title: IL-9 and Th9 in parasite immunity.
abstract: Interleukin-9 is a cytokine classically related to type 2 immune responses whose cellular identity has been recently reevaluated to identify a new specialized T helper subset called Th9 and an innate source referred as innate lymphoid cell type 2. Over the past years, IL-9 has been associated with allergic responses, tumor immunology, and autoimmunity; however, in this review, we will specifically focus on the role of IL-9 and Th9 cells in the context of parasitic infections. We will summarize and discuss all the evidence relating IL-9 expression and function in parasitic infections with a particular emphasis in helminth infections, an important health issue in developing countries; we will also provide a general description and classification of parasites, the immune response and cellular compartments activated in this context, and its implications and future directions towards a complete understanding of this interesting new T helper subset and its potential therapeutic use.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo. Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México City, Mexico. plicona@ifc.unam.mx.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Licona-Limón
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo. Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México City, Mexico.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arias-Rojas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo. Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México City, Mexico.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olguín-Martínez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060467:Disease Resistance / Q000276:immunology; D006376:Helminths / Q000276:immunology; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D056747:Immunomodulation; D016906:Interleukin-9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D010271:Parasites / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology*; D010272:Parasitic Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016906:Interleukin-9
keywords: Helminth; IL-9; Parasite; Worm