title: Burden of Surgical Site Infections Associated with Select Spine Operations and Involvement of Staphylococcus aureus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spine operations may be indicated for treatment of diseases including vertebral injuries, degenerative spinal conditions, disk disease, spinal misalignments, or malformations. Surgical site infection (SSI) is a clinically important complication of spine surgery. Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is a leading cause of post-spinal SSIs.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed and applicable infectious disease conference proceedings were searched to identify relevant published studies. Overall, 343 full-text publications were screened for epidemiologic, mortality, health care resource utilization, and cost data on SSIs associated with specified spine operations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgical site infection rates were identified in 161 studies from North America, Europe, and Asia. Pooled average SSI and S. aureus SSI rates for spine surgery were 1.9% (median, 3.3%; range, 0.1%-22.6%) and 1.0% (median, 2.0%; range, 0.02%-10.0%). Pooled average contribution of S. aureus infections to spinal SSIs was 49.3% (median, 50.0%; range, 16.7%-100%). Pooled average proportion of S. aureus SSIs attributable to MRSA was 37.9% (median, 42.5%; range, 0%-100%). Instrumented spinal fusion had the highest pooled average SSI rate (3.8%), followed by spinal decompression (1.8%) and spinal fusion (1.6%). The SSI-related mortality rate among spine surgical patients ranged from 1.1%-2.3% (three studies). All studies comparing SSI and control cohorts reported longer hospital stays for patients with SSIs. Pooled average SSI-associated re-admission rate occurring within 30 d from discharge ranged from 20% to 100% (four studies). Pooled average SSI-related re-operation rate was 67.1% (median, 100%; range, 33.5%-100%). According to two studies reporting direct costs, spine surgical patients incur approximately double the health care costs when they develop an SSI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Available published studies demonstrate a clinically important burden of SSIs related to spine operations and the substantial contribution of S. aureus (including MRSA). Preventive strategies aimed specifically at S. aureus SSIs could reduce health care costs and improve patient outcomes for spine operations.
authors.affiliation: 1 LASER Analytica , Montreal, Canada .
authors.forename: Harshila
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: 1 LASER Analytica , Montreal, Canada .
authors.forename: Hanane
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khoury
authors.affiliation: 2 Pfizer Inc. , Pearl River, New York.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Girgenti
authors.affiliation: 1 LASER Analytica , Montreal, Canada .
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Welner
authors.affiliation: 3 Pfizer Inc. , Collegeville, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D017281:Cost of Illness; D006801:Humans; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Staphylococcus aureus; decompression; instrumentation; spinal fusion; spine operations; surgical site infection