title: Management and outcomes of obstructive sleep apnea in children with Robin sequence, a cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this cross-sectional study is to assess the prevalence, course, and management of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children with Robin sequence (RS) aged 1-18 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in 63 children aged 1 to18 years with RS. Patient data were collected on baseline characteristics and management. OSA was evaluated by polysomnography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-three children with RS were included (median age 8.0 years) and divided into two groups based on the initial treatment: prone positioning or respiratory support. Respiratory support was more often indicated in children with a non-isolated RS (p < 0.05). At cross section, in the prone positioning group (n = 32), one child was diagnosed with OSA. In the respiratory support group (n = 31), 13 children (42 %) had respiratory problems of whom 10 needed respiratory support.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Between the age of 1 and 18 years, almost one out of four children with RS still has respiratory problems. Children with RS, who can be treated with prone positioning only as an infant, are not likely to develop obstructive airway problems at a later age. In contrast, children who need respiratory support early after birth are at risk of continuing or re-developing OSA after the age of 1 year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that those who need respiratory support at an early age need careful monitoring until adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Room D-210,, 3000 CA, Rotterdam,, The Netherlands. m.vanlieshout@erasmusmc.nl.|Dutch Craniofacial Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. m.vanlieshout@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Manouk J S
authors.initials: MJS
authors.lastname: van Lieshout
authors.affiliation: Dutch Craniofacial Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Pediatrics, Intensive Care Unit, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Koen F M
authors.initials: KFM
authors.lastname: Joosten
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Room D-210,, 3000 CA, Rotterdam,, The Netherlands.|Dutch Craniofacial Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maarten J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Koudstaal
authors.affiliation: Dutch Craniofacial Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marc P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: van der Schroeff
authors.affiliation: Dutch Craniofacial Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Karolijn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dulfer
authors.affiliation: Dutch Craniofacial Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Irene M J
authors.initials: IMJ
authors.lastname: Mathijssen
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Room D-210,, 3000 CA, Rotterdam,, The Netherlands.|Dutch Craniofacial Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eppo B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Wolvius
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010855:Pierre Robin Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D017286:Polysomnography; D015995:Prevalence; D016684:Prone Position; D012138:Respiratory Therapy / Q000379:methods; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Airway obstruction; Obstructive sleep apnea; Robin sequence; Treatment