title: Physical activity induced protection against breast cancer risk associated with delayed parity.
abstract: Epidemiological evidence indicates that physical activity between menarche and first pregnancy is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer among women with at least 20years between these reproductive events. The mechanism by which physical activity during this interval confers protection is unknown. This study used a novel animal model to assess potentially protective effects of physical activity on tumor development in delayed parity. Thirty-six female Sprague Dawley rats received an i.p. injection of 50mg/kg N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) at 5weeks of age. Estrogen and progesterone pellets were implanted subcutaneously 1week (early parity, EP, n=8) or 4weeks (delayed parity, DP, n=11) following MNU injection. An additional group of DP rats were progressively exercise trained (Ex+DP, n=9) on a treadmill following MNU injection for 7weeks (up to 20m/min at 15% incline for 30min). We observed the greatest tumor latency and smallest tumor burden in Ex+DP animals. Ductal hyperplasia and inflammation of non-tumor bearing mammary glands were only found in DP, and we detected a significant increase in collagen for DP and Ex+DP compared to EP. Exercise induced differential gene expression of cyclin-dependent kinase-inhibitor 1C (Cdkn1c) and urokinase-plasminogen activator (Plau) in mammary tissue of Ex+DP animals compared to DP alone. While there are delayed parity-induced changes in mammary gland collagen and gene expression levels, Ex+DP animals had longer tumor latency, smaller tumor burden, and glandular tissue resistant to ductal hyperplasia. Exercise may induce protection through beneficial regulation of gene expression profiles.
authors.affiliation: Pennsylvania State University, School of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA. Electronic address: sturgeon.katie@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Sturgeon
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schweitzer
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.affiliation: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Deirdre K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Tobias
authors.affiliation: Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cespedes Feliciano
authors.affiliation: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Vasanti S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.affiliation: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.affiliation: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rosner
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania, School of Nursing, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Bart C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: De Jonghe
mesh_terms: D000477:Alkylating Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D024062:Collagen Type V / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050761:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008770:Methylnitrosourea / Q000633:toxicity; D010298:Parity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000477:Alkylating Agents; D024062:Collagen Type V; D050761:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57; D008770:Methylnitrosourea; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator
keywords: Delayed parity; Exercise; Gene expression; Neoplasm