title: Fighting poor-quality medicines in low- and middle-income countries: the importance of advocacy and pedagogy.
abstract: The globalization of pharmaceutical production has not been accompanied by a strengthening and harmonization of the regulatory systems worldwide. Thus, the global market is characterized today by a situation of multiple standards, and patients in low- and middle-income countries are exposed to the risk of receiving poor-quality medicines. Among those who first raised the alarm on this problem, there were pioneering humanitarian groups, who were in a privileged position to witness the gap in quality of medicines between high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries. Despite an increasing awareness of the problem and the launch of some positive initiatives, the divide in pharmaceutical quality between the North and the South remains important, and insufficiently addressed. More advocacy is needed for universal access to quality-assured medicines. It should target all those who are strongly "involved" with medicines: regulators, international organizations, journalists, purchasers, prescribers, program managers, policy makers, public health actors and the patients. Advocacy should be based on evidence from research and monitoring programs, and technical concepts should be translated in lay language through communication tools that address all the stakeholders. The fight to ensure universal access to quality medicines needs the participation of all, and can only be successful if grounded in common understanding.
authors.affiliation: QUAMED, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ravinetto
authors.affiliation: AEDES, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vandenbergh
authors.affiliation: Department of Essential Medicines and Health Products, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Cécile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Macé
authors.affiliation: QUAMED, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pouget
authors.affiliation: Independent, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Renchon
authors.affiliation: Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rigal
authors.affiliation: Independent, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Benedetta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schiavetti
authors.affiliation: QUAMED, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Caudron
keywords: Equity in health; Low- and middle-income countries; Pharmaceutical regulation; Quality assurance; Quality of medicines