title: Retrograde conditioning of place preference and motor activity with cocaine in mice.
abstract: In order to improve understanding of the nature of drug-associated memory, the current studies addressed whether conditioned place preference (CPP) could develop under conditions in which there was a delay between presentation of context and drug exposure (i.e., retrograde or trace conditioning).
  
  
  
  The objective was to assess development of CPP when cocaine or methamphetamine was injected simultaneously with exposure to a salient context (S+), or after delays differing in length.
  
  
  
  Dose response curves for conventional CPP were established using separate groups of Swiss-Webster mice injected with cocaine or methamphetamine just prior to S+ exposure. To assess the development of retrograde CPP, other groups received trace conditioning, where cocaine (15 mg/kg) or methamphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) was injected after a delay of 15, 60, 120, 180, 240, or 480 min following the end of the S+ session.
  
  
  
  Mice receiving conventional CPP with cocaine or methamphetamine during S+ showed significant place preference. None of the groups receiving delayed methamphetamine showed significant CPP; however, CPP was evident in mice receiving cocaine after delays of up to 4 h following S+. In a separate study, delayed methamphetamine also did not result in significant place preference when presented in doses of 0.25 or 1 mg/kg.
  
  
  
  These results suggest that psychostimulant drug taking may be broadly generalized to context through retrograde association with events in recent memory, a factor that may contribute to drug-seeking and relapse following abstinence.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Discovery, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
authors.forename: Ritu A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Discovery, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rutledge
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Discovery, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA. Michael.forster@unthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Forster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects*; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058999:Drug-Seeking Behavior; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D008694:Methamphetamine; D003042:Cocaine
keywords: Cocaine; Conditioned place preference; Memory; Methamphetamine; Pavlovian conditioning