title: Electrically Stimulated Adipose Stem Cells on Polypyrrole-Coated Scaffolds for Smooth Muscle Tissue Engineering.
abstract: We investigated the use of polypyrrole (PPy)-coated polymer scaffolds and electrical stimulation (ES) to differentiate adipose stem cells (ASCs) towards smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Since tissue engineering lacks robust and reusable 3D ES devices we developed a device that can deliver ES in a reliable, repeatable, and cost-efficient way in a 3D environment. Long pulse (1 ms) or short pulse (0.25 ms) biphasic electric current at a frequency of 10 Hz was applied to ASCs to study the effects of ES on ASC viability and differentiation towards SMCs on the PPy-coated scaffolds. PPy-coated scaffolds promoted proliferation and induced stronger calponin, myosin heavy chain (MHC) and smooth muscle actin (SMA) expression in ASCs compared to uncoated scaffolds. ES with 1 ms pulse width increased the number of viable cells by day 7 compared to controls and remained at similar levels to controls by day 14, whereas shorter pulses significantly decreased viability compared to the other groups. Both ES protocols supported smooth muscle expression markers. Our results indicate that electrical stimulation on PPy-coated scaffolds applied through the novel 3D ES device is a valid approach for vascular smooth muscle tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. miina.bjorninen@gmail.com.|Adult Stem Cells, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland. miina.bjorninen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Miina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Björninen
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
authors.forename: Kerry
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gilmore
authors.affiliation: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Sinitaival 6, P.O. Box 1300, 33101, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Jani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pelto
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Head and Neck Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, BOX 41, Mannerheimintie 172, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seppänen-Kaijansinkko
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, BioMediTech, Korkeakoulunkatu 10, 33720, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kellomäki
authors.affiliation: Adult Stem Cells, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland.|Science Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, 33521, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miettinen
authors.affiliation: Adult Stem Cells, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, 33014, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.affiliation: MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7522 NB, Enschede, The Netherlands.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grijpma
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Suvi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haimi
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000737:chemistry*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D011108:Polymers; D011758:Pyrroles; C067635:polypyrrole
keywords: Conductive polymers; Mesenchymal stem cells; Physical stimulation; Poly (trimethylene carbonate); Vascular tissue engineering