title: The progression of deoxynivalenol-induced growth suppression in nursery pigs and the potential of an algae-modified montmorillonite clay to mitigate these effects.
abstract: Two experiments were conducted to characterize the progression of deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced growth suppression and to investigate algae-modified montmorillonite clay (AMMC) as a means to alleviate the effects of DON in nursery pigs. In both experiments, naturally DON-contaminated wheat was used to produce diets with desired DON levels. In Exp. 1, 280 barrows and gilts (10.0 ± 0.2 kg BW) were used in a 28-d experiment arranged in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial design with 8 replicates per treatment. The 5 treatments consisted of 2 positive control (PC) diets with DON below detection limits and with or without 0 or 0.50% AMMC and 3 negative control (NC) diets with 5 mg/kg of DON and containing 0, 0.25, or 0.50% AMMC. No DON × AMMC interactions were observed. Overall, pigs fed DON had decreased ( < 0.001) ADG and final BW regardless of AMMC addition. Feeding DON-contaminated diets elicited the most severe depression ( < 0.001) in ADFI and G:F from d 0 to 3, remaining poorer overall ( < 0.01) but lessening in severity as exposure time increased. Pigs fed DON diets had greater ( < 0.05) within pen BW variation (CV) on d 28. Although the addition of 0.50% AMMC to diets restored ( < 0.05) ADFI from d 14 to 21 to levels similar to the PC, no other differences were observed for AMMC inclusion. In Exp. 2, 360 barrows (11.4 ± 0.2 kg BW) were used in a 21-d experiment with 9 dietary treatments arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial design with DON and AMMC inclusion as main effects. There were 8 replicate pens per treatment. Treatments consisted of 3 PC diets without DON, 3 low-DON (1.5 mg/kg DON) NC diets, and 3 high-DON (3 mg/kg DON) NC diets with 0, 0.17, or 0.50% AMMC incorporated at each DON level. No DON × AMMC interactions were observed. As DON level increased, ADG and final BW decreased (quadratic, < 0.05), driven by decreased (quadratic, < 0.01) ADFI and poorer (quadratic; < 0.05) G:F. At both 1.5 and 3 mg/kg DON, reductions in ADG were most marked from d 0 to 7 (15 to 22% lower) and were least distinct from d 14 to 21 (5 to 6% lower). Incorporating AMMC at increasing levels had no effect on ADG, ADFI, G:F, or final BW. Overall, these experiments reinforce DON effects on feed intake but also indicate that the effects of DON on G:F may be more severe than previously thought. Furthermore, some pigs appear to develop tolerance to DON, as effects on ADFI and G:F lessen over time. However, the addition of AMMC did not offset the deleterious effects of DON.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Frobose
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Erceg
authors.forename: S Q
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Tokach
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: DeRouchey
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Woodworth
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dritz
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Goodband
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001546:Bentonite / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077215:Clay; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D005670:Fusarium / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D000596:Amino Acids; D011134:Polysaccharides; D014255:Trichothecenes; D001546:Bentonite; C007262:deoxynivalenol; D000077215:Clay