title: Are ultrasound renal aspects associated with urinary biochemistry in fetuses with lower urinary tract obstruction?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between ultrasonographic renal parameters and urine biochemistry in fetuses with lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected prospectively from 31 consecutive fetuses with LUTO that underwent vesicocentesis for fetal urinary biochemistry between April 2013 and September 2015. The following renal ultrasound markers were assessed immediately before the vesicocentesis: renal echogenicity, presence of cortical cysts, presence of findings suggestive of 'renal dysplasia' (hyperechogenic cystic kidneys with no cortical-medullary differentiation) and severe oligohydramnios (amniotic fluid < 5th percentile). The association of these parameters to the fetal urinary concentration of sodium, chloride, calcium, osmolality and beta2-microglobulin was investigated by logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no relationship between any of the ultrasonographic fetal renal characteristics and fetal urinary biochemistry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In LUTO, the ultrasound appearance of the fetal kidneys and urinary biochemistry are not correlated. It may be better to take both ultrasound and biochemistry into account when evaluating fetuses with fetal LUTO. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Fetal Center, Houston, TX, USA.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women's Health Hospital, Assiut University, Asiut, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Nassr
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Texas Children's Hospital Pavilion for Women, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Chester Koh
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Fetal Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Alireza A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Shamshirsaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Fetal Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Fetal Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Haleh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sangi-Haghpeykar
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Fetal Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Dina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sharhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Fetal Center, Texas Children's Hospital Pavilion for Women, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Welty
authors.affiliation: Renal Section, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Angelo
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Urology, Texas Children's Hospital Pavilion for Women, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Fetal Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Belfort
authors.affiliation: Renal Section, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic Fetal Diagnostic and Therapeutic Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ruano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine; D002712:Chlorides / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000652:urine; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011247:Pregnancy; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology / Q000652:urine*; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D012964:Sodium; D002118:Calcium