title: Role of Endogenous and Exogenous Tocopherols in the Lipid Stability of Marine Oil Systems: A Review.
abstract: In marine organisms primarily intended for human consumption, the quality of the muscle and the extracted oils may be affected by lipid oxidation during storage, even at low temperatures. This has led to a search for alternatives to maintain quality. In this sense, antioxidant compounds have been used to prevent such lipid deterioration. Among the most used compounds are tocopherols, which, due to their natural origin, have become an excellent alternative to prevent or retard lipid oxidation and maintain the quality of marine products. Tocopherols as antioxidants have been studied both exogenously and endogenously. Exogenous tocopherols are often used by incorporating them into plastic packaging films or adding them directly to fish oil. It has been observed that exogenous tocopherols incorporated in low concentrations maintain the quality of both muscle and the extracted oils during food storage. However, it has been reported that tocopherols applied at higher concentrations act as a prooxidant molecule, probably because their reactions with singlet oxygen may generate free radicals and cause the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oils. However, when tocopherols are included in a fish diet (endogenous tocopherols), the antioxidant effect on the muscle lipids is more effective due to their incorporation into the membrane lipids, which can help extend the shelf life of seafood by reducing the lipid deterioration that occurs due to antioxidant synergy with other phenolic compounds used supplements in fish muscle. This review focuses on the most important studies in this field and highlights the potential of using tocopherols as antioxidants in marine oils.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, 85000 Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, México. msuarez@guayacan.uson.mx.|Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México. msuarez@guayacan.uson.mx.
authors.forename: Guadalupe Miroslava
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Suárez-Jiménez
authors.affiliation: Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Estatal de Sonora, Unidad Académica Hermosillo, Ley Federal del Trabajo s/n, 83100 Hermosillo, Sonora, México. k_rmelita@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Carmen María
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: López-Saiz
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México. hguerra84@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hugo Enrique
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Guerra
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México. ezquerra@guayacan.uson.mx.
authors.forename: Josafat Marina
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ezquerra-Brauer
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, 85000 Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, México. sruiz@itson.edu.mx.
authors.forename: Saul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Cruz
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, México. wilfrido.torres@guayacan.uson.mx.
authors.forename: Wilfrido
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Torres-Arreola
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000378:metabolism; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D024505:Tocopherols / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D005395:Fish Oils; D024505:Tocopherols
keywords: antioxidant; fish oil; lipid oxidation; muscle; tocopherols