title: Redefining the invertebrate RNA virosphere.
abstract: Current knowledge of RNA virus biodiversity is both biased and fragmentary, reflecting a focus on culturable or disease-causing agents. Here we profile the transcriptomes of over 220 invertebrate species sampled across nine animal phyla and report the discovery of 1,445 RNA viruses, including some that are sufficiently divergent to comprise new families. The identified viruses fill major gaps in the RNA virus phylogeny and reveal an evolutionary history that is characterized by both host switching and co-divergence. The invertebrate virome also reveals remarkable genomic flexibility that includes frequent recombination, lateral gene transfer among viruses and hosts, gene gain and loss, and complex genomic rearrangements. Together, these data present a view of the RNA virosphere that is more phylogenetically and genomically diverse than that depicted in current classification schemes and provide a more solid foundation for studies in virus ecology and evolution.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, 100206 Beijing, China.|Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Mang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, 325001 Zhejiang, China.
authors.forename: Xian-Dan
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430015 Hubei, China.
authors.forename: Jun-Hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, 100206 Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Liang-Jun
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Guangxi Mangrove Research Center, Beihai, 536000 Guangxi, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, 100206 Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ci-Xiu
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, 100206 Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xin-Cheng
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Group, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: John-Sebastian
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Eden
authors.affiliation: Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Buchmann
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, 100206 Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, 100206 Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jianguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, 100206 Beijing, China.|Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
authors.forename: Edward C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, 100206 Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yong-Zhen
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Zhang