title: A review of contamination of surface-, ground-, and drinking water in Sweden by perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs).
abstract: Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are found in aquatic systems, flora, and fauna worldwide. These potentially harmful compounds are also frequently detected in Sweden and have already resulted in severe problems for public drinking water supply, i.e., some wells had to be closed due to high PFAS concentrations both in raw water and produced drinking water. Knowledge on PFAS occurrence in Sweden is still quite low, although monitoring is currently ongoing. This work describes potential sources for PFASs to enter the drinking water supply in Sweden and compares different occurrences of PFASs in raw and drinking water in the country. Moreover, the monitoring history, the legal situation, and remediation actions taken are presented. Finally, future challenges and the way forward in Sweden are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 460, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden. stefan.banzhaf@gu.se.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4534-0853
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banzhaf
authors.affiliation: NIRAS Sweden AB, Fleminggatan 14, 112 26, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marko
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2131-4418
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Filipovic
authors.affiliation: Tyréns AB, Västra Norrlandsgatan 10B, 903 27, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Department of Geology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Charlotte J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Sparrenbom
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 460, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2004-6199
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barthel
mesh_terms: D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis*; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated / Q000032:analysis*; D013548:Sweden; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: AFFF; Firefighting foam; Groundwater; PFAA; PFAS; PFOS