title: Influence of phosphorous fertilization on copper phytoextraction and antioxidant defenses in castor bean (Ricinus communis L.).
abstract: Application of fertilizers to supply appropriate nutrients has become an essential agricultural strategy for enhancing the efficiency of phytoremediation in heavy metal contaminated soils. The present study was conducted to investigate the beneficial effects of three types of phosphate fertilizers (i.e., oxalic acid-activated phosphate rock (APR), Ca(H2PO4)2, and NaH2PO4) in the range of 0-600 mg P kg-1soil, on castor bean growth, antioxidants [antioxidative enzymes and glutathione (GSH)], and Cu uptake. Results showed that with the addition of phosphorus fertilizers, the dry weight of castor bean and the Cu concentration in roots increased significantly, resulting in increased Cu extraction. The phosphorus concentration in both shoots and roots was increased as compared with the control, and the Ca(H2PO4)2treatment had the greatest effect. Application of APR, NaH2PO4, and Ca(H2PO4)2reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and the activity of the two antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismustase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) in the leaves of castor bean. GSH concentration in leaves increased with the increasing levels of phosphorus applied to soil as well as the accumulation of phosphorus in shoots, compared to the control. These results demonstrated that the addition of phosphorus fertilizers can enhance the resistance of castor bean to Cu and increase the Cu extraction efficiency of the plant from contaminated soils.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.|College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
authors.forename: Guoyong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.|College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.|College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bahadur Sub Campus, Layyah, 31200, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Shahid
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rizwan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.|College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.|College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
authors.forename: Guangguang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.|College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
authors.forename: Qingling
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.|College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China. hqhu@mail.hzau.edu.cn.|College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. hqhu@mail.hzau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Hongqing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002367:Ricinus communis / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000032:analysis*; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005308:Fertilizers; D010710:Phosphates; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D003300:Copper
keywords: Antioxidant enzymes; Castor bean; Copper; Enhanced uptake; Lipid peroxidation; Phosphorus fertilizer; Phytoextraction