title: Measurement of Giardia lamblia adhesion force using an integrated microfluidic assay.
abstract: The mechanisms how Giardias attach to the intestinal epithelium remain unclear. None of the methods currently being used to measure the attachment force could provide a continuous nutrition supply and a micro-aerobic atmosphere to the Giardia. Besides, they are all labor-intensive. In the present research, a microfluidic method based on electric circuit analogy was developed. The input fluid flowed through the inlet channel with different lengths and was distributed in four assay chambers. Shear force gradients were generated in chambers, too. This allowed an easy control of fluids and the shear forces. Most importantly, the shear stress large enough to detach Giardia could be generated in laminar flow regime. Moreover, analysis could be accomplished in one single test. By applying inlet flow rates of 30, 60, and 120 μL ml-1, shear force gradients ranging from 19.47 to 60.50 Pa were generated. The adhesion forces of trophozoites were analyzed and the EC50of the force that caused 50% trophozoites detachment was calculated as 36.60 Pa. This paper presents a novel method for measurement of Giardia adhesion force. Graphical Abstract Measurement of Giardia adhesion force. Various of flow rates were applied to generate different shear forces and Giardia trophozoites remaining attached were counted (a-c). The percentages of attachment vs shear stress were plotted and the EC50of adhesion force was calculated (d).
authors.affiliation: Medical school, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China.|Microfluidic research institute, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Microfluidic research institute, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China.|Chemical and environmental engineering institute, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China.
authors.forename: Guo-Xia
authors.initials: GX
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Microfluidic research institute, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China.|Chemical and environmental engineering institute, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Suo
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Microfluidic research institute, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China.|Chemical and environmental engineering institute, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China.
authors.forename: Cheng-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Medical school, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China.|Microfluidic research institute, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China.
authors.forename: Fang-Fang
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Medical school, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China. yunhua1977@126.com.|Microfluidic research institute, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China. yunhua1977@126.com.
authors.forename: Yun-Hua
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000502:physiology*; D044085:Microfluidics / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Attachment; Giardia lamblia; Microfluidic; Shear force