title: Hypoxia and HIF-1 activation in bacterial infections.
abstract: For most of the living beings, oxygen is one of the essential elements required to sustain life. Deprivation of oxygen causes tissue hypoxia and this severely affects host cell and organ functions. Tissue hypoxia is a prominent microenvironmental condition occurring in infections and there is a body of evidence that hypoxia and inflammation are interconnected with each other. The primary key factor mediating the mammalian hypoxic response is hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1, which regulates oxygen homeostasis on cellular, tissue and organism level. Recent studies show that HIF-1 plays a central role in angiogenesis, cancer and cardiovascular disease but also in bacterial infections. Activation of HIF-1 depends on the nature of the pathogen and the characteristics of infections in certain hosts. Up to date, it is not completely clear whether the phenomenon of HIF-1 activation in infections has a protective or detrimental effect on the host. In this review, we give an overview of whether and how hypoxia and HIF-1 affect the course of infections.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Goethe-University, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Gayatri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Devraj
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Goethe-University, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Christiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beerlage
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry I - Pathobiochemistry, Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brüne
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Goethe-University, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Electronic address: volkhard.kempf@kgu.de.
authors.forename: Volkhard A J
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Kempf
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1
keywords: Angiogenesis; Cancer; Inflammation; Ischemia; Microenvironment; VEGF