title: Influence of commercial formulation on the sorption and leaching behaviour of propyzamide in soil.
abstract: Experiments compared sorption and leaching behaviour for the herbicide propyzamide when applied to two soils either as technical material or in the commercial formulation Kerb® Flo. Sorption was investigated in batch systems as well as using a centrifugation technique to investigate changes in pesticide concentration in soil pore water over incubation periods of up to 28days. Studies with small soil columns compared leaching of technical and formulated pesticide for irrigation events (6 pore volumes) 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28days after treatment. There were no differences in sorption of technical and formulated propyzamide when measured by batch systems. Sorption of technical material was significantly greater than that of formulated pesticide in sandy loam (p<0.05), but not in sandy silt loam when measured by centrifugation of soil incubated at field capacity. Partition coefficients measured by batch and centrifugation methods were similar after 1day and those measured by centrifugation increased by factors of 5.3 to 7.5 over the next 4weeks. The mass of propyzamide leached from soil columns ranged between 1.1±0.33% and 14.4±3.2% of the applied amount. For all time intervals and in both soils, the mass of propyzamide leached was significantly greater (two-sided t-tests, p<0.001) for the formulated product than for the technical material. Leached losses decreased consistently with time in the sandy loam soil (losses after 28days were 14-17% of those after 1day), but with less consistency in the sandy silt loam. There was a highly significant effect of formulation on the leaching of propyzamide through soil (two-way ANOVA, p<0.001) as well as highly significant effects of time and soil type (p<0.001). Results are consistent with modelling studies where leaching from commercial products in the field could only be simulated by reducing sorption coefficients relative to those measured with technical material in the laboratory.
authors.affiliation: Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK.
authors.forename: Majid Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK. Electronic address: colin.brown@york.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Colin D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D001549:Benzamides / Q000737:chemistry*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001549:Benzamides; D006540:Herbicides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C001059:pronamide
keywords: Co-formulants; Environmental fate; Pesticide