title: Determination of pesticide and phthalate residues in tea by QuEChERS method and their fate in processing.
abstract: In this study, the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method was applied for the analysis of the multiclass pesticide residues of 12 organochlorines (OCs), 9 organophosphates (OPs), 11 synthetic pyrethroids (SPs), 4 herbicides, 6 phthalates in raw tea (loose tea, branded tea and herbal tea), and tea infusion in 4 different containers (glass cup, earthen cup, plastic bag and disposal cup). In loose tea and branded tea residues, malathion (0.257 and 0.118 mg kg-1), cypermethrin (0.065 and 0.030 mg kg-1), and fenvalerate (0.032 and 0.030 mg kg-1) were detected, respectively. In herbal tea, residues of only cypermethrin (0.053 mg kg-1) and fenvalerate (0.045 mg kg-1) were detected. Tea infusion samples contained in a plastic bag were found to be contaminated with only dibutyl phthalate (DBP) (0.038 mg kg-1). Disposable cup was found to be contaminated with DBP (0.026 mg kg-1) and diethyl phthalate (DEP) (0.004 mg kg-1). Further, to know the processing behavior of pesticides, the spiked raw tea was subjected to tea infusion at different brewing times (2, 5, 10 min). The analysis demonstrated that dimethoate, dichlorvos, and malathion had shown more than 10 % of translocation at 5 min of brewing time. Further brewing for 10 min revealed the reduction in concentration of pesticides. Leaching of phthalate residues from different plastic containers was also studied at 10, 30, and 60 min. DBP, benzyl butyl phthalate (BzBP), and di-2-(ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were leached in the tea infusion samples packed in plastic bags. On the other hand, in disposable cups, leaching of DBP, DEP, and dimethyl phthalate were found. The concentration of phthalate residues increased with retention time. Pesticide and phthalate contaminants were recorded at low quantities in few samples only.
authors.affiliation: Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India.
authors.forename: Sapna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India.
authors.forename: Satyajeet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.affiliation: Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research,Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, National Aids Research Institute, Plot No.73, G Block, MIDC, Pune, Bhosari, 411 026, India.
authors.forename: Ashutosh K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India.
authors.forename: Smita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panchal
authors.affiliation: Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India.
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India.
authors.forename: V P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226007, India.
authors.forename: Sudha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Pesticide Toxicology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India. laxmanprasad13@gmail.com.
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Srivastava
mesh_terms: D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate / Q000032:analysis; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate / Q000032:analysis; D005506:Food Contamination; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis*; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated / Q000032:analysis; D009570:Nitriles; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000032:analysis; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D010969:Plastics / Q000032:analysis; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000032:analysis; D013662:Tea
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D009570:Nitriles; D010755:Organophosphates; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D010969:Plastics; D011722:Pyrethrins; D013662:Tea; C024629:dimethyl phthalate; C017160:cypermethrin; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate; C032279:phthalic acid; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate; C007379:diethyl phthalate; C027561:butylbenzyl phthalate; C017690:fenvalerate
keywords: Leaching; Pesticides; Phthalates; QuEChERS; Tea