title: Dietary intakes in children born small for gestational age and appropriate for gestational age: A longitudinal study.
abstract: Children born small for gestational age (SGA) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated risk factors in later life; however, little is known about their dietary intakes. The objective of this study was to assess dietary intakes in SGA and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) at 3.5, 7, and 11 years. The Auckland Birthweight Collaborative Study is a longitudinal case-control study of children born at term (n = 871). Children were assessed at 3.5 (n = 550), 7 (n = 591), and 11 (n = 620) years of age. Diet was assessed using a 24-hr record-assisted recall. Reported dietary intakes were analyzed and compared with the Australian and New Zealand Nutrient Reference Values. Compared with AGA, median energy intakes were significantly lower in SGA at 3.5 years (4.2 MJ [IQR, 3.0 to 5.8] vs. 5.4 MJ [IQR, 3.9 to 6.5]; p < .0001) but not at 7 and 11 years. Inadequate dietary intakes of micronutrients were more prevalent among SGA at 3.5 years and 11 years of age. A large proportion of SGA and AGA children consumed more than the recommended amounts of saturated fats, sugars, and sodium. There was no association of dietary intake and socio-demographic factors. This study reveals that dietary intake in 3.5-year-old children born SGA is lower in energy and a variety of micronutrients compared with dietary intake in AGA. These intakes may however be appropriate given their BMI z-scores. High intakes of sodium, saturated fat, and sugars are a concern for all children in this cohort.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Clare R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Rinki
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Waldie
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Edwin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Pushpa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wati
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: John M D
authors.initials: JMD
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D000073417:Dietary Sugars / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age / Q000254:growth & development*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D009520:New Zealand; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000073417:Dietary Sugars; D005227:Fatty Acids; D018977:Micronutrients; D012982:Sodium, Dietary
keywords: children; dietary intake; longitudinal study; macronutrient; micronutrient; small for gestational age