title: Requests of laboratory tests for the diagnosis and management of calcium-phosphate disorders in Spain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Knowledge about the variability in the request of calcium-phosphate metabolism laboratory tests in primary care is important to design strategies to improve health system efficiency.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the inter-practice variability in calcium-phosphate metabolism laboratory tests requested by general practitioners from diverse regions across Spain.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and forty one clinical laboratories were invited to participate in an observational cross-sectional study. They informed the number of serum calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D requested by general practitioners. Appropriateness indicators were calculated as number of test requests per 1,000 inhabitants and ratio of related tests requests. The differences according to hospital setting, region and type of management were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We recruited 76 laboratories (17,679,195 inhabitants). General practitioners requested 3,260,894 calcium-phosphate metabolism tests. The rate of request ranged from 2.97 per 1,000 inhabitants for 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 98.89 per 1,000 inhabitants for calcium. The rates of request for calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone in some areas were 30, 100 and 340 times higher than in other areas. Parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were highly requested in private management areas. There were also differences in phosphate, parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D requesting between regions across Spain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high variability observed is difficult to explain by differences in patient case mix between regions. Depending on the area, calcium could be under requested to detect primary hyperparathyroidism.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salinas
authors.forename: Maite
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: López-Garrigós
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: Joaquín
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Uris
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leiva-Salinas
mesh_terms: D002128:Calcium Metabolism Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D058005:General Practitioners; D006801:Humans; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000175:diagnosis; D006961:Hyperparathyroidism / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D010710:Phosphates / Q000097:blood; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013030:Spain; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D010710:Phosphates; D014807:Vitamin D; C020243:calcium phosphate; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D