title: Intracranial Hypertension in Cystinosis Is a Challenge: Experience in a Children's Hospital.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cystinosis is a rare systemic lysosomal disease affecting mainly the kidney and eye. Ocular involvement in cystinosis is universal being the presence of cystine crystals in the cornea a diagnostic criterion and one of the earliest manifestations of the disease. Neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations are considered a rare and late complication in these patients. The aim of this article is to report the unexpectedly high incidence of intracranial hypertension in children with cystinosis at our centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included eight children (0-16 years of age) with cystinosis seen at the paediatric ophthalmology department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron (Barcelona, Spain), a tertiary hospital, over the last 5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three girls and five boys, mean age: 9.6 years (range: 5-14 years), were studied. During follow-up, 4 out of 8 developed papilledema and confirmed high cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure. The only symptomatic child presented an Arnold-Chiari anomaly with enlarged ventricles, whereas the other three, all asymptomatic, were diagnosed by scheduled fundoscopy and had normal neuroimaging studies. All four patients had at least one known risk factor for developing intracranial hypertension: initiation of growth hormone therapy, tapering of corticosteroids, acute renal failure and Arnold-Chiari malformation. Two of them required a ventriculoperitoneal shunt.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that intracranial hypertension can occur more frequently than expected in patients with cystinosis. Furthermore, visual prognosis depends on early diagnosis and prompt treatment. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary, and we recommend fundoscopic examinations in all paediatric patients with cystinosis whether or not they present symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain. nmartin@vhebron.net.
authors.forename: Nieves
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Martín-Begué
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alarcón
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wolley-Dod
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis Enrique
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Lara
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Álvaro
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Madrid
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.|Department of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cano
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.|Department of Paediatric Neurology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mireia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Toro
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Gema
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ariceta