title: Sugar-based novel niosomal nanocarrier system for enhanced oral bioavailability of levofloxacin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vesicular systems have attracted great attention in drug delivery because of their amphiphilicity, biodegradability, non-toxicity and potential for increasing drug bioavailability.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A novel sugar-based double-tailed surfactant containing renewable block was synthesized for preparing niosomal vesicles that could be exploited for Levofloxacin encapsulation, aiming to increase its oral bioavailability.
  
  
  METHODS
  The surfactant was characterized by1H NMR, mass spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Its biocompatibility was studied against cell cultures and human blood hemolysis. In vivo acute toxicity was evaluated in mice. The vesicle morphology, size, drug-excipients interaction and entrapment efficiency (EE) were examined using atomic force microscope (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), FT-IR and HPLC. Oral bioavailability studies of Levofloxacin in surfactant-based niosomal formulation were carried out using rabbits and plasma samples were analyzed using HPLC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vesicles were spherical in shape and the size was 190.31 ± 4.51 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.29 ± 0.03. The drug EE in niosomes was 68.28 ± 3.45%. When applied on cell lines, high cell viability was observed even after prolonged exposure at high concentrations. It caused 5.77 ± 1.34% hemolysis at 1000 μg/mL and was found to be safe up to 2000 mg/kg. Elevated Levofloxacin plasma concentration was achieved when delivered with novel vesicles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The surfactant was demonstrated to be safe and effective as carrier of Levofloxacin. The study suggests that this sugar-based double-tailed nonionic surfactant could be promising nano-vesicular system for delivery and enhancing oral bioavailability of the hydrophobic Levofloxacin.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , University of Malakand , Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imran
authors.affiliation: b H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, Karachi University , Karachi , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Raza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , University of Malakand , Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Farhat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ullah
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , University of Malakand , Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shafi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ullah
authors.affiliation: c College of Pharmacy, Qatar University , Doha , Qatar , and.
authors.forename: Abdelbary M A
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Elhissi
authors.affiliation: d School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , Jiangsu , China.
authors.forename: Waqas
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nawaz
authors.affiliation: b H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, Karachi University , Karachi , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , University of Malakand , Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadiq
authors.affiliation: b H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, Karachi University , Karachi , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Imdad
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D064704:Levofloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D005079:Excipients; D008081:Liposomes; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D064704:Levofloxacin
keywords: Nonionic; bioavailability; double-tailed surfactant; levofloxacin; niosomes