title: Transgender Rights as Human Rights.
abstract: Arguments to support transgender rights often rely on "born that way" arguments, which assert that gender identity is innate, immutable, and unassociated with choice. These arguments are vulnerable to attack on several grounds, including on the basis of emerging scientific data. Stronger support for transgender rights arises from human rights arguments.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatrist, bioethicist, and professor of clinical epidemiology and clinical psychiatry at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City, where she is also director of the Montefiore Einstein Center for Bioethics, and a fellow of the American Psychiatric Society, the New York Academy of Medicine, and the Hastings Center.
authors.forename: Tia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.affiliation: Resident in emergency medicine at Bellevue Hospital in New York City.
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.affiliation: Professor of law at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University in New York City, where he is the founding director of the Gertrud Mainzer Program in Family Law, Policy and Bioethics.
authors.forename: Ed
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006806:Human Rights; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012586:Science; D063106:Transgender Persons