title: Combinations and loads of bacteria affect the cytokine production by fetal membranes: An in vitro study.
abstract: The polybacterial invasion and inflammation of the amniotic cavity is a common scenario in PTB, and then, we analyzed the cytokine production by human fetal membranes to better understand the host response to polybacterial infections.
  
  
  
  Fetal membranes were treated by heat-inactivated genital mycoplasmas and Gardnerella vaginalis at 103or 106colony/color-forming units/mL alone or in combination. Cytokines/receptors were measured in the medium by immunoassays.
  
  
  
  Stimulation of genital mycoplasmas did not increase the proinflammatory cytokines, except Ureaplasma urealyticum that increased IL-8 levels. However, U. urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis significantly increased IL-10 and IL-13 levels. G. vaginalis alone or in combination with genital mycoplasmas showed an increased proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
  
  
  
  G. vaginalis sustain a proinflammatory response in the fetal membranes in vitro, while genital mycoplasmas induce a strong control of the inflammatory response. The ability of genital mycoplasmas to control the proinflammatory response may favor their survival in the upper genital tract.
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.|Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nathalia Mayumi
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Noda-Nicolau
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.|Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jossimara
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Polettini
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.|Department of Biomedical Research, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Morgan R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Peltier
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Márcia Guimarães
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine & Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Ramkumar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Menon
mesh_terms: D017604:Cesarean Section, Repeat; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D005321:Extraembryonic Membranes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006194:Gardnerella vaginalis / Q000276:immunology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000276:immunology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D019535:Mycoplasma hominis / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D016990:Ureaplasma urealyticum / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C508609:IL10 protein, human; D018793:Interleukin-13; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016753:Interleukin-10
keywords: 
  Gardnerella vaginalis
  ; genital mycoplasmas; polybacterial infection