title: Structural basis of TRPA1 inhibition by HC-030031 utilizing species-specific differences.
abstract: Pain is a harmful sensation that arises from noxious stimuli. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is one target for studying pain mechanisms. TRPA1 is activated by various stimuli such as noxious cold, pungent natural products and environmental irritants. Since TRPA1 is an attractive target for pain therapy, a few TRPA1 antagonists have been developed and some function as analgesic agents. The responses of TRPA1 to agonists and antagonists vary among species and these species differences have been utilized to identify the structural basis of activation and inhibition mechanisms. The TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031 (HC) failed to inhibit frog TRPA1 (fTRPA1) and zebrafish TRPA1 activity induced by cinnamaldehyde (CA), but did inhibit human TRPA1 (hTRPA1) in a heterologous expression system. Chimeric studies between fTRPA1 and hTRPA1, as well as analyses using point mutants, revealed that a single amino acid residue (N855 in hTRPA1) significantly contributes to the inhibitory action of HC. Moreover, the N855 residue and the C-terminus region exhibited synergistic effects on the inhibition by HC. Molecular dynamics simulation suggested that HC stably binds to hTRPA1-N855. These findings provide novel insights into the structure-function relationship of TRPA1 and could lead to the development of more effective analgesics targeted to TRPA1.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.|Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Rupali
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.|Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiharu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Japan.|Department of Structural Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoru G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Itoh
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Japan.|Department of Structural Molecular Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okumura
authors.affiliation: Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.|Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tominaga
mesh_terms: D000083:Acetanilides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D050505:Mutant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D017354:Point Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D000072417:Protein Domains; D011687:Purines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D013045:Species Specificity; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D000074025:TRPA1 Cation Channel / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry*; D014981:Xenopus; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: C552888:2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide; D000083:Acetanilides; D050505:Mutant Proteins; D011687:Purines; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D000074025:TRPA1 Cation Channel