title: Intravesical chemotherapy use after radical nephroureterectomy: A national survey of urologic oncologists.
abstract: To determine the use of prophylactic intravesical chemotherapy (pIVC) following radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) and barriers to utilization in a survey study of urologic oncologists.
  
  
  
  A survey instrument was constructed, which queried respondents on professional experience, practice environment, pIVC use, and reasons for not recommending pIVC when applicable. The survey was electronically distributed to members of the Society of Urologic Oncology over an 8-week period. Survey software was used for analysis.
  
  
  
  The survey response rate was 22% (158 of 722). Half of the respondents were in practice for ≤10 years, while 90% performed ≤10 RNU cases annually. Of the 144 urologists regularly performing RNU, only 51% reported administering pIVC, including 22 exclusively in patients with a prior history of bladder cancer. One-third administered pIVC intraoperatively, whereas the remainder instilled pIVC at ≤3 (7%), 4 to 7 (37%), 8 to 14 (20%), and>14 (3%) days postoperatively. Almost all urologists noted giving a single instillation of pIVC. Agents included mitomycin-C (88%), thiotepa (7%), doxorubicin (3%), epirubicin (1%), and BCG (1%). Among respondents who did not administer pIVC, the most common reasons cited included lack of data supporting use (44%), personal preference (19%), and office infrastructure (17%).
  
  
  
  Only 51% of urologic oncologists report using pIVC in patients undergoing RNU. Reasons underlying this underutilization are multifactorial, thereby underscoring the need for continued dissemination of existing data and additional studies to support its benefits. Moreover, improving the logistics of pIVC administration may help to increase utilization rates.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA.
authors.forename: Diane D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic-Minnesota, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Boorjian
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA. Electronic address: jraman@hmc.psu.edu.
authors.forename: Jay D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Raman
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015251:Epirubicin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007322:Instillation, Drug; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D016685:Mitomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000074682:Nephroureterectomy; D000072103:Oncologists; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013852:Thiotepa / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014516:Ureteral Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000601:surgery; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001500:BCG Vaccine; D015251:Epirubicin; D016685:Mitomycin; D004317:Doxorubicin; D013852:Thiotepa
keywords: Bladder cancer; Mitomycin-C (MMC); Practice patterns; Upper-tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC)