title: Detecting retinal microaneurysms and hemorrhages with robustness to the presence of blood vessels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetic Retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in developed countries in the age group 20-74 years. It is characterized by lesions on the retina and this paper focuses on detecting two of these lesions, Microaneurysms and Hemorrhages, which are also known as red lesions. This paper attempts to deal with two problems in detecting red lesions from retinal fundus images: (1) false detections on blood vessels; and (2) different size of red lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  To deal with false detections on blood vessels, novel filters have been proposed which can distinguish between red lesions and blood vessels. This distinction is based on the fact that vessels are elongated while red lesions are usually circular blob-like structures. The second problem of the different size of lesions is dealt with by applying the proposed filters on patches of different sizes instead of filtering the full image. These patches are obtained by dividing the original image using a grid whose size determines the patch size. Different grid sizes were used and lesion detection results for these grid sizes were combined using Multiple Kernel Learning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experiments on a dataset of 143 images showed that proposed filters detected Microaneurysms and Hemorrhages successfully even when these lesions were close to blood vessels. In addition, using Multiple Kernel Learning improved the results when compared to using a grid of one size only. The areas under receiver operating characteristic curve were found to be 0.97 and 0.92 for Microaneurysms and Hemorrhages respectively which are better than the existing related works.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proposed filters are robust to the presence of blood vessels and surpass related works in detecting red lesions from retinal fundus images. Improved lesion detection using the proposed approach can help in automatic detection of Diabetic Retinopathy.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore 138632. Electronic address: srivastavar@i2r.a-star.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Ruchir
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.affiliation: Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore 138632.
authors.forename: Lixin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore 138632.
authors.forename: Damon W K
authors.initials: DWK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore 138632.
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 168751.
authors.forename: Tien Yin
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D000071071:Microaneurysm / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Automated detection; Diabetic Retinopathy; Multiple kernel learning; Retinal fundus images