title: Biochemical and oxidative stress markers in the liver and kidneys of rats submitted to different protocols of anabolic steroids.
abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different protocols (P1, P2, and P3) of boldenone undecylenate (BU) and stanozolol (ST) on markers of liver and kidney function and variables of oxidative stress in these organs. For this, 54 male Wistar rats were divided into nine groups of six animals each. Each animal received intramuscularly 5.0 mg kg-1of BU or ST once a week for 4 weeks (P1); 2.5 mg kg-1of BU or ST once a week for 8 weeks (P2); and 1.25 mg kg-1of BU or ST once a week for 12 weeks (P3). For each protocol, a control group was used, and they received 0.1 ml of olive oil intramuscularly. Blood and fragments of liver and kidney were collected for alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, albumin, creatinine, cholesterol, total protein, triglycerides, urea, reactive oxygen species, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, total thiols, and glutathione evaluation. The results show that the BU in doses of 5 (day 30) and 2.5 mg kg-1(day 60) changes the ALT seric activity, possibly showing a hepatotoxic effect. High doses of BU may lead to increased levels of cholesterol (protocol P1) possibly due to inhibition of the normal steroid biosynthesis process. All protocols used caused changes in the redox balance of the organs studied (except in the liver, protocol P2), which indicates that these drugs might be harmful even at low doses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil. guilhermelopesd@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Guilherme Lopes
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7417-2903
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Dornelles
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andressa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Sorraila
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aleksandro Schafer
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raqueli Teresinha
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: França
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cássia Bagolin
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Márcia Silveira Netto
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Letícia do Santos
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Petry
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fátima Husein
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Abdalla
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cibele Lima
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lhamas
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Hospital, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil.|Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, 97105-900, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cinthia Melazzo
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: de Andrade
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D045165:Testosterone Congeners / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D045165:Testosterone Congeners
keywords: Anabolic androgenic steroids; Boldenone undecylenate; Hepatotoxicity; Oxidative damage; Stanozolol