title: Effect of carbohydrate counting using bolus calculators on glycemic control in type 1 diabetes patients during continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion.
abstract: The present study examined the long-term efficacy of insulin pump therapy for type 1 diabetes patients when carried out using carbohydrate counting with bolus calculators for 1 year. A total of 22 type 1 diabetes patients who had just started continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion were examined and divided into two groups: one that was educated about carbohydrate counting using bolus calculators (n = 14); and another that did not use bolus calculators (n = 8). After 1 year, the hemoglobin A1c levels of the patient group that used bolus calculators decreased persistently and significantly (P = 0.0297), whereas those of the other group did not. The bodyweight, total daily dose of insulin and bolus percentage of both groups did not change. Carbohydrate counting using bolus calculators is necessary to achieve optimal and persistent glycemic control in patients undergoing continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Eijiro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuyo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: Claire C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Bastie
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tagaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Osaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shimoda
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shibusawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsugumichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin
keywords: Bolus calculator; Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; Type 1 diabetes