title: Diverging temporal trends of human exposure to bisphenols and plastizisers, such as phthalates, caused by substitution of legacy EDCs?
abstract: Phthalates and phenolic substances were investigated in urine samples from first-time mothers in Uppsala, Sweden, collected between 2009 and 2014. These substances have a comparably fast metabolism and urinary metabolites are predominantly analysed. The main aim was to investigate if measures to decrease production and use of certain phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) have resulted in decreased human exposure, and to determine if exposures to replacement chemicals have increased. Temporal trends were evaluated for metabolites (n=13) of seven phthalates, a phthalate replacer, four different bisphenols, triclosan, one organophosphate-based flame retardant, and for two pesticides. The results showed downward trends of several phthalates which are in the process of being regulated and phased out. Concomitantly, an increasing trend was seen for a metabolite of the phthalate replacer Di-iso-nonylcyclohexane 1,2-dicarboxylate (DiNCH). Bisphenol A (BPA) showed a downward trend, whereas bisphenol F, identified as one of the substitutes for BPA, showed an increasing trend. The decreasing trend of triclosan is likely due to declining use within the EU. Temporal trend studies of urine samples make it possible to investigate human exposure to rapidly metabolised substances and study how measures taken to regulate and replace problematic chemicals affect human exposure.
authors.affiliation: National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, 751 26, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gyllenhammar
authors.affiliation: National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, 751 26, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Glynn
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bo A G
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Jönsson
authors.affiliation: Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 221 85, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christian H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lindh
authors.affiliation: National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, 751 26, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per Ola
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Darnerud
authors.affiliation: National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, 751 26, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kettil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.affiliation: National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, 751 26, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lignell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000652:urine; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009035:Mothers; D010636:Phenols / Q000652:urine; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D010968:Plasticizers / Q000032:analysis*; D013548:Sweden; D014260:Triclosan / Q000652:urine; D000098833:Bisphenol F Compounds; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010636:Phenols; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D010968:Plasticizers; D014260:Triclosan; C000611646:bisphenol F; D000098833:Bisphenol F Compounds; C032279:phthalic acid; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds