title: Hybrid ablation for atrial fibrillation: current approaches and future directions.
abstract: Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation has rapidly evolved during the past decade: although the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation via a transcatheter approach has been consistently successful, persistent and long-standing atrial fibrillation still represents a major clinical challenge with less favorable outcomes to date. Because novel, minimally invasive surgical approaches have been developed for atrial fibrillation ablation, the aim of the present review is to analyze the current evidence surrounding the integration of surgical and transcatheter strategies in a hybrid fashion for the treatment of atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  
  Long-standing persistent, atrial fibrillation requires further understanding. Wide antral circumferential ablation of the pulmonary veins represents the cornerstone of any ablation therapy. Additional linear lesions and/or targeting complex fractionated atrial electrograms may also be considered. One of the limitations is achieving a transmural lesion. The combined endocardial and epicardial approach may represent a superior approach.
  
  
  
  Hybrid ablation of atrial fibrillation represents a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of complex scenarios, such as long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation. A specialized team including dedicated surgeons and cardiologists appears to be crucial in order to achieve durable and satisfactory outcomes following hybrid ablation of atrial fibrillation.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cardiac Surgery and Cardiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Gianluigi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bisleri
authors.forename: Benedict
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Glover
mesh_terms: D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000639:trends*; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome