title: Exclusion of overlapping symptoms in DSM-5 mixed features specifier: heuristic diagnostic and treatment implications.
abstract: This article focuses on the controversial decision to exclude the overlapping symptoms of distractibility, irritability, and psychomotor agitation (DIP) with the introduction of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) mixed features specifier. In order to understand the placement of mixed states within the current classification system, we first review the evolution of mixed states. Then, using Kraepelin's original classification of mixed states, we compare and contrast his conceptualization with modern day definitions. The DSM-5 workgroup excluded DIP symptoms, arguing that they lack the ability to differentiate between manic and depressive states; however, accumulating evidence suggests that DIP symptoms may be core features of mixed states. We suggest a return to a Kraepelinian approach to classification-with mood, ideation, and activity as key axes-and reintegration of DIP symptoms as features that are expressed across presentations. An inclusive definition of mixed states is urgently needed to resolve confusion in clinical practice and to redirect future research efforts.
authors.affiliation: 1Academic Department of Psychiatry,Kolling Institute,Northern Sydney Local Health District,St Leonards,New South Wales,Australia.
authors.forename: Gin S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Malhi
authors.affiliation: 1Academic Department of Psychiatry,Kolling Institute,Northern Sydney Local Health District,St Leonards,New South Wales,Australia.
authors.forename: Yulisha
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Byrow
authors.affiliation: 1Academic Department of Psychiatry,Kolling Institute,Northern Sydney Local Health District,St Leonards,New South Wales,Australia.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Outhred
authors.affiliation: 1Academic Department of Psychiatry,Kolling Institute,Northern Sydney Local Health District,St Leonards,New South Wales,Australia.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fritz
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D006801:Humans; D016651:Lithium Carbonate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012106:Research; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D016651:Lithium Carbonate
keywords: Agitated depression; DSM-5; bipolar disorder; depression; mixed features; mixed mania; mixed states