title: The effects of age and gender on the prevalence of insomnia in a sample of the Saudi population.
abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of insomnia among the Saudi adult population.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional insomnia survey was conducted at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The presence of insomnia was defined by difficulty initiating sleep, early morning awakening, or frequent awakening, in addition to the second-day effect in the form of fatigue, tiredness, or changes in the mode because of lack of sleep.
  
  
  
  The crude prevalence of insomnia was 77.7% (95% CI = 75.9-79.5%). The gender-adjusted prevalence of insomnia was higher for females, 88.7% (95% CI = 86.4-90.7%) than for males, 70.4% (95% CI = 67.8-72.9%), p-value = .001. The age-adjusted prevalence of insomnia was higher for the elderly, 93.7% (95% CI = 90.6-96.0%) than for the middle aged, 79.8% (95% CI = 77.4-82.1%), or for the young group, 64.2% (95% CI = 59.9-68.4%), p-value = .001. The Chi-square analyses revealed that (1) being elderly, widowed/divorced, females, or housewives, (2) having a lack of education, and (3) excessive tea consumption were significantly associated with elevated risks for insomnia (p-values < .05).
  
  
  
  Insomnia is most prevalent among Saudi females and the elderly Saudi population.
authors.affiliation: a King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Anwar E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: b Department of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.|c Pulmonary Division, Sleep Disorders Center , King Abdulaziz Medical City , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hamdan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Jahdali
authors.affiliation: d Medical College, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdulhamid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fatani
authors.affiliation: d Medical College, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Al-Rouqi
authors.affiliation: d Medical College, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Fares
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Al-Jahdali
authors.affiliation: b Department of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.|c Pulmonary Division, Sleep Disorders Center , King Abdulaziz Medical City , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Harbi
authors.affiliation: b Department of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.|c Pulmonary Division, Sleep Disorders Center , King Abdulaziz Medical City , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baharoon
authors.affiliation: a King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Yosra Z
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: b Department of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.|c Pulmonary Division, Sleep Disorders Center , King Abdulaziz Medical City , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: d Medical College, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rumayyan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004326:Drinking; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013662:Tea; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013662:Tea
keywords: Insomnia; Saudi Arabia; adults; sleep disorders