title: Pain assessment tools for older adults with dementia in long-term care facilities: a systematic review.
abstract: The aim of this review is to document pain assessment tools used primarily for older adults in long-term care facilities and compare self-report and observer-rated tools.
  
  
  
  A literature search was conducted in Ovid MEDLINE®, Embase, Cochrane and PsycINFO. Keywords included 'dementia', 'pain management' and 'managing pain'.
  
  
  
  Of 1033 references, 23 articles were selected for inclusion. Six tools were self-rated and 18 tools were administered by an observer. 13 studies evaluated the reliability/validity of their scales; four studies compared different scales against each other.
  
  
  
  Self-report should be the first-line approach when possible, with observational assessment used as a supplementary tool. Reliable observational tools have been shortened, and shown to maintain high reliability/validity, and positive psychometric properties.
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Room FG19, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.
authors.forename: Selina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Room FG19, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Room FG19, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Room FG19, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.
authors.forename: Leigha
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rowbottom
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Room FG19, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.
authors.forename: Drew
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hollenberg
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Room FG19, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Friesen
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Room FG19, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nadalini
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Room FG19, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Room FG19, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: DeAngelis
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Room FG19, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Herrmann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003704:Dementia / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report
keywords: dementia; long-term care facilities; pain assessment; questionnaires; tools