title: Structure, Spatial and Temporal Distribution of the Culex pipiens Complex in Shanghai, China.
abstract: Culex pipiens molestuswas first reported in Shanghai in 2010. The population structures and seasonal distributions ofCulex pipienssubspeciesC. p. molestus,Culex pipiens pallens, andCulex pipiens quinquefasciatusare not well known.
  
  
  
  From late February to November 2013, we conducted daily field surveillance of mosquitoes at eight sites at two green lands and three residential areas in downtown Shanghai. Morphological comparison and DV/D ratios (DV/D is an indicator of mosquito taxonomy) were used to identify adult mosquitoes.
  
  
  
  The distribution curves of theCulex pipienscomplex members indicated seasonal fluctuations. The temperature range of 20-25 °C was the most suitable for adult activity. Micro-environmental factors may differentiate the complex population structures. Hybridization betweenC. p. pallensandC. p. quinquefasciatuswas common and neither "DV/D = 0.40" nor "DV/D = 0.50" can distinguish these subspecies and their hybrids.Conclusion: the population structure of theCulex pipienscomplex is complex and characterized by significant hybridization. Measures other than DV/D ratios are needed for the discrimination of subspecies. TheC. p. molestusinvasion might result in the transmission of novel vector-borne diseases in Shanghai.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Microbiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 232000, China. gaoqiang110209@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 232000, China. gaoqiang110209@163.com.|Department of Vectors Prevention, Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Huangpu District, Shanghai 232000, China. gaoqiang110209@163.com.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Microbiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 232000, China. xiongchenglong@fudan.edu.cn.|Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 232000, China. xiongchenglong@fudan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Chenglong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Department of Vectors Prevention, Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Huangpu District, Shanghai 232000, China. sufei@hpcdc.sh.cn.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Vectors Prevention, Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Huangpu District, Shanghai 232000, China. caohui@hpcdc.sh.cn.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Vectors Prevention, Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Huangpu District, Shanghai 232000, China. zhoujianjun309@163.com.
authors.forename: Jianjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 232000, China. jiangqw@fudan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Qingwu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D003465:Culex / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics*; D005843:Geography; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012621:Seasons
keywords: C. p. molestus; Culex pipiens complex; DV/D ratio; downtown Shanghai; micro-environment; population structure; seasonality