title: The efficacy and characteristics of warm-up and re-warm-up practices in soccer players: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This review aimed 1) to evaluate the current research that examines the efficacy of warm-up (WU) and re-warm-up (RWU) on physical performance; and 2) to highlight the WU and RWU characteristics that optimise subsequent performance in soccer players.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computerized search was performed in the PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar (from 1995 to December 2015) for English-language, peer-reviewed investigations using the terms "soccer" OR "football" AND "warm-up" OR "stretching" OR "post-activation potentiation" OR "pre-activity" OR "re-warm-up" AND "performance" OR "jump" OR "sprint" OR "running".
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty seven articles were retrieved. Particularly, 22 articles examined the effects of WU on soccer performance and 5 articles focused on the effects of RWU. Clear evidence exists supporting the inclusion of dynamic stretching or postactivation potentiation-based exercises within a WU as acute performance enhancements were reported (pooled estimate changes of +3.46% and +4.21%, respectively). The FIFA 11+ WU also significantly increases strength, jump, speed and explosive performances (changes from 1% to 20%). At half-time, active RWU protocols including postactivation potentiation practices and multidirectional speed drills attenuate temperature and performance reductions induced by habitual practice. The data obtained in the present review showed that the level of play did not moderate the effectiveness of WU and RWU on soccer performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review demonstrated that a static stretching WU reduced acute subsequent performance, while WU activities that include dynamic stretching, PAP-based exercises, and the FIFA 11+ can elicit positive effects in soccer players. The efficacy of an active RWU during half-time is also justified.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Ibnjazzar, Sousse, Tunisia - hammamiamri@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Amri
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hammami
authors.affiliation: School of Sport and Exercise Science, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Learning (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zois
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Bizerte, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Maamer
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Slimani
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Horsforth, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Russel
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Ibnjazzar, Sousse, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Ezdine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bouhlel
mesh_terms: D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D012916:Soccer / Q000502:physiology*; D063996:Warm-Up Exercise