title: Plastic Responses Contribute to Explaining Altitudinal and Temporal Variation in Potential Flower Longevity in High Andean Rhodolirion montanum.
abstract: The tendency for flower longevity to increase with altitude is believed by many alpine ecologists to play an important role in compensating for low pollination rates at high altitudes due to cold and variable weather conditions. However, current studies documenting an altitudinal increase in flower longevity in the alpine habitat derive principally from studies on open-pollinated flowers where lower pollinator visitation rates at higher altitudes will tend to lead to flower senescence later in the life-span of a flower in comparison with lower altitudes, and thus could confound the real altitudinal pattern in a species´ potential flower longevity. In a two-year study we tested the hypothesis that a plastic effect of temperature on flower longevity could contribute to an altitudinal increase in potential flower longevity measured in pollinator-excluded flowers in high Andean Rhodolirium montanum Phil. (Amaryllidaceae). Using supplemental warming we investigated whether temperature around flowers plastically affects potential flower longevity. We determined tightly temperature-controlled potential flower longevity and flower height for natural populations on three alpine sites spread over an altitudinal transect from 2350 and 3075 m a.s.l. An experimental increase of 3.1°C around flowers significantly decreased flower longevity indicating a plastic response of flowers to temperature. Flower height in natural populations decreased significantly with altitude. Although temperature negatively affects flower longevity under experimental conditions, we found no evidence that temperature around flowers explains site variation in flower longevity over the altitudinal gradient. In a wetter year, despite a 3.5°C temperature difference around flowers at the extremes of the altitudinal range, flower longevity showed no increase with altitude. However, in a drier year, flower longevity increased significantly with altitude. The emerging picture suggests an increase in flower longevity along the altitudinal gradient is less common for potential flower longevity than for open-pollination flower longevity. Independently of any selection that may occur on potential longevity, plastic responses of flowers to environmental conditions are likely to contribute to altitudinal variation in flower longevity, especially in dry alpine areas. Such plastic responses could push flowers of alpine species towards shorter life-lengths under climate change, with uncertain consequences for successful pollination and plant fitness in a warming world.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile.|Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Diego Andrés
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2805-9341
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Pacheco
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, Wisconsin, United States of America.
authors.forename: Leah S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Dudley
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile.|Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Josefina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cabezas
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile.|Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
authors.forename: Lohengrin A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cavieres
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile.|Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Mary T K
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Arroyo
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D000070378:Amaryllidaceae; D002677:Chile; D017753:Ecosystem; D004777:Environment; D035264:Flowers; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors