title: A Targeted Metabolomics Assay to Measure Eight Purines in the Diet of Common Bottlenose Dolphins,Tursiops truncatus.
abstract: Bottlenose dolphins managed under human care, human beings and Dalmatian dogs are prone to forming urate uroliths. Limiting dietary purine intake limits urate urolith formation in people and dogs because purines are metabolized to uric acid, which is excreted in urine. Managed dolphins develop ammonium urate nephroliths, whereas free-ranging dolphins do not. Free-ranging dolphins consume live fish, whereas managed dolphins consume different species that have been stored frozen and thawed. Differences in the purine content of fish consumed by dolphins under human care versus in the wild may be responsible for the difference in urolith prevalence. Commercially available purine assays measure only four purines, but reported changes in purines during frozen storage suggest that a wider range of metabolites should be measured when comparing fresh and stored fish. A method using high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was developed to quantify eight purine metabolites in whole fish and squid commonly consumed by dolphins. The coefficient of variation within and among days was sometimes high for purines present in small amounts but was acceptable (≤ 25%) for guanine, hypoxanthine, and inosine, which were present in high concentrations. This expanded assay identified a total purine content up to 2.5 times greater than the total that would be quantified if only four purines were measured. Assuming additional purines are absorbed, these results suggest that additional purine metabolites should be measured to better understand the associated risk when fish or other purine-rich foods are consumed by people or animals prone to developing uroliths.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ardente
authors.affiliation: Southeast Center for Integrated Metabolomics, Mass Spectrometry Core Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Garrett
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Chicago Zoological Society's Sarasota Dolphin Research Program, C/O Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.affiliation: National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Colee
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hill
keywords: Fish; Hypoxanthine; IMP; Inosine; Kidney stones; LC-MS/MS; Purines; Urate; Uric acid