title: Myrtol standardized affects mucociliary clearance.
abstract: Myrtol standardized (Gelomyrtol forte) has been shown to be effective in controlling nasal symptoms of rhinosinusitis by promoting mucociliary clearance. Our aim was to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of myrtol on ciliated columnar cells and goblet cells in an in-vitro setting.
  
  
  
  Nasal epithelial cells were harvested (42 days) from an air-liquid interface (ALI) culture of human nasal epithelial stem/progenitor cells (hNESPCs), which was derived from biopsies of nasal inferior turbinate mucosa. Myrtol 0.1% was applied to the ALI culture system at 2 different time-points (day 0 and day 35) on progenitor and differentiated cells. Ciliary beat frequency (CBF), supernatant fluid, and ciliated and goblet cell markers were evaluated after short- (7 days) and long-term (42 days) treatment.
  
  
  
  In the long-term treatment with myrtol, there was an increase in cilia area (type IV β-tubulin+, 1.53-fold, p = 0.031) and ciliogenesis-related markers (Foxj1 and CP110) with no change in CBF, as compared with control. In addition, the short-term myrtol treatment group exhibited greater mucin secretion compared with control.
  
  
  
  This study demonstrates, through cellular and molecular mechanisms, that myrtol standardized enhances the mucus production from goblet cells in the short term, and promotes ciliated cell differentiation in the long term.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ying Ying
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Chun Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Somasundaram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Subramaniam
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Siew Shuen
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Feng Gang
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Noam A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Shi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: De Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002923:Cilia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009079:Mucociliary Clearance / Q000187:drug effects*; D009093:Mucus / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D039821:Monoterpenes; C055632:myrtol
keywords: ciliogenesis; differentiation; human nasal epithelial stem/progenitor cells; long-term treatment; mucus secretion; myrtol standardized; short-term treatment