title: Self-regulation upon return to driving after traumatic brain injury.
abstract: The aim of this study was to explore self-reported driving habits and the factors associated with these within the first three months of return to driving following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Participants included 24 individuals with moderate to severe TBI (post-traumatic amnesia duration M = 33.26, SD = 29.69 days) and 28 healthy age, education, and gender-matched controls who completed an on-road assessment. Driving frequency and avoidance questionnaires were administered to assess premorbid driving, anticipated driving upon resuming, and driving at three months post-assessment. There were no differences between groups for premorbid driving frequency or avoidance. Individuals with TBI anticipated greater reductions in driving frequency, t(29.57) =  -3.95, p < .001, and increases in avoidance, U = 171.00, z = -2.69, p < .01. On follow up, significant reductions in frequency, t(48)  = -3.03, p < .01, but not avoidance, U = 239.00, z = -1.35, p = .18, were observed. Females were more likely to reduce their driving frequency, rs =  -.43, p < .05, while increased anxiety was associated with increased avoidance r = .63, p < .05, and reduced frequency r = -.43, p < .05. It was concluded that individuals with TBI anticipated changes in their driving habits upon return to driving, indicating an expectation for post-injury changes to their driving lifestyle. On follow up, many of these intended changes to driving habits, particularly in relation to driving frequency, were reported by individuals with TBI, suggestive of some strategic self-regulation.
authors.affiliation: a School of Psychological Sciences , Monash University , Clayton , VIC , Australia.|b Monash Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre , Clayton , VIC , Australia.|h Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University , Clayton , VIC , Australia.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Gooden
authors.affiliation: a School of Psychological Sciences , Monash University , Clayton , VIC , Australia.|b Monash Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre , Clayton , VIC , Australia.|h Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University , Clayton , VIC , Australia.
authors.forename: Jennie L
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0430-125X
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ponsford
authors.affiliation: c Monash Accident Research Centre , Monash University , Clayton , VIC , Australia.
authors.forename: Judith L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Charlton
authors.affiliation: d Epworth Rehabilitation , Richmond , VIC , Australia.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: e Department of Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Shawn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: f School of Psychology , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.affiliation: g Centre for Research and Safe Driving , Lakehead University , Thunder Bay , Canada.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bédard
authors.affiliation: a School of Psychological Sciences , Monash University , Clayton , VIC , Australia.|b Monash Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre , Clayton , VIC , Australia.|h Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University , Clayton , VIC , Australia.
authors.forename: Renerus J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4975-3332
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stolwyk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology; D001364:Awareness; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006184:Habits; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D057566:Self Report; D000068356:Self-Control; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Traumatic brain injury; driving; driving habits; self-regulation