title: Release of copper-amended particles from micronized copper-pressure-treated wood during mechanical abrasion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated the particles released due to abrasion of wood surfaces pressure-treated with micronized copper azole (MCA) wood preservative and we gathered preliminary data on its in vitro cytotoxicity for lung cells. The data were compared with particles released after abrasion of untreated, water (0% MCA)-pressure-treated, chromated copper (CC)-pressure-treated wood, and varnished wood. Size, morphology, and composition of the released particles were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results indicate that the abrasion of MCA-pressure-treated wood does not cause an additional release of nanoparticles from the unreacted copper (Cu) carbonate nanoparticles from of the MCA formulation. However, a small amount of released Cu was detected in the nanosized fraction of wood dust, which could penetrate the deep lungs. The acute cytotoxicity studies were performed on a human lung epithelial cell line and human macrophages derived from a monocytic cell line. These cell types are likely to encounter the released wood particles after inhalation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that under the experimental conditions chosen, MCA does not pose a specific additional nano-risk, i.e. there is no additional release of nanoparticles and no specific nano-toxicity for lung epithelial cells and macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Applied Wood Materials, Empa, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland. civardic@student.ethz.ch.|Institute for Building Materials, ETH, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland. civardic@student.ethz.ch.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-2610
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Civardi
authors.affiliation: Empa, Functional Polymers, Dübendorf, Switzerland.|Empa, Analytical Chemistry, Dübendorf, Switzerland.|Institute for Environmental Engineering, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schlagenhauf
authors.affiliation: Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.affiliation: Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Cordula
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mucchino
authors.affiliation: Empa, Analytical Chemistry, Dübendorf, Switzerland.|Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wichser
authors.affiliation: Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wick
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Applied Wood Materials, Empa, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland. francis.schwarze@empa.ch.
authors.forename: Francis W M R
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Schwarze
mesh_terms: D000072283:A549 Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D011312:Pressure; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014934:Wood / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014867:Water; D003300:Copper
keywords: Copper particles; Cytotoxicity; Debris; Exposure; Inhalation; Wood dust