title: A pilot study on predictors of brainstem raphe abnormality in patients with major depressive disorder.
abstract: Hypo/anechogenicity of the brainstem raphe (BR) structures has been suggested as a possible transcranial parenchymal sonography (TCS) marker associated with depression.
  
  
  
  The aim of this study was to analyze possible association of the abnormal BR echogenicity in patients with major depression when compared to healthy controls, and to evaluate its clinical and genetic correlates.
  
  
  
  TCS was performed in 53 patients diagnosed as major depressive disorder (MDD) without psychotic symptoms and in 54 healthy matched controls.
  
  
  
  The TCS detected BR abnormalities were significantly more frequent in MDD patients (35 out of 53; 66%) in comparison to matched controls (5 out of 56; 9%). The prevalence of short allele (s) homozygocity in the length polymorphism of the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) was significantly higher in MDD patients relative to those with normal BR echogenicity. A stepwise statistical discriminant analysis revealed statistically significant separation between MDD patients with and without BR abnormalities groups based on the four predictors combined: the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale item 5 ("difficulty in concentration, poor memory"), presence of social phobia, s allele homozygocity of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, and presence of generalized anxiety disorder.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional design and heterogenous treatment of depressed patients.
  
  
  
  Reduced BR echogenicity in at least a subgroup of MDD patients may reflect a particular phenotype, characterized by more prevalent comorbid anxiety disorders, associated with particular genetic polymorphisms and neurotransmitter(s) deficits, most probably altered serotonergic mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Milutin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kostić
authors.affiliation: Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Munjiza
authors.affiliation: Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Danilo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pesic
authors.affiliation: Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peljto
authors.affiliation: Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia; Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Novakovic
authors.affiliation: Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Valerija
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dobricic
authors.affiliation: Institute of Mental Health, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Dusica Lecic
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Tosevski
authors.affiliation: Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Milija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mijajlovic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011903:Raphe Nuclei / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
keywords: 5-HTTLPR; Anxiety; Depression; Serotonin transporter gene; Transcranial sonography