title: Signal preprocessing, multivariate analysis and software tools for MA(LDI)-TOF mass spectrometry imaging for biological applications.
abstract: Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a label-free analytical technique capable of molecularly characterizing biological samples, including tissues and cell lines. The constant development of analytical instrumentation and strategies over the previous decade makes MSI a key tool in clinical research. Nevertheless, most MSI studies are limited to targeted analysis or the mere visualization of a few molecular species (proteins, peptides, metabolites, or lipids) in a region of interest without fully exploiting the possibilities inherent in the MSI technique, such as tissue classification and segmentation or the identification of relevant biomarkers from an untargeted approach. MSI data processing is challenging due to several factors. The large volume of mass spectra involved in a MSI experiment makes choosing the correct computational strategies critical. Furthermore, pixel to pixel variation inherent in the technique makes choosing the correct preprocessing steps critical. The primary aim of this review was to provide an overview of the data-processing steps and tools that can be applied to an MSI experiment, from preprocessing the raw data to the more advanced strategies for image visualization and segmentation. This review is particularly aimed at researchers performing MSI experiments and who are interested in incorporating new data-processing features, improving their computational strategy, and/or desire access to data-processing tools currently available. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:281-306, 2018.
authors.affiliation: Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid, 28029, Spain.|Department of Electronic Engineering, Institute of Health Research Pere Virgili, Rovira i Virgili University, IISPV, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, Tarragona, 43007, Spain.
authors.forename: Pere
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ràfols
authors.affiliation: Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid, 28029, Spain.|Department of Electronic Engineering, Institute of Health Research Pere Virgili, Rovira i Virgili University, IISPV, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, Tarragona, 43007, Spain.
authors.forename: Dídac
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vilalta
authors.affiliation: Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid, 28029, Spain.|Department of Electronic Engineering, Institute of Health Research Pere Virgili, Rovira i Virgili University, IISPV, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, Tarragona, 43007, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brezmes
authors.affiliation: Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid, 28029, Spain.|Department of Electronic Engineering, Institute of Health Research Pere Virgili, Rovira i Virgili University, IISPV, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, Tarragona, 43007, Spain.
authors.forename: Nicolau
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cañellas
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Engineering, Institute of Health Research Pere Virgili, Rovira i Virgili University, IISPV, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, Tarragona, 43007, Spain.
authors.forename: Esteban
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Del Castillo
authors.affiliation: Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid, 28029, Spain.|Department of Electronic Engineering, Institute of Health Research Pere Virgili, Rovira i Virgili University, IISPV, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, Tarragona, 43007, Spain.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yanes
authors.affiliation: Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid, 28029, Spain.|Department of Electronic Engineering, Institute of Health Research Pere Virgili, Rovira i Virgili University, IISPV, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, Tarragona, 43007, Spain.
authors.forename: Noelia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid, 28029, Spain.|Department of Electronic Engineering, Institute of Health Research Pere Virgili, Rovira i Virgili University, IISPV, Avinguda Països Catalans 26, Tarragona, 43007, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Correig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002138:Calibration; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D055432:Metabolomics; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012984:Software; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D057188:Workflow
keywords: MSI computational requirements; MSI multivariate analysis; MSI preprocessing; MSI software tools; mass spectrometry imaging (MSI)