title: Surface contamination of hazardous drug pharmacy storage bins and pharmacy distributor shipping containers.
abstract: Purpose This study was conducted to determine whether there is contamination on exterior drug packaging using shipping totes from the distributor and carousel storage bins as surrogate markers of external packaging contamination. Methods A two-part study was conducted to measure the presence of 5-fluorouracil, ifosfamide, cyclophosphamide, docetaxel and paclitaxel using surrogate markers for external drug packaging. In Part I, 10 drug distributor shipping totes designated for transport of hazardous drugs provided a snapshot view of contamination from regular use and transit in and out of the pharmacy. An additional two totes designated for transport of non-hazardous drugs served as controls. In Part II, old carousel storage bins (i.e. those in use pre-study) were wiped for snapshot view of hazardous drug contamination on storage bins. New carousel storage bins were then put into use for storage of the five tested drugs and used for routine storage and inventory maintenance activities. Carousel bins were wiped at time intervals 0, 8, 16 and 52 weeks to measure surface contamination. Results Two of the 10 hazardous shipping totes were contaminated. Three of the five-old carousel bins were contaminated with cyclophosphamide. One of the old carousel bins was also contaminated with ifosfamide. There were no detectable levels of hazardous drugs on any of the new storage bins at time 0, 8 or 16 weeks. However, at the Week 52, there was a detectable level of 5-FU present in the 5-FU carousel bin. Conclusions Contamination of the surrogate markers suggests that external packaging for hazardous drugs is contaminated, either during the manufacturing process or during routine chain of custody activities. These results demonstrate that occupational exposure may occur due to contamination from shipping totes and storage bins, and that handling practices including use of personal protective equipment is warranted.
authors.affiliation: 1 College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Redic
authors.affiliation: 2 Silverpoint Pharmacy, Dallas, USA.
authors.forename: Kayleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Michigan Health System, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Christen
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Michigan Health System, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Chaffee
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000032:analysis; D004349:Drug Packaging; D004864:Equipment and Supplies; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007069:Ifosfamide / Q000032:analysis; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010594:Pharmacies
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D005472:Fluorouracil; D007069:Ifosfamide
keywords: Hazardous drugs; antineoplastic; contamination; cytotoxic; exposure; external; packaging