title: Four Statin Benefit Groups Defined by The 2013 ACC/AHA New Cholesterol Guideline are Characterized by Increased Plasma Level of Electronegative Low-Density Lipoprotein.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Significantly higher cytotoxic and thrombogenic human electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or L5, has been found in patients with stable coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome. We hypothesized that the statin-benefit groups (SBGs) defined by the new cholesterol guideline were of higher electronegative L5.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 62 hyperlipidemia patients (mean age 59.4 ± 10.5, M/F 40/22) were retrospectively divided into SBGs (n = 44) and N-SBGs (n = 18). The levels of complete basic lipid panel, biochemical profile and electronegative L5 of each individual were obtained before and after rosuvastatin 10 mg/day for 3 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 3 months' statin therapy, significant reduction of total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglyceride were demonstrated (all p-values < 0.05), with 38.4% LDL-C reduction. The percentage of L5 was significantly reduced by 40.9% (from 4.4% to 2.6%) after statin therapy (p = 0.001). Regarding absolute L5 concentration, derived from L5% multiplied by LDL-C, there was approximate 63.8% reduction (from 6.3 mg/dL to 2.3 mg/dL) of absolute L5 (p < 0.001) after statin treatment. Notably, while plasma LDL-C levels were similar between SBGs and N-SBGs (152.8 ± 48.6 vs. 146.9 ± 35.0 mg/dL), the SBGs had significantly elevated L5% (5.2 ± 7.4% vs. 2.6 ± 1.9%, p = 0.031) and higher absolute L5 concentration (7.4 ± 10.4 vs. 3.7 ± 3.1 mg/dL, p = 0.036). Linear regression showed the significantly positive correlation between the plasma L5 concentration and the 10-year cardiovascular risk by pooled cohort equation (r = 0.297, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The four SBGs defined by the 2013 ACC/AHA new cholesterol guideline tend to have increased atherogenic electronegative L5. Statin therapy can effectively reduce the electronegative L5 of these four major SBGs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital; ; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU; ; Center for Lipid Biosciences, KMU Hospital, KMU; ; Center for Lipid and Glycomedicine Research.
authors.forename: Chih-Sheng
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Center for Lipid Biosciences, KMU Hospital, KMU; ; Center for Lipid and Glycomedicine Research; ; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences.
authors.forename: Liang-Yin
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.affiliation: Center for Lipid Biosciences, KMU Hospital, KMU; ; Center for Lipid and Glycomedicine Research; ; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hua-Chen
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Center for Lipid and Glycomedicine Research.
authors.forename: Hsiu-Chua
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Center for Lipid Biosciences, KMU Hospital, KMU.
authors.forename: Chih-Chieh
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital; ; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU; ; Center for Lipid Biosciences, KMU Hospital, KMU; ; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kai-Hung
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital; ; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU; ; Center for Lipid Biosciences, KMU Hospital, KMU; ; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsiang-Chun
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital; ; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU; ; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsuan-Fu
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital; ; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU; ; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Tang
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology.
authors.forename: Kuan-Cheng
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital; ; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU.
authors.forename: Sheng-Hsiung
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Sheu
authors.affiliation: Center for Lipid Biosciences, KMU Hospital, KMU; ; Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA; ; L5 Research Center, China Medical University (CMU) Hospital, CMU, Taichung, Taiwan; ; Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Chu-Huang
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital; ; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU; ; Center for Lipid and Glycomedicine Research.
authors.forename: Wen-Ter
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Lai
keywords: Cardiovascular risks; Cholesterol guideline; Electronegative LDL; Statin