title: Monitoring of compositional changes during berry ripening in grape seed extracts of cv. Sangiovese (Vitis vinifera L.).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seed oil and flours have been attracting the interest of researchers and industry, since they contain various bioactive components. We monitored the effects of ripening on lipids, monomeric flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins and tocols concentration in seed extracts from organically cultivated cv. Sangiovese vines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Linoleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid, followed by oleic, palmitic and stearic acids. The tocols detected were α-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol and γ-tocotrienol. The proanthocyanidins degree of polymerisation ranged from dimers to dodecamers; moreover, monomeric flavan-3-ols and polymeric proanthocyanidins were detected. Total flavan-3-ols (monomers, oligomers and polymers) concentration in grape seeds decreased during ripening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fatty acids reached the highest level in post-veraison. The concentration of these compounds varied considerably during ripening. Capric acid has been found for the first time in grape seeds. α-Tocopherol and γ-tocotrienol decreased during ripening, while α-tocotrienol increased. The HPLC analysis with fluorimetric detection, conducted for the first time on cv. Sangiovese, revealed that the concentration of flavan-3-ols monomers, oligomeric proanthocyanidins and polymers greatly changed during ripening. These results suggest that the timing of bunch harvest plays a crucial role in the valorisation of grape seed flour. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, Bologna, BO, 40127, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bombai
authors.affiliation: Interdepartmental Centre of Industrial Agrifood Research (CIRI - Agrifood), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, Cesena, FC, 47521, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pasini
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Physics (Analytical Chemistry Area), Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, University of Almería, Carretera del Sacramento s/n, E-04120, Almería, Spain.
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Verardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, Bologna, BO, 40127, Italy.
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sevindik
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, Bologna, BO, 40127, Italy.|Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8/2, Bologna, BO, 40126, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Foggia
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, Bologna, BO, 40127, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tessarin
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, Bologna, BO, 40127, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bregoli
authors.affiliation: Interdepartmental Centre of Industrial Agrifood Research (CIRI - Agrifood), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, Cesena, FC, 47521, Italy.|Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich 60, Cesena, FC, 47521, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Caboni
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, Bologna, BO, 40127, Italy.
authors.forename: Adamo D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Rombolà
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000254:growth & development*; D013997:Time Factors; D024508:Tocotrienols / Q000032:analysis; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D024508:Tocotrienols; C082032:tocotrienol, alpha
keywords: NP-HPLC-FLD; capric acid; flavan-3-ols; lipids composition; oligomeric proanthocyanidins