title: Association between the dietary inflammatory index, waist-to-hip ratio and metabolic syndrome.
abstract: Inflammation due to poor diet may contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) was created to characterize diet on a scale from anti- to pro-inflammatory. Our hypothesis was that higher (i.e., more pro-inflammatory) DII scores are associated with an increased prevalence of MetSyn compared to those with lower (i.e., more anti-inflammatory) DII scores. Data from the Polish-Norwegian (PONS) Study were analyzed using logistic and linear regression procedures in SAS (version 9.4). Comparisons of interest were between the first and fourth DII quartiles; analyses were stratified by sex. Mean waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and diastolic blood pressure were greater among those in DII quartile 4 compared to 1. No statistically significantly increased MetSyn risks were observed for DII quartile 4 among men or women. Men in DII quartile 4 had elevated odds of fulfilling the waist component of MetSyn (odds ratio=1.65, 95% confidence interval=1.01-2.69). Although this study benefited from the DII and large sample sizes for both men and women, its cross-sectional nature and use of self-reported data may limit interpretation of results. Further work must be done in longitudinal studies to understand whether pro-inflammatory diets are associated with an increased risk of MetSyn, its components or other metabolic-related conditions. Additionally, further examination of the DII in relation to body habitus will be needed to understand the role of pro-inflammatory diets on anthropometrics, as observed in this study.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Suite 200, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Department of Health Services Policy and Management, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Suite 200, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sokol
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Suite 200, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Suite 200, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Connecting Health Innovations, LLC, Columbia, SC, USA. Electronic address: wirthm@mailbox.sc.edu.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Wirth
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology 5, Roentgen Street, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manczuk
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Suite 200, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Suite 200, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Connecting Health Innovations, LLC, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shivappa
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zatonska
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Suite 200, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Suite 200, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, 915 Greene Street, Suite 200, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Connecting Health Innovations, LLC, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hébert
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D011044:Poland; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Diet; Dietary Inflammatory Index; Inflammation; Metabolic syndrome; PONS; Waist-to-hip ratio