title: The Latino Eyelid: Anthropometric Analysis of a Spectrum of Findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Published anthropometric measurements of the Latino eyelid are limited. This study describes features spanning the morphologic range from non-Latino whites to East Asians in the spectrum of the Latino eyelid.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of 68 people (32 Latinos, 18 non-Latino whites, and 18 East Asians, ages 18-39), approved by the Institutional Review Board and HIPAA-compliant, was performed. Saliva samples determined genetic components. Indirect anthropometric measurements were performed with ImageJ software. Eyelid measurements included margin reflex distance, palpebral fissure height, eyelid crease height, orbital height, horizontal fissure length, inner and outer canthal distances, medial and lateral canthal angles, and lateral canthal angle of inclination. Additionally, exophthalmometry and epicanthal folds were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of 184 markers from HumanExome Chip data revealed distinct clustering patterns. Genetically, the Asian participants were in 1 group, the whites in another group, and the Latinos spanned the spectrum between these 2 groups. In Latinos, the inner canthal distance and lateral canthal angle of inclination were similar to Asians, whereas the eyelid crease spanned the range from Asians to whites. Half of the Latinos had epicanthal folds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Latinos possess a spectrum of eyelid features spanning the morphologic characteristics from those of non-Latino whites to those of East Asians. These normative data on Latinos from Texas and Mexico aid in the diagnoses of Latino eyelid disorders and are a reference for optimizing oculofacial surgery outcomes.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; †Department of Ophthalmology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana; ‡Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas; §Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; ‖Department of Nutrition and University of North Carolina Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina; and ¶Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center at Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Constance L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Naugle
authors.forename: Shelley A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gelfond
authors.forename: Geetha
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chittoor
authors.forename: Angeline F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.forename: Martin W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Goros
authors.forename: Barrett G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Haik
authors.forename: Venkata Saroja
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Voruganti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005143:Eyelids / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D055815:Young Adult