title: Antimicrobial, antitrypanosomal and antibiofilm activity of Equisetum hyemale.
abstract: This study evaluates, for the first time, the antibiofilm, antimicrobial and antiparasitic potential of crude extract and fractions of stems of Equisetum hyemale against several infectious agents (bacteria, fungi, Mycobacterium and Trypanosomes) by broth microdilution technique and investigates the phenolic composition of the plant by high performance liquid chromatography. The crude extract and fractions showed antimicrobial activity, as they were capable of inhibiting the growth of bacteria in minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 52.4 mg/mL to 3.27 mg/mL. For Candida species, the MICs ranged from 52.4 mg/mL to 6.5 mg/mL, and for Mycobacterium species from 2.5 mg/mL to 0.625 mg/mL. The dichloromethane fraction was able to reduce 83% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and 51% of Candida albicans biofilms. The n-butanol fraction presents an important protozoal effect, reducing 100% of Trypanosoma evansi trypomastigotes after 9 h of exposure. The HPLC analysis revealed that the major substances are rosmarinic acid in dichloromethane fraction (7.38 ± 0.08 mg/g FS) and chlorogenic acid in ethyl acetate fraction (8.4 ± 0.26 mg/g FS). The crude extract and fractions of E. hyemale can be both useful and effective agents as a sustainable alternative for the treatment and prevention of several infectious agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camilla Filippi
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Dos Santos Alves
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pauline Cordenonsi
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Bonez
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiological Research, Centro Universitário Franciscano (UNIFRA), Santa Maria, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcia de Ebling
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ritiel Corrêa
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: da Cruz
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Augusti
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Boligon
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piana
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiele Facim
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Brum
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil.
authors.forename: Grazielle Guidolin
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberta da Silva
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Jesus
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thirssa Helena
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Grando
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvia Gonzalez
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marli Matiko
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Anraku de Campos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacotechnique, Universidade Regional Integrada, URI-Santiago, Santiago, Brazil.
authors.forename: Janice Luering
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Giongo
authors.affiliation: Oral Microbiology Research Laboratory, Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil.
authors.forename: Roberto Christ
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Vianna Santos
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002175:Candida / Q000187:drug effects*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D020829:Equisetum / Q000737:chemistry*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014345:Trypanosoma / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Candida; Natural products; Phytochemical characterization; Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01; Trypanosoma evansi