title: Quantitative risk assessment of human salmonellosis in the smallholder pig value chains in urban of Vietnam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify salmonellosis risk in humans through consumption of boiled pork in urban Hung Yen Province, Vietnam, using a quantitative microbial risk assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected 302 samples along the pork value chain in Hung Yen between April 2014 and February 2015. We developed a model in @Risk, based on microbiological, market, and household surveys on cooking, cross-contamination and consumption, and conducted sensitivity analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Salmonella prevalence of pen floor swabs, slaughterhouse carcasses and cut pork were 33.3, 41.7 and 44.4%, respectively. The annual incidence rate of salmonellosis in humans was estimated to be 17.7% (90% CI 0.89-45.96). Parameters with the greatest influence risk were household pork handling practice followed by prevalence in pork sold in the central market. Wide confidence interval in the incidence estimate was mainly due to the variability in the degree of reduction in bacteria concentration by cooking, and pork consumption pattern.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of salmonellosis in humans due to boiled pork consumption appears to be high. Control measures may include improving the safety of retailed pork and improving household hygiene.
authors.affiliation: Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi University of Public Health, 1A Duc Thang Road, Duc Thang Ward, North Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam. xuansinhck@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sinh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dang-Xuan
authors.affiliation: International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Hung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nguyen-Viet
authors.affiliation: International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.affiliation: Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi University of Public Health, 1A Duc Thang Road, Duc Thang Ward, North Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Phuc
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pham-Duc
authors.affiliation: International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Delia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grace
authors.affiliation: Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi University of Public Health, 1A Duc Thang Road, Duc Thang Ward, North Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Ngan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tran-Thi
authors.affiliation: International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barot
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Ngoc
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pham-Thi
authors.affiliation: International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.|Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Makita
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D000069466:Red Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013552:Swine; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Boiled pork; Pig value chains; Quantitative microbial risk assessment; Salmonella; Vietnam