title: Coagulation Testing in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Taking Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants.
abstract: In patients who present with acute ischemic stroke while on treatment with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs), coagulation testing is necessary to confirm the eligibility for thrombolytic therapy. We evaluated the current use of coagulation testing in routine clinical practice in patients who were on NOAC treatment at the time of acute ischemic stroke.
  
  
  
  Prospective multicenter observational RASUNOA registry (Registry of Acute Stroke Under New Oral Anticoagulants; February 2012-2015). Results of locally performed nonspecific (international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time, and thrombin time) and specific (antifactor Xa tests, hemoclot assay) coagulation tests were documented. The implications of test results for thrombolysis decision-making were explored.
  
  
  
  In the 290 patients enrolled, nonspecific coagulation tests were performed in ≥95% and specific coagulation tests in 26.9% of patients. Normal values of activated partial thromboplastin time and international normalized ratio did not reliably rule out peak drug levels at the time of the diagnostic tests (false-negative rates 11%-44% [95% confidence interval 1%-69%]). Twelve percent of patients apparently failed to take the prescribed NOAC prior to the acute event. Only 5.7% (9/159) of patients in the 4.5-hour time window received thrombolysis, and NOAC treatment was documented as main reason for not administering thrombolysis in 52.7% (79/150) of patients.
  
  
  
  NOAC treatment currently poses a significant barrier to thrombolysis in ischemic stroke. Because nonspecific coagulation test results within normal range have a high false-negative rate for detection of relevant drug concentrations, rapid drug-specific tests for thrombolysis decision-making should be established.
  
  
  
  URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01850797.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (J.C.P., T.R., S.K., R.V.); Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Germany (K.H., P.U.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany (S.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany (P.K., C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Essen, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany (R.D.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Kiel, Germany (A.B.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany (F.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany (S.J.); Department of Neurology, Rhoen Klinikum, Bad Neustadt, Germany (H.S.); the Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, and Clinical Trial Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (P.U.H.); and Department of Stroke Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.V.).
authors.forename: Jan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Purrucker
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (J.C.P., T.R., S.K., R.V.); Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Germany (K.H., P.U.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany (S.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany (P.K., C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Essen, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany (R.D.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Kiel, Germany (A.B.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany (F.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany (S.J.); Department of Neurology, Rhoen Klinikum, Bad Neustadt, Germany (H.S.); the Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, and Clinical Trial Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (P.U.H.); and Department of Stroke Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.V.).
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (J.C.P., T.R., S.K., R.V.); Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Germany (K.H., P.U.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany (S.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany (P.K., C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Essen, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany (R.D.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Kiel, Germany (A.B.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany (F.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany (S.J.); Department of Neurology, Rhoen Klinikum, Bad Neustadt, Germany (H.S.); the Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, and Clinical Trial Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (P.U.H.); and Department of Stroke Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.V.).
authors.forename: Timolaos
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rizos
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (J.C.P., T.R., S.K., R.V.); Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Germany (K.H., P.U.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany (S.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany (P.K., C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Essen, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany (R.D.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Kiel, Germany (A.B.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany (F.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany (S.J.); Department of Neurology, Rhoen Klinikum, Bad Neustadt, Germany (H.S.); the Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, and Clinical Trial Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (P.U.H.); and Department of Stroke Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.V.).
authors.forename: Shujah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (J.C.P., T.R., S.K., R.V.); Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Germany (K.H., P.U.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany (S.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany (P.K., C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Essen, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany (R.D.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Kiel, Germany (A.B.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany (F.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany (S.J.); Department of Neurology, Rhoen Klinikum, Bad Neustadt, Germany (H.S.); the Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, and Clinical Trial Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (P.U.H.); and Department of Stroke Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.V.).
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poli
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (J.C.P., T.R., S.K., R.V.); Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Germany (K.H., P.U.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany (S.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany (P.K., C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Essen, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany (R.D.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Kiel, Germany (A.B.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany (F.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany (S.J.); Department of Neurology, Rhoen Klinikum, Bad Neustadt, Germany (H.S.); the Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, and Clinical Trial Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (P.U.H.); and Department of Stroke Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.V.).
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kraft
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (J.C.P., T.R., S.K., R.V.); Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Germany (K.H., P.U.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany (S.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany (P.K., C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Essen, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany (R.D.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Kiel, Germany (A.B.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany (F.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany (S.J.); Department of Neurology, Rhoen Klinikum, Bad Neustadt, Germany (H.S.); the Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, and Clinical Trial Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (P.U.H.); and Department of Stroke Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.V.).
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kleinschnitz
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (J.C.P., T.R., S.K., R.V.); Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Germany (K.H., P.U.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany (S.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany (P.K., C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Essen, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany (R.D.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Kiel, Germany (A.B.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany (F.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany (S.J.); Department of Neurology, Rhoen Klinikum, Bad Neustadt, Germany (H.S.); the Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, and Clinical Trial Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (P.U.H.); and Department of Stroke Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.V.).
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dziewas
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (J.C.P., T.R., S.K., R.V.); Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Germany (K.H., P.U.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany (S.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany (P.K., C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Essen, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany (R.D.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Kiel, Germany (A.B.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany (F.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany (S.J.); Department of Neurology, Rhoen Klinikum, Bad Neustadt, Germany (H.S.); the Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, and Clinical Trial Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (P.U.H.); and Department of Stroke Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.V.).
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Binder
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (J.C.P., T.R., S.K., R.V.); Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Germany (K.H., P.U.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany (S.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany (P.K., C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Essen, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany (R.D.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Kiel, Germany (A.B.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany (F.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany (S.J.); Department of Neurology, Rhoen Klinikum, Bad Neustadt, Germany (H.S.); the Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, and Clinical Trial Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (P.U.H.); and Department of Stroke Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.V.).
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Palm
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (J.C.P., T.R., S.K., R.V.); Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Germany (K.H., P.U.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany (S.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany (P.K., C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Essen, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany (R.D.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Kiel, Germany (A.B.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany (F.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany (S.J.); Department of Neurology, Rhoen Klinikum, Bad Neustadt, Germany (H.S.); the Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, and Clinical Trial Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (P.U.H.); and Department of Stroke Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.V.).
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jander
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (J.C.P., T.R., S.K., R.V.); Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Germany (K.H., P.U.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany (S.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany (P.K., C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Essen, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany (R.D.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Kiel, Germany (A.B.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany (F.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany (S.J.); Department of Neurology, Rhoen Klinikum, Bad Neustadt, Germany (H.S.); the Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, and Clinical Trial Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (P.U.H.); and Department of Stroke Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.V.).
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Soda
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (J.C.P., T.R., S.K., R.V.); Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Germany (K.H., P.U.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany (S.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany (P.K., C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Essen, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany (R.D.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Kiel, Germany (A.B.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany (F.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany (S.J.); Department of Neurology, Rhoen Klinikum, Bad Neustadt, Germany (H.S.); the Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, and Clinical Trial Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (P.U.H.); and Department of Stroke Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.V.).
authors.forename: Peter U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Heuschmann
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany (J.C.P., T.R., S.K., R.V.); Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Germany (K.H., P.U.H.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany (S.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany (P.K., C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Essen, Germany (C.K.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Münster, Germany (R.D.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Kiel, Germany (A.B.); Department of Neurology, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany (F.P.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany (S.J.); Department of Neurology, Rhoen Klinikum, Bad Neustadt, Germany (H.S.); the Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, and Clinical Trial Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (P.U.H.); and Department of Stroke Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (R.V.). r.veltkamp@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Veltkamp
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D014812:Vitamin K
keywords: anticoagulants; coagulation testing; stroke; thrombolysis