title: Chronic periprosthetic hip infection: micro-organisms responsible for infection and re-infection.
abstract: This study aimed to delineate the infecting micro-organisms identified at the first-time revision for infected THA, analyze pre-operative versus intra-operative findings, as well as intra-operative ones against re-infection micro-organisms.
  
  
  
  Microbiological laboratory findings were studied in 73 patients (mean age, 51.93 ± 10.9 years) with chronic periprosthetic hip infection pre-operatively and intra-operatively. Forty-three patients had a two-stage revision THA while 30 patients were treated with a modified resection arthroplasty using the Ilizarov apparatus. Re-infection developed in 29 cases. Its microbial species were identified.
  
  
  
  Pre-operative findings on micro-organisms coincided 50.7 % with the intra-operative ones. Bacterial growth in the intra-operative tests was detected in 72 (98.5 %) cases. Gram-positive single genus infection was identified in 35 patients (48 %); microbe associations were present in 33 patients (45 %). Staphylococcus species prevailed. Gram-negative infection was detected in 5.5 % of cases. One case (1.5 %) did not have any microbe growth. Re-infection happened in 10 cases (23.2 %) in a two-stage revision THA. In the resection arthroplasty group, early re-infection was observed in 63.3 % of cases. Among a total of 29 re-infection cases, staphylococcus species were identified in 19 cases, present either in associations or as single germs.
  
  
  
  Intra-operative microbiological tests at the first-time revision for infected THR detect a reliable spectrum of micro-organisms to assess microbial resistance to antibiotics, develop treatment protocols, and for prognostic purposes. Preventive measures at primary THR and strategies to fight periprosthetic infection and reinfection should be targeted on staphylococci.
authors.affiliation: Russian Ilizarov Scientific Centre for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics, 6, M. Ulianova st., Kurgan, 640014, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Nikolai M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Kliushin
authors.affiliation: Russian Ilizarov Scientific Centre for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics, 6, M. Ulianova st., Kurgan, 640014, Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Artem M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ermakov
authors.affiliation: Russian Ilizarov Scientific Centre for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics, 6, M. Ulianova st., Kurgan, 640014, Russian Federation. tmalkova@mail.ru.
authors.forename: Tatiana A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Malkova
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006622:Hip Prosthesis / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D012086:Reoperation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Chronic periprosthetic infection; Microbes; Re-infection; Total hip arthroplasty