title: Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease: An Expert Consensus Document from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography.
abstract: Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) has become important in the management of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), particularly with pre-surgical planning, guidance of catheter intervention, and functional assessment of the heart. 3DE is increasingly used in children because of good acoustic windows and the non-invasive nature of the technique. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the optimal application of 3DE in CHD including technical considerations, image orientation, application to different lesions, procedural guidance, and functional assessment.
authors.affiliation: Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: john.simpson@gstt.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Cardiology, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Acar
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Mark K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Friedberg
authors.affiliation: Stollery Children's Hospital & University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Nee S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Khoo
authors.affiliation: Mt. Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York.
authors.forename: H Helen
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marek
authors.affiliation: Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.affiliation: Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jackie S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: McGhie
authors.affiliation: UMCU, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Folkert
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meijboom
authors.affiliation: Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago Medical School, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roberson
authors.affiliation: Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annemien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van den Bosch
authors.affiliation: Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Owen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Children's Mercy, Kansas City, Missouri.
authors.forename: Girish
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shirali
mesh_terms: D057791:Cardiac Imaging Techniques / Q000592:standards*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000592:standards*; D005060:Europe; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000592:standards*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000592:standards; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D014481:United States
keywords: ASE; Congenital heart disease; EACVI; Recommendation; Three-dimensional echocardiography