title: Progression of coronary artery calcium in Japanese American men and white men in the ERA JUMP study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Progression of coronary artery calcium (CAC) is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and is reported to be greater in whites than blacks, Hispanics, and Chinese in the US. Our objective was to compare progression of CAC between Japanese Americans and whites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based sample of 303 Japanese American men and 310 white men aged 40-49years, free of clinical cardiovascular disease at baseline, were examined for CAC at baseline (2004-2007) and follow-up (2008-2013). Progression of CAC was defined as change in coronary calcium scores (CCS) in participants with baseline CCS>0 and incident CAC in participants with baseline CCS=0. Multiple linear regression and relative risk regression were used to compare change in CCS scores and incident CAC between the two races, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Japanese American men had significantly greater annual change in CCS than white men (median [interquartile range]: 11.3 Agatston units [1.4, 24.9] vs 2.5 [-0.22, 14.5]) in the unadjusted analyses. After adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors and follow-up time, change in CCS (beta±CI) and incidence rate ratio of CAC was similar in Japanese American men and white men: -0.12 (-0.34, 0.15) and (0.87 [95% CI: 0.20, 3.9]), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In contrast to previously reported greater progression of CAC in whites than other races, we found a similar progression of CAC in Japanese American men as white men. Our study identifies Japanese American men as a target group for prevention of CHD. Large prospective studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Vasudha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ahuja
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Pacific Health Research Institute, Honolulu, HI, USA.
authors.forename: Kamal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Masaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Abhishek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vishnu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Pacific Health Research Institute, Honolulu, HI, USA.
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wilcox
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wassel
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fujiyoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Emma J M
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Barinas-Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirotsuga
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueshima
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Pacific Health Research Institute, Honolulu, HI, USA.
authors.forename: Beatriz L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Edmundowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Electronic address: akira@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sekikawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001213:Asian; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000473:pathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D006254:Hawaii; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010414:Pennsylvania; D013997:Time Factors; D044465:White People
keywords: Coronary artery calcium; Disease progression; Epidemiology; Health status disparity; Japanese Americans; Race