title: Can urinary indolylacroylglycine levels be used to determine whether children with autism will benefit from dietary intervention?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An increase in urinary indolyl-3-acryloylglycine (IAG) has been reported in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who suffer with bowel problems in comparison to ASD children without gastrointestinal (GI) problems. The case for dietary intervention for ASD children with GI symptoms might be strengthened were such a difference to be autism-specific.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative analysis of urinary IAG levels was performed for 53 children on the autism spectrum and 146 age-matched controls. The parents of each child were asked to provide information on bowel symptoms experienced by the child and their eating habits over a period of 2 wk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We find no significant difference in urinary IAG levels between the ASD children with GI problems and ASD children without GI problems. Although we see some difference between ASD children with GI problems and controls in mainstream schools with GI problems, the difference between non-autistic children with other developmental disorders and controls in mainstream schools is more significant so that any difference is not autism-specific. We find a strong correlation between bowel symptoms and diet problems in ASD children, especially idiosyncratic feeding behavior and we show that ASD children suffering from multiple bowel symptoms tend to be those who also have dietary problems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no evidence to support the hypothesis that children with ASD who suffer with bowel problems have increased levels of urinary IAG in comparison to children with ASD who do not have gastrointestinal problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, University of York, York, UK.|Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK.|Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Leeds, UK.|Department of Health Science, University of York, York, UK.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jost
authors.affiliation: York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, York, UK.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS Foundation Trust, Middlesbrough, UK.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.affiliation: University College Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richardson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000652:urine*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000652:urine*; D007422:Intestines; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C001807:indolylacryloylglycine; D005998:Glycine