title: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with influenza-associated encephalopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To search for an index of neurologic prognosis of children with influenza-associated encephalopathy (IAE), involvement of angiogenesis-related growth factors in the pathology was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 11 IAE patients, 6 patients with bacterial meningitis (BM), and 24 patients with non-central nervous system infection as a control group admitted to our hospital. The correlation between the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) levels in cerebrospinal fluid and the relationship with an index of inflammatory marker, interleukin (IL)-6, were investigated. Using the Pediatric Cerebral Performance Categories (PCPC) score as a prognostic indicator, we evaluated the association between the biomarkers and neurologic prognosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PDGF significantly increased in the IAE group compared with that in the BM group. Cerebrospinal fluid VEGF and PDGF increased in all IAE and BM patients compared with that in the control group, and VEGF and PDGF were positively correlated in the 2 groups. No correlation was found between the cerebrospinal fluid VEGF and PDGF levels and IL-6 level in the IAE group, whereas a correlation was found in the BM group. All these factors increased in patients with poor neurologic prognosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is possible that the disease state of IAE can be evaluated based on vascular endothelial disorder-related markers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Japan. Electronic address: smorichi@tokyo-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shinichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morichi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Natsumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morishita
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oana
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Gaku
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuyo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kashiwagi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawashima
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018792:Encephalitis, Viral / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000150:complications; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008297:Male; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
keywords: Influenza-associated encephalopathy; Platelet derived growth factor; Vascular endothelial growth factor