title: Acquired resistance to BRAF inhibition induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in BRAF (V600E) mutant thyroid cancer by c-Met-mediated AKT activation.
abstract: Previously, the authors have identified that c-Met mediates reactivation of the PI3K/AKT pathway following BRAF inhibitor treatment in BRAF (V600E) mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer, thereby contributing to the acquired drug resistance. Therefore dual inhibition of BRAF and c-Met led to sustained treatment response, thereby maximizing the specific anti-tumor effect of targeted therapy. The present study goes one step further and aims to investigate the effect of acquired resistance of BRAF inhibitor on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in BRAF mutant thyroid cancer cells and the effect of dual inhibition from combinatorial therapy. Two thyroid cancer cell lines, 8505C and BCPAP were selected and treated with BRAF inhibitor, PLX4032 and its effect on EMT were examined and compared. Further investigation was carried out in orthotopic xenograft mouse models. Unlike BCPAP cells, the BRAF inhibitor resistant 8505C cells showed increased expressions of EMT related markers such as vimentin, β-catenin, and CD44. The combinatorial treatment of PLX4032 and PHA665752, a c-Met inhibitor reversed EMT. Similar results were confirmed in vivo. c-Met-mediated reactivation of the PI3K/AKT pathway contributes to the drug resistance to PLX4032 in BRAF (V600E) mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer cells and further promotes tumor cell migration and invasion by upregulated EMT mechanism. Dual inhibition of BRAF and c-Met leads to reversal of EMT, suggesting a maximal therapeutic response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyung Kwon
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Byeon
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hwi Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Na
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yeon Ju
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sooah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Och
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Minhee
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|YUHS-KRIBB Medical Convergence Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jaemoon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Wook
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Myung Jin
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ban
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Da Hee
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Chang
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chang-Hoon
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|Research Center for Human Natural Defense System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Joo-Heon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon Woo
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Koh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009154:Mutation; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000077484:Vemurafenib; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000077484:Vemurafenib; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
keywords: BRAF mutation; drug resistance; epithelial-mesenchymal transition; molecular targeted therapy; thyroid cancer