title: A comparison of HMGB1 concentrations between cerebrospinal fluid and blood in patients with neurological disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether a correlation exists between paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum levels of a novel inflammatory biomarker, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), in different neurological conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  HMGB1 was measured in the serum and CSF of 46 neurological patients (18 idiopathic intracranial hypertension [IIH], 18 neurological infection/inflammation [NII] and 10 Rasmussen's encephalitis [RE]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean serum (± SD) HMGB1 levels were 1.43 ± 0.54, 25.28 ± 27.9 and 1.89 ± 1.49 ng/ml for the patients with IIH, NII and RE, respectively. Corresponding mean (± SD) CSF levels were 0.35 ± 0.22, 4.48 ± 6.56 and 2.24 ± 2.35 ng/ml. Both CSF and serum HMGB1 was elevated in NII. Elevated CSF HMGB1 was demonstrated in RE. There was no direct correlation between CSF and serum levels of HMGB1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum HMGB1 cannot be used as a surrogate measure for CSF levels. CSF HMGB1 was elevated in NII and RE, its role as a prognostic/stratification biomarker needs further study.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lauren Elizabeth
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: b Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health UK , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom.|c NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michael John
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: b Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health UK , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom.|c NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: McGill
authors.affiliation: e Department of Infectious Diseases, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, West Yorkshire , Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Penelope
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lewthwaite
authors.affiliation: a Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Graeme John
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Sills
authors.affiliation: a Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jorgensen
authors.affiliation: a Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Daniel James
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Antoine
authors.affiliation: b Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health UK , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom.|c NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom.|d The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust , Liverpool , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.affiliation: a Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anthony Guy
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Marson
authors.affiliation: a Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology , Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Munir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pirmohamed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D001927:Brain Diseases; D002494:Central Nervous System Infections; D004660:Encephalitis; D005260:Female; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D011559:Pseudotumor Cerebri; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D024243:HMGB1 Protein
keywords: High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1); biomarker; cerebrospinal fluid