title: Humeral torsion and shoulder rotation range of motion parameters in elite swimmers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Optimal shoulder rotation range of motion (ROM) for swimming is unknown. The primary aim of this study was to examine shoulder rotation ROM in elite swimmers, including the influence of humeral torsion on rotation ROM, in order to establish optimal shoulder rotation parameters for swimming. In addition, we examined the relationship between rotation ROM and shoulder pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy elite Australian swimmers provided shoulder pain history data prior to measurement of humeral torsion and passive and active shoulder rotation ROM. Repeated measure analyses of variance were used to investigate within and between participant differences for all variables. Associations between humeral torsion and rotation ROM were investigated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Multiple regression analysis was utilised to examine the associations between rotation ROM and shoulder pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average humeral torsion angles of 27±10° (dominant side) and 31±10° (non-dominant side) were demonstrated in this elite swimming cohort. In general, increased humeral torsion was positively associated with increased internal rotation (IR) and decreased external rotation (ER) ROM. There were significant differences in both IR and ER ROM measured passively and actively (F2,136≥93.1, p<0.001) with passive ROM greater than active ROM (p<0.001) and active IR ROM measured in supine greater than measured in prone (p<0.001). There were no associations between any rotation ROM variables and current or history of shoulder pain (r2=0.058; p=0.46).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Humeral torsion angle and passive shoulder IR ROM were similar while passive ER ROM was greater in elite swimmers compared to reported normal population values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapies, Australian Institute of Sport, Australia. Electronic address: kylie.holt@ausport.gov.au.
authors.forename: Kylie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Biomedical Science, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boettcher
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Exercise & Sports Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halaki
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Biomedical Science, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ginn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012399:Rotation; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D020069:Shoulder Pain; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Shoulder; Shoulder external rotation; Shoulder internal rotation; Shoulder pain; Swimming