title: [Mucoadhesive buccal films of tramadol for effective pain management].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tramadol hydrochloride is a centrally-acting synthetic opioid analgesic binding to specific opioid receptors. It is used in the management of chronic pain and is recommended as first line drug in the treatment of postoperative or orthopedic injury induced acute pain. The present work is designed to prepare and evaluate mucoadhesive buccal film of tramadol hydrochloride as a novel form of prolonged analgesia for patients with orthopedic injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Buccal films of tramadol hydrochloride were prepared by solvent casting method. The prepared films were evaluated for the various evaluation parameters like thickness, surface pH, weight uniformity, content uniformity, folding endurance, swelling index, in vitro drug release study, in vitro test for mucoadhesion and in vivo studies (primary mucosal irritancy test and analgesic activity).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the formulations exhibited good results for physicochemical characterizations. In in vitro drug release study the films exhibited controlled release more than 12hours. The formulation BFT2 (containing chitosan and PVP K-90) showed no irritant effect on buccal mucosa and elicit the significant in vivo analgesic activity with 57.14% analgesia against that of standard (61.04%). It was concluded that the mucoadhesive films of tramadol hydrochloride can be effectively used to alleviate the severe pain of orthopedic injuries with prompt onset and prolonged action.
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang University, University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics Nursing, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Qin
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Department of Orthopedics, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Zhao-Ming
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang University, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Bing
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Cai-Rong
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang University, University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Ai-Wu
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang University, University Hospital, Department of Information Center, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang University, University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Hangzhou, China. Electronic address: rbzhang58@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ren-Bing
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000269:Adhesives; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D004304:Dosage Forms; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004304:Dosage Forms; D014147:Tramadol
keywords: Analgesia; Buccal film; Edema; Filme bucal; Lesão ortopédica; Mucoadesão; Mucoadhesion; Orthopedic injury; Swelling; Tramadol