title: Bioavailability and Toxicity of Copper, Manganese, and Nickel in Paronychiurus kimi (Collembola), and Biomarker Discovery for Their Exposure.
abstract: Bioavailability and toxicity of Cu, Mn, and Ni in Paronychiurus kimi were investigated after 28 days of exposure to OECD artificial soil spiked with these metals. Uptake and effect of Cu, Mn, and Ni on the reproduction of P. kimi were related to different metal fractions (water-soluble, 0.01 M CaCl2-extractable or porewater metal concentrations). Cu and Mn concentrations in P. kimi increased with increasing Cu and Mn concentrations in the soil, while Ni contents in P. kimi reached a plateau at a concentration higher than 200 mg/kg in soil. Both uptake and juvenile production related well to different metal fractions, suggesting that these metal fractions are suitable for assessing bioavailability and toxicity of metals in P. kimi. When toxicity for reproduction was compared, as reflected by EC50values, the order of metal toxicity varied depending upon how exposure concentration was expressed. Moreover, the results of proteomic analysis showed that several proteins involved in the immune system, neuronal outgrowth, and metal ion binding were up-regulated in P. kimi following short-term (7 days) exposure to sublethal level (corresponding to 50% of the EC50) of Cu, Mn, or Ni, respectively. This suggests that the ecotoxicoproteomic approach seems to be a promising tool for early exposure warnings below which significant adverse effects are unlikely to occur. This study demonstrated that a combination of chemical and biological measures can provide information about metal bioavailability and toxicity to which P. kimi has been exposed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Jino
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1752-142X
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Yun-Sik
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Eun
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin-Si, 17035, Korea.
authors.forename: Key-Il
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-701, Korea. kjcho@korea.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kijong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods / Q000187:drug effects*; D001682:Biological Availability; D015415:Biomarkers; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008345:Manganese / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D009532:Nickel / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D008345:Manganese; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel