title: The impact of digoxin on mortality in patients with chronic systolic heart failure: A propensity-matched cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior Studies showed mixed results in association of digoxin use with all-cause mortality (ACM). The aim of this analysis is to identify the impact of digoxin use on ACM in a contemporary heart failure (HF) cohort treated with guideline based therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 2298 consecutive patients seen in an HF clinic between 2000 and 2015. Patients were considered to be a digoxin user if he/she received digoxin at any point during the enrollment period in the HF clinic. Patients were matched based on digoxin utility using propensity matching in 2-3:1 fashion. The primary outcome was ACM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2298 patients, 325 digoxin users were matched with 750 non-digoxin users. The Matched cohort did not have differences among demographics and clinical variables except for worse HF symptomatology and increased prevalence of atrial fibrillation. Overall, the prevalence of the use of guideline suggested therapies was 96%. After a median follow-up duration of 4years (IQR 2-6years), digoxin use was associated with increased ACM (21.8% versus 12.9%, unadjusted HR=1.81; 95% CI=1.33 to 2.45; p=0.001). This association remained significant after adjusting for the propensity score, atrial fibrillation, ejection fraction, and New York HF Class (HR=1.74; 95% CI=1.20 to 2.38; p<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this analysis of well-treated HF patients, digoxin was associated with increased ACM. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to determine whether digoxin therapy should be used in well-treated HF patients. Until then, routine use of digoxin in clinical practice should be discouraged.
authors.affiliation: King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdulaziz Cardiac Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: May
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Khateeb
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Waqas T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.affiliation: King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdulaziz Cardiac Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Raed
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Odeh
authors.affiliation: King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdulaziz Cardiac Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Amjad M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sherif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakr
authors.affiliation: Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Radwa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Elshawi
authors.affiliation: King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdulaziz Cardiac Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: M Bassam
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Bdeir
authors.affiliation: King Abdulaziz Medical City for National Guard, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdulaziz Cardiac Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: mouaz74@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mouaz H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Al-Mallah
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004077:Digoxin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D054143:Heart Failure, Systolic / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057216:Propensity Score; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D004077:Digoxin
keywords: Cardiovascular Disease Management Program; Chronic heart failure; Digoxin; Mortality; Propensity matching