title: Evidence that an internal schema adapts swallowing to upper airway requirements.
abstract: To swallow food and liquid safely, airway protection is essential. Upward and forward movements of the hyoid and larynx in the neck during swallowing vary in magnitude between individuals. In healthy human adults, hyoid and laryngeal movements during swallowing were scaled by differences in initial upper airway area before swallowing. Individuals increased laryngeal elevation during swallowing in response to increased airway opening before swallowing. We show that when upper airway protection requirements change, individuals use an internal sensorimotor scaling system to adapt movements to maintain swallow safety.
  
  
  
  Hyoid and laryngeal movements contribute to laryngeal vestibule closure and upper oesophageal sphincter opening during swallowing. Evidence of an internal sensorimotor scaling system allowing individuals to achieve these functional goals is lacking. In speech, speakers adjust their articulatory movement magnitude according to the movement distance required to reach an articulatory target for intelligible speech. We investigated if swallowing is similar in that movement amplitude may be scaled by the functional goal for airway protection during swallowing, rather than by head and neck size. We hypothesized that healthy individuals adapt to their own anatomy by adjusting hyo-laryngeal movements to achieve closure of the upper airway. We also investigated if individuals would automatically compensate for changes in their initial hyo-laryngeal positions and area when head position was changed prior to swallowing. Videofluoroscopy was performed in 31 healthy adults. Using frame-by-frame motion analysis, anterior and superior hyoid and laryngeal displacement, and hyo-laryngeal area were measured prior to and during swallowing. Kinematic measurements during swallowing were examined for relationships with pharyngeal neck length, and initial hyo-laryngeal positions, length and area before swallowing. During swallowing, individuals altered laryngeal elevation magnitude to exceed hyoid elevation based on hyo-laryngeal length before swallowing. Anterior laryngeal displacement was related to initial larynx distance from the spine, while hyoid elevation was predicted by pharyngeal neck length and initial hyoid distance from the mandible prior to the swallow. In conclusion, individuals automatically adapt hyo-laryngeal movement during swallowing based on targets required for closing the hyo-laryngeal area for safe swallowing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech Therapy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Seng Mun
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9902-8123
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Rickie J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Domangue
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Sidney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fels
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Christy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Ludlow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D049628:Body Size; D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006928:Hyoid Bone / Q000502:physiology*; D007830:Larynx / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: airway protection; deglutition; hyoid elevation; kinematics; laryngeal elevation; sensorimotor feedback; upper esophageal sphincter; vestibule closure