title: Forensic age assessment of asylum seekers in Finland.
abstract: In Finland, forensic age assessment is strictly regulated by legislation. According to the Aliens Act (301/2004) and the amendment of the Act (549/2010), the police authorities, the frontier guard authorities, and the immigration authorities have the right to refer asylum seekers to the University of Helsinki, Department of Forensic Medicine, for age assessment. These assessments are especially performed to solve if the person is of major age, the cutoff being 18 completed years. The forensic age assessment is largely based on dental development, since the special permit of the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) to the Department of Forensic Medicine of the University of Helsinki, allowing the use of ionizing radiation for non-medical purposes, includes dental and hand X-rays. Forensic age assessment is always performed by two forensic odontologists. In 2015, the total number of forensic age assessment examinations was 149, and the countries of origin of the asylum seekers were most commonly Iraq, Afghanistan, and Somalia. The current legislation on forensic age assessment has been well received and approved. Radiological and other examinations can be performed in different parts of Finland, but the forensic odontologist at the University of Helsinki is always involved in the process and ensures joint quality standards for the forensic age assessment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 40, Kytösuontie 11, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland. mari.metsaniitty@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Mari
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8437-1607
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Metsäniitty
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 40, Kytösuontie 11, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Varkkola
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Janna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Waltimo-Sirén
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 40, Kytösuontie 11, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ranta
mesh_terms: D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton; D000366:Age Determination by Teeth; D002348:Carpal Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008964:Molar, Third / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D011884:Radius / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development; D012036:Refugees
keywords: Asylum seekers; Forensic age assessment; Forensic odontology; Legislation; Radiology