title: Metabolic rates are elevated and influenced by maternal identity during the early, yolk-dependent, post-hatching period in an estuarine turtle, the diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin).
abstract: Non-genetic maternal effects, operating through a female's physiology or behavior, can influence offspring traits and performance. Here we examined potential maternal influences on metabolic rates (MR) of offspring in an estuarine turtle, the diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin). Females and their eggs were collected from the field and the eggs incubated in the laboratory for subsequent measurement of MR of females, late-stage embryos, newly-hatched individuals that were nutritionally dependent on yolk, and older hatchlings that had depleted their yolk reserves and thus were independent of energetic contributions from the female. Female identity significantly affected MR of yolk-dependent hatchlings but, after yolk was depleted, MR of offspring converged and no longer reflected the maternal influence. Offspring from different females also differed in size, which influenced offspring MR and growth, but there was no correlation between female MR or size and offspring traits. MR of the older, yolk-independent hatchlings was lower overall than yolk-dependent hatchlings but correlated positively with growth rates and prior developmental rate (e.g. negatively correlated with time to hatching). Unlike another turtle species (snapping turtles), in which maternally-related differences in offspring MR were retained after yolk depletion, the maternal influence on offspring MR in diamondback terrapins is limited to early hatchling development and growth. The transient nature of the maternal effect, which was present only during the period that hatchlings were metabolizing yolk, suggests that variation among females in the composition of yolk deposited in eggs could be responsible for the differences observed in this study.
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, PO Box 38, Solomons, 20659, MD, USA. Electronic address: rowe@umces.edu.
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Rowe
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, PO Box 38, Solomons, 20659, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Woodland
authors.affiliation: University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, PO Box 38, Solomons, 20659, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Funck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D052284:Clutch Size; D004531:Eggs; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005260:Female; D006128:Growth; D014426:Turtles / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015017:Yolk Sac
keywords: Clutch effects; Costs of growth; Energetics; Maternal effects; Parental investment; Reproduction; Reptiles; Respiration; Yolk composition