title: Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) and domestic horse (Equus caballus) hindgut microflora demonstrate similar fermentation responses to grape seed extract supplementation in vitro.
abstract: The domestic horse is used as a nutritional model for rhinoceros maintained under human care. The validity of this model for browsing rhinoceros has been questioned due to high prevalence of iron overload disorder (IOD) in captive black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Iron chelators, such as tannins, are under investigation as dietary supplements to ameliorate or prevent IOD in prone species. Polyphenolic compounds variably affect microbial fermentation, so the first objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of grape seed extract (GSE; a concentrated source of condensed tannins; CT) on black rhinoceros hindgut fermentation. Equine nutrition knowledge is used to assess supplements for rhinoceros; therefore, the second objective was to evaluate the domestic horse model for black rhinoceros fermentation and compare fermentation responses to GSE using a continuous single-flow in vitro culture system. Two replicated continuous culture experiments were conducted using horse and black rhinoceros faeces as inoculum sources comparing four diets with increasing GSE inclusion (0.0%, 1.3%, 2.7% and 4.0% of diet dry matter). Diet and GSE polyphenolic compositions were determined, and sodium sulphite effect on neutral detergent fibre extraction of CT-containing forages was tested. Increasing GSE inclusion stimulated microbial growth and fermentation, and proportionally increased diet CT concentration and iron-binding capacity. Horse and black rhinoceros hindgut microflora nutrient digestibility and fermentation responses to GSE did not differ, and results supported equine fermentation as an adequate model for microbial fermentation in the black rhinoceros. Interpretation of these results is limited to hindgut fermentation and further research is needed to compare foregut digestibility and nutrient absorption between these two species. Supplementation of GSE in black rhinoceros diets up to 4% is unlikely to adversely affect hindgut nutrient digestibility or microbial viability and fermentation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Huntley
authors.affiliation: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Naumann
authors.affiliation: Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kenny
authors.affiliation: Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kerley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010527:Perissodactyla / Q000145:classification / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D056604:Grape Seed Extract
keywords: condensed tannins; hindgut fermentation; iron chelator; iron overload disorder; proanthocyanidins; sodium sulphite