title: Development of a synthetic tissue engineered three-dimensional printed bioceramic-based bone graft with homogenously distributed osteoblasts and mineralizing bone matrix in vitro.
abstract: Over the last decade there have been increasing efforts to develop three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering from bioactive ceramics with 3D printing emerging as a promising technology. The overall objective of the present study was to generate a tissue engineered synthetic bone graft with homogenously distributed osteoblasts and mineralizing bone matrix in vitro, thereby mimicking the advantageous properties of autogenous bone grafts and facilitating usage for reconstructing segmental discontinuity defects in vivo. To this end, 3D scaffolds were developed from a silica-containing calcium alkali orthophosphate, using, first, a replica technique - the Schwartzwalder-Somers method - and, second, 3D printing, (i.e. rapid prototyping). The mechanical and physical scaffold properties and their potential to facilitate homogenous colonization by osteogenic cells and extracellular bone matrix formation throughout the porous scaffold architecture were examined. Osteoblastic cells were dynamically cultured for 7 days on both scaffold types with two different concentrations of 1.5 and 3 × 109cells/l. The amount of cells and bone matrix formed and osteogenic marker expression were evaluated using hard tissue histology, immunohistochemical and histomorphometric analysis. 3D-printed scaffolds (RPS) exhibited more micropores, greater compressive strength and silica release. RPS seeded with 3 × 109cells/l displayed greatest cell and extracellular matrix formation, mineralization and osteocalcin expression. In conclusion, RPS displayed superior mechanical and biological properties and facilitated generating a tissue engineered synthetic bone graft in vitro, which mimics the advantageous properties of autogenous bone grafts, by containing homogenously distributed terminally differentiated osteoblasts and mineralizing bone matrix and therefore is suitable for subsequent in vivo implantation for regenerating segmental discontinuity bone defects. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Orofacial Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.|Department of Oral Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Doaa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adel-Khattab
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Orofacial Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giacomini
authors.affiliation: BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Renate
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gildenhaar
authors.affiliation: BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Linow
authors.affiliation: Imaging Facility, Medical School, Justus Liebig University of Giessen.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hardt
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Peleska
authors.affiliation: BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Günster
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Orofacial Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stiller
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Orofacial Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Houshmand
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Khaled Abdel
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ghaffar
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gamal
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Mofty
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Orofacial Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Knabe
mesh_terms: D001857:Bone Matrix / Q000187:drug effects*; D016025:Bone Transplantation; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D002516:Ceramics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D007477:Ions; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology*; D016062:Porosity; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D012995:Solubility; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007477:Ions
keywords: bone tissue engineering; calcium alkali orthophosphate; extracellular matrix mineralization; mandible; osteoblast differentiation; rapid prototyping; scaffold; segmental discontinuity bone defects