title: Effects of Molsidomine on Retinopathy and Oxidative Stress Induced by Radiotheraphy in Rat Eyes.
abstract: To determine the role of Molsidomine in preventing radiation-induced retinopathy after head and neck region irradiation of rats with a single radiation dose of 15 Gy.
  
  
  
  Male Wistar albino rats were randomly grouped into five as follows: (1) control group rats, which were applied through an intraperitoneal (i.p.) vehicle without radiotherapy (RT); (2) RT group rats received a single dose of 15 Gy irradiation and after daily 0.1 ml vehicle i.p. for 5 consecutive days; (3) molsidomine (MOL) group rats were treated for 5 consecutive days by i.p. with 4 mg/kg/day MOL; (4) irradiation plus MOL group (RT+MOL) rats received irradiation and after 10 days single daily i.p. dose of MOL for 5 consecutive days; and (5) MOL+RT group rats were treated for 5 consecutive days by i.p. with MOL before RT. At the end of the work the rats were sacrificed under high-dose anesthesia on the 16thday and then eye tissues were taken for histopathological, immunohistochemical (caspase-3), and biochemical analyses (superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GSH], and malondialdehyde [MDA]).
  
  
  
  RT significantly decreased both the content of GSH and the activity of SOD, and significantly increased the production of MDA level in the rat eyes. MOL treatment significantly increased the SOD and GSH levels and significantly decreased the MDA production (p < 0.0001). In addition, RT significantly increased the number of ganglion cells (GCs; p = 0.001), whereas especially pretreatment with MOL improved (p = 0.013). RT led to significant retinopathy formation, and MOL therapy protected the retina from radiation-induced retinopathy (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  
  We suggest that MOL is a powerful antioxidant and free radical scavenger that prevents the rat eyes from radiation-induced retinopathy and oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty , Giresun University , Giresun , Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat Atabey
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Özer
authors.affiliation: b Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey.
authors.forename: Nihat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Polat
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty , Giresun University , Giresun , Turkey.
authors.forename: Serkan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Özen
authors.affiliation: c Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Parlakpınar
authors.affiliation: d Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey.
authors.forename: Kemal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ekici
authors.affiliation: e Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey.
authors.forename: Alaaddin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polat
authors.affiliation: f Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey.
authors.forename: Nigar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vardı
authors.affiliation: e Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey.
authors.forename: Kevser
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanbek
authors.affiliation: f Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey.
authors.forename: Azibe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yildiz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D008981:Molsidomine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D008981:Molsidomine; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Antioxidant; apoptosis; ionizing radiation; molsidomine; oxidative stress