title: Antibiotic Resistance in Severe Orofacial Infections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the antibiotic resistance profile in patients with severe orofacial infections treated at a single institution from 2009 through 2014. Factors contributing to resistance were studied. The resistance profile was compared with that of a cohort of similar patients treated a decade previously to identify changes in antibiotic resistance. In addition, the effect of antibiotic resistance on in-hospital course was studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a 5-year retrospective cohort study. Patients were identified through the oral and maxillofacial surgery data registry. Inclusion criteria were patients treated for orofacial infection requiring hospital admission, surgical drainage, and availability of complete medical, surgical, and microbiological data. Patients with incomplete data or treated as outpatients or nonsurgically were excluded. Sixty patient charts were identified for review. Demographic data; medical, dental, and surgical histories; and hospital course and treatment specifics were obtained for each patient. Linear regression and logistic analyses were used to analyze the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men composed 60% of the cohort (mean age, 45 yr). Average hospital stay was 5.5 days. Penicillin resistance was found in 32.5% of aerobic isolates and clindamycin resistance was found in 29.3%. Streptococcus viridans and Staphylococcus species showed increased resistance to clindamycin and erythromycin compared with historic controls. Younger patient age, surgical history, and number of cultured aerobes showed a relevant correlation to antibiotic resistance. The need for changes in antibiotics, repeat surgical drainage, and increased serum urea nitrogen levels correlated with longer hospital stay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A serious increase in clindamycin and erythromycin resistance was found for S viridans and Staphylococcus species. Age, surgical history, and number of cultured aerobes showed a statistically meaningful correlation to antibiotic resistance. Presence of antibiotic resistance failed to show statistically relevant correlations to prolongation of hospital stay. Rather, the need for change in antibiotic regimen, the need for re-drainage, and increased serum urea nitrogen level were associated with longer hospital stay.
authors.affiliation: Student, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Min Kyoung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Private Practitioner, Brockton, MA.
authors.forename: Sung-Kiang
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Massachusetts General Hospital-Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA. Electronic address: maugust@partners.org.
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: August
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult