title: Comparative Multimodal Meta-analysis of Structural and Functional Brain Abnormalities in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.
abstract: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) share inhibitory control deficits possibly underlying poor control over stereotyped and repetitive and compulsive behaviors, respectively. However, it is unclear whether these symptom profiles are mediated by common or distinct neural profiles. This comparative multimodal meta-analysis assessed shared and disorder-specific neuroanatomy and neurofunction of inhibitory functions.
  
  
  
  A comparative meta-analysis of 62 voxel-based morphometry and 26 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of inhibitory control was conducted comparing gray matter volume and activation abnormalities between patients with ASD (structural MRI: 911; fMRI: 188) and OCD (structural MRI: 928; fMRI: 247) and control subjects. Multimodal meta-analysis compared groups across voxel-based morphometry and fMRI.
  
  
  
  Both disorders shared reduced function and structure in the rostral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex including the anterior cingulate. OCD patients had a disorder-specific increase in structure and function of left basal ganglia (BG) and insula relative to control subjects and ASD patients, who had reduced right BG and insula volumes versus OCD patients. In fMRI, ASD patients showed disorder-specific reduced left dorsolateral-prefrontal activation and reduced posterior cingulate deactivation, whereas OCD patients showed temporoparietal underactivation.
  
  
  
  The multimodal comparative meta-analysis shows shared and disorder-specific abnormalities. Whereas the rostrodorsomedial prefrontal cortex was smaller in structure and function in both disorders, this was concomitant with increased structure and function in BG and insula in OCD patients, but a reduction in ASD patients, presumably reflecting a disorder-specific frontostriatoinsular dysregulation in OCD in the form of poor frontal control over overactive BG, and a frontostriatoinsular maldevelopment in ASD with reduced structure and function in this network. Disorder-differential mechanisms appear to drive overlapping phenotypes of inhibitory control abnormalities in patients with ASD and OCD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christina O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Carlisi
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Luke J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Steve S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lukito
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Joaquim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Radua
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mataix-Cols
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: katya.rubia@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Katya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rubia
mesh_terms: D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Autism; Cognitive control; Meta-analysis; OCD; VBM; fMRI