title: Macrophage-Secreted TNFα and TGFβ1 Influence Migration Speed and Persistence of Cancer Cells in 3D Tissue Culture via Independent Pathways.
abstract: The ability of a cancer cell to migrate through the dense extracellular matrix within and surrounding the solid tumor is a critical determinant of metastasis. Macrophages enhance invasion and metastasis in the tumor microenvironment, but the basis for their effects is not fully understood. Using a microfluidic 3D cell migration assay, we found that the presence of macrophages enhanced the speed and persistence of cancer cell migration through a 3D extracellular matrix in a matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-dependent fashion. Mechanistic investigations revealed that macrophage-released TNFα and TGFβ1 mediated the observed behaviors by two distinct pathways. These factors synergistically enhanced migration persistence through a synergistic induction of NF-κB-dependent MMP1 expression in cancer cells. In contrast, macrophage-released TGFβ1 enhanced migration speed primarily by inducing MT1-MMP expression. Taken together, our results reveal new insights into how macrophages enhance cancer cell metastasis, and they identify TNFα and TGFβ1 dual blockade as an antimetastatic strategy in solid tumors. Cancer Res; 77(2); 279-90. ©2016 AACR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.|Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Jess D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hebert
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Tara A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boussommier-Calleja
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.|Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.|Howard Hughes Medical Institute Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Richard O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Hynes
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.|Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lauffenburger
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. rdkamm@mit.edu.|Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Roger D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Kamm
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D046210:Microfluidic Analytical Techniques; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; C439524:TNF protein, human; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases