title: Using a semi-conductor sequencing-based panel for genotyping of HPV-positive and HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer: a retrospective pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of testing actionable mutations in small amounts of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material in multiple genes of the receptor tyrosine kinase pathway and to determine the frequency of these mutations in human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive and HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer (OPC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective pilot study was performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  In OPC, no predictive markers for response to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition are known. Therefore, identifying predictive biomarkers is of utmost importance, but is often hampered by the small amount of tumour material available.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included the archival material of 45 OPC, all treated with concomitant chemoradiotherapy between 2003 and 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  Besides the HPV status, we assessed mutations using a gene panel that targets 16 genes in the receptor tyrosine kinase pathway and six other genes. The polymerase chain reaction required only 10 ng DNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 42 of the 45 biopsies have been successfully analysed. In total 20 of 42 samples were HPV-positive and 22 of 42 were HPV-negative. In the receptor tyrosine kinase pathway, mutations in PIK3CA were most frequently identified. A TP53 mutation was identified in one HPV-positive sample and in 13 HPV-negative samples. Additionally, three mutations in three different genes were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We evaluated an assay to identify mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase pathway. As only small amounts of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material are sufficient for reliable analysis, this test opens up new possibilities for personalised medicine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ham
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B B J
authors.initials: BBJ
authors.lastname: Tops
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C M L
authors.initials: CML
authors.lastname: Driessen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A W M
authors.initials: AWM
authors.lastname: van Raaij
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Slootweg
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W J G
authors.initials: WJG
authors.lastname: Melchers
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M J L
authors.initials: MJL
authors.lastname: Ligtenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C M L
authors.initials: CML
authors.lastname: van Herpen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology; D059248:Chemoradiotherapy; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010865:Pilot Projects; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases