title: Primary or secondary tasks? Dual-task interference between cyclist hazard perception and cadence control using cross-modal sensory aids with rider assistance bike computers.
abstract: This research investigated the risks involved in bicycle riding while using various sensory modalities to deliver training information. To understand the risks associated with using bike computers, this study evaluated hazard perception performance through lab-based simulations of authentic riding conditions. Analysing hazard sensitivity (d') of signal detection theory, the rider's response time, and eye glances provided insights into the risks of using bike computers. In this study, 30 participants were tested with eight hazard perception tasks while they maintained a cadence of 60 ± 5 RPM and used bike computers with different sensory displays, namely visual, auditory, and tactile feedback signals. The results indicated that synchronously using different sense organs to receive cadence feedback significantly affects hazard perception performance; direct visual information leads to the worst rider distraction, with a mean sensitivity to hazards (d') of -1.03. For systems with multiple interacting sensory aids, auditory aids were found to result in the greatest reduction in sensitivity to hazards (d' mean = -0.57), whereas tactile sensory aids reduced the degree of rider distraction (d' mean = -0.23). Our work complements existing work in this domain by advancing the understanding of how to design devices that deliver information subtly, thereby preventing disruption of a rider's perception of road hazards.
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Design, Tatung University, No. 40, Sec. 3, Zhongshan N. Rd., Taipei City 104, Taiwan. Electronic address: cyyang@ttu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chao-Yang
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Design, Tatung University, No. 40, Sec. 3, Zhongshan N. Rd., Taipei City 104, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Tse
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents; D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D001364:Awareness; D001642:Bicycling / Q000523:psychology*; D003201:Computers; D003626:Data Display; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011930:Reaction Time; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014110:Touch; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bike computer; Road hazards; Signal detection theory