title: Co-exposure to sunlight enhances the toxicity of naturally weathered Deepwater Horizon oil to early lifestage red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and speckled seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus).
abstract: The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill resulted in the accidental release of millions of barrels of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico. Photo-induced toxicity following co-exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is 1 mechanism by which polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from oil spills may exert toxicity. Red drum and speckled seatrout are both important fishery resources in the Gulf of Mexico. They spawn near-shore and produce positively buoyant embryos that hatch into larvae in approximately 24 h. The goal of the present study was to determine whether exposure to UV as natural sunlight enhances the toxicity of crude oil to early lifestage red drum and speckled seatrout. Larval fish were exposed to several dilutions of high-energy water-accommodated fractions (HEWAFs) from 2 different oils collected in the field under chain of custody during the 2010 spill and 3 gradations of natural sunlight in a factorial design. Co-exposure to natural sunlight and oil significantly reduced larval survival compared with exposure to oil alone. Although both species were sensitive at PAH concentrations reported during the Deepwater Horizon spill, speckled seatrout demonstrated a greater sensitivity to photo-induced toxicity than red drum. These data demonstrate that even advanced weathering of slicks does not ameliorate the potential for photo-induced toxicity of oil to these species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:780-785. © 2016 SETAC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alloy
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas Ross
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Garner
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bridges
authors.affiliation: Abt Associates, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mansfield
authors.affiliation: Abt Associates, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carney
authors.affiliation: Abt Associates, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Forth
authors.affiliation: Abt Associates, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krasnec
authors.affiliation: Abt Associates, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lay
authors.affiliation: Abt Associates, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.affiliation: Abt Associates, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Sea Center Texas, Texas Parks and Wildlife, Lake Jackson, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonnot
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oris
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005398:Fisheries; D060851:Gulf of America; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000528:radiation effects; D010473:Perciformes / Q000254:growth & development*; D010578:Petroleum / Q000633:toxicity*; D059392:Petroleum Pollution / Q000032:analysis; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D013781:Texas; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D010578:Petroleum; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords:  Photo-induced toxicity; Deepwater Horizon; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; Red drum; Speckled seatrout