title: Frontline worker perceptions of medication safety in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To explore interprofessionals' perceptions about patient safety, particularly medication safety and associated factors and barriers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 389 respondents were recruited using convenience sample in the cross sectional survey.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Medication safety was perceived as somewhat safe (60%). One-third of respondents witnessed 3-4 or more medication errors (MEs) within the past 1 year. Out of that, one quarter were reportedly, sentinel events. More sentinel events were witnessed in public hospitals and solo practice clinics compared with corporate hospitals and nursing homes (p< 0.02). No difference was observed in the occurrence of sentinel events in accredited and nonaccredited facilities (p= 0.30). Younger respondents witnessed more MEs, whereas accredited hospitals (mostly corporate hospitals) witnessed significantly fewer MEs and graded overall safety as 'better'. However, most MEs go unreported particularly in solo practice clinics (88%) followed by nursing homes (67%), public hospitals (54%), and corporate hospitals (42%). Error identification and subsequent disclosure was inhibited by several system factors: fear of punitive action and lack of reporting systems. General surgical (46%), medical (42%), and paediatric units (36%), were the most error-prone places. Documentation diverted all healthcare workers from direct patient care. Many doctors and pharmacists from nursing homes, solo clinics and public hospitals reported working overtime. Staff shortages and poor training were overwhelming concerns to all healthcare workers and in public hospitals. Solo clinics and nursing homes perceived more barriers; lack of reporting systems, standard protocol, and resources for patient safety and unfamiliarity with prescribed medications was their overwhelming concern. Other factors threatening MEs were a lack of team approach and openness in interdisciplinary communications, illegible medical orders, and medicines prescribed by brand names.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immediate interventions to improve medication safety include enforcement of legible/printed medical orders in generic names, workforce development, developing standard protocols, and a corresponding change in organizational culture. Accreditation can serve as a driver for improving patient safety.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Shahdara, Delhi 110095, India.
authors.forename: Sangeeta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Shahdara, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Fauzia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tabassum
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Shahdara, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sarbjeet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khurana
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Shahdara, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Kaveri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kapoor
keywords: frontline workers; medication errors; patient safety