title: Effects of proanthocyanidin, a crosslinking agent, on physical and biological properties of collagen hydrogel scaffold.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of proanthocyanidin (PAC), a crosslinking agent, on the physical properties of a collagen hydrogel and the behavior of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) cultured in the scaffold.
  
  
  METHODS
  Viability of hPDLCs treated with PAC was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The physical properties of PAC treated collagen hydrogel scaffold were evaluated by the measurement of setting time, surface roughness, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The behavior of the hPDLCs in the collagen scaffold was evaluated by cell morphology observation and cell numbers counting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The setting time of the collagen scaffold was shortened in the presence of PAC (p< 0.05). The surface roughness of the PAC-treated collagen was higher compared to the untreated control group (p< 0.05). The thermogram of the crosslinked collagen exhibited a higher endothermic peak compared to the uncrosslinked one. Cells in the PAC-treated collagen were observed to attach in closer proximity to one another with more cytoplasmic extensions compared to cells in the untreated control group. The number of cells cultured in the PAC-treated collagen scaffolds was significantly increased compared to the untreated control (p< 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed that PAC enhanced the physical properties of the collagen scaffold. Furthermore, the proliferation of hPDLCs cultured in the collagen scaffold crosslinked with PAC was facilitated. Conclusively, the application of PAC to the collagen scaffold may be beneficial for engineering-based periodontal ligament regeneration in delayed replantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Wonkwang University Dental Hospital, Iksan, Korea.
authors.forename: Yoorina
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Hee-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea.; Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-San
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1928-3384
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Min
keywords: Collagen; Crosslinking; Periodontal ligament cell; Proanthocyanidin; Proliferation