title: Perceived Income Adequacy and Well-being Among Older Adults in Six Low- and Middle-Income Countries.
abstract: Perceived income adequacy is positively associated with self-rated health (SRH) and quality of life (QOL) among adults in higher-income countries. Additionally, older individuals often report higher levels of income adequacy. However, it is unclear if these associations, documented primarily in high-income countries, are also evident across economically and culturally distinctive low- and middle-income countries.
  
  
  
  Data were drawn from the World Health Organization's Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE), a study of adults aged 50 years or older in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, the Russian Federation, and South Africa. Smaller samples of younger adults (18-49 years) were included for comparison purposes. Participants reported income adequacy, SRH, and QOL. Associations between age and income adequacy and between income adequacy and SRH/QOL were examined using country-specific logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  
  Older adults in China and Russia were more likely to report better income adequacy than their 18- to 49-year-old counterparts; however, the opposite was observed in Ghana and India. SRH and QOL improved as income adequacy increased in all countries.
  
  
  
  As expected, income adequacy was correlated with SRH and QOL. However, the relationship between age and income adequacy varied cross-culturally, potentially due to differences in familial and governmental financial support.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene.
authors.forename: Theresa E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Gildner
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Liebert
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: Benjamin D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Capistrant
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: D'Este
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene.
authors.forename: J Josh
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Snodgrass
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene.|World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.|University of Newcastle Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kowal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D005382:Financing, Personal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005869:Ghana; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007194:India; D007449:Investments / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D008875:Middle Aged; D010415:Pensions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011788:Quality of Life; D012426:Russia; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013019:South Africa; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Health economics; Population ageing; Social gradients; Subjective well-being