title: A robust sparse-modeling framework for estimating schizophrenia biomarkers from fMRI.
abstract: Our goal is to identify the brain regions most relevant to mental illness using neuroimaging. State of the art machine learning methods commonly suffer from repeatability difficulties in this application, particularly when using large and heterogeneous populations for samples.
  
  
  
  We revisit both dimensionality reduction and sparse modeling, and recast them in a common optimization-based framework. This allows us to combine the benefits of both types of methods in an approach which we call unambiguous components. We use this to estimate the image component with a constrained variability, which is best correlated with the unknown disease mechanism.
  
  
  
  We apply the method to the estimation of neuroimaging biomarkers for schizophrenia, using task fMRI data from a large multi-site study. The proposed approach yields an improvement in both robustness of the estimate and classification accuracy.
  
  
  
  We find that unambiguous components incorporate roughly two thirds of the same brain regions as sparsity-based methods LASSO and elastic net, while roughly one third of the selected regions differ. Further, unambiguous components achieve superior classification accuracy in differentiating cases from controls.
  
  
  
  Unambiguous components provide a robust way to estimate important regions of imaging data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA. Electronic address: kdillon1@tulane.edu.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dillon
authors.affiliation: The Mind Research Network & LBERI, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, University of New Mexico, New Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: Vince
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Calhoun
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Global Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Yu-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Functional MRI; Optimization; PCA; Schizophrenia; Sparsity