title: Vestibular Migraine in Children and Adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this review is to provide an actualized overview on vestibular migraine in childhood and adolescence, with focus on the epidemiology and clinical presentation as well as its treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vertigo spells in childhood can evolve into other periodic syndromes and/or migraine types and persist even into adulthood. Vestibular migraine (VM) and benign paroxysmal vertigo are the most common causes of vertigo in children and adolescents. The diagnostic criteria for VM are dizziness and vertigo, headache, phonophobia and photophobia, and visual aura. The prevention of attacks is the treatment for children and adolescents with VM, as is recommended for migraine with or without aura. Thus, non-pharmacological measures are the first-line option; when these measures fail or daily activities are notably affected, drugs are administrated. Psychological assessment and cognitive behavioral therapy are also important therapeutic measures in this patient group. There is still insufficient research on VM in children and adolescents; future studies on clinical presentation, evolvement, and specific treatment are necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337, Munich, Germany. thyra.langhagen@med.uni-muenchen.de.|German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany. thyra.langhagen@med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Thyra
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Langhagen
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337, Munich, Germany.|German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Mirjam N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Landgraf
authors.affiliation: German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Doreen
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huppert
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337, Munich, Germany.|German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Heinen
authors.affiliation: German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.|Schön Klinik Bad Aibling, Kolbermoorer Str. 72, 83043, Bad Aibling, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jahn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders; D015837:Vestibular Diseases
keywords: Adolescents; Children; Dizziness; Migraine; Vertigo; Vestibular