title: The association between handheld phone bans and the prevalence of handheld phone conversations among young drivers in the United States.
abstract: Fourteen US states and the District of Columbia have banned handheld phone use for all drivers. We examined whether such legislation was associated with reduced handheld phone conversations among drivers aged younger than 25 years.
  
  
  
  Data from the 2008 to 2013 National Occupant Protection Use Survey were merged with states' legislation. The outcome was roadside-observed handheld phone conversation at stop signs or lights. Logistic regression was used.
  
  
  
  A total of 32,784 young drivers were observed. Relative to drivers who were observed in states without a universal handheld phone ban, the adjusted odds ratio of phone conversation was 0.42 (95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.53) for drivers who were observed in states with bans. The relative reduction in phone conversation was 46% (23%, 61%) for laws that were effective less than 1 year, 55% (32%, 70%) for 1-2 years, 63% (51%, 72%) for 2 years or more, relative to no laws.
  
  
  
  Universal handheld phone bans may be effective at reducing handheld phone use among young drivers.
authors.affiliation: The Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus; Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown. Electronic address: Motao.Zhu@NationwideChildrens.org.
authors.forename: Motao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Injury Control Research Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown.
authors.forename: Toni M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Rudisill
authors.affiliation: Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heeringa
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Swedler
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Redelmeier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D040421:Cell Phone / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescent; Automobile driving; Epidemiology; Legislation