title: Screening for mucopolysaccharidoses in the Turkish population: Analytical and clinical performance of an age-range specific, dye-based, urinary glycosaminoglycan assay.
abstract: Comprehensive analytical and diagnostic performance of urinary quantitative GAG analysis with dimethylmethylene blue (DMB) and the age-specific reference ranges were determined in Turkish population, which has a high incidence of MPSs. Precision, linearity, recovery and accuracy/trueness, limits, stability, and effect of interferents were tested according to CLSI guideline. Clinical performance was evaluated with ROC analyses including 45 MPS patients. Intra-day and inter-day precisions were <5% and <11% (CV), respectively. LoD was 9.12mg/L and LoQ was 23.3mg/L. The highest reference values for urinary GAG excretion were determined in an age-specific manner. In the 2-13years age cohort, a cut-off of 89.86mg/g creatinine resulted in 98.07% sensitivity and 93.33% specificity. Proteinuria and hematuria interfered with analysis in some instances. Neither leukocyturia nor pH changes affected the assay. Stability analysis indicated that freezing urine samples for transfer is unnecessary. Of the 45 MPS patient samples evaluated, only three tested negative including MPS II, IVA and VI. Despite limitations due to low levels of urinary GAG excretion in some cases, urinary GAG analysis with DMB with its technical simplicity, low cost, and precise quantitative results, is a valuable screening method, particularly in populations with a high rate of MPSs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: El Moustafa
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health and Diseases, Metabolism and Nutrition Units, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serap
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sivri
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sevilay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karahan
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health and Diseases, Metabolism and Nutrition Units, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Turgay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Coşkun
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Filiz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akbıyık
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Hacettepe University Hospitals, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: lincilay@gmail.com.
authors.forename: İncilay
authors.initials: İ
authors.lastname: Lay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000592:standards*; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D009083:Mucopolysaccharidoses / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000652:urine*; D012016:Reference Values; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; C435946:dimethylmethylene blue; D008751:Methylene Blue
keywords: 1,9-Dimethylene blue; Mucopolysaccharidoses; Reference intervals; Screening MPSs; Urinary glycosaminoglycan assay; Validation