title: Association of serum vitamin D with osteosarcopenic obesity: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2010.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serum vitamin D levels have been reported to be associated with individual components of body composition. However, the relationship between serum vitamin D and combined indices of adverse body composition is largely unknown. This cross-sectional study examined the association between serum vitamin D and osteosarcopenic obesity in a nationally representative sample of middle-aged and older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (IV and V) conducted in 2008-2010, consisting of 5908 (2485 men, 3423 women) aged ≥ 50 years. Serum vitamin D levels were determined by radioimmunoassay, and body composition was evaluated by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The association between serum vitamin D levels and the number of abnormalities in body composition, including osteosarcopenic obesity, a low bone and muscle mass with concurrent high fat mass, was analysed by multinomial logistic regression adjusting for covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men, after controlling for covariates, higher vitamin D levels were associated with a significantly reduced likelihood of the number of phenotypes of adverse body composition (P for trend < 0.05). Those in the highest tertile group of serum vitamin D levels, compared with those in the lowest tertile, were less likely to have adverse body composition, numbering one (odds ratio [OR] = 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.49, 0.92), two (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.73), and three (osteosarcopenic obesity; OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.26, 0.67). In women, those in the highest tertile group of serum vitamin D levels, compared with those in the lowest tertile, were less likely to have osteosarcopenic obesity (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.93). Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) in men was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of a higher number of adverse body composition, especially for osteosarcopenic obesity (OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.42, 3.03). Vitamin D deficient women, compared with those having normal levels of serum vitamin D, were also more likely to demonstrate osteosarcopenic obesity (OR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.30, 3.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high serum vitamin D level in mid- and late-life was associated with reduced odds of multiple adverse body composition, especially osteosarcopenic obesity, suggesting potential health benefits of maintaining adequate levels of vitamin D.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.|Institute on Aging, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jinhee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.|Institute on Aging, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yunhwan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Education, Graduate School of Education, Gachon University, Sungnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seunghee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kye
authors.affiliation: Institute on Aging, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea.|Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon-Sok
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Public Health and Welfare, Yongin University, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Okhee
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001823:Body Composition; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: Obesity; Osteoporosis; Osteosarcopenic obesity; Sarcopenia; Vitamin D