title: Using Proxy Records to Document Gulf of Mexico Tropical Cyclones from 1820-1915.
abstract: Observations of pre-1950 tropical cyclones are sparse due to observational limitations; therefore, the hurricane database HURDAT2 (1851-present) maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration may be incomplete. Here we provide additional documentation for HURDAT2 from historical United States Army fort records (1820-1915) and other archived documents for 28 landfalling tropical cyclones, 20 of which are included in HURDAT2, along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast. One event that occurred in May 1863 is not currently documented in the HURDAT2 database but has been noted in other studies. We identify seven tropical cyclones that occurred before 1851, three of which are potential tropical cyclones. We corroborate the pre-HURDAT2 storms with a tree-ring reconstruction of hurricane impacts from the Florida Keys (1707-2009). Using this information, we suggest landfall locations for the July 1822 hurricane just west of Mobile, Alabama and 1831 hurricane near Last Island, Louisiana on 18 August. Furthermore, we model the probable track of the August 1831 hurricane using the weighted average distance grid method that incorporates historical tropical cyclone tracks to supplement report locations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jordan V
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3082-6535
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Pino
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Robert V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Rohli
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kristine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: DeLong
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography and Geology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States of America.
authors.forename: Grant L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Harley
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jill C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Trepanier
mesh_terms: D055867:Cyclonic Storms / Q000266:history / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005431:Florida; D060851:Gulf of America; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D014481:United States