title: Bioaccumulation and toxic effects of decabromodiphenyl ether in the presence of nanoscale zero-valent iron in an earthworm-soil system.
abstract: In this study, the bioaccumulation and toxic effects of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) (1 and 10 mg kg-1) were investigated in the earthworm Eisenia fetida in the presence of different levels of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) (100, 500, and 1000 mg kg-1) in an earthworm-soil system. The results demonstrated that compared to single BDE209 exposure, the addition of high levels of nZVI significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited growth and respiration, while increased the avoidance response of earthworms. The perturbations of antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)) and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content clearly revealed that oxidative stress was induced by the two chemicals. The histopathological observations of the body wall of earthworms under a combined exposure of 10 mg kg-1BDE209 with 500 or 1000 mg kg-1nZVI illustrated the presence of a serious injury in the intestinal tissues after a 28-day exposure. Additionally, a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the coexistence of high level of nZVI significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the bioaccumulation of BDE209 in earthworms; BDE208 and BDE206 were the predominant congeners of debrominated metabolites, and 4,6-dibromobenzene-1,2,3,5-tetraol along with benzene-1,2,4,5-tetraol were determined as the two main intermediates. The possible degradation pathways were proposed on the basis of the identified products. This work provides useful information on the biological effects of BDE209 and nZVI.
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoqian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
authors.forename: Waqas Qamar
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Zaman
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China. Electronic address: wzhang@ecust.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
authors.forename: Kuangfei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, 200233, China.
authors.forename: Shuangqing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
authors.forename: Zhifen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C512044:2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6-nonabromodiphenyl ether; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D007501:Iron; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; C010902:decabromobiphenyl ether; C512046:2,2',3,3',4,5,5',6,6'-nonabromodiphenyl ether
keywords: Bioaccumulation; Decabromodiphenyl ether; Eisenia fetida; Nanoscale zero-valent iron; Toxic effects