title: Evaluation of corrosion resistance and surface characteristics of orthodontic wires immersed in different mouthwashes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients use mouthwashes in addition to mechanical cleaning during orthodontic treatment. The effects of mouthwashes on the archwires have not been examined yet.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the corrosion resistance of four different arch wires and corrosion effects of different mouthwashes to formulate a biocompatible and mechanically useful arch wire and mouthwash combination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each group comprised of 4 wire samples of 2 cm 0.016 × 0.022 inch. 1st group: ion implanted nickel titanium (INT), 2nd group: nickel titanium, without ion implantation (NT), 3rd group: micro layered esthetic nickel titanium (ENT), 4th group: stainless steel (SS) wires. They were immersed inside 2 ml of artificial saliva solutions (AS) for the control, or AS (9%) combined with 1 of the 3 mouthwashes (91%) for study groups, for 24 hours. These mouthwashes were essential oil (EO), chlorhexidine (CHX), sodium-fluoride (NaF). An electrochemical analyzer was used for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High corrosion resistance was obtained for ENT than the other wires. The corrosion potentials are 0.007, -0.042, 0.074 and -0.015 V (Ag/AgCl) for ENT, INT, SS and NT in the artificial salivary, respectively. In NaF containing mouthwash Rp value of ENT is significantly high in comparison to others. The impedance responses of all materials increased significantly in the presence of NaF mouthwash as well as in the CHX mouthwash. Low frequencies are seen at all materials in EO mouthwash. Diameters of loops are 22, 5.9, 5.9 and 3.7 MΩ at ENT, INT, SS and NT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, micro layered esthetic nickel titanium wires are found biocompatible among other wires and NaF and CHX mouthwashes can be recommend for their good corrosion resistance during fixed orthodontic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Didem
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nalbantgil
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Feyza
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ulkur
authors.affiliation: Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gulfeza
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kardas
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Culha
mesh_terms: D003343:Corrosion; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000737:chemistry*; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry*; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D009067:Mouthwashes; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; C040654:titanium nickelide; D013193:Stainless Steel; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Corrosion resistance; mouthwashes; orthodontic wires