title: Foot placement during error and pedal applications in naturalistic driving.
abstract: Data from a naturalistic driving study was used to examine foot placement during routine foot pedal movements and possible pedal misapplications. The study included four weeks of observations from 30 drivers, where pedal responses were recorded and categorized. The foot movements associated with pedal misapplications and errors were the focus of the analyses. A random forest algorithm was used to predict the pedal application types based the video observations, foot placements, drivers' characteristics, drivers' cognitive function levels and anthropometric measurements. A repeated multinomial logit model was then used to estimate the likelihood of the foot placement given various driver characteristics and driving scenarios. The findings showed that prior foot location, the drivers' seat position, and the drive sequence were all associated with incorrect foot placement during an event. The study showed that there is a potential to develop a driver assistance system that can reduce the likelihood of a pedal error.
authors.affiliation: College of Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Yuqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: linda@uw.edu.
authors.forename: Linda Ng
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.affiliation: College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McGehee
authors.affiliation: College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.
authors.forename: Cheryl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Roe
authors.affiliation: Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Ann Arbor, MI USA.
authors.forename: Kazutoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ebe
authors.affiliation: Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center, Ann Arbor, MI USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Foley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Foot placement; Mixed effects model; Naturalistic driving study; Pedal errors; Random forest tree