title: Fusion proteins for treatment of retinal diseases: aflibercept, ziv-aflibercept, and conbercept.
abstract: In the last few years, monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of retinal neovascular diseases. More recently, a different class of drugs, fusion proteins, has provided an alternative treatment strategy with pharmacological differences. In addition to commercially available aflibercept, two other drugs, ziv-aflibercept and conbercept, have been studied in antiangiogenic treatment of ocular diseases. In this scenario, a critical review of the currently available data regarding fusion proteins in ophthalmic diseases may be a timely and important contribution. Aflibercept, previously known as VEGF Trap Eye, is a fusion protein of VEGF receptors 1 and 2 and a treatment for several retinal diseases related to angiogenesis. It has firmly joined ranibizumab and bevacizumab as an important therapeutic option in the management of neovascular AMD-, DME- and RVO-associated macular edema. Ziv-aflibercept, a systemic chemotherapeutic agent approved for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, has recently drawn attention because of its potential for intravitreal administration, since it was not associated with ERG-related signs of toxicity in an experimental study and in human case reports. Conbercept is a soluble receptor decoy that blocks all isoforms of VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and PlGF, which has a high binding affinity for VEGF and a long half-life in vitreous. It has been studied in a phase three clinical trial and has shown efficacy and safety. This review discusses three fusion proteins that have been studied in ophthalmology, aflibercept, ziv-aflibercept and conbercept, with emphasis on their clinical application for the treatment of retinal diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo-Paulista Medical School, Rua Botucatu, 821, 1st Floor, São Paulo, SP 04023-062 Brazil.
authors.forename: João Rafael
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3641-3638
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: de Oliveira Dias
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo-Paulista Medical School, Rua Botucatu, 821, 1st Floor, São Paulo, SP 04023-062 Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriel Costa
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: de Andrade
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo-Paulista Medical School, Rua Botucatu, 821, 1st Floor, São Paulo, SP 04023-062 Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo Amorim
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Novais
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo-Paulista Medical School, Rua Botucatu, 821, 1st Floor, São Paulo, SP 04023-062 Brazil.
authors.forename: Michel Eid
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Farah
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo-Paulista Medical School, Rua Botucatu, 821, 1st Floor, São Paulo, SP 04023-062 Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo Büchele
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
keywords: Aflibercept; Conbercept; Fusion proteins; VEGF Trap Eye; Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); Ziv-aflibercept