title: Environmental Exposures and Cardiovascular Disease: A Challenge for Health and Development in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.
abstract: Environmental exposures in low- and middle-income countries lie at the intersection of increased economic development and the rising public health burden of cardiovascular disease. Increasing evidence suggests an association of exposure to ambient air pollution, household air pollution from biomass fuel, lead, arsenic, and cadmium with multiple cardiovascular disease outcomes, including hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular mortality. Although populations in low- and middle-income countries are disproportionately exposed to environmental pollution, evidence linking these exposures to cardiovascular disease is derived from populations in high-income countries. More research is needed to further characterize the extent of environmental exposures.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, 11th Floor, Room 1180D, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. Electronic address: Melissa.Burroughspena@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Melissa S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Burroughs Peña
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Allman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rollins
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003906:Developing Countries; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011203:Poverty; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Air pollution; Arsenic; Cadmium; Cardiovascular disease; Environmental health; Heavy metals; Household air pollution; Lead