title: Denosumab: targeting the RANKL pathway to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by focal pathologic bone resorption due to excessive activity of osteoclasts (OC). Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) is essential for the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of OC. Denosumab (DMab) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to RANKL with high affinity and blocks its subsequent association with its receptor RANK on the surface of OC precursors. Area covered: The authors review the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying therapeutic applications of DMab, provide recent highlights on pharmacology, efficacy and safety of DMab, and discuss the potential of DMab as a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert opinion: Clinical results suggest that DMab is efficient both in systemic and articular bone loss in RA with limited side effects. Diminished bone erosion activity was also noted in RA patients on corticosteroids and bisphosphonates. Combination of DMab with an anti-TNF agent was not associated with increased infection rates. Collectively, these data indicate that DMab, in combination with methotrexate and possibly other conventional synthetic Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (csDMARDs), is an effective, safe and cost-effective option for the treatment of RA.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine , University of Rochester , Rochester , NY , USA.
authors.forename: Yahui Grace
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: a Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine , University of Rochester , Rochester , NY , USA.
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Ritchlin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D001862:Bone Resorption / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D000069448:Denosumab / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D053245:RANK Ligand; D053246:Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; C505688:TNFSF11 protein, human; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000069448:Denosumab
keywords: Denosumab; RANKL; osteoclast; rheumatoid arthritis