title: A weight-of-evidence approach for deriving a level of concern for atrazine that is protective of aquatic plant communities.
abstract: Atrazine is a selective triazine herbicide widely used in the United States primarily for control of broadleaf weeds in corn and sorghum. In 2003, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) concluded that atrazine poses potential risks to sensitive aquatic species. Consequently, a surface water monitoring program was developed to assess whether measured levels of atrazine could impact aquatic plants in vulnerable watersheds. To facilitate evaluation of the monitoring data, the Agency needed to establish a level of concern (LOC) below which atrazine would not cause unacceptable adverse effects to aquatic plant communities. Several attempts at developing a community-level LOC have followed from USEPA but none have been formally accepted or endorsed by independent Scientific Advisory Panels. As part of registration review, the USEPA needs to revisit development of a community-level LOC for atrazine that will be protective of aquatic plant communities. This article reviews 4 methods that can or have been used for this purpose. Collectively, the methods take advantage of the large number of single species and mesocosm studies that have been conducted for aquatic plants exposed to atrazine. The Plant Assemblage Toxicity Index (PATI) and the Comprehensive Aquatic Systems Model for atrazine (CASMATZ2) incorporate single-species toxicity data but are calibrated with micro- and mesocosm study results to calculate community-level LOCs. The Brock et al. scoring system relies exclusively on mesocosm studies. Single-species toxicity data were used in a modified version of the USEPA's Water Quality Criteria (WQC) method. The 60-day LOCs calculated using the 4 methods ranged from 19.6 to 26 µg/L. A weight-of-evidence assessment indicated that the CASMATZ2method was the most environmentally relevant and statistically reliable method. Using all 4 methods with weights based on method reliability, the weighted 60-day LOC was 23.6 µg/L. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:686-701. © 2016 SETAC.
authors.affiliation: Intrinsik Environmental Sciences (US), New Gloucester, Maine.
authors.forename: Dwayne Rj
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Intrinsik Environmental Sciences (US), New Gloucester, Maine.
authors.forename: Colleen D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Greer
authors.affiliation: Intrinsik Environmental Sciences, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Gillian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.affiliation: Intrinsik Environmental Sciences, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wooding
authors.affiliation: Hutada Environmental Consulting, Poland, Maine, USA.
authors.forename: Kerrie J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Beckett
authors.affiliation: Syngenta Crop Protection, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Brain
authors.affiliation: Missouri Corn Growers Association, Jefferson, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marshall
mesh_terms: D059001:Aquatic Organisms; D001280:Atrazine / Q000633:toxicity*; D058735:Environmental Policy; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D010944:Plants; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001280:Atrazine
keywords:  Atrazine; Aquatic plants; Level of concern; Mesocosm