title: Strain rate dependency of fractures of immature bone.
abstract: Radiological features alone do not allow the discrimination between accidental paediatric long bone fractures or those sustained by child abuse. Therefore, there is a clinical need to elucidate the mechanisms behind each fracture to provide a forensic biomechanical tool for the vulnerable child. Four-point bending and torsional loading tests were conducted at more than one strain rate for the first time on immature bone, using a specimen-specific alignment system, to characterise structural behaviour at para-physiological strain rates. The bones behaved linearly to the point of fracture in all cases and transverse, oblique, and spiral fracture patterns were consistently reproduced. The results showed that there was a significant difference in bending stiffness between transverse and oblique fractures in four-point bending. For torsional loading, spiral fractures were produced in all cases with a significant difference in the energy and obliquity to fracture. Multiple or comminuted fractures were seen only in bones that failed at a higher stress or torque for both loading types. This demonstrates the differentiation of fracture patterns at different strain rates for the first time for immature bones, which may be used to match the case history given of a child and the fracture produced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Vee San
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Cheong
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karunaratne
authors.affiliation: Mechanical Engineering Department, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Musculoskeletal Surgery Group, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London School of Medicine, London W8 6RF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Amis
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom. Electronic address: a.bull@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Anthony M J
authors.initials: AMJ
authors.lastname: Bull
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D050723:Fractures, Bone; D006801:Humans; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D019415:Torque
keywords: Child abuse; In-vitro biomechanical testing; NAI; Non-accidental injury; Oblique fracture; Structural stiffness