title: Application of molecular genotyping to determine prevalence of HPV strains in Pap smears of Kazakhstan women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human papillomavirus is the main causative agent for cervical cancer. However, few data are available about HPV prevalence in Kazakhstan. The aims of this study were to genotype HPV DNA in Pap smear samples of women to determine prevalence of carcinogenic HPV types in Astana, Kazakhstan and to analyze the association between HPV positivity and the cytology results of patient samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pap smear materials were obtained from 140 patients aged 18-59, who visited the outpatient gynecological clinic. Microscopic examination was done to detect dysplasia, and HPV genotyping was done using real-time multiplex PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPV testing showed that among 61 HPV positive patients, the most prevalent types were 16 and 18. Microscopic examination showed that 79% of the samples had normal cytology, while 13% had CIN grade I, 5% had CIN grade II, and 3% had CIN grade III. The analysis revealed that 12% of the samples had CIN cytology and presence of HPV. Approximately 31% had HPV without cervical dysplasia, while 8% of samples were CIN positive without HPV infection. A statistically significant relationship between HPV 16 and HPV 33 positive samples and CIN grade II and III was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, this study will help to strengthen and guide health policy implementation of primary and secondary cervical cancer prevention strategies in Kazakhstan.
authors.affiliation: Nazarbayev University School of Medicine (NUSOM), 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Luiza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niyazmetova
authors.affiliation: Nazarbayev University School of Medicine (NUSOM), 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Gulzhanat
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aimagambetova
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center, Mother and Child Hospital, 32,Turan Avenue, Astana, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Nazigul
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stambekova
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center, Republican Diagnostic Center, 2, Syghanaq Street, Astana, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Zaurech
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Abugalieva
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center, Republican Diagnostic Center, 2, Syghanaq Street, Astana, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Korlukain
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seksembayeva
authors.affiliation: Nazarbayev University School of Medicine (NUSOM), 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Syed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Nazarbayev University School of Medicine (NUSOM), 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan. Electronic address: azliyati.azizan@nu.edu.kz.
authors.forename: Azliyati
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azizan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007623:Kazakhstan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D058889:Molecular Typing / Q000379:methods*; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral
keywords: CIN; HPV; Kazakhstan; cervical cancer; prevalence