title: Juveniles of Lymnaea 'smart' snails do not perseverate and have the capacity to form LTM.
abstract: Previously, it was concluded that the nervous systems of juvenile snails were not capable of mediating long-term memory (LTM). However, exposure and training of those juvenile snails in the presence of a predator cue significantly altered their ability to learn and form LTM. In addition, there are some strains of Lymnaea which have been identified as 'smart'. These snails form LTM significantly better than the lab-bred strain. Here, we show that juveniles of two smart snail strains not only are capable of associative learning but also have the capacity to form LTM following a single 0.5 h training session. We also show that freshly collected 'wild' 'average' juveniles are also not able to form LTM. Thus, the smart snail phenotype in these strains is expressed in juveniles.
authors.affiliation: Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
authors.forename: Tamila
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shymansky
authors.affiliation: Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Protheroe
authors.affiliation: Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
authors.forename: Cayley
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Swinton
authors.affiliation: Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Swinton
authors.affiliation: Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
authors.forename: Kai S
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9028-1931
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lukowiak
authors.affiliation: Water Security Agency, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 3R3.
authors.forename: Iain
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1 lukowiak@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lukowiak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D008195:Lymnaea / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D013045:Species Specificity
keywords: Learning and memory; Long-term memory; Perseveration; Smart juveniles; Strain-specific learning abilities