title: Estimating the accuracy of muscle response testing: two randomised-order blinded studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Manual muscle testing (MMT) is a non-invasive assessment tool used by a variety of health care providers to evaluate neuromusculoskeletal integrity, and muscular strength in particular. In one form of MMT called muscle response testing (MRT), muscles are said to be tested, not to evaluate muscular strength, but neural control. One established, but insufficiently validated, application of MRT is to assess a patient's response to semantic stimuli (e.g. spoken lies) during a therapy session. Our primary aim was to estimate the accuracy of MRT to distinguish false from true spoken statements, in randomised and blinded experiments. A secondary aim was to compare MRT accuracy to the accuracy when practitioners used only their intuition to differentiate false from true spoken statements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two prospective studies of diagnostic test accuracy using MRT to detect lies are presented. A true positive MRT test was one that resulted in a subjective weakening of the muscle following a lie, and a true negative was one that did not result in a subjective weakening of the muscle following a truth. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 using a simplified methodology. In Experiment 1, 48 practitioners were paired with 48 MRT-naïve test patients, forming unique practitioner-test patient pairs. Practitioners were enrolled with any amount of MRT experience. In Experiment 2, 20 unique pairs were enrolled, with test patients being a mix of MRT-naïve and not-MRT-naïve. The primary index test was MRT. A secondary index test was also enacted in which the practitioners made intuitive guesses ("intuition"), without using MRT. The actual verity of the spoken statement was compared to the outcome of both index tests (MRT and Intuition) and their mean overall fractions correct were calculated and reported as mean accuracies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Experiment 1, MRT accuracy, 0.659 (95% CI 0.623 - 0.695), was found to be significantly different (p < 0.01) from intuition accuracy, 0.474 (95% CI 0.449 - 0.500), and also from the likelihood of chance (0.500; p < 0.01). Experiment 2 replicated the findings of Experiment 1. Testing for various factors that may have influenced MRT accuracy failed to detect any correlations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRT has repeatedly demonstrated significant accuracy for distinguishing lies from truths, compared to both intuition and chance. The primary limitation of this study is its lack of generalisability to other applications of MRT and to MMT.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR; www.anzctr.org.au ; ID # ACTRN12609000455268 , and US-based ClinicalTrials.gov (ID # NCT01066312 ).
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. dranne@drannejensen.com.|Department for Continuing Education, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. dranne@drannejensen.com.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.|Department for Continuing Education, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, City University London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Burls
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008014:Lie Detection; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014342:Truth Disclosure; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Kinesiology; Lie detection; Muscle weakness; Sensitivity; Specificity