title: A quantitative analysis of craniopharyngioma cyst expansion during and after radiation therapy and surgical implications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE When complete resection of craniopharyngioma is not achievable or the sequelae are prohibitive, limited surgery and radiation therapy have demonstrated excellent local disease control while minimizing treatment-related sequelae. When residual tissue exists, there is a propensity for further cyst development and expansion during and after radiation therapy. This can result in obstructive hydrocephalus, visual changes, and/or clinical decline. The authors present a quantitative analysis of cyst expansion during and after radiotherapy and examine how it affected subsequent management. METHODS The authors performed an institutional review board-approved retrospective study of patients with histologically confirmed craniopharyngioma treated between 2000 and 2015 with surgery and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) at a single institution. Volumetric measurements of cyst contours were generated by radiation oncology treatment planning software postoperatively, during IMRT, and up to 12 months after IMRT. Patient, tumor, and treatment-related variables were collected until the last known follow-up and were analyzed. RESULTS Twenty-seven patients underwent surgery and IMRT. The median total radiation dose was 54 Gy. Of the 27 patients, 11 patients (40.7%) demonstrated cyst expansions within 1 year of IMRT. Of note, all tumors with cyst expansion were radiographically Puget Grade 2. Maximal cyst expansion peaked at 4.27 months following radiation therapy, with a median volume growth of 4.1 cm3(mean 9.61 cm3) above the postoperative cyst volume. Eight patients experienced spontaneous cyst regression without therapeutic intervention. Three patients experienced MRI-confirmed cyst enlargement during IMRT, all of whom required adaptive planning to ensure adequate coverage of the entire tumor volume. Two of these 3 patients required ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement and additional intervention. One underwent additional resection, and the other had placement of an intracystic catheter for aspiration and delivery of intracystic interferon within 12 months of completing IMRT. All 3 patients now have stable disease. CONCLUSIONS Craniopharyngioma cyst expansion occurred in approximately 40% of the patients during or after radiotherapy. In the majority of patients, cyst expansion was a self-limiting process and did not confer a worse outcome. During radiotherapy, cyst expansion may be apparent on image-guided radiation therapy. Adaptive IMRT planning may be required to ensure that the intended IMRT dose covers the entire tumor and cyst volume. The sequelae of cyst expansion include progressive hydrocephalus, which may be treated with a shunt. For patients with solitary cyst expansion, cyst aspiration and/or intracystic interferon may result in disease control.
authors.affiliation: University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lamiman
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology.
authors.forename: Kenneth K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology.
authors.forename: Benita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tamrazi
authors.affiliation: Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Nosrati
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology.
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olch
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Departments of 4 Neurosurgery and.
authors.forename: Erin N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Kiehna
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D020863:Central Nervous System Cysts / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003397:Craniopharyngioma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: CBCT = cone beam CT; CHLA = Children's Hospital Los Angeles; GTR = gross-total resection; GTV = gross target volume; IMRT = intensity-modulated radiation therapy; NTR = near-total resection; OS = overall survival; PFS = progression-free survival; PTV = planned target volume; STR = subtotal resection; VP = ventriculoperitoneal; craniopharyngioma; cysts; hydrocephalus; image-guided radiation therapy; intensity-modulated radiation therapy; radiotherapy