title: Conventional Versus Compression-Only Versus No-Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for Pediatric Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (chest compression and rescue breathing) has been recommended for pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) because of the asphyxial nature of the majority of pediatric cardiac arrest events. However, the clinical effectiveness of additional rescue breathing (conventional CPR) compared with compression-only CPR in children is uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This nationwide population-based study of pediatric OHCA patients was based on data from the All-Japan Utstein Registry. We included all pediatric patients who experienced OHCA in Japan from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2012. The primary outcome was a favorable neurological state 1 month after OHCA defined as a Glasgow-Pittsburgh Cerebral Performance Category score of 1 to 2 (corresponding to a Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category score of 1-3). Outcomes were compared with logistic regression with uni- and multivariable modeling in the overall cohort and for a propensity-matched subset of patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2157 patients were included; 417 received conventional CPR, 733 received compression-only CPR, and 1007 did not receive any bystander CPR. Among these patients, 213 (9.9%) survived with a favorable neurological status 1 month after OHCA, including 108/417 (25.9%) for conventional, 68/733 (9.3%) for compression-only, and 37/1007 (3.7%) for no-bystander CPR. In unadjusted analyses, conventional CPR was superior to compression-only CPR in neurologically favorable survival (odds ratio [OR] 3.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.45-4.76; P<0.0001), with a trend favoring conventional CPR that was no longer statistically significant after multivariable adjustment (ORadjusted1.52, 95% CI 0.93-2.49), and with further attenuation of the difference in a propensity-matched subset (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.81-1.77). Both conventional and compression-only CPR were associated with higher odds for neurologically favorable survival compared with no-bystander CPR (ORadjusted5.01, 95% CI 2.98-8.57, and ORadjusted3.29, 95% CI 1.93-5.71), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population-based study of pediatric OHCA in Japan, both conventional and compression-only CPR were associated with superior outcomes compared with no-bystander CPR. Unadjusted outcomes with conventional CPR were superior to compression-only CPR, with the magnitude of difference attenuated and no longer statistically significant after statistical adjustments. These findings support randomized clinical trials comparing conventional versus compression-only CPR in children, with conventional CPR preferred until such controlled comparative data are available, and either method preferred over no-bystander CPR.
authors.affiliation: From Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan (T.F., N.O-F., H.K., N.Y); Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.K.); Department of Disaster Medical Management, University of Tokyo Hospital, Japan (M.G.); The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (M.G.); Department of Acute Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan (T.S.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Division of Acute Care Surgery, Trauma, and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K.). tatsumafukuda-jpn@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tatsuma
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.affiliation: From Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan (T.F., N.O-F., H.K., N.Y); Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.K.); Department of Disaster Medical Management, University of Tokyo Hospital, Japan (M.G.); The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (M.G.); Department of Acute Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan (T.S.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Division of Acute Care Surgery, Trauma, and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K.).
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohashi-Fukuda
authors.affiliation: From Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan (T.F., N.O-F., H.K., N.Y); Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.K.); Department of Disaster Medical Management, University of Tokyo Hospital, Japan (M.G.); The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (M.G.); Department of Acute Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan (T.S.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Division of Acute Care Surgery, Trauma, and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K.).
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: From Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan (T.F., N.O-F., H.K., N.Y); Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.K.); Department of Disaster Medical Management, University of Tokyo Hospital, Japan (M.G.); The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (M.G.); Department of Acute Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan (T.S.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Division of Acute Care Surgery, Trauma, and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K.).
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gunshin
authors.affiliation: From Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan (T.F., N.O-F., H.K., N.Y); Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.K.); Department of Disaster Medical Management, University of Tokyo Hospital, Japan (M.G.); The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (M.G.); Department of Acute Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan (T.S.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Division of Acute Care Surgery, Trauma, and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K.).
authors.forename: Toshiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sera
authors.affiliation: From Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan (T.F., N.O-F., H.K., N.Y); Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.K.); Department of Disaster Medical Management, University of Tokyo Hospital, Japan (M.G.); The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (M.G.); Department of Acute Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan (T.S.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Division of Acute Care Surgery, Trauma, and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K.).
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: From Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan (T.F., N.O-F., H.K., N.Y); Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (H.K.); Department of Disaster Medical Management, University of Tokyo Hospital, Japan (M.G.); The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (M.G.); Department of Acute Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan (T.S.); Department of Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Division of Acute Care Surgery, Trauma, and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K.).
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yahagi
mesh_terms: D024201:Bystander Effect; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D058687:Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D011312:Pressure; D012042:Registries; D015996:Survival Rate
keywords: cardiac arrest; cardiopulmonary resuscitation; children; out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; pediatrics