title: Tangible nanocomposites with diverse properties for heart valve application.
abstract: Cardiovascular disease claims millions of lives every year throughout the world. Biomaterials are used widely for the treatment of this fatal disease. With the advent of nanotechnology, the use of nanocomposites has become almost inevitable in the field of biomaterials. The versatile properties of nanocomposites, such as improved durability and biocompatibility, make them an ideal choice for various biomedical applications. Among the various nanocomposites, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-poly(carbonate-urea)urethane, bacterial cellulose with polyvinyl alcohol, carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide and nano-hydroxyapatite nanocomposites have gained popularity as putative choices for biomaterials in cardiovascular applications owing to their superior properties. In this review, various studies performed utilizing these nanocomposites for improving the mechanical strength, anti-calcification potential and hemocompatibility of heart valves are reviewed and summarized. The primary motive of this work is to shed light on the emerging nanocomposites for heart valve applications. Furthermore, we aim to promote the prospects of these nanocomposites in the campaign against cardiovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Muthu Vignesh
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Vellayappan
authors.affiliation: IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Arunpandian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balaji
authors.affiliation: IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Aruna Priyadarshini
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.affiliation: IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Agnes Aruna
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: John
authors.affiliation: IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Saravana Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jaganathan
authors.affiliation: Rubber Technology Center, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
authors.forename: Selvakumar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murugesan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Arlington, Texas, TX 76019, USA.
authors.forename: Hemanth
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mohandas
authors.affiliation: IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Eko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Supriyanto
authors.affiliation: IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yusof
keywords: anti-calcification; heart-valve; hemocompatiblity; mechanical-strength; nanocomposites