title: Anaplerosis for Glutamate Synthesis in the Neonate and in Adulthood.
abstract: A central task of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA, Krebs, citric acid) cycle in brain is to provide precursors for biosynthesis of glutamate, GABA, aspartate and glutamine. Three of these amino acids are the partners in the intricate interaction between astrocytes and neurons and form the so-called glutamine-glutamate (GABA) cycle. The ketoacids α-ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate are removed from the cycle for this process. When something is removed from the TCA cycle it must be replaced to permit the continued function of this essential pathway, a process termed anaplerosis. This anaplerotic process in the brain is mainly carried out by pyruvate carboxylation performed by pyruvate carboxylase. The present book chapter gives an introduction and overview into this carboxylation and additionally anaplerosis mediated by propionyl-CoA carboxylase under physiological conditions in the adult and in the developing rodent brain. Furthermore, examples are given about pathological conditions in which anaplerosis is disturbed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Nordland Hospital Trust, Bodo, Norway.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brekke
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, 7006, Norway.|Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 7489, Norway.
authors.forename: Tora Sund
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Morken
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anne B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Walls
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
authors.forename: Helle
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Waagepetersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schousboe
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark. ursula.sonnewald@ntnu.no.|Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Postboks 8905, Trondheim, 7489, Norway. ursula.sonnewald@ntnu.no.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sonnewald
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002952:Citric Acid Cycle; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D011766:Pyruvate Carboxylase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018698:Glutamic Acid; D011766:Pyruvate Carboxylase
keywords: Adult; Anaplerosis; Glutamate; Neonate; Pyruvate; Pyruvate carboxylation