title: Selected secondary metabolites in Echium vulgare L. populations from nonmetalliferous and metalliferous areas.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of severe environmental conditions prevailing on metalliferous waste heaps and heavy metal-contaminated growth substrates on accumulation of selected secondary metabolites, antioxidant capacity, and heavy metal concentration in two metallicolous (MC, MZ) and one nonmetallicolous (NM) populations of Echium vulgare L. The shoots and the roots of the three studied populations were collected from their natural habitats. Additionally, the plants were cultivated on different growth substrates, i.e. a contaminated substrate obtained from the areas of growth of the MZ and MC populations and an uncontaminated one from the NM population site. Several compounds, i.e. allantoin, rutin, rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were identified in the shoots. Moreover, rosmarinic acid, allantoin, and shikonin were measured in the roots. The adverse environmental conditions contributed to a ca. 10- and 4-fold increase in the concentration of allantoin in the roots and shoots, respectively, as well as a ca. 4-fold and ca. 3-fold increase in the level of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and shikonin, respectively, in comparison with the plants from the uncontaminated site. Similarly, a great impact of the contaminated substrate on the compounds was demonstrated in the soil experiment. Regardless of the populations, even ca. 20-fold higher levels of allantoin and shikonin were observed in plants grown on the MC and MZ substrates. In contrast, the chlorogenic acid concentration was lower in plants collected from the metalliferous areas and in all populations cultivated on the contaminated substrates in comparison with plants from the uncontaminated soil. Unambiguous results were obtained in the case of rutin, i.e. decreased accumulation in both metallicolous populations from the natural environment and increased accumulation in plants grown on the contaminated substrates. The high concentrations of heavy metals in the substrates contributed to high HM concentrations in plant tissues. However, some differences were observed between the metallicolous and nonmetallicolous populations - the accumulation of metals was lower in the shoots and higher in the roots of the NM population, compared with the MZ and MC populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Physiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland. Electronic address: slawomir.dresler@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl.
authors.forename: Sławomir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dresler
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Neuroengineering, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewelina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rutkowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Wiesław
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bednarek
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Physiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stanisławski
authors.affiliation: Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów, Warzywna 1a, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubrak
authors.affiliation: Chair and Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-094 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bogucka-Kocka
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Physiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wójcik
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis; D036661:Echium / Q000737:chemistry*; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D010226:Parabens / Q000737:chemistry; D010851:Picrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D010226:Parabens; D010851:Picrates; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D007501:Iron; D015032:Zinc; C038193:4-hydroxybenzoic acid
keywords: Allantoin; Antioxidant capacity; Boraginaceae; Echium vulgare; Flavonoids; Heavy metals; Metallicolous population; Phenolic compounds; Shikonin