title: Effect of Hot Water Blanching Time and Drying Temperature on the Thin Layer Drying Kinetics of and Anthocyanin Degradation in Black Carrot (Daucus carotaL.) Shreds.
abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of blanching treatment (98 °C for 3 and 6 min) and air drying temperature of 40, 50 and 60 °C on the thin layer drying characteristics such as drying time, drying rate constant, effective moisture diffusivity and activation energy, as well as on anthocyanin content of black carrot shreds. It was observed that drying temperature affected the drying rate but blanching did not have an effect on drying time. Three thin layer drying models,i.e.Page, Lewis and Henderson-Pabis were evaluated. The goodness of these models was evaluated based on the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error, reduced chi square (χ2) and standard error. Page model showed the best fit to the drying data. The effective diffusivity ranges of 1.4·10-9to 2.6·10-9m2/s, 1.3·10-9to 2.1·10-9m2/s and 1.5·10-9to 2.2·10-9m2/s after 3 or 6 min of blanching and control samples respectively were calculated using Fick's second law. The activation energy of 37.5, 26.0 and 34.6 kJ/(mol·K) of the control samples and samples blanched for 3 or 6 min respectively was determined from the Arrhenius plot. The blanching treatment affected the anthocyanin content to a great extent. The anthocyanin content of (231.7±2.9) and (278.8±7.8) mg per 100 g was recorded in samples blanched for 3 and 6 min and then dried at 60 °C, and (153.0±4.3) and (247.0±5.5) mg per 100 g was recorded at 40 °C as compared to the control of (580.1±1.3) at 60 °C and (466.7±1.1) mg per 100 g at 40 °C.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144402 Punjab, India; Department of Agricultural Bioengineering Technology, Audu Bako College of Agriculture, Dambatta, Kano State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Umar
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Garba
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144402 Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Sawinder
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144402 Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Sushma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gurumayum
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144402 Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Prasad
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rasane
keywords: activation energy; anthocyanin content; black carrot; blanching; drying rate; effective diffusivity; thin layer model