title: Regional Gradients in Institutional Cesarean Delivery Rates: Evidence from Five Countries in Asia.
abstract: Although the influence of the type of institutional setting on the risk of cesarean birth is well documented, less is known about the regional variations in institution-specific cesarean rates within countries. Our purpose was to examine regional variations in cesarean rates across public and private facilities in five Asian countries with a sizeable private sector: Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, and the Philippines.
  
  
  
  Demographic Health Survey data and a hierarchical model were used to assess regional variations in the mode of delivery while controlling for a wide range of socioeconomic, demographic, and maternal risk factors.
  
  
  
  The risk of cesarean birth was greater in a private facility than in a government hospital by 36-48 percent in India and Indonesia and by 130 percent in Bangladesh. Regional gradients in cesarean birth were found to be steeper for deliveries in private facilities than in government hospitals in India, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The residents of India's high-use states were 55 percent more likely to undergo a cesarean delivery in a government hospital and 83 percent more likely in a private facility than their counterparts in the medium-use states. Similarly, compared to the residents of the Philippines's medium-use provinces, giving birth in a government facility increased the likelihood of a cesarean delivery by 84 percent and by 173 percent in a private facility.
  
  
  
  Large regional variations in cesarean rates suggest the need for more informed clinical decision making with respect to the selection of cases for cesarean delivery and the establishment of well-developed guidelines and standards at the provincial or state levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: Ardeshir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sepehri
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, University of Regina, Regina, Canada.
authors.forename: Harminder
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guliani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001208:Asia; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D016304:Hospitals, Private / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006779:Hospitals, Public / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cesarean section; institutional setting; regional variations