title: Periodontal status in crack and cocaine addicted men: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: This cross-sectional study evaluated the association between crack/cocaine addiction and periodontal disease in men. Periodontal examination (probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, and plaque index) and interviews were performed in 160 patients (≥18 years) from the Federal University of Bahia. Crack and cocaine dependence was defined according to the medical records and interviews of each patient; all drug addicted volunteers used both crack and cocaine. T test, Chi-square test, and logistic regression were used to assess the associations between destructive periodontal disease and crack/cocaine dependence (p ≤ 0.05). Probing depth was significantly greater in crack/cocaine addicted individuals (2.84 ± 0.76 mm) compared with non-addicted individuals (2.55 ± 0.73 mm, p = 0.04). After adjusting for covariates, periodontitis was not significantly associated with crack/cocaine addiction (OR = 2.31, 95 % CI = 0.82-6.46, p = 0.11), which was only associated with age ≥35 years (OR = 4.16, 95 % CI = 1.65-10.50, p = 0.003) and higher dental plaque index (OR = 6.46, 95 % CI = 1.95-21.42, p = 0.002). In conclusion, although probing depth was greater in crack/cocaine addicted individuals, destructive periodontal disease was not associated with crack and cocaine addiction in the present population. Destructive periodontal disease was associated with age and dental plaque. Further studies in a larger sample size are required to confirm the results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, 62. Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil. patricia.cury@ufba.br.
authors.forename: Patricia Ramos
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Cury
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, 62. Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Graças Alonso
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, 62. Canela, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-150, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jean Nunes
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders; D016578:Crack Cocaine / Q000633:toxicity*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000139:chemically induced; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016578:Crack Cocaine
keywords: Crack cocaine; Cross-sectional study; Illicit drugs; Periodontal disease; Risk factors