title: Model framework for integrating multiple exposure pathways to chemicals in household cleaning products.
abstract: We present a screening-level exposure-assessment method which integrates exposure from all plausible exposure pathways as a result of indoor residential use of cleaning products. The exposure pathways we considered are (i) exposure to a user during product use via inhalation and dermal, (ii) exposure to chemical residues left on clothing, (iii) exposure to all occupants from the portion released indoors during use via inhalation and dermal, and (iv) exposure to the general population due to down-the-drain disposal via inhalation and ingestion. We use consumer product volatilization models to account for the chemical fractions volatilized to air (fvolatilized) and disposed down the drain (fdown-the-drain) during product use. For each exposure pathway, we use a fate and exposure model to estimate intake rates (iR) in mg/kg/d. Overall, the contribution of the four exposure pathways to the total exposure varies by the type of cleaning activities and with chemical properties. By providing a more comprehensive exposure model and by capturing additional exposures from often-overlooked exposure pathways, our method allows us to compare the relative contribution of various exposure routes and could improve high-throughput exposure assessment for chemicals in cleaning products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.|Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Arlington, TX, USA.
authors.forename: H-M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.|School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: McKone
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006795:Household Products / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D001239:Inhalation; D008954:Models, Biological; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants
keywords: cleaning product; down-the-drain; exposure; modeling; volatilization