title: Photobiomodulation in human muscle tissue: an advantage in sports performance?
abstract: Photobiomodulation (PBM) describes the use of red or near-infrared (NIR) light to stimulate, heal, and regenerate damaged tissue. Both preconditioning (light delivered to muscles before exercise) and PBM applied after exercise can increase sports performance in athletes. This review covers the effects of PBM on human muscle tissue in clinical trials in volunteers related to sports performance and in athletes. The parameters used were categorized into those with positive effects or no effects on muscle performance and recovery. Randomized controlled trials and case-control studies in both healthy trained and untrained participants, and elite athletes were retrieved from MEDLINE up to 2016. Performance metrics included fatigue, number of repetitions, torque, hypertrophy; measures of muscle damage and recovery such as creatine kinase and delayed onset muscle soreness. Searches retrieved 533 studies, of which 46 were included in the review (n = 1045 participants). Studies used single laser probes, cluster of laser diodes, LED clusters, mixed clusters (lasers and LEDs), and flexible LED arrays. Both red, NIR, and red/NIR mixtures were used. PBM can increase muscle mass gained after training, and decrease inflammation and oxidative stress in muscle biopsies. We raise the question of whether PBM should be permitted in athletic competition by international regulatory authorities.
authors.affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Universidade do Sagrado Coração - USC, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cleber
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferraresi
authors.affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Ying-Ying
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.|Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hamblin
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes; D054874:Athletic Performance; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000532:radiotherapy; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000528:radiation effects*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000528:radiation effects*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000528:radiation effects; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
keywords: LEDT; LLLT; creatine kinase; delayed onset muscle soreness; fatigue; photobiomodulation