title: Schneiderian Membrane Perforation Rate and Increase in Bone Temperature During Maxillary Sinus Floor Elevation by Means of Er: YAG Laser-An Animal Study in Pigs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the time of preparation, bone temperature increase, and the Schneiderian membrane perforation rate during maxillary sinus floor elevation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The research included 30 maxillary sinuses (n = 30) of a pig, divided into 2 groups (n = 15). The lateral bony windows were created using Er:YAG laser (200 mJ, 15 Hz, energy density: 25.48 J/cm) and a diamond bur (control). The membrane was elevated using laser (50 mJ, 50 Hz) and hand instruments. The bone temperature was measured by K-type thermocouple.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly lower rates of the Schneiderian membrane perforation were found in the laser group (6.67%) compared with the bur (33%) (P < 0.05). The significant higher increase in temperature (mean 7.6°C) was found in the experimental group as compared with the control group (mean 2°C) (P = 0.0000033). The average time necessary for the laser bony window osteotomy was 10 minutes and 37 seconds, whereas using the bur required middling 5 minutes and 50 seconds (P = 0.000283).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The application of Er:YAG laser may significantly reduce the risk of iatrogenic perforation of the Schneiderian membrane and does not cause an irreversible thermal damage in a pig model.
authors.affiliation: *Phd student of Wroclaw Medical University, Department of Dental Surgery, Wroclaw, Poland. †Assistant of Dental Surgery Department, Medical University of Wroclaw, Poland. ‡Head of Dental Surgery Department, Medical University of Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matys
authors.forename: Jakub
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hadzik
authors.forename: Marzena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dominiak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000601:surgery; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000293:injuries*; D059546:Sinus Floor Augmentation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D013552:Swine