title: SXT/R391 integrative and conjugative elements in Proteus species reveal abundant genetic diversity and multidrug resistance.
abstract: SXT/R391 integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are self-transmissible mobile genetic elements that are found in most members of Enterobacteriaceae. Here, we determined fifteen SXT/R391 ICEs carried by Proteus isolates from food (4.2%) and diarrhoea patients (17.3%). BLASTn searches against GenBank showed that the fifteen SXT/R391 ICEs were closely related to that from different Enterobacteriaceae species, including Proteus mirabilis. Using core gene phylogenetic analysis, the fifteen SXT/R391 ICEs were grouped into six distinct clusters, including a dominant cluster and three clusters that have not been previously reported in Proteus isolates. The SXT/R391 ICEs shared a common structure with a set of conserved genes, five hotspots and two variable regions, which contained more foreign genes, including drug-resistance genes. Notably, a class A β-lactamase gene was identified in nine SXT/R391 ICEs. Collectively, the ICE-carrying isolates carried resistance genes for 20 tested drugs. Six isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole and tetracycline, which are drug resistances commonly encoded by ICEs. Our results demonstrate abundant genetic diversity and multidrug resistance of the SXT/R391 ICEs carried by Proteus isolates, which may have significance for public health. It is therefore necessary to continuously monitor the antimicrobial resistance and related mobile elements among Proteus isolates.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC/State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xinyue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC/State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Pengcheng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC/State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Hang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC/State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yujie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC/State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Zhenpeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 PR China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 PR China.
authors.forename: Baoli
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC/State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Biao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC/State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China.|Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Duochun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003227:Conjugation, Genetic; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000235:genetics; D005516:Food Microbiology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D005810:Multigene Family; D010802:Phylogeny; D011511:Proteus / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011512:Proteus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements