title: Microsensors for in vivo Measurement of Glutamate in Brain Tissue.
abstract: Several immobilized enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors for glutamate detection have been developed over the last decade. In this review, we compare first and second generation sensors. Structures, working mechanisms, interference prevention, in vitro detection characteristics and in vivo performance are summarized here for those sensors that have successfully detected brain glutamate in vivo. In brief, first generation sensors have a simpler structure and are faster in glutamate detection. They also show a better sensitivity to glutamate during calibration in vitro. For second generation sensors, besides their less precise detection, their fabrication is difficult to reproduce, even with a semi-automatic dip-coater. Both generations of sensors can detect glutamate levels in vivo, but the reported basal levels are different. In general, second generation sensors detect higher basal levels of glutamate compared with the results obtained from first generation sensors. However, whether the detected glutamate is indeed from synaptic sources is an issue that needs further attention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV, Groningen, The Netherlands. s.qin@rug.nl.
authors.forename: Si
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV, Groningen, The Netherlands. m.van.de.zeyden@rug.nl.
authors.forename: Miranda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van der Zeyden
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Weite H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Oldenziel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV, Groningen, The Netherlands. thomas.cremers@brainsonline.org.
authors.forename: Thomas I F H
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Cremers
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV, Groningen, The Netherlands. b.h.c.westerink@rug.nl.
authors.forename: Ben H C
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Westerink
keywords: First generation biosensor; glutamate; in vivo detection; second generation biosensor