title: Fine-tuning management of the Heart Assist 5 left ventricular assist device with two- and three-dimensional echocardiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation is a viable therapy for patients with severe end-stage heart failure, providing effective haemodynamic support and improved quality of life. The Heart Assist 5 (Micromed Cardiovascular Inc, Houston, TX) continuous-flow LVAD has been on the market in Europe since May 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated nine Heart Assist 5 LVAD patients with two- and three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) and transoesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) parameters between December 2011 and December 2013. The pre-operative TTE LVAD evaluations included left ventricular (LV) function and structure, quantification of right ventricular (RV) function and tricuspid regurgitation (TR), assessment of aortic and mitral regurgitation, and presence of patent foramen ovale and intra-cardiac clots. Peri-operative TEE determined the inflow cannula and septum position, and assessed the de-airing process while weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. Post-operative serial follow-up TTE showed the surgical results of LVAD implantation, determined the overall structure and function of the LV, RV and TR, and observed the inflow and outflow cannula position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine patients who had undergone Heart Assist 5 LVAD implantation and had been followed up for more than 30 days were included in this study. Eight patients had ischaemic cardiomyopathy and one had adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy. Pre-implantation data: the mean age of the patients was 52 ± 13 (34-64) years, mean body surface area (BSA) was 1.8 ± 0.2 (1.6-2.0) m2, mean cardiac index (CI) was 2.04 ± 0.4 (1.5-2.6) l/min/m2, mean cardiac output (CO) was 3.7 ± 0.7 (2.6-4.2) l/min, mean ejection fraction (EF) was 23 ± 5 (18-28)%, and right ventricular fractional area contraction (RVFAC) was 43 ± 9 (35-55)%. One patient had aortic valve replacement (AVR) during the LVAD implantation, and excess current alarms and increased power were suspected to be caused by a possible thrombus. Close follow up with TTE studies were carried out to clear the LV of thrombus formation, and the inflow cannula position was checked to maintain the septum in the midline, so preventing the suction cascade. Four patients were followed up for more than two years, and two were followed up for more than a year. Three patients died due to multi-organ failure. Follow-up speed-change TTE studies of six patients showed that the mean speed was 9 800 ± 600 (9 500-10 400) rpm, and mean CO was 4.7 ± 0.3 (4.3-5.0) l/min during the three-month post-implant period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe that TTE can play a major role in managing LVAD patients to achieve optimal settings for each patient. A large series is mandatory for assessment of echocardiographic studies on Heart Assist 5 LVAD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Heart Transplant and Mechanical Circulatory Support, Istanbul Bilim Medical Faculty, Sisli Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Koc University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. Email: tdemirozu@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Zumrut Tuba
authors.initials: ZT
authors.lastname: Demirozu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Istanbul Bilim Medical Faculty, Sisli Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nurcan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arat
authors.affiliation: Department of Heart Transplant and Mechanical Circulatory Support, Istanbul Bilim Medical Faculty, Sisli Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Deniz Suha
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kucukaksu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014421:Turkey; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right