title: Multiplex PCR reveals that viruses are more frequent than bacteria in children with cystic fibrosis.
abstract: Cystic fibrosis is a degenerative disease characterized by progressive epithelial secretory gland dysfunction associated with repeated respiratory infections. Bacterial infections are very frequent in children with cystic fibrosis, but because rapid METHODS: for screening for the wide variety of potentially involved viruses were unavailable until recently, the frequency of viral presence is unknown. Multiplex PCR enables screening for many viruses involved in respiratory infections.
  
  
  
  This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of viruses and bacteria in respiratory specimens from children with cystic fibrosis and to clarify the incidence and characteristics (seasonality and age of patients) of different viruses detected in children with cystic fibrosis.
  
  
  
  In this 2-year prospective study, we obtained paired nasopharyngeal-swab and sputum specimens from children with cystic fibrosis during clinical respiratory examinations separated by at least 14days. We analyzed viruses in nasopharyngeal-swab specimens with multiplex PCR and bacteria in sputum with standard methods.
  
  
  
  We analyzed 368 paired specimens from 33 children. We detected viruses in 154 (41.8%) and bacteria in 132 (35.9%). Bacteria were commoner in spring and summer; viruses were commoner in autumn and winter. In every season, Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest bacteria and rhinovirus was the commonest virus. Nearly all infections with Haemophilus influenzae occurred in autumn and winter. Viruses were more prevalent in children <5 years old, and bacteria were more prevalent in children ≥12 years old.
  
  
  
  Multiplex PCR screening for respiratory viruses is feasible in children with cystic fibrosis; the clinical implications of screening warrant further study.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Department, UDIAT CD, Clinical Laboratory, Parc Taulí University Hospital. Sabadell, Spain. Electronic address: smirocan@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Sílvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miró-Cañís
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Department, UDIAT CD, Clinical Laboratory, Parc Taulí University Hospital. Sabadell, Spain.
authors.forename: Sílvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Capilla-Rubio
authors.affiliation: Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Pediatric Pulmonology Department, Parc Taulí University Hospital. Sabadell, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marzo-Checa
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Department, UDIAT CD, Clinical Laboratory, Parc Taulí University Hospital. Sabadell, Spain.
authors.forename: Dionisia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fontanals-Aymerich
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Department, UDIAT CD, Clinical Laboratory, Parc Taulí University Hospital. Sabadell, Spain.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sanfeliu-Sala
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Department, UDIAT CD, Clinical Laboratory, Parc Taulí University Hospital. Sabadell, Spain.
authors.forename: Mateu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Espasa-Soley
authors.affiliation: Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Pediatric Pulmonology Department, Parc Taulí University Hospital. Sabadell, Spain.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Asensio-de-la-Cruz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012621:Seasons; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014780:Viruses / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*
keywords: Cystic fibrosis; Multiplex polymerase chain reaction; Pediatrics; Respiratory virus; Seasonality