title: Nurses' instruction of patients in the use of INR-monitors for self-management of cardio-vascular conditions: Missed instructional opportunities.
abstract: To explore the effectiveness of a patient education programme for chronic disease self-management in terms of whether (a) patients are taught to perform the medical procedure and (b) nurses have evidence of patients' proficiency when they start self-management.
  
  
  
  Patients were followed through an education programme for oral anticoagulation therapy, involving the use of INR-monitors. Training sessions were video-recorded and analyzed using Conversation Analysis. 55 instructional opportunities were identified, and the relationship between instructional response and patients' subsequent (un)successful demonstration of the procedure traced.
  
  
  
  Patient errors provide the most frequent type of instructional opportunity, but not all are addressed; a significant number is allowed to pass uncorrected. Consequently, patients are not given the opportunity to learn. In the majority of cases where instructional opportunities are missed, patients subsequently do not demonstrate a correct understanding of the procedure.
  
  
  
  Patients are allowed to start self-management although nurses do not have evidence that they are capable of performing all aspects of the medical procedure correctly.
  
  
  
  Effective practice suggests that nurses take measures to minimize the amount of missed instructional opportunities that arise and ensure that errors are pursued until patients demonstrate proficiency in all aspects of the procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Design and Communication, University of Southern Denmark, Universitetsparken 1, DK-6000 Kolding, Denmark. Electronic address: tine.larsen@sdu.dk.
authors.forename: Tine
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Larsen
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003718:Denmark; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012648:Self Care; D000073278:Self-Management; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014859:Warfarin
keywords: Chronic disease self-management; Conversation Analysis; INR-monitor; Instructional opportunity; Oral anticoagulation therapy; Patient education