title: Electromagnetic and Electrohydraulic Shock Wave Lithotripsy-Induced Urothelial Damage: Is There a Difference?
abstract: To evaluate and compare the acute effect of electromagnetic and electrohydraulic extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) on the urothelial layers of kidney and ureter.
  
  
  
  Fifty patients, 29 males (58%) and 21 females (42%), with an average age of 51.68 years (range: 37-70) who underwent SWL application in two different centers were included. Twenty-eight patients (56%) were treated with electrohydraulic and 22 (44%) were treated with electromagnetic lithotripsy. Urinary cytologic examinations were done immediately before and after SWL therapy and 10 days later. The average numbers of epithelial cells, red blood cells (RBC), and myocytes were counted under 40 × magnification.
  
  
  
  There were significant differences in the number of epithelial cells and RBC before and after immediate application of SWL: 1.66 and 14.9 cells/field, (p = 0.001), 5.44 and 113.45 cells/field, respectively (p = 0.001). The number of RBC was significantly higher in patients treated with electromagnetic lithotripsy than those treated with electrohydraulic: 141.9 and 93.4 cells/field, respectively (p = 0.02). No myocyte or basement membrane elements were detected in any of the cytologic examinations. Cytologic examinations done after 10 days of SWL therapy revealed recovery of all abnormal cytologic findings.
  
  
  
  The acute increments in the number of epithelial cells and RBC after SWL were statistically significant but it was not permanent. SWL-induced urinary urothelial lesion is limited to the mucosal layer and there was no evidence of damage to the basal membrane or muscle layer. Electromagnetic lithotripsy caused high numbers of RBC than the electrohydraulic device on the postimmediate urine cytologic examination.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, An-Najah National University , Nablus, Palestine.|2 Department of Pathology, Osmaniye State Hospital , Osmaniye, Turkey .
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, An-Najah National University , Nablus, Palestine.
authors.forename: Honood
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aburas
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, An-Najah National University , Nablus, Palestine.
authors.forename: Fatima M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Helo
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, An-Najah National University , Nablus, Palestine.
authors.forename: Lailah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qarawi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D060733:Electromagnetic Radiation; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D004906:Erythrocyte Count; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D032342:Muscle Cells / Q000166:cytology; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology; D019459:Urothelium / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology
keywords: SWL; ureter; urolithiasis