title: Patterns of abuse amongst Sri Lankan women returning home after working as domestic maids in the Middle East: An exploratory study of medico-legal referrals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Migrant worker abuse is well recognised, but poorly characterised within the scientific literature. This study aimed to explore patterns of abuse amongst Sri Lankan women returning home after working as domestic maids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sri Lanka has over 2 million of its citizens employed overseas as international labor migrants. A cross-sectional study was conducted on Sri Lankan female domestic maids returning from the Middle East region who were referred for medico-legal opinion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 20 women were included in the study. Average length of their employment overseas was 14 months. Complaints of physical violence directed mainly through their employers were made by 60% of women. Upon physical examination, two-thirds had evidence of injuries, with a third being subjected to repetitive/systematic violence. Eighty percent suffered some form of psychological trauma. Personal identity papers and travel documents had been confiscated by the employer in 85% of cases, with two thirds indicating they were prevented and/or restricted from leaving their place of work/residence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrates that female domestic maid abuse manifests through multiple pathways. Violence against such workers span the full spectrum of physical, financial, verbal, emotional abuse and neglect, as defined by the World Health Organization. Findings from this exploratory study cannot be generalized to the large volume of migrant worker outflows. Further research is needed to determine incidence and define patterns in other migrant worker categories such as low-skilled male workers.
authors.affiliation: Migration Health Division, International Organization for Migration (IOM), 17 route des Morillions, CH-1221, Geneva, 19, Switzerland; Rajarata University, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Saliyapura, 50008, Sri Lanka. Electronic address: kwickramage@iom.int.
authors.forename: Kolitha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wickramage
authors.affiliation: Judicial Medical Office, District General Hospital Negombo, A3 Rd, 11500, Sri Lanka. Electronic address: malinthadesilva@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Malintha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Silva
authors.affiliation: International Organization for Migration (IOM), 62 Ananda Coomaraswamy Rd, Colombo, 003, Sri Lanka. Electronic address: speiris@iom.int.
authors.forename: Sharika
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peiris
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D005508:Food Deprivation; D064410:Human Trafficking; D006801:Humans; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008877:Middle East; D011678:Punishment; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D013188:Sri Lanka; D014171:Transients and Migrants; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014868:Water Deprivation; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: International migrants; Maid abuse; Migrant worker abuse; Migration health; Sri Lanka; Violence and health