title: Iterative Development and Evaluation of a Pharmacogenomic-Guided Clinical Decision Support System for Warfarin Dosing.
abstract: Pharmacogenomic-guided dosing has the potential to improve patient outcomes but its implementation has been met with clinical challenges. Our objective was to develop and evaluate a clinical decision support system (CDSS) for pharmacogenomic-guided warfarin dosing designed for physicians and pharmacists.
  
  
  
  Twelve physicians and pharmacists completed 6 prescribing tasks using simulated patient scenarios in two iterations (development and validation phases) of a newly developed pharmacogenomic-driven CDSS prototype. For each scenario, usability was measured via efficiency, recorded as time to task completion, and participants' perceived satisfaction which were compared using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests, respectively. Debrief interviews were conducted and qualitatively analyzed. Usability findings from the first (i.e. development) iteration were incorporated into the CDSS design for the second (i.e. validation) iteration.
  
  
  
  During the CDSS validation iteration, participants took more time to complete tasks with a median (IQR) of 183 (124-247) seconds versus 101 (73.5-197) seconds in the development iteration (p=0.01). This increase in time on task was due to the increase in time spent in the CDSS corresponding to several design changes. Efficiency differences that were observed between pharmacists and physicians in the development iteration were eliminated in the validation iteration. The increased use of the CDSS corresponded to a greater acceptance of CDSS recommended doses in the validation iteration (4% in the first iteration vs. 37.5% in the second iteration, p<0.001). Overall satisfaction did not change statistically between the iterations but the qualitative analysis revealed greater trust in the second prototype.
  
  
  
  A pharmacogenomic-guided CDSS has been developed using warfarin as the test drug. The final CDSS prototype was trusted by prescribers and significantly increased the time using the tool and acceptance of the recommended doses. This study is an important step toward incorporating pharmacogenomics into CDSS design for clinical testing.
authors.forename: Brittany L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Melton
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Zillich
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saleem
authors.forename: Alissa L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Russ
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Tisdale
authors.affiliation: Brian R. Overholser, PharmD, FCCP, Associate Professor, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, Research Institute 2: Room 402, 950 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, Office (317) 278-4001, Fax: (317) 880-0568, Email: boverhol@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Overholser
mesh_terms: D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D054796:Drug Dosage Calculations; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D014859:Warfarin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014859:Warfarin
keywords: CPOE; Clinical decision support systems; computer-assisted drug therapy; pharmacogenetics; warfarin