title: Chronic toxicity evaluation of Morinda citrifolia fruit and leaf in mice.
abstract: Noni (Morinda citrifolia) leaf and fruit are used as food and medicine. This report compares the chronic toxicity of Noni fruit and edible leaf water extracts (two doses each) in female mice. The 6 months study showed the fruit extract produced chronic toxicity effects at the high dose of 2 mg/ml drinking water, evidenced through deteriorated liver histology (hepatocyte necrosis), reduced liver length, increased liver injury marker AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and albumin reduction, injury symptoms (hypoactivity, excessive grooming, sunken eyes and hunched posture) and 40% mortality within 3 months. This hepatotoxicity results support the six liver injury reports in humans which were linked to chronic noni fruit juice consumption. Both doses of the leaf extracts demonstrated no observable toxicity. The hepatotoxicity effects of the M. citrifolia fruit extract in this study is unknown and may probably be due to the anthraquinones in the seeds and skin, which had potent quinone reductase inducer activity that reportedly was 40 times more effective than l-sulforaphane. This report will add to current data on the chronic toxicity cases of Morinda citrifolia fruit. No report on the chronic toxicity of Morinda citrifolia fruit in animal model is available for comparison.
authors.affiliation: UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nor Aijratul Asikin
authors.initials: NAA
authors.lastname: Mohamad Shalan
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Noordin M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Mustapha
authors.affiliation: UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: mohamed.suhaila@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Suhaila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohamed
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D006120:Grooming / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D032066:Morinda / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009336:Necrosis; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water
keywords: Fruit; Leaf; Liver toxicity; Mice; Morinda citrifolia; Noni