title: Facial deformations during nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy.
abstract: Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA), characterised by repeated collapse of the pharyngeal airway during sleep, causes cessation of breathing followed by arousal, restoring normality. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is a non-invasive, effective treatment for OSA where positive pressure is applied to the airway through a mask, maintaining patency. Nasal masks are commonly used, contacting the face across the upper lip, sides of the nose and the nasal bridge. Despite health benefits, therapy compliance is sub-optimal, often due to poor mask fit and discomfort. Masks have been designed to conform to the facial profile, but have not taken into account facial deformations. The nature of facial deformations while undergoing CPAP therapy is unknown. This study investigates the facial deformations experienced by a patient while undergoing nasal CPAP therapy. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans of the face were acquired of participants in the reference configuration and while undergoing CPAP therapy. The CPAP scan volume was registered onto the reference volume prior to surface generation for each state. Perpendicular deformation was measured from the reference facial profile to the deformed profile. Large facial deformations were measured at the sides of the nose (4.6±1.6mm) and the upper lip (4.9±1.8mm) with much smaller deformations at the nasal bridge (2.4±0.2mm). When normalised by applied load and tissue thickness, no difference was found. These findings and techniques can be used to consider facial deformation in the development of future nasal CPAP masks to improve comfort and compliance to therapy.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Australia; ResMed Ltd., Australia. Electronic address: andrew.sims@resmed.com.au.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sims
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Australia. Electronic address: a.simmons@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Australia; ResMed Ltd., Australia.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schindhelm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008397:Masks; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: CPAP; Facial deformation; MRI; OSA