title: Translation and cultural adaptation of the Shame and Stigma Scale (SSS) into Portuguese (Brazil) to evaluate patients with head and neck cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Head and neck cancer is the sixth leading cause of death from cancer worldwide and its treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. The surgical procedure may cause mutilating sequelae, that can alter patient self-image. Thus, head and neck cancer is often connected to the negative stigma with decreased quality of life. Few studies assess the social stigma and shame perceived by patients with head and neck cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform the translation and cultural adaptation of the Shame and Stigma Scale (SSS) into Portuguese (Brazil).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two independent translations (English into Portuguese) were carried out by two professionals fluent in the English language. After the synthesis of the translations, two independent back-translations (from Portuguese into English) were performed by two translators whose native language is English. All translations were critically assessed by a committee of experts consisting of five members. A sample of 15 patients answered the Brazilian Portuguese version of the SSS to carry out the pretest. At this step, the patients were able to suggest modifications and evaluate the understanding of the items.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no need to change the scale after this step. Based on the previous steps, we obtained the Portuguese (Brazil) version of the SSS, which was called "Escala de Vergonha e Estigma".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Portuguese (Brazil) version of the SSP was shown to be adequate to be applied to the population with HNC and, therefore, the psychometric properties of the tool will be evaluated during following steps.
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Câncer de Barretos, Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Oncologia, Barretos, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: wepirola@gmail.com.
authors.forename: William Eduardo
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Pirola
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Câncer de Barretos, Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Oncologia, Barretos, SP, Brazil; Hospital de Câncer de Barretos, Grupo de Pesquisa em Cuidados Paliativos e Qualidade de Vida Relacionada à Saúde (GPQual), Barretos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bianca Sakamoto Ribeiro
authors.initials: BSR
authors.lastname: Paiva
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Câncer de Barretos, Grupo de Pesquisa em Cuidados Paliativos e Qualidade de Vida Relacionada à Saúde (GPQual), Barretos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eliane Marçon
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Barroso
authors.affiliation: Monash University, Departments of Psychiatry and Palliative Care, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kissane
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciência e Letras de Bebedouro, Graduação em Letras, Bebedouro, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudia Valéria Maseti Pimenta
authors.initials: CVMP
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Câncer de Barretos, Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Oncologia, Barretos, SP, Brazil; Hospital de Câncer de Barretos, Grupo de Pesquisa em Cuidados Paliativos e Qualidade de Vida Relacionada à Saúde (GPQual), Barretos, SP, Brazil; Hospital de Câncer de Barretos, Departamento de Oncologia Clínica, Divisão Mama e Ginecologia, Barretos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Eduardo
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Paiva
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012752:Shame; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D057545:Social Stigma; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014177:Translations
keywords: Estigma social; Head and neck cancer; Neoplasias de cabeça e pescoço; Qualidade de vida; Quality of life; Shame; Social stigma; Vergonha