title: Higher prolactin and vasoinhibin serum levels associated with incidence and progression of retinopathy of prematurity.
abstract: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a potentially blinding, retinal neovascular disease. Systemic prolactin accesses the retina to regulate blood vessels. Prolactin is proangiogenic and can be cleaved to antiangiogenic vasoinhibins. We investigated whether circulating prolactin and vasoinhibins associate with incidence and progression of ROP.
  
  
  
  A prospective, longitudinal, case-control study covering postnatal weeks 1 to 9 measured serum prolactin, vasoinhibins, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) weekly in 90 premature infants diagnosed as ROP or control.
  
  
  
  Prolactin levels were higher in ROP than in control patients before (106.2 ± 11.3 (SEM) vs. 64.7 ± 4.9 ng/ml, postnatal week 1) and during (120.6 ± 10 vs. 84.7 ± 7.5ng/ml, postnatal week 5) ROP diagnosis. Prolactin, but not gestational age, birth weight, Apgar score, sepsis, or ventilation time, correlated with ROP. The relative risk (RR) of developing ROP increased if Prolactin (PRL) levels were higher than thresholds of 80 ng/ml (RR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.06-2.28), 100 ng/ml (RR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.14-2.34), or 120 ng/ml (RR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.41-2.68). Vasoinhibin levels were 39.7% higher (95% CI: 4.5-77.5) in the circulation of ROP than in control patients at postnatal week 1 and similar thereafter, whereas VEGF serum levels were always similar.
  
  
  
  High serum prolactin and vasoinhibin levels predict and may impact ROP progression.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Civil "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.
authors.forename: Luz Consuelo
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Zepeda-Romero
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurobiology, National University of Mexico (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vazquez-Membrillo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurobiology, National University of Mexico (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico.
authors.forename: Elva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Adan-Castro
authors.affiliation: Hospital Civil "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gomez-Aguayo
authors.affiliation: Hospital Civil "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.|Tecnológico de Monterrey, Guadalajara, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jose Alfonso
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gutierrez-Padilla
authors.affiliation: Hospital Civil "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.
authors.forename: Eusebio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Angulo-Castellanos
authors.affiliation: Tecnológico de Monterrey, Guadalajara, Mexico.|Unidades Medicas de Alta Especialidad (UMAE), Hospital de Pediatría Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente (CMNO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) Guadalajara, Mexico.
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Barrera de Leon
authors.affiliation: Unidades Medicas de Alta Especialidad (UMAE), Hospital de Pediatría Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente (CMNO), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) Guadalajara, Mexico.
authors.forename: Cesareo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Bernal
authors.affiliation: Hospital Civil "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.
authors.forename: Manuel Alejandro
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Quezada-Chalita
authors.affiliation: Hospital Civil "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meza-Anguiano
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurobiology, National University of Mexico (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico.
authors.forename: Nundehui
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Diaz-Lezama
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurobiology, National University of Mexico (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico.
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martinez de la Escalera
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jakob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Triebel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurobiology, National University of Mexico (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clapp
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; C493181:VASH1 protein, human; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D011388:Prolactin