title: Personal computer versus personal computer/mobile device combination users' preclinical laboratory e-learning activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to clarify differences between personal computer (PC)/mobile device combination and PC-only user patterns. We analyzed access frequency and time spent on a complete denture preclinical website in order to maximize website effectiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourth-year undergraduate students (N=41) in the preclinical complete denture laboratory course were invited to participate in this survey during the final week of the course to track login data. Students accessed video demonstrations and quizzes via our e-learning site/course program, and were instructed to view online demonstrations before classes. When the course concluded, participating students filled out a questionnaire about the program, their opinions, and devices they had used to access the site.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combination user access was significantly more frequent than PC-only during supplementary learning time, indicating that students with mobile devices studied during lunch breaks and before morning classes. Most students had favorable opinions of the e-learning site, but a few combination users commented that some videos were too long and that descriptive answers were difficult on smartphones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results imply that mobile devices' increased accessibility encouraged learning by enabling more efficient time use between classes. They also suggest that e-learning system improvements should cater to mobile device users by reducing video length and including more short-answer questions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Comprehensive Prosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kon
authors.affiliation: Niigata University Faculty of Dentistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Division of Comprehensive Prosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.affiliation: Niigata University Faculty of Dentistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Division of Comprehensive Prosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamaga
authors.affiliation: Division of Comprehensive Prosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ono
mesh_terms: D040421:Cell Phone; D004497:Education, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008838:Microcomputers; D057566:Self Report
keywords: complete denture prosthodontic; dental education; e-learning