title: The effects of drug and alcohol consumption on driver injury severities in single-vehicle crashes.
abstract: It is well known that alcohol and drugs influence driving behavior by affecting the central nervous system, awareness, vision, and perception/reaction times, but the resulting effect on driver injuries in car crashes is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting the injury severities of unimpaired, alcohol-impaired, and drug-impaired drivers.
  
  
  
  The current article applies a random parameters logit model to study the differences in injury severities among unimpaired, alcohol-impaired, and drug-impaired drivers. Using data from single-vehicle crashes in Cook County, Illinois, over a 9-year period from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2012, separate models for unimpaired, alcohol-impaired, and drug-impaired drivers were estimated. A wide range of variables potentially affecting driver injury severity was considered, including roadway and environmental conditions, driver attributes, time and location of the crash, and crash-specific factors.
  
  
  
  The estimation results show significant differences in the determinants of driver injury severities across groups of unimpaired, alcohol-impaired, and drug-impaired drivers. The findings also show that unimpaired drivers are understandably more responsive to variations in lighting, adverse weather, and road conditions, but these drivers also tend to have much more heterogeneity in their behavioral responses to these conditions, relative to impaired drivers. In addition, age and gender were found to be important determinants of injury severity, but the effects varied significantly across all drivers, particularly among alcohol-impaired drivers.
  
  
  
  The model estimation results show that statistically significant differences exist in driver injury severities among the unimpaired, alcohol-impaired, and drug-impaired driver groups considered. Specifically, we find that unimpaired drivers tend to have more heterogeneity in their injury outcomes in the presence potentially adverse weather and road surface conditions. This makes sense because one would expect unimpaired drivers to apply their full knowledge/judgment range to deal with these conditions, and the variability of this range across the driver population (with different driving experiences, etc.) should be great. In contrast, we find, for the most part, that alcohol-impaired and drug-impaired drivers have far less heterogeneity in the factors that affect injury severity, suggesting an equalizing effect resulting from the decision-impairing substance.
authors.affiliation: a Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Behnood
authors.affiliation: b Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida.
authors.forename: Fred L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Mannering
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D000066448:Driving Under the Influence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007087:Illinois; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Random parameters logit model; alcohol, drug; driver injury severity; single-vehicle crashes