title: Dietary Intake and Eating Behaviours of Obese New Zealand Children and Adolescents Enrolled in a Community-Based Intervention Programme.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to describe dietary intake and eating behaviours of obese children and adolescents, and also to determine how these differ in Indigenous versus non-Indigenous children at enrolment in an obesity programme.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline dietary intake and eating behaviour records were assessed from those enrolled in a clinical unblinded randomised controlled trial of a multi-disciplinary intervention. The setting was a community-based obesity programme in Taranaki, New Zealand. Children or adolescents who were enrolled from January 2012 to August 2014, with a BMI ≥98th percentile or >91st centile with weight-related comorbidities were eligible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  239 participants (45% Māori, 45% NZ Europeans, 10% other ethnicities), aged 5-17 years were assessed. Two-thirds of participants experienced hyperphagia and half were not satiated after a meal. Comfort eating was reported by 62% of participants, and daily energy intake was above the recommended guidelines for 54%. Fruit and vegetable intake was suboptimal compared with the recommended 5 servings per day (mean 3.5 [SD = 1.9] servings per day), and the mean weekly breakfasts were less than the national average (5.9 vs 6.5; p<0.0001). Median sweet drink intake amongst Māori was twice that of NZ Europeans (250 vs 125 ml per day; p = 0.0002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a concerning prevalence of abnormal eating behaviours and significant differences in dietary intake between obese participants and their national counterparts. Ethnic differences between Indigenous and non-Indigenous participants were also present, especially in relation to sweet drink consumption. Eating behaviours, especially sweet drink consumption and fruit/vegetable intake need to be addressed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Taranaki District Health Board, New Plymouth, New Zealand.|Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Yvonne C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2054-338X
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Taranaki District Health Board, New Plymouth, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Lisa E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Wynter
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Taranaki District Health Board, New Plymouth, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Michelle S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.|Starship Children's Health, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.|Centre for Longitudinal Research - He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Cameron C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Joanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Tami L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Cave
authors.affiliation: Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Cervantée E K
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.affiliation: Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: José G B
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Derraik
authors.affiliation: Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.|Starship Children's Health, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Wayne S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Cutfield
authors.affiliation: Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.|Starship Children's Health, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Hofman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006963:Hyperphagia / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000067075:Vegetable Products