title: Sustained fecal-oral human-to-human transmission following a zoonotic event.
abstract: Bacterial, viral and parasitic zoonotic pathogens that transmit via the fecal-oral route have a major impact on global health. However, the mechanisms underlying the emergence of such pathogens from the animal reservoir and their persistence in the human population are poorly understood. Here, we present a framework of human-to-human transmission of zoonotic pathogens that considers the factors relevant for fecal-oral human-to-human transmission route at the levels of host, pathogen, and environment. We discuss current data gaps and propose future research directions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Miranda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.affiliation: Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Relja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Simone M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Caccio
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; WHO Collaborating Center for Campylobacter/OIE Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Duim
authors.affiliation: Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pieter LA
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fraaij
authors.affiliation: Ifremer, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Françoise S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Le Guyader
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Necker-Pasteur Centre for Infectiology, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Institut Imagine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lecuit
authors.affiliation: Inserm, CNRS, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Le Pendu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States.
authors.forename: Emmie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Wit
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health and Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: schultsz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Constance
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schultsz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000635:transmission*; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D004435:Eating; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D006801:Humans; D010272:Parasitic Diseases / Q000635:transmission*; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000635:transmission*; D015047:Zoonoses / Q000635:transmission*