title: Biomarkers of systemic lupus erythematosus identified using mass spectrometry-based proteomics: a systematic review.
abstract: Advances in mass spectrometry technologies have created new opportunities for discovering novel protein biomarkers in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We performed a systematic review of published reports on proteomic biomarkers identified in SLE patients using mass spectrometry-based proteomics and highlight their potential disease association and clinical utility. Two electronic databases, MEDLINE and EMBASE, were systematically searched up to July 2015. The methodological quality of studies included in the review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Twenty-five studies were included in the review, identifying 241 SLE candidate proteomic biomarkers related to various aspects of the disease including disease diagnosis and activity or pinpointing specific organ involvement. Furthermore, 13 of the 25 studies validated their results for a selected number of biomarkers in an independent cohort, resulting in the validation of 28 candidate biomarkers. It is noteworthy that 11 candidate biomarkers were identified in more than one study. A significant number of potential proteomic biomarkers that are related to a number of aspects of SLE have been identified using mass spectrometry proteomic approaches. However, further studies are required to assess the utility of these biomarkers in routine clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.|Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: Orthodoxia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nicolaou
authors.affiliation: Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kousios
authors.affiliation: Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.|Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hadjisavvas
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lauwerys
authors.affiliation: Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: Kleitos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sokratous
authors.affiliation: Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.|Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: Kyriacos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kyriacou
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000378:metabolism*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: 
  SLE
  ; biomarkers; mass spectrometry; proteomics; systematic review; systemic lupus erythematosus