title: The Analog Blanking Period of Implantable Cardiac Rhythm Devices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Analog blanking periods (BPs) that hold down the display of electrograms (EGMs) in cardiac rhythm devices have received much less attention than the well-known digital BPs which do not influence the EGM display. In Biotronik devices (Biotronik GmbH, Berlin, Germany), when a paced event initiates an analog BP in one chamber (right atrium, right ventricle [RV], or left ventricle [LV]), an identical cross-chamber analog BP starts in the other two chambers.
  
  
  METHODS
  All clinical observations were recorded from patients with Biotronik devices. The effect of the atrial cross-chamber analog BP initiated by a ventricular paced event on the atrial EGM was studied in the records of seven patients with frequent paroxysmal atrial flutter to determine the effect of critically timed RV paced event (RVp) or LV paced event (LVp) upon the atrial EGM. The effect of atrial pacing triggering cross-chamber analog BPs in the RV and LV channels on the RV and LV EGMs was also investigated in cases of conducted supraventricular beats and ventricular premature complexes. The effect of a triggered LVp initiating a cross-chamber analog BP in the RV channel on the EGM of a sensed RV sensed event was evaluated in 10 cases. Simulation studies were also performed to verify the clinical observations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with atrial flutter showed intermittent truncation or deformity and even disappearance of the atrial signals due to an atrial cross-chamber analog BP initiated by RVp and/or LVp. Three patients demonstrated deformity of the signal shape of ventricular premature beats falling within a ventricular cross-chamber analog BP initiated by right atrial paced event (RAp). We found only one case of a supraventricular QRS complex trapped in a ventricular cross-chamber analog BP initiated by RAp. All the recordings of LVp triggering upon RVs revealed a variety of RV signal deformities occasionally with preservation of the terminal part of the RV signal. Simulation studies confirmed the effect of the analog BP on the atrial and the ventricular EGMs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analog BP of Biotronik devices may cause truncation or deformity of atrial and ventricular signals and the occasional disappearance of an atrial signal during atrial flutter. These effects must not be interpreted as device malfunction. In the clinical evaluation of the EGM curves, the effects of the analog BPs have to be carefully considered in order to avoid possible misinterpretation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York.
authors.forename: S Serge
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Barold
authors.affiliation: Biotronik, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kucher
mesh_terms: D000703:Analog-Digital Conversion; D016477:Artifacts; D001282:Atrial Flutter / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D058409:Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Devices; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014584:User-Computer Interface
keywords: analog blanking period; atrial electrogram; atrial flutter; cardiac pacing; implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD); intracardiac electrogram; ventricular electrogram