title: Sleep Disorders in Methadone Maintenance Treatment Volunteers and Opium-dependent Patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between substance use and sleep is bidirectional. Substance use directly causessleep disturbances, and sleep problems are a critical factor in substance-use relapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study evaluated sleep disorders in 65 methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients, and61 opium-dependent patients who did not receive any treatment between September 2011 and July 2012 inKermanshah, Iran. Both groups filled out the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Global SleepAssessment Questionnaire (GSAQ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sleep disorders were remarkably similar in both groups: 78.5% of MMT patients and 87.7% ofopium-dependent patients suffered from sleep problems. Sleep disorders in the opium-dependent groupwere remarkably higher and more prominent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to opium, MMT does not have as many negative effects on sleep and is more effectivein mitigating sleep problems.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Habibolah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khazaie
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Najafi
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Rasoul
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ghadami
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Atena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azami
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Marzieh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nasouri
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tahmasian
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Research Center AND Department of Psychiatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Behnam
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Khaledi-Paveh
keywords: Methadone maintenance treatment; Opium dependency; Sleep disorders