title: Association among sickle cell trait, fitness, and cardiovascular risk factors in CARDIA.
abstract: The contribution of sickle cell trait (SCT) to racial disparities in cardiopulmonary fitness is not known, despite concerns that SCT is associated with exertion-related sudden death. We evaluated the association of SCT status with cross-sectional and longitudinal changes in fitness and risk for hypertension, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome over the course of 25 years among 1995 African Americans (56% women, 18-30 years old) in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Overall, the prevalence of SCT was 6.8% (136/1995) in CARDIA, and over the course of 25 years, 46% (738/1590), 18% (288/1631), and 40% (645/1,611) of all participants developed hypertension, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, respectively. Compared with participants without SCT, participants with SCT had similar baseline measures of fitness in cross-section, including exercise duration (535 vs 540 seconds;P= .62), estimated metabolic equivalent of tasks (METs; 11.6 vs 11.7;P= .80), maximum heart rate (174 vs 175 beats/min;P= .41), and heart rate at 2 minutes recovery (44 vs 43 beats/min;P= .28). In our secondary analysis, there was neither an association of SCT status with longitudinal changes in fitness nor an association with development of hypertension, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome after adjustment for sex, baseline age, body mass index, fitness, and physical activity. SCT is not associated with reduced fitness in this longitudinal study of young African American adults, suggesting the increased risk for exertion-related sudden death in SCT carriers is unlikely related to fitness. SCT status also is not an independent risk factor for developing hypertension, diabetes, or metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Hematology, Oncology & Stem Cell Transplantation, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL.|Department of Pediatrics, and.
authors.forename: Robert I
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2057-3749
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Liem
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and.
authors.forename: Cheeling
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and.
authors.forename: Thanh-Huyen T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Vu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Human Genetics, University of Texas School of Medicine, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fornage
authors.affiliation: Hematology, Oncology & Stem Cell Transplantation, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL.|Department of Pediatrics, and.
authors.forename: Alexis A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and.
authors.forename: Kiang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and.
authors.forename: Mercedes R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Carnethon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D015992:Body Mass Index; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010809:Physical Fitness; D015995:Prevalence; D012805:Sickle Cell Trait / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology