title: A study of neurosonogram abnormalities, clinical correlation with neurosonogram findings, and immediate outcome of high-risk neonates in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neonatal sonography of the brain is now an essential part of newborn care, particularly in high risk and unstable premature infants. Cranial ultrasound is the most available and easily repeatable imaging technique for the neonatal brain showing brain development and the most frequently occurring forms of cerebral injury in the preterm and terms. This study aims to assess the importance of cranial ultrasound as an investigatory modality for high-risk neonates and to find out the morphology of various cerebral lesions and correlate clinically.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational correlation clinical study was conducted at Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner involving 100 high-risk neonates admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) who was subjected to neurosonography on selected days as per protocol. Perinatal details were recorded, and clinical examination with appropriate investigations was done. The cranial ultrasound was done, and morphology of various findings was studied and recorded. Clinical correlation with cranial ultrasound findings and follow-up was done.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On cranial ultrasound, 38% of neonates had abnormal findings. Twelve percent of these had evidence of intracranial bleed, 13% periventricular echogenicity, 7% had ventriculomegaly, 2% had cerebral edema, and 1% had leukomalacia. Three neonates had findings suggestive of simple cyst in middle cranial fossa, agenesis of corpus callosum, and choroid plexus cyst.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cranial ultrasonography is the best point of care neuroimaging method available for high-risk neonates. It is critical as an investigatory modality in NICU and effectively documents morphology of cerebral damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: Niranjan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagaraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: Pramod Kumar
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Berwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Navodaya Medical College, Raichur, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Anusha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srinivas
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: Ramnarayan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sehra
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: Sarika
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swami
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: Prathyusha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jeevaji
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: Gotam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Swami
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: Lokesh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Choudary
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India.
authors.forename: Ayush
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berwal
keywords: Bikaner; cranial ultrasound; high-risk neonate; intraventricular hemorrhage; neurosonogram; periventricular echogenicity