title: Shoulder Injuries in the Overhead Throwing Athlete.
abstract: The overhead pitching motion is a coordinated sequence of movements that subjects the shoulder to extreme forces. The ultimate goal of this complex, dynamic activity is to generate high ball velocity and accuracy. In doing so, repetitive throwing can cause adaptive and pathologic changes in the thrower's shoulder. This article reviews the relevant shoulder anatomy, the kinetic chain, and throwing mechanics, as well as common shoulder injuries and surgical options for the treating orthopedic surgeon.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, 2912 Taubman Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5328, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mlynarek
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, 2912 Taubman Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5328, USA.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shoulder and Sports Medicine, University of Michigan, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Lobby A, Suite 1000, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA. Electronic address: abedi@med.umich.edu.
authors.forename: Asheesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bedi
mesh_terms: D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods; D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries*; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit; Kinetic chain; Labral tear; Labrum; Microinstability; Shoulder abnormality; Shoulder anatomy; Throwing mechanics