title: Effects of outcome on the covariance between risk level and brain activity in adolescents with internet gaming disorder.
abstract: Individuals with internet gaming disorder (IGD) often have impaired risky decision-making abilities, and IGD-related functional changes have been observed during neuroimaging studies of decision-making tasks. However, it is still unclear how feedback (outcomes of decision-making) affects the subsequent risky decision-making in individuals with IGD. In this study, twenty-four adolescents with IGD and 24 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing the balloon analog risk task (BART) to evaluate the effects of prior outcomes on brain activity during subsequent risky decision-making in adolescents with IGD. The covariance between risk level and activation of the bilateral ventral medial prefrontal cortex, left inferior frontal cortex, right ventral striatum (VS), left hippocampus/parahippocampus, right inferior occipital gyrus/fusiform gyrus and right inferior temporal gyrus demonstrated interaction effects of group by outcome (P< 0.05, AlphaSim correction). The regions with interactive effects were defined as ROI, and ROI-based intergroup comparisons showed that the covariance between risk level and brain activation was significantly greater in adolescents with IGD compared with HCs after a negative outcome occurred (P< 0.05). Our results indicated that negative outcomes affected the covariance between risk level and activation of the brain regions related to value estimation (prefrontal cortex), anticipation of rewards (VS), and emotional-related learning (hippocampus/parahippocampus), which may be one of the underlying neural mechanisms of disadvantageous risky decision-making in adolescents with IGD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Linyi Fourth People's Hospital, Linyi 276005, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Yongxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276003, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Shouping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276003, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Peihong
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276003, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Guijin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi 276003, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Quan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D018910:Video Games; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bart; Internet gaming disorder; Risky decision-making; fMRI