title: ALS and FTD linked GGGGCC-repeat containing DNA oligonucleotide folds into two distinct G-quadruplexes.
abstract: The most common genetic cause of neurological disorders ALS and FTD is a largely increased number of GGGGCC repeats in C9orf72 gene. Non-canonical structures including G-quadruplexes adopted by expanded repeats are hypothesized to be crucial in pathogenesis. Recently, we have shown that structural polymorphism of oligonucleotide d(G4C2)3G4is reduced by dG to 8Br-dG substitution. High-resolution structure of one of the two major G-quadruplexes adopts antiparallel topology comprising of four G-quartets. Herein, we describe the topology of the second major G-quadruplex structure and influence of folding conditions on relative populations of the two folds.
  
  
  
  Influence of folding conditions was explored by 1H1D NMR. Determination of topology was achieved by 2D NMR complemented with PAGE and CD. UV melting experiment was used to explore thermal stability of structures.
  
  
  
  Two structures adopted by oligonucleotide d(G4C2)3GGBrGG denoted AQU and NAN coexist in solution and ratio of their populations is determined by pH and rate of cooling when folding from thermally denatured state in the presence of K+ions.
  
  
  
  AQU is kinetically favored and forms by folding at low pH, while NAN is favored thermodynamically and at neutral pH. AQU and NAN share similar antiparallel topology with four G-quartets and three edgewise loops, however they exhibit distinct structural and dynamic properties.
  
  
  
  Novel G-quadruplex topology adds insight into diverse polymorphism of DNA sequences comprising potentially pathological GGGGCC repeat. Relative populations of the two structures and their dependence on folding conditions contribute to understanding of factors that govern G-quadruplex folding. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Gquadruplex" Guest Editor: Dr. Concetta Giancola and Dr. Daniela Montesarchio.
authors.affiliation: Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Jasna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brčić
authors.affiliation: Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; EN-FIST Center of Excellence, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Electronic address: janez.plavec@ki.si.
authors.forename: Janez
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plavec
mesh_terms: D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000235:genetics*; D020029:Base Pairing; D000073885:C9orf72 Protein; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D042622:DNA Repeat Expansion; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000737:chemistry*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D057180:Frontotemporal Dementia / Q000235:genetics*; D054856:G-Quadruplexes; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009691:Nucleic Acid Denaturation; D009841:Oligonucleotides / Q000737:chemistry*; D011188:Potassium / Q000737:chemistry; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000073885:C9orf72 Protein; C568651:C9orf72 protein, human; D009841:Oligonucleotides; D011506:Proteins; D003849:Deoxyguanosine; D011188:Potassium
keywords: ALS/FTD; Cooling rate; Folding; GGGGCC repeat; NMR; pH