title: Multifunctional Indium Tin Oxide Electrode Generated by Unusual Surface Modification.
abstract: The indium tin oxide (ITO) material has been widely used in various scientific fields and has been successfully implemented in several devices. Herein, the electrochemical reduction of ITO electrode in an organic electrolytic solution containing alkali metal, NaI, or redox molecule, N-(ferrocenylmethyl) imidazolium iodide, was investigated. The reduced ITO surfaces were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and grazing incident XRD demonstrating the presence of the electrolyte cation inside the material. Reversibility of this process after re-oxidation was evidenced by XPS. Using a redox molecule based ionic liquid as supporting electrolyte leads to fellow electrochemically the intercalation process. As a result, modified ITO containing ferrocenyl imidazolium was easily generated. This reduction process occurs at mild reducing potential around -1.8 V and causes for higher reducing potential a drastic morphological change accompanied with a decrease of the electrode conductivity at the macroscopic scale. Finally, the self-reducing power of the reduced ITO phase was used to initiate the spontaneous reduction of silver ions leading to the growth of Ag nanoparticles. As a result, transparent and multifunctional active ITO surfaces were generated bearing redox active molecules inside the material and Ag nanoparticles onto the surface.
authors.affiliation: Nano-Electro-Chemistry group, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Sarra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bouden
authors.affiliation: Nano-Electro-Chemistry group, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dahi
authors.affiliation: LICSEN, NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France - CNAM, Department of Chemistry and Health &Life Sciences, 292 Rue Saint-Martin, 75003 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hauquier
authors.affiliation: Nano-Electro-Chemistry group, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Hyacinthe
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Randriamahazaka
authors.affiliation: Nano-Electro-Chemistry group, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jalal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ghilane