title: PI3K/Akt/mTOR Intracellular Pathway and Breast Cancer: Factors, Mechanism and Regulation.
abstract: The most recurrent and considered second most frequent cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide in women is the breast cancer. The key to diagnosis is early prediction and a curable stage but still treatment remains a great clinical challenge. Origin of the Problem: A number of studies have been carried out for the treatment of breast cancer which includes the targeted therapies and increased survival rates in women. Essential PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway activation has been observed in most breast cancers. The cell growth and tumor development in such cases involve phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex intracellular pathway.
  
  
  
  Through preclinical and clinical trials, it has been observed that there are a number of other inhibitors of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which either alone or in combination with cytotoxic agents can be used for endocrine therapies.
  
  
  
  Structure and regulation/deregulation of mTOR provides a greater insight into the action mechanism. Also, through this review, one could easily scan first and second generation inhibitors for PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway besides targeted therapies for breast cancer and the precise role of mTOR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana-Ambala (Haryana). India.
authors.forename: Var Ruchi
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana-Ambala (Haryana). India.
authors.forename: Girish Kumar
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana-Ambala (Haryana). India.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, GGDSD College, Sec 32 Chandigarh. India.
authors.forename: Navneet
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Batra
authors.affiliation: Deparment of Science, Gurukul Global School, Chandigarh. India.
authors.forename: Daljit K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, SGGS College, Sector 26 Chandigarh. India.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, M.M. University, Mullana-Ambala -133207, Haryana. India.
authors.forename: Anil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; C546842:MTOR protein, human
keywords: PI3K/Akt/mTOR; breast cancer; cell proliferation; cytotoxic; intracellular; therapy