title: Interaction between Salmonella and Schistosomiasis: A Review.
abstract: The interaction between schistosomiasis and Salmonella is a particularly important issue in Africa, where dual infection by the parasite and the bacterium are likely common. In this review, the ways in which schistosomiasis affects human biology as it relates to Salmonella are described. Those who are infected by both organisms experience reduced immunological functioning, exhibit irreversible organ damage due to prolonged schistosomiasis infection, and become latent carriers of Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi and S. Typhimurium. The sequestration of the bacteria in the parasite leads to ineffective antibiotic treatment because the bacteria cannot be completely killed, and lingering infection may then lead to antimicrobial resistance. These manifestations are likely not just for those dually infected but also for those first infected with schistosomes and, later, Salmonella. More data are needed to better understand dual infection, particularly as it may impact treatment and prevention of schistosomiasis and Salmonella in sub-Saharan Africa.
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Department of Epidemiology, Republic of Korea.|Technische Universität Berlin, Department of Health Care Management, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Amber
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hsiao
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Department of Epidemiology, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toy
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Department of Epidemiology, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hye Jin
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9761-3628
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: International Vaccine Institute, Department of Epidemiology, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marks
mesh_terms: D060085:Coinfection / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D012475:Salmonella; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D012552:Schistosomiasis / Q000150:complications* / Q000469:parasitology