title: Overview of phase IV clinical trials for postmarket drug safety surveillance: a status report from the ClinicalTrials.gov registry.
abstract: Phase IV trials are often used to investigate drug safety after approval. However, little is known about the characteristics of contemporary phase IV clinical trials and whether these studies are of sufficient quality to advance medical knowledge in pharmacovigilance. We aimed to determine the fundamental characteristics of phase IV clinical trials that evaluated drug safety using the ClinicalTrials.gov registry data.
  
  
  
  A data set of 19 359 phase IV clinical studies registered in ClinicalTrials.gov was downloaded. The characteristics of the phase IV trials focusing on safety only were compared with those evaluating both safety and efficacy. We also compared the characteristics of the phase IV trials in three major therapeutic areas (cardiovascular diseases, mental health and oncology). Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with the use of blinding and randomisation.
  
  
  
  A total of 4772 phase IV trials were identified, including 330 focusing on drug safety alone and 4392 evaluating both safety and efficacy. Most of the phase IV trials evaluating drug safety (75.9%) had enrolment <300 with 96.5% <3000. Among these trials, 8.2% were terminated or withdrawn. Factors associated with the use of blinding and randomisation included the intervention model, clinical specialty and lead sponsor.
  
  
  
  Phase IV trials evaluating drug safety in the ClinicalTrials.gov registry were dominated by small trials that might not have sufficient power to detect less common adverse events. An adequate sample size should be emphasised for phase IV trials with safety surveillance as main task.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xinji
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiaofei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiaojing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Tianyi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D017327:Clinical Trials, Phase IV as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D060735:Pharmacovigilance; D012042:Registries; D012107:Research Design; D018401:Sample Size; D016896:Treatment Outcome