title: Anti-inflammatory activity of Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Pers. extracts and antifungal activity against Sporothrix schenckii.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Pers. is traditionally used in North and Northeast of Brazil for the treatment of dermatomycoses. Since the strategy associating immunomodulators with antifungal drugs seems to be promissory to improve the treatment efficacy in fungal infections, we aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of V. guianensis ethanolic extract of leaves (VGL) and bark (VGB) against Sporothrix schenckii ATCC 16345 and their antinflammatory activities.
  
  
  METHODS
  The extracts were analyzed by HPLC-DAD-IT MS/MS for in situ identification of major compounds. Antifungal activity was evaluated in vitro (microdilution test) and in vivo using a murine model of S. schenckii infection. The production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12 by measured by ELISA, as well as measured the production and inhibition of the NO after treatment with the plant extracts or itraconazole (ITR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two O-glucosyl-flavonoids and 16 prenylated benzophenone derivatives already described for Vismia were detected. Both VGL and VGB showed significant antifungal activity either in in vitro assay of microdilution (MIC=3.9µg/mL) and in vivo model of infection with reduction of S. schenckii load in spleen. It was also observed a predominance of reduction in the production of NO and the proinflammatory cytokines evaluated except TNFα, but with stimulation of IL-10, as evidence of a potential anti-inflammatory effect associated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results showed that both VGL and VGB have a significant antifungal against S. schenckii and an anti-inflammatory activity. These results can support the use of these extracts for alternative treatment of sporotrichosis.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú - Km 1 -s/n -CEP: 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Riberão Preto, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Departamento de Física e Química, Riberão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Riberão Preto, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Departamento de Física e Química, Riberão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carnevale Neto
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú - Km 1 -s/n -CEP: 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Portuondo
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú - Km 1 -s/n -CEP: 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Batista-Duharte
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita Filho, UNESP, Rod. Araraquara-Jaú - Km 1 -s/n -CEP: 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: I Z
authors.initials: IZ
authors.lastname: Carlos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D028084:Clusiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013175:Sporothrix / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D013174:Sporotrichosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; C556062:IL10 protein, mouse; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D018664:Interleukin-12; D015847:Interleukin-4; D017964:Itraconazole; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000431:Ethanol; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Antifungal; Prenylated benzophenone, Sporothrix schenckii; Sporotrichosis; Vismia guianensis