title: Retail lighting and packaging influence consumer acceptance of fluid milk.
abstract: Little is known about the effect of retail light-emitting diode (LED) exposure on consumer acceptance of milk. The study objective was to determine effects of fluorescent and LED lighting under retail storage conditions on consumer acceptance of milk. Consumer acceptance of milk stored under retail conditions was determined through sensory evaluation (2 studies; n=150+ each) and analytical measures (dissolved oxygen, secondary oxidation products, riboflavin retention). Study 1 evaluated milk stored in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) packages for 4h under LED light (960 lx). Commercially available HDPE package treatments included translucent HDPE (most commonly used), white HDPE [low concentration (1.3%) TiO2], and yellow HDPE; in addition, HDPE with a higher TiO2concentration (high white; 4.9% TiO2) and a foil-wrapped translucent HDPE (control) were tested. Translucent and control packages also were tested under fluorescent light. Study 2 evaluated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) packages for 4h under fluorescent and LED light (1,460 lx). The PET packaging included 2 treatments (medium, 4.0% TiO2; high, 6.6% TiO2) as well as translucent HDPE (exposed to fluorescent), clear PET (fluorescent and LED), and light-protected control. Overall mean acceptability of milk ranged from "like slightly" to "like moderately" with significantly lower acceptability for milk exposed to fluorescent light. Milk in HDPE and PET packages had comparable overall acceptability scores when exposed to LED light. Only the fluorescent light condition (both PET and HDPE) diminished overall acceptability. Fluorescent light exposure negatively influenced flavor with significant penalty (2.0-2.5 integers) to overall acceptability of milk in translucent HDPE and clear PET. The LED also diminished aftertaste of milk packaged in translucent HDPE. Changes in dissolved oxygen content, as an indication of oxidation, supported the observed differences in consumer acceptance of milk stored under fluorescent and LED light. Consumers like the flavor of fresh milk, which can be protected by selecting appropriate packaging that blocks detrimental light wavelengths.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science & Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg 24061.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Potts
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science & Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg 24061.
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science & Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg 24061. Electronic address: duncans@vt.edu.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Duncan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D018857:Food Packaging; D008027:Light; D008029:Lighting; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D020959:Polyethylene; D013649:Taste
chemical_list: D020959:Polyethylene
keywords: light-emitting diode (LED); milk; oxidation; sensory