title: The performance of atmospheric pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry compared to gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of polychlorinated dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls in food and feed samples.
abstract: Recently, gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) has been added in European Union (EU) legislation as an alternative to magnetic sector high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the analysis of dioxins and dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCB) in food and feed. In this study the performance of APGC-MS/MS compared to GC-HRMS is investigated and compared with EU legislation. The study includes the legislative parameters, relative intermediate precision standard deviation (SRw,rel), trueness, sensitivity, linear range and ion ratio tolerance. In addition, over 200 real samples of large variety and spanning several orders of magnitude in concentration were analyzed by both techniques and the selectivity was evaluated by comparing chromatograms. The SRw,rel and trueness were evaluated using (in-house) reference samples and fulfill to EU legislation, though the SRw,rel was better with GC-HRMS. The sensitivity was considerably better than of GC-HRMS while the linear range was similar. Ion ratios were mostly within the tolerable range of ±15%. A (temporary unresolved) systematic deviation in ion ratio was observed for several congeners, yet this did not lead to exceeding of the maximum ion ratio limits. The APGC-MS/MS results for the non-dioxin-like-PCBs (ndl-PCBs) were negatively biased, particularly for PCB138 and 153 in contaminated samples. The selectivity of APGC-MS/MS was lower for several matrices. Particularly for contaminated samples, interfering peaks were observed in the APGC chromatograms of the native compounds (dioxins) and labeled internal standards (PCBs). These can lead to biased results and ultimately to false positive samples. It was concluded that the determination of dioxins and PCBs using APGC-MS/MS meets the requirements set by the European Commission. However, due to generally better selectivity and SRw,rel, GC-HRMS is the preferred method for monitoring purposes.
authors.affiliation: RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 230, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Guillaume.tendam@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ten Dam
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Igor Cabreira
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Pussente
authors.affiliation: Center for Analytical Research and Technology (CART), University of Liège, 11 Allée du six AoÛt, Quartier Agora, Belgium.
authors.forename: Georges
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scholl
authors.affiliation: Center for Analytical Research and Technology (CART), University of Liège, 11 Allée du six AoÛt, Quartier Agora, Belgium.
authors.forename: Gauthier
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eppe
authors.affiliation: EU Reference Laboratory (EU-RL) for Dioxins and PCBs in Feed and Food, State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis of Food, Bissierstrasse 5, 79114 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schaechtele
authors.affiliation: RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 230, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D004147:Dioxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D005062:European Union; D005502:Food; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D008970:Molecular Weight; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004147:Dioxins; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls
keywords: Atmospheric pressure gas chromatography; Dioxin; High resolution mass spectrometry; PCB; Tandem mass spectrometry