title: Irritable bowel syndrome and active inflammatory bowel disease diagnosed by faecal gas analysis.
abstract: Inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome may present in a similar manner. Measuring faecal calprotectin concentration is often recommended to rule out inflammatory bowel disease, however, there are no tests to positively diagnose irritable bowel syndrome and invasive tests are still used to rule out other pathologies.
  
  
  
  To investigate a platform technology for diagnosing inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome based on faecal gas.
  
  
  
  The platform technology is composed of a gas chromatography column coupled to a metal oxide gas sensor (OdoReader) and a computer algorithm. The OdoReader separates the volatile compounds from faecal gas and the computer algorithm identifies resistance patterns associated with specific medical conditions and builds classification models. This platform was applied to faecal samples from 152 patients: 33 patients with active inflammatory bowel disease; 50 patients with inactive inflammatory bowel disease; 28 patients with irritable bowel syndrome and 41 healthy donors (Control).
  
  
  
  The platform classified samples with accuracies from 75% to 100% using rigorous validation schemes: namely leave-one-out cross-validation, 10-fold cross-validation, double cross-validation and their Monte Carlo variations. The most clinically important findings, after double cross-validation, were the accuracy of active Crohn's disease vs. irritable bowel syndrome (87%; CI 84-89%) and irritable bowel syndrome vs. controls (78%; CI 76-80%). These schemes provide an estimate of out-of-sample predictive accuracy for similar populations.
  
  
  
  This is the first description of an investigation for the positive diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome, and for diagnosing inflammatory bowel disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: R B M
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6345-0859
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Aggio
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering, Design and Mathematics, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jayasena
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Lacy Costello
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Ratcliffe
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: C S J
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Probert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009010:Monte Carlo Method
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex