title: Green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles at Apricot kernel shell substrate using Salvia hydrangea extract: Catalytic activity for reduction of organic dyes.
abstract: For the first time the extract of the plant of Salvia hydrangea was used to green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles (NPs) supported on Apricot kernel shell as an environmentally benign support. The Pd NPs/Apricot kernel shell as an effective catalyst was prepared through reduction of Pd2+ions using Salvia hydrangea extract as the reducing and capping agent and Pd NPs immobilization on Apricot kernel shell surface in the absence of any stabilizer or surfactant. According to FT-IR analysis, the hydroxyl groups of phenolics in Salvia hydrangea extract as bioreductant agents are directly responsible for the reduction of Pd2+ions and formation of Pd NPs. The as-prepared catalyst was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and UV-Vis spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Elemental mapping, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and transmittance electron microscopy (TEM). The synthesized catalyst was used in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), Methyl Orange (MO), Methylene Blue (MB), Rhodamine B (RhB), and Congo Red (CR) at room temperature. The Pd NPs/Apricot kernel shell showed excellent catalytic activity in the reduction of these organic dyes. In addition, it was found that Pd NPs/Apricot kernel shell can be recovered and reused several times without significant loss of catalytic activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, PO Box 37185-359, Qom, Iran; Center of Environmental Researches, University of Qom, Qom, Iran. Electronic address: bkhodadadi98@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Bahar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Khodadadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, PO Box 37185-359, Qom, Iran; Center of Environmental Researches, University of Qom, Qom, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bordbar
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, PO Box 37185-359, Qom, Iran; Center of Environmental Researches, University of Qom, Qom, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nasrollahzadeh
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002384:Catalysis; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D003224:Congo Red / Q000737:chemistry; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology / Q000379:methods*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000737:chemistry; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods; D009596:Nitrophenols / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010165:Palladium / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D000068219:Prunus armeniaca / Q000737:chemistry*; D012235:Rhodamines / Q000737:chemistry; D027544:Salvia / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D009596:Nitrophenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012235:Rhodamines; D003224:Congo Red; D010165:Palladium; C100258:methyl orange; C029773:rhodamine B; D008751:Methylene Blue; C024836:4-nitrophenol
keywords: Apricot kernel shell; NaBH(4); Organic dyes; Pd NPs; Salvia hydrangea