title: Effect of berberine on the ratio of high-molecular weight adiponectin to total adiponectin and adiponectin receptors expressions in high-fat diet fed rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of berberine (BBR) on high-molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin and adiponectin receptors (adipoR1/adipoR2) expressions in high-fat (HF) diet fed rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty Wistar male rats were randomly assigned into a normal diet fed group and three HF diet (fat for 45% calories) fed groups (n=10 for each group). All rats underwent 12 weeks of feeding. After 4 weeks feeding, rats in the two of three HF diet fed groups were treated with 150 mg·kg-1·day-1BBR (HF+LBBR group) and 380 mg·kg-1·day-1BBR (HF+HBBR group) by gavage once a day respectively for the next 8 weeks while the rats in other groups treated with vehicle (NF+Veh and HF+Veh). Body weight and food intake were observed and recorded on daily basis. At the end of 12 weeks, the blood, liver, epididymal fat tissues and quadriceps femoris muscles were collected. Fasting insulin, plasma fasting glucose, serum free fatty acid (FFA), total adiponectin and HMW adiponectin levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay method. Glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were performed to determine the insulinsensitizing. Meanwhile the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) method was used to determine insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). The expressions of adipoR1, adipoR2 and adenosine monophophate activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation level in skeletal muscle and liver tissue were detected by Western blot. Liver and kidney toxicity were evaluated during treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The body weight of rats in high- or low-dose BBR group reduced as well as HOMA-IR, FFA concentrations and fasting insulin levels decreased compared with HF+Veh group (P<0.05). BBR also increased the ratio of HMW to total adiponectin in high fat-fed rats compared with rats in the HF+Veh group. High- and low-dose BBR increased adipoR1 expression in skeletal muscle by over 6- and 2-fold (P<0.05), respectively, and high-dose BBR also increased adipoR2 expression in liver tissue by over 2-fold (P<0.05). BBR significantly increased AMPK phosphorylation in HF diet rats compared with normal diet rats (P<0.05). The ratio of HMW to total adiponectin was inversely correlated with HOMA-IR (r=-0.52, P=0.001). Meantime, no liver and kidney toxicity was found in high fat-fed rats that treated by BBR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Berberine may improve insulin resistance by increasing the expression of adiponectin receptors and the ratio of HMW to total adiponectin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
authors.forename: Yue-Yue
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.|Department of Science and Education, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zha
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China. liujun89189@163.com.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
authors.forename: Jiong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
authors.forename: Zao-Ping
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
authors.forename: He-Yuan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Science and Education, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Jie
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Han
keywords: adiponectin; adiponectin receptor 1; adiponectin receptor 2; berberine; homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistence index; insulin resistance