title: Hatching asynchrony vs. foraging efficiency: the response to food availability in specialist vs. generalist tit species.
abstract: Breeding mistiming is increasingly frequent in several ecosystems in the face of current climate change. Species belonging to higher trophic levels must employ mechanisms to reduce it. One of these mechanisms is hatching asynchrony, with the eggs in a clutch hatching over a period of several days. Some authors have suggested it to be adaptive when food is unpredictable. However, these birds can also suffer associated costs. We tested whether a species with higher foraging efficiency avoid hatching asynchrony compared to its sister species. We studied hatching asynchrony and nestling provisioning in relation to food availability in sympatric populations of blue and great tits. For the first time, we show that sister species respond to food availability with different strategies. Blue tit feeding rates readily responded to the abundance of their main prey, and also reduced the impact of nestling size hierarchy on mean nestling weight, consequently increasing fledging rate. Our results suggest that levels of hatching asynchrony seem to be influenced by species-specific life history traits, as generalist foragers rely less on it. They also highlight the importance of multi-species approaches when studying the response of organisms to environmental unpredictability.
authors.affiliation: Área de Zoología, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III, s/n, E-45071, Toledo, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barrientos
authors.affiliation: Área de Zoología, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III, s/n, E-45071, Toledo, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bueno-Enciso
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, E-28006, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sanz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018533:Biomass; D001835:Body Weight; D001947:Breeding; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005502:Food; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009425:Nesting Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000502:physiology*; D013045:Species Specificity