title: Early pulmonary arterial hypertension immediately after closure of a ventricular or complete atrioventricular septal defect beyond 6months of age.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is virtually absent after closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD) in the first six months of life. However the prevalence of PAH in patients, who underwent VSD closure later, is not clear. The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of PAH after a successful VSD closure after the age of 6months and whether there are risk factors for developing PAH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Echocardiographic and right heart catheter data of patients with VSD or complete atrioventricular septal defect, who underwent VSD closure after the age of 6months in our institution between 01/2005 and 06/2014, were retrospectively analyzed. PAH was defined as mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) of ≥25mmHg or tricuspid regurgitation jet velocity of ≥3.5m/s.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 228 patients (median age at shunt closure 4.0years, range 0.5-69) and 174 complete follow-up data (median follow-up 3.7years, range 0.5-39.4), 9 patients needed pulmonary vasodilator therapy after shunt closure, 4 of them temporarily for up to 79months. Three patients are still on vasodilator treatment 1, 2.6 and 6years after surgery, other two were lost to follow-up. Another 6 patients with preoperatively borderline hemodynamics due to elevated mPAP and pulmonary vascular resistance, recovered well without signs of postoperative PAH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the current practice for safe late VSD closure, PAH is very rare at least in the first years of follow-up. In most patients with perioperative PAH, this condition appears to be transient and shows good response on pulmonary vasodilator treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München (DHM), Technische Universität München (TUM), Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bambul Heck
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München (DHM), Technische Universität München (TUM), Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eicken
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum München (DHM), Technische Universität München (TUM), Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kasnar-Samprec
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München (DHM), Technische Universität München (TUM), Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ewert
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München (DHM), Technische Universität München (TUM), Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hager
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006343:Heart Septal Defects; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Pulmonary arterial hypertension; VSD