title: Long non-coding RNA TUG1 promotes cell proliferation and metastasis in human breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) utilize a wide variety of mechanisms to regulate RNAs or proteins on the transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels. Accumulating studies have identified numerous LncRNAs to exert critical effects on different physiological processes, genetic disorders, and human diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both clinical tissues from breast cancer patients and cultured cells were used for the qRT-PCR analysis. Specific siRNAs were included to assess the roles of TUG1 with cell viability assay, transwell assay, and cell apoptosis assay, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of TUG1 was enhanced in breast cancerous tissues and in highly invasive breast cancer cell lines and was associated with clinical variables, including tumor size, distant metastasis and TNM staging. Knockdown of TUG1 significantly slowed down cell proliferation, cell migration, and invasion in breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436. In addition, cell apoptotic rate was shown to increase upon siTUG1 treatment as evidenced by increases of the activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identification of TUG1 as a critical mediator of breast cancer progression implied that it might serve as a biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in clinic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, The People's Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang City, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Teng
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, The People's Hospital of Weifang City, No. 151 Guangwen Street, Weifang City, Shandong Province, China. abudure830@sina.com.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine of Oncology, The People's Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang City, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Haifeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, The People's Hospital of Weifang City, Weifang City, Shandong Province, China.
authors.forename: Guanghui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary*; D018275:Carcinoma, Lobular / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary*; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding / Q000235:genetics*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; C000598536:TUG1 long noncoding RNA, human
keywords: Apoptosis; Breast cancer; Metastasis; Proliferation; TUG1