title: Urinary signature of pig carcasses with boar taint by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry.
abstract: Boar taint is an offensive odour that can occur while cooking pork or pork products and is identified in some uncastrated male pigs that have reached puberty. It is widely held that boar taint is the result of the accumulation in back fat of two malodorous compounds: androstenone and skatole. The purpose of this study is to assess a mass spectrometry-based metabolomics strategy to investigate the metabolic profile of urine samples from pig carcasses presenting low (untainted) and high (tainted) levels of androstenone and skatole in back fat. Urine samples were analysed by LC-ESI(+)-HRMS. Discrimination between tainted and untainted animals was observed by the application of multivariate statistical analysis, which allowed candidate urinary biomarkers to be highlighted. These urinary metabolites were positively correlated to androstenone and skatole levels in back fat. Therefore, the study suggests that the measurement of these urinary metabolites might provide information with regard to androstenone and skatole levels in live pigs.
authors.affiliation: a LUNAM ONIRIS, École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique , Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les aliments (LABERCA) , Nantes , France.
authors.forename: Cristina C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.affiliation: a LUNAM ONIRIS, École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique , Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les aliments (LABERCA) , Nantes , France.
authors.forename: Gaud
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dervilly-Pinel
authors.affiliation: a LUNAM ONIRIS, École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique , Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les aliments (LABERCA) , Nantes , France.
authors.forename: Yoann
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deceuninck
authors.affiliation: a LUNAM ONIRIS, École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique , Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les aliments (LABERCA) , Nantes , France.
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gicquiau
authors.affiliation: b IFIP, the French Pork and Pig Institute , Le Rheu cedex , France.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chevillon
authors.affiliation: c INRA-Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR 1348 PEGASE , Saint Gilles , France.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonneau
authors.affiliation: a LUNAM ONIRIS, École nationale vétérinaire, agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique , Laboratoire d'Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les aliments (LABERCA) , Nantes , France.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Le Bizec
mesh_terms: D000738:Androsterone / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D000818:Animals; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D055432:Metabolomics; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012862:Skatole / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D013552:Swine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D012862:Skatole; D000738:Androsterone
keywords: LC-HRMS; Metabolomics; biomarkers; boar taint; urinary profile