title: [A longitudinal (3 years) study of the development of four children with autism without mental retardation after 90 sessions of social skills training].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies on social skills training essentially based on ABA techniques are dedicated to children with autism aged 5 to 10 years whereas autistic disorders can be diagnosed in very early childhood. Generally, the main criticisms about these social skills training are: shortness of programs (around 20 sessions), no manual with precise descriptions of sessions and used techniques, and a lack of generalization of the learned skills in everyday life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the evolution (before/after) of symptoms and sociocommunicative skills of 7 children with autism and no mental retardation (mean age=7.08) who participated in 90 sessions (during 3 years) in a learning group of communication and socialization (or LGCS).
  
  
  METHODS
  To develop these sessions, we referred to intellectual and verbal levels obtained by the children on The Wechsler Intelligence Scales. We proposed activities such as open discussion, telling about events or vacations, learning of and communicative social rules, social games, outdoor exercises at home or in parks/shops/supermarkets/restaurants with known/unknown children/adults/sellers. To target the social and communicative skills, we also referred to their intellectual level and to Assessment of basic language and learning skills (ABBLS). To practice these sessions, we referred to: (1) TEACCH cognitive ergonomics principles (Treatment and education of autistic and related communication handicapped children developed by Schopler); and especially (2) ABA techniques (Applied behavior analysis) which are rarely mentioned as such. In particular, we used techniques such as: (a) concrete reinforcements which were frequently evaluated; (b) precise levels of verbal incentives and (c) error corrections. To measure the changes, we assessed children with psychometric tests before and after 90 sessions (ADOS and VABS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The scores show significant improvements in autistic symptoms related to communication (ADOS, P=0.03) and significant improvements in both socialization and communication domains (VABS, P=0.00). From a symptomatic point of view (ADOS), we clinically observe better conversation skills and more social initiatives. About socialization and communication behaviors, parents reported (VABS): better listening, better verbal expression, more social relationships and a start of friendship for most of the children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This three-year longitudinal follow-up is the first known study about the evolution of children with autistic disorders after a great number of sessions of social skills training. It shows that it is possible to adapt social skills training to young children. In addition, our program and our results (VABS) show clear examples of generalization which is targeted as a weakness in the specialized studies. However, the absence of a control group and of a base line strongly limit our results in terms of effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Sessad L'ombrelle, Sésame Autisme, 11, rue du Romarin, 34990 Juvignac, France; Laboratoire de psychologie « Santé, individu, société », université Lyon II, Lyon, France. Electronic address: liratni@live.fr.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liratni
authors.affiliation: Sessad L'ombrelle, Sésame Autisme, 11, rue du Romarin, 34990 Juvignac, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blanchet
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de psychologie « Santé, individu, société », université Lyon II, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D066107:Social Skills; D012951:Socialization; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014888:Wechsler Scales
keywords: Analyse appliquée du comportement; Applied behavioral analysis; Autism spectrum disorders; Entraînement aux habiletés sociales; Generalization; Généralisation; Longitudinal follow-up; Social skills training; Suivi longitudinal; Troubles du spectre autistique