title: How knowledge of the gastrointestinal absorption of elements could be used to predict transfer to milk.
abstract: The quality and quantity of data used to derive transfer parameter values for milk are variable and there are many data gaps for elements/radionuclides which may need to be considered for risk assessment of the agricultural foodchain. There has been a recent focus on critically evaluating current methods to fill data gaps and on identifying extrapolation methods to derive suitable values for the elements, and particularly radioisotopes, with no or sparse data. The relationship between fractional absorption of elements in the ruminant gastrointestinal tract and transfer to milk has been explored to determine whether knowledge of the former can be used to predict the latter. A relationship has been derived between fractional absorption of elements and two empirical ratios commonly used to quantify transfer to milk; transfer coefficients (element concentration in milk divided by element daily intake) and concentrations ratios (concentration in milk divided by concentration in feed). We propose that fractional absorption may be used to predict the order of magnitude of the transfer to milk of elements/radionuclides for which no relevant data have yet been identified or collated.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK.
authors.forename: Brenda J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK.
authors.forename: Catherine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.affiliation: ECOMatters Inc., PO Box 430, Pinawa, Manitoba, R0E1L0, Canada.
authors.forename: Steve C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Sheppard
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000502:physiology*; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D011848:Radioactive Pollutants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D011848:Radioactive Pollutants; D011868:Radioisotopes