title: Microclimatic effects of planted hydroponic structures in urban environment: measurements and simulations.
abstract: The objectives of this effort was to study the effect of vertical (green wall) and horizontal (pergola) green structures on the microclimate conditions of the building surroundings and estimate the thermal perception and heat stress conditions near the two structures. The experimental data were used to validate the results simulated by the recent version (V4.0 preview III) of ENVI-met software which was used to simulate the effect of different design parameters of a pergola and a green façade on microclimate and heat stress conditions. Further aim is to use these results for better design of green structures. The microclimate measurements were carried out in real scale structures (hydroponic pergola and hydroponic green wall) at the Kostakii Campus of the Technological Education Institute of Epirus (Arta, Greece). The validation results showed a very good agreement between measured and simulated values of air temperature, with Tair,sim= 0.98 Tair,measin the Empty atrium and Tair,sim= 0.99 Tair,measin the Atrium with pergola, with a determination coefficient R2of 0.98 and 0.93, respectively. The model was used to predict the effects of green structures on air temperature (Tair), relative humidity (RH), and mean radiant temperature (Tmrt). The output values of these parameters were used as input data in the RayMan pro (V 2.1) model for estimating the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) of different case scenarios. The average daytime value of simulated air temperature in the atrium for the case without and with pergola during three different days was 29.2 and 28.9 °C while the corresponding measured values were 29.7 and 29.2 °C. The results showed that compared to the case with no pergola in the atrium, covering 100% the atrium area with a planted pergola reduced at the hottest part of the day Tmrtand PET values by 29.4 and 17.9 °C, respectively. Although the values of air temperature (measured and simulated) were not greatly affected by the presence of a green wall, the most important effect of green wall to the building wall is the reduction of solar radiation behind the green wall. This reduction leads to a significant reduction (about 8 °C) of building surface temperature behind the green wall and accordingly to a reduction of the energy load of the building.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Str, 38446, Volos, Greece.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Katsoulas
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Str, 38446, Volos, Greece.|Municipality of Volos, Directorate for green areas, Town Hall of Dimini, Volos, Greece.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Antoniadis
authors.affiliation: TEI of Epirus, School of Agricultural Technology, 47100 Kοstakii, Arta, Greece.
authors.forename: I L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Tsirogiannis
authors.affiliation: TEI of Epirus, School of Agricultural Technology, 47100 Kοstakii, Arta, Greece.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Labraki
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute for Research and Technology of Thessaly, Dimitriados 95, 38333, Volos, Greece.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bartzanas
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Str, 38446, Volos, Greece. ckittas@uth.gr.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kittas
mesh_terms: D002947:Cities; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004779:Environment Design; D006115:Greece; D006813:Humidity; D018527:Hydroponics; D008834:Microclimate; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010944:Plants; D013696:Temperature; D013697:Thermosensing
keywords: ENVI-met V4.0; Green wall; Pergola; Pet; Thermal comfort