title: Spatial Distribution of Selected Chemical Cell Wall Components in the Embryogenic Callus of Brachypodium distachyon.
abstract: Brachypodium distachyon L. Beauv. (Brachypodium) is a species that has become an excellent model system for gaining a better understanding of various areas of grass biology and improving plant breeding. Although there are some studies of an in vitro Brachypodium culture including somatic embryogenesis, detailed knowledge of the composition of the main cell wall components in the embryogenic callus in this species is missing. Therefore, using the immunocytochemical approach, we targeted 17 different antigens of which five were against the arabinogalactan proteins (AGP), three were against extensins, six recognised pectic epitopes and two recognised hemicelluloses. These studies were complemented by histological and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. We revealed that the characteristic cell wall components of Brachypodium embryogenic calli are AGP epitopes that are recognised by the JIM16 and LM2 antibodies, an extensin epitope that is recognised by the JIM11 antibody and a pectic epitopes that is recognised by the LM6 antibody. Furthermore, we demonstrated that AGPs and pectins are the components of the extracellular matrix network in Brachypodium embryogenic culture. Additionally, SEM analysis demonstrated the presence of an extracellular matrix on the surface of the calli cells. In conclusion, the chemical compositions of the cell walls and ECMSN of Brachypodium callus show spatial differences that correlate with the embryogenic character of the cells. Thus, the distribution of pectins, AGPs and hemicelluloses can be used as molecular markers of embryogenic cells. The presented data extends the knowledge about the chemical composition of the embryogenic callus cells of Brachypodium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6146-1669
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Betekhtin
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rojek
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Milewska-Hendel
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gawecki
authors.affiliation: Scanning Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Jagna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karcz
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kurczynska
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hasterok
mesh_terms: D058431:Brachypodium / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002145:Callosities / Q000378:metabolism*; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009088:Mucoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010368:Pectins / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D058439:Plant Somatic Embryogenesis Techniques
chemical_list: D009088:Mucoproteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; C006619:arabinogalactan proteins; D010368:Pectins