title: A comparison of nursing tasks undertaken by regulated nurses and nursing support workers: a work sampling study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine which tasks unregulated nursing support staff spend their work time undertaking and to determine differences between the work undertaken by licensed/regulated nurses on units which have nursing support workers and those on units which do not.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Acute hospital nursing teams often include nursing support staff; little is known about what kinds of tasks these unregulated support workers do and how it affects the work tasks of their licensed/regulated team members.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional analysis of nurse work sampling data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data collection took place between March-October 2013. The proportion of time spent on 25 work activities by nursing support staff and licensed/regulated nursing staff was compared. Logistic regression models estimated whether nursing support staff or licensed/regulated nurses were more likely to conduct direct and indirect patient care tasks and whether licensed/regulated nurses on units with nursing support staff were more likely to conduct direct or indirect tasks compared with those on units without nursing support workers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nursing support staff spent the majority of their time engaged in direct care tasks, e.g. admission and assessment, hygiene and mobility. Although licensed/regulated nurses were less likely to undertake direct care tasks compared with support workers, those who worked on units with support workers undertook more direct care compared with those who worked on units without support workers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nursing support workers were given tasks that required substantial amounts of patient interaction. These staff may be associated with an increase in direct care tasks for licensed/regulated nurses, who may duplicate the direct care done by nursing support workers.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Australian Catholic University and Northern Sydney Local Health District, New South Wales, Australia.|Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3831-537X
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.|Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6534-8743
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duffield
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.|Centre for Nursing Research, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Diane E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Twigg
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9802-3766
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008004:Licensure; D009728:Nursing Assistants; D009736:Nursing Process; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital
keywords: nurses; nursing care; nursing support workers; work sampling; workforce