title: A Smartphone-Based Genotyping Method for Hepatitis B Virus at Point-of-Care Settings.
abstract: We reported a rapid, convenient, and easy-to-use genotyping method for hepatitis B virus (HBV) based on the smartphone at point-of-care (POC) settings. To perform HBV genotyping especially for genotypes A, B, C, and D, a smartphone is used to image and analyze a one-step immunoassay lateral flow strip functionalized with genotype-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) on multiple capture lines. A light-emitting diode (LED) positioned on the top of the lateral flow strip is used to shine the multiple capture lines for excitation. Fluorescence detection is obtained with a smartphone whose camera is used to take the fluorescent images. An intelligent algorithm is developed to first identify each capture line from the fluorescent image and then determine the HBV genotype based on a genotyping model. Based on the pattern of the detection signal from different samples, a custom HBV genotyping model is developed. Custom application software running on a smartphone is developed with Java to collect and analyze the fluorescent image, display the genotyping result, and transmit it if necessary. Compared with the existing methods with nucleic acid analysis, more convenient, instant, and efficient HBV genotyping with significantly lower cost and a simpler procedure can be obtained with the developed smartphone POC HBV genotyping method.
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Huiqin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: 2 National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
authors.forename: Liuwei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: 2 National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
authors.forename: Quan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: 2 National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
authors.forename: Shengxiang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: 2 National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Min
authors.affiliation: 2 National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
authors.forename: Ningshao
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: 3 Institute of Micro/Nanotechnology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Shizhi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Microfluidic Chip Development in Biomedical Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xianbo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qiu
mesh_terms: D002846:Chromatography, Affinity / Q000379:methods*; D060005:Genotyping Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000821:virology*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D061848:Optical Imaging; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D000068997:Smartphone; D012984:Software
keywords: HBV genotyping; fluorescent image; intelligent algorithm; lateral flow strip; multiple capture lines