title: Molecular imaging in neuroendocrine tumors: recent advances, controversies, unresolved issues, and roles in management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose is to review recent advances in molecular imaging of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), discuss unresolved issues, and review how these advances are affecting clinical management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Molecular imaging of NETs underwent a number of important changes in the last few years, leading to some controversies, unresolved issues, and significant changes in clinical management. The most recent changes are reviewed in this article. Particularly important is the rapid replacement in somatostatin receptor scintigraphy of In-diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid-single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (CT) by Ga-fluorodopa(F-D)PA), 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-peptide-PET/CT imaging, which is now approved in many countries including the USA. Numerous studies in many different types of NETs demonstrate the greater sensitivity of Ga-DOTA-peptide PET/CT, its high specificity, and its impact on management. Other important developments in somatostatin receptor scintigraphy/molecular imaging include demonstrating the prognostic value of both Ga-DOTA-peptide PET/CT and F-fluoro-deoxyglucose PET/CT; how their use can be complementary; comparing the sensitivities and usefulness of Ga-DOTA-peptide PET/CT and F-FDOPA PET/CT; introducing new linkers and radiolabeled ligands such as Cu-DOTA-peptides with a long half-life, enhancing utility; and the introduction of somatostatin receptor antagonists which show enhanced uptake by NETs. In addition, novel ligands which interact with other receptors (GLP-1, bombesin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory polpeptide, integrin, chemokines) are described, which show promise in the imaging of both NETs and other tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Molecular imaging is now required for all aspects of the management of patients with NETs. Its results are essential not only for the proper diagnostic management of the patient, but also for assessing whether the patient is a candidate for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy with Lu and also for providing prognostic value.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan bDigestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Tetsuhide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D004295:Dihydroxyphenylalanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005260:Female; D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D006801:Humans; D057054:Molecular Imaging; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D005710:Gallium Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D017481:Receptors, Somatostatin; C043437:fluorodopa F 18; D004295:Dihydroxyphenylalanine; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1