title: The diversity of gendered adaptation strategies to climate change of Indian farmers: A feminist intersectional approach.
abstract: This paper examines climate change adaptation and gender issues through an application of a feminist intersectional approach. This approach permits the identification of diverse adaptation responses arising from the existence of multiple and fragmented dimensions of identity (including gender) that intersect with power relations to shape situation-specific interactions between farmers and ecosystems. Based on results from contrasting research cases in Bihar and Uttarakhand, India, this paper demonstrates, inter alia, that there are geographically determined gendered preferences and adoption strategies regarding adaptation options and that these are influenced by the socio-ecological context and institutional dynamics. Intersecting identities, such as caste, wealth, age and gender, influence decisions and reveal power dynamics and negotiation within the household and the community, as well as barriers to adaptation among groups. Overall, the findings suggest that a feminist intersectional approach does appear to be useful and worth further exploration in the context of climate change adaptation. In particular, future research could benefit from more emphasis on a nuanced analysis of the intra-gender differences that shape adaptive capacity to climate change.
authors.affiliation: ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, LDSP - Landscape Dynamics and Social Process Research Group, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7002-554, Évora, Portugal. Federica.ravera@gmail.com.|CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain. Federica.ravera@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ravera
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sustainability, Institute of Ethics and Transdisciplinary Sustainability Research, Leuphana University, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Berta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Martín-López
authors.affiliation: Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Edificio Sede Nº 1, Planta 1ª, Parque Científico de UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena, 48940, Leioa, Spain.|IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 6 floor, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.|Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, 19 Silver St., Cambridge, CB3 9EP, UK.
authors.forename: Unai
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pascual
authors.affiliation: Bioversity International, Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, 00057, Maccarese, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Drucker
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000383:Agriculture; D057231:Climate Change; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D012931:Social Environment
keywords: Adaptation; Himalayan region; Indian Gangetic mid-plains region; Intersectionality