title: Identifying in-patient costs attributable to the clinical sequelae and comorbidities of alcoholic liver disease in a national hospital database.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The clinical sequelae and comorbidities of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) often require hospitalization. The aims of this study were to (1) compare the average costs of hospitalizations with ALD and the costs of hospitalizations with other alcohol-related diagnoses that do not involve the liver; and (2) estimate the percentage of the difference in costs between the ALD and non-ALD hospitalizations that may be attributed to ascites, protein-calorie malnutrition and other conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 2012 National Inpatient Sample is a population-based cross-sectional database representing more than 94% of all discharges from community hospitals in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community hospitals in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 72 531 hospitalizations with ALD and 287 047 hospitalizations with other alcohol-related diagnoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dependent variable was total in-patient costs. We estimated the contribution of ascites, protein-calorie malnutrition and other conditions to the difference in costs between patients with ALD and patients with other diagnoses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average costs for ALD patients were $3188.4 higher than those for patients with other diagnoses ($13 543 versus $10 355; P < 0.001). Among all conditions in the analysis, protein-calorie malnutrition had the largest impact on costs [$6501; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 5956, 7045; P < 0.001] accounting for 12% of the higher costs of ALD stays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Costs of hospital care for patients with alcoholic liver disease are higher than those for patients with other alcohol-related diagnoses. These increased costs are associated with specific clinical sequelae and comorbidities, with protein-calorie malnutrition-a largely preventable condition-making a substantial contribution.
authors.affiliation: Center for Delivery, Organization, and Markets, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Heslin
authors.affiliation: Center for Delivery, Organization, and Markets, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elixhauser
authors.affiliation: Center for Delivery, Organization, and Markets, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Claudia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Steiner
mesh_terms: D001201:Ascites / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics*; D006764:Hospitals, Community; D006801:Humans; D008108:Liver Diseases, Alcoholic / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Alcoholic liver disease; comorbidity; costs, decomposition; hospital; malnutrition