title: Decreasing trends of drug resistance and increase of non-B subtypes amongst subjects recently diagnosed as HIV-infected over the period 2004-2012 in the Veneto Region, Italy.
abstract: The present study was designed to prospectively monitor transmitted drug resistance mutations (TDRMs) in the Veneto Region, Italy. Genotypic resistance testing was conducted on the plasma of 1882 patients consecutively enrolled at the time of diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection from 2004 to 2012. TDRMs were defined according to the Stanford HIV database algorithm. In total, 214 (16.1%) B subtype-infected and 58 (10.5%) non-B subtype-infected individuals were identified as having a primary or recent HIV-1 infection. In subtype B-infected subjects in 2004-2006, the prevalence of TDRMs was 20.0% in chronic infections and 25.5% in recent infections; in 2007-2009 the rates were 11.5% and 5.3%, respectively; and in 2010-2012 they were 11.3% and 15.2%, respectively. In non-B subtype-infected subjects in 2004-2006, the prevalence of TDRMs was 18.0% in chronic infections and 16.5% in recent infections; in 2007-2009 the rates were 5.7% and 0%, respectively; and in 2010-2012 they were 6.2% and 8.7%, respectively. Protease inhibitor resistance and combined resistance to two or three classes of drugs declined during the three study periods. The observed decrease in TDRMs and a simplification of the resistance patterns may reflect a change over time in the characteristics of the infecting subjects who are often unaware of their infection and transmit a wild-type strain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35100 Padua, Italy. Electronic address: saverio.parisi@unipd.it.
authors.forename: Saverio Giuseppe
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Parisi
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35100 Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andreis
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35100 Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Renzo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scaggiante
authors.affiliation: Centre of Community & Medicine and HIV Outpatient Clinic, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cruciani
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Schio Hospital, Schio, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferretto
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Vicenza Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Vinicio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Manfrin
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Venezia Hospital, Venice, Italy.
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panese
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Treviso Hospital, Treviso, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases, Belluno Hospital, Belluno, Italy.
authors.forename: Ermenegildo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Francavilla
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35100 Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boldrin
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35100 Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dal Bello
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35100 Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basso
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35100 Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mengoli
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Department, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andreoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35100 Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palù
keywords: Chronic infection; Epidemiology; HIV subtype; Primary infection; Resistance