title: Studies on the therapeutic effect of propolis along with standard antibacterial drug in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infected BALB/c mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antibiotic resistance is an emerging public health problem. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has described antibiotic resistance as one of the world's most pressing health problems in 21stcentury. WHO rated antibiotic resistance as "one of the three greatest threats to human health". One important strategy employed to overcome this resistance is the use of combination of drugs. Many plants, natural extracts have been shown to exhibit synergistic response with standard drugs against microorganisms. The present study focused on the antibacterial potential of propolis in combination with the standard antibiotic Cefixime against the typhoid causing bacteria i.e. Salmonella.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ethanolic extract of propolis was taken for the present work. For the experiment BALB/c mice were taken as animal model and divided into ten groups. Along with normal and infected control groups, four different combinations of cefixime and propolis were used. Biochemical, hematological and histopathological indices were studied by following the standard protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In BALB/c mice, Salmonella causes severe biochemical, hematological and histopathological alterations by 5thday of infection. Ethanolic extract of propolis at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight of mice when used alone to treat Salmonella infection in mice gave significant results by 30thday of treatment. Similarly, when cefixime (4 mg/kg body weight of mice) was used to treat infection in mice, significant results as compared to infected control were observed after 5thday. But when propolis and cefixime were used together in different concentrations in combination therapy, evident results were observed after 5 days of treatment. The levels of various liver and kidney function enzymes, blood indices and the histopathology of liver, spleen and kidney were restored to near normal after 5 days of treatment and at much lower doses as compared to the effective dose when used alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study confirmed that significant results were observed in three combinations of cefixime and propolis as compared to infected controls. Propolis acted synergistically with cefixime and enhanced the efficacy of antibiotic and reduced its effective dose in combined therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. preeti.kalia84@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Preeti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kalia
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Neelima R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Kusum
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harjai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001516:Bees; D020682:Cefixime / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011429:Propolis / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012480:Salmonella Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects; D013154:Spleen / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D011429:Propolis; D020682:Cefixime
keywords: Antibacterial; Cefixime; Propolis; Salmonella; Synergy; Typhoid