title: Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Biogenesis in Neurodegenerative diseases: Pathogenesis and Treatment.
abstract: Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders that are incurable and characterized by the progressive degeneration of the function and structure of the central nervous system (CNS) for reasons that are not yet understood. Neurodegeneration is the umbrella term for the progressive death of nerve cells and loss of brain tissue. Because of their high energy requirements, neurons are especially vulnerable to injury and death from dysfunctional mitochondria. Widespread damage to mitochondria causes cells to die because they can no longer produce enough energy. Several lines of pathological and physiological evidence reveal that impaired mitochondrial function and dynamics play crucial roles in aging and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. As mitochondria are the major intracellular organelles that regulate both cell survival and death, they are highly considered as a potential target for pharmacological-based therapies. The purpose of this review was to present the current status of our knowledge and understanding of the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the importance of mitochondrial biogenesis as a potential novel therapeutic target for their treatment. Likewise, we highlight a concise overview of the key roles of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC.) complexes as well as mitochondrial biogenesis regulators regarding those diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7042-1201
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Golpich
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Elham
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Amini
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Zahurin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Azman Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Norlinah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mohamed Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Abolhassan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmadiani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006649:Histocompatibility Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D028361:Mitochondrial Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001678:Organelle Biogenesis
chemical_list: D006649:Histocompatibility Antigens
keywords: Mitochondrial Biogenesis; Mitochondrial Dysfunction; Mitochondrial complexes; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Pathogenesis; Treatment