title: Metabolites profiling reveals for antimicrobial compositional differences and action mechanism in the toothbrushing stick "miswak" Salvadora persica.
abstract: Among many plant species suitable for preparing toothbrushing sticks, miswak (Salvadora persica, family Salvadoraceae) is found the most effective tool for oral hygiene. S. persica possesses antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal effects against oral microbes, mostly due to its benzyl isothiocyanate content. To provide insight into S. persica chemical composition, volatile constituents from roots and stems of S. persica grown in Egypt and Saudi Arabia were profiled using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 21 volatiles were identified with sulfur compounds amounting for the major volatile class. Orthogonal projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed for benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) enrichment in roots versus stems. Primary metabolites contributing to S. persica taste viz. sugars and organic acids were profiled using GC-MS with silylation. Polyols (sugars) viz. arabitol, meso-erythritol, and mannitol were found to predominate sugars composition in S. persica stems being most enriched in meso-erythritol. The impact of saliva on S. persica aroma profile was further assessed and revealing for no enhancement in BITC production with salivation, and further not being detected in toothpaste preparation claimed to contain S. persica extract. This study provides the most complete profile of volatiles, sugars, and organic acids in S. persica organs and more rationalizing its use as a toothbrush.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt. Electronic address: Mohamed.farag@pharma.cu.edu.eg.
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Farag
authors.affiliation: Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Sherifa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fahmy
authors.affiliation: Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mouchira A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Choucry
authors.affiliation: Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mariam O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Wahdan
authors.affiliation: Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt. Electronic address: elsebai72@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mahmoud Fahmi
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Elsebai
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D032121:Salvadoraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D013402:Sugar Alcohols / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013402:Sugar Alcohols; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: Antimicrobial activity; Benzyl isothiocyanate; GC–MS; Metabolomics; S. persica; Solid phase microextraction