title: Suppressed erythropoietin expression in a nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
abstract: Erythropoietin (EPO), an essential stimulator of erythropoiesis produced by the fetal liver, is important both in vascular remodeling and modulation of the endothelial response in the pulmonary vasculature. In addition, EPO guides alveolar development, along with retinoic acid (RA). EPO is a direct target of RA, and the retinoid pathway is altered in the nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) model. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the synthesis of EPO is suppressed in a rat model of CDH.
  
  
  
  Pregnant rats were treated with either nitrofen or vehicle on gestational day 9 (D9). Fetuses were sacrificed on D19 and D21 and divided into control and CDH groups. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were performed to determine the expression of EPO in the fetal liver and kidney. We also estimated the expression of EPO receptor in the fetal lung.
  
  
  
  The relative EPO mRNA expression in the liver on D19 and in the kidney on D21 were significantly lower in the CDH group than in the controls (P = 0.0008 and P = 0.0064, respectively). In addition, the results of immunohistochemistry supported the findings from the RT-PCR analysis. No significant changes were noted in the expression pattern or EPO receptor levels in the fetal lungs of the CDH group compared to the controls.
  
  
  
  Our results reveal the suppressed EPO synthesis in the CDH fetus, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of lung hypoplasia and modification of pulmonary vasculature in the CDH rat model. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:606-615. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takayasu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Koki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hagiwara
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Kouji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Masumoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D004921:Erythropoietin; D014212:Tretinoin; C007350:nitrofen
keywords: congenital diaphragmatic hernia; erythropoietin; nitrofen; pulmonary hypertension