title: [Secondary diseases in high myopia].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Eyes with high myopia (axial length ≥ 26.5 mm) do not just have a different size. Due to morphological and structural changes there is a considerably increased risk for many different secondary diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Determination of the incidence and mortality in high myopia, discussion of effects and clinical signs, presentation of treatment recommendations and counselling.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of the literature was carried out and a discussion on basic principles and epidemiological investigations is presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings due to high myopia are not in a closed state but undergo continuous changes. Choroidal neovascularization (adjusted prevalence 2.5-5%), staphyloma, foveoschisis and peripheral retinal degeneration are examples of problems contributing to the increased rate of visual impairment and blindness related to myopia. High myopia is associated with a clearly increased risk of retinal detachment after lens surgery (hazard ratio 6.1) and particularly more frequently in younger people. The associated primary open-angle glaucoma (odds ratio 2.46) is often recognized too late due to relatively low values of intraocular pressure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Understanding of atrophic areas and staphyloma has benefited from recent advances in imaging (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging, optical coherence tomography and wide-field imaging) that complement and explain histological findings. Knowledge of the associated risk profile is of major clinical relevance.
authors.affiliation: Department für Augenheilkunde, Universität Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland. Focke.Ziemssen@med.uni-tuebingen.de.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ziemssen
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lagrèze
authors.affiliation: Department für Augenheilkunde, Universität Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Voykov
mesh_terms: D015984:Causality; D020256:Choroidal Neovascularization / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D009216:Myopia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012163:Retinal Detachment / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015422:Scleral Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Choroidal neovascularization; Glaucoma; Open angle glaucoma; Retinal Detachment; Staphyloma