytically 22.8±3.5% at pH 1 in 20days, whereas no degradation was observed at pH 7.4 and pH 9 at 37°C. By using diethylenetriamine (DETA), and taurine (TA) as chemical modifying agents, GA microgels were chemically modified as GA-DETA and GA-TA, and the zeta potential values of 5.2±4.1 and -24.8±1.3mV were measured, respectively in comparison to -27.3±4.2mV for GA. Moreover, blood compatibility of GA, GA-TA, and GA-DETA microgels was tested via in vitro protein adsorption, % hemolysis ratio, and blood clotting index. All the microgels were hemocompatible with% hemolysis ratio between 0.23 to 2.05, and the GA microgels were found to be highly compatible with a blood clotting index of 81±40. The biocompatibility of GA, GA-DETA and GA-Taurine microgels against L929 fibroblast cells also revealed 84.4, 89.1, and 67.0% cell viability, respectively, at 25.0μg/mL concentration, suggesting great potential in vivo biomedical applications up to this concentration. In addition, 5 and 10mg/mL minimum inhibition concentrations of protonated GA-DETA microgels (GA-DETA-HCl) were determined against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farooq
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science & Arts, Chemistry Department, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey; Nanoscience and Technology Research and Application Center (NANORAC), Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Selin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sagbas
authors.affiliation: Leather Engineering Department, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir, 35080, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehtap
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sahiner
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siddiq
authors.affiliation: Kirikkale University, Bimomedical Engineering, 06450 Kirikkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Turk
authors.affiliation: Chemical Engineering Department, Yuzuncu Yil University, Campus, Van, 65080, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nahit
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aktas
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science & Arts, Chemistry Department, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey; Nanoscience and Technology Research and Application Center (NANORAC), Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Terzioglu Campus, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey. Electronic address: sahiner71@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nurettin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sahiner
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D017209:Apoptosis; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D002460:Cell Line; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D005782:Gels / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D006170:Gum Arabic / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D011073:Polyamines; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D013654:Taurine
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005782:Gels; D011073:Polyamines; C005391:diethylenetriamine; D013654:Taurine; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D006170:Gum Arabic
keywords: Antimicrobial GA microgel; Degradable/biocompatible GA microgel; Gum Arabic microgels/nanogels; Modifiable GA particle