title: Impact of smoking on fertility and age of menopause: a population-based assessment.
abstract: Studies in patients seeking medically assisted reproduction have shown that smoking reduces fertility, but little information is available in the general population. We assessed the associations between smoking and the number of children, childbearing planning and age at menopause in a representative sample of the population of Lausanne, Switzerland.
  
  
  
  Data from 6711 participants (3530 women, age range 35-75 years) collected between 2003 and 2006 and again in 2009 and 2012. Smoking status, number of offsprings and age of menopause were assessed.
  
  
  
  Women who currently smoke had significantly less children than former or never smokers: the number of children per women (average±SD) was 1.38±1.05, 1.45±1.07 and 1.576±1.16, respectively (p<0.001). Women who currently smoke had their first child at an earlier age than the others: 26.7±5.2, 27.4±5.4 and 26.9±5.2 years old for current, former and never smokers, respectively, (p=0.01). Similar findings were found for men: number of children per men 1.475±1.16, 1.67±1.13 and 1.55±1.22 for current, former and never smokers, respectively (p<0.001); no difference was found regarding age at the first child. The difference persisted after multivariate adjustment (adjusted for age, body mass index, Caucasian origins, alcohol consumption, caffeinated drinks consumption, educational level, receiving social help and women taking contraceptives) for the age at first child among women. No association was found between Heaviness of Smoking Index and the number of children among current smokers in both genders. Women who smoke had their menopause more than 1 year prior than never-smoking women (48.9±0.2 years compared with 47.8±0.3 years, respectively, p=0.002).
  
  
  
  Smoking is associated with an earlier age of having the first child and of menopause among women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jean-Baptiste
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Oboni
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marques-Vidal
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bastardot
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vollenweider
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Waeber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE; TOXICOLOGY