title: Designing Graphs to Communicate Risks: Understanding How the Choice of Graphical Format Influences Decision Making.
abstract: Previous research suggests that the choice of graphical format for communicating risk information affects both understanding of the risk magnitude and the likelihood of acting to decrease risk. However, the mechanisms through which these effects work are poorly understood. To explore these mechanisms using a real-world scenario, we examined the relative impact of two graphical displays for depicting the risk of exposure to unexploded ammunition during potential land redevelopment. One display depicted only the foreground information graphically (a bar graph of the number of people harmed), and a second depicted the foreground and background graphically (a stacked bar graph representing both the number harmed and at risk). We presented 296 participants with either the foreground-only or the foreground and background graphical display and measured a broad set of outcome variables, examining (1) the graphical display effect on each of the outcome measures and (2) the pathways by which any display effects work to influence decision making. We found that the foreground-only graphical display increased perceived likelihood and experienced fear, which produced greater worry, which in turn increased risk aversion. In addition, a positive evaluation of the communication materials increased support for policies related to land redevelopment, whether those policies were risk taking or risk mitigating. Finally, the foreground-only graphical display decreased understanding of the risk magnitude, showing that approaches to accomplish one risk communication goal (promoting risk-averse decisions) may do so at the expense of another goal (increasing understanding).
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.affiliation: Centre for Decision Research, Leeds University Business School, Leeds, England.|Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Wändi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bruine de Bruin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Abigail M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Emily M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Boker
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: MacDonald Gibson
keywords: Display formats; graphs; risk communication; risk magnitudes; unexploded ammunition