title: Opportunities and Challenges in Developing a Cohort of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using Electronic Primary Care Data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a cohort of patients with T2DM treated with insulin using CPRD to obtain an accurate diagnosis date. This was used to analyse time from T2DM diagnosis to first ever insulin prescription between 01/01/2000 and 30/06/2012, for patients in England and Wales.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients aged 18 years and over at diagnosis, were included if prescribed an anti-diabetic drug and were excluded if first diagnosis-specific code was inconsistent with a T2DM diagnosis. Diagnosis codes were split into 8 categories based on whether they related to specific T2DM or non-specific diabetes codes. Patients were excluded if they had non-specific diagnosis codes and were prescribed insulin as their first-ever treatment for diabetes. Descriptive statistics for time from T2DM diagnosis to insulin initiation were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and fifty-six codes were identified which were consistent with a first-ever diagnosis of T2DM. 7 codes were considered to clearly define a diagnosis of T2DM, which were reported for 64% of patients. The final cohort comprised 11,917 patients and the median time to first insulin prescription from the date of diagnosis was 4.4 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A clear definition of cohort development is required to compare and interpret results from studies. Use of diagnosis and product codes is essential when examining use of drugs such as insulin, where competing diagnoses need to be considered separately.
authors.affiliation: Vigilance and Risk Management of Medicines (VRMM), MHRA, Victoria, London SW1W 9SZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Preeti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Datta-Nemdharry
authors.affiliation: Vigilance and Risk Management of Medicines (VRMM), MHRA, Victoria, London SW1W 9SZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.affiliation: Vigilance and Risk Management of Medicines (VRMM), MHRA, Victoria, London SW1W 9SZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beynon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D057286:Electronic Health Records / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D061665:Time-to-Treatment; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin