title: Effect of mechanical debridement with adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of peri-implant diseases in type-2 diabetic smokers and non-smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present 6-month follow-up study was to assess the effect of mechanical debridement (MD) with adjunct antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in the treatment of peri-implant diseases in type-2 diabetic smokers and non-smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were divided into 2 groups: (a) Group-1: type-2 diabetic smokers; and (b) Group-2: type-2 diabetic non-smokers. In both groups, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and peri-implant bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing depth (PD) ≥4mm were measured at baseline and after 6 months of follow-up. Group comparisons were performed using the Kruskall-Wallis test and for multiple comparisons Bonferroni post hoc test was used. Level of significance was set at P<0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-four individuals (33 in Group-1 and 31 in Group-2) were included. At baseline, BOP and PD≥4mm were comparable among individuals in groups 1 and 2. The mean age of individuals in groups 1 and 2 were 52.6±0.8 and 54.4±1.2years, respectively. The mean duration of type-2 DM among patients in groups 1 and 2 was 8.2±0.3years and 10±0.2years, respectively. In Group-1, the participants were smoking 6.3±1.5 cigarettes daily since 12.7±3.3years. At 6-months follow-up, there was no statistically significant difference in BOP and PD≥4mm among patients in groups 1 and 2 compared with the respective baseline values. HbA1c levels were comparable in all groups at all time intervals CONCLUSION: Outcomes of the treatment of periimplant diseases using MD with adjunct aPDT are comparable among type-2 diabetic smokers and non-smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: tajabbar@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Tariq
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abduljabbar
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003646:Debridement / Q000379:methods*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents
keywords: Bleeding on probing; Gingival inflammation; Non-surgical periimplant therapy; Probing depth; Type-2 diabetes mellitus