title: Therapeutic Suppression of Nonsense Mutation: An Emerging Target in Multiple Diseases and Thrombotic Disorders.
abstract: Nonsense mutations contribute to approximately 10-30% of the total human inherited diseases via disruption of protein translation. If any of the three termination codons (UGA, UAG and UAA) emerges prematurely [known as premature termination codon (PTC)] before the natural canonical stop codon, truncated nonfunctional proteins or proteins with deleterious loss or gain-of-function activities are synthesized, followed by the development of nonsense mutation-mediated diseases. In the past decade, PTC-associated diseases captured much attention in biomedical research, especially as molecular therapeutic targets via nonsense suppression (i.e. translational readthrough) regimens. In this review, we highlighted different treatment strategies of PTC targeting readthrough therapeutics including the use of aminoglycosides, ataluren (formerly known as PTC124), suppressor tRNAs, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, pseudouridylation and CRISPR/Cas9 system to treat PTC-mediated diseases. In addition, as thrombotic disorders are a group of disease with major burdens worldwide, 19 potential genes containing a total of 705 PTCs that cause 21 thrombotic disorders have been listed based on the data reanalysis from the 'GeneCards® - Human Gene Database' and 'Human Gene Mutation Database' (HGMD®). These PTC-containing genes can be potential targets amenable for different readthrough therapeutic strategies in the future.
authors.affiliation: Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan. Malaysia.
authors.forename: Md
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asiful Islam
authors.affiliation: Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan. Malaysia.
authors.forename: Fahmida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammad Amjad
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kamal
authors.affiliation: Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan. Malaysia.
authors.forename: Siew Hua
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan. Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kah Keng
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan. Malaysia.
authors.forename: Teguh Haryo
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Sasongko
mesh_terms: D018389:Codon, Nonsense / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation / Q000187:drug effects*; D013489:Suppression, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D018389:Codon, Nonsense
keywords: CRISPR/Cas9; Nonsense mutation; aminoglycosides; ataluren; nonsense suppression therapy; premature termination codon; readthrough; thrombotic disorders