title: Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 induced autophagy to inhibit migration and invasion of ovarian cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis through engulfing cytoplasmic proteins and organelles, and plays an important role in cancer initiation and progression. Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3, an active ingredient of Panax ginseng, exerts anti-cancer functions in various cancers. However, its molecular mechanisms, including its effect on autophagy, are not fully elucidated in tumor models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 was treated by various concentrations of 20(S)-Rg3. Markers of autophagy were detected by real-time PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Cell viability was observed by CCK8 assays and cell migration and invasion were examined with Transwell.
  
  
  RESULTS
  20(S)-Rg3 induced autophagy in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner as indicated by the upregulation of autophagy-associated molecules including LC3 II, ATG5 and ATG7. The autophagy inhibitor chloroquine antagonized the inhibition of 20(S)-Rg3 on migration and invasion of SKOV3 cells, but slightly enhanced the impairment of 20(S)-Rg3 on cell viability. Immunohistochemistry staining of LC3, ATG5 and ATG7 on subcutaneous xenograft tissue sections from previously established nude mice models showed that 20(S)-Rg3 upregulated LC3, ATG5 and ATG7 as observed in cell models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Autophagy induction was one mechanism mediating inhibition of 20(S)-Rg3 on ovarian cancer invasive progression.
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
authors.forename: Huilian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
authors.forename: Huijin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaomin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China. Electronic address: zhaole2@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Le
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China. Electronic address: lixu56@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D036145:Ginsenosides; C097367:ginsenoside Rg3
keywords: Autophagy; Ginsenoside; Ovarian cancer