title: Bacterial contamination of eggs and behaviour of poultry flocks in the free range environment.
abstract: The free range production system is becoming more common in Australia and is expected to increase. Free range hens are exposed to more stressors in comparison to hens from barn and cage systems and it is suggested that stress can increase bacterial shedding on eggs. The aims of this study were to examine the level of total bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae populations, as well as the presence of Salmonella and Campylobacter, in eggs collected from two free range flocks on two different farms and to conduct longitudinal observations of the behaviour and welfare of hens in the free range production system. Hen age (weeks) was shown to have a significant effect (increase) on the level of total bacteria on the egg shell surface and in shell pores, as well as having an effect on feather condition score. As the hens aged, the frequency of external visual egg characteristics increased, as did feather condition score (where feather condition was poorer). These observations indicate areas which should be investigated further to improve the food safety of eggs and optimise the welfare of free range hens.
authors.affiliation: School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia.
authors.forename: Talia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moyle
authors.affiliation: South Australia Research and Development Institute (SARDI), JS Davies Building, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.affiliation: School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia.
authors.forename: Vaibhav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gole
authors.affiliation: School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia. Electronic address: kapil.chousalkar@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kapil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chousalkar
authors.affiliation: School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hazel
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000502:physiology; D004528:Egg Shell / Q000382:microbiology; D004531:Eggs / Q000382:microbiology*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005241:Feathers; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D059022:Food Safety; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification
keywords: Bacteria; Behaviour; Eggs; Food safety; Free range poultry; Welfare