title: Changes in the metabolic profile and body weight of pre-pubertal gilts during prolonged monotonic exposure to low doses of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine whether exposure to low doses of ZEN + DON induces changes in serum biochemical and hematological parameters in pre-pubertal gilts. In the evaluated groups, minor but statistically significant changes were noted in selected serum biochemical parameters, including glucose, total cholesterol, ALT, AST, AP, total bilirubin, Pin, Fe, K and Cl, and in hematological parameters, including WBC, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, Ht, Hb, MCHC, HDW and PLT. A statistical analysis of the results revealed significant differences between groups in the values of WBC, eosinophils, basophils, Hb, Ht, PLT, glucose, ALT, AP, total bilirubin, Fe and K. Change trends were noted mainly in weeks II and V-VI. An analysis of the metabolic profile of pre-pubertal gilts exposed to ZEN + DON indicates that homeostasis and biotransformation of ZEN + DON can be toned down at the expense of the animals' energy reserves. Body weight gains were lower in group E, and BW gains were not observed in weeks II and VI. The activity levels of gilts decreased in the first weeks of exposure (I and II), but the drop was minimized by a compensatory effect, or in the last two weeks of exposure due to nutrient deficiency or insufficient supply of protein and energy with feed and feed additives, which decreased BW gains. Low doses of mycotoxins induce completely different changes in the metabolic test than higher doses. The above can probably be attributed to: (i) a negative compensatory effect, (ii) initiation of adaptive mechanisms and stimulation of the immune system, probably due to the allergizing properties of mycotoxins, (iii) excessive loss of energy and protein due to more effective feed utilization, or (iv) involvement in detoxification processes which leads to fatigue. Depending on the body's energy stores, the above processes tend to tone down the biotransformation of low doses of the examined mycotoxins but in the present study, the BW of gilts did not increase under exposure to a combination of ZEN + DON.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/01, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland; Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland. Electronic address: mgaja@uwm.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gajęcka
authors.affiliation: Boehringer Ingelheim Sp. z o.o., Wolska 5, 02-675 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: michal.tarasiuk@boehringer-ingelheim.com.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tarasiuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland. Electronic address: lukaszz@uwm.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Łukasz
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Zielonka
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland. Electronic address: michal.dabrowski@uwm.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dąbrowski
authors.affiliation: Department and Clinic of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland. Electronic address: jakob.nicpon@up.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Jakub
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicpoń
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland. Electronic address: kerim@uwm.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Mirosław
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baranowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland. Electronic address: gajecki@uwm.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Maciej Tadeusz
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Gajęcki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D004906:Erythrocyte Count; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D012741:Sexual Maturation; D013552:Swine / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D015025:Zearalenone / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D014255:Trichothecenes; D015025:Zearalenone; D002784:Cholesterol; D005947:Glucose; C007262:deoxynivalenol
keywords: BW; Blood biochemistry; DON; Hematology; Low doses; Pre-pubertal gilts; ZEN