title: Evaluation of the ERIC-PCR as a probable method to differentiate Avibacterium paragallinarum serovars.
abstract: Infectious coryza, an upper respiratory tract disease in chickens, caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum, leads to huge economic losses. The disease is controlled through vaccination; but vaccination efficacy is dependent on correct identification of the infecting serovar, as limited cross-protection is reported amongst some serovars. Current identification methods include the heamagglutination inhibition test, which is demanding and could be subjective. To overcome this, molecular typing methods proposed are the Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism-PCR, but low reproducibility is reported. Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)-PCR has been suggested for molecular groupings of various bacterial species. This study focuses on evaluating the ERIC-PCR as a probable method to differentiate between different Av. paragallinarum serovars by grouping with reference isolates, based on clonal relations. The ERIC-PCR was performed on 12 reference isolates and 41 field isolates originating from South Africa and South America. The data indicate that the ERIC-PCR is not ideal for the differentiation or for molecular typing of Av. paragallinarum serovars, as no correlation is drawn upon comparison of banding patterns of field isolates and reference strains. However, the results do indicate isolates from the same origin sharing unique banding patterns, indicating potential clonal relationship; but when compared to the reference isolates dominant in the specific area, no correlation could be drawn. Furthermore, although the ERIC-PCR serves a purpose in epidemiological studies, it has proved to have little application in differentiating amongst serovars of Av. paragallinarum and to group untyped field strains with known reference strains.
authors.affiliation: a Department Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Faculty Natural and Agricultural Sciences , University of the Free State , Bloemfontein , South Africa.
authors.forename: Julius Eduard
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hellmuth
authors.affiliation: a Department Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Faculty Natural and Agricultural Sciences , University of the Free State , Bloemfontein , South Africa.
authors.forename: Arina Corli
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hitzeroth
authors.affiliation: a Department Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Faculty Natural and Agricultural Sciences , University of the Free State , Bloemfontein , South Africa.
authors.forename: Robert Richard
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Bragg
authors.affiliation: a Department Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Faculty Natural and Agricultural Sciences , University of the Free State , Bloemfontein , South Africa.
authors.forename: Charlotte Enastacia
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Boucher
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology*; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000235:genetics; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044134:Haemophilus paragallinarum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D058889:Molecular Typing / Q000662:veterinary; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D065288:Serogroup; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D021901:DNA, Intergenic
keywords: Avibacterium paragallinarum; ERIC-PCR; molecular typing; serovar differentiation; species-specific PCR