title: Mutations in the CYP51 gene reduce DMI sensitivity in Parastagonospora nodorum populations in Europe and China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) have been widely used to manage agronomically important fungal diseases in wheat, but reports of DMI-resistant pathogens continue to mount. Parastagonospora nodorum shows a wide range of sensitivity to DMIs, but until now no molecular mechanisms have been identified to explain these differences. The aim of this study was to correlate the DMI sensitivity of a global collection of P. nodorum isolates with mutations in the CYP51 gene that encodes the target of DMI fungicides.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two non-synonymous mutations connected to DMI resistance in other plant pathogenic fungi were detected for the first time in the CYP51 gene of P. nodorum. The two mutations occurred at amino acid position 144, which is homologous to position 137 in other pathogens. The Y144F mutation was detected in China, Denmark, Sweden and Switzerland while the Y144H mutation was found in China and Switzerland. Both mutations were correlated with significantly reduced sensitivity to the DMI fungicide propiconazole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CYP51 mutations conferred reduced sensitivity against DMIs in field populations of P. nodorum originating from China, Denmark, Sweden and Switzerland. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich/LFW, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Danilo As
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich/LFW, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.affiliation: Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich/LFW, Universitätstrasse 2, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Patrick C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Brunner
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D002681:China; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D005060:Europe; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D020539:Sequence Analysis, Protein; D058886:Sterol 14-Demethylase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D014230:Triazoles; C045950:propiconazole; D058886:Sterol 14-Demethylase
keywords: Stagonospora nodorum blotch; azoles; fungicide resistance; sterol demethylation inhibitors