title: Paper microchip with a graphene-modified silver nano-composite electrode for electrical sensing of microbial pathogens.
abstract: Rapid and sensitive point-of-care diagnostics are of paramount importance for early detection of infectious diseases and timely initiation of treatment. Here, we present cellulose paper and flexible plastic chips with printed graphene-modified silver electrodes as universal point-of-care diagnostic tools for the rapid and sensitive detection of microbial pathogens or nucleic acids through utilizing electrical sensing modality and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). We evaluated the ability of the developed paper-based assay to detect (i) viruses on cellulose-based paper microchips without implementing amplification in samples with viral loads between 106and 108copies per ml, and (ii) amplified HIV-1 nucleic acids in samples with viral loads between 10 fg μl-1and 108fg μl-1. The target HIV-1 nucleic acid was amplified using the RT-LAMP technique and detected through the electrical sensing of LAMP amplicons for a broad range of RNA concentrations between 10 fg μl-1and 108fg μl-1after 40 min of amplification time. Our assay may be used for antiretroviral therapy monitoring where it meets the sensitivity requirement of the World Health Organization guidelines. Such a paper microchip assay without the amplification step may also be considered as a simple and inexpensive approach for acute HIV detection where maximum viral replication occurs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Engineering in Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. hshafiee@bwh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Mohammadali
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8929-1902
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Safavieh
authors.affiliation: Division of Engineering in Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. hshafiee@bwh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Vivasvat
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kaul
authors.affiliation: Division of Engineering in Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. hshafiee@bwh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Sultan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khetani
authors.affiliation: Division of Engineering in Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. hshafiee@bwh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Anupriya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Division of Engineering in Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. hshafiee@bwh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Karan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dhingra
authors.affiliation: Division of Engineering in Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. hshafiee@bwh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Manoj Kumar
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kanakasabapathy
authors.affiliation: Division of Engineering in Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. hshafiee@bwh.harvard.edu and Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed Shehata
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Draz
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Adnan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Memic
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA and Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kuritzkes
authors.affiliation: Division of Engineering in Medicine, Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. hshafiee@bwh.harvard.edu and Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shafiee
mesh_terms: D017931:DNA Primers; D004566:Electrodes; D006108:Graphite; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; D053761:Nanocomposites; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; D010209:Paper; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012834:Silver
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D012367:RNA, Viral; D012834:Silver; D006108:Graphite