title: Bystander interventions for sexual assault and dating violence on college campuses: Are we putting bystanders in harm's way?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigated the well-being of bystanders who witness and intervene in sexual assault and dating violence situations on campus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 321 young men and women from a large university in the southeastern United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed a survey at the end of the Spring semester of 2015 about risky situations they had witnessed, with follow-up questions about their responses to the situations (eg, whether they intervened or not) and feelings about their responses. Participants also completed standardized measures of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 90% of the participants reported witnessing at least 1 of the risky events presented to them, and approximately 50% reported intervening in events. Intervening was associated with positive feelings, but traumatic stress symptoms were related to witnessing events and intervening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results have direct implications for developing appropriate training programs for bystander intervention programs on college campuses.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Human Development and Family Studies , University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , Alabama , USA.
authors.forename: Tricia H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Witte
authors.affiliation: a Department of Human Development and Family Studies , University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , Alabama , USA.
authors.forename: Deborah M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Casper
authors.affiliation: b Department of Kinesiology , California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo , California , USA.
authors.forename: Christine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hackman
authors.affiliation: c Department of Clinical Psychology , University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , Alabama , USA.
authors.forename: Mazheruddin M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mulla
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D024201:Bystander Effect; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D000066511:Intimate Partner Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015144:Southeastern United States; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: College; dating violence; prevention; sexual assault; vicarious trauma