title: Association between time of discharge from ICU and hospital mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological studies have provided inconsistent results on whether intensive care unit (ICU) discharge at night and on weekends is associated with an increased risk of mortality. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine whether ICU discharge time was associated with hospital mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched to identify cohort studies that investigated the effects of discharge from the ICU on weekends and at night on hospital mortality, with adjustments for the disease severity at ICU admission or discharge. The primary meta-analysis focused on the association between nighttime ICU discharge and hospital mortality. The secondary meta-analysis examined the association between weekend ICU discharge and hospital mortality. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using a random-effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 14 studies that assessed outcomes for nighttime versus daytime discharges among 953,312 individuals. Of these 14 studies, 5 evaluated outcomes for weekend versus weekday discharges (n = 70,883). The adjusted OR for hospital mortality was significantly higher among patients discharged during the nighttime, compared to patients discharged during the daytime (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.25-1.38, P < 0.0001), and the studies exhibited low heterogeneity (I2= 33.8%, P = 0.105). There was no significant difference in the adjusted ORs for hospital mortality between patients discharged during the weekend or on weekdays (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.88-1.21, P = 0.68), although there was significant heterogeneity between the studies in the weekday/weekend analysis (I2= 72.5%, P = 0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nighttime ICU discharge is associated with an increased risk of hospital mortality, while weekend ICU discharge is not. Given the methodological limitations and heterogeneity among the included studies, these conclusions should be interpreted with caution, and should be tested in further studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Si
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Zhida
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Jinlai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China. 13523548112@163.com.
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D016638:Critical Illness / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000639:trends*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Critically ill; Discharge; Hospital mortality; ICU; Meta-analysis; Nighttime; Systematic review; Weekend