title: Comparison of three solid phase extraction sorbents for the isolation of THM precursors from manitoban surface waters.
abstract: Three prepackaged solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges: two modified styrene divinylbenzene, Bond Elut ENV and Bond Elut PPL (Varian), and one N-vinylpyrrolidone (Strata-X, Phenomenex), were assessed for isolation of THM precursors from three surface waters in Manitoba, Canada. The dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the La Salle River (LR), Lake Winnipegosis (LW) and the Waterhen River (WR) were fractionated into hydrophobic (HPO) and hydrophilic (HPI) parts. ENV isolated less DOM (LR = 46.6 ± 1.5%; LW = 36.2 ± 1.4%; WR = 28.6 ± 2.2%) compared to PPL (LR = 50.2 ± 4.4%; LW = 47.9 ± 2.2%; WR = 37.3 ± 2.8%) and Strata (LR = 46.4% ± 1.0; LW = 51.6 ± 0.3%; WR = 31.9 ± 3.9%). The HPO fraction isolated by each SPE was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrochemical imaging. The FTIR spectra confirmed the HPO fractions were typical of humic-material and largely resembled fulvic acids; however, the PPL and Strata HPO isolates contained slightly more polysaccharides. The THM formation potential (THMFP) confirmed that the HPO fraction formed more THMs than the HPI. The HPO fraction isolated using ENV was found to have the lowest THMFP of all three SPEs in each waterbody; however, the specific THMFP (μgTHM/mgDOM) results indicated that ENV isolated THM precursors more effectively, as the Strata and PPL isolated a greater amount of non-THM forming material. All three SPE showed significant potential for implementation at water treatment plants as a simple tool to monitor THM precursors in source waters, enabling operators to adapt processes to improve drinking water quality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Manitoba, 15 Gillson St., Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 5V6, Canada. Electronic address: charlesgoss1@shaw.ca.
authors.forename: C D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Goss
authors.affiliation: University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, 360 Parker Building, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wiens
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Manitoba, 15 Gillson St., Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 5V6, Canada.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gorczyca
authors.affiliation: University of Manitoba, Department of Chemistry, 360 Parker Building, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gough
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D008350:Manitoba; D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D045483:Rivers; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014753:Vinyl Compounds; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D011760:Pyrrolidinones; D022882:Trihalomethanes; D014753:Vinyl Compounds; D014873:Water Pollutants; C042670:N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone; C004985:divinyl benzene
keywords: Dissolved organic matter; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Humic matter; Hydrophobic; Solid phase extraction; Trihalomethanes