title: Rapamycin inhibits mTOR/p70S6K activation in CA3 region of the hippocampus of the rat and impairs long term memory.
abstract: The present study was aimed at establishing whether the mTOR pathway and its downstream effector p70S6K in CA3 pyramidal neurons are under the modulation of the cholinergic input to trigger the formation of long term memories, similar to what we demonstrated in CA1 hippocampus. We performed in vivo behavioral experiments using the step down inhibitory avoidance test in adult Wistar rats to evaluate memory formation under different conditions. We examined the effects of rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTORC1 formation, scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist or mecamylamine, a nicotinic receptor antagonist, on short and long term memory formation and on the functionality of the mTOR pathway. Acquisition was conducted 30min after i.c.v. injection of rapamycin. Recall testing was performed 1h, 4h or 24h after acquisition. We found that (1) mTOR and p70S6K activation in CA3 pyramidal neurons were involved in long term memory formation; (2) rapamycin significantly inhibited mTOR and of p70S6K activation at 4h, and long term memory impairment 24h after acquisition; (3) scopolamine impaired short but not long term memory, with an early increase of mTOR/p70S6K activation at 1h followed by stabilization at longer times; (4) mecamylamine and scopolamine co-administration impaired short term memory at 1h and 4h and reduced the scopolamine-induced increase of mTOR/p70S6K activation at 1h and 4h; (5) mecamylamine and scopolamine treatment did not impair long term memory formation; (6) unexpectedly, rapamycin increased mTORC2 activation in microglial cells. Our results demonstrate that in CA3 pyramidal neurons the mTOR/p70S6K pathway is under the modulation of the cholinergic system and is involved in long-term memory encoding, and are consistent with the hypothesis that the CA3 region of the hippocampus is involved in memory mechanisms based on rapid, one-trial object-place learning and recall. Furthermore, our results are in accordance with previous reports that selective molecular mechanisms underlie either short term memory, long term memory, or both. Furthermore, our discovery that administration of rapamycin increased the activation of mTORC2 in microglial cells supports a reappraisal of the beneficial/adverse effects of rapamycin administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Clinical Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lana
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Di Russo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mello
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, OH, USA.
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Wenk
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Clinical Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. Electronic address: mariagrazia.giovannini@unifi.it.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Giovannini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D056654:CA3 Region, Hippocampal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008464:Mecamylamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D057567:Memory, Long-Term / Q000187:drug effects*; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa / Q000378:metabolism*; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D008464:Mecamylamine; D012601:Scopolamine; C546845:mTOR protein, rat; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus
keywords: Acetylcholine; Long term memory; Mecamylamine; Muscarinic receptor; Nicotinic receptor; Scopolamine