title: Glyphosate Adversely Affects Danio rerio Males: Acetylcholinesterase Modulation and Oxidative Stress.
abstract: It has been demonstrated that glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic to animals. In the present study, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP), and lipid peroxidation (LPO), as well as the activity and expression of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, were evaluated in Danio rerio males exposed to 5 or 10 mg/L of glyphosate for 24 and 96 h. An increase in ACAP in gills after 24 h was observed in the animals exposed to 5 mg/L of glyphosate. A decrease in LPO was observed in brain tissue of animals exposed to 10 mg/L after 24 h, while an increase was observed in muscle after 96 h. No significant alterations were observed in ROS generation. AChE activity was not altered in muscles or brains of animals exposed to either glyphosate concentration for 24 or 96 h. However, gene expression of this enzyme in the brain was reduced after 24 h and was enhanced in both brain and muscle tissues after 96 h. Thus, contrary to previous findings that had attributed the imbalance in the oxidative state of animals exposed to glyphosate-based herbicides to surfactants and other inert compounds, the present study demonstrated that glyphosate per se promotes this same effect in zebrafish males. Although glyphosate concentrations did not alter AChE activity, this study demonstrated for the first time that this molecule affects ache expression in male zebrafish D. rerio.
authors.affiliation: 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG , Rio Grande, Brazil .
authors.forename: Fernanda Moreira
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: 2 Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG , Rio Grande, Brazil .
authors.forename: Sergiane Souza
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Caldas
authors.affiliation: 2 Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG , Rio Grande, Brazil .
authors.forename: Ednei Gilberto
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Primel
authors.affiliation: 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande-FURG , Rio Grande, Brazil .
authors.forename: Carlos Eduardo
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: da Rosa
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects; D005998:Glycine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D006540:Herbicides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D015027:Zebrafish; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000097797:Glyphosate
keywords: Danio rerio; ROS; acetylcholinesterase; antioxidant capacity; glyphosate; lipid peroxidation