title: Aqueous Angiography with Fluorescein and Indocyanine Green in Bovine Eyes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We characterize aqueous angiography as a real-time aqueous humor outflow imaging (AHO) modality in cow eyes with two tracers of different molecular characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cow enucleated eyes (n= 31) were obtained and perfused with balanced salt solution via a Lewicky AC maintainer through a 1-mm side-port. Fluorescein (2.5%) or indocyanine green (ICG; 0.4%) were introduced intracamerally at 10 mm Hg individually or sequentially. With an angiographer, infrared and fluorescent images were acquired. Concurrent anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) was performed, and fixable fluorescent dextrans were introduced into the eye for histologic analysis of angiographically positive and negative areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aqueous angiography in cow eyes with fluorescein and ICG yielded high-quality images with segmental patterns. Over time, ICG maintained a better intraluminal presence. Angiographically positive, but not negative, areas demonstrated intrascleral lumens with anterior segment OCT. Aqueous angiography with fluorescent dextrans led to their trapping in AHO pathways. Sequential aqueous angiography with ICG followed by fluorescein in cow eyes demonstrated similar patterns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aqueous angiography in model cow eyes demonstrated segmental angiographic outflow patterns with either fluorescein or ICG as a tracer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further characterization of segmental AHO with aqueous angiography may allow for intelligent placement of trabecular bypass minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries for improved surgical results.
authors.affiliation: Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Alex S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Sindhu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saraswathy
authors.affiliation: Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dastiridou
authors.affiliation: Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Begian
authors.affiliation: Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Hanz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Legaspi
authors.affiliation: Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Chirayu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mohindroo
authors.affiliation: Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: James C H
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caprioli
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hinton
authors.affiliation: Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Weinreb
keywords: angiography; aqueous angiography; fluorescein angiography; minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries