title: A systematic review: effectiveness of pediatric peripheral intravenous catheterization strategies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to identify interventions associated with peripheral intravenous catheterization first attempt success in pediatric inpatients and emergency department patients who require vascular access for therapeutic interventions.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Unsuccessful peripheral intravenous catheterization puts children at risk for increased pain and treatment delays. Effective interventions to increase peripheral intravenous catheterization first attempt success are unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of randomized controlled trials according to the Cochrane Handbook for the Systematic Review of Interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Through November and December 2014, we searched 10 databases including MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE (OVID) and CINAHL (EBSCO) without date limits. The references of articles were also reviewed. We included full text reports of randomized controlled trials testing intervention first attempt success rates vs. standard of care.
  
  
  METHODS
  According to inclusion and exclusion criteria set a priori, data were extracted using a standardized tool. We assessed for risk of bias with the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool. Due to unclear reporting narrative synthesis was used to report results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four cluster randomized control trials and ten randomized control trials involving 4539 participants ranging from 15·6 days to 16 years of age met our inclusion criteria. We excluded the four cluster trials from meta-analysis due to unclear reporting. Interventions did not increase first attempt success rate compared with standard of care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was insufficient evidence to support the use of ultrasound, infrared light or transillumination. Interventions to reduce children's pain did not decrease first attempt success. Research examining between-clinician proficiency and persistence differences is absent.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Simulation and Learning, Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Shannon I A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4636-9319
authors.initials: SIA
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nursing and Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Benzies
authors.affiliation: Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: K Alix
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hayden
mesh_terms: D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D002648:Child; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006801:Humans
keywords: cannulation; catheterization; nursing; pediatric nursing; pediatrics; peripheral intravenous catheterization; systematic review; venous