title: Engineering Plant Immunity: Using CRISPR/Cas9 to Generate Virus Resistance.
abstract: Plant viruses infect many economically important crops, including wheat, cotton, maize, cassava, and other vegetables. These viruses pose a serious threat to agriculture worldwide, as decreases in cropland areaper capitamay cause production to fall short of that required to feed the increasing world population. Under these circumstances, conventional strategies can fail to control rapidly evolving and emerging plant viruses. Genome-engineering strategies have recently emerged as promising tools to introduce desirable traits in many eukaryotic species, including plants. Among these genome engineering technologies, the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats)/CRISPR-associated 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system has received special interest because of its simplicity, efficiency, and reproducibility. Recent studies have used CRISPR/Cas9 to engineer virus resistance in plants, either by directly targeting and cleaving the viral genome, or by modifying the host plant genome to introduce viral immunity. Here, we briefly describe the biology of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and plant viruses, and how different genome engineering technologies have been used to target these viruses. We further describe the main findings from recent studies of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated viral interference and discuss how these findings can be applied to improve global agriculture. We conclude by pinpointing the gaps in our knowledge and the outstanding questions regarding CRISPR/Cas9-mediated viral immunity.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia; National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Syed Shan-E-Ali
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Zaidi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Manal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tashkandi
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shahid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mansoor
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Magdy M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mahfouz
keywords: CRISPR/Cas9; geminivirus; genome engineering; plant virus; virus resistance