title: N-Acetyl Cysteine Attenuated the Deleterious Effects of Advanced Glycation End-Products on the Kidney of Non-Diabetic Rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the renal effects of chronic exposure to advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in the absence of diabetes and the potential impact of concomitant treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats received intraperitoneally 20 mg/kg/day of albumin modified (AlbAGE) or not (AlbC) by advanced glycation for 12 weeks and oral NAC (600mg/L; AlbAGE+NAC and AlbC+NAC, respectively). Biochemical, urinary and renal morphological analyses; carboxymethyl-lysine (CML, an AGE), CD68 (macrophage infiltration), and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE, marker of oxidative stress) immunostaining; intrarenal mRNA expression of genes belonging to pathways related to AGEs (Ager, Ddost, Nfkb1), renin-angiotensin system (Agt, Ren, Ace), fibrosis (Tgfb1, Col4a1), oxidative stress (Nox4, Txnip), and apoptosis (Bax, Bcl2); and reactive oxidative species (ROS) content were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AlbAGE significantly increased urine protein-to-creatinine ratio; glomerular area; renal CML content and macrophage infiltration; expression of Ager, Nfkb1, Agt, Ren, Tgfb1, Col4a1, Txnip, Bax/Bcl2 ratio; and 4-HNE and ROS contents. Some of these effects were attenuated by NAC concomitant treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because AGEs are highly consumed in modern diets and implicated in the progression of different kidney diseases, NAC could be a therapeutic intervention to decrease renal damage, considering that long-term restriction of dietary AGEs is difficult to achieve in practice.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaios (LIM-18), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thieme
authors.forename: Karolline S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Da Silva
authors.forename: Nelly T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Fabre
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Catanozi
authors.forename: Maria Beatriz
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.forename: Daniele Pereira
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Santos-Bezerra
authors.forename: Juliana Martins
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Costa-Pessoa
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oliveira-Souza
authors.forename: Ubiratan F
authors.initials: UF
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Passarelli
authors.forename: Maria Lucia
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Correa-Giannella
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000473:pathology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000633:toxicity*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012709:Serum Albumin; D000111:Acetylcysteine