title: Caveolin-1 contributes to realgar nanoparticle therapy in human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells.
abstract: Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by the t(9;22) (q34;q11)-associatedBcr-Ablfusion gene, which is an essential element of clinical diagnosis. As a traditional Chinese medicine, realgar has been widely used for the treatment of various diseases for >1,500 years. Inspired by nano-drug, realgar nanoparticles (NPs) have been prepared with an average particle size of <100 nm in a previous work. Compared with coarse realgar, the realgar NPs have higher bioavailability. As a principal constituent protein of caveolae, caveolin-1 (Cav-1) participates in regulating various cellular physiological and pathological processes including tumorigenesis and tumor development. In previous studies, it was found that realgar NPs can inhibit several types of tumor cell proliferation. However, the therapeutic effect of realgar NPs on CML has not been fully elucidated. In the present paper, it was demonstrated that realgar NPs can inhibit the proliferation of K562 cells and degrade Bcr-Abl fusion protein effectively. Both apoptosis and autophagy were activated in a dose-dependent manner in realgar NPs treated cells, and the induction of autophagy was associated with class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Morphological analysis indicated that realgar NPs induced differentiation effectively in CML cells. Furthermore, it was identified that Cav-1 might play a crucial role in realgar NP therapy. In order to study the effects of Cav-1 on K562 cells during realgar NP treatment, a Cav-1 overexpression cell model was established by using transient transfection. The results indicated that Cav-1 overexpression inhibited K562 cell proliferation, promoted endogenic autophagy, and increased the sensitivity of K562 cells to realgar NPs. Therefore, the results demonstrated that realgar NPs degraded Bcr-Abl oncoprotein, while the underlying mechanism might be related to apoptosis and autophagy, and Cav-1 might be considered as a potential target for clinical comprehensive therapy of CML.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, The 210th Hospital of People's Liberation Army.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, The 210th Hospital of People's Liberation Army.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, The 210th Hospital of People's Liberation Army.
authors.forename: Ronggang
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, The 210th Hospital of People's Liberation Army.
authors.forename: Zhiran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, The 210th Hospital of People's Liberation Army.
authors.forename: Zhongyang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, The 210th Hospital of People's Liberation Army.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, The 210th Hospital of People's Liberation Army.
authors.forename: Baoli
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, The 210th Hospital of People's Liberation Army.
authors.forename: Xiaobo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects; D051242:Caveolin 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D016044:Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020014:K562 Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D015464:Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / Q000188:drug therapy*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013440:Sulfides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001152:Arsenicals; D051242:Caveolin 1; D016044:Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D013440:Sulfides; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; C495540:CAV1 protein, human; C058317:arsenic disulfide; C546842:MTOR protein, human
keywords: Bcr-Abl fusion protein; apoptosis; autophagy; caveolin-1; realgar nanoparticles