title: A systematic study of the release of bisphenol A by orthodontic materials and its biological effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic chemical substance used as a starting ingredient in the manufacturing process of a number or orthodontic materials. It is a well-known endocrine disruptor with low estrogenic properties. The aim of this investigation is to present a systematic review regarding the issue of bisphenol A release by orthodontic materials and its impact in orthodontics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic analysis was performed by electronic search (between 1936 and 2015) on several data bases. The search was limited by using several specific key-words in two languages, English and French. Two investigators selected the responses, which met the selection criteria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Of the 376 studies found, only 21 met our selection criteria: 11 of these dealt with the release of bisphenol by orthodontic materials and 10 in vitro studies described the effects of BPA leaching from orthodontic materials on human and murine cells. The rate of BPA release was well below the daily tolerable intake (DTI) (50mg/kg/day in 2006, then 50μg/kg/day in 2015) according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Theoretical exposure to BPA was 11,000 times lower than recommendations. However, other studies have shown the presence of BPA and of monomers released in large quantities at very low doses. The effects of observed BPA varied significantly (toxic and carcinogenic potential) while some studies found no effects at all. The relatively small number of studies dealing with the release of Bisphenol A by orthodontic materials, apart from orthodontic materials and their significant biological effects, has led to the absence of standard protocols and has hindered precise determination of released BPA. Moreover, the lack of coherence between the various methodological approaches and variations in the experimental protocols have resulted in a low level of proof regarding the impact of BPA by orthodontic materials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Through this study, the authors encourage clinicians to observe the following recommendations designed to reduce the amount of BPA released by materials used in orthodontics: keep the tip of the light-curing lamp as close as possible to the composite and perform indirect rather than direct light-curing; Pumice-polish the composite after bonding so as to reduce the potential amount of BPA released; reduce exposure by brushing or rinsing with a mouthwash during the first hour after bonding; follow a standardized, reproducible and expert-validated research protocol aimed at better understanding of BPA release.
authors.affiliation: Équipe de recherche en biotechnologie et biomatériaux en milieu buccal, faculté de médecine dentaire, Mohammed V university in Rabat, centre hospitalier Ibn-Sina, Rabat-Instituts, BP 6212, Madinat Al Irfane, Rabat, Morocco. Electronic address: halimiali111@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Abdelali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Halimi
authors.affiliation: Équipe de recherche en biotechnologie et biomatériaux en milieu buccal, faculté de médecine dentaire, Mohammed V university in Rabat, centre hospitalier Ibn-Sina, Rabat-Instituts, BP 6212, Madinat Al Irfane, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Hicham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Benyahia
authors.affiliation: Équipe de recherche en biotechnologie et biomatériaux en milieu buccal, faculté de médecine dentaire, Mohammed V university in Rabat, centre hospitalier Ibn-Sina, Rabat-Instituts, BP 6212, Madinat Al Irfane, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Loubna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bahije
authors.affiliation: Équipe de recherche en biotechnologie et biomatériaux en milieu buccal, faculté de médecine dentaire, Mohammed V university in Rabat, centre hospitalier Ibn-Sina, Rabat-Instituts, BP 6212, Madinat Al Irfane, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Hanane
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Adli
authors.affiliation: Équipe de recherche en biotechnologie et biomatériaux en milieu buccal, faculté de médecine dentaire, Mohammed V university in Rabat, centre hospitalier Ibn-Sina, Rabat-Instituts, BP 6212, Madinat Al Irfane, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Mohamed-Faouzi
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Azeroual
authors.affiliation: Équipe de recherche en biotechnologie et biomatériaux en milieu buccal, faculté de médecine dentaire, Mohammed V university in Rabat, centre hospitalier Ibn-Sina, Rabat-Instituts, BP 6212, Madinat Al Irfane, Rabat, Morocco.
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zaoui
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010636:Phenols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D010636:Phenols; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: Biological effects; Bisphenol A; Orthodontic materials; Orthodontics; Systematic review