title: Associations of specific types of sports and exercise with all-cause and cardiovascular-disease mortality: a cohort study of 80 306 British adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evidence for the long-term health effects of specific sport disciplines is scarce. Therefore, we examined the associations of six different types of sport/exercise with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risk in a large pooled Scottish and English population-based cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cox proportional hazards regression was used to investigate the associations between each exposure and all-cause and CVD mortality with adjustment for potential confounders in 80 306 individuals (54% women; mean±SD age: 52±14 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant reductions in all-cause mortality were observed for participation in cycling (HR=0.85, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.95), swimming (HR=0.72, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.80), racquet sports (HR=0.53, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.69) and aerobics (HR=0.73, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.85). No significant associations were found for participation in football and running. A significant reduction in CVD mortality was observed for participation in swimming (HR=0.59, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.75), racquet sports (HR=0.44, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.83) and aerobics (HR=0.64, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.92), but there were no significant associations for cycling, running and football. Variable dose-response patterns between the exposure and the outcomes were found across the sport disciplines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that participation in specific sports may have significant benefits for public health. Future research should aim to further strengthen the sport-specific epidemiological evidence base and understanding of how to promote greater sports participation.
authors.affiliation: UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oja
authors.affiliation: Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Zeljko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pedisic
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Titze
authors.affiliation: Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bauman
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Charlie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8726-7992
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamer
authors.affiliation: Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: Melvyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hillsdon
authors.affiliation: Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stamatakis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004739:England; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012606:Scotland; D013177:Sports
keywords: Cohort study; Epidemiology; Physical activity; Public health; Sports