title: Long-term effects of recurrent intermittent hypoxia and hyperoxia on respiratory system mechanics in neonatal mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Premature infants are at increased risk for wheezing disorders. Clinically, these neonates experience recurrent episodes of apnea and desaturation often treated by increasing the fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2). We developed a novel paradigm of neonatal intermittent hypoxia with subsequent hyperoxia overshoots (CIHO/E) and hypothesized that CIHO/Eelicits long-term changes on pulmonary mechanics in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neonatal C57BL/6 mice received CIHO/E, which consisted of 10% O2 (1 min) followed by a transient exposure to 50% FIO2, on 10-min repeating cycles 24 h/d from birth to P7. Baseline respiratory mechanics, methacholine challenge, RT-PCR for pro and antioxidants, radial alveolar counts, and airway smooth muscle actin were assessed at P21 after 2-wk room air recovery. Control groups were mice exposed to normoxia, chronic intermittent hyperoxia (CIHE), and chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIHO).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CIHO/Eand CIHEincreased airway resistance at higher doses of methacholine and decreased baseline compliance compared with normoxia mice. Lung mRNA for NOX2 was increased by CIHO/E. Radial alveolar counts and airway smooth muscle actin was not different between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neonatal intermittent hypoxia/hyperoxia exposure results in long-term changes in respiratory mechanics. We speculate that recurrent desaturation with hyperoxia overshoot may increase oxidative stress and contribute to wheezing in former preterm infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dylag
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Raffay
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Anjum
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jafri
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: MacFarlane
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D001835:Body Weight; D001997:Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia / Q000139:chemically induced; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D018496:Hyperoxia / Q000473:pathology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000473:pathology*; D016210:Methacholine Chloride / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D010641:Phenotype; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000378:metabolism; D012008:Recurrence; D012119:Respiration; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016877:Oxidants; D016210:Methacholine Chloride; D010100:Oxygen