title: Incorporation of conjugated fatty acids into Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this work was to improve the nutritional quality of Nile tilapia meat through enriched diets with conjugated isomers of linolenic acid from tung oil. The transfer process of conjugated fatty acids (CFAs) into fish muscle tissue was evaluated by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that conjugated fatty acids were transferred from enriched diet for muscle tissue of Nile tilapia. Conjugated linoleic acids biosynthesis from conjugated linolenic acids was also observed after 10 days. Other important fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic (DHA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and arachidonic (AA) acids were also identified over time; however, DHA showed the highest concentration when compared with EPA and AA compounds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, the nutritional quality of Nile tilapia was improved through feeding with enriched diets. The ingestion of these fish may contribute to reaching adequate levels of daily CFA consumption. Furthermore, other important substances which play an important role in human metabolism, such as EPA, DHA and AA, can also be ingested together with CFA. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Rua Marcílio Dias, n° 635, Jd. Paraíso, Apucarana, Paraná CEP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elton G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Bonafé
authors.affiliation: Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Rua Marcílio Dias, n° 635, Jd. Paraíso, Apucarana, Paraná CEP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luana C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: de Figueiredo
authors.affiliation: Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Rua Marcílio Dias, n° 635, Jd. Paraíso, Apucarana, Paraná CEP, Brazil.|Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR-AP), CEP, Apucarana-PR, Brazil.|Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR-LD), CEP, Londrina-PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alessandro F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Rua Marcílio Dias, n° 635, Jd. Paraíso, Apucarana, Paraná CEP, Brazil.|Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR-LD), CEP, Londrina-PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Johny P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5.790, Jd. Universitário, Maringá, Paraná CEP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Oscar Os
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Junior
authors.affiliation: Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Rua Marcílio Dias, n° 635, Jd. Paraíso, Apucarana, Paraná CEP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edmilson A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Canesin
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, S/N, Jd. Das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná CEP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Swami Arêa
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5.790, Jd. Universitário, Maringá, Paraná CEP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jesuí V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Visentainer
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D023681:Cichlids / Q000378:metabolism*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid
keywords: CLA; CLnA; fish; tung oil