title: Multiresidue method for trace pesticide analysis in honeybee wax comb by GC-QqQ-MS.
abstract: The aim of this analytical study is to develop an improved multi-residue methodology of high sensitivity and expanded scope for pesticide residue analysis in honeybee wax combs. The method was validated for 160 pesticide residues (including acaricides, insecticides, fungicides and herbicides) gas chromatography amenable and covering a wide variety of polarity and chemical structure. This method of analysis applied gas chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for the quantitative analysis of pesticide residues. The extraction procedure applied was based QuEChERs method allowing acceptable recoveries for most of the pesticides (98%), within the range 60-120% with an associated precision (RSD) <20%, at concentration levels of MQL of 10µgkg-1for all pesticides with the exception of 3,5-dichloroaniline and chlordane (20µgkg-1). The expanded uncertainty of the results was ±35% on average (coverage factor k=2 for a confidence level of 95%). The chromatographic multi-residue method was applied to determine levels of pesticide residues in 50 honeybee wax comb samples randomly collected from different apiaries in Spain. A total of 32 pesticide residues (14 insecticides/acaricides, 10 insecticides, 6 fungicides and 2 herbicides) were detected in the samples. The highest pesticide concentrations were found for those with insecticide-acaricide activity like acrinathrin, chlorfenvinphos, coumaphos and fluvalinate-tau, some of them are mainly applied in apiculture for controlling the honeybee parasite Varroa destructor. The total load of pesticide residues ranged from 69 to 1000µgkg-1for 40% of the analysed samples, 22% contained pesticide residues in the ranges of 1000-2000µgkg-1, 24% between 2000 and 5000µgkg-1and 14% of the samples contained residues between 5000 and 9557µgkg-1.
authors.affiliation: Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almeria, European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit and Vegetables, 04120 Almería, Spain.
authors.forename: M D Gil
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: García
authors.affiliation: Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almeria, European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit and Vegetables, 04120 Almería, Spain; National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA), Concordia Agricultural Experimental Station, Argentina.
authors.forename: S Uclés
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Duque
authors.affiliation: Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almeria, European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit and Vegetables, 04120 Almería, Spain.
authors.forename: A B Lozano
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.affiliation: National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA), Concordia Agricultural Experimental Station, Argentina.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sosa
authors.affiliation: Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (CeiA3), Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of Almeria, European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruit and Vegetables, 04120 Almería, Spain; National Agricultural Technology Institute (INTA), Concordia Agricultural Experimental Station, Argentina. Electronic address: amadeo@ual.es.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Fernández-Alba
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014885:Waxes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D014885:Waxes
keywords: GC-QqQ-MS; Honeybee wax comb; Modified QuEChERs; Multi-residue analysis; Trace pesticide analysis