title: Basal ganglia structure in Tourette's disorder and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: Tourette's disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder often co-occur and have both been associated with structural variation of the basal ganglia. However, findings are inconsistent and comorbidity is often neglected.
  
  
  
  T1-weighted magnetic resonance images from children (n = 141, 8 to 12 years) with Tourette's disorder and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and controls were processed with the Oxford Centre for Functional MRI [Magnetic resonance imaging] of the Brain (FMRIB) integrated registration and segmentation tool to determine basal ganglia nuclei volume and shape. Across all participants, basal ganglia nuclei volume and shape were estimated in relation to Tourette's disorder (categorical), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder severity (continuous across all participants), and their interaction.
  
  
  
  The analysis revealed no differences in basal ganglia nuclei volumes or shape between children with and without Tourette's disorder, no association with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder severity, and no interaction between the two.
  
  
  
  We found no evidence that Tourette's disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder severity, or a combination thereof are associated with structural variation of the basal ganglia in 8- to 12-year-old patients. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands.|Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Natalie J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Forde
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marcel P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Zwiers
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jilly
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Naaijen
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sophie E A
authors.initials: SEA
authors.lastname: Akkermans
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Thaira J C
authors.initials: TJC
authors.lastname: Openneer
authors.affiliation: Admiraal De Ruyter Ziekenhuis, Department of Neurology, Goes, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Visscher
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pieter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Tourette's Disorder; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; basal ganglia; children; comorbidity