title: Cortisol in human milk predicts child BMI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Breastfeeding has been linked to lower rates of childhood obesity. Human milk contains cortisol, known to regulate glucose storage and metabolism. The aim of this study was to to test the hypothesis that early exposure to cortisol in human breast milk helps to modulate infant body mass index (BMI) trajectories over the first 2 years of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Growth curve modeling was used to examine whether infant exposure to cortisol in human milk at 3 months predicted changes in child body mass index percentile (BMIP) at 6, 12, and 24 months of age in 51 breastfeeding mother-child pairs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infants exposed to higher milk cortisol levels at 3 months were less likely to exhibit BMIP gains over the first 2 years of life, compared with infants exposed to lower milk cortisol. By age 2, infants exposed to higher milk cortisol levels had lower BMIPs than infants exposed to lower milk cortisol. Milk cortisol was a stronger predictor of BMIP change in girls than boys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cortisol exposure through human milk may help to program metabolic functioning and childhood obesity risk. Further, because infant formula contains only trace amounts of glucocorticoids, these findings suggest that cortisol in milk is a novel biological pathway through which breastfeeding may protect against later obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hahn-Holbrook
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA.
authors.forename: Tran Bao
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Le
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA.|Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, USA.
authors.forename: Elysia Poggi
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA.|Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, USA.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Glynn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone