title: Sodium butyrate protects mice from the development of the early signs of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: role of melatonin and lipid peroxidation.
abstract: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases worldwide with universally accepted treatments still lacking. Oral supplementation of sodium butyrate (SoB) has been suggested to attenuate liver damage of various aetiologies. Our study aimed to further delineate mechanisms involved in the SoB-dependent hepatic protection using a mouse model of fructose-induced NAFLD and inin vitromodels. C57BL/6J mice were either pair-fed a fructose-enriched liquid diet ±0·6 g/kg body weight per d SoB or standard chow for 6 weeks. Markers of liver damage, intestinal barrier function, glucose metabolism, toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) and melatonin signalling were determined in mice. Differentiated human carcinoma colon-2 (Caco-2) and J774A.1 cells were used to determine molecular mechanisms involved in the effects of SoB. Despite having no effects on markers of intestinal barrier function and glucose metabolism or body weight gain, SoB supplementation significantly attenuated fructose-induced hepatic TAG accumulation and inflammation. The protective effects of SoB were associated with significantly lower expression of markers of theTLR-4-dependent signalling cascade, concentrations of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein and 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts in liver. Treatment with SoB increased melatonin levels and expression of enzymes involved in melatonin synthesis in duodenal tissue and Caco-2 cells. Moreover, treatment with melatonin significantly attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of iNOS and nitrate levels in J774A.1 cells. Taken together, our results indicated that the protective effects of SoB on the development of fructose-induced NAFLD in mice are associated with an increased duodenal melatonin synthesis and attenuation of iNOS induction in liver.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional Sciences, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Cheng Jun
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional Sciences, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna Janina
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Engstler
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional Sciences, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Cathrin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sellmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional Sciences, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Doreen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ziegenhardt
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional Sciences, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany.|Department of Nutritional Sciences, Applied Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Landmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional Sciences, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany.|St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, 560034, Karnataka State, India.
authors.forename: Giridhar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kanuri
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional Sciences, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany.|Department of Physical-Chemistry Biology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, A. Mira, University, Béjaïa, 06000Algeria.
authors.forename: Hakima
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lounis
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vetter
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional Sciences, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany.|Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Ina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bergheim
keywords: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; Melatonin; Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; Sodium butyrate