title: Increase in PAS-induced neuroplasticity after a treatment course of intranasal ketamine for depression. Report of three cases from a placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: Animal studies suggest that neural plasticity may play a role in the antidepressant effects of a single ketamine dose. However, the potential effects of repeated ketamine treatments on human neuroplasticity are unknown.
  
  
  
  This pilot RCT study measured plasticity-induced changes before and after a ketamine course, in three treatment-resistant depressed subjects, who were randomized to receive 8 intranasal treatments of 100mg ketamine or 4.5mg midazolam. Mood ratings were performed by a trained blinded rater at baseline and 24h-48h after the ketamine course, using the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Neuroplasticity was assessed in the motor cortex using a paired associative stimulation (PAS) paradigm at baseline and 24h-48h after the treatment course. No changes in current psychotropic medication or dosage were permitted for 4weeks prior to trial entry and throughout the trial.
  
  
  
  The subject receiving ketamine, but not those receiving midazolam, presented a marked increase in neural plasticity after the treatment course. However, mood changes were not associated with changes in neural plasticity.
  
  
  
  Pilot study with small sample size. Concomitant antidepressant medications taken. Plasticity was tested in the motor cortex only, thus the generalizability of these findings to other brain areas cannot be assumed.
  
  
  
  These results suggest that a course of intranasal ketamine may enhance synaptic plasticity in subjects with depression, but this was not associated with antidepressant effects. Further research on this topic is warranted.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Hospital Road, 2031, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, 2031, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: v.galvezortiz@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Verònica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gálvez
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Hospital Road, 2031, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, 2031, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Stevan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nikolin
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Hospital Road, 2031, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, 2031, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Kerrie-Anne
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Hospital Road, 2031, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, 2031, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alonzo
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Somogyi
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Hospital Road, 2031, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, 2031, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St. George Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Gray St, Kogarah, 2217, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Colleen K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Loo
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061218:Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D007649:Ketamine