title: Illuminating a Risk for Breast Cancer: A Preliminary Ecological Study on the Association Between Streetlight and Breast Cancer.
abstract: Artificial light at night (ALAN) for elongating photophase is a new source of pollution. We examined the association between measured ALAN levels and breast cancer (BC) standard morbidity ratio (SMR) at a statistical area (SA) level in an urban environment. Sample size consisted of 266 new BC cases ages 35-74. Light measurements (lux) were performed in 11 SAs. A new calculated variable of morbidity per SA size (SMR35-74/km2) was correlated with the light variables per road length, using Pearson correlations (P < .05, 1-tailed). Looking for a light threshold, we correlated percentage of light points above SA light intensity median with SMR35-74/km2. SMR35-74/km2was significantly and positively strongly correlated with mean, median, and standard-deviation (SD) light intensity per road length (r = .79, P < .01, R2= .63; r = .77, P < .01, R2= .59; and r = .79, P < .01, R2= .63). Light threshold results demonstrate a marginally significant positive moderate correlation between percentage of points above 16.3 lux and SMR35-74/km2(r = .48, P < .07; R2= .23). In situ results support the hypothesis that outdoor ALAN illumination is associated with a higher BC-SMR in a specific area and age group. Moreover, we suggest an outdoor light threshold of approximately 16 lux as the minimal intensity to affect melatonin levels and BC morbidity. To the best of our knowledge, our attempt is the first to use this method and show such association between streetlight intensity and BC morbidity and therefore should be further developed.
authors.affiliation: 1 University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Atalya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keshet-Sitton
authors.affiliation: 1 University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Keren
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Or-Chen
authors.affiliation: 1 University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Eran
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.affiliation: 1 University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Abraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008550:Melatonin / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D008550:Melatonin
keywords: artificial light at night; breast cancer; ecological study; light intensity; light pollution; standard morbidity ratio; statistical area; urban