title: Molecular Epidemiology of Agents of Human Chromoblastomycosis in Brazil with the Description of Two Novel Species.
abstract: The human mutilating disease chromoblastomycosis is caused by melanized members of the order Chaetothyriales. To assess population diversity among 123 clinical strains of agents of the disease in Brazil we applied sequencing of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region, and partial cell division cycle and β-tubulin genes. Strains studied were limited to three clusters divided over the single family Herpotrichiellaceae known to comprise agents of the disease. A Fonsecaea cluster contained the most important agents, among which F. pedrosoi was prevalent with 80% of the total set of strains, followed by 13% for F. monophora, 3% for F. nubica, and a single isolate of F. pugnacius. Additional agents, among which two novel species, were located among members of the genus Rhinocladiella and Cyphellophora, with frequencies of 3% and 1%, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.|Department of Biological Science, State University of Parana/ Campus Paranaguá, Paranaguá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vania A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Vicente
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Federal University of Maranhão, Sao Luis, MA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Conceição M P S de
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.affiliation: Dermato-Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para. Marituba, PA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudio G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Salgado
authors.affiliation: Dermato-Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para. Marituba, PA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Moises B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.|Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Queiroz-Telles
authors.affiliation: University Hospital of Federal University of Maranhão, Sao Luis, MA, Brazil.|Cedro Laboratories Maranhão, Sao Luis, MA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sirlei G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniel W C L
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Culture Collection, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tania S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: de Andrade
authors.affiliation: Department of Culture Collection, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elizabeth H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil.
authors.forename: Katia S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gheniffer
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fornari
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rosane C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Scroferneker
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Medicine and Biomedicine, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte Hospital, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rachel B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Caligine
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramirez-Castrillon
authors.affiliation: Dermato-Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para. Marituba, PA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniella P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: de Araújo
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daiane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heidrich
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Arnaldo L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Post-graduation Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.|Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: de Hoog
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002862:Chromoblastomycosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D016533:Mycological Typing Techniques; D010802:Phylogeny
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer