title: The Impact of Group Size on Welfare Indicators of Ewes during Pregnancy.
abstract: Group size (GS) and space allowance have major implications for the welfare of production species, however their effects are often confounded. In a previous study we investigated the impact of varying space allowance at constant GS. In the present work we report the consequences of varying GS on pregnant ewes while controlling space allowance. We housed ewes at 6 (GS6) or 12 ewes/enclosure (GS12), while controlling space allowance to 1.5 m2/ewe (3 enclosures/treatment), and necessarily varying enclosure size. Therefore, when indicating GS effects we implicitly reflect a confounding effect with that of enclosure size. Movement, use of space, behaviour, serum cortisol concentration and body condition score (BCS) were collected during the last 12 gestation weeks. Movement, use of space, and behaviour were collected every other week, during 2 days/week, using 10 minute continuous scan samplings. Blood was collected during weeks 10, 13, 17, and 21 of gestation, and BCS during weeks 15 and 21. Data were analysed using repeated measures, generalized linear mixed models, with GS, week, and their interaction as fixed effects, and enclosure as random effect. GS mainly affected movement and use of space. GS12 ewes walked longer distances using longer steps (P<0.001). An interaction GS by week was observed for angular dispersion (P<0.0001), which was smaller for GS12 from week 10 onwards. Initial restlessness levels were lower for GS12, as shown by the reduced frequency of location changes (P<0.0001). Furthest and mean neighbour distances increased with GS (P<0.0001). The effect of GS on behaviour was only evident for eating behaviour as an interaction with gestation week (P<0.05). Changes in behaviour, movement and use of space along the study indicated an activity peak during weeks 3 to 5. Cortisol changes during gestation (P<0.01) also reflected this activity peak, while BCS (P<0.001) reflected normal physical condition changes during pregnancy. Although the separate effects of GS and enclosure size cannot be disentangled, we conclude that if enough space/ewe is given during gestation, larger GS will result in larger effective space, and no major implications for the welfare of ewes should be expected as GS increases. Ewes will adapt their movement patterns and use of space to enclosure size, and no further behavioural, physiological and physical consequences should be expected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Production, Neiker-Tecnalia, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Averós
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Production, Neiker-Tecnalia, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Ignacia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Beltrán de Heredia
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Production, Neiker-Tecnalia, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Production, Neiker-Tecnalia, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.|IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
authors.forename: Inma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Estevez
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal; D008124:Locomotion; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal; D012756:Sheep / Q000502:physiology*; D012919:Social Behavior