title: Impact of Drug Manipulation on Seizure Freedom in Adults with Uncontrolled Epilepsy: A Prospective Controlled Study in Rural China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that uncontrolled epilepsy might not necessarily equate to drug resistance when antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are used at relatively low doses, a practice frequently observed in rural areas of China.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the clinical benefits of further drug manipulation in this situation, we prospectively followed up the outcomes of patients with uncontrolled epilepsy while taking relatively low doses of AEDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included patients aged 16 years and older with uncontrolled epilepsy and who were receiving at least one AED at a dosage below 50% of the World Health Organization (WHO) defined daily dose (DDD) (50% DDD) (Group 1). Patients with drug-resistant epilepsy were included for comparison (Group 2). Both groups were followed-up for at least 2 years. Seizure outcomes after further drug manipulations were recorded at the last follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 197 patients (55.3% male) were included in Group 1 and 32 (46.9% male) in Group 2; their mean duration of follow-up was 28.85 ± 1.90 and 30.91 ± 2.04 months, respectively. At the last follow-up, 16.8% (33/197) of patients in Group 1 had become seizure-free compared with none in Group 2 (p < 0.001). Seventeen of 93 (18.3%) patients in Group 1 became seizure free after increasing the dosage of baseline AED(s) alone. Only 5.5% (3/55) of patients who had failed to respond to an AED at ≥50% DDD at baseline became seizure free compared with 21.1% (30/142) who did not have such a history (p = 0.001). The number of AEDs taken at a dosage below 50% DDD at baseline was not associated with seizure outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uncontrolled epilepsy could become controlled in a substantial proportion of patients by dose increase alone, particularly if there is no history of drug failure at ≥50% DDD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoting
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Ziyi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. patrick.kwan@unimelb.edu.au.|Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. patrick.kwan@unimelb.edu.au.|Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne, 3050, VIC, Australia. patrick.kwan@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China. zhoudong66@yahoo.de.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002681:China; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012424:Rural Population; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants