title: Factors associated with short-term transitions of non-daily smokers: socio-demographic characteristics and other tobacco product use.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the transitions in smoking status among non-daily smokers who transitioned to daily or former smokers or remained as non-daily smokers during a 12-month period. We analyzed factors associated with these transitions, including the use of cigars and smokeless tobacco (SLT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary data analyses using pooled data from the 2003, 2006/07 and 2010/11 Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-respondents aged 18+ who have smoked for more than 5 years and were non-daily smokers 12 months before the interview (n = 13 673, or 14.5% of current smokers).
  
  
  METHODS
  Multinomial logistic regression model to determine the correlates of non-daily to daily, stable non-daily and non-daily to former smoking transitions among non-daily smokers at baseline. The model controlled for socio-demographic factors and the use of cigars and SLT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the adults in our sample, 2.6% were non-daily smokers at baseline. Among these, 69.7% remained non-daily smokers (stable non-daily smokers), 18.4% became daily smokers (non-daily to daily smokers) and 11.9% quit smoking (non-daily to former smokers) after 12 months. The non-daily to daily versus stable non-daily smoking transition was less likely among those who were aged 65+ (P = 0.018), male (P < 0.001), Hispanic (P < 0.001), with an income of $25 000-49 999 or ≥$75 000 and current users of SLT (P = 0.003), but more likely among those without a college degree compared with the appropriate reference group. The non-daily to former versus stable non-daily smoking transition was less likely among those aged 25+, male (P = 0.013), non-Hispanic Asian (P = 0.032), without a college degree, widowed/divorced/separated (P = 0.013) or never married (P = 0.011) and current users of cigars (P = 0.003) compared with the appropriate reference group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While more than two-thirds of non-daily smokers in the United States remain as such after 12 months, others become daily smokers or quit. The likelihood of remaining stable non-daily smokers and of transition from non-daily to daily and non-daily to former smokers is associated with socio-demographic factors and current use of cigars and smokeless tobacco.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health and Aging, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Yingning
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health and Aging, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Hai-Yen
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health and Aging, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lightwood
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health and Aging, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Max
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004522:Educational Status; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D062789:Tobacco Products; D064424:Tobacco Use / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cigarettes; cigars; non-daily smokers; smokeless tobacco; stable non-daily smoking; transitions of non-daily smoking