title: Patent Foramen Ovale and Cryptogenic Strokes in the Stroke in Young Fabry Patients Study.
abstract: A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is disproportionately prevalent in patients with cryptogenic stroke. Without alternative explanations, it is frequently considered to be causative. A detailed stratification of these patients may improve the identification of incidental PFO.
  
  
  
  We investigated the PFO prevalence in 3497 transient ischemic attack and ischemic stroke patients aged 18 to 55 years in the prospective multicenter SIFAP1 study (Stroke in Young Fabry Patients 1) using the ASCO classification. Patients without an obvious cause for transient ischemic attack/stroke (ASCO 0) were divided into subgroups with and without vascular risk factors (ASCO 0+ and 0-). In addition, we looked for PFO-related magnetic resonance imaging lesion patterns.
  
  
  
  PFO was identified in 25% of patients. Twenty percent of patients with a definite or probable cause of transient ischemic attack/stroke (≥1 grade 1 or 2 ASCO criterion; n=1769) had a PFO compared with 29% of cryptogenic stroke patients (ASCO 0 and 3; n=1728; P<0,001); subdivision of cryptogenic strokes revealed a PFO in 24% of 978 ASCO 3 patients (n.s. versus ASCO 1 and 2) and a higher prevalence of 36% in 750 ASCO 0 cases (P<0.001 versus ASCO 3 and versus ASCO 1 and 2). PFO was more commonly observed in ASCO 0- (n=271) than in ASCO 0+ patients (n=479; 48 versus 29%; P<0.001). There was no PFO-associated magnetic resonance imaging lesion pattern.
  
  
  
  Cryptogenic stroke patients demonstrate a heterogeneous PFO prevalence. Even in case of less conclusive diseases like nonstenotic arteriosclerosis, patients should preferentially be considered to have a non-PFO-mediated stroke.
  
  
  
  URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00414583.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Lake Constance, Klinikum Friedrichshafen, Germany (R.H.); Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (R.H.); Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (U.G.) and Center for Stroke Research (U.G.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, Katharinen Hospital, Unna, Germany (F.W.); Department of Neurology, Austin Health and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (V.T.); Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany (C.T.); Department of Neurology (C.E., F.F.) and Clinical Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (C.E.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, University of Mannheim, Germany (M.W., M.G.H.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Service, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.M.); Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany (C.K., B.v.S.); Department of Epidemiology and Biometrics, University of Tübingen, Germany (P.M.); Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine (E.K.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Neurology, Lund University, Sweden (B.N.); and Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of Rostock, Germany (A.R.). r.huber@klinikum-fn.de.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Lake Constance, Klinikum Friedrichshafen, Germany (R.H.); Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (R.H.); Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (U.G.) and Center for Stroke Research (U.G.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, Katharinen Hospital, Unna, Germany (F.W.); Department of Neurology, Austin Health and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (V.T.); Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany (C.T.); Department of Neurology (C.E., F.F.) and Clinical Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (C.E.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, University of Mannheim, Germany (M.W., M.G.H.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Service, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.M.); Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany (C.K., B.v.S.); Department of Epidemiology and Biometrics, University of Tübingen, Germany (P.M.); Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine (E.K.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Neurology, Lund University, Sweden (B.N.); and Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of Rostock, Germany (A.R.).
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Grittner
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Lake Constance, Klinikum Friedrichshafen, Germany (R.H.); Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (R.H.); Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (U.G.) and Center for Stroke Research (U.G.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, Katharinen Hospital, Unna, Germany (F.W.); Department of Neurology, Austin Health and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (V.T.); Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany (C.T.); Department of Neurology (C.E., F.F.) and Clinical Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (C.E.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, University of Mannheim, Germany (M.W., M.G.H.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Service, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.M.); Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany (C.K., B.v.S.); Department of Epidemiology and Biometrics, University of Tübingen, Germany (P.M.); Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine (E.K.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Neurology, Lund University, Sweden (B.N.); and Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of Rostock, Germany (A.R.).
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Weidemann
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Lake Constance, Klinikum Friedrichshafen, Germany (R.H.); Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (R.H.); Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (U.G.) and Center for Stroke Research (U.G.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, Katharinen Hospital, Unna, Germany (F.W.); Department of Neurology, Austin Health and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (V.T.); Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany (C.T.); Department of Neurology (C.E., F.F.) and Clinical Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (C.E.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, University of Mannheim, Germany (M.W., M.G.H.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Service, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.M.); Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany (C.K., B.v.S.); Department of Epidemiology and Biometrics, University of Tübingen, Germany (P.M.); Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine (E.K.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Neurology, Lund University, Sweden (B.N.); and Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of Rostock, Germany (A.R.).
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thijs
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Lake Constance, Klinikum Friedrichshafen, Germany (R.H.); Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (R.H.); Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (U.G.) and Center for Stroke Research (U.G.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, Katharinen Hospital, Unna, Germany (F.W.); Department of Neurology, Austin Health and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (V.T.); Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany (C.T.); Department of Neurology (C.E., F.F.) and Clinical Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (C.E.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, University of Mannheim, Germany (M.W., M.G.H.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Service, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.M.); Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany (C.K., B.v.S.); Department of Epidemiology and Biometrics, University of Tübingen, Germany (P.M.); Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine (E.K.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Neurology, Lund University, Sweden (B.N.); and Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of Rostock, Germany (A.R.).
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tanislav
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Lake Constance, Klinikum Friedrichshafen, Germany (R.H.); Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (R.H.); Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (U.G.) and Center for Stroke Research (U.G.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, Katharinen Hospital, Unna, Germany (F.W.); Department of Neurology, Austin Health and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (V.T.); Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany (C.T.); Department of Neurology (C.E., F.F.) and Clinical Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (C.E.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, University of Mannheim, Germany (M.W., M.G.H.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Service, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.M.); Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany (C.K., B.v.S.); Department of Epidemiology and Biometrics, University of Tübingen, Germany (P.M.); Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine (E.K.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Neurology, Lund University, Sweden (B.N.); and Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of Rostock, Germany (A.R.).
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Enzinger
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Lake Constance, Klinikum Friedrichshafen, Germany (R.H.); Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (R.H.); Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (U.G.) and Center for Stroke Research (U.G.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, Katharinen Hospital, Unna, Germany (F.W.); Department of Neurology, Austin Health and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (V.T.); Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany (C.T.); Department of Neurology (C.E., F.F.) and Clinical Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (C.E.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, University of Mannheim, Germany (M.W., M.G.H.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Service, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.M.); Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany (C.K., B.v.S.); Department of Epidemiology and Biometrics, University of Tübingen, Germany (P.M.); Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine (E.K.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Neurology, Lund University, Sweden (B.N.); and Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of Rostock, Germany (A.R.).
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fazekas
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Lake Constance, Klinikum Friedrichshafen, Germany (R.H.); Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (R.H.); Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (U.G.) and Center for Stroke Research (U.G.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, Katharinen Hospital, Unna, Germany (F.W.); Department of Neurology, Austin Health and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (V.T.); Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany (C.T.); Department of Neurology (C.E., F.F.) and Clinical Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (C.E.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, University of Mannheim, Germany (M.W., M.G.H.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Service, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.M.); Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany (C.K., B.v.S.); Department of Epidemiology and Biometrics, University of Tübingen, Germany (P.M.); Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine (E.K.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Neurology, Lund University, Sweden (B.N.); and Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of Rostock, Germany (A.R.).
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Lake Constance, Klinikum Friedrichshafen, Germany (R.H.); Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (R.H.); Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (U.G.) and Center for Stroke Research (U.G.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, Katharinen Hospital, Unna, Germany (F.W.); Department of Neurology, Austin Health and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (V.T.); Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany (C.T.); Department of Neurology (C.E., F.F.) and Clinical Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (C.E.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, University of Mannheim, Germany (M.W., M.G.H.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Service, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.M.); Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany (C.K., B.v.S.); Department of Epidemiology and Biometrics, University of Tübingen, Germany (P.M.); Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine (E.K.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Neurology, Lund University, Sweden (B.N.); and Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of Rostock, Germany (A.R.).
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hennerici
