title: Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside Protects against 1,3-Dichloro-2-Propanol-Induced Reduction of Progesterone by Up-regulation of Steroidogenic Enzymes and cAMP Level in Leydig Cells.
abstract: 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) is a food processing contaminant and has been shown to perturb male reproductive function. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), an anthocyanin antioxidant, is reported to have protective effects on many organs. However, it remains unclear whether C3G protects against chemical-induced reproductive toxicity. The present study was therefore to investigate the intervention of C3G on 1,3-DCP-induced reproductive toxicity in R2C Leydig cells. Results demonstrated that C3G inhibited the 1,3-DCP-induced cytotoxicity and cell shape damage with the effective doses being ranging from 10 to 40 μmol/L. In addition, 1,3-DCP (2 mmol/L) exposure significantly increased the ROS level and mitochondrial membrane potential damage ratio, leading to a decrease in progesterone production, while C3G intervention reduced the ROS level, and increased the progesterone production after 24 h treatment. Most importantly, C3G intervention could up-regulate the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level and protein expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. It was concluded that C3G is effective in reducing 1,3-DCP-induced reproductive toxicity via activating steroidogenic enzymes and cAMP level.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhou, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jianxia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Cuijuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yunfeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xinwei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Shiyi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Zhijian
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yadong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Weibin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bai
keywords: 1,3-DCP; StAR; cAMP; cyanidin-3-O-glucoside; mitochondrial membrane potential; progesterone