title: Transformational leadership, empowerment, and job satisfaction: the mediating role of employee empowerment.
abstract: Recent studies have revealed that nursing staff turnover remains a major problem in emerging economies. In particular, nursing staff turnover in Malaysia remains high due to a lack of job satisfaction. Despite a shortage of healthcare staff, the Malaysian government plans to create 181 000 new healthcare jobs by 2020 through the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP). This study investigated the causal relationships among perceived transformational leadership, empowerment, and job satisfaction among nurses and medical assistants in two selected large private and public hospitals in Malaysia. This study also explored the mediating effect of empowerment between transformational leadership and job satisfaction.
  
  
  
  This study used a survey to collect data from 200 nursing staff, i.e., nurses and medical assistants, employed by a large private hospital and a public hospital in Malaysia. Respondents were asked to answer 5-point Likert scale questions regarding transformational leadership, employee empowerment, and job satisfaction. Partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze the measurement models and to estimate parameters in a path model. Statistical analysis was performed to examine whether empowerment mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction.
  
  
  
  This analysis showed that empowerment mediated the effect of transformational leadership on the job satisfaction in nursing staff. Employee empowerment not only is indispensable for enhancing job satisfaction but also mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction among nursing staff.
  
  
  
  The results of this research contribute to the literature on job satisfaction in healthcare industries by enhancing the understanding of the influences of empowerment and transformational leadership on job satisfaction among nursing staff. This study offers important policy insight for healthcare managers who seek to increase job satisfaction among their nursing staff.
authors.affiliation: Raffles University Iskandar, Menara Kotaraya, Jalan Trus, 80000, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sang Long
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Management, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. gcfei@utm.my.
authors.forename: Chin Fei
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.affiliation: International Business School, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Muhammad Badrull Hisyam
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Management, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Owee Kowang
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel; D006779:Hospitals, Public; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D007857:Leadership; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D009726:Nurses; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital; D010559:Personnel Management; D010563:Personnel Turnover; D011209:Power, Psychological; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Empowerment; Healthcare management; Job satisfaction; Nurse; Transformational leadership