title: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3stimulates odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp-stem cells in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3(1,25-OH D3) plays an important role in mineralized tissue metabolism, including teeth. However, few studies have addressed its role in odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp-stem cells (hDPSCs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to understand the influence of various concentrations of 1,25-OH D3on the proliferation capacity and early dentinogenesis responses of hDPSCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  hDPSCs were obtained from the impacted third molar teeth. Monolayer cultured cells were incubated with a differentiation medium containing different concentrations of 1,25-OH D3(0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 µM). All groups were evaluated by S-phase rate [immunohistochemical (IHC) bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) staining], STRO-1 and dentin sialoprotein (DSP)+ levels (IHC), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)) levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of cells that entered the S-phase was determined to be the highest and lowest in the control and 0.001 µM 1,25-OH D3groups, respectively. The 0.1 µM vitamin D3group had the highest increase in DSP+ levels. The highest Stro-1 levels were detected in the control and 0.1 µM 1,25-OH D3groups, respectively. The 0.1 µM 1,25-OH D3induced a mild increase in ALP activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that 1,25-OH D3stimulated odontoblastic differentiation of hDPSCs in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. The high DSP + cell number and a mild increase in ALP activity suggest that DPSCs treated with 0.1 μM 1,25-OH D3are in the later stage of odontoblastic differentiation. The results confirm that 1,25-OH D3-added cocktail medium provides a sufficient microenvironment for the odontoblastic differentiation of hDPSCs in vitro.
authors.affiliation: a Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Goksen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mucuk
authors.affiliation: a Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Elif
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sepet
authors.affiliation: b Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul Aydın University , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Mine
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6583-0684
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Erguven
authors.affiliation: c Biochemistry Department, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozlem
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ekmekcı
authors.affiliation: d Histology and Embryology Department, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul Aydın University , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Ayhan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bılır
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D009804:Odontoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002117:Calcitriol
keywords: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3; cell culture; dental pulp-stem cells; odontoblastic differentiation; vitamin D