title: Extended Endoscopic and Open Sinus Surgery for Refractory Chronic Rhinosinusitis.
abstract: This review discusses extended endoscopic and open sinus surgery for refractory chronic rhinosinusitis. Extended maxillary sinus surgery including endoscopic maxillary mega-antrostomy, endoscopic modified medial maxillectomy, and inferior meatal antrostomy are described. Total/complete ethmoidectomy with mucosal stripping (nasalization) is discussed. Extended endoscopic sphenoid sinus procedures as well as their indications and potential risks are reviewed. Extended endoscopic frontal sinus procedures, such the modified Lothrop procedure, are described. Extended open sinus surgical procedures, such as the Caldwell-Luc approach, frontal sinus trephine procedure, external frontoethmoidectomy, frontal sinus osteoplastic flap with or without obliteration, and cranialization, are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 8100, Newark, NJ 07103, USA. Electronic address: jean.anderson.eloy@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jean Anderson
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Eloy
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marchiano
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vázquez
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease; D057186:Comparative Effectiveness Research; D006801:Humans; D059747:Nasal Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D057605:Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000601:surgery*; D012008:Recurrence; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Endoscopic modified medial maxillectomy; Endoscopic sinus surgery; Extended frontal sinusotomy; Extended maxillary antrostomy; Extended sphenoid sinusotomy; Modification of Lothrop procedure; Modified Lothrop procedure; Nasalization