title: Proliferation, differentiation and migration of SCA1-/CD31-cardiac side population cells in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Side-population (SP) cells, identified by their capacity to efflux Hoechst dye, are highly enriched for stem/progenitor cell activity. They are found in many mammalian tissues, including mouse heart. Studies suggest that cardiac SP (CSP) cells can be divided into SCA1+/CD31-, SCA1+/CD31+and SCA1-/CD31-CSP subpopulations. SCA1+/CD31-were shown to be cardiac and endothelial stem/progenitors while SCA1+/CD31+CSP cells are endothelial progenitors. SCA1-/CD31-CSP cells remain to be fully characterized. In this study, we characterized SCA1-/CD31-CSP cells in the adult mouse heart, and investigated their abilities to proliferate, differentiate and migrate in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction, assays of cell proliferation, differentiation and migration, and a murine model of myocardial infarction we show that SCA1-/CD31-CSP cells are located in the heart mesenchyme and express genes characteristic of stem cells and endothelial progenitors. These cells were capable of proliferation, differentiation, migration and vascularization in vitro and in vivo. Following experimental myocardial infarction, the SCA1-/CD31-CSP cells migrated from non-infarcted areas to the infarcted region within the myocardium where they differentiated into endothelial cells forming vascular (tube-like) structures. We further demonstrated that the SDF-1α/CXCR4 pathway may play an important role in migration of these cells after myocardial infarction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on their gene expression profile, localization and ability to proliferate, differentiate, migrate and vascularize in vitro and in vivo, we conclude that SCA1-/CD31-CSP cells may serve as endothelial progenitor cells in the adult mouse heart.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001,China.
authors.forename: Xue-Zhe
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institution of Hematology Research, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejian Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China.
authors.forename: Rui-Lan
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining 272000, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China.
authors.forename: Shengyi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Damian Ze-Guang
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Institution of Hematology Research, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejian Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China.
authors.forename: Li-Ming
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Sciences (Physiology) and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Anderson Stuart Bldg (F13), NSW 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China.. Electronic address: simonl308@163.com.
authors.forename: Simon X
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Liang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000067696:Ataxin-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000502:physiology*; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D058985:Side-Population Cells / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000067696:Ataxin-1; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1
keywords: CXCR4 receptor; Cell migration; Myocardial ischemia; Side population cells; Stem cells