title: Canadian regulatory perspectives on genome engineered crops.
abstract: New breeding techniques in plant agriculture exploded upon the scene about two years ago, in 2014. While these innovative plant breeding techniques, soon to be led by CRISPR/Cas9, initially appear to hold tremendous promise for plant breeding, if not a revolution for the industry, the question of how the products of these technologies will be regulated is rapidly becoming a key aspect of the technology's future potential. Regulation of innovative technologies and products has always lagged that of the science, but in the past decade, regulatory systems in many jurisdictions have become gridlocked as they try to regulate genetically modified (GM) crops. This regulatory incapability to efficiently assess and approve innovative new agricultural products is particularly important for new plant breeding techniques as if these techniques are classified as genetically modified breeding techniques, then their acceptance and future will diminish considerably as they will be rejected by the European Union. Conversely, if the techniques are accepted as conventional plant breeding, then the future is blindingly bright. This article examines the international debate about the regulation of new plant breeding techniques and then assesses how the Canadian regulatory system has approached the regulation of these technologies through two more public product approvals, GM apples and GM potatoes, then discusses other crop variety approval and those in the regulatory pipeline.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada.
authors.forename: Stuart J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Smyth
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D002170:Canada; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000235:genetics*; D059022:Food Safety; D030841:Food, Genetically Modified / Q000592:standards; D000072669:Gene Editing / Q000379:methods*; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D033161:Government Regulation; D006801:Humans; D000069600:Plant Breeding / Q000379:methods; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified
keywords: GM apples; GM potatoes; biotechnology; gene editing; innovation; regulation; risk