title: Intravenous fluids: balancing solutions.
abstract: The topic of intravenous (IV) fluids may be regarded as "reverse nephrology", because nephrologists usually treat to remove fluids rather than to infuse them. However, because nephrology is deeply rooted in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, IV fluids belong in the realm of our specialty. The field of IV fluid therapy is in motion due to the increasing use of balanced crystalloids, partly fueled by the advent of new solutions. This review aims to capture these recent developments by critically evaluating the current evidence base. It will review both indications and complications of IV fluid therapy, including the characteristics of the currently available solutions. It will also cover the use of IV fluids in specific settings such as kidney transplantation and pediatrics. Finally, this review will address the pathogenesis of saline-induced hyperchloremic acidosis, its potential effect on outcomes, and the question if this should lead to a definitive switch to balanced solutions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Room D-438, PO Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. e.j.hoorn@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Ewout J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Hoorn
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium / Q000187:drug effects; D000138:Acidosis / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D002713:Chlorine / Q000097:blood; D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000077324:Crystalloid Solutions; D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D002713:Chlorine
keywords: Balanced crystalloids; Hyperchloremic acidosis; Hyponatremia; Hypotonic fluids; Kidney transplantation; Pediatrics