title: NMR in drug discovery: A practical guide to identification and validation of ligands interacting with biological macromolecules.
abstract: Protein-ligand interactions are at the heart of drug discovery research. NMR spectroscopy is an excellent technology to identify and validate protein-ligand interactions. A plethora of NMR methods are available which are powerful, robust and information-rich, but also have pitfalls and limitations. In this review, we will focus on how to choose between different experiments, and assess their strengths and liabilities. We introduce the concept of the validation cross, which helps to categorize experiments according to their information content and to simplify the choice of the right experiment in order to address a specific question. Additionally, we will provide the framework for drawing correct conclusions from experimental results in order to accurately evaluate such interactions. Out of scope for this review are methods for subsequent characterization of the interaction such as quantitative KDdetermination, binding mode analysis, or structure determination.
authors.affiliation: Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002 Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: alvar.gossert@novartis.com.
authors.forename: Alvar D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Gossert
authors.affiliation: Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jahnke
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular / Q000379:methods*; D010599:Pharmacokinetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D011506:Proteins
keywords: Drug discovery; Fragment-based screening; Protein-ligand Interactions; Validation