title: Measured and Monte Carlo simulated electron backscatter to the monitor chamber for the Varian TrueBeam Linac.
abstract: To accurately simulate therapeutic electron beams using Monte Carlo methods, backscatter from jaws into the monitor chamber must be accounted for via the backscatter factor, Sb. Measured and simulated values of Sbfor the TrueBeam are investigated. Two approaches for measuring Sbare presented. Both require service mode operation with the dose and pulse forming networking servos turned off in order to assess changes in dose rate with field size. The first approach samples an instantaneous dose rate, while the second approach times the delivery of a fixed number of monitor units to assess dose rate. Dose rates were measured for 6, 12 and 20 MeV electrons for jaw- or MLC-shaped apertures between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] cm2. The measurement techniques resulted in values of Sbthat agreed within 0.21% for square and asymmetric fields collimated by the jaws. Measured values of Sbwere used to calculate the forward dose component in a virtual monitor chamber using BEAMnrc. Based on this forward component, simulated values of Sbwere calculated and compared to measurement and Varian's VirtuaLinac simulations. BEAMnrc results for jaw-shaped fields agreed with measurements and with VirtuaLinac simulations within 0.2%. For MLC-shaped fields, the respective measurement techniques differed by as much as 0.41% and BEAMnrc results differed with measurement by as much as 0.4%, however, all measured and simulated values agreed within experimental uncertainty. Measurement sensitivity was not sufficient to capture the small backscatter effect due to the MLC, and Monte Carlo predicted backscatter from the MLC to be no more than 0.3%. Backscatter from the jaws changed the electron dose rate by up to 2.6%. This reinforces the importance of including a backscatter factor in simulations of electron fields shaped with secondary collimating jaws, but presents the option of ignoring it when jaws are retracted and collimation is done with the MLC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Samantha A M
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.forename: Isabelle M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Gagne
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bazalova-Carter
authors.forename: Sergei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zavgorodni
mesh_terms: D004583:Electrons; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D017785:Photons; D011874:Radiometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D035501:Uncertainty