title: Paradoxical Sleep Deprivation Causes Cardiac Dysfunction and the Impairment Is Attenuated by Resistance Training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paradoxical sleep deprivation activates the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, subsequently interfering with the cardiovascular system. The beneficial effects of resistance training are related to hemodynamic, metabolic and hormonal homeostasis. We hypothesized that resistance training can prevent the cardiac remodeling and dysfunction caused by paradoxical sleep deprivation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: control (C), resistance training (RT), paradoxical sleep deprivation for 96 hours (PSD96) and both resistance training and sleep deprivation (RT/PSD96). Doppler echocardiograms, hemodynamics measurements, cardiac histomorphometry, hormonal profile and molecular analysis were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the C group, PSD96 group had a higher left ventricular systolic pressure, heart rate and left atrium index. In contrast, the left ventricle systolic area and the left ventricle cavity diameter were reduced in the PSD96 group. Hypertrophy and fibrosis were also observed. Along with these alterations, reduced levels of serum testosterone and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), as well as increased corticosterone and angiotensin II, were observed in the PSD96 group. Prophylactic resistance training attenuated most of these changes, except angiotensin II, fibrosis, heart rate and concentric remodeling of left ventricle, confirmed by the increased of NFATc3 and GATA-4, proteins involved in the pathologic cardiac hypertrophy pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resistance training effectively attenuates cardiac dysfunction and hormonal imbalance induced by paradoxical sleep deprivation.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Santos-SP, Brazil.|Laboratório Interdisciplinar em Fisiologia e Exercício, LAIFE, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sara Quaglia de Campos
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Giampá
authors.affiliation: Laboratório Interdisciplinar em Fisiologia e Exercício, LAIFE, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.|Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mônico-Neto
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco Tulio
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: de Mello
authors.affiliation: Laboratório Interdisciplinar em Fisiologia e Exercício, LAIFE, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.|Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Helton de Sá
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tufik
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kil Sun
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Clínica Médica, Laboratório de Emergências Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo - SP, Brazil.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Assistência Médica do Servidor Público Estadual, São Paulo - SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcia Kiyomi
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Koike
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Cardiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandra Alberta
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Cardiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ednei Luiz
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Antonio
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Cardiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biofotônica Aplicada às Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andrey Jorge
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina, Disciplina de Cardiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo José Ferreira
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Tucci
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Santos-SP, Brazil.|Laboratório Interdisciplinar em Fisiologia e Exercício, LAIFE, São Paulo-SP, Brazil.|Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Santos-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hanna Karen Moreira
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6648-0957
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Antunes
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D006339:Heart Rate; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling
chemical_list: D000804:Angiotensin II; D013739:Testosterone; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D003345:Corticosterone