title: Estimating vaccine effectiveness in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza in outpatient settings in South Africa, 2015.
abstract: Trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness during the 2015 season in South Africa was assessed using a test-negative case control study design. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was the dominant circulating strain. Overall influenza vaccine coverage was 3.2% (29/899). The vaccine effectiveness estimate, against any influenza virus infection, adjusted for age, underlying conditions and timing within season was 46.2% (95% CI: -23.5 to 76.5), and 53.6% (95% CI: -62.6 to 80.3) against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09.
authors.affiliation: National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Johanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: McAnerney
authors.affiliation: National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Sibongile
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walaza
authors.affiliation: National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Johannesburg, South Africa.|Influenza Division, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.|Influenza Program, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tempia
authors.affiliation: National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Lucille
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blumberg
authors.affiliation: National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Florette K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Treurnicht
authors.affiliation: National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Johannesburg, South Africa.|Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical Research Council: Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Shabir A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Madhi
authors.affiliation: National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Johannesburg, South Africa.|Division of Medical Virology, Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Ziyaad
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Valley-Omar
authors.affiliation: National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS), National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012621:Seasons; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance; D013019:South Africa; D014611:Vaccination; D064166:Vaccine Potency; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines
keywords: effectiveness; influenza; vaccine