title: Characterization of particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted from incense burning and their bioreactivity in RAW264.7 macrophage.
abstract: This study investigated the effects of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) produced from burning three incense types on and their bioreactivity in the RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to determine the levels of 16 identified PAHs. Macrophages were exposed to incense particle extracts at concentrations of 0, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL for 24 h. After exposure, cell viability and nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory mediator [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α] production of the cells were examined. The mean atomic hydrogen (H) to carbon (C) ratios in the environmentally friendly, binchotan charcoal, and lao shan incenses were 0.69, 1.13, and 1.71, respectively. PAH and total toxic equivalent (TEQ) mass fraction in the incenses ranged from 137.84 to 231.00 and 6.73-26.30 pg/μg, respectively. The exposure of RAW 264.7 macrophages to incense particles significantly increased TNF-α and NO production and reduced cell viability. The cells treated with particles collected from smoldering the environmentally friendly incense produced more NO and TNF-α compared to other incenses. Additionally, the TEQ of fluoranthene (FL), pyrene (Pyr), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), chrysene (Chr), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (INP), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA), and benzo[g,h,i]perylene [B(ghi)P] had a significant correlation (R2= 0.64-0.98, P < 0.05) with NO and TNF-α production. The current findings indicate that incense particle-bound PAHs are biologically active and that burning an incense with a lower H/C ratio caused higher bioreactivity. The stimulatory effect of PAH-containing particles on molecular mechanisms of inflammation are critical for future study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, No. 306, Yuanpei St., Hsin Chu, Taiwan. Electronic address: d89844001@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Tzu-Ting
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, No. 306, Yuanpei St., Hsin Chu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Su-Chen
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, No. 306, Yuanpei St., Hsin Chu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Lu-Te
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsiao-Chi
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, No. 306, Yuanpei St., Hsin Chu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ya-Ting
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, No. 306, Yuanpei St., Hsin Chu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jyun-Jie
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000737:chemistry; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D000438:Alcohols / Q000737:chemistry; D000447:Aldehydes / Q000737:chemistry; D000577:Amides / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000737:chemistry; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D007659:Ketones / Q000737:chemistry; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D013624:Taiwan; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000438:Alcohols; D000447:Aldehydes; D000577:Amides; D007093:Imidazoles; D007659:Ketones; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012906:Smoke; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002110:Caffeine; C029899:imidazole; D000241:Adenosine
keywords: Cell viability; Incense; NO; RAW 264.7 macrophage; TNF-α