title: Assessing the burden of intestinal parasites affecting newly arrived immigrants in Qatar.
abstract: In the last decades, the enormous influx of immigrants to industrialized countries has led to outbreaks of parasitic diseases, with enteric infections being amongst the most frequently encountered. In its strategy to control such infection, Qatar has established the Pre-Employment Certificate (PEC) program which requires medical inspection before arrival in Qatar and which is mandatory for immigrant workers travelling to the country. To assess the reliability of the PEC, we conducted a survey of intestinal parasites, based on examination of stool samples provided by immigrant workers (n = 2,486) recently arrived in Qatar.
  
  
  
  Overall prevalence of helminths was 7.0% and that of protozoa was 11.7%. Prevalence of combined helminths was highest among the western Asians and the highest prevalence of combined protozoan parasites was among workers from North to Saharan Africa. Analysis of temporal changes showed an increasing trend of protozoan infections over the investigated 3 years. A major contribution to this temporal change in prevalence came from Blastocystis hominis as well as from other protozoan species: Giardia duodenalis and Endolimax nana. Analysis of the temporal trend in species richness of the protozoan species showed a significant increase in the mean number of species harboured per subject across this period.
  
  
  
  The increase of protozoan infections over recent years raises some concerns. It suggests that screening protocols for applicants for visas/work permits needs to be revised giving more careful attention to the intestinal protozoan infections that potential immigrants may harbor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar. abumadi@qu.edu.qa.
authors.forename: Marawan A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Abu-Madi
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
authors.forename: Jerzy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Behnke
authors.affiliation: Medical Commission, Ministry of Public Health, P.O. Box 42, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boughattas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology*; D006801:Humans; D007411:Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D010271:Parasites / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015995:Prevalence; D011528:Protozoan Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D011780:Qatar / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Blastocystis; Giardia; Helminth; New immigrants; Protozoa; Qatar