title: Respiration climacteric in tomato fruits elucidated by constraint-based modelling.
abstract: Tomato is a model organism to study the development of fleshy fruit including ripening initiation. Unfortunately, few studies deal with the brief phase of accelerated ripening associated with the respiration climacteric because of practical problems involved in measuring fruit respiration. Because constraint-based modelling allows predicting accurate metabolic fluxes, we investigated the respiration and energy dissipation of fruit pericarp at the breaker stage using a detailed stoichiometric model of the respiratory pathway, including alternative oxidase and uncoupling proteins. Assuming steady-state, a metabolic dataset was transformed into constraints to solve the model on a daily basis throughout tomato fruit development. We detected a peak of CO2released and an excess of energy dissipated at 40 d post anthesis (DPA) just before the onset of ripening coinciding with the respiration climacteric. We demonstrated the unbalanced carbon allocation with the sharp slowdown of accumulation (for syntheses and storage) and the beginning of the degradation of starch and cell wall polysaccharides. Experiments with fruits harvested from plants cultivated under stress conditions confirmed the concept. We conclude that modelling with an accurate metabolic dataset is an efficient tool to bypass the difficulty of measuring fruit respiration and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of ripening.
authors.affiliation: UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33883, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colombié
authors.affiliation: UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33883, France.|Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex, F-33076, France.
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beauvoit
authors.affiliation: ENSTBB-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux, Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Liberation, Talence, 33400, France.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nazaret
authors.affiliation: UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33883, France.
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bénard
authors.affiliation: UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de culture Horticoles, INRA, Avignon Cedex 9, F84914, France.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vercambre
authors.affiliation: UR 1268 Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRA, Nantes, F-44316, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Le Gall
authors.affiliation: UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33883, France.|Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex, F-33076, France.
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Biais
authors.affiliation: UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33883, France.|Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex, F-33076, France.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cabasson
authors.affiliation: UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33883, France.|Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex, F-33076, France.
authors.forename: Mickaël
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maucourt
authors.affiliation: UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33883, France.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bernillon
authors.affiliation: UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33883, France.
authors.forename: Annick
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moing
authors.affiliation: UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33883, France.|Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex, F-33076, France.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dieuaide-Noubhani
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex, F-33076, France.|IBGC-CNRS, 1 rue Camille Saint-Saëns, Bordeaux Cedex, F-33077, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mazat
authors.affiliation: UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33883, France.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gibon
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019069:Cell Respiration; D005638:Fruit / Q000166:cytology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000166:cytology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013395:Sucrose / Q000378:metabolism; D022722:Thermogenesis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D013395:Sucrose; D002244:Carbon; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: carbon allocation; central metabolism; constraint-based model; environmental stress; flux balance analysis (FBA); metabolic flux modelling; respiration climacteric; tomato fruit development