title: Protoscolicidal and immunomodulatory activity of Ziziphora tenuior extract and its fractions.
abstract: To evaluate the scolicidal and immunomodulatory effect of the Ziziphora tenuior (Z. tenuior) extract and its fractions.
  
  
  
  Protoscolices were treated with six concentrations (3, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/mL) of Z. tenuior extract and its fractions (ethanol, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and chloroform) in periods of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min, and viability of protoscolices was evaluated using the 1.0% eosin. To examine the immunomodulatory effects of Ziziphora and its fractions on macrophage cells, the non-toxic concentration of extract and different fractions determined by MTT assay, and the Griess reaction was used to measure the level of nitrite as an indicator of nitric oxide by the macrophage cells in 10, 100 and 200 μg/mL in 24 h at 37 °C.
  
  
  
  In this study, the Z. tenuior extract at 10 mg/mL concentration was able to kill all protoscolices during 20 min. By increasing the concentration to 25 mg/mL, the scolicidal time reduced to 10 min. Regarding the effect of different fractions of Z. tenuior, the ethanolic fraction showed the highest scolicidal activity. The extract demonstrated an inhibitory effect on the activity of macrophages and reduced nitric oxide production. Although the petroleum ether and ethanolic fractions of the extract reduced nitric oxide production, nevertheless, this effect was only significant at 10 and 100 μg/mL concentrations (P < 0.05).
  
  
  
  The Z. tenuior extract and its fractions were effective against protoscolices yet the effect of total extract was considerable. Our findings indicates that the extract and its ethanolic and petroleum ether fractions could have anti-inflammatory properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Cellular & Molecular Research Institute, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shahnazi
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Electronic address: azadmehr2010@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azadmehr
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
authors.forename: Ammar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andalibian
authors.affiliation: Pharmacognosy & Pharmaceutics Department of Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hajiaghaee
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehrzad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saraei
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alipour
keywords: Fraction; Hydatid cyst; Immunomodulatory; Macrophage; Protoscolicidal; Ziziphora tenuior