title: Serum copper, zinc, and iron levels, and markers of carbohydrate metabolism in postmenopausal women with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: The objective of the present study was to evaluate serum level of copper, zinc, iron and metabolic parameters in postmenopausal women with diabetes. A total of 413 postmenopausal women were enrolled in the current study. Women were divided into 4 groups with equal age and body mass index according to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (≤5.5; 5.5-6.0; 6.0-6.5; >6.5%). Serum Fe, Cu, and Zn levels were assessed using inductively-coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. Blood HbA1c, serum glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, and ceruloplasmin (Cp) were assessed using commercial kits. Homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and transferrin (Tf) saturation were calculated. The obtained data demonstrate that every 0.5% increase in HbA1clevels from 5.5% is associated with a significant elevation of glucose, insulin, CRP, and HOMA-IR values. Diabetic patients were characterized by significantly higher Fe (11%), Cu (8%), and Zn (6%) levels as compared to the controls. At the same time, the overall trend to increased metal levels in association with HbA1cwas detected only for Fe (p<0.05) and Cu (p<0.05). Serum ferritin levels in diabetic women was 3-fold higher than in the controls, whereas Tf saturation was decreased by 35%. Serum Cp levels were significantly increased by 19% in prediabetes, whereas in diabetic postmenopausal women no such increase was observed. A significant elevation of total metal concentration in diabetic subjects without a concomitant elevation of transport proteins may be indicative of increased levels of "free" Fe and Cu, known to be toxic.
authors.affiliation: Russian Society of Trace Elements in Medicine, ANO "Centre for Biotic Medicine", Zemlyanoy Val St. 46, Moscow 105064, Russia; RUDN University, Miklukho-Maklay St., 10/2, Moscow 117198, Russia.
authors.forename: Margarita G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Skalnaya
authors.affiliation: RUDN University, Miklukho-Maklay St., 10/2, Moscow 117198, Russia; All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR), Grina St., 7, Moscow 117216, Russia; Orenburg State University, Pobedy Avenue, 13, 460018 Orenburg, Russia; Yaroslavl State University, Sovetskaya St., 14, Yaroslavl 150000, Russia. Electronic address: skalny3@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anatoly V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Skalny
authors.affiliation: RUDN University, Miklukho-Maklay St., 10/2, Moscow 117198, Russia; Orenburg State University, Pobedy Avenue, 13, 460018 Orenburg, Russia; Orenburg State Medical University, Sovetskaya St., 6, Orenburg 460000, Russia; Yaroslavl State University, Sovetskaya St., 14, Yaroslavl 150000, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexey A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Tinkov
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D003300:Copper / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood*; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood*; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003300:Copper; D007501:Iron; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Ceruloplasmin; Diabetes; Ferritin; Insulin resistance; Toxicity