title: Role of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) in immune responses to fungal infections.
abstract: Recent years have seen the rise of invasive fungal infections, which are mostly due to the increase in patients. Three major opportunistic fungal species in human are Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans that pose the biggest concern for these immunocompromised patients' mortality. The growing occurrence of opportunistic fungal infections has sparked the interest to understand defense mechanisms against pathogenic fungi. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as a part of innate immune system, play an important role for recognizing the invading microorganisms and initiating sufficient immune responses. Recent studies have revealed an integrated role for TLR, signaling inactivating immune defense mechanisms against exact fungi. Among TLRs, TLR2 and TLR4 are the major participants in fungi recognition. The present paper highlights the role of TLR participants in fungal recognition as well as their mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taghavi
authors.affiliation: Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khosravi
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: e.mortaz@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Esmaeil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mortaz
authors.affiliation: Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Tehran Organization, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Donya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nikaein
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyyed Shamsadin
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Athari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D009181:Mycoses / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000069452:Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules / Q000378:metabolism*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000069452:Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors
keywords: Aspergillus fumigatus; Fungal infection; Innate immunity; Pathogen-associated molecular pattern; Toll-like receptors