title: Onset of Oviposition Triggers Abrupt Reduction in Migratory Flight Behavior and Flight Muscle in the Female Beet Webworm, Loxostege sticticalis.
abstract: Flight and reproduction are usually considered as two life history traits that compete for resources in a migratory insect. The beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis L., manages the costs of migratory flight and reproduction through a trade-off in timing of these two life history traits, where migratory behavior occurs during the preoviposition period. To gain insight into how migratory flight and reproduction are coordinated in the female beet webworm, we conducted experiments beginning at the end of the preoviposition period. We used flight mills to test whether flight performance and supportive flight musculature and fuel are affected by the number of eggs oviposited, or by the age of mated and unmated females after onset of oviposition by the former. The results showed that flight distance, flight velocity, flight duration, and flight muscle mass decreased abruptly at the onset of oviposition, compared to that of virgin females of the same age which did not change over the next 7 d. These results indicate that onset of oviposition triggers a decrease in flight performance and capacity in female beet webworms, as a way of actively managing reallocation of resources away from migratory flight and into egg production. In addition to the abrupt switch, there was a gradual, linear decline in flight performance, flight muscle mass, and flight fuel relative to the number of eggs oviposited. The histolysis of flight muscle and decrease of triglyceride content indicate a progressive degradation in the ability of adults to perform additional migratory flights after onset of oviposition. Although the results show that substantial, albeit reduced, long-duration flights remain possible after oviposition begins, additional long-distance migratory flights probably are not launched after the initiation of oviposition.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yunxia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Lizhi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Genetics Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America.
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Sappington
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xingfu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: All-Russian Institute for Plant Protection, Pushkin, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Andrei N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Frolov
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009036:Moths / Q000502:physiology*; D010058:Oviposition / Q000502:physiology*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides