title: PD-1/PD-Ls: A New Target for Regulating Immunopathogenesis in Central Nervous System Disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immune responses including Microglia and macrophage activation and peripheral immune cells infiltration have been founded in the central nervous system (CNS) in recent years. Thus, the traditional view of the adult brain as an immune-privileged organ has been changed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search was performed using Pubmed and Embase electronic databases without any limitations for a retrospective analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The increase a number of studies indicated that the PD-1(programmed cell death-1)/PD-Ls signal pathway played an important role in regulating the immunopathogenesis of brain after injured. The relevant knowledges about PD-1/PD-Ls signal pathway, and potential effect with immune cells, cerebral ischemia, brain tumors and multiple sclerosis were reviewed in this paper.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PD-1/PD-Ls played important roles in maintaining immunity balance and the development and prognosis of CNS diseases, but the specific mechanism was still not well understood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China.
authors.forename: Zhengquan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D017628:Microglia / Q000276:immunology; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
keywords: CNS disorders; PD-1/PD-Ls; glioblastoma; immunopathogenesis; ischemia; multiple sclerosis