title: Visual outcome of laser treatment in diabetic macular edema: Study from an Urban Diabetes Care Center.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the visual outcome of laser treatment in clinically significant macular edema.
  
  
  METHODS
  This interventional and qausi experimental study was carried out at Diabetic Association of Pakistan (DAP) during January 2011 and December 2012. Approval was taken from Research Ethical Committee of Isra Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology. Records of 925 eyes of 464 patients with "Clinical Significant macular edema" (CSME), treated with laser photocoagulation were analyzed. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at the time of presentation and at the last follow up, minimum of one year and maximum of 45 months was recorded and compared. SPSS version 20.0 was used to analyze the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetic retinopathy was found in 20.3% (1777) of 8742 diabetic attending DAP Hospital" amongst whom 39.6% (705) had Sight threatening diabetic retinopathy. Laser was advised in 96.4% (680) individuals, accepted by 70.5% (480) individuals. Amongst 960 eyes of 480 patients who accepted laser, 925 eyes had clinically significant macular edema and 35 eyes had PDR who are not included in this study. Amongst 925 eyes with CSME, Grid laser was done in 913 eyes (99%) and focal laser was done in 12 eyes (1%). After a follow up of 12 to 45 months, it was found that best corrected visual acuity had declined in 2.4% (22) eyes, stabilized in 67% (619) eyes and improved in 30.7% (284) eyes. One line improvement on Snellen's chart was fond in 21.3% (197) eyes, 2 lines in 8% (74) eyes, 3 lines in 1.2% (12) eyes and 4 lines in one (0.1%) eye with p-value of 0.000.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laser therapy is an effective treatment in stabilizing/improving the vision in diabetic macular edema particularly at those centers where only Argon Laser is available and OCF, FFA facilities do not exist.
authors.affiliation: Rashid Alvi, Department of Ophthalmology, Diabetic Association of Pakistan (DAP), WHO Collaborating Center, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Rashid
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alvi
authors.affiliation: Muhammad Saleh Memon, Isra Ophthalmic Research & Development Center, Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital, Isra postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Saleh
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Memon
authors.affiliation: Samad Shera, Department of Ophthalmology, Diabetic Association of Pakistan (DAP), WHO Collaborating Center, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Samad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shera
authors.affiliation: Seema N. Mumtaz, Isra Ophthalmic Research & Development Center, Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital, Isra postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Seema N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Mumtaz
authors.affiliation: Sikander Ali Shaikh, Isra Ophthalmic Research & Development Center, Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital, Isra postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sikander Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.affiliation: Muhammad Faisal Fahim, Isra Ophthalmic Research & Development Center, Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital, Isra postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Faisal
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Fahim
keywords: Clinically significant macular edema; Diabetic retinopathy; Focal laser; Grid laser