title: Urolithiasis in inflammatory bowel disease and bariatric surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse current literature focusing on pathogenesis and therapeutic aspects of urolithiasis with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and following bariatric surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, supplemented with additional references. Studies assessing the association of IBD or bariatric surgery with renal stones in both paediatric and adulthood were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Certain types of stones are seen more frequently with IBD. Hyperoxaluria and hypocitraturia are the main metabolic changes responsible for urolithiasis. The incidence of renal stones in malabsorptive types of bariatric surgery such as gastric bypass is high; this is not as common in modern restrictive surgical methods. Preventative methods and urine alkalinisation have been shown to be beneficial.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both conditions are associated with renal stones. Patients' counselling and prevention strategies are the mainstay of urolithiasis management in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Agapios Gkentzis, Michael Kimuli, Jon Cartledge, Chandra Shekhar Biyani, Department of Urology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Agapios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gkentzis
authors.affiliation: Agapios Gkentzis, Michael Kimuli, Jon Cartledge, Chandra Shekhar Biyani, Department of Urology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kimuli
authors.affiliation: Agapios Gkentzis, Michael Kimuli, Jon Cartledge, Chandra Shekhar Biyani, Department of Urology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cartledge
authors.affiliation: Agapios Gkentzis, Michael Kimuli, Jon Cartledge, Chandra Shekhar Biyani, Department of Urology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Traxer
authors.affiliation: Agapios Gkentzis, Michael Kimuli, Jon Cartledge, Chandra Shekhar Biyani, Department of Urology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Chandra Shekhar
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Biyani
keywords: Bariatric surgery; Crohn’s; Inflammatory bowel disease; Kidney stones; Ulcerative colitis; Urolithiasis