title: Rescue therapies for acute respiratory distress syndrome: what to try first?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Severe respiratory failure due to the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) might require rescue therapy measures beyond even extended standard care to ensure adequate oxygenation and survival. This review provides a summary and assessment of treatment options that can be beneficial when the standard approach fails.
  
  
  RESULTS
  'Life-threatening' conditions or refractory hypoxemia during mechanical ventilation are more a matter of personal rating than an objective diagnosis based on defined and/or unanimously agreed thresholds that would mandate the use of rescue therapies. Although the outcome might vary with different rescue procedures, most of them will improve oxygenation. Prone positioning maintains a predominant role as rescue therapy in severe hypoxemia and does not only improve oxygenation in but also survival of ARDS patients. Recruitment maneuvers can have temporary positive effects. Inhaled nitric oxide, as well as high-frequency oscillatory ventilation might acutely improve oxygenation and can be used as a 'bridge' to alternative rescue therapies, but neither provides any survival advantage by itself and might even be detrimental. Although increasingly employed in other than the rescue indication, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation should still primarily be used in patients who do not respond to differentiated mechanical ventilation, which includes a careful evaluation of nonextracorporeal membrane oxygenation rescue therapies that might be combined in order to overcome the life-threatening situation. Early involvement of an ARDS or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation center should be considered to ensure optimal care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A well timed, multimodal approach is required for patients with ARDS suffering from life-threatening hypoxemia. Understanding the limits of each type of rescue measure is of vital importance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Onnen
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Moerer
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tonetti
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Quintel
mesh_terms: D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000379:methods; D006612:High-Frequency Ventilation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D016684:Prone Position / Q000502:physiology*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000628:therapy*; D012138:Respiratory Therapy / Q000379:methods*