title: Hypercoagulation and complement: Connected players in tumor development and metastases.
abstract: Hypercoagulation is a common feature of several tumors to the extent that individuals with coagulation defects often present with occult visceral cancers. Recent evidence has shown that hypercoagulation is not just a mere secondary effect due to the presence of the tumor, rather it actively contributes to tumor development and dissemination. Among the numerous mechanisms that can contribute to cancer-associated hypercoagulation, the ones involving immune-mediated processes are gaining increasing attention. In particular, complement cascade and hypercoagulation are one inducing the other in a vicious circle that involves neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation. Together, in this feedback loop, they can promote the protumorigenic phenotype of immune cells and the protection of tumor cells from immune attack, ultimately favouring tumor development, progression and metastases formation. In this review, we summarize the role of these processes in cancer development and highlight new possible intervention strategies based on anticoagulants that can arrest this vicious circle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, I-20139 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guglietta
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, I-20139 Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Haemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Italy. Electronic address: maria.rescigno@ieo.it.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rescigno
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003167:Complement Activation / Q000276:immunology; D003165:Complement System Proteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D065206:Extracellular Traps / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D003165:Complement System Proteins
keywords: Cancer; Complement; Hypercoagulation; Neutrophil; Neutrophil extracellular trap