title: Mesoionic insecticides: a novel class of insecticides that modulate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As the world population grows towards 9 billion by 2050, it is projected that food production will need to increase by 60%. A critical part of this growth includes the safe and effective use of insecticides to reduce the estimated 20-49% loss of global crop yields owing to pests. The development of new insecticides will help to sustain this protection and overcome insecticide resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A novel class of mesoionic compounds has been discovered, with exceptional insecticidal activity on a range of Hemiptera and Lepidoptera. These compounds bind to the orthosteric site of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and result in a highly potent inhibitory action at the receptor with minimal agonism. The synthesis, biological activity, optimization and mode of action will be discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Triflumezopyrim insect control will provide a powerful tool for control of hopper species in rice throughout Asia. Dicloromezotiaz can provide a useful control tool for lepidopteran pests, with an underexploited mode of action among these pests. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Caleb W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Holyoke
authors.affiliation: DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cordova
authors.affiliation: DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Wenming
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.affiliation: DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Leighty
authors.affiliation: DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.affiliation: DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rauh
authors.affiliation: DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Pahutski
authors.affiliation: DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Lahm
authors.affiliation: DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: My-Hanh Thi
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Benner
authors.affiliation: DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Andreassi
authors.affiliation: DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Rejane M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.affiliation: DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Laurie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Christianson
authors.affiliation: DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: E.I. DuPont India Pvt Ltd, South Asia Field Experimental Station, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Vineet
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: DuPont Crop Protection, Stine-Haskell Research Center, Newark, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007306:Insecticides / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000378:metabolism; D010526:Periplaneta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists
keywords: mesoionic insecticide; nAChR; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor