title: C-reactive protein is related to future cognitive impairment and decline in elderly individuals with cardiovascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the association of C-reactive protein (CRP) plasma levels with subsequent cognitive performance and decline among elderly individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular disease (CVD), and to assess the role of cerebrovascular indices in this relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  CRP levels were measured in a subgroup of individuals with chronic CVD, who previously participated in a secondary prevention trial. Cognitive performance was evaluated 14.7±1.9 and 19.9±1.0years after entry to the trial. A validated set of computerized cognitive tests was used (Neurotrax Computerized Cognitive Battery) to assess performance globally and in memory, executive function, visuospatial and attention domains. Linear regression and mixed models were used to assess the relationship of CRP plasma levels with cognitive scores and decline, respectively. In addition, we tested whether cerebrovascular reactivity, carotid intima media thickness and presence of carotid plaques modify these associations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 536 participants (mean age at the first cognitive evaluation 72.6±6.4years; 95% males), CRP at the top tertile vs. the rest was associated with subsequent poorer performance overall (ß=-2.2±1.0; p=0.031) and on tests of executive function and attention (ß=-2.3±1.1; p=0.043 and ß=-2.0±1.4; p=0.047, respectively). Moreover, CRP levels were positively related to a greater decline in executive functions (ß=-2.4±1.1; p=0.03). These associations were independent of potential confounders and were not modified by cerebrovascular indices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that systemic chronic inflammation, potentially associated with underlying atherosclerosis, is related to cognitive impairment and decline two decades later, in elderly individuals with pre-existing CVD.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel. Electronic address: galitwai@bu.edu.
authors.forename: Galit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lutski
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Uri
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Goldbourt
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tanne
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001629:Bezafibrate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D001629:Bezafibrate
keywords: C-reactive protein; Cardiovascular disease; Cognition; Cognitive decline; Elderly; Inflammation