title: Expression of a hepatitis B virus pre-S2 deletion mutant in the liver results in hepatomegaly and hepatocellular carcinoma in mice.
abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer and has a poor prognosis and a low survival rate; its incidence is on the rise. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the main causes of HCC. A high prevalence of pre-S deletions of HBV surface antigen, which encompass T-cell and/or B-cell epitopes, is found in HBV carriers; antiviral therapy and viral immune escape may cause and select for these HBV mutants. In particular, the presence of pre-S2 deletion mutants is an important risk factor associated with cirrhosis and HCC. We generated Alb-preΔS2 transgenic mice that express a naturally occurring pre-S2 mutant protein containing a 33-nucleotide deletion (preΔS2); the aim was to investigate its effect on hepatocarcinogenesis. After 30 months of follow-up, the liver pathology of the mice fell into four groups: G1, chronic inflammation solely; G2, chronic inflammation and fibrosis; G3, inflammation, fibrosis, and hepatomegaly accompanied by rectal prolapse (4-12%); and G4, hepatomegaly and spontaneous HCC (12-15%). Striking degeneration of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was present in the mouse livers at an early stage (4 months old). At 8 months, overt ER stress and the Atf6 pathway of the unfolded protein response (UPR) were induced; at the same time, metabolic pathways associated with mevalonate and cholesterol biogenesis, involving the peroxisomes and the ER, were disturbed. At 20 months and older, the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) pathway of the UPR was induced and the Hippo transducer Yap was activated. Together, these ultrastructural aberrations and metabolic disturbance all seem to contribute to the molecular pathogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis present in the Alb-preΔS2 mice. These findings may contribute to the development of therapies for the liver disorders and HCC associated with pre-S2 deletion mutations among HBV carriers. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.|Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yuan-Chi
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jenq Chyuan
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Neo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.|Translational Research Division, Medical Research Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jaw-Ching
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Fan
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Center of General Education, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Heng
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.affiliation: Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.|Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.|Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.|Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.|Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ting-Fen
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D063646:Carcinogenesis; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006529:Hepatomegaly / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000235:genetics*; D012005:Rectal Prolapse / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D012307:Risk Factors; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D011498:Protein Precursors; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase; C050807:presurface protein 2, hepatitis B surface antigen
keywords: HBV; hepatitis B virus; hepatocellular carcinoma; hepatomegaly; large surface antigen; pre-S2 mutant; transgenic mice