title: Clinical Evaluation and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Intradiscal Methylene Blue Injection for the Treatment of Discogenic Low Back Pain.
abstract: Low back pain is a common worldwide health problem and has a significant socioeconomic impact on public health. Internal disc disruption has been considered as the most common cause of low back pain. Various therapies, including interbody fusion, disc replacement, injection therapies, and thermal annular procedures have been utilized for the treatment of discogenic low back pain. Recently, a new method of intradiscal methylene blue injection has been introduced to treat discogenic low back pain, but the clinical outcomes are controversial.
  
  
  
  To investigate the clinical outcomes and magnetic resonance imaging changes of intradiscal methylene blue injection for the treatment of discogenic low back pain.
  
  
  
  Observational study.
  
  
  
  An interventional low back pain management practice in a university hospital.
  
  
  
  A total of 33 patients were selected to be treated with intradiscal methylene blue injection. The clinical outcomes were evaluated by numeric rating scale and Oswestry Disability Index at pretreatment, one month, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. The magnetic resonance imaging changes of involved intervertebral discs were assessed by apparent diffusion coefficient and T2 values at pretreatment, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment.
  
  
  
  All of the patients got a follow-up period up to 12 months. The mean numeric rating scale scores at pretreatment, one month, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment were 6.54, 2.98, 3.23, 3.66, and 4.72, respectively. There was a minimum of 2 points reduction at one month, 3, and 6 months after treatment, but less than 2 points reduction at 12 months. There was at least 50% improvement on the Oswestry Disability Index at one month, 3, and 6 months after treatment, but not at 12 months. The mean apparent diffusion coefficient and T2 value were significantly higher at 6 and12 months after treatment compared to pretreatment, but there was no significant difference between pretreatment and 3 months after treatment.
  
  
  
  This is an observational study with a relatively small sample size and short-term follow-up.
  
  
  
  The intradiscal methylene blue injection might be an effective therapy for discogenic low back pain for the short-term and could improve disc degeneration condition to some extent.Key words: Low back pain, discogenic pain, internal disc disruption, provocation discography, methylene blue, intradiscal injection, disc degeneration, magnetic resonance, imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: XiaoJun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Dept. of Orthopaedics, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Dept. of Orthopaedics, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Zhenming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: HaiTao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008751:Methylene Blue; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D008751:Methylene Blue