title: FOXOs in the impaired heart: New therapeutic targets for cardiac diseases.
abstract: Cardiac diseases have a high morbidity and mortality and affect the global population. Based on recent accumulating evidence, Forkhead box O (FOXOs) play important roles in cardiac diseases. Therefore, a summary of the current literature on the molecular mechanisms and roles of FOXOs in the heart will provide valuable information. In this review, we first briefly introduce the molecular features of FOXOs. Then, we discuss the regulation and cardiac actions of the FOXO pathways. Based on this background, we expand our discussion to the roles of FOXOs in several major cardiac diseases, such as ischemic cardiac diseases, diabetic cardiomyopathy and myocardial hypertrophy. Then, we describe some methodological problems associated with the FOXO gene-modified animal models. Finally, we discuss potential future directions. The information reviewed here may be significant for the design of future studies and may increase the potential of FOXOs as therapeutic targets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Zhenlong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China.
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Dongjin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China.
authors.forename: Chongxi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China.
authors.forename: Shouyin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Di
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China. Electronic address: junjunshejiaotong@163.com.
authors.forename: Junjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: She
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China. Electronic address: yang200214yy@163.com.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071316:Forkhead Box Protein O3 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D000071316:Forkhead Box Protein O3
keywords: Cardiac regeneration; Diabetic cardiomyopathy; Forkhead box O; Ischemic cardiac diseases; Myocardial hypertrophy