title: Biofilm and Osteitis in Refractory Chronic Rhinosinusitis.
abstract: Our understanding of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) show biofilm and osteitis play a role in the disease's pathogenesis and refractory. Studies point to its role in pathogenesis and poor prognosis. Outside the research laboratory, biofilm detection remains difficult and specific treatment remains elusive. It is believed that osteitis is a nidus of inflammation and occurs more commonly in patients with refractory CRS. However, osteitis may be exacerbated by surgery and a marker of refractory disease, not a causative agent. Surgery remains the mainstay treatment for biofilm and osteitis with mechanical disruption and removal of disease load providing the most effective treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery - Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Queen Elizabeth Hospital 28 Woodville Rd, Woodville South, South Australia 5011, Australia.
authors.forename: Yi Chen
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery - Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Queen Elizabeth Hospital 28 Woodville Rd, Woodville South, South Australia 5011, Australia. Electronic address: peterj.wormald@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Peter-John
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wormald
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D002908:Chronic Disease; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000473:pathology*; D010000:Osteitis / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D011379:Prognosis; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Biofilm; Endoscopic surgery; Osteitis; Refractory rhinosinusitis