title: Heritability and Longitudinal Stability of Planning and Behavioral Disinhibition Based on the Porteus Maze Test.
abstract: The Porteus Maze Test (PMT) provides measures of planning and behavioral disinhibition. The PMT was administered to 941 twins during Wave 1 (9-10 years) and 320 twins during Wave 2 (11-13 years). Participants were drawn from the University of Southern California Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavior Study (RFAB). Heritability of behavioral disinhibition, determined by PMT Q-Score, were 33% at Wave 1 and 52% at Wave 2. For planning, determined by Test Age, heritability was 53% at Wave 1; at Wave 2, the non-shared environment was important in boys, whereas genetic influences were important in girls. Both indices were modestly stable (r = 0.52; r = 0.37). A common genetic factor influenced both indices, respectively, at the two time points, with no 'new' genetic variance at Wave 2; the non-shared environment was time-specific. Thus, both genetic and non-shared environmental influences are important for behavioral disinhibition (Q-Score) and planning (Test Age).
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern California (USC), (SGM 501), 3620 S. McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1061, USA. tuvblad@usc.edu.|School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden. tuvblad@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tuvblad
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern California (USC), (SGM 501), 3620 S. McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1061, USA.
authors.forename: Marcella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: May
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern California (USC), (SGM 501), 3620 S. McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1061, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raine
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern California (USC), (SGM 501), 3620 S. McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1061, USA.
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D014427:Twins / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000235:genetics; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics
keywords: Behavioral disinhibition; Executive functions; Heritability; Planning; Porteus Maze Test; Stability