title: Enhancing Optical and Electrical Properties of La- and Al-Codoped ZnO Thin Films Prepared by Sol-Gel Method -La Codoping Effect.
abstract: Backgroud: The transparent conductive ZnO film is widely used in solar cell. Enhancing the transmittance and electrical conductivity of the films is attracting many attentions to improve cell efficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  This work focuses on the fabrication and potential application of the various cation-doped ZnO materials in recent patents and literature and then presents the La codoping effects of Al-doped ZnO films. Films were deposited by a sol-gel route and characterized by various techniques including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, UV-vis and luminescent spectroscopies, and electrical conduction analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The UV-vis. transmittance and band gap increased and then decreased, whereas the resistivity decreased and then slightly increased with the increase in La/Al ratio. The La/Al ratio of 0.0105 led to a maximal transmittance, a widest band gap, and a minimal resistivity. The films also illustrated a near band gap emission and some intrinsic defect-related emissions with varied intensity with La/Al ratio.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work reveal that the electrical and optical properties of the ZnO:Al films can be well enhanced by La codoping. This is significant to the applications of the ZnO:Al materials.
authors.affiliation: College of Material Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He-Yan
keywords: Codoping effect; ZnO.; microstructure; optical properties; semiconductors; sol-gel chemistry; thin films