title: The Contemporary Microbiology and Rates of Concomitant Osteomyelitis in Acute Septic Arthritis.
abstract: Septic arthritis (SA) and acute osteomyelitis (AO) are among the most common serious bacterial infections of childhood. Knowledge of the microbiology of SA is critical to treatment. Awareness of the presence of attendant AO is also important to guide clinical management. We sought to describe the current microbiology of SA in children and clinical features associated with coexisting AO.
  
  
  
  Patients with SA were identified from the infectious diseases consult service records from 2010 to 2014. Patients with penetrating/open trauma and orthopedic hardware in situ were excluded.
  
  
  
  A total of 168 patients with SA were included. The most common causative organism was Staphylococcus aureus accounting for 47.7% of cases (29.1% were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and 18.5% were methicillin-resistant S. aureus), followed by group A streptococcus (GAS, 8.9%). The proportion of cases due to GAS increased from 2011 to 2014 (3.3%-16.7%; P = 0.1). One hundred eight (64.3%) patients had concurrent AO. The presence of osteomyelitis was associated with older median age (5.9 vs. 2.4 years; P = 0.04), a longer duration of symptoms (5 vs. 2.5 days; P < 0.001), S. aureus (62.1% vs. 21.7%; P < 0.001), bacteremia (46.2% vs. 20.3%; P = 0.001), a longer duration of fever after admission (5 vs. 2 days; P < 0.001) and a longer length of stay (10 vs. 6 days; P < 0.001).
  
  
  
  Methicillin-resistant S. aureus continues to be an important cause of SA though GAS may be increasing in frequency. The presence of concomitant osteomyelitis is higher than previously reported and associated with older age, a longer duration of symptoms and fever, bacteremia and S. aureus.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatrics and Allied Health Science and Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Branson
authors.forename: Jesus G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Vallejo
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: Kristina G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Hulten
authors.forename: Edward O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Sheldon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: J Chase
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: McNeil
mesh_terms: D001170:Arthritis, Infectious / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology