title: Allergies - A T cells perspective in the era beyond the TH1/TH2 paradigm.
abstract: Allergic diseases have emerged as a major health care burden, especially in the western hemisphere. They are defined by overshooting reactions of an aberrant immune system to harmless exogenous stimuli. The TH1/TH2 paradigm assumes that a dominance of TH2 cell activation and an inadequate TH1 cell response are responsible for the development of allergies. However, the characterization of additional T helper cell subpopulations such as TH9, TH17, TH22, THGM-CSF and their interplay with regulatory T cells suggest further layers of complexity. This review summarizes state-of-the-art knowledge on T cell diversity and their induction, while revisiting the TH1/TH2 paradigm. With respect to these numerous contributors, it offers a new perspective on the pathogenesis of asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR) and atopic dermatitis (AD) incorporating recent discoveries in the field of T cell plasticity.
authors.affiliation: German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Moritz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berker
authors.affiliation: German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Larissa Johanna
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.affiliation: German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja Lidwina
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Geßner
authors.affiliation: German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Grassl
authors.affiliation: German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Anne Verena
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Holtermann
authors.affiliation: German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Höppner
authors.affiliation: German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany. Electronic address: christiankraef@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kraef
authors.affiliation: German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin Dominik
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Leclaire
authors.affiliation: German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.affiliation: German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: David Alexander Christian
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Messerer
authors.affiliation: German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Lino
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Möhrmann
authors.affiliation: German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan Philipp
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Nieke
authors.affiliation: German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schoch
authors.affiliation: German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Soll
authors.affiliation: German Academic Scholarship Foundation - Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Christina Marianne Paulina
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Woopen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology*; D016906:Interleukin-9 / Q000276:immunology; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: C508607:IL9 protein, human; D016906:Interleukin-9; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor