title: Self-Affirmation Theory and Performance Feedback: When Scoring High Makes You Feel Low.
abstract: Video games have a wide variety of benefits for players. The current study examines how video games can also increase players' willingness to internalize important but threatening self-information. Research suggests that negative information regarding a valued self-image evokes defensive strategies aimed at dismissing or discrediting the source of information. Self-Affirmation Theory proposes that affirming or bolstering an important self-image unrelated to the previous threat can be an effective strategy for reducing defensiveness. Participants in the current study completed a fictitious intelligence test and received negative or no feedback, followed by 15 minutes of video game play that resulted in positive or no feedback. Results suggest that participants who valued video game success as part of their identity exhibited less defensive strategies in the form of increased test credibility ratings and lower self-perceptions of intelligence. This suggests that performing well on a video game is an affirmational resource for players whose identities are contingent upon such success. However, results also indicate that players who did not value video game success but received positive video game feedback exhibited more defensive reactions to the negative intelligence test feedback. This suggests that while players who value video game success as part of their identity may reap benefits from video game play after a self-threat, those who do not value such success may experience more harmful effects.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Journalism and Electronic Media, College of Media & Communication, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Velez
authors.affiliation: 2 College of Journalism and Mass Communications, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hanus
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D004644:Emotions; D030141:Feedback, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012649:Self Concept; D018910:Video Games / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Self-Affirmation Theory; feedback; video games