title: NeuroMEMS: Neural Probe Microtechnologies.
abstract: Neural probe technologies have already had a significant positive effect on our understanding of the brain by revealing the functioning of networks of biological neurons. Probes are implanted in different areas of the brain to record and/or stimulate specific sites in the brain. Neural probes are currently used in many clinical settings for diagnosis of brain diseases such as seizers, epilepsy, migraine, Alzheimer's, and dementia. We find these devices assisting paralyzed patients by allowing them to operate computers or robots using their neural activity. In recent years, probe technologies were assisted by rapid advancements in microfabrication and microelectronic technologies and thus are enabling highly functional and robust neural probes which are opening new and exciting avenues in neural sciences and brain machine interfaces. With a wide variety of probes that have been designed, fabricated, and tested to date, this review aims to provide an overview of the advances and recent progress in the microfabrication techniques of neural probes. In addition, we aim to highlight the challenges faced in developing and implementing ultralong multi-site recording probes that are needed to monitor neural activity from deeper regions in the brain. Finally, we review techniques that can improve the biocompatibility of the neural probes to minimize the immune response and encourage neural growth around the electrodes for long term implantation studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, Canada H3A 2A7. mohamad.hajjhassan@mail.mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: HajjHassan
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, Canada H3A 2A7. vamsy.chodavarapu@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Vamsy
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chodavarapu
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, 3480 University Street, Montreal, Canada H3A 2A7. sam.musallam@mcgill.ca.|Department of Physiology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Osler, Montreal, Canada H3G 1Y6. sam.musallam@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Musallam
keywords: BioMEMS; Biocompatibility; Brain machine interfaces; Microelectrodes; Microfabrication; Neural probes; Neural prosthesis; NeuroMEMS