title: Traumatic brain injury in England and Wales: prospective audit of epidemiology, complications and standardised mortality.
abstract: To provide a comprehensive assessment of the management of traumatic brain injury (TBI) relating to epidemiology, complications and standardised mortality across specialist units.
  
  
  
  The Trauma Audit and Research Network collects data prospectively on patients suffering trauma across England and Wales. We analysed all data collected on patients with TBI between April 2014 and June 2015.
  
  
  
  Data were collected on patients presenting to emergency departments across 187 hospitals including 26 with specialist neurosurgical services, incorporating factors previously identified in the Ps14 multivariate logistic regression (Ps14n) model multivariate TBI outcome prediction model. The frequency and timing of secondary transfer to neurosurgical centres was assessed.
  
  
  
  We identified 15 820 patients with TBI presenting to neurosurgical centres directly (6258), transferred from a district hospital to a neurosurgical centre (3682) and remaining in a district general hospital (5880). The commonest mechanisms of injury were falls in the elderly and road traffic collisions in the young, which were more likely to present in coma. In severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) ≤8), the median time from admission to imaging with CT scan is 0.5 hours. Median time to craniotomy from admission is 2.6 hours and median time to intracranial pressure monitoring is 3 hours. The most frequently documented complication of severe TBI is bronchopneumonia in 5% of patients. Risk-adjusted W scores derived from the Ps14nmodel indicate that no neurosurgical unit fell outside the 3 SD limits on a funnel plot.
  
  
  
  We provide the first comprehensive report of the management of TBI in England and Wales, including data from all neurosurgical units. These data provide transparency and suggests equity of access to high-quality TBI management provided in England and Wales.
authors.affiliation: Trauma Audit and Research Network, Manchester Medical Academic Health Sciences Centre, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.|Department of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0531-0556
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Helmy
authors.affiliation: Trauma Audit and Research Network, Manchester Medical Academic Health Sciences Centre, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bouamra
authors.affiliation: Trauma Audit and Research Network, Manchester Medical Academic Health Sciences Centre, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Woodford
authors.affiliation: Centre for Urgent and Emergency Care Research (CURE), Health Services Research Section, School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lecky
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.|Department of Neurosurgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Hutchinson
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000150:complications* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D001996:Bronchopneumonia / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D032882:Comprehension; D003399:Craniotomy; D019468:Disease Management; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010360:Patient Transfer; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ACCIDENT & EMERGENCY MEDICINE; NEUROSURGERY; TRAUMA MANAGEMENT