title: The Effects of Peripheral and Central High Insulin on Brain Insulin Signaling and Amyloid-β in Young and Old APP/PS1 Mice.
abstract: Hyperinsulinemia is a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). In vitro experiments describe potential connections between insulin, insulin signaling, and amyloid-β (Aβ), but in vivo experiments are needed to validate these relationships under physiological conditions. First, we performed hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps with concurrent hippocampal microdialysis in young, awake, behaving APPswe/PS1dE9transgenic mice. Both a postprandial and supraphysiological insulin clamp significantly increased interstitial fluid (ISF) and plasma Aβ compared with controls. We could detect no increase in brain, ISF, or CSF insulin or brain insulin signaling in response to peripheral hyperinsulinemia, despite detecting increased signaling in the muscle. Next, we delivered insulin directly into the hippocampus of young APP/PS1 mice via reverse microdialysis. Brain tissue insulin and insulin signaling was dose-dependently increased, but ISF Aβ was unchanged by central insulin administration. Finally, to determine whether peripheral and central high insulin has differential effects in the presence of significant amyloid pathology, we repeated these experiments in older APP/PS1 mice with significant amyloid plaque burden. Postprandial insulin clamps increased ISF and plasma Aβ, whereas direct delivery of insulin to the hippocampus significantly increased tissue insulin and insulin signaling, with no effect on Aβ in old mice. These results suggest that the brain is still responsive to insulin in the presence of amyloid pathology but increased insulin signaling does not acutely modulate Aβ in vivo before or after the onset of amyloid pathology. Peripheral hyperinsulinemia modestly increases ISF and plasma Aβ in young and old mice, independent of neuronal insulin signaling.
  
  
  
  The transportation of insulin from blood to brain is a saturable process relevant to understanding the link between hyperinsulinemia and AD. In vitro experiments have found direct connections between high insulin and extracellular Aβ, but these mechanisms presume that peripheral high insulin elevates brain insulin significantly. We found that physiological hyperinsulinemia in awake, behaving mice does not increase CNS insulin to an appreciable level yet modestly increases extracellular Aβ. We also found that the brain of aged APP/PS1 mice was not insulin resistant, contrary to the current state of the literature. These results further elucidate the relationship between insulin, the brain, and AD and its conflicting roles as both a risk factor and potential treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
authors.forename: Molly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
authors.forename: Shannon L
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4292-2703
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Macauley
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
authors.forename: Emily E
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5323-552X
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Caesar
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
authors.forename: Lauren J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Koscal
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
authors.forename: Will
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Moritz
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
authors.forename: Grace O
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3231-3194
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2764-707X
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roh
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keyser
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 holtzman@neuro.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Holtzman
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism*; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D053764:Presenilin-1 / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D007328:Insulin; D053764:Presenilin-1; C580804:presenilin 1, mouse
keywords: APP/PS1; amyloid-beta; hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps; insulin; insulin receptor signaling; microdialysis