title: Approach to the Management of Autoimmunity in Primary Immunodeficiency.
abstract: Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) consist of a genetically heterogeneous group of immune disorders that affect distinct elements of the immune system. PID patients are more prone to infections and non-infectious complications, particularly autoimmunity. The concomitance of immunodeficiency and autoimmunity appears to be paradoxical and leads to difficulty in the management of autoimmune complications in PID patients. Therefore, management of autoimmunity in patients with PID requires special considerations because dysregulations and dysfunctions of the immune system along with persistent inflammation impair the process of diagnosis and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.|Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Azizi
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Rheumatology Research Group, Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.|Department of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ziaee
authors.affiliation: Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Shahid Bahonar Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tavakol
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alinia
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.|Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yazdai
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.|Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abolhassani
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aghamohammadi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000276:immunology; D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000235:genetics; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007153:Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001324:Autoantigens