title: Expanded Endonasal Endoscopic Approaches to the Skull Base for the Radiologist.
abstract: The cranial base is a complex 3-D region that contains critical neurovascular structures. Pathologies affecting this region represent some of the most challenging lesions to manage due to difficulty with access and risk of significant postoperative morbidity. With the development of expanded endonasal endoscopic approaches, skull base surgeons use the nose and paranasal sinuses as a corridor to access selected ventral skull base lesions. This review discusses high-resolution imaging in the evaluation of patients with skull base lesions considered for endonasal endoscopic surgery, summarizes various expanded endonasal endoscopic approaches, and provides examples of commonly used expanded endonasal endoscopic procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Roxbury
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Ari Meir
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Blitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 601 North Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Reh
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. Electronic address: ggallia1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Gallia
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D019291:Skull Base / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods
keywords: Endonasal endoscopic approach; Endoscopsy; Skull base; Skull base imaging; Skull base surgery