title: Drug resistance and population structure of M.tuberculosis isolates from prisons and communities in Ethiopia.
abstract: The population structure and drug resistance pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates in Ethiopian prisons and some communities is still unknown.
  
  
  
  A comparative cross sectional study was conducted on 126 MTBC strains isolated from prisons and communities in southwestern, southern and eastern Ethiopia. Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing was performed with the MGIT960 system. Combined 24-loci Mycobacterium interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeat and spacer oligonucleotide typing methods were used to study the MTBC population structure. The obtained data from prisons and communities were compared using statistical tests and regression analysis.
  
  
  
  A diverse population structure with 11 different lineages and sub-lineages was identified. The predominant strains were the recently described Ethiopia_H37Rv like (27.52%) and Ethiopia_3 (16.51%) with equal lineage distribution between prisons and communities. 28.57% of prison strains and 31.82% of community strains shared the identical genotype with at least one other strain. The multidrug-resistance (MDR) prevalence of the community was 2.27% whereas that of prisons was 9.52%. The highest mono resistance was seen against streptomycin (15.89%).
  
  
  
  Tuberculosis in communities and prisons is caused by a variety of MTBC lineages with predominance of local Ethiopian lineages. The increasing prevalence of MDR MTBC strains is alarming. These findings suggest the need for new approaches for control of MDR tuberculosis in Ethiopia.
authors.affiliation: College of Health sciences, Jimma University, P.O. Box 1368, Jimma city, Ethiopia. solali2005@gmail.com.|CIHLMU Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany. solali2005@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Solomon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beckert
authors.affiliation: College of Health sciences, Jimma University, P.O. Box 1368, Jimma city, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haileamlak
authors.affiliation: College of Health sciences, Jimma University, P.O. Box 1368, Jimma city, Ethiopia.|Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wieser
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pritsch
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Löscher
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoelscher
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Experimental Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Niemann
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rachow
mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011330:Prisons; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents
keywords: Drug resistance; TB genotypes; TB in Ethiopia