title: In vitro skin models and tissue engineering protocols for skin graft applications.
abstract: In this review, we present a brief introduction of the skin structure, a concise compilation of skin-related disorders, and a thorough discussion of different in vitro skin models, artificial skin substitutes, skin grafts, and dermal tissue engineering protocols. The advantages of the development of in vitro skin disorder models, such as UV radiation and the prototype model, melanoma model, wound healing model, psoriasis model, and full-thickness model are also discussed. Different types of skin grafts including allografts, autografts, allogeneic, and xenogeneic are described in detail with their associated applications. We also discuss different tissue engineering protocols for the design of various types of skin substitutes and their commercial outcomes. Brief highlights are given of the new generation three-dimensional printed scaffolds for tissue regeneration applications.
authors.affiliation: CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília 70040-020, Brazil.|Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, Guimarães 4800-058, Portugal.|Center for Nanofibers & Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore.
authors.forename: Lucas B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Naves
authors.affiliation: Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
authors.forename: Chetna
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dhand
authors.affiliation: Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, Guimarães 4800-058, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore.
authors.forename: Lakshminarayanan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rajamani
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanofibers & Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore seeram@nus.edu.sg.|Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration (GHMICR), Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
authors.forename: Seeram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramakrishna
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D016038:Skin Transplantation; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*