title: Small particle size lipid emulsions, satiety and energy intake in lean men.
abstract: Lipid emulsions have been proposed to suppress hunger and food intake. Whilst there is no consensus on optimal structural properties or mechanism of action, small particle size (small-PS) stable emulsions may have greatest efficacy. Fabuless®, a commercial lipid emulsion reported in some studies to decrease energy intake (EI), is a small-PS, 'hard' fat emulsion comprising highly saturated palm oil base (PS, 82nm). To determine whether small-PS dairy lipid emulsions can enhance satiety, firstly, we investigated 2 'soft' fat dairy emulsions generated using dairy and soy emulsifying agents (PS, 114nm and 121nm) and a non-emulsified dairy control. Secondly, we investigated a small-PS palmolein based 'hard' fat emulsion (fractionated palm oil, PS, 104nm) and non-emulsified control. This was a 6 arm, randomized, cross-over study in 18 lean men, with test lipids delivered in a breakfast meal: (i) Fabuless® emulsion (FEM); (ii) dairy emulsion with dairy emulsifier (DEDE); (iii) dairy emulsion with soy lecithin emulsifier (DESE); (iv) dairy control (DCON); (v) palmolein emulsion with dairy emulsifier (PEDE); (vi) palmolein control (PCON). Participants rated postprandial appetite sensations using visual analogue scales (VAS), and ad libitum energy intake (EI) was measured at a lunch meal 3.5h later. Dairy lipid emulsions did not significantly alter satiety ratings or change EI relative to dairy control (DEDE, 4035kJ; DESE, 3904kJ; DCON, 3985kJ; P>0.05) nor did palm oil based emulsion relative to non-emulsified control (PEDE,3902 kJ; PCON,3973kJ; P>0.05). There was no evidence that small-PS dairy lipid emulsions or commercial Fabuless altered short-term appetite or food intake in lean adults.
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Unit, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Electronic address: yihkai.chan@acu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Budgett
authors.affiliation: Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: MacGibbon
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Quek
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Unit, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kindleysides
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Unit, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Electronic address: s.poppitt@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Poppitt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D062408:Breakfast / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects; D004655:Emulsions / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010316:Particle Size; D012527:Satiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013851:Thinness / Q000503:physiopathology*; D064232:Visual Analog Scale; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D004655:Emulsions; D008055:Lipids
keywords: Appetite; Dairy; Energy intake; Lipid emulsions; Small particle size; VAS