title: Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the bowel wall with quantitative assessment of Crohn's disease activity in childhood.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has become an established non-invasive, patient-friendly imaging technique which improves the characterization of lesions. In addition, dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (DCE-US) provides valuable information concerning perfusion of examined organs. This review addresses current applications of CEUS in children, focused on DCE-US of the bowel wall in patients with Crohn disease, which enables realtime assessment of the bowel wall vascularity with semi-quantitative and quantitative assessment of disease activity and response to medical treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory relapsing disease. Frequent imaging re-evaluation is necessary. Therefore, imaging should be as little invasive as possible, children friendly with high diagnostic accuracy. US with wide varieties of techniques, including CEUS/DCE-US, can provide an important contribution for diagnosing and monitoring a disease activity. Even if the use of US contrast agent is off-label in children, it is welcome and widely accepted for intravesical use, and a little less for intravenous use, manly in evaluation of parenchymal lesions. To our knowledge this is the first time that the use of DCE-US in the evaluation of activity of small bowel Crohn disease with quantitative assessment of kinetic parameters is being described in children. Even if the results of the value and accuracy of different quantitative kinetic parameters in published studies in adult population often contradict one another there is a great potential of DCE-US to become a part of the entire sonographic evaluation not only in adults, but also in children. Further control studies should be performed.
authors.affiliation: Radiology Unit, Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Damjana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kljucevsek
authors.affiliation: Institute of Radiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Dubravka
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vidmar
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Darja
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Urlep
authors.affiliation: Institute of Radiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Rok
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dezman
keywords: Crohn disease; children; contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS); dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (DCE-US); quantification