title: Effect of longitudinal flutes on miniscrew implant stability and 3-dimensional bone formation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of longitudinal flutes on miniscrew implant (MSI) stability and bone healing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using 11 skeletally mature New Zealand white rabbits, we placed 31 longitudinally fluted and 31 nonfluted, 3-mm-long MSIs in standardized positions in their calvaria and immediately loaded them with 100 g using nickel-titanium coil springs. Insertion torque values were obtained for each MSI placed; removal torque values were obtained for 28 MSIs that had been in place for 6 weeks and 20 MSIs that had been in place for 2 weeks. The bone volume fractions at 6 to 24, 24 to 42, and 42 to 60 μm from the MSI surfaces were evaluated using microcomputed tomography with an isotropic resolution of 6 μm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The success rate was 97% for both the fluted and nonfluted MSIs. The difference in insertion torque between the fluted and nonfluted MSIs was not statistically significant (P = 0.930). After 2 weeks, there was no statistically significant (P = 0.702) difference in removal torque between the fluted and nonfluted MSIs. After 6 weeks, removal torque values were significantly (P = 0.008) higher for the fluted (3.42 ± 0.26 N.cm) than the nonfluted (2.49 ± 0.20 N.cm) MSIs. Bone volume fractions of the 6-to-24-, 24-to-42-, and 42-to-60-μm layers were significantly (P <0.05) greater for the nonfluted than the fluted MSIs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Loaded 3-mm-long MSIs with and without flutes have high success rates. Longitudinal flutes placed in 3-mm MSIs increased their removal torque by 37% and decreased the amount of bone immediately surrounding them.
authors.affiliation: Private practice, Irvine, Calif.
authors.forename: Peter An V
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Truong
authors.affiliation: Chairman, Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Tex.
authors.forename: Phillip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Associate professor, Department of Restorative Sciences, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Tex.
authors.forename: Elias D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Kontogiorgos
authors.affiliation: Associate professor, Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Tex.
authors.forename: Reginald W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Hee-Moon
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kyung
authors.affiliation: Regents professor and director of Orthodontic Research, Department of Orthodontics, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Tex. Electronic address: phbuschang@bcd.tamhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Buschang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001863:Bone Screws; D005260:Female; D010012:Osteogenesis; D011817:Rabbits; D012886:Skull / Q000601:surgery; D019415:Torque