title: Pharmacotherapy for pediatric chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction: Nationwide survey in Japan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) is a rare disabling and life-threatening disorder characterized by severe impairment of gastrointestinal peristalsis. While a number of pharmacotherapeutics have been developed, only a few trials have been carried out for improvement of the pathological condition of CIPO patients. This report describes the results of a nationwide survey on the pharmacotherapy used in pediatric CIPO in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2012, a nationwide survey was conducted to identify the clinical presentation of CIPO in Japan. Information was gathered on pharmacotherapy. Four categories were created for medicines used in pharmacotherapy: "probiotics", "Japanese herbal medicines (Kampo medicines)", "laxatives", and "prokinetics".
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-two responses were collected from 47 facilities. Of the 62 patients who met the diagnostic criteria, 52 were treated with medications, while the remaining 10 were not. Thirty-four patients were given a total of 49 probiotics; 39 were treated with a total of 50 Kampo medicines; 20 were treated with a total of 28 laxatives; and 26 were given a total of 30 prokinetics, 70% of whom were treated specifically with mosapride.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Traditional Japanese medicines such as Kampo medicines and mosapride are often used to treat CIPO in Japan. Two combinations, that is, probiotics and Kampo medicines; and Kampo medicines and prokinetics, were often used for pediatric CIPO in Japan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9366-361X
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hashizume
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.|Japanese Study Group of Allied Disorders of Hirschsprung's Disease, Japan.
authors.forename: Minoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yagi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Kurume University Medical Center, Kurume, Japan.|Japanese Study Group of Allied Disorders of Hirschsprung's Disease, Japan.
authors.forename: Kosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ushijima
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.|Japanese Study Group of Allied Disorders of Hirschsprung's Disease, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Seki
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.|Japanese Study Group of Allied Disorders of Hirschsprung's Disease, Japan.
authors.forename: Suguru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukahori
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.|Japanese Study Group of Allied Disorders of Hirschsprung's Disease, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muto
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, St Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.|Japanese Study Group of Allied Disorders of Hirschsprung's Disease, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsufuji
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.|Japanese Study Group of Allied Disorders of Hirschsprung's Disease, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Taguchi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001549:Benzamides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007418:Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007564:Japan; D054368:Laxatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D020835:Medicine, Kampo / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009025:Morpholines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001549:Benzamides; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D054368:Laxatives; D009025:Morpholines; C062720:mosapride
keywords: child; chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction; nationwide survey; pharmacotherapy