title: Short-term effects of a green coffee extract-, Garcinia c ambogia- and L-carnitine-containing chewing gum on snack intake and appetite regulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Different studies have assessed the influence of chewing gum to aid control of appetite and reduce food intake.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of the present study were to evaluate the effects of chewing gum on satiety, food hedonics and snack intake and to explore the potential effects of the combination of Garcinia c ambogia, green coffee extract and L-carnitine on satiety, when administered in a gum format.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective study in which 57 subjects randomly received three kinds of treatments, in a crossover design: (1) active gum; (2) placebo gum; and (3) no gum. Food preferences and appetite sensations were evaluated by means of the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire and visual analog scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant reduction in low-fat sweet snack intake with placebo gum and the active gum compared to no gum and a reduction in high-fat sweet snack intake with the active gum compared to placebo gum and no gum. Total caloric intake was only reduced in the active gum condition. Both the active and placebo gum conditions significantly reduced hunger and prospective food consumption and increased fullness compared to no gum and were associated with a reduced wanting for sweet food in the LFPQ, consistent in a reduction in the relative preference for sweet snacks versus savoury snacks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the notion that chewing gum containing nutraceutical products might aid in the control over snack intake and reduce hunger sensations.
authors.affiliation: CESIM Foundation, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina.|School of Natural Sciences, University of La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina.|National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bobillo
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Finlayson
authors.affiliation: CESIM Foundation, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: CESIM Foundation, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fischman
authors.affiliation: CESIM Foundation, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina.
authors.forename: Analisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beneitez
authors.affiliation: CESIM Foundation, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina.|School of Natural Sciences, University of La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina.
authors.forename: Alejandro J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ferrero
authors.affiliation: National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.|Department of Pathophysiology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Belisario E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.affiliation: CESIM Foundation, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina. marcos.mayer@gmail.com.|School of Natural Sciences, University of La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina. marcos.mayer@gmail.com.|National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. marcos.mayer@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marcos A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mayer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001067:Appetite Depressants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001069:Appetite Regulation; D001118:Argentina; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002331:Carnitine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002638:Chewing Gum; D040503:Coffea / Q000737:chemistry*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D029760:Garcinia / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012528:Satiety Response; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D062410:Snacks
chemical_list: D001067:Appetite Depressants; D002638:Chewing Gum; D010936:Plant Extracts; D002331:Carnitine
keywords: Chewing gum; Garcinia c ambogia; Green coffee; L-Carnitine; Satiety