title: Influence of urbanity on perception of mental illness stigma: a population based study in urban and rural Hanoi, Vietnam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine, for the first time in Vietnam, whether urbanity of respondents among other socio-demographic factors affects the public perception of stigma attached to persons with mental illness in Hanoi.
  
  
  METHODS
  A general population-based survey was carried out in 2013 in the greater Hanoi area. The perception of stigma attached to people with mental illness was elicited using Link's perceived discrimination and devaluation scale (PDDS) carried out in Vietnamese language. The survey sample (n = 806) was stratified for gender, urban/rural location, age, household size and marital status, in accordance with the 2013 Vietnamese census.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparing the total score of the PDDS and its single items, we found less perceived stigma and discrimination among the rural population of Hanoi and in respondents who reported religious attainment to either Buddhism or Christianity. Logistic regression analyses found no significant influences of gender, age, household size or marital status regarding the perceived stigma toward persons with mental illness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Less negative perception of stigma attached to persons with mental illness that was observed among the rural population in the Hanoi area may be interpreted in the light of possibly more demanding living conditions in modern urban Vietnam with less opportunities for mentally ill patients and points toward a dynamic interaction with rapidly changing living conditions in Asian megacities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Germany thi-minh-tam.ta@charite.de.
authors.forename: Thi Minh Tam
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Ta
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Germany.
authors.forename: Aron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zieger
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Germany.|HELIOS Hanseklinikum Stralsund, Germany.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schomerus
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Hospital 103, Military Academy of Medicine, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Tien Duc
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dettling
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Hospital 103, Military Academy of Medicine, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Xuan Tinh
authors.initials: XT
authors.lastname: Do
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Germany.
authors.forename: Aditya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mungee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, Ev. Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diefenbacher
authors.affiliation: Center for Public Mental Health, Gösing am Wagram, Austria.
authors.forename: Matthias C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Angermeyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Germany.|Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, Ev. Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011287:Prejudice / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013240:Stereotyping; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014744:Vietnam; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Hanoi; Perceived stigma; Vietnam; mental illness; perceived discrimination and devaluation scale; population study; rural; urban