title: Vaccination via Chloroplast Genetics: Affordable Protein Drugs for the Prevention and Treatment of Inherited or Infectious Human Diseases.
abstract: Plastid-made biopharmaceuticals treat major metabolic or genetic disorders, including Alzheimer's, diabetes, hypertension, hemophilia, and retinopathy. Booster vaccines made in chloroplasts prevent global infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis, malaria, cholera, and polio, and biological threats, such as anthrax and plague. Recent advances in this field include commercial-scale production of human therapeutic proteins in FDA-approved cGMP facilities, development of tags to deliver protein drugs to targeted human cells or tissues, methods to deliver precise doses, and long-term stability of protein drugs at ambient temperature, maintaining their efficacy. Codon optimization utilizing valuable information from sequenced chloroplast genomes enhanced expression of eukaryotic human or viral genes in chloroplasts and offered unique insights into translation in chloroplasts. Support from major biopharmaceutical companies, development of hydroponic production systems, and evaluation by regulatory agencies, including the CDC, FDA, and USDA, augur well for advancing this novel concept to the clinic and revolutionizing affordable healthcare.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; email: hdaniell@upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Daniell
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; email: hdaniell@upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Hui-Ting
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; email: hdaniell@upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Elise K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Pasoreck
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D000818:Animals; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000235:genetics*; D015870:Gene Expression; D005818:Genetic Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D006009:Glycogen Storage Disease Type II / Q000188:drug therapy; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D018087:Plastids / Q000235:genetics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D019444:Vaccines, DNA
keywords: chloroplast genome; mucosal/systemic immunity; oral drug delivery; oral tolerance; plant vaccines/biopharmaceuticals