title: Sex determination using discriminant function analysis in Indigenous (Kurubas) children and adolescents of Coorg, Karnataka, India: A lateral cephalometric study.
abstract: Aim:To test the validity of sex discrimination using lateral cephalometric radiograph and discriminant function analysis in Indigenous (Kuruba) children and adolescents of Coorg, Karnataka, India.Methods and materials:Six hundred and sixteen lateral cephalograms of 380 male and 236 females of age ranging from 6.5 to 18 years of Indigenous population of Coorg, Karnataka, India called Kurubas having a normal occlusion were included in the study. Lateral cephalograms were obtained in a standard position with teeth in centric occlusion and lips relaxed. Each radiograph was traced and cephalometric landmarks were measured using digital calliper. Calculations of 24 cephalometric measurements were performed.Results:Males exhibited significantly greater mean angular and linear cephalometric measurements as compared to females (p< 0.05) (Table 5). Also, significant differences (p< 0.05) were observed in all the variables according to age (Table 6). Out of 24 variables, only ULTc predicts the gender. The reliability of the derived discriminant function was assessed among study subjects; 100% of males and females were recognized correctly.Conclusion:The final outcome of this study validates the existence of sexual dimorphism in the skeleton as early as 6.5 years of age. There is a need for further research to determine other landmarks that can help in sex determination and norms for Indigenous (Kuruba) population and also other Indigenous population of Coorg, Karnataka, India.
authors.affiliation: Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Darshan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Devang Divakar
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, K.V.G Dental College, and Hospital Sullia, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: John
authors.affiliation: Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdulaziz Abdullah
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al Kheraif
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, KVG Dental College and Hospital, Sullia, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mavinapalla
authors.affiliation: Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ravikumar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnaiah
authors.affiliation: Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sajith
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vellappally
authors.affiliation: Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohamed Ibrahim
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Hashem
authors.affiliation: Consultant Orthodontist and Restorative Dentist, Springs Dental Care, New Road Side, Horsforth, Leeds, LS18 4QD, UK.
authors.forename: M H N
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Dalati
authors.affiliation: Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Durgesh
authors.affiliation: College of Dentistry, King Saud Bin Abdul Aziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia; Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
authors.forename: Rima A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Safadi
authors.affiliation: College of Dentistry, Jazan University, PO Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sukumaran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anil
keywords: Discriminant function analysis; Forensic investigation; Indigenous; Lateral cephalograms; Sex determination