title: An emerging class of amphiphilic dendrimers for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications: Janus amphiphilic dendrimers.
abstract: In recent years, a new class of dendrimer, known as Janus dendrimers (JDs), has attracted much attention due to their different structures and properties to the conventional symmetric forms. The broken symmetry of JDs offers the opportunity to form complex self-assembled materials, and presents new sets of properties that are presently inconceivable for homogeneous or symmetrical dendrimers. Due to their unique features, JDs have a promising future in pharmaceutical and biomedical fields, as seen from the recent interest in their application in conjugating multiple drugs and targeting moieties, forming supramolecular hydrogels, enabling micellar delivery systems, and preparing nano-vesicles, known as dendrimersomes, for drug encapsulation. The present paper is the first review, with an emphasis on various emerging applications of JDs, in the drug delivery and biomedical field reported so far. In addition, the paper describes different synthetic methods for producing JDs that can guide the design of new biocompatible forms with pharmacological activities, and that have the potential to be nano drug delivery vehicles. Furthermore, future studies to optimize the applications of JDs in drug delivery sciences and biomedical field to realize their potential to treat various disease conditions are identified and highlighted. Overall, this review identifies the current status of JDs in terms of their synthesis and applications, as well as the future research for their translation into macromolecules for clinical applications to solve health problems. It highlights the future combined efforts needed to be taken by dendrimer chemists, formulation scientist and microbiologists to develop novel antibacterials and nanomedicines from JDs.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.
authors.forename: Dhiraj R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Sikwal
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa. Electronic address: kalhapure@ukzn.ac.za.
authors.forename: Rahul S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kalhapure
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa. Electronic address: govenderth@ukzn.ac.za.
authors.forename: Thirumala
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Govender
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D050091:Dendrimers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000138:chemical synthesis*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D050091:Dendrimers; D013501:Surface-Active Agents
keywords: Amphiphilic dendrimers; Block co-dendrimers; Bow-tie dendrimers; Drug delivery; Janus dendrimers; Self-assembly