title: Executive functioning in men and women with an autism spectrum disorder.
abstract: Executive functioning (EF) is thought to be linked to autism spectrum disorders (ASD) specific symptoms. The majority of research has focused on children and adolescents with ASD and, therefore, little is known about EF in adults. Furthermore, little is known about gender differences. Ninety-nine men and forty women with ASD were compared with and 35 neurotypical men 25 neurotypical women. Participants were matched on age, total intelligence, and verbal ability. The following instruments were used to measure executive functioning: digit span and letter and number sequencing of the WAIS-III, Tower of Hanoi, WCST, and Verbal fluency. Multiple analysis of variance was conducted to determine group differences. Women with ASD performed worse on the working memory tasks of the WAIS-III than neurotypical women. Furthermore, women with ASD had more perseverations on the WCST than neurotypical women. The gender comparison in the ASD group showed differences in performance on mental flexibility (WCST), working memory (WAIS-III), generativity and self-monitoring (Verbal fluency). However, these differences were unequivocal and no gender specific cognitive profile could be pinpointed. Individual strengths and frailties should be highlighted in clinical practice, as impairments in EF can be under influence of the overall cognitive abilities of the individual. Furthermore, gender differences were found. This could explain differences in representation of ASD symptoms in both groups. These differences show how important thorough diagnostics are. Autism Res 2017, 10: 940-948. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Autisme Kennis Centrum (Bosman GGZ), Koningin Wilhelminalaan 8, Utrecht, 3527 LD, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9223-6720
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiep
authors.affiliation: Autisme Kennis Centrum (Bosman GGZ), Koningin Wilhelminalaan 8, Utrecht, 3527 LD, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Annelies A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Spek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: autism; executive functioning; females with autism; gender differences