title: Individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke can correctly match forearm positions within a single arm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies determined, using between arms position matching assessments, that at least one-half of individuals with stroke have an impaired position sense. We investigated whether individuals with chronic stroke who have impairments mirroring arm positions also have impairments identifying the location of each arm in space.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants with chronic hemiparetic stroke and age-matched participants without neurological impairments (controls) performed a between forearms position matching task based on a clinical assessment and a single forearm position matching task, using passive and active movements, based on a robotic assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  12 out of our 14 participants with stroke who had clinically determined between forearms position matching impairments had greater errors than the controls in both their paretic and non-paretic arm when matching positions during passive movements; yet stroke participants performed comparable to the controls during active movements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many individuals with chronic stroke may have impairments matching positions in both their paretic and non-paretic arm if their arm is moved for them, yet not within either arm if these individuals control their own movements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The neural mechanisms governing arm location perception in the stroke population may differ depending on whether arm movements are made passively versus actively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States. Electronic address: netta.gurari@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Netta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gurari
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States. Electronic address: j-drogos@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Justin M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Drogos
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, United States; Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j-dewald@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Julius P A
authors.initials: JPA
authors.lastname: Dewald
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D005542:Forearm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010291:Paresis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011434:Proprioception / Q000502:physiology*; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Evaluation methodology; Position sense; Robotics; Stroke