title: Powder Flow Testing: Judicious Choice of Test Methods.
abstract: Flow property of pharmaceutical powders can be assessed by various flow testers and test methods. In this study, eight commercially available lactose grades were sourced and tested for angles of repose, tapping studies, shear cell measurements, stirred powder rheometry, and avalanching powder measurements. The relationships between various flow parameters and particle size were analyzed. Deviations from the general trend could be attributed to either the insensitivity of the test or differences in particle shape. The basic flowability energy of the powder rheometer was unable to reconcile the effects of shape and particle size on powder flowability. Avalanche time of the revolving drum powder analyzer and angle of repose exhibited good correlation with each other (r = 0.92) but experienced poor resolution for samples of smaller particle sizes due to powder cohesiveness and the propensity for agglomerative flow. Flow test parameters could be categorized into three broad types, based on their relationship with particle size: (i) linear relationship, (ii) test parameter more sensitive to smaller sized particles, and (iii) test parameter more sensitive to larger sized particles. Choice of test parameters used to represent powder flow should be dependent on the sensitivity of the selected flow test methods to the sample types.
authors.affiliation: GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
authors.forename: Justin Yong Soon
authors.initials: JYS
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.affiliation: GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
authors.forename: Celine Valeria
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Liew
authors.affiliation: GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore. phapaulh@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Paul Wan Sia
authors.initials: PWS
authors.lastname: Heng
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D007785:Lactose / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D011208:Powders / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D011208:Powders; D007785:Lactose
keywords: avalanche flow; flow; particle size; powder rheometer; shape