title: The transcription factor network in Th9 cells.
abstract: The development of T helper cell subsets requires activated T cells that respond to a polarizing cytokine environment resulting in the activation and expression of transcription factors. The subset-specific transcription factors bind and induce the production of specific effector cytokines. Th9 cells express IL-9 and develop in the presence of TGFβ, IL-4, and IL-2. Each of these cytokines activates signaling pathways that are required for Th9 differentiation and IL-9 production. In this review, I summarize what is currently understood about the signaling pathways and transcription factors that promote the Th9 genetic program, providing some perspective for the integration of the signals in regulating the Il9 gene and dictating the expression of other Th9-associated genes. I highlight how experiments in mouse cells have established a transcriptional network that is conserved in human T cells and set the stage toward defining the next important questions for a more detailed understanding of Th9 cell development and function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut St #202, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. mkaplan2@iu.edu.
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kaplan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D016906:Interleukin-9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D011485:Protein Binding; D060066:Protein Interaction Maps; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000378:metabolism; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016906:Interleukin-9; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; D014157:Transcription Factors
keywords: Differentiation; Signaling; T cell; Transcription factor