title: Outcome and Cost of Inpatient Hospitalization for Intravenous Dihydroergotamine Treatment of Refractory Pediatric Headache.
abstract: To determine the cost and efficacy of admitting patients for intravenous dihydroergotamine treatment and to identify factors associated with a higher likelihood of response to treatment.
  
  
  
  We performed a retrospective review of all pediatric hospitalizations from 2001 to 2010 for intravenous dihydroergotamine therapy for headache. Data were collected using the REDcap database and consisted of multiple variables, including preadmission demographics, headache duration, use of prophylactic medications, inpatient therapies including dihydroergotamine dosing, procedures, consultations, total hospital cost, and headache severity at discharge and at follow-up.
  
  
  
  Seventy-four percent of the 145 individuals who were hospitalized were female. Mean age was 14.9 years. Headache was described as chronic or daily in almost all patients and 28 (19%) had status migrainosus. Sixty-six percent had a first-degree relative with migraine. The average length of stay was 3.7 days, and the average cost was $7569 per hospitalization. Patients received an average of eight doses of dihydroergotamine. At the time of discharge, 63% of patients reported improvement. Follow-up information was available for 68% of the cohort at a median of 42 days after discharge, and 21 of 99 patients (21%) experienced sustained relief of headache. Response to dihydroergotamine was correlated with a lower rate of comorbid diagnoses, lumbar puncture, and outpatient neuroimaging. Response also correlated to less expensive hospitalizations with an average cost of $5379 per hospitalization versus $7105 per hospitalization without positive response. Response was also correlated with a patient receiving more doses of intravenous dihydroergotamine.
  
  
  
  Although intravenous dihydroergotamine is an effective abortive medication for intractable migraine, it may provide only short-term headache relief in many pediatric patients. Hospitalization is relatively costly with only modest long-term benefit, especially in patients with chronic migraine or chronic daily headache.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. Electronic address: gary.nelson@hsc.utah.edu.
authors.forename: Gary R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Bale
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Lynne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Kerr
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous / Q000191:economics; D000293:Adolescent; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D002648:Child; D004087:Dihydroergotamine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D020773:Headache Disorders / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics*; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000193:education; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D004087:Dihydroergotamine
keywords: chronic daily headache; cost; dihydroergotamine; headache; migraine