title: Thermography Examination of Abdominal Area Skin Temperatures in Individuals With and Without Focal-Onset Epilepsy.
abstract: Early osteopathic theory and practice, and the work of the medical intuitive Edgar Cayce suggested that the abdominal areas of individuals with epilepsy would manifest "cold spots." The etiology for this phenomenon was thought to be abdominal adhesions caused by inflammation and viscero-somatic reflexes caused by adhesions or injury to visceral or musculoskeletal system structures. Indeed, until that advent of electroencephalography in the 1930s, medical practice regarding epilepsy focused on abdominal neural and visceral structures. Following two hypotheses were formulated to evaluate any abdominal temperature phenomena: (1) an abdominal quadrant division analysis would find one or more quadrants "colder" in the focal-onset epilepsy group (ICD9-CM 345.4 and 345.5) compared to controls. (2) Total abdominal areas of individuals with focal-onset epilepsy wound be colder than a control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overall, 50 patients with the diagnosis of focal-onset epilepsy were recruited from the office of the Epilepsy Foundation of Florida and 50 control subjects with no history of epilepsy were recruited through advertising to the public. Under controlled room conditions all subjects had infrared thermographic images made and recorded by Med-Hot Model MH-731 FLIR equipment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant demographic difference between experimental patients and control subjects, though the control group tended to be younger and more often male; however, these were controlled for in all analyses. In the quadrant analysis, there were significant differences in that more epileptic patients had colder left upper abdominal quadrant temperatures than the control group (66.8% versus 44.9%; P = .030). In the total abdominal analysis, however, there were no significant differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support the hypothesis that individuals with focal-onset epilepsy have colder abdominal areas. If substantiated in further research, present study results will require further examination of the mechanisms of action for epilepsy, and suggest the need for re-examination of older formulations of abdominal epilepsy, including the place of abdominal injury, inflammation, and adhesions in epileptic pathology. The concept of somato-visceral and viscero-somatic neurological interactions is one of the possible mechanisms underlying the "cold spot" findings and warrants further consideration.
authors.affiliation: University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA. Electronic address: hhking@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Hollis H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Edgar Cayce Foundation, Virginia Beach, VA.
authors.forename: Charles Thomas
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Cayce
authors.affiliation: Flying Buttress Associates, Charlottesville, VA.
authors.forename: Jeph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Herrin
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000473:pathology; D004827:Epilepsy; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012867:Skin; D012881:Skin Temperature; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods; D000267:Tissue Adhesions; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Edgar Cayce; abdominal surface temperatures; epilepsy