title: Depressive symptoms, body composition and bone mass in young adults: a prospective cohort study.
abstract: An association between depression and obesity is well recognised, but longitudinal studies of depressive symptoms in adolescents as a predictor of body composition are lacking.
  
  
  
  We examined depressive symptoms at age 14, 17 and 20 years as predictors of lean, fat and bone mass at age 20 years in a birth cohort.
  
  
  
  In 1161 participants (569 females) in the Western Australia Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study, depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory for Youth at age 14 and 17 years, and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 at age 20 years. Participants were further classified into two trajectories using latent class analysis: no/transient and persistent/recurrent depression. At age 20 years, lean body mass (LBM), fat body mass (FBM) and total body bone mass were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
  
  
  
  In females, accounting for age and lifestyle factors, depression scores at age 14 and 20 years were positively associated with body weight, body mass index (BMI), FBM and % FBM (r=0.110-0.184, P<0.05) but negatively correlated with % LBM (r=-0.120, P<0.05) at age 20 years. Females in the persistent/recurrent depression trajectory (n=99) had significantly higher body weight (+5.1 kg), BMI (+1.8 kg m-2), FBM (+3.9 kg) and % FBM (+2.2%) and significantly lower % LBM (-2.2%) at age 20 years than those with no/transient depression (n=470; all P<0.05). In males, depression scores at age 17 and 20 years were negatively associated with LBM but not weight or BMI, and depression trajectory was not a predictor of body composition at age 20 years. Depression scores and trajectories did not predict bone mass in either males or females.
  
  
  
  Depressive symptoms and persistent/recurrent depression in adolescence are predictors of greater adiposity at age 20 years in females, but not males, but do not predict bone mass in either gender.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.|School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: K
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8723-7574
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: The Eating Disorders Service, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK.|Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.|School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mountain
authors.affiliation: Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lye
authors.affiliation: School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pennell
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.|School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D001823:Body Composition; D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D009929:Organ Size; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014904:Western Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult