title: Changes to smoking habits and addiction following tobacco excise tax increases: a comparison of Māori, Pacific and New Zealand European smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare changes in smoking habit and psychological addiction in Māori/Pacific and NZ European smokers in response to two annual excise tax increases from 2012 to 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smokers from New Zealand cities completed questionnaires at three time points before and after two excise tax increases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in cigarettes per day or psychological addiction at baseline, but a linear decline in both measures was observed in Māori/Pacific and NZ European smokers. Cigarettes per day reduced at a greater rate for Māori/Pacific than NZ European smokers but dependence did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicated that Māori/Pacific smokers' demand for cigarettes may be more price sensitive than NZ European smokers. Implications for Public Health: Tobacco excise tax may be particularly effective for Māori/Pacific smokers and may contribute to reductions in smoking-related health inequalities in NZ.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Megan R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Bronwyn M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Kivell
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, New Zealand.|Health New Zealand Ltd.
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laugesen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Randolph C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Grace
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology*; D003132:Commerce / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D006184:Habits; D015438:Health Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics / Q000208:ethnology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013660:Taxes / Q000191:economics*; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000191:economics*; D044465:White People
keywords: Māori; New Zealand; addiction; tax; tobacco