title: DNA damage induced by coal dust, fly and bottom ash from coal combustion evaluated using the micronucleus test and comet assay in vitro.
abstract: Coal mining and combustion generating huge amounts of bottom and fly ash are major causes of environmental pollution and health hazards due to the release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals. The Candiota coalfield in Rio Grande do Sul, is one of the largest open-cast coal mines in Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate genotoxic and mutagenic effects of coal, bottom ash and fly ash samples from Candiota with the comet assay (alkaline and modified version) and micronucleus test using the lung fibroblast cell line (V79). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of PAH and inorganic elements was carried out by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and by Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) techniques respectively. The samples demonstrated genotoxic and mutagenic effects. The comet assay modified using DNA-glicosilase formamidopirimidina (FPG) endonuclease showed damage related to oxidative stress mechanisms. The amount of PAHs was higher in fly ash followed by pulverized coal. The amount of inorganic elements was highest in fly ash, followed by bottom ash. It is concluded that the samples induce DNA damage by mechanisms that include oxidative stress, due to their complex composition, and that protective measures have to be taken regarding occupational and environmental hazards.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde and PPGGTA, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristina Araujo
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Matzenbacher
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde and PPGGTA, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Letícia Hilario
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde and PPGGTA, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcela Silva
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde and PPGGTA, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Caroline Cardoso
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Nicolau
authors.affiliation: Research Center Product and Development (CEPPED), Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Applied Toxicology (PPGGTA), Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Suziane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Premoli
authors.affiliation: Research Center Product and Development (CEPPED), Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Applied Toxicology (PPGGTA), Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dione Silva
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Corrêa
authors.affiliation: Ion Implantation Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudia Telles
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: Ion Implantation Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Liana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niekraszewicz
authors.affiliation: Ion Implantation Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Johnny Ferraz
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: Coal Analysis and Rocks Oil Generators Laboratory, Institute of Geosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tânia Valéria
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.affiliation: Coal Analysis and Rocks Oil Generators Laboratory, Institute of Geosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kalkreuth
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cancer Biology, PPGBioSaúde and PPGGTA, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grivicich
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde and PPGGTA, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: juliana.silva@ulbra.br.
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: da Silva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D002460:Cell Line; D003031:Coal / Q000633:toxicity*; D060729:Coal Ash / Q000633:toxicity*; D003032:Coal Mining; D020552:Comet Assay; D003412:Cricetulus; D004249:DNA Damage; D004391:Dust; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective / Q000139:chemically induced*; D015162:Micronucleus Tests
chemical_list: D003031:Coal; D060729:Coal Ash; D004391:Dust
keywords: Ash; Coal; Complex mixture; Genotoxicity; Oxidative stress