title: When the Eyes No Longer Lead: Familiarity and Length Effects on Eye-Voice Span.
abstract: During oral reading, the eyes tend to be ahead of the voice (eye-voice span, EVS). It has been hypothesized that the extent to which this happens depends on the automaticity of reading processes, namely on the speed of print-to-sound conversion. We tested whether EVS is affected by another automaticity component - immunity from interference. To that end, we manipulated word familiarity (high-frequency, low-frequency, and pseudowords, PW) and word length as proxies of immunity from interference, and we used linear mixed effects models to measure the effects of both variables on the time interval at which readers do parallel processing by gazing at word N + 1 while not having articulated word N yet (offset EVS). Parallel processing was enhanced by automaticity, as shown by familiarity × length interactions on offset EVS, and it was impeded by lack of automaticity, as shown by the transformation of offset EVS into voice-eye span (voice ahead of the offset of the eyes) in PWs. The relation between parallel processing and automaticity was strengthened by the fact that offset EVS predicted reading velocity. Our findings contribute to understand how the offset EVS, an index that is obtained in oral reading, may tap into different components of automaticity that underlie reading ability, oral or silent. In addition, we compared the duration of the offset EVS with the average reference duration of stages in word production, and we saw that the offset EVS may accommodate for more than the articulatory programming stage of word N.
authors.affiliation: Center for Psychology at the University of Porto, University of PortoPorto, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research, University of AlgarveFaro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Casaca
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Research, University of AlgarveFaro, Portugal; Neurobiology of Language, Max Planck Institute for PsycholinguisticsNijmegen, Netherlands; Language in interaction, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourNijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Karl M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Petersson
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Faísca
keywords: dual-route; eye-tracking; eye-voice span; reading aloud; sublexical processing