title: Applicability of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polyethersulfone (PES) as passive samplers of more hydrophobic organic compounds in intertidal estuarine environments.
abstract: The uptake calibration of three passive samplers, stir-bars, MESCO/stir-bars and polyethersulfone tubes (PESt), was assessed in seawater at different salinities for 17 organic compounds including organochlorine compounds, pesticides, phthalates, musk fragrances and triclosan. The calibration procedure was accomplished by exposing the samplers to a continuous flow of fortified seawater for up to 14days under laboratory conditions. Prior to the exposure, stir-bars and MESCO/stir-bars were loaded with a known amount of deuterated PAH mixture as performance reference compounds (PRC). For most of the studied compounds, the sampling rates (Rs, mL·day-1) were determined for each sampler at two salinities (15 and 30‰) and two nominal concentrations (25 and 50ng·L-1). Among the tested devices, though PES can be an outstanding cheap alternative to other passive samplers, naked or free stir-bars provided the best results in terms of uptake rates (i.e., the Rs values ranged from 30 to 350mL·day-1). Regarding the variation of the salinity, the Rs values obtained with naked stir-bars were statistically comparable in the full range of salinities (0-30‰) but the values obtained with MESCO/stir-bars and PEStwere salinity dependent. Consequently, only stir-bars assured the required robustness to be used as passive samplers in intertidal estuarine environments. Finally, the stir-bars were applied to estimate the time-weighted average concentration of some of those contaminants in the feeding seawater of the experimental aquaria at the Plentzia Marine Station (Basque Country) and low levels of musks fragrances (0.1-0.2ng·L-1) were estimated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PK. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain. Electronic address: oscar.posada@ehu.es.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Posada-Ureta
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PK. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; Plentzia Marine Station, University of the Basque Country (PIE-UPV/EHU), Areatza Pasealekua, 48620, Plentzia, Biscay, Spain.
authors.forename: Maitane
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olivares
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PK. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PK. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; Plentzia Marine Station, University of the Basque Country (PIE-UPV/EHU), Areatza Pasealekua, 48620, Plentzia, Biscay, Spain.
authors.forename: Ailette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prieto
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PK. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Asier
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vallejo
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PK. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Mireia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Irazola
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Albrecht
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paschke
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PK. 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; Plentzia Marine Station, University of the Basque Country (PIE-UPV/EHU), Areatza Pasealekua, 48620, Plentzia, Biscay, Spain.
authors.forename: Nestor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Etxebarria
mesh_terms: D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D063366:Estuaries; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D011108:Polymers / Q000032:analysis*; D013030:Spain; D013450:Sulfones / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D011108:Polymers; D013450:Sulfones; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C022840:polyether sulfone
keywords: Calibration; Estuarine and coastal monitoring; Organic microcontaminants; Passive sampling; Polydimethylsiloxane; Polyethersulfone