title: Anxiety, Culture, and Expectations: Oncologist-Perceived Factors Associated With Use of Nonrecommended Serum Tumor Marker Tests for Surveillance of Early-Stage Breast Cancer.
abstract: Breast cancer offers several opportunities for reducing use of ineffective practices based on American Society of Clinical Oncology guidelines. We assessed oncologist-perceived factors associated with use of one such practice-serum tumor markers for post-treatment breast cancer surveillance-focusing on medical oncologists with high, medium, or low test use.
  
  
  
  Using a mixed-methods design, we identified patients who had been treated for early-stage breast cancer diagnosed between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2012, within Kaiser Permanente Southern California and calculated the number of tests ordered from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2014. We identified oncologists with high, medium, or low use and subsequently performed semistructured interviews. We used patient satisfaction data to assess association between pattern of use and satisfaction score.
  
  
  
  We identified 7,363 patients, with 40,114 tests ordered. High-use oncologists were defined as those ordering at least one test annually for 35% of patients or more, low-use oncologists as those ordering at least one test for 5% of patients or less; 42% of oncologists were high, 27% low, and 31% medium users. We interviewed 17 oncologists: six high, eight low, and three medium users. Factors associated with high use included: perceived patient anxiety, oncologist anxiety, belief that there was nothing else to offer, concern about satisfaction, patient competition, peer use, and system barriers. Factors associated with low use included: beliefs about consequences (eg, causes harms) and medical center culture (eg, collective decision to follow guidelines). We found no association between satisfaction score and pattern of use.
  
  
  
  Barriers to deimplementation are numerous and complex. Traditional strategies of practice change alone are unlikely to be effective. Multifaceted, multilevel strategies deployed to address patient-, clinician-, and system-related barriers may be required.
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA.
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA.
authors.forename: Corrine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Munoz-Plaza
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA.
authors.forename: Jianjin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA.
authors.forename: Jazmine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garcia Delgadillo
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA.
authors.forename: Joanne E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Schottinger
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA.
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Mittman
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA.
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Gould
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D000072103:Oncologists; D011159:Population Surveillance
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor