title: Schistosoma haematobium infection is associated with increased urine foam.
abstract: We compared urine microscopy and dipstick results for urine foam from 59 children in a Schistosoma haematobium-endemic area in a blinded manner. The sensitivity and specificity, respectively, for diagnosing S. haematobium compared with microscopy was: 74% and 72% for the shake test; 61% and 97% for microscopic hematuria; and 43% and 83% for proteinuria. When >17 eggs/10 mL urine was detected on microscopy, the sensitivity and specificity, respectively, were: 100% and 72% for the shake test; 90% and 97% for microscopic hematuria; and 80% and 83% for proteinuria. Urine foam height >34 mL was significantly more likely to have S. haematobium eggs detected on microscopy (P = 0.001) than urine foam ≤34 mL, indicating that S. haematobium-infected urine is associated with increased urine foam.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Johnathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sheele
authors.affiliation: Southland Hospital, Invercargill, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baddorf
authors.affiliation: Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Jimmy H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kihara
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006417:Hematuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D058069:Neglected Diseases; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012548:Schistosoma haematobium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012553:Schistosomiasis haematobia / Q000150:complications* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000652:urine; D016482:Urinalysis
keywords: 
  Schistosoma haematobium
  ; diagnosis; hematuria; proteinuria; urine foam