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Lake Constance, Klinikum Friedrichshafen, Germany (R.H.); Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (R.H.); Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (U.G.) and Center for Stroke Research (U.G.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, Katharinen Hospital, Unna, Germany (F.W.); Department of Neurology, Austin Health and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (V.T.); Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany (C.T.); Department of Neurology (C.E., F.F.) and Clinical Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (C.E.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, University of Mannheim, Germany (M.W., M.G.H.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Service, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.M.); Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany (C.K., B.v.S.); Department of Epidemiology and Biometrics, University of Tübingen, Germany (P.M.); Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine (E.K.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Neurology, Lund University, Sweden (B.N.); and Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of Rostock, Germany (A.R.).
authors.forename: Dominick J H
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McCabe
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Lake Constance, Klinikum Friedrichshafen, Germany (R.H.); Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (R.H.); Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (U.G.) and Center for Stroke Research (U.G.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, Katharinen Hospital, Unna, Germany (F.W.); Department of Neurology, Austin Health and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (V.T.); Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany (C.T.); Department of Neurology (C.E., F.F.) and Clinical Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (C.E.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, University of Mannheim, Germany (M.W., M.G.H.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Service, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.M.); Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany (C.K., B.v.S.); Department of Epidemiology and Biometrics, University of Tübingen, Germany (P.M.); Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine (E.K.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Neurology, Lund University, Sweden (B.N.); and Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of Rostock, Germany (A.R.).
authors.forename: Jukaa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Putaala
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Lake Constance, Klinikum Friedrichshafen, Germany (R.H.); Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (R.H.); Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (U.G.) and Center for Stroke Research (U.G.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, Katharinen Hospital, Unna, Germany (F.W.); Department of Neurology, Austin Health and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (V.T.); Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany (C.T.); Department of Neurology (C.E., F.F.) and Clinical Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (C.E.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, University of Mannheim, Germany (M.W., M.G.H.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Service, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.M.); Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany (C.K., B.v.S.); Department of Epidemiology and Biometrics, University of Tübingen, Germany (P.M.); Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine (E.K.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Neurology, Lund University, Sweden (B.N.); and Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of Rostock, Germany (A.R.).
authors.forename: Turgut
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tatlisumak
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Lake Constance, Klinikum Friedrichshafen, Germany (R.H.); Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (R.H.); Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (U.G.) and Center for Stroke Research (U.G.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, Katharinen Hospital, Unna, Germany (F.W.); Department of Neurology, Austin Health and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (V.T.); Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany (C.T.); Department of Neurology (C.E., F.F.) and Clinical Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (C.E.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, University of Mannheim, Germany (M.W., M.G.H.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Service, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.M.); Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany (C.K., B.v.S.); Department of Epidemiology and Biometrics, University of Tübingen, Germany (P.M.); Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine (E.K.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Neurology, Lund University, Sweden (B.N.); and Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of Rostock, Germany (A.R.).
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Lake Constance, Klinikum Friedrichshafen, Germany (R.H.); Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (R.H.); Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (U.G.) and Center for Stroke Research (U.G.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, Katharinen Hospital, Unna, Germany (F.W.); Department of Neurology, Austin Health and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (V.T.); Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany (C.T.); Department of Neurology (C.E., F.F.) and Clinical Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (C.E.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, University of Mannheim, Germany (M.W., M.G.H.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Service, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.M.); Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany (C.K., B.v.S.); Department of Epidemiology and Biometrics, University of Tübingen, Germany (P.M.); Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine (E.K.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Neurology, Lund University, Sweden (B.N.); and Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of Rostock, Germany (A.R.).
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: von Sarnowski
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Lake Constance, Klinikum Friedrichshafen, Germany (R.H.); Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (R.H.); Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (U.G.) and Center for Stroke Research (U.G.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, Katharinen Hospital, Unna, Germany (F.W.); Department of Neurology, Austin Health and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (V.T.); Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany (C.T.); Department of Neurology (C.E., F.F.) and Clinical Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (C.E.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, University of Mannheim, Germany (M.W., M.G.H.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Service, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.M.); Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany (C.K., B.v.S.); Department of Epidemiology and Biometrics, University of Tübingen, Germany (P.M.); Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine (E.K.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Neurology, Lund University, Sweden (B.N.); and Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of Rostock, Germany (A.R.).
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martus
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Lake Constance, Klinikum Friedrichshafen, Germany (R.H.); Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (R.H.); Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (U.G.) and Center for Stroke Research (U.G.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, Katharinen Hospital, Unna, Germany (F.W.); Department of Neurology, Austin Health and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (V.T.); Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany (C.T.); Department of Neurology (C.E., F.F.) and Clinical Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (C.E.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, University of Mannheim, Germany (M.W., M.G.H.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Service, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.M.); Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany (C.K., B.v.S.); Department of Epidemiology and Biometrics, University of Tübingen, Germany (P.M.); Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine (E.K.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Neurology, Lund University, Sweden (B.N.); and Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of Rostock, Germany (A.R.).
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kolodny
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Lake Constance, Klinikum Friedrichshafen, Germany (R.H.); Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (R.H.); Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (U.G.) and Center for Stroke Research (U.G.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, Katharinen Hospital, Unna, Germany (F.W.); Department of Neurology, Austin Health and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (V.T.); Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany (C.T.); Department of Neurology (C.E., F.F.) and Clinical Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (C.E.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, University of Mannheim, Germany (M.W., M.G.H.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Service, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.M.); Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany (C.K., B.v.S.); Department of Epidemiology and Biometrics, University of Tübingen, Germany (P.M.); Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine (E.K.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Neurology, Lund University, Sweden (B.N.); and Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of Rostock, Germany (A.R.).
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Norrving
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Lake Constance, Klinikum Friedrichshafen, Germany (R.H.); Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany (R.H.); Department for Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology (U.G.) and Center for Stroke Research (U.G.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, Katharinen Hospital, Unna, Germany (F.W.); Department of Neurology, Austin Health and Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (V.T.); Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany (C.T.); Department of Neurology (C.E., F.F.) and Clinical Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology (C.E.), Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, University of Mannheim, Germany (M.W., M.G.H.); Department of Neurology and Stroke Service, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (D.J.H.M.); Academic Unit of Neurology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland (D.J.H.M.); Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland (J.P., T.T.); Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.); Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Germany (C.K., B.v.S.); Department of Epidemiology and Biometrics, University of Tübingen, Germany (P.M.); Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine (E.K.); Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Neurology, Lund University, Sweden (B.N.); and Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of Rostock, Germany (A.R.).
authors.forename: Arndt
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rolfs
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000795:Fabry Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D054092:Foramen Ovale, Patent / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: MRI; arteriosclerosis; ischemic stroke; patent foramen ovale; risk factors