title: Screening for atrial fibrillation during influenza vaccinations by primary care nurses using a smartphone electrocardiograph (iECG): A feasibility study.
abstract: People with unknown atrial fibrillation (AF), who are often asymptomatic, have a substantially increased risk of stroke. Although recommended in European guidelines, AF screening is not routinely performed. Screening at the time of influenza vaccination presents an ideal opportunity to detect AF in large numbers in a primary care medical setting, with an existing annual recall system for patients aged ≥65 years.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional pilot study of handheld smartphone electrocardiogram (iECG) screening to identify unknown AF.
  
  
  
  General practices in Sydney, Australia, were recruited during the influenza-vaccination period of April-June 2015. Practice nurses screened patients aged ≥65 years with a 30-second iECG, which has a validated algorithm for detecting AF in real time. In order to confirm the accuracy of the algorithm, two research cardiologists reviewed de-identified iECGs. In order to explore barriers and enablers, semi-structured interviews were conducted with selected nurses, practice managers and general practitioners.
  
  
  
  Five general practices were recruited, and 973/2476 (39%) patients attending influenza vaccination were screened. Screening took an average of 5 minutes (range 1.5-10 minutes); however, abnormal iECGs required additional time. Newly identified AF was found in 8/973 patients (0.8%). The sensitivity of the iECG automated algorithm was 95% (95% confidence interval: 83-99%) and the specificity was 99% (95% confidence interval: 98-100%). Screening by practice nurses was well accepted by practice staff. Key enablers were the confidence and competence of nurses and a 'designated champion' to lead screening at the practice. Barriers were practice specific, and mainly related to staff time and funding.
  
  
  
  Screening with iECG during influenza vaccination by primary care nurses is feasible and well accepted by practice staff. Addressing barriers is likely to increase uptake.
authors.affiliation: Sydney Nursing School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia jessica.orchard@sydney.edu.au.|Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Orchard
authors.affiliation: Sydney Nursing School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lowres
authors.affiliation: Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia.|Cardiology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney, Australia.|Anzac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.|Heart Research Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: S Ben
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.affiliation: Sydney Nursing School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Laila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ladak
authors.affiliation: Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zwar
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peiris
authors.affiliation: Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Yasith
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kamaladasa
authors.affiliation: Sydney Nursing School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Jialin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Sydney Nursing School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Australia.|School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, UK.|School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Australia.
authors.forename: Lis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Neubeck
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000451:nursing / Q000503:physiopathology; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000451:nursing; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000451:nursing; D063731:Mobile Applications; D009517:New South Wales; D024802:Nurse's Role; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D059017:Primary Care Nursing; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D000068997:Smartphone; D014611:Vaccination / Q000451:nursing*
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines
keywords: Atrial fibrillation; flu vaccination; practice nurses; screening; stroke prevention