title: Bonny light crude oil-induced alteration in levels of testicular stress proteins is accompanied by apoptosis in rats after treatment withdrawal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The folkloric use of Bonny light crude oil (BLCO) in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and as an anti-poison is a generally acceptable practice in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. The testicular dysfunction induced by BLCO exposure is of public concern with a view to its folkloric usage. The present study investigated the effects of BLCO exposure and withdrawal on the levels of testicular stress proteins and apoptosis-related proteins in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male Wistar rats were exposed to 800 mg/kg body weight of BLCO for 7 days. One-half of the rats in each group were sacrificed on day 8, while the remaining one-half stayed an additional 45 days without treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Western blot analysis showed that administration of BLCO resulted in a significant increase in the levels of stress proteins and apoptosis-related proteins by 50% and above relative to control, except cytosolic nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which decreased significantly relative to control. This was followed by a concomitant increase in the expression of caspase-3, FasL, and NF-κB by immunofluorescence staining within the testicular germ cells. Apoptosis showed a significant increase in TUNEL-positive cells. Following withdrawal of treatment, BLCO-mediated alteration in stress proteins and induction of apoptosis persisted relative to control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collectively, BLCO induced irreversible alteration in testicular stress proteins and apoptosis in rats within the time course of investigation. These findings highlight the potential long-term adverse effects of BLCO on individuals unduly exposed to BLCO.
authors.forename: Azubuike P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ebokaiwe
authors.forename: Premendu P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.forename: Ebenezer O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Farombi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010578:Petroleum / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010578:Petroleum