title: A cytokine study of pediatric Tourette's disorder without obsessive compulsive disorder.
abstract: It has been suggested that post-infectious inflammation in central nervous system is a cause of tic disorder including Tourette's disorder (TD). Since pro-inflammatory cytokines are important mediators inducing inflammation, the cytokine levels are regarded as one of the important indicators of inflammation. Several studies have investigated the relationship of autoimmunity and the pathogenesis of TD by measuring the inflammatory cytokine levels of blood. However, when using human samples, the experimental results can be affected by the factors like size of sample, comorbidity, medication that patients take and the severity of the diseases. Thus, it is important to exclude the possibility that comorbidity and medication affects the level of inflammatory cytokines in the serum of TD patients. In our experiment, we recruited 29 patients without obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) comorbidity and the majority of these patients did not take medication. The six pro-inflammatory cytokine levels of blood between patient and healthy groups were compared, considering the factors above, to determine more accurate results. Of the cytokines we investigated, the interleukin 12 p70 (IL-12p70) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) levels increased in patient group compared to healthy controls and the patient group which have anti-streptolysin O (ASO) score under the 200 or YTGSS score from 10 to 19 also showed higher IL-12p70 or TNFα levels. In addition, the patients who did not take medication showed higher TNFα levels compared to healthy controls. In conclusion, we suggest that inflammatory pathways that involve IL-12p70 or TNFα are important to the pathogenesis of TD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Yeon
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ju Hyung
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Daewon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyuna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ki Yong
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Statistics, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seohoon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chonbuk National University School of Medicine, Jeonju, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Ryul
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: yjung@korea.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yong Woo
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Chonbuk National University School of Medicine, Jeonju, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: ptaewon@jbnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Tae Won
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000989:Antistreptolysin / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D005879:Tourette Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018664:Interleukin-12; D000989:Antistreptolysin
keywords: ASO; IL-12; Medication; TNF-alpha; Tic disorder; Tourette’s disorder