title: Antifouling Activity towards Mussel by Small-Molecule Compounds from a Strain ofVibrio alginolyticusBacterium Associated with Sea AnemoneHaliplanellasp.
abstract: Mussels are major fouling organisms causing serious technical and economic problems. In this study, antifouling activity towards mussel was found in three compounds isolated from a marine bacterium associated with the sea anemoneHaliplanellasp. This bacterial strain, called PE2, was identified asVibrio alginolyticususing morphology, biochemical tests, and phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of 16S rRNA and four housekeeping genes (rpoD, gyrB, rctB,andtoxR). Three small-molecule compounds (indole, 3-formylindole, and cyclo (Pro-Leu)) were purified from the ethyl acetate extract ofV. alginolyticusPE2 using column chromatography techniques. They all significantly inhibited byssal thread production of the green musselPerna viridis, with EC50values of 24.45 μg/ml for indole, 50.07 μg/ml for 3-formylindole, and 49.24 μg/ml for cyclo (Pro-Leu). Previous research on the antifouling activity of metabolites from marine bacteria towards mussels is scarce. Indole, 3-formylindole and cyclo (Pro-Leu) also exhibited antifouling activity against settlement of the barnacleBalanus albicostatus(EC50values of 8.84, 0.43, and 11.35 μg/ml, respectively) and the marine bacteriumPseudomonassp. (EC50values of 42.68, 69.68, and 39.05 μg/ml, respectively). These results suggested that the three compounds are potentially useful for environmentally friendly mussel control and/or the development of new antifouling additives that are effective against several biofoulers.
authors.affiliation: State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yanqiu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yanqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sheng
authors.affiliation: State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, P.R. China.|Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources (Xiamen University), Xiamen, 361000, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, P.R. China.|Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources (Xiamen University), Xiamen, 361000, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Caihuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.affiliation: State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, P.R. China.|Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources (Xiamen University), Xiamen, 361000, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Danqing
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000737:chemistry; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000187:drug effects*; D066241:Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D005285:Fermentation; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012615:Sea Anemones / Q000382:microbiology*; D044149:Vibrio alginolyticus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C528934:3-formylindole; D007211:Indoles; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: Marine bacterium; Vibrio alginolyticus; antifouling; compound; mussel