title: Patterns of motor activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats compared to Wistar Kyoto rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased motor activity is a defining characteristic of patients with ADHD, and spontaneously hypertensive rats have been suggested to be an animal model of this disorder. In the present study, we wanted to use linear and non-linear methods to explore differences in motor activity patterns in SHR/NCrl rats compared to Wistar Kyoto (WKY/NHsd) rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total number of 42 rats (23 SHR/NCrl and 19 WKY/NHsd, male and female) were tested. At PND 51, the animals' movements were video-recorded during an operant test procedure that lasted 90 min. Total activity level and velocity (mean and maximum), standard deviation (SD) and root mean square successive differences (RMSSD) were calculated. In addition, we used Fourier analysis, autocorrelations and two measures of complexity to characterize the time series; sample entropy and symbolic dynamics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SHR/NCrl rats showed increased total activity levels in addition to increased mean and maximum velocity of movements. The variability measures, SD and RMSSD, were markedly lower in the SHR/NCrl compared to the WKY/NHsd rats. At the same time, the SHR/NCrl rats displayed a higher complexity of the time series, particularly with regard to the total activity level as evidenced by analyses of sample entropy and symbolic dynamics. Autocorrelation analyses also showed differences between the two strains. In the Fourier analysis, the SHR/NCrl rats had an increased variance in the high frequency part of the spectrum, corresponding to the time period of 9-17 s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings show that in addition to increased total activity and velocity of movement, the organization of behavior is different in SHR/NCrl relative to WKY/NHsd controls. Compared to controls, behavioral variability is reduced in SHR/NCrl at an aggregate level, and, concomitantly, more complex and unpredictable from moment-to-moment. These finding emphasize the importance of the measures and methods used when characterizing behavioral variability. If valid for ADHD, the results indicate that decreased behavioral variability can co-exist with increased behavioral complexity, thus representing a challenge to current theories of variability in ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.|Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.|K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Ole Bernt
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Fasmer
authors.affiliation: Oslo and Akershus University College, Stensberggata 26, 0170, Oslo, Norway. espenborga.johansen@hioa.no.
authors.forename: Espen Borgå
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Johansen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006973:Hypertension / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D013045:Species Specificity
keywords: ADHD; Behavioral variability; Motor activity; SHR; Video-analyses; WKY