title: Evaluation of Matrix Metalloproteinases, Cytokines and Their Potential Role in the Development of Ovarian Cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ovarian cancer is the 5th most common cause of deaths in the women among gynecological tumors. There are many growing evidences that stress and other behavioral factors may affect cancer progression and patient survival. The purpose of this study is to determine the key role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and cytokines in the aggregation and progression of ovarian cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stress variables (MDA, AGEs, AOPPs, NO), profile of antioxidants (SOD, Catalase, Vitamin E & A, GSH, GRx, GPx) and inflammatory biomarkers (MMP-9, MMP-2, MMP-11, IL-1α and TNF-α) were biochemically assessed from venous blood of fifty ovarian cancer patients and twenty healthy control subjects. The results of all parameters were analyzed statistically by independent sample t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the study demonstrated that the levels of stress variables like MDA (3.38±1.12nmol/ml), AGEs (2.72±0.22 ng/ml), AOPPs (128.48±27.23 ng/ml) and NO (58.71±8.67 ng/ml) were increased in the patients of ovarian cancer as compared to control individuals whereas the profile of antioxidants like SOD, Catalase, Vitamin E, Vitamin A, GSH and GRx were decreased in ovarian cancer patients (0.11±0.08 μg/ml, 2.41±1.01μmol/mol of protein, 0.22±0.04 μg/ml, 45.84±9.07μg/ml, 4.88±1.18μg/ml, 5.33±1.26 μmol/ml respectively). But the level of GPx antioxidant was increased in ovarian cancer patients (6.58±0.21μmol/ml). Moreover the levels of MMP-9 (64.87±5.35 ng/ml), MMP-2 (75.87±18.82 ng/ml) and MMP-11 (63.58±8.48 ng/ml) were elevated in the patients. Similarly, the levels of various cytokines TNF-α and IL-1α were also increased in the patients of ovarian cancer (32.17±3.52 pg/ml and 7.04±0.85 pg/ml respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MMPs are commonly expressed in ovarian cancer which are potential extrapolative biomarkers and have a major role in metastasis. Due to oxidative stress, different cytokines are released by tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) that result in the cancer progression. Consequently, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are the valuable therapeutic approaches to complement conservative anticancer strategies.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mahmood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rasool
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Arif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Abdul
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Basit Ashraf
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Gulshan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Parveen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shazia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.affiliation: Akhuwat-Faisalabad Institute of Research Science and Technology, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Irfan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine (CRIMM), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mahmood Husain
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Qazi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, BUITEMS, Quetta, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asif
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Kashif
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kamran
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Asim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.affiliation: Bolan Medical Hospital, Quetta, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Saima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iram
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Women University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Bagh, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sami Ullah
authors.initials: SU
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: CASVAB, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mohammad Zahid
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaheer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, BUITEMS, Quetta, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Rozeena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hani
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Choudhry
authors.affiliation: King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammad Sarwar
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Jamal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016207:Cytokines; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases