title: Low perinatal zinc status is not associated with the risk of type 1 diabetes in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Immunologic events during fetal life may play a part in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). As zinc is involved in immunologic processes, the purpose was to investigate perinatal zinc status and the later risk of developing T1D and association to age at onset.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based case-control study based on data from Danish Childhood Diabetes Register and the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank. Cases and controls were matched by birth year and month. Zinc status was analyzed in dried blood spots collected 5 to 7 days after birth. Logistic regression model was used to test the influence of zinc on risk of T1D. Linear regression modeling was used to examine the association between zinc status and covariates as well as age at onset. Zinc status was adjusted for HLA-DQB1 genotype, birth data and maternal age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each doubling in perinatal zinc status was not associated with T1D risk; odds ratio (OR) = 1.06 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.84, 1.32) ( P  = 0.62), adjusted for birth year and season. This finding persisted after adjustment for possible confounders; OR = 1.01 (95% CI 0.77, 1.34) ( P  = 0.93). In none of the cohorts there were significant associations to age at onset.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk of developing T1D in Danish children was not associated with perinatal zinc status nor age at onset.
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Julie N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Kyvsgaard
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anne J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Overgaard
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Louise D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Steffen U
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Thorsen
authors.affiliation: Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christian B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Pipper
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Husted
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Henrik B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Flemming
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pociot
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jannet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Svensson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018070:Biological Specimen Banks; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D059788:Dried Blood Spot Testing; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015997:Neonatal Screening; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012042:Registries; D012306:Risk; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D015032:Zinc
keywords: diabetes mellitus; epidemiology; etiology; immunology; oxidative stress; type 1