title: Trends and Outcomes of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension-Related Hospitalizations in the United States: Analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database From 2001 Through 2012.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent trends and outcomes of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)-related hospitalization in adults in the United States are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the characteristics of PAH-related hospitalizations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the National Inpatient Sample database for all adult patients (≥18 years old) with PAH as the principal discharge diagnosis from January 1, 2001, through December 31, 2012.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the temporal trends in hospitalization rate, hospital charges, in-hospital mortality, length of hospitalization, and comorbidities pertaining to PAH-related hospitalizations. We also evaluated the predictors of in-hospital mortality and length of hospitalizations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of PAH-related hospitalizations per year in adults decreased significantly from 2001 through 2012 (3177 vs 1345, P for trend <.001). However, the mean hospital charge per admission increased 2.7-fold from 2001 through 2012 ($29 507 vs $79 607, P for trend <.001). There was a significant increase in each of these associated comorbid conditions: diabetes (4.6%-7.8%), hypertension (5.1%-17.1%), coronary artery disease (15.6%-22.3%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (14.4%-20.1%), anemia (12.4%-20.4%), cardiac dysrhythmias (21.7%-29.0%), congestive heart failure (40.7%-56.1%), acute (5.9%-20.1%) or chronic kidney disease (1.1%-16.4%), fluid and electrolyte imbalance (18.9%-35.3%), pneumonia (4.4%-6.3%), cardiogenic shock (0.5%-1.5%), and acute respiratory failure (4.3%-20.8%) from 2001 through 2012. The length of hospitalization increased (mean [SE], 7.0 [0.5] days in 2001 vs 7.6 [0.6] days in 2012, P for trend = .009), but in-patient mortality remained unchanged (7.8% [1.1%] in 2001 vs 6.3% [1.7%] in 2012, P for trend = .54). Admission to a teaching hospital (β coefficient for length of hospitalization, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3-1.6; odds ratio [OR] for mortality, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.1), cardiac dysrhythmias (β coefficient, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-2.6; OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.4-2.4), acute kidney injury (β coefficient, 5.0; 95% CI, 3.9-6.1; OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.7-3.2), acute cerebrovascular accident (β coefficient, 6.6; 95% CI, 1.9-11.3; OR, 6.7; 95% CI, 2.1-21.1), and acute respiratory failure (β coefficient, 6.2; 95% CI, 5.1-7.4; OR, 5.6; 95% CI, 4.2-7.5) were associated with increased length of hospitalization and in-hospital mortality. Congestive heart failure (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.2), cardiogenic shock (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 2.7-10.9), and fluid and electrolyte imbalance (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.5-2.4) were associated with increased in-hospital mortality but not length of hospitalization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analyses of temporal changes in PAH care reveal a significant decrease in PAH-related hospitalizations in the United States, but hospital charges have increased substantially and are increasingly being borne by Medicare. In-hospital mortality remains unchanged, but length of hospitalization has increased. This study should help identify the characteristics of patients with PAH that are associated with increased risk of in-hospital mortality and longer length of hospitalization.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: Vidhu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: Samit S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Stephen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Archer
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: E Kenneth
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: Sushil Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duval
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: Thenappan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thenappan