title: Perception of Fechner Illusory Colors in Alzheimer Disease Patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND Alzheimer disease (AD) primarily affects cognition. A variety of visual disorders was established in AD. Fechner illusory colors are produced by a rotating disk with a black and white pattern. The purpose of our research was to explore the perception of illusory colors in AD. MATERIAL AND METHODS W recruited 40 AD patients (MMSE ≥14) and 40 normal controls (CG group) matched by age, education, gender in this prospective, cross-sectional, case-control study. An achromatic Benham's disk attached to a device to control the speed and direction of rotation was used to produce illusory colors. Primary, secondary, and tertiary RGB system colors were used for matching of illusory and physical colors. RESULTS Subjects in the AD group perceived less illusory colors in 5 arcs (p<0.05) of the 8 arcs assessed. The biggest difference was found between AD and CG groups for pure blue (χ²=26.87, p<0.001 clockwise, χ²=22.75, p<0.001 counter-clockwise). Groups did not differ in perception of pure yellow opponent colors (p>0.05). Mixed colors of the blue-yellow axis were perceived less often in AD, but more frequently than pure blue (#0000FF). The sequence of colors on Benham's disk followed a complex pattern, different from the order of physical spectral colors and opponent processes-based colors. CONCLUSIONS AD patients retained reduced perception of illusory colors. The perception of pure blue illusory color is almost absent in AD. The asymmetrical shift to the yellow opponent is observed in AD with red prevailing over green constituent. This may indicate cortical rather than retinal impairment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Center of Neurology, , Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Gintaras
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaubrys
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Center for Neurology, , Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bukina
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Diseases, Family Medicine and Oncology, Center of Family Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Ieva
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bingelytė
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Systems, Faculty of Electronics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Vladas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Taluntis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003116:Color; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007088:Illusions; D008297:Male; D014796:Visual Perception