title: Furosemide continuous rate infusion diluted with 5% dextrose in water or hypertonic saline in normal adult dogs: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to investigate the short-term safety and diuretic efficacy of furosemide constant rate infusion (CRI) diluted with 5% dextrose in water (D5W) compared to dilution with 2.4% hypertonic saline in healthy dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six healthy dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dogs were studied in a randomized, blinded, crossover manner. Furosemide 3.3mg/kg was diluted to 2.2mg/mL with either 1.5mL/kg D5W for the DEX method or with 1.0mL/kg D5W and 0.5mL/kg of 7.2% hypertonic saline for the H-SAL method. After a 0.66mg/kg furosemide IV bolus, the infusion rate was 0.3 mL/kg/hr for 5 h such that both methods delivered 0.66 mg/kg/hr (total 3.3mg/kg) furosemide in equal volume for the study duration. Urine output, water intake, central venous pressure (CVP), physical parameters, furosemide concentrations, blood and urine electrolytes, and urine aldosterone to creatinine ratio (UAldo:C) were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measured variables were not different between methods but showed changes over time consistent with diuresis. Mean CVP decreased over time similarly for both methods. Plasma furosemide and urine concentrations were stable and not different between methods. Both furosemide CRI methods showed an increase in the UAldo:C, however, the rise was greater for DEX than for H-SAL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diuresis was similar for both furosemide CRI methods; however, the H-SAL method induced less renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation than the DEX method. The absence of intravascular volume expansion based on CVP suggests that dilution of a furosemide CRI with 2.4% hypertonic saline may be well tolerated in heart failure.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA. Electronic address: dbadin@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adin
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Atkins
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Papich
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: DeFrancesco
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508270, Brazil.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Penteado
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurtz
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004232:Diuretics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004285:Dogs; D005665:Furosemide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D014867:Water; D005665:Furosemide; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Diuretic; Lasix; Salt; Sodium