title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation modifies astrocytosis, cell density and lipopolysaccharide levels in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is considered a valid experimental model for multiple sclerosis, a chronic neuroinflammatory condition of the central nervous system. Additionally, some evidence has shown that some microbial products such as the bacterial lipopolysaccharide could lead to the activation of reactive immune cells, triggering neuroinflammation. Several studies have found that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) may exert a neuroprotective effect. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effect of TMS on the neuroinflammation occurring in EAE.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 44 male Dark Agouti rats were used. EAE induction was performed administering subcutaneously at the dorsal base of the tail a single dose of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Clinical evaluation of motor symptoms was performed. Brain and spinal cord were collected and analyzed for nitric oxide, bacterial lipopolysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. We also carried out a histologic exam, which included an astrocyte immunostaining and Nissl staining for the assessment of brain cell density and pyknotic nuclei.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TMS effectively ameliorated motor impairment secondary to EAE. This form of magnetic field was capable of decreasing the proliferation of astrocytes as a response to the autoimmune attack, reducing the content of nitric oxide, bacterial lipopolysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in central nervous system. Moreover, in treated animals, brain cell density was improved and the number of pyknotic nuclei was decreased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcranial magnetic stimulation modifies astrocytosis, cell density and lipopolysaccharide levels in EAE. These results suggest that TMS could be a promising treatment for neuroinflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cordoba, Spain. Electronic address: mefef.dr@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Medina-Fernández
authors.affiliation: Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Spain; Department of Morphological Sciences, Histology Section, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cordoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Evelio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Luque
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cordoba, Spain; Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Spain.
authors.forename: Macarena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aguilar-Luque
authors.affiliation: Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Spain; Department of Neurology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Spain.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Agüera
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cordoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feijóo
authors.affiliation: Canvax Biotech S.L., Cordoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Fe I
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: García-Maceira
authors.affiliation: Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Begoña M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Escribano
authors.affiliation: Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, USA.
authors.forename: Álvaro
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Pascual-Leone
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Institute of Cell Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Drucker-Colín
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cordoba, Spain; Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Spain; Cooperative Research Thematic Network on Aging and Frailty (RETICEF), Spain.
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Túnez
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000473:pathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D002452:Cell Count; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004681:Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000032:analysis; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D000099231:Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000099231:Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein
keywords: Bacterial lipopolysaccharide; Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; Neuroinflammation; Nitric oxide; Transcranial magnetic stimulation