title: Small proteins in cyanobacteria provide a paradigm for the functional analysis of the bacterial micro-proteome.
abstract: Despite their versatile functions in multimeric protein complexes, in the modification of enzymatic activities, intercellular communication or regulatory processes, proteins shorter than 80 amino acids (μ-proteins) are a systematically underestimated class of gene products in bacteria. Photosynthetic cyanobacteria provide a paradigm for small protein functions due to extensive work on the photosynthetic apparatus that led to the functional characterization of 19 small proteins of less than 50 amino acids. In analogy, previously unstudied small ORFs with similar degrees of conservation might encode small proteins of high relevance also in other functional contexts.
  
  
  
  Here we used comparative transcriptomic information available for two model cyanobacteria, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6714 for the prediction of small ORFs. We found 293 transcriptional units containing candidate small ORFs ≤80 codons in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, also including the known mRNAs encoding small proteins of the photosynthetic apparatus. From these transcriptional units, 146 are shared between the two strains, 42 are shared with the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana and 25 with E. coli. To verify the existence of the respective μ-proteins in vivo, we selected five genes as examples to which a FLAG tag sequence was added and re-introduced them into Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. These were the previously annotated gene ssr1169, two newly defined genes norf1 and norf4, as well as nsiR6 (nitrogen stress-induced RNA 6) and hliR1(high light-inducible RNA 1) , which originally were considered non-coding. Upon activation of expression via the Cu2+.responsive petE promoter or from the native promoters, all five proteins were detected in Western blot experiments.
  
  
  
  The distribution and conservation of these five genes as well as their regulation of expression and the physico-chemical properties of the encoded proteins underline the likely great bandwidth of small protein functions in bacteria and makes them attractive candidates for functional studies.
authors.affiliation: University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Genetics and Experimental Bioinformatics, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Desiree
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
authors.affiliation: University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Genetics and Experimental Bioinformatics, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany.|Present Address: Molecular Health GmbH, Kurfürsten-Anlage 21, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kopf
authors.affiliation: University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Genetics and Experimental Bioinformatics, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klähn
authors.affiliation: University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Genetics and Experimental Bioinformatics, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steglich
authors.affiliation: University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Genetics and Experimental Bioinformatics, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany. wolfgang.hess@biologie.uni-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: Wolfgang R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D001483:Base Sequence; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D009154:Mutation; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010788:Photosynthesis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D020543:Proteome / Q000502:physiology*; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D046939:Synechocystis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D059467:Transcriptome
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D020543:Proteome; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Cyanobacteria; Nitrogen deprivation; Photosynthesis; Small proteins; Synechocystis