title: Modulation of Neuronal Activity in the Motor Thalamus during GPi-DBS in the MPTP Nonhuman Primate Model of Parkinson's Disease.
abstract: The motor thalamus is a key nodal point in the pallidothalamocortical "motor" circuit, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other movement disorders. Although a critical structure in the motor circuit, the role of the motor thalamus in mediating the therapeutic effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) is not fully understood.
  
  
  
  To characterize the changes in neuronal activity in the pallidal (ventralis lateralis pars oralis (VLo) and ventralis anterior (VA)) and cerebellar (ventralis posterior lateralis pars oralis (VPLo)) receiving areas of the motor thalamus during therapeutic GPi DBS.
  
  
  
  Neuronal activity from the VA/VLo (n = 134) and VPLo (n = 129) was recorded from two non-human primates made parkinsonian using the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. For each isolated unit, one minute of data was recorded before, during and after DBS; a pulse width of 90 µs and a frequency of 135 Hz were used for DBS to replicate commonly used clinical settings. Stimulation amplitude was determined based on the parameters required to improve motor signs. Severity of motor signs was assessed using the UPDRS modified for nonhuman primates. Discharge rate, presence and characteristics of bursts, and oscillatory activity were computed and compared across conditions (pre-, during, and post-stimulation).
  
  
  
  Neurons in both the pallidal and cerebellar receiving areas demonstrated significant changes in their pattern of activity during therapeutic GPi DBS. A majority of the neurons in each nucleus were inhibited during DBS (VA/VLo: 47% and VPLo: 49%), while a smaller subset was excited (VA/VLo: 21% and VPLo: 17%). Bursts changed in structure, becoming longer in duration and both intra-burst and inter-spike intervals and variability were increased in both subnuclei. High frequency oscillatory activity was significantly increased during stimulation with 33% of VA/VLo (likelihood ratio: p < 0.0001) and 34% of VPLo (p < 0.0001) neurons entrained to the stimulation pulse train.
  
  
  
  Therapeutic GPi DBS produced a significant change in neuronal activity in both pallidal and cerebellar receiving areas of the motor thalamus. DBS suppressed activity in the majority of neurons, changed the structure of bursting activity and locked the neuronal response of one-third of cells to the stimulation pulse, leading to an increase in the power of gamma oscillations. These data support the hypothesis that stimulation activates output from the stimulated structure and that GPi DBS produces network-wide changes in neuronal activity that includes both the pallidal and cerebellar thalamo-cortical circuits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Abirami
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muralidharan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Jianyu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Debabrata
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Mathew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. Electronic address: vitek004@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Jerrold L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Vitek
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000502:physiology; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000502:physiology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011323:Primates; D013788:Thalamus / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: DBS; GPi; Motor thalamus; Non-human primate; Parkinson's disease