title: Antimicrobial Potential, Identification and Phylogenetic Affiliation of Wild Mushrooms from Two Sub-Tropical Semi-Evergreen Indian Forest Ecosystems.
abstract: The diversity of wild mushrooms was investigated from two protected forest areas in India and 231 mushroom specimens were morphologically identified. Among them, 76 isolates were screened for their antimicrobial potential against seven bacterial and fungal pathogens. Out of 76 isolates, 45 isolates which displayed significant antimicrobial activities were identified using ITS rRNA gene amplification and subsequently phylogenetically characterized using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Sequencing of the ITS rRNA region classified the isolates into 16 genera belonging to 11 families. In total, 11 RAPD and 10 ISSR primers were selected to evaluate genetic diversity based on their banding profile produced. In total 337 RAPD and 312 ISSR bands were detected, among which percentage of polymorphism ranges from 34.2% to 78.8% and 38.6% to 92.4% by using RAPD and ISSR primers respectively. Unweighted Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) trees of selected two methods were structured similarly, grouping the 46 isolates into two clusters which clearly showed a significant genetic distance among the different strains of wild mushroom, with an similarity coefficient ranges from 0.58 to 1.00 and 0.59 to 1.00 with RAPD and ISSR analysis respectively. This reporthas highlighted both DTR and MNP forests provide a habitat for diverse macrofungal species, therefore having the potential to be used for the discovery of antimicrobials. The report has also demonstrated that both RAPD and ISSR could efficiently differentiate wild mushrooms and could thus be considered as efficient markers for surveying genetic diversity. Additionally, selected six wild edible mushroom strains (Schizophyllum commune BPSM01, Panusgiganteus BPSM27, Pleurotussp. BPSM34, Lentinussp. BPSM37, Pleurotusdjamor BPSM41 and Lentinula sp. BPSM45) were analysed for their nutritional (proteins, carbohydrates, fat and ash content), antioxidant potential. The present findings also suggested that the wild edible mushroom strains do not have only nutritional values but also can be used as an accessible source of natural antioxidants.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbiology and Systematics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Aizawl, Mizoram University, Mizoram, India.
authors.lastname: Lallawmsanga
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbiology and Systematics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Aizawl, Mizoram University, Mizoram, India.
authors.forename: Ajit Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Passari
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbiology and Systematics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Aizawl, Mizoram University, Mizoram, India.
authors.forename: Vineet Kumar
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbiology and Systematics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Aizawl, Mizoram University, Mizoram, India.
authors.forename: Vincent Vineeth
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Leo
authors.affiliation: Molecular Microbiology and Systematics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Aizawl, Mizoram University, Mizoram, India.
authors.forename: Bhim Pratap
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9911-4125
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Geetha
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valliammai Meyyappan
authors.affiliation: Molecular Glyco-biotechnology Group, Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Vijai Kumar
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Sivakumar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uthandi
authors.affiliation: Directorate of Mushroom Research, ICAR, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Ramesh Chandra
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
mesh_terms: D000363:Agaricales / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D002457:Cell Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000235:genetics; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods; D005502:Food; D065928:Forests; D005658:Fungi / Q000187:drug effects*; D007194:India; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009753:Nutritive Value; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D019105:Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D002457:Cell Extracts; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer