title: Neovascular glaucoma: a review.
abstract: Neovascular glaucoma (NVG) is a secondary glaucoma generally associated with poor visual prognosis. The development of new vessels over the iris and the iridocorneal angle can obstruct aqueous humor outflow and lead to increased intraocular pressure. The underlying pathogenesis in most cases is posterior segment ischemia, which is most commonly secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy or central vein retinal occlusion. The neovascularization process in the eye is driven by the events that alter the homeostatic balance between pro-angiogenic factors, such as thevascular endothelial growth factorand anti-angiogenic factors, such as the pigment-epithelium-derived factor. Early diagnosis of this condition through slit lamp examination of the iris, iridocorneal angle and retina can help to avoid the development of goniosynechia and obstruction of aqueous humor outflow, with consequent intraocular pressure elevation. Historically, NVG treatment was focused on reducing the posterior segment ischemic process that caused the formation of new vessels, through panretinal photocoagulation. Recently, several studies have investigated the application of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapies in NVG. If clinical treatment with the use of hypotensive topical drops is not sufficient, laser and/or surgical procedures are required for intraocular pressure control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - UNICAMP, University of Campinas, Caixa Postal - 6111, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo B
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9625-6822
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - UNICAMP, University of Campinas, Caixa Postal - 6111, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - UNICAMP, University of Campinas, Caixa Postal - 6111, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zangalli
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - UNICAMP, University of Campinas, Caixa Postal - 6111, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil.
authors.forename: Savio L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Sodre
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - UNICAMP, University of Campinas, Caixa Postal - 6111, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil.
authors.forename: Flavia A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Donini
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - UNICAMP, University of Campinas, Caixa Postal - 6111, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil.
authors.forename: Danilo C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - UNICAMP, University of Campinas, Caixa Postal - 6111, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - UNICAMP, University of Campinas, Caixa Postal - 6111, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil.
authors.forename: Joao P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - UNICAMP, University of Campinas, Caixa Postal - 6111, Campinas, SP 13083-970 Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torigoe
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diniz-Filho
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Homero Gusmão
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: de Almeida
keywords: Anti-VEGF; Central retinal vein occlusion; Diabetes; Neovascular glaucoma; Refractory