title: Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy: A Review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hyperthyroidism has important implications for pregnancy, affecting both mother and fetus. Appropriate maternal and fetal management iscritical to avoiding adverse pregnancy outcomes and requires a multidisciplinary approach.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe maternal diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism, across all stages of pregnancy. In addition, to review clinical signs of fetal thyroid dysfunction due to maternal Graves disease and discuss management considerations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of published articles on PubMed and guidelines by recognized governing organizations regarding the diagnostic and management considerations for hyperthyroidism in pregnancy, from preconception to the postpartum period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diagnosis of maternal hyperthyroidism involves both clinical symptoms and laboratory findings. Antithyroid medications are the mainstay of therapy, with trimester-specific pregnancy goals. Hyperthyroidism due to Graves disease has important diagnostic and management considerations for the fetus and neonate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy affects mother, fetus, and neonate. Interpretation of thyroid tests and understanding the appropriate use of antithyroid drugs are fundamental. Proper education of physicians providing care to women with hyperthyroidism is essential and starts before pregnancy. Postpartum follow-up is an essential part of the care. A systematic approach to management will ensure optimal pregnancy outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Fellow.
authors.forename: Jennifer Renae
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Resident.
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lachica
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor of Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Professor of Clinical Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montoro
authors.affiliation: Professor of Clinical Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mestman
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006980:Hyperthyroidism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D010346:Patient Care Management / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D063189:Symptom Assessment / Q000379:methods; D013960:Thyroid Function Tests / Q000379:methods*