title: The emerging role of long non-coding RNA in gallbladder cancer pathogenesis.
abstract: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common and aggressive form of biliary tract carcinoma with an alarmingly low 5-year survival rate. Despite its high mortality rate, the underlying mechanisms of GBC pathogenesis are not completely understood. Recently, from a growing volume of literature, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of gene expression and appear to play vital roles in many human cancers. To date, a number of lncRNAs have been implicated in GBC, but their potential roles in GBC have not been systematically examined. Thus, in this review, we critically discuss the emerging roles of lncRNAs in GBC, and the pathways involved. Specifically, we note that some lncRNAs show greater expression in T1 and T2 tumor stages compared to T3 and T4 tumor stages and that their dysregulation leads to alterations in cell cycle progression and can cause an increase in GBC cell proliferation or apoptosis. In addition, some lncRNAs control the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process, while others take part in the regulation of ERK/MAPK and Ras cancer-associated signaling pathways. We also present their potential utility in diagnosis, prognosis, and/or treatment of GBC. The overall goal of this review is to stimulate interest in the role of lncRNAs in GBC, which may open new avenues in the determination of GBC pathogenesis and may lead to the development of new preventive and therapeutic strategies for GBC.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India; Centre for Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Akanksha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khandelwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, HP, India.
authors.forename: Akshay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Manju
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, 78723, USA.
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Vasquez
authors.affiliation: Centre for Animal Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India. Electronic address: aklankjain@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Aklank
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jain
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000235:genetics; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008957:Models, Genetic; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding / Q000235:genetics*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding
keywords: Biomarkers; Diagnostic markers; Gallbladder cancer; LncRNAs; Long non-coding RNA; Oncogenes; Prognostic markers; Tumor suppressors