title: Anti-Inflammatory and Insulin-Sensitizing Effects of Free Fatty Acid Receptors.
abstract: Chronic low-grade inflammation in macrophages and adipose tissues can promote the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Free fatty acids (FFAs) have important roles in various tissues, acting as both essential energy sources and signaling molecules. FFA receptors (FFARs) can modulate inflammation in various types of cells and tissues; however the underlying mechanisms mediating these effects are unclear. FFARs are activated by specific FFAs; for example, GPR40 and GPR120 are activated by medium and long chain FFAs, GPR41 and GPR43 are activated by short chain FFAs, and GPR84 is activated by medium-chain FFAs. To date, a number of studies associated with the physiological functions of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have reported that these GPCRs are expressed in various tissues and involved in inflammatory and metabolic responses. Thus, the development of selective agonists or antagonists for various GPCRs may facilitate the establishment of novel therapies for the treatment of various diseases. In this review, we summarize current literature describing the potential of GPCRs as therapeutic targets for inflammatory and metabolic disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-0057, Japan.
authors.forename: Junki
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-0057, Japan.
authors.forename: Mayu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kasubuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-0057, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-0057, Japan. ikimura@cc.tuat.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kimura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000502:physiology; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; C473103:FFAR2 protein, human; C473034:FFAR1 protein, human; C106262:FFAR3 protein, human; C519853:FFAR4 protein, human; C431700:GPR84 protein, human
keywords: Anti-inflammation; GPCRs; Insulin sensitivity