title: Glycogen synthase kinase 3β and cyclin D1 expression in cervical carcinogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is a pluripotent protein kinase involved in the development of cancers through regulation of numerous oncogenic molecules. Cyclin D1, an important regulator of G1 to S phase transition in various cells, is one of target proteins that GSK3β regulate. Our objective was to assess the expression of GSK3β and cyclin D1 in cervical neoplasm of different histologic grades and to identify their correlation in cervical carcinogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemical analysis of GSK3β and cyclin D1 was performed in a total of 137 patients with 12 normal, 62 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) (31 CIN1 and 31 CIN3) and 63 invasive cancers including 56 squamous cell carcinomas and 7 adenocarcinomas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of GSK3β increased in parallel with the lesion grade, while that of cyclin D1 decreased with severity of the lesion (P<0.001). There was a significant inverse correlation between GSK3β and cyclin D1 expression in overall cervical neoplasia (Φ=-0.413,P<0.001). GSK3β expression was higher in squamous cell carcinoma than in adenocarcinoma (P=0.049).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the expressional increase in GSK3β plays a role in cervical carcinogenesis and has inverse correlation with cyclin D1 expression in this process. In addition, GSK3β expression appears to be associated with the histologic type of cervical cancer, especially squamous cell carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyunsoo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Myunghwa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Dae Woon
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seo Yoo
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hojung
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4754-8466
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; Cyclin D1; Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; Immunohistochemistry; Squamous cell carcinoma