title: Field investigations of dissipations and residues of cyazofamid in soil and tomato: risk assessment of human exposure to cyazofamid via tomato intake.
abstract: Cyazofamid, as a fungicide of the novel cyanoimidazole chemical class, has been widely used to control tomato late blight. Understanding of cyazofamid residues in environment and crops is an essential prerequisite for its risk assessment. In this study, field investigations in four typical tomato-producing areas were conducted to explore the dissipation kinetics and residues of cyazofamid and its primary metabolite 4-chloro-5-p-tolylimidazole-2-carbonitrile (CCIM) in soil and tomato. A robust method using QuEChERS coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed for simultaneous analysis of cyazofamid and CCIM, with limits of quantification of 0.33 and 3.8 μg/kg, respectively. Field trials showed that the half-lives of cyazofamid were 3.6-6.9 days in soil and 12.2-18.3 days in tomato. The total residues of cyazofamid and CCIM in tomato collected at three time intervals were all below 0.5 mg/kg. Moreover, the potential risks of total residues via tomato intake to ten population subgroups were evaluated. We found that the risk quotient values were all generally low (0.13-1.3%), indicating that the recommended dose of cyazofamid on tomato will not result in a consumer exposure exceeding the toxicological reference value. Here, the results of field investigation provided important information for further understanding the behavior and risk of cyazofamid in the natural environment.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China. xuzhenlan330@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhenlan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
authors.forename: Changpeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
authors.forename: Jianzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
authors.forename: Chunrong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
authors.forename: Yahong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
authors.forename: Fangyuan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
authors.forename: Yanhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
authors.forename: Liezhong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China. caileiming2009@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Leiming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000737:chemistry*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000032:analysis*; D007700:Kinetics; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000032:analysis*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013449:Sulfonamides; C465366:cyazofamid
keywords: CCIM; Cyazofamid; Dissipation; Residues; Risk assessment