title: Effectiveness of a placebo intervention on visually induced nausea in women - A randomized controlled pilot study.
abstract: Improvement of nausea by placebo interventions has recently been demonstrated in clinical trials and experimental settings. However, many questions regarding placebo effects on nausea remain unanswered. For example, nausea reduction in women could only be achieved when the placebo intervention was "enhanced" by conditioning, while men responded primarily to verbally suggested improvement. It is unclear whether these findings are generalizable or were due to situational variables. In this pilot study, we investigated the effects of sham acupuncture point stimulation and verbal suggestions on visually-induced nausea in a female population.
  
  
  
  In a within-subjects design, 21 healthy female volunteers underwent both a placebo condition and a natural history condition (control condition) in a randomized order on two separate days. On both days, nausea was induced through optokinetic stimulation. On the placebo day, participants received sham acupuncture point stimulation together with positive verbal suggestions of nausea improvement. Expected and perceived nausea severity as well as symptoms of motion sickness were repeatedly assessed.
  
  
  
  Twenty participants completed both testing days. Participants developed significantly less nausea on the placebo day compared to the control day (p<0.001), and the effect size of placebo-induced nausea reduction was large (partial η2=0.71). Symptoms of motion sickness were also reduced (p=0.003). Expectation of nausea decreased following the placebo intervention as compared to no treatment (p=0.030), indicating successful expectancy manipulation.
  
  
  
  Sham acupuncture point stimulation combined with verbal suggestions induced a significant placebo effect on visually-induced nausea in women.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany.
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Remus
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany.
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Tschöp
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany. Electronic address: karin.meissner@med.lmu.de.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Meissner
mesh_terms: D015669:Acupuncture Points; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003469:Culture; D015671:Electroacupuncture / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009041:Motion Sickness / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D009325:Nausea / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015990:Placebo Effect; D012107:Research Design; D013404:Suggestion; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Expectation; Motion sickness; Nausea; Placebo effect