title: Evasion of host immune defenses by human papillomavirus.
abstract: A majority of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are asymptomatic and self-resolving in the absence of medical interventions. Various innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as physical barriers, have been implicated in controlling early HPV infections. However, if HPV overcomes these host immune defenses and establishes persistence in basal keratinocytes, it becomes very difficult for the host to eliminate the infection. The HPV oncoproteins E5, E6, and E7 are important in regulating host immune responses. These oncoproteins dysregulate gene expression, protein-protein interactions, posttranslational modifications, and cellular trafficking of critical host immune modulators. In addition to the HPV oncoproteins, sequence variation and dinucleotide depletion in papillomavirus genomes has been suggested as an alternative strategy for evasion of host immune defenses. Since anti-HPV host immune responses are also considered to be important for antitumor immunity, immune dysregulation by HPV during virus persistence may contribute to immune suppression essential for HPV-associated cancer progression. Here, we discuss cellular pathways dysregulated by HPV that allow the virus to evade various host immune defenses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Westrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Current address: BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
authors.forename: Cody J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. Electronic address: dohun.pyeon@ucdenver.edu.
authors.forename: Dohun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pyeon
mesh_terms: D000071478:APOBEC Deaminases; D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase; D043525:Cytosine Deaminase / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006657:Histones / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D014771:Virion / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D006657:Histones; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral; D043525:Cytosine Deaminase; D000071478:APOBEC Deaminases; C502889:APOBEC3 proteins, human; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase
keywords: APOBEC3; Adaptive immunity; DNA methylation; HPV; Histone modification; Immune evasion; Innate immunity; Oncogene; Papillomavirus; Restriction factor; Tumor virus; Virus evolution