title: Tuberculum sellae meningiomas: a systematic review of transcranial approaches in the endoscopic era.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the advent of skull base endoscopy, tuberculum sellae meningiomas (TSMs) are currently operated both from the traditional transcranial (TC) route as well as the extended endonasal endoscopic trasns-sphenoidal approach (EETS). The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of TSMs excised via the TC route in the modern era when the EETS excision is gaining popularity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic review in the medical literature following the PRISMA guidelines. A medical librarian retrieved a list of 3443 articles published from 2006-2016 from the Medline, Embase and Cochrane Central databases. Two of the authors independently screened for titles and abstracts and excluded 3340 of them. We reviewed the full text of the remaining 103 articles and included in our analysis 31 that met the following inclusion criteria: 1) 5 or more cases reported; and 2) report of the extent of resection, visual outcomes and complications specifically for TSMs were documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-one articles were selected for this systematic review with a total number of 983 patients with TSM. The mean age was 54.1±4.6 years, 75% of them being female. The follow-up was 43.9±20.7 months. The mean tumor diameter was 27.8±4.9 mm. Gross total resection was achieved in 84% while subtotal or near total resection was 14%. Vision improved, worsened and remained unchanged in 65.5%, 10.4%, and 24.7% respectively. The CSF leak rate was 3.4%. Transient or permanent pituitary dysfunction was reported in 6.9% of patients. There was a vascular injury in 5.1% of the patients with the majority (4.3%) being symptomatic. The recurrence rate was 3.8% and mortality 1.1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the past decade, the ETTS excision of TSMs has gained popularity and in some centers has become the approach of choice. However the TC route still remains the most common approach for most TSMs meningiomas and for the majority of neurosurgeons. The evolution of transcranial surgery including the use of minimally invasive techniques, such as endoscope-assisted transcranial resection are associated with relatively high resection rates and improved visual outcomes with low morbidity and mortality. A direct comparison with TS approaches was not done for the purpose of this review analysis. Given the limited availability and heterogeneity of comparative observational studies, a meta-analysis was deemed inappropriate.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada - mazdaturel@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mazda K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Turel
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tsermoulas
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Abdulmounem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yassin-Kassab
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Deven
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Andrade-Barazarte
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Lior
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gonen
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Gelareh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zadeh
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gentili
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008577:Meningeal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D008579:Meningioma / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000379:methods; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*