title: Female primary bladder neck obstruction: role of videourodynamics and treatment options in a rare clinical entity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary female bladder neck obstruction is a rare clinical condition characterized by the absence/incomplete bladder neck opening during the voiding phase of micturition.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present the cases of two women complaining dysuria, abdominal straining and sensation of incomplete bladder emptying. Videourodynamic evaluation was fundamental for a correct diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Videourodynamic evaluation showed a high detrusor pressure during emptying phase, partial use of abdominal strain, very low urine flow rate and significant postvoid residual; imaging showed a defect in the physiological funneling of the bladder neck, absent or incomplete. The first step therapy is represented by oral alpha-blockers and clean intermittent self-catheterization in case of high postvoid residual. Surgical operations, such as bladder neck incision and resection, represent the last option.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our experience, bladder neck obstruction is a rare condition in women and only a complete clinical evaluation associated with videourodynamic study can lead to an appropriate diagnosis and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, SC Urologia, Molinette Hospital, Torino - Italy.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ammirati
authors.affiliation: Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, SC Neuro-Urologia, CTO-Maria Adelaide, Torino - Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manassero
authors.affiliation: Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, SC Neuro-Urologia, CTO-Maria Adelaide, Torino - Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giammò
authors.affiliation: Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, SC Urologia, Molinette Hospital, Torino - Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marson
authors.affiliation: Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, SC Urologia, Molinette Hospital, Torino - Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gurioli
authors.affiliation: Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, SC Neuro-Urologia, CTO-Maria Adelaide, Torino - Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003950:Diagnostic Techniques, Urological; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014563:Urodynamics; D014741:Video Recording