title: Effects of clofazimine on planktonic and biofilm growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis.
abstract: Mycobacteria form lipid-rich biofilms that restrict the efficacy of antimicrobial chemotherapy, possibly necessitating the use of lipophilic antibiotics. In the current study, the activity of one such agent, clofazimine, against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium smegmatis planktonic cells and biofilms was investigated. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of clofazimine were determined for planktonic cultures, whilst minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined for planktonic, biofilm-producing and biofilm-encased organisms using standard bacteriological procedures. The effects of clofazimine on biofilm formation and the stability of pre-formed biofilm were measured using a crystal violet-based spectrophotometric procedure. In the case of M. smegmatis, clofazimine was found to be active against planktonic phase (MICs and MBCs of 2.5mg/L and >20mg/L, respectively) and biofilm-producing organisms (MBC of 2.5mg/L); clofazimine demonstrated greater activity against M. tuberculosis, corresponding values of 0.06, 5 and 0.3mg/L. Although clofazimine inhibited biofilm production both by M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis (P<0.05 at ≥0.07mg/L and ≥0.3mg/L, respectively) and appeared to reduce the pre-formed M. tuberculosis biofilm, addition of antimicrobial agent to pre-existing biofilm matrices failed to kill biofilm-encased organisms. In conclusion, clofazimine is more effective against M. tuberculosis than against M. smegmatis, exhibiting bactericidal activity both for actively growing and slowly replicating bacilli but not for non-replicating organisms of both species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
authors.forename: Maborwa T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Mothiba
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fourie
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
authors.forename: Willem A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Germishuizen
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Electronic address: moloko.cholo@up.ac.za.
authors.forename: Moloko C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cholo
keywords: Biofilm; Clofazimine; Minimum bactericidal concentration; Mycobacterium smegmatis; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Planktonic