title: Examining the Quality of Medicines at Kenyan Healthcare Facilities: A Validation of an Alternative Post-Market Surveillance Model That Uses Standardized Patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Promoting access to medicines requires concurrent efforts to strengthen quality assurance for sustained impact. Although problems of substandard and falsified medicines have been documented in low- and middle-income countries, reliable information on quality is rarely available.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to validate an alternative post-market surveillance model to complement existing models.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used standardized patients or mystery clients (people recruited from the local community and trained to pose as real patients) to collect medicine samples after presenting a pre-specified condition. The patients presented four standardized conditions to 42 blinded facilities in Nairobi, Kenya, resulting in 166 patient-clinician interactions and dispensing of 300 medicines at facilities or nearby retail pharmacies. The medicine samples obtained thus resemble those that would be given to real patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty samples were selected from the 300, and sent for analysis at the Kenya National Quality Control Laboratory. Of these, ten (17%) did not comply with monograph specifications (three ibuprofen, two cetirizine, two amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combinations, and one each for prednisone, salbutamol and zinc). Five of the ten samples that failed had been inappropriately prescribed to patients who had presented symptoms of unstable angina. There was no association between medicine quality and ownership, size or location of the facilities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study shows that the standardized patient model can provide insights into multiple dimensions of care, thus helping to link primary care encounters with medicine quality. Furthermore, it makes it possible to obtain medicines from blinded sellers, thus minimizing the risk of obtaining biased samples.
authors.affiliation: Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice, The World Bank, Menengai Road, Upper Hill, P.O. Box 30577-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. frankfula@gmail.com.|Institute of Healthcare Management, Strathmore University, Nairobi, Kenya. frankfula@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5761-6151
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wafula
authors.affiliation: Development Economics Research Group, The World Bank, Washington DC, USA.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dolinger
authors.affiliation: Development Economics Research Group, The World Bank, Washington DC, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.affiliation: Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice, The World Bank, Menengai Road, Upper Hill, P.O. Box 30577-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Njeri
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mwaura
authors.affiliation: Development Economics Research Group, The World Bank, Washington DC, USA.
authors.forename: Guadalupe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bedoya
authors.affiliation: Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice, The World Bank, Menengai Road, Upper Hill, P.O. Box 30577-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Khama
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rogo
authors.affiliation: Trade and Competitiveness Global Practice, The World Bank, Washington DC, USA.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goicoechea
authors.affiliation: Development Economics Research Group, The World Bank, Washington DC, USA.
authors.forename: Jishnu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice, The World Bank, Menengai Road, Upper Hill, P.O. Box 30577-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olayo