title: Chronic kidney disease stages among diabetes patients in the Cape Coast Metropolis.
abstract: Diabetes patients worldwide are at a high risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) which affects their quality of life and increases the risk of early death. This study used the new kidney disease improving global outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines to establish the prevalence and also identify the factors associated with CKD among diabetes patients in the Cape Coast Metropolis. Two hundred (200) diabetes patients were randomly recruited from the diabetic clinic of the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital from January to April 2014. Blood and urine samples were collected for the estimation of serum creatinine and urine protein, respectively. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation; the 2012 KDIGO guidelines was used to assess CKD. Based on these guidelines, 37% of our participants had CKD. Sixteen percent (16%) of the participants had Stage 1 CKD and 17% had an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 . Albuminuria was higher among female diabetic patients compared to males (69.2% vs. 30.8%, P = 0.017). CKD was present in participants on oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) alone or both OHA and insulin. Duration of diabetes, systolic blood pressure, older age, and use of OHA were associated with CKD (P <0.05).
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
authors.forename: Richard K D
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Ephraim
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arthur
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: W K B A
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Owiredu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
authors.forename: Prince
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Adoba
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
authors.forename: Hope
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Agbodzakey
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
authors.forename: Ben A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Eghan
mesh_terms: D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic