title: Immunomodulatory and Immunosuppressive Roles of 1α,25(OH)2D3 in Autoimmune Diseases.
abstract: Autoimmune diseases are pathological conditions characterized by abnormal responses, accompanied by autoantibodies to self-molecules. The role of vitamin D in autoimmune diseases has increased significantly in the recent past from its functions in calcium and phosphate homoeostasis, and it is now involved in the regulations and proliferations of Th1 and Th17 lymphocyte. 1α,25(OH)2D3 is very important in ameliorations of inflammatory disorders arising from autoimmune diseases, but the mechanism by which this is performed is still a bone of contentions. This review aimed to highlight the existing facts about the roles of Vitamin D in the treatment and management of autoimmune diseases. An extensive online literature search was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE and Scopus. Accumulated bodies of research evidence are available which demonstrates that Vitamin D has a very important part to play in the regulation of immune responses in autoimmune diseases. Some of the authors suggested that Vitamin D3 carry-out its immunosuppressive and immune modulatory action, through its actions on antigen-presenting cells and activated T and B cells with the help of Vitamin D receptors present on the each of these cells. Vitamin D supplementation assists in autoimmune disorders by making qualitative and quantitative changes in the immune system (downregulation of Th1 and upregulations of Th2 cells). This resulted in the body to be more tolerant of self and less likely to mount autoimmune responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology/Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, TUMS-IC, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alhassan Mohammed
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology/Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, TUMS-IC, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Saboor-Yaraghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology/Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, TUMS-IC, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mirshafiey
authors.affiliation: Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vahedi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Campus. TUMS-IC, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Shiri-Shahsavar
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Campus. TUMS-IC, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mousavi Nasl Khameneh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018448:Models, Immunological; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D014815:Vitamins / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D014815:Vitamins; D002117:Calcitriol