title: Nomenclature and diagnosis of gluten-related disorders: A position statement by the Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists and Endoscopists (AIGO).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  "Gluten-related disorders" is a term that encompasses different diseases induced by the ingestion of gluten-containing food. Because of their incidence the scientific community has been intensively studying them.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To support gastroenterologists with a correct nomenclature and diagnostic approach to gluten-related disorders in adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists and Endoscopists (AIGO) commissioned a panel of experts to prepare a position statement clarifying the nomenclature and diagnosis of gluten-related disorders, focusing on those of gastroenterological interest. Each member was assigned a task and levels of evidence/recommendation have been proposed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The panel identified celiac disease, wheat allergy and non-celiac gluten sensitivity as the gluten-related disorders of gastroenterological interest. Celiac disease has an autoimmune nature, wheat allergy is IgE-mediated while the pathogenesis of non-celiac gluten sensitivity is still unknown as is the case of non-IgE mediated allergy. Diagnosis should start with the serological screening for celiac disease and wheat allergy. In case of normal values, the response to a gluten-free diet should be evaluated and a confirmatory blind food challenge carried out.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gluten-related disorders are clinically heterogeneous. Patients should be carefully managed and specific protocols applied for a correct differential diagnosis in gastroenterological setting.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy. Electronic address: lucelli@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Elli
authors.affiliation: Allergology and Clinical Immunology Unit, AO "Santa Maria degli Angeli", via Montereale 24, 33170 Pordenone, Italy. Electronic address: danilo.villalta@aas5.sanita.fvg.it.
authors.forename: Danilo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Villalta
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy. Electronic address: leda.roncoroni@tiscali.it.
authors.forename: Leda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Roncoroni
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia (school of Medicine and Surgery) Università Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy. Electronic address: Donatella.barisani@unimib.it.
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barisani
authors.affiliation: Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy; Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: stefano.ferrero@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrero
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy. Electronic address: nicoletta.pellegrini@unipr.it.
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pellegrini
authors.affiliation: Center for the Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Bardella
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Santa Maria del Prato Hospital, Feltre, Italy. Electronic address: flavio.valiante@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Valiante
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Unit ASST - Santi Paolo e Carlo - Milano, Italy. Electronic address: tomba.carolina@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tomba
authors.affiliation: DiBiMIS, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Internal Medicine, Giovanni Paolo II Hospital, Sciacca, Italy. Electronic address: acarroccio@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carroccio
authors.affiliation: Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. Electronic address: mbellini@med.unipi.it.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bellini
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Unit ASST - Santi Paolo e Carlo - Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soncini
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology, CRO National Cancer Institute, via Franco Gallini 2, 33081, Aviano, Italy. Electronic address: rcannizzato@cro.it.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cannizzaro
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology, IRCCS De Bellis Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy. Electronic address: leandro@media.it.
authors.forename: Gioacchino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leandro
mesh_terms: D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D055050:Diet, Gluten-Free; D005762:Gastroenterology; D005983:Glutens / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012955:Societies, Medical; D021182:Wheat Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D005983:Glutens
keywords: Celiac disease; Food allergy; Gluten-related disorders; Non-celiac gluten sensitivity; Wheat allergy