title: Computed Tomography in Germany.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2001, calculations in models based on atomic bomb survivors indicated that children exposed to ionizing radiation by computed tomography (CT) would be expected to have an increased risk of cancer. This led to the issuance of new recommendations in Germany concerning CT in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from the German pediatric CT cohort study together with data on children from a large general statutory health insurance provider (AOK) in order to characterize the secular trend in the use of CT in Germany. We used information from the Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) to estimate individual organ doses per scan and their development over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of CT scans performed on children in Germany each year declined by 29% from 2006 to 2012. Over the same period, younger children were exposed to lower organ doses during CT scanning, although some organ doses were higher in neonates than in older children. The highest organ doses were in the 7.6 to 12.5-year-old age group and affected the brain (37.12 mGy ± 19.68 mGy) and the lenses (41.24 mGy ± 20.08 mGy). In every age group, the organ doses declined from year to year. With approximately 21 000 children aged 0-13 undergoing CT each year (extrapolated from insurance data of 2008), one can expect 2.3 [-1.7; 6.3] additional new cases of leukemia and 1 [-2.3; 4.0] additional new tumor of the central nervous system to arise each year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In view of the risks, children should undergo CT only for the indications listed by the German Commission on Radiological Protection (Strahlenschutzkommission). Further epidemiological studies are needed for estimation of the risk associated with the use of newer CT technology.
authors.affiliation: Roman Pokora and Lucian Krille are joint first authors; Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS GmbH, Bremen; National Cancer Institute (NCI), Rockville, Maryland, USA; Scientific Institute of the AOK (WIdO); University of Bremen, Research Focus Health Sciences Bremen.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pokora
authors.forename: Lucian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krille
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dreger
authors.forename: Choonsik
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Günster
authors.forename: Hajo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zeeb
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blettner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed