title: Influence of insurance status and income in anaplastic astrocytoma: an analysis of 4325 patients.
abstract: To determine the impact of insurance status and income for anaplastic astrocytoma (AA). Data were extracted from the National Cancer Data Base. Chi square test, Kaplan-Meier method, and Cox regression models were employed in SPSS 22.0 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) for data analyses. 4325 patients with AA diagnosed from 2004 to 2013 were identified. 2781 (64.3%) had private insurance, 925 (21.4%) Medicare, 396 (9.2%) Medicaid, and 223 (5.2%) were uninsured. Those uninsured were more likely to be Black or Hispanic versus White or Asian (p < 0.001), have lower median income (p < 0.001), less educated (p < 0.001), and not receive adjuvant chemoradiation (p < 0.001). 1651 (38.2%) had income ≥$63,000, 1204 (27.8%) $48,000-$62,999, 889 (20.5%) $38,000-$47,999, and 581 (13.4%) had income <$38,000. Those with lower income were more likely to be Black or Hispanic versus White or Asian (p < 0.001), uninsured (p < 0.001), reside in a rural area (p < 0.001), less educated (p < 0.001), and not receive adjuvant chemoradiation (p < 0.001). Those with private insurance had significantly higher overall survival (OS) than those uninsured, on Medicaid, or on Medicare (p < 0.001). Those with income ≥$63,000 had significantly higher OS than those with lower income (p < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, age, insurance status, income, and adjuvant therapy were independent prognostic factors for OS. Being uninsured and having income <$38,000 were independent prognostic factors for worse OS in AA. Further investigations are warranted to help determine ways to ensure adequate medical care for those who may be socially disadvantaged so that outcome can be maximized for all patients regardless of socioeconomic status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, 500 S. Paulina St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA. jacob_shin@rush.edu.
authors.forename: Jacob Y
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1558-3731
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, 500 S. Paulina St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Ja Kyoung
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, 500 S. Paulina St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Aidnag Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Diaz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D007348:Insurance, Health; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid; D017057:Medically Uninsured; D006278:Medicare; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anaplastic astrocytoma; Income; Insurance status; Outcome; Socioeconomic status