title: Effectiveness of motivational interviewing interventions on medication adherence in adults with chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: Medication adherence is frequently suboptimal in adults with chronic diseases, resulting in negative consequences. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a collaborative conversational style for strengthening a person's motivation and commitment to change. We aimed to assess whether MI interventions are effective to enhance medication adherence in adults with chronic diseases and to explore the effect of individual MI intervention characteristics.
  
  
  
  We searched electronic databases and reference lists of relevant articles to find randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed MI intervention effectiveness on medication adherence in adults with chronic diseases. A random-effects model was used to estimate a pooled MI intervention effect size and its heterogeneity (I 2 ). We also explored the effects of individual MI characteristics on MI intervention effect size using a meta-regression with linear mixed model.
  
  
  
  : Nineteen RCTs were identified, and 16 were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled MI intervention effect size was 0.12 [95% confidence interval (CI) = (0.05, 0.20), I 2 = 1%]. Interventions that were based on MI only [β = 0.183, 95% CI = (0.004, 0.362)] or those in which interventionists were coached during intervention implementation [β = 0.465, 95% CI = (0.028, 0.902)] were the most effective. MI interventions that were delivered solely face to face were more effective than those that were delivered solely by phone [β = 0.270, 95% CI = (0.041, 0.498)].
  
  
  
  This synthesis of RCTs suggests that MI interventions might be effective at enhancing of medication adherence in adults treated for chronic diseases. Further research is however warranted, as the observed intervention effect size was small.
authors.affiliation: Laval University Faculty of Pharmacy, Québec, QC, Canada.|Research Unit, Laval University Chair on Adherence to Treatments.|Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Unit, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Hervé Tchala Vignon
authors.initials: HTV
authors.lastname: Zomahoun
authors.affiliation: Laval University Faculty of Pharmacy, Québec, QC, Canada.|Research Unit, Laval University Chair on Adherence to Treatments.|Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Unit, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Line
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guénette
authors.affiliation: Laval University Faculty of Pharmacy, Québec, QC, Canada.|Research Unit, Laval University Chair on Adherence to Treatments.|Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Unit, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Grégoire
authors.affiliation: Laval University Faculty of Pharmacy, Québec, QC, Canada.|Research Unit, Laval University Chair on Adherence to Treatments.|Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Unit, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lauzier
authors.affiliation: Laval University Faculty of Medicine, Québec, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Adouni Moulikatou
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lawani
authors.affiliation: CHU La Réunion, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique, F-97400, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France and.|INSERM, CIC 1410, F-97410, Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France.
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferdynus
authors.affiliation: CHU La Réunion, Unité de Soutien Méthodologique, F-97400, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France and.|INSERM, CIC 1410, F-97410, Saint Pierre, La Réunion, France.
authors.forename: Laetitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huiart
authors.affiliation: Laval University Faculty of Pharmacy, Québec, QC, Canada.|Research Unit, Laval University Chair on Adherence to Treatments.|Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Unit, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Jocelyne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moisan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D062405:Motivational Interviewing; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016903:Drug Monitoring
keywords: Chronic disease; medication adherence; meta-analysis; motivational interviewing; systematic review