title: Measuring ultra-weak photon emission as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for detecting early-stage type 2 diabetes: A step toward personalized medicine.
abstract: The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes is estimated to reach 4.4% by 2030, placing a significant burden on our healthcare system. Therefore, the ability to identify patients in early stages of the disease is essential for both prevention and effective management, and diagnostic methods based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) may be suitable for identifying patients with early-stage type 2 diabetes. Here, a panel of three physicians trained in TCM classified 44 pre-diabetic subjects into three syndrome subtypes using TCM-based diagnostics. In addition, ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) was measured at four anatomical sites in each subject. Ten properties encompassing 40 parameters were then extracted from the UPE time series. Statistical analyses, including multinomial logistic regression, were performed using the results of each parameter measured at the four sites. Sixteen UPE parameters were then selected and used to discriminate between the three subtypes of pre-diabetic subjects. Next, Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to quantify the correlation between the 16 UPE parameters and the TCM-based diagnoses. The resulting correlation networks accurately reflected the differences between the three syndrome subtypes. These results suggest that UPE is a suitable tool for detecting subtypes in early-stage type 2 diabetes. In addition, our results provide evidence that TCM may represent an important step toward personalized medicine.
authors.affiliation: Analytical BioSciences, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, The Netherlands; Sino-Dutch Center for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035, Boshuo Rd, Jingyue Economic Development District, Changchun 130117, China.
authors.forename: Mengmeng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Analytical BioSciences, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, The Netherlands; Sino-Dutch Center for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Meluna Research, Koppelsedijk 1-a, 4191 LC Geldermalsen, The Netherlands; Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035, Boshuo Rd, Jingyue Economic Development District, Changchun 130117, China. Electronic address: eduard.vanwijk@sinodutchcentre.nl.
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Wijk
authors.affiliation: Analytical BioSciences, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Slavik
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koval
authors.affiliation: Sino-Dutch Center for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; Meluna Research, Koppelsedijk 1-a, 4191 LC Geldermalsen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roeland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van Wijk
authors.affiliation: Analytical BioSciences, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, The Netherlands; Sino-Dutch Center for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Analytical BioSciences, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, The Netherlands; Sino-Dutch Center for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; SU BioMedicine, Utrechtseweg 48, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands; Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, No. 1035, Boshuo Rd, Jingyue Economic Development District, Changchun 130117, China.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Analytical BioSciences, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, The Netherlands; Sino-Dutch Center for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hankemeier
authors.affiliation: Analytical BioSciences, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, The Netherlands; Sino-Dutch Center for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; TNO, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands; SU BioMedicine, Utrechtseweg 48, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Greef
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis*; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics; D017785:Photons; D057285:Precision Medicine
keywords: Correlation network; Personalized medicine; Traditional Chinese medicine–based diagnostics; Type 2 diabetes; Ultra-weak photon emission (UPE)