title: Efficient multi-scale 3D CNN with fully connected CRF for accurate brain lesion segmentation.
abstract: We propose a dual pathway, 11-layers deep, three-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network for the challenging task of brain lesion segmentation. The devised architecture is the result of an in-depth analysis of the limitations of current networks proposed for similar applications. To overcome the computational burden of processing 3D medical scans, we have devised an efficient and effective dense training scheme which joins the processing of adjacent image patches into one pass through the network while automatically adapting to the inherent class imbalance present in the data. Further, we analyze the development of deeper, thus more discriminative 3D CNNs. In order to incorporate both local and larger contextual information, we employ a dual pathway architecture that processes the input images at multiple scales simultaneously. For post-processing of the network's soft segmentation, we use a 3D fully connected Conditional Random Field which effectively removes false positives. Our pipeline is extensively evaluated on three challenging tasks of lesion segmentation in multi-channel MRI patient data with traumatic brain injuries, brain tumours, and ischemic stroke. We improve on the state-of-the-art for all three applications, with top ranking performance on the public benchmarks BRATS 2015 and ISLES 2015. Our method is computationally efficient, which allows its adoption in a variety of research and clinical settings. The source code of our implementation is made publicly available.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Imperial College London, UK. Electronic address: konstantinos.kamnitsas12@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamnitsas
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Imperial College London, UK.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ledig
authors.affiliation: University Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, Cambridge University, UK; Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Cambridge University, UK.
authors.forename: Virginia F J
authors.initials: VFJ
authors.lastname: Newcombe
authors.affiliation: University Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, Cambridge University, UK.
authors.forename: Joanna P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: University Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, Cambridge University, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.affiliation: University Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine, Cambridge University, UK; Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Cambridge University, UK.
authors.forename: David K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Imperial College London, UK.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rueckert
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Imperial College London, UK.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Glocker
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: 3D convolutional neural network; Brain lesions; Deep learning; Fully connected CRF; Segmentation