title: Multi-ethnic differences in HbA1c, blood pressure, and low-density-lipid cholesterol control among South Africans living with type 2 diabetes, after a 4-year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our study set out to examine if disparities in control of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure (BP), and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) existed among an urban multi-ethnic cohort of South Africans, living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  This longitudinal, retrospective study consisted of 261 men and women with previously diagnosed T2DM who attended Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, South Africa across two time periods 2009 and 2013. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from consecutive medical records. The primary outcome was to determine achievements in HbA1c, BP, and LDL-C among ethnic groups using evidence-based goals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the cohort was 64 (±10.6) years, females represented 55%, and the self-reported diabetes duration was 16 (±10.6) years as at 2013. Black Africans (42.9%, n=112 of 261) were more likely to reach the HbA1ctarget (<7%) and less likely to have had retinopathy, nephropathy, or cardiovascular disease. Over two-thirds of mixed-ancestry patients attained the BP target (<140/80 mmHg), while 90.2% of Caucasians achieved LDL-C goals (<2.5 mmol/L). Overall, across the ethnic groups studied, we found that HbA1ccontrol deteriorated over time, although BP levels remained the same and LDL-C levels drastically improved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was poor control of HbA1c, BP, and LDL-C across all ethnic groups. Although a minority achieved recommended targets, some ethnic groups appeared to have worse control than others. Timely aggressive actions in particularly high-risk ethnic groups will prevent/delay the complications commonly associated with T2DM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences.
authors.forename: Yacob
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pinchevsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences.
authors.forename: Varada J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Butkow
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chirwa
authors.affiliation: Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raal
keywords: HbA1c; LDL-C; blood pressure; diabetes mellitus; ethnicity