title: Prediction and Prevention of Parasitic Diseases Using a Landscape Genomics Framework.
abstract: Substantial heterogeneity exists in the dispersal, distribution and transmission of parasitic species. Understanding and predicting how such features are governed by the ecological variation of landscape they inhabit is the central goal of spatial epidemiology. Genetic data can further inform functional connectivity among parasite, host and vector populations in a landscape. Gene flow correlates with the spread of epidemiologically relevant phenotypes among parasite and vector populations (e.g., virulence, drug and pesticide resistance), as well as invasion and re-invasion risk where parasite transmission is absent due to current or past intervention measures. However, the formal integration of spatial and genetic data ('landscape genetics') is scarcely ever applied to parasites. Here, we discuss the specific challenges and practical prospects for the use of landscape genetics and genomics to understand the biology and control of parasitic disease and present a practical framework for doing so.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schwabl
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. Electronic address: martin.llewellyn@glasgow.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Martin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Llewellyn
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.
authors.forename: Erin L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Landguth
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Berzelius väg 35, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Uriel
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kitron
authors.affiliation: Center for Research on Health in Latin America, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Jaime A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Costales
authors.affiliation: Center for Research on Health in Latin America, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Sofía
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ocaña
authors.affiliation: Center for Research on Health in Latin America, School of Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Mario J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Grijalva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D023281:Genomics; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D010272:Parasitic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D010641:Phenotype