title: Analytical evaluation of the protection offered by sealed tractor cabins during crop pulverization with fenitrothion.
abstract: The practice of large-scale agriculture requires the use of pesticides in order to maximize production. This activity has gained increasing attention in recent years, especially from rural workers, due to the risks associated with long-term exposure to pesticides. To minimize these risks, personal protection equipment (e.g., covers, gloves, and goggles) and collective protection equipment (e.g., agricultural tractors with sealed cabins) have been developed. In general, these approaches are intended to reduce the contact of farmers and agricultural machinery operators with the more toxic and stable compounds, an example of which is fenitrothion. In this study, fenitrothion was used as a marker to evaluate the protection afforded inside a sealed tractor cabin. To simulate the pesticide exposure, tests were performed using artificial cotton targets as passive adsorptive agents inside the cabin during the pesticide application. Samples were extracted according to the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) procedure using ultrasonic extraction and as proposed by the Brazilian Standard for Solid Waste Classification (NBR 10004). The extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The chromatographic method was optimized using a factorial design. The combined results indicated that the best conditions were achieved using a mobile phase with a water/acetonitrile ratio of 35:65, a column temperature of 40 °C, and a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, with a total analysis time of <10 min. The method was evaluated in the linear range of 0.50 to 2.01 mg/kg, with a determination coefficient of 0.9886. The precision was evaluated on different days and the relative standard deviations were between 0.17 and 3.41 %. In relation to the accuracy, recovery values of 95 to 104 % were obtained. The detection and quantification limits were 0.18 and 0.50 mg/kg, respectively. None of the target cottons showed concentrations of fenitrothion above the limit of detection of 0.18 mg/kg.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil. mika_barcellos@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2100-3986
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barcellos
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Milena Michele
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Faletti
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Augusto Dos Santos
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Madureira
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando Cesar
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Bauer
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D001938:Brazil; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005278:Fenitrothion / Q000032:analysis*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018986:Motor Vehicles / Q000592:standards*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000067393:Personal Protective Equipment / Q000592:standards; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D010575:Pesticides; D005278:Fenitrothion
keywords: Artificial targets; Crop pulverization; Exposure evaluation; Fenitrothion; Tractor cabins