title: Estimation of Actual Evapotranspiration by Remote Sensing: Application in Thessaly Plain, Greece.
abstract: Remote sensing can assist in improving the estimation of the geographical distribution of evapotranspiration, and consequently water demand in large cultivated areas for irrigation purposes and sustainable water resources management. In the direction of these objectives, the daily actual evapotranspiration was calculated in this study during the summer season of 2001 over the Thessaly plain in Greece, a wide irrigated area of great agricultural importance. Three different methods were adapted and applied: the remotesensing methods by Granger (2000) and Carlson and Buffum (1989) that use satellite data in conjunction with ground meteorological measurements and an adapted FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation) Penman-Monteith method (Allen at al. 1998), which was selected to be the reference method. The satellite data were used in conjunction with ground data collected on the three closest meteorological stations. All three methods, exploit visible channels 1 and 2 and infrared channels 4 and 5 of NOAA-AVHRR (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) sensor images to calculate albedo and NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index), as well as surface temperatures. The FAO Penman-Monteith and the Granger method have used exclusively NOAA-15 satellite images to obtain mean surface temperatures. For the Carlson-Buffum method a combination of NOAA-14 and ΝΟΑΑ-15 satellite images was used, since the average rate of surface temperature rise during the morning was required. The resulting estimations show that both the Carlson-Buffum and Granger methods follow in general the variations of the reference FAO Penman-Monteith method. Both methods have potential for estimating the spatial distribution of evapotranspiration, whereby the degree of the relative agreement with the reference FAO Penman-Monteith method depends on the crop growth stage. In particular, the Carlson- Buffum method performed better during the first half of the crop development stage, while the Granger method performed better during the remaining of the development stage and the entire maturing stage. The parameter that influences the estimations significantly is the wind speed whose high values result in high underestimates of evapotranspiration. Thus, it should be studied further in future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Water Resources, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechneiou 5, Zographou, 157 80, Athens, Greece. alexiatsouni@yahoo.gr.
authors.forename: Alexia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsouni
authors.affiliation: Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, I. Metaxa & Vas. Pavlou Str., Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, 152 36, Athens, Greece. kontoes@space.noa.gr.
authors.forename: Charalabos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kontoes
authors.affiliation: Department of Water Resources, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechneiou 5, Zographou, 157 80, Athens, Greece. dk@itia.ntua.gr.
authors.forename: Demetris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koutsoyiannis
authors.affiliation: Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens, I. Metaxa & Vas. Pavlou Str., Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, 152 36, Athens, Greece. pelias@space.noa.gr.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.affiliation: Department of Water Resources, National Technical University of Athens, Heroon Polytechneiou 5, Zographou, 157 80, Athens, Greece. nikos@itia.ntua.gr.
authors.forename: Nikos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mamassis
keywords: Actual evapotranspiration; Carlson-Buffum.; FAO Penman-Monteith; Granger; NOAA-AVHRR images; Remote sensing