title: Can multi-generational exposure to ocean warming and acidification lead to the adaptation of life history and physiology in a marine metazoan?
abstract: Ocean warming and acidification are concomitant global drivers that are currently threatening the survival of marine organisms. How species will respond to these changes depends on their capacity for plastic and adaptive responses. Little is known about the mechanisms that govern plasticity and adaptability or how global changes will influence these relationships across multiple generations. Here, we exposed the emerging model marine polychaeteOphryotrocha labronicato conditions simulating ocean warming and acidification, in isolation and in combination over five generations to identify: (i) how multiple versus single global change drivers alter both juvenile and adult life-history traits; (ii) the mechanistic link between adult physiological and fitness-related life-history traits; and (iii) whether the phenotypic changes observed over multiple generations are of plastic and/or adaptive origin. Two juvenile (developmental rate; survival to sexual maturity) and two adult (average reproductive body size; fecundity) life-history traits were measured in each generation, in addition to three physiological (cellular reactive oxygen species content, mitochondrial density, mitochondrial capacity) traits. We found that multi-generational exposure to warming alone caused an increase in juvenile developmental rate, reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial density, decreases in average reproductive body size and fecundity, and fluctuations in mitochondrial capacity, relative to control conditions. Exposure to ocean acidification alone had only minor effects on juvenile developmental rate. Remarkably, when both drivers of global change were present, only mitochondrial capacity was significantly affected, suggesting that ocean warming and acidification act as opposing vectors of stress across multiple generations.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland emma.gibbin@epfl.ch.|Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, Canada G5L 3A1.
authors.forename: Emma M
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9876-3748
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gibbin
authors.affiliation: Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, Canada G5L 3A1.|College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD4811, Australia.
authors.forename: Leela J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Chakravarti
authors.affiliation: Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, Canada G5L 3A1.|College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD4811, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Jarrold
authors.affiliation: Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, Canada G5L 3A1.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Christen
authors.affiliation: Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, Canada G5L 3A1.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Turpin
authors.affiliation: Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, Canada G5L 3A1.
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Massamba N'Siala
authors.affiliation: Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, Canada G5L 3A1.
authors.forename: Pierre U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Blier
authors.affiliation: Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, Canada G5L 3A1.
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Calosi
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000143:Acids / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D005075:Biological Evolution; D049628:Body Size; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D057232:Global Warming; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D011077:Polychaeta / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012098:Reproduction; D012623:Seawater / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: Acclimation; Evolution; Phenotypic plasticity; Selection