title: Pharmacodynamic action and mechanism of Du Liang soft capsule, a traditional Chinese medicine capsule, on treating nitroglycerin-induced migraine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Du Liang soft capsule (DL) is a traditional Chinese medicine for treating migraines; it is made from two Chinese herbs, including LigusticumstriatumDC., root; Angelica dahurica (Hoffm.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Franch. & Sav., root.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the pharmacodynamic action of DL and its mechanism in an animal model of migraines induced by glyceryl trinitrate (GTN).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty rats were randomly divided into six groups, including a normal control group, model control group, positive group (Sumatriptan 0.006gkg-1), and three DL groups (0.44, 1.31 and 3.93gkg-1). All rats were intragastrically treated with the corresponding treatment for 7 consecutive days, and they were subcutaneously injected with GTN (10mgkg-1) 30min after the last treatment, except in the normal control group. After model establishment, the behaviors of all rats, including head scratching, cage climbing, and the development of red ears were observed continuously by digital camera every 30min for 3h. Four hours after GTN treatment, all rats were anaesthetized and the blood and tissue samples were collected. Plasma calcitonin gene related to peptide (CGRP) and endothelin (ET) levels were measured using the radioimmunoassay method, and serum NO was determined by the colorimetric method. Afterwards, the brainstem tissues were dissected and washed with physiological saline, and divided evenly into two parts. One part was used to test the monoamine levels, including levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA), by the fluorometric method, and the other part was used to determine the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) p65, nuclear c-fos, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-1β (IL-1β), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels by Western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the pharmacodynamic action assay, DL (1.31 and 3.93gkg-1) greatly improved the abnormal behaviors of migraine rats, including head scratching and cage climbing, and the development of red ears. In the mechanism assay, compared with the control group, the plasma CGRP and serum NO levels and the brainstem 5-HT, NE and DA levels in the DL administration groups were significantly decreased; and the plasma ET levels were remarkably increased. Moreover, down-regulation of NF-κB p65, c-fos and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including iNOS, IL-1β and COX-2 in the brainstem in the DL administration groups were observed by Western blot analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The above results suggested that DL has a therapeutic effect on migraines, and its mechanism may be related to adjusting the level of neurotransmitters and vasoactive substances, consequently relieving neurogenic inflammation.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Department of pharmacy, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, PR China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaona
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Chongqing Pharscin Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Chongqing 401121, PR China.
authors.forename: Liechun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China. Electronic address: xuxiaoyu@swu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaoyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000097:blood; D002214:Capsules; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016232:Endothelins / Q000097:blood; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000097:blood; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D002214:Capsules; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D016232:Endothelins; C000594089:IL1B protein, rat; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; C498145:Rela protein, rat; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; C000620718:du liang soft capsule; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D012701:Serotonin; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C489691:Ptgs2 protein, rat; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine
keywords: 5-HT; CGRP; Du Liang soft capsule; Ferulic acid (PubChem CID: 445858); Imperatorin (PubChem CID: 10212); Isoimperatorin (PubChem CID: 68081); Migraine; NF-κB