title: The Association between Smoking and Epiretinal Membrane.
abstract: We conducted a meta-analysis of analytic and observational studies to evaluate the association between smoking and epiretinal membrane (ERM). The pertinent studies were identified via a literature search using three databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase) and the reference lists of retrieved studies. Cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies meeting the predefined criteria were included. We extracted the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from each study. Overall risk estimates were pooled using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses based on several stratified factors were also performed. Two cohort studies and six cross-sectional studies involving 46,837 subjects were included. The pooled effect of all eight studies showed an unexpected significant decreased association between smoking and the occurrence of ERM (OR, 0.72; 95% CI 0.61-0.84; p = 0.29, I2= 17.9%). Subgroup analyses supported this finding, except for the age-unadjusted group (OR, 0.87; 95% CI 0.63-1.22), the ERM classification group (cellophane macular reflex (CMR) OR, 0.93; 95% CI 0.68-1.28; preretinal macular fibrosis (PMF) OR, 0.74; 95% CI 0.41-1.32), the Asian group (OR, 0.75; 95% CI 0.52-1.09) and the past smoker group (OR, 1.02; 95% CI 0.85-1.22). The pooled effects from the current literature suggested a declining association between smoking and ERM, which requires further studies to confirm.
authors.affiliation: Ningbo Optometry &Ophthalmology Center, the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Ningbo Yinzhou people's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, China.
authors.forename: Sheng-Zhan
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Ningbo Optometry &Ophthalmology Center, the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Ningbo Yinzhou people's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, China.
authors.forename: Qi-Hu
authors.initials: QH
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Ningbo Optometry &Ophthalmology Center, the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Ningbo Yinzhou people's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, China.
authors.forename: Hui-Yun
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Ningbo Optometry &Ophthalmology Center, the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Ningbo Yinzhou people's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315040, China.
authors.forename: Qin-Kang
authors.initials: QK
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Jiefang Road 88, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D019773:Epiretinal Membrane / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology*