title: Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease.
abstract: Hypertension, a global public health problem, is currently the leading factor in the global burden of disease. It is the major modifiable risk factor for heart disease, stroke and kidney failure. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is both a common cause of hypertension and CKD is also a complication of uncontrolled hypertension. The interaction between hypertension and CKD is complex and increases the risk of adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular outcomes. This is particularly significant in the setting of resistant hypertension commonly seen in patient with CKD. The pathophysiology of CKD associated hypertension is multi-factorial with different mechanisms contributing to hypertension. These pathogenic mechanisms include sodium dysregulation, increased sympathetic nervous system and alterations in renin angiotensin aldosterone system activity. Standardized blood pressure (BP) measurement is essential in establishing the diagnosis and management of hypertension in CKD. Use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring provides an additional assessment of diurnal variation in BP commonly seen in CKD patients. The optimal BP target in the treatment of hypertension in general and CKD population remains a matter of debate and controversial despite recent guidelines and clinical trial data. Medical therapy of patients with CKD associated hypertension can be difficult and challenging. Additional evaluation by a hypertension specialist may be required in the setting of treatment resistant hypertension by excluding pseudo-resistance and treatable secondary causes. Treatment with a combination of antihypertensive drugs, including appropriate diuretic choice, based on estimated glomerular filtration rate, is a key component of hypertension management in CKD patients. In addition to drug treatment non-pharmacological approaches including life style modification, most important of which is dietary salt restriction, should be included in the management of hypertension in CKD patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel School of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 833 Chestnut Street, Suite 700, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. seyed.hamrahian@Jefferson.edu.
authors.forename: Seyed Mehrdad
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hamrahian
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel School of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 833 Chestnut Street, Suite 700, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Bonita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Falkner
mesh_terms: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; D015897:Comorbidity; D004039:Diet, Sodium-Restricted; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013562:Sympathectomy; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D012982:Sodium, Dietary
keywords: Adults; Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; Blood pressure; Chronic kidney disease; Hypertension; Masked hypertension; Resistant hypertension; Salt; Sodium; White coat hypertension