title: Large, spontaneous spinal subdural-epidural hematoma after epidural anesthesia for caesarean section: Conservative management with excellent outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iatrogenic or spontaneous spinal hematomas are rarely seen and present with multiple symptoms that can be difficult to localize. Most spontaneous spinal hematomas are multifactorial, and the pathophysiology is varied. Here, we present a case of a scattered, multicomponent, combined subdural and epidural spinal hematoma that was managed conservatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 38-year-old woman came to the emergency department (ED) complaining of severe neck and back pain. She had undergone a caesarean section under epidural anesthesia 4 days prior to her arrival in the ED. She was placed on heparin and then warfarin to treat a pulmonary embolism that was diagnosed immediately postpartum. Her neurological examination at presentation demonstrated solely the existence of clonus in the lower extremities and localized cervical and low thoracic pain. In the ED, the patient's international normalized ratio was only mildly elevated. Spinal magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large thoracolumbar subdural hematoma with some epidural components in the upper thoracic spine levels. Spinal cord edema was also noted at the T6-T7 vertebral level. The patient was admitted to the neurosurgical intensive care unit for close surveillance and reversal of her coagulopathy. She was treated conservatively with pain medication, fresh frozen plasma, and vitamin K. She was discharged off of warfarin without any neurological deficit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conservative management of spinal hematomas secondary to induced coagulopathies can be effective. This case suggests that, in the face of neuroimaging findings of significant edema and epidural blood, the clinical examination should dictate the management, especially in such complicated patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Ioannis D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Siasios
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Kunal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vakharia
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Kaleida Health, Buffalo, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Vassilios G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Dimopoulos
keywords: Caesarean section; hematoma; intensive care unit; subdural–epidural