title: Maxillary sinus mucocele: predisposing factors, clinical presentations, and treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maxillary sinus mucocele (MSM) is uncommon lesion and has many presenting features. The aim of this study was to detect the possible predisposing factors, clinical characteristics, and to assess the efficacy of trans-nasal endoscopic treatment of this lesion.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective multicenter study was conducted on 36 patients with MSM, the diagnosis of the disease was based on computed tomographic criteria. The patients' history, presenting features, and surgical management were reviewed. All patients were followed up postoperatively for at least 3 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic sinusitis, previous surgery, allergic rhinitis, and nasal trauma may be implicated as predisposing factors for the disease. However, in some patients (56%) the cause may remain uncertain. MSM may present with unilateral cheek pain, heaviness, swelling, numbness, hemifacial pain, nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, and/or proptosis. All patients were treated with trans-nasal endoscopic marsupialization through the middle meatus, patients with large MSM showed bulged medial maxillary wall, and they needed to empty the fluid through inferior antrostomy to facilitate introduction of the instruments to the middle meatus. All patients reported resolution of their symptoms, and none required revision surgery through the follow-up period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MSM has several predisposing factors such as chronic sinusitis, previous surgery, allergic rhinitis and nasal trauma. However, some patients have no identifiable cause. The disease can present with a variety of symptoms which are usually related to their expansion and subsequent pressure on the surrounding structures. Trans-nasal endoscopic approach is an effective and safe method for treatment of the lesion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. mosabeez@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mosaad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdel-Aziz
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El-Hoshy
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Azooz
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt.
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Naguib
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hussein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Endoscopic marsupialization; Endoscopic sinus surgery; Maxillary sinus mucocele; Paranasal sinuses