title: Rumination in posttraumatic stress and growth after a natural disaster: a model from northern Chile 2014 earthquakes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traumatic experiences, such as natural disasters, produce multiple and serious impacts on people. Despite the traditional focus on negative consequences, in many cases there are also positive consequences, such as posttraumatic growth. Tedeschi and Calhoun proposed a model of posttraumatic growth that emphasizes the role of rumination after the basic beliefs breakdown due to the occurrence of a traumatic experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 238 volunteers affected by two major earthquakes and tsunami alerts in northern Chile on April 1 and 2, 2014, responded to an online survey measuring subjective severity, basic beliefs change, social share of emotion, rumination, posttraumatic stress, and posttraumatic growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Path analyses reveal that posttraumatic stress goes through a negative change in basic beliefs, intrusive rumination, and deliberated rumination, meanwhile posttraumatic growth is only achieved directly from a positive change in basic beliefs and deliberated rumination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The model is consistent with the empirical model obtained in Chilean people affected by the earthquake and tsunami that occurred on 27 February, 2010, but it is slightly different and in a form that is more consistent with Tedeschi and Calhoun's theoretical model. Both models remark on the role of deliberated rumination in posttraumatic growth and failure to progress from intrusive to deliberated rumination in posttraumatic stress, but the proposed one is more parsimonious and assumes subjective severity as an antecedent to basic belief changes. These conclusions must be considered in light of limitations that a cross-sectional design and the correlational nature of the statistical analysis carried out impose.
  Role of subjective severity, change of basic beliefs, social sharing of emotion, and rumination on posttraumatic stress and growth were modeled from responses of people affected by the April 1-2, 2014, northern Chilean earthquakes. Posttraumatic stress goes through negative changes in basic beliefs, intrusive rumination, and deliberated rumination. Posttraumatic growth is achieved from positive changes in basic beliefs and deliberated rumination. Deliberated rumination and moving from intrusive to deliberated rumination appear as cornerstones in posttraumatic processing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Sciences, Universidad de Tarapacá, Iquique, Chile; fleal@uta.cl.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leal-Soto
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology & Philosophy, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile.
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carmona-Halty
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology & Philosophy, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferrer-Urbina
keywords: Natural disaster; basic beliefs; social share of emotion; subjective severity; tsunami