title: A brief intervention for weight control based on habit-formation theory delivered through primary care: results from a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: Primary care is the 'first port of call' for weight control advice, creating a need for simple, effective interventions that can be delivered without specialist skills. Ten Top Tips (10TT) is a leaflet based on habit-formation theory that could fill this gap. The aim of the current study was to test the hypothesis that 10TT can achieve significantly greater weight loss over 3 months than 'usual care'.
  
  
  
  A two-arm, individually randomised, controlled trial in primary care. Adults with obesity were identified from 14 primary care providers across England. Patients were randomised to either 10TT or 'usual care' and followed up at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. The primary outcome was weight loss at 3 months, assessed by a health professional blinded to group allocation. Difference between arms was assessed using a mixed-effect linear model taking into account the health professionals delivering 10TT, and adjusted for baseline weight. Secondary outcomes included body mass index, waist circumference, the number achieving a 5% weight reduction, clinical markers for potential comorbidities, weight loss over 24 months and basic costs.
  
  
  
  Five-hundred and thirty-seven participants were randomised to 10TT (n=267) or to 'usual care' (n=270). Data were available for 389 (72%) participants at 3 months and for 312 (58%) at 24 months. Participants receiving 10TT lost significantly more weight over 3 months than those receiving usual care (mean difference =-0.87kg; 95% confidence interval: -1.47 to -0.27; P=0.004). At 24 months, the 10TT group had maintained their weight loss, but the 'usual care' group had lost a similar amount. The basic cost of 10TT was low, that is, around £23 ($32) per participant.
  
  
  
  The 10TT leaflet delivered through primary care is effective in the short-term and a low-cost option over the longer term. It is the first habit-based intervention to be used in a health service setting and offers a low-intensity alternative to 'usual care'.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Beeken
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leurent
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vickerstaff
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Croker
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: R Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nazareth
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wardle
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006184:Habits; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D010174:Pamphlets; D011320:Primary Health Care; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D015431:Weight Loss; D061217:Weight Reduction Programs / Q000379:methods*