title: Age-related differences in brain network activation and co-activation during multiple object tracking.
abstract: Multiple object tracking (MOT) is a powerful paradigm for measuring sustained attention. Although previous fMRI studies have delineated the brain activation patterns associated with tracking and documented reduced tracking performance in aging, age-related effects on brain activation during MOT have not been characterized. In particular, it is unclear if the task-related activation of different brain networks is correlated, and also if this coordination between activations within brain networks shows differential effects of age.
  
  
  
  We obtained fMRI data during MOT at two load conditions from a group of younger (n= 25, mean age = 24.4 ± 5.1 years) and older (n= 21, mean age = 64.7 ± 7.4 years) healthy adults. Using a combination of voxel-wise and independent component analysis, we investigated age-related differences in the brain network activation. In order to explore to which degree activation of the various brain networks reflect unique and common mechanisms, we assessed the correlations between the brain networks' activations.
  
  
  
  Behavioral performance revealed an age-related reduction in MOT accuracy. Voxel and brain network level analyses converged on decreased load-dependent activations of the dorsal attention network (DAN) and decreased load-dependent deactivations of the default mode networks (DMN) in the old group. Lastly, we found stronger correlations in the task-related activations within DAN and within DMN components for younger adults, and stronger correlations between DAN and DMN components for older adults.
  
  
  
  Using MOT as means for measuring attentional performance, we have demonstrated an age-related attentional decline. Network-level analysis revealed age-related alterations in network recruitment consisting of diminished activations of DAN and diminished deactivations of DMN in older relative to younger adults. We found stronger correlations within DMN and within DAN components for younger adults and stronger correlations between DAN and DMN components for older adults, indicating age-related alterations in the coordinated network-level activation during attentional processing.
authors.affiliation: Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT Nesodden Norway; NORMENT KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway; Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway.
authors.forename: Erlend S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Dørum
authors.affiliation: NORMENT KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway.
authors.forename: Dag
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alnæs
authors.affiliation: NORMENT KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.affiliation: Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT Nesodden Norway; NORMENT KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway; Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway.
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Richard
authors.affiliation: NORMENT KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway.
authors.forename: Martina J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.affiliation: NORMENT KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway.
authors.forename: Siren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tønnesen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway.
authors.forename: Markus H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Sneve
authors.affiliation: NORMENT KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway.
authors.forename: Nina C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Mathiesen
authors.affiliation: NORMENT KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway.
authors.forename: Øyvind G
authors.initials: ØG
authors.lastname: Rustan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway.
authors.forename: Øivind
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Gjertsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway.
authors.forename: Sigurd
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vatn
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway.
authors.forename: Brynjar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fure
authors.affiliation: NORMENT KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway.
authors.forename: Ole A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Andreassen
authors.affiliation: Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital HT Nesodden Norway.
authors.forename: Jan Egil
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nordvik
authors.affiliation: NORMENT KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research Division of Mental Health and Addiction Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway; Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway.
authors.forename: Lars T
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8644-956X
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Westlye
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: DAN; DMN; MOT; attention; cognitive aging; default mode network; dorsal attention network; multiple object tracking