title: Linguistic positivity in historical texts reflects dynamic environmental and psychological factors.
abstract: People use more positive words than negative words. Referred to as "linguistic positivity bias" (LPB), this effect has been found across cultures and languages, prompting the conclusion that it is a panhuman tendency. However, although multiple competing explanations of LPB have been proposed, there is still no consensus on what mechanism(s) generate LPB or even on whether it is driven primarily by universal cognitive features or by environmental factors. In this work we propose that LPB has remained unresolved because previous research has neglected an essential dimension of language: time. In four studies conducted with two independent, time-stamped text corpora (Google books Ngrams and the New York Times), we found that LPB in American English has decreased during the last two centuries. We also observed dynamic fluctuations in LPB that were predicted by changes in objective environment, i.e., war and economic hardships, and by changes in national subjective happiness. In addition to providing evidence that LPB is a dynamic phenomenon, these results suggest that cognitive mechanisms alone cannot account for the observed dynamic fluctuations in LPB. At the least, LPB likely arises from multiple interacting mechanisms involving subjective, objective, and societal factors. In addition to having theoretical significance, our results demonstrate the value of newly available data sources in addressing long-standing scientific questions.
authors.affiliation: Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; axe@umich.edu rumen.i.iliev@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rumen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iliev
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.|Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoover
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.|Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dehghani
authors.affiliation: Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; axe@umich.edu rumen.i.iliev@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4758-6590
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Axelrod
keywords: Pollyanna hypothesis; automated text analysis; positivity in language; subjective happiness