title: Association of a Controlled Substance Scoring Algorithm with Health Care Costs and Hospitalizations: A Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients often misuse a combination of prescription drugs including opioids; however, the relationship between a controlled substance (CS) score and health outcomes is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between a CS scoring algorithm and health care use, specifically total cost of care, hospitalizations, and emergency room (ER) visits.
  
  
  METHODS
  This analysis was a retrospective cohort study using administrative claims data from a large U.S. health insurer. Included in the analysis were 999,852 members with a minimum CS score of 2.5 in the fourth quarter (4Q) of 2012, who were continuously enrolled from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2013, and who were aged 18 years or older. A CS score was calculated using 4Q 2012 (3 months) prescription claims data and divided into 3 components: (1) number of CS claims, (2) number of unique pharmacies and unique prescribers, and (3) evidence of increasing CS use. The primary outcomes were total cost of care (pharmacy and medical costs), all-cause hospitalizations, and ER visits in 2013. We also quantified what a 1-point change in CS score meant for the primary outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  47% of members had a CS score of 2.5, indicating a single CS claim, and 51% of members had a score between 3 and less than 12. The remaining 2% (20,858 members) had a score of 12 or more. There was a statistically significant and consistently increasing association between the 4Q 2012 CS score and hospitalizations, ER visits, and total costs of care in 2013. A 1-point change in CS score was associated with a $1,488 change in total cost of care, 0.9% change in the hospitalization rate, and 1.5% change in the ER visit rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a linear association between increasing CS score and negative health outcomes. Insurers should consider interventions to lower member CS scores.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This study was funded internally by Prime Therapeutics. Starner, Qiu, and Gleason are employees of Prime Therapeutics, a pharmacy benefits management company. Karaca-Mandic is an employee of the University of Minnesota and did not receive any compensation related to this work. The results of this study were presented as a poster at the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy's 27th Annual Meeting and Expo; San Diego, California; April 7-10, 2015. Study concept and design were contributed by Starner, Gleason, and Qiu. Qiu took the lead in data collection, assisted by Starner and Gleason. Data interpretation was performed by all the authors. Starner primarily wrote and revised the manuscript, along with the other authors.
authors.affiliation: 1 Prime Therapeutics, Eagan, Minnesota, and Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Systems, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: Catherine I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Starner
authors.affiliation: 1 Prime Therapeutics, Eagan, Minnesota, and Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Systems, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: 2 Prime Therapeutics, Eagan, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Pinar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karaca-Mandic
authors.affiliation: 3 University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis.
authors.forename: Patrick P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Gleason
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D015331:Cohort Studies; D061891:Controlled Substances / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007345:Insurance Claim Review / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D061891:Controlled Substances