title: Adherence to chronic opioid therapy prescribing guidelines in a primary care clinic.
abstract: Characterize primary care patients prescribed opioids for chronic noncancer pain (CNCP), explore guideline-recommended opioid-monitoring practices, and investigate predictors of pain agreements.
  
  
  
  Retrospective chart review.
  
  
  
  Primary care clinic at a tertiary academic medical center.
  
  
  
  Adults prescribed chronic opioids (three or more monthly prescriptions within a year) for CNCP between April 1, 2014 and April 1, 2015. Patients without CNCP served as controls.
  
  
  
  Patient demographics, medical diagnoses, tobacco status, provider status, documentation of guideline-recommended opioid-monitoring practices, pain agreement status, and opioid prescription. Univariate statistics were used to explore differences in patient demographics, comorbidities, and guideline-recommended opioid-monitoring practices by chronic pain and pain agreement status. Logistic regression was used to investigate predictors of agreement status.
  
  
  
  The clinic had 834 (9 percent) patients on chronic opioids, with 335 on a pain agreement. Documentation of opioid-monitoring practices was lacking. Logistic regression indicated that patients were significantly more likely to be on an agreement if they were Caucasian (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.17 [95% CI 1.41, 3.39]), had a baseline urine drug screen (adjusted OR 10.72 [95% CI 6.16, 19.41]), were prescribed a schedule II controlled medication (adjusted OR 11.92 [95% CI 6.93, 21.62]), and had risk assessed to some degree (adjusted OR 3.06 [95% CI 1.90, 4.96]).
  
  
  
  Aside from race, most patient characteristics were not predictive of pain agreement implementation. However, controlled medication of higher schedules and the use of certain guideline-recommended practices were associated with an agreement. Studies are needed to examine whether pain agreement or guideline-adherence influence clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Clement J Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Center for Patient Care and Outcomes Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.affiliation: Center for Patient Care and Outcomes Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wozniak
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koller
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bernstein
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid