title: Frailty Is a Geriatric Syndrome Characterized by Multiple Impairments: A Comprehensive Approach Is Needed.
abstract: To evaluate the prevalence of frailty and the associated multimorbidity and functional impairments among community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly people in Taiwan.
  
  
  
  a cross-sectional study.
  
  
  
  communities in I-Lan County of Taiwan.
  
  
  
  1839 community-dwelling people aged 50 years and older.
  
  
  
  None.
  
  
  
  Frailty defined by Fried's criteria, Charlson's comorbidity index (CCI), Functional Autonomy Measurement System (SMAF), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Mini-Nutrition Assessment (MNA), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Short Form-12 quality of life questionnaire.
  
  
  
  Overall, 1839 subjects (mean age: 63.9±9.3 years, 47.5% males) participated in this study and men were more likely to have higher educational level, more smoking and alcohol drinking habit. The prevalence of frailty was 6.8% in this study, while pre-frailty was 40.5% and 53.7% of all participants were robust. Compared to subjects with different frailty status, age, education year, alcohol drinking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, CCI, walking speed, handgrip strength, score of SMAF, CES-D, MNA, MMSE, quality of life were significantly different between groups (P all< 0.05). Older age, poorer physical function, poorer cognitive function, poorer nutritional status, more depressive symptoms, higher CCI and poorer quality of life were all independently associated with frailty.
  
  
  
  Frailty was not simply a geriatric syndrome, but the combination of multiple geriatric syndromes. Further study is needed to evaluate the clinical benefits of intervention programs for community-dwelling middle-aged and older people to reverse frailty and its associated functional impairments.
authors.affiliation: Prof Liang-Kung Chen, Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No 201, Sec 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei, Taiwan, TEL: +886-2-28757830, FAX: +886-2-28757711, Email: lkchen2@vghtpe.gov.tw.
authors.forename: L-K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: A-C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: L-K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: W-J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: L-N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Peng
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005684:Gait; D018737:Hand Strength; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D013577:Syndrome; D013624:Taiwan; D000070857:Walk Test