title: Measurement of Intestinal and Peripheral Cholesterol Fluxes by a Dual-Tracer Balance Method.
abstract: Long-term elevated plasma cholesterol levels put individuals at risk for developing atherosclerosis. Plasma cholesterol levels are determined by the balance between cholesterol input and output fluxes. Here we describe in detail the methodology to determine the different cholesterol fluxes in mice. The percentage of absorbed cholesterol is calculated from a stable isotope-based double-label method. Cholesterol synthesis is calculated from MIDA after13C-acetate enrichment. Cholesterol is removed from the body via the feces. The fecal excretion route is either biliary or non-biliary. The non-biliary route is dominated by trans-intestinal cholesterol efflux, or TICE. Biliary excretion of cholesterol is measured by collecting bile. Non-biliary excretion is calculated by computational modeling. In this article, we describe methods and procedures to measure and calculate dietary intake of cholesterol, fractional cholesterol absorption, fecal neutral sterol output, biliary cholesterol excretion, TICE, cholesterol synthesis, peripheral fluxes, and whole-body cholesterol balance. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Onne A H O
authors.initials: OAHO
authors.lastname: Ronda
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Liver Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Theo H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.affiliation: Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Verkade
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Liver Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.|Amsterdam Diabetes Center, Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Albert K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Groen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007553:Isotope Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice / Q000378:metabolism*; D023421:Models, Animal
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: biliary excretion; cholesterol absorption; cholesterol synthesis; fecal cholesterol excretion; mouse; trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion