title: Cuticular microstructures turn specular black into matt black in a stick insect.
abstract: The stick insect Peruphasma schultei stands out from other insects by its deep matt black cuticle. We tested whether the appearance of P. schultei is due to microstructures of the cuticle, a phenomenon that has recently been described for the velvet black scales of the Gaboon viper. The shiny black stick insect Anisomorpha paromalus served as a control. We found that the P. schultei cuticle is characterised by two different types of microstructures, tall elevations with a maximum size of 18 μm and small structures with a height of 4 μm. Other than in the snake, P. schultei microstructures do not bear nanostructures. The microstructures scatter light independently of the viewing angle. This causes the matt appearance of the cuticle, whereas pigments are responsible for the black colouration, resulting in a maximum reflectance of 2.8% percent. The microstructures also cause the hydrophobic properties of the cuticle with contact angles near 130°. Resin replicas and bleaching of the cuticle strongly support these results. Moreover, the matt black cuticle has a higher heat absorption compared to the control. We discuss the selective benefit of the matt black appearance of P. schultei in the context of behaviour, ecology and phylogeny.
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl für Zoologie, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Straβe 4, 85354 Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: Doris L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Maurer
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl für Zoologie, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Straβe 4, 85354 Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kohl
authors.affiliation: Lehrstuhl für Zoologie, AG Entomologie, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany. Electronic address: michael.gebhardt@posteo.de.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gebhardt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003116:Color; D004817:Epidermis / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D007313:Insecta / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009758:Nymph / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010858:Pigmentation; D013057:Spectrum Analysis
keywords: Cuticle; Hydrophoby; Matt black; Microstructures; Reflection; Stick insect