title: The influence of smoking on the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-8 and periodontal parameters in smoker and nonsmoker patients with chronic periodontitis: A clinicobiochemical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Even though worldwide evidences tend to prove that smoking adversely influences periodontal health, there are few studies demonstrating the effect of levels of salivary matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) in smokers. This study aimed to compare and quantify the levels of MMP-8 in smokers and also to evaluate the effect of smoking on periodontal indices in smokers and nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total number of 60 subjects were selected for the study and were divided into three groups: group I, healthy nonsmoking subjects; group II, nonsmoking patients with chronic periodontitis; group III, smoking patients with chronic periodontitis. Each group consisted of 20 subjects. Saliva sample was collected for the estimation of MMP-8 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method using Quantikine human total MMP-8 immunoassay kit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of the salivary MMP-8 of group III was highest followed by group II and group I, the least. The other periodontal indices, viz. plaque index (PI), probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), were highest for group III, except for gingival index (GI).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that MMP-8 is involved in periodontal destruction associated with smoking. Additionally, smoking exerts disastrous effects on immune response and can affect the pathogenesis of disease; hence, smoking results in increased severity of periodontal destruction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Dr. Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India.
authors.forename: Namita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Dr. Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India.
authors.forename: Narinder Dev
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Dr. Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India.
authors.forename: Lata
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goyal
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Subharti Medical College, Meerut, U.P., India.
authors.forename: Shagufta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moin
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Dr. Ziauddin Ahmad Dental College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India.
authors.forename: Saif
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Subharti Medical College, Meerut, U.P., India.
authors.forename: Akash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics, Tamilnadu Government Dental College, Chennai, T.N., India.
authors.forename: Sagar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garg
keywords: Chronic periodontitis; Matrix metalloproteinase-8; Periodontal index; Saliva; Smoking