title: Does Swimming at a Moderate Altitude Favor a Lower Oxidative Stress in an Intensity-Dependent Manner? Role of Nonenzymatic Antioxidants.
abstract: Casuso, Rafael A., Jerónimo Aragón-Vela, Gracia López-Contreras, Silvana N. Gomes, Cristina Casals, Yaira Barranco-Ruiz, Jordi J. Mercadé, and Jesus R. Huertas. Does swimming at a moderate altitude favor a lower oxidative stress in an intensity-dependent manner? Role of nonenzymatic antioxidants. High-Alt Med Biol. 18:46-55, 2017.-we aimed to describe oxidative damage and enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant responses to swimming at different intensities in hypoxia. We recruited 12 highly experienced swimmers who have been involved in competitive swimming for at least 9 years. They performed a total of six swimming sessions carried out at low (LOW), moderate (MOD), or high (HIGH) intensity at low altitude (630 m) and at 2320 m above sea level. Blood samples were collected before the session (Pre), after the cool down (Post), and after 15 minutes of recovery (Rec). Blood lactate (BL) and heart rate were recorded throughout the main part of the session. Average velocities did not change between hypoxia and normoxia. We found a higher BL in response to MOD intensity in hypoxia. Plasmatic hydroperoxide level decreased at all intensities when swimming in hypoxia. This effect coincided with a lower glutation peroxidase activity and a marked mobilization of the circulating levels of α-tocopherol and coenzyme Q10 in an intensity-dependent manner. Our results suggest that, regardless of the intensity, no oxidative damage is found in response to hypoxic swimming in well-trained swimmers. Indeed, swimmers show a highly efficient antioxidant system by stimulating the mobilization of nonenzymatic antioxidants.
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain .
authors.forename: Rafael A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Casuso
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain .
authors.forename: Jerónimo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aragón-Vela
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain .
authors.forename: Gracia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: López-Contreras
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain .
authors.forename: Silvana N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain .
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Casals
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Physical Culture, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, National University of Chimborazo Riobamba , Riobamba, Ecuador .
authors.forename: Yaira
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Barranco-Ruiz
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Athletic and Sport Management. University of Granada , Granada, Spain .
authors.forename: Jordi J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Mercadé
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain .
authors.forename: Jesus R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Huertas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000531:Altitude; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000502:physiology*; D056352:Athletes; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D014451:Ubiquinone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014451:Ubiquinone; D009195:Peroxidase; C024989:coenzyme Q10; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol
keywords: coenzyme Q10; exercise; hypoxia; oxidative damage; α-tocopherol