title: The association of perseverative negative thinking with depression, anxiety and emotional distress in people with long term conditions: A systematic review.
abstract: Depression is common in people with long term conditions, and is associated with worse medical outcomes. Previous research shows perseverative negative thinking (e.g. worry, rumination) predicts subsequent depression and worse medical outcomes, suggesting interventions targeting perseverative negative thinking could improve depression and medical outcomes. Previous studies recruited healthy individuals, however. This review aimed to determine the temporal relationship and strength of prospective association of perseverative negative thinking with depression, anxiety and emotional distress in people with long term conditions.
  
  
  
  Four electronic databases were searched for studies including standardised measures of perseverative negative thinking and depression, anxiety or emotional distress, and which presented prospective associations. Findings were narratively synthesized.
  
  
  
  Thirty studies were identified in a range of long term conditions. Perseverative negative thinking and subsequent depression, anxiety or emotional distress were significantly correlated in the majority of studies (bivariate r=0.23 to r=0.73). 25 studies controlled for confounders, and in 15 perseverative negative thinking predicted subsequent depression, anxiety or emotional distress. Results varied according to condition and study quality. Six of 7 studies found bivariate associations between depression, anxiety or emotional distress and subsequent perseverative negative thinking, though 2 studies controlling for key covariates found no association. Few studies assessed the impact of perseverative negative thinking on medical outcomes.
  
  
  
  Strongest evidence supported perseverative negative thinking predicting subsequent depression, anxiety and emotional distress in people with long term conditions. Further prospective research is warranted to clarify the association of perseverative negative thinking with subsequent poor medical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Lukes Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom. Electronic address: L.V.Trick@exeter.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Leanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trick
authors.affiliation: University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Lukes Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.affiliation: University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Lukes Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stacey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Windeatt
authors.affiliation: University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Lukes Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dickens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D000067657:Pessimism; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Depression; Long term conditions; Perseverative negative thinking; Rumination; Systematic review; Worry