title: Epidemiology and outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in England.
abstract: This study reports the epidemiology and outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in England during 2014.
  
  
  
  Prospective observational study from the national OHCA registry. The incidence, demographic and outcomes of patients who were treated for an OHCA between 1st January 2014 and 31st December 2014 in 10 English ambulance service (EMS) regions, serving a population of almost 54 million, are reported in accordance with Utstein recommendations.
  
  
  
  28,729 OHCA cases of EMS treated cardiac arrests were reported (53 per 100,000 of resident population). The mean age was 68.6 (SD=19.6) years and 41.3% were female. Most (83%) occurred in a place of residence, 52.7% were witnessed by either the EMS or a bystander. In non-EMS witnessed cases, 55.2% received bystander CPR whilst public access defibrillation was used rarely (2.3%). Cardiac aetiology was the leading cause of cardiac arrest (60.9%). The initial rhythm was asystole in 42.4% of all cases and was shockable (VF or pVT) in 20.6%. Return of spontaneous circulation at hospital transfer was evident in 25.8% (n=6302) and survival to hospital discharge was 7.9%.
  
  
  
  Cardiac arrest is an important cause of death in England. With less than one in ten patients surviving, there is scope to improve outcomes. Survival rates were highest amongst those who received bystander CPR and public access defibrillation.
authors.affiliation: Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hawkes
authors.affiliation: Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Booth
authors.affiliation: Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK; Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Samantha J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Brace-McDonnell
authors.affiliation: Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Whittington
authors.affiliation: South of England, Public Health England, UK.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mapstone
authors.affiliation: Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK.
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.affiliation: NIHR Southampton Respiratory BRU, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Deakin
authors.affiliation: MRC Bioinformatics Unit, LICAM, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Chris P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Gale
authors.affiliation: London Ambulance Service NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Rachael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fothergill
authors.affiliation: Royal United Hospitals, Bath, UK.
authors.forename: Jerry P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.affiliation: Welsh Ambulance Service NHS Trust, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.affiliation: Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Jasmeet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Soar
authors.affiliation: University of Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK.
authors.forename: A Niroshan
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Siriwardena
authors.affiliation: Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK.
authors.forename: Terry P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK; Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK. Electronic address: g.d.perkins@warwick.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Gavin D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Perkins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003710:Demography; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020380:Needs Assessment; D058687:Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015996:Survival Rate
keywords: Cardiac arrest; Emergency medical services; Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; Pre-hospital care; Resuscitation