title: A simple analytical method of determining 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide in human urine by isotope dilution with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: The glucuronide conjugate of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP-G) is a sensitive and reliable index biomarker for assessing low exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A simple method for determining 1-OHP-G in human urine with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was established and applied to evaluate the exposure level of PAHs of pregnant women in a large sample size. After the urine sample was extracted with ethyl acetate, 0.2 mL of the aqueous phase was diluted to 1.0 mL with 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate before injection. The chromatographic separation was performed on a C18column with a gradient elution and identification was conducted on a tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization in negative mode. 1-OHP-d9-G was used as an internal standard to improve precision. The method was validated and good linearity was obtained in the range of 0.1∼2.0 ng/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1-OHP-G were 0.015 and 0.051 ng/mL. Intra-day and inter-day precision were 4.3 and 6.7 %, respectively. The spiked recoveries were 79.4∼106 % for urine samples. This method was rapid, sensitive, and very suitable for batch analysis of urine. Six hundred seventy-five urine samples of pregnant women from the cities of Fuzhou, Shenzhen, and Nanning of P.R. China were analyzed with the proposed method. The medians of 1-OHP-G concentration were 0.27 μg/g.cr (n = 201), 0.30 μg/g.cr (n = 212), and 0.51 μg/g.cr (n = 262) for the cities of Fuzhou, Shenzhen, and Nanning, respectively. 1-OHP-G concentrations in urine samples of pregnant women from the cities of Fuzhou and Shenzhen in coastal areas were both significantly lower than that of Nanning City in inland region (p < 0.001). Graphical Abstract The internal standard 1-OHP-d9-G and 2.0 mL of ethyl acetate were added to 1.0 mL of urine sample, after vortex vibration and centrifugation the aqueous phase was removed and diluted, and 5 μl of aliquot was analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sanitary Technology, West China School of Public Health, University of Sichuan, 17, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Mingxin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Sanitary Technology, West China School of Public Health, University of Sichuan, 17, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Sanitary Technology, West China School of Public Health, University of Sichuan, 17, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17, South RenMin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Nana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Sanitary Technology, West China School of Public Health, University of Sichuan, 17, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China. zouxl_1113@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zou
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D007201:Indicator Dilution Techniques / Q000191:economics; D057230:Limit of Detection; D011247:Pregnancy; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000652:urine*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: C093851:1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide; D015415:Biomarkers; D005965:Glucuronates; D011721:Pyrenes
keywords: 1-Hydroxypyrene glucuronide; Isotope dilution; Liquid-liquid extraction; Ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; Urine sample