title: Genotoxicity induced by water and sediment samples from a river under the influence of brewery effluent.
abstract: Brewery effluents contain complex mixtures that are discharged into rivers. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the genotoxic potential of these effluents. The study evaluated the genotoxicity of surface water and sediment samples from the Jacuí River in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, which received effluents discharged from a brewery. The Salmonella/microsome test, Comet Assay and Micronucleus test on V79 cells, as well as the element profile (PIXE) and PAHs levels were used for this purpose. The surface water and sediment samples were collected in summer at three sites: 1 km upstream from the brewery discharge site (Site A); in front of the effluent discharge site, after chemical and biological treatment (Site B); about 1 km downstream from the discharge site (Site C). Only a sediment sample from Site A induced a mutagenic effect using the Salmonella/microsoma test (TA97a). All three sites presented genotoxicity (A, B and C), both for water and sediments using comet assay, and mutagenicity in the samples from Site B (surface water) and Site A and Site C (sediments) using the micronuclei tests. The results of PIXE and PAHs showed higher levels of elements for samples obtained from sites upstream and downstream from the effluent discharge. Environmental samples consist of complex mixtures of chemicals, and it is difficult to associate DNA damage with a specific element. This study showed that brewery effluent contains metals and PAHs that can induce in vitro genotoxicity under the conditions of this study.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde and PPGGTA, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha 8001, Prédio 22, Sala 22 (4° andar), 92425-900, Canoas, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Postgraduate Program in Environmental Quality, University Feevale, ERS-239, 2755, 93525-075, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Letícia
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hilario Garcia
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde and PPGGTA, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha 8001, Prédio 22, Sala 22 (4° andar), 92425-900, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristina Araujo
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Matzenbacher
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde and PPGGTA, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha 8001, Prédio 22, Sala 22 (4° andar), 92425-900, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcela Silva
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde and PPGGTA, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha 8001, Prédio 22, Sala 22 (4° andar), 92425-900, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lismare
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Prado
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde and PPGGTA, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha 8001, Prédio 22, Sala 22 (4° andar), 92425-900, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jaqueline Nascimento
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Picada
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Applied Toxicology (PPGGTA) - Chemistry Course, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha 8001, 92425-900, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Suziane M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Premoli
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Applied Toxicology (PPGGTA) - Chemistry Course, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha 8001, 92425-900, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dione S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Corrêa
authors.affiliation: Ion Implantation Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 - Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Liana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niekraszewicz
authors.affiliation: Ion Implantation Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 - Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Johnny Ferraz
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cancer Biology, PPGBioSaúde and PPGGTA, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha 8001, Prédio 22, Sala 22 (4° andar), 92425-900, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grivicich
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, PPGBioSaúde and PPGGTA, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha 8001, Prédio 22, Sala 22 (4° andar), 92425-900, Canoas, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: juliana.silva@ulbra.br.
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: da Silva
mesh_terms: D001515:Beer; D001938:Brazil; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D007220:Industrial Waste; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity*; D045483:Rivers; D062065:Wastewater / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D009153:Mutagens; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Brewery effluent; Comet assay; Industrial effluents; Micronucleus test; Salmonella/microsome test; V79 cells