title: Association of 3 Different Antihypertensive Medications With Hip and Pelvic Fracture Risk in Older Adults: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  On the basis of observational studies, the use of thiazide diuretics for the treatment of hypertension is associated with reduced fracture risk compared with nonuse. Data from randomized clinical trials are lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether the use of thiazide diuretics for the treatment of hypertension is associated with reduced fracture risk compared with nonuse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using Veterans Affairs and Medicare claims data, this study examined hip and pelvic fracture hospitalizations in Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial participants randomized to first-step therapy with a thiazide-type diuretic (chlorthalidone), a calcium channel blocker (amlodipine besylate), or an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (lisinopril). Recruitment was from February 1994 to January 1998; in-trial follow-up ended in March 2002. The mean follow-up was 4.9 years. Posttrial follow-up was conducted through the end of 2006, using passive surveillance via national databases. For this secondary analysis, which used an intention-to-treat approach, data were analyzed from February 1, 1994, through December 31, 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hip and pelvic fracture hospitalizations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 22 180 participants (mean [SD] age, 70.4 [6.7] years; 43.0% female; and 49.9% white non-Hispanic, 31.2% African American, and 19.1% other ethnic groups) were followed for up to 8 years (mean [SD], 4.9 [1.5] years) during masked therapy. After trial completion, 16 622 participants for whom claims data were available were followed for up to 5 additional years (mean [SD] total follow-up, 7.8 [3.1] years). During the trial, 338 fractures occurred. Participants randomized to receive chlorthalidone vs amlodipine or lisinopril had a lower risk of fracture on adjusted analyses (hazards ratio [HR], 0.79; 95% CI, 0.63-0.98; P = .04). Risk of fracture was significantly lower in participants randomized to receive chlorthalidone vs lisinopril (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.58-0.98; P = .04) but not significantly different compared with those randomized to receive amlodipine (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.63-1.08; P = .17). During the entire trial and posttrial period of follow-up, the cumulative incidence of fractures was nonsignificantly lower in participants randomized to receive chlorthalidone vs lisinopril or amlodipine (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.74-1.03; P = .10) and vs each medication separately. In sensitivity analyses, when 1 year after randomization was used as the baseline (to allow for the effects of medications on bone to take effect), similar results were obtained for in-trial and in-trial plus posttrial follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings from a large randomized clinical trial provide evidence of a beneficial effect of thiazide-type diuretic therapy in reducing hip and pelvic fracture risk compared with treatment with other antihypertensive medications.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00000542.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Kaiser Permanente of Georgia, Atlanta.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Puttnam
authors.affiliation: Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston.
authors.forename: Barry R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston.
authors.forename: Sara L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Pressel
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Whelton
authors.affiliation: Preventive Medicine Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Cushman
authors.affiliation: Office of Research, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Gail T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Louis
authors.affiliation: HealthPartners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Margolis
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oparil
authors.affiliation: J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.affiliation: Coordinating Center for Clinical Trials, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston.
authors.forename: Alokananda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Paula T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Einhorn
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Kaiser Permanente of Georgia, Atlanta.
authors.forename: Joshua I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Barzilay
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017311:Amlodipine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002752:Chlorthalidone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D057194:Intention to Treat Analysis; D017706:Lisinopril / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010384:Pelvic Bones / Q000293:injuries*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D017311:Amlodipine; D017706:Lisinopril; D002752:Chlorthalidone