title: Evaluation of sodium fluoride toxicity inSchistosomainfected snails: assessment of antioxidants, antiapoptotic, hypoprotein and hypocholesterol activities.
abstract: The snails' tissues represents an intermediate or secondary host forSchistosomasporocysts where, germ cells within the secondary sporocyst begin to divide to produce thousands of cercariae capable of infecting humans. The aim of the study was to evaluate the toxicity of sodium fluoride inSchistosomasnails' tissue homogenates. A total number of 264 differentSchistosomasnails were collected from eight drainage water resources and divided into control uninfected and infected snails; where infected snails divided into four group; the first group without any treatment while second, third and fourth groups immersed in 25, 50 and 100 mg sodium fluoride/L during the period of 4 weeks then the snails' hemolymph and tissue homogenates were prepared to evaluate the snail' tissue antioxidants, protein content, lipid profile and apoptosis. The results obtained revealed that superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase levels were decreased while malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein and triglycerides levels were increased inSchistosomainfected snails' tissues.Schistosomaalso induced apoptosis in snails' tissues homogenates. Sodium fluoride restores all the above parameters to approach the control uninfected snails levels. In conclusion, sodium fluoride inhibits oxidative stress and apoptosis produced inSchistosomainfected snails and consequently it is be useful to be used inSchistosomainfection inhibition where sodium fluoride at higher dose was more effective than the lower two doses.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physiology Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El-Buhouth Street, P. O. Box 12622, Dokki Cairo, Egypt ; Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Khaled M M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Koriem
authors.affiliation: Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Radziyah B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Shamsuri
authors.affiliation: Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Asliza M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ubaidillah
keywords: Lipids; Oxidative stress; Protein; Schistosoma; Snails; Sodium fluoride