title: The effects of social pressure and emotional expression on the cone of gaze in patients with social anxiety disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patients with social anxiety disorder suffer from pronounced fears in social situations. As gaze perception is crucial in these situations, we examined which factors influence the range of gaze directions where mutual gaze is experienced (the cone of gaze).
  
  
  METHODS
  The social stimulus was modified by changing the number of people (heads) present and the emotional expression of their faces. Participants completed a psychophysical task, in which they had to adjust the eyes of a virtual head to gaze at the edge of the range where mutual eye-contact was experienced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of heads affected the width of the gaze cone: the more heads, the wider the gaze cone. The emotional expression of the virtual head had no consistent effect on the width of the gaze cone, it did however affect the emotional state of the participants. Angry expressions produced the highest arousal values. Highest valence emerged from happy faces, lowest valence from angry faces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the widening of the gaze cone in social anxiety disorder is not primarily mediated by their altered emotional reactivity. Implications for gaze assessment and gaze training in therapeutic contexts are discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to interindividual variability, enlarged gaze cones are not necessarily indicative of social anxiety disorder, they merely constitute a correlate at the group level.
authors.affiliation: Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Psychologisches Institut, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harbort
authors.affiliation: Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Psychologisches Institut, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spiegel
authors.affiliation: Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Psychologisches Institut, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Witthöft
authors.affiliation: Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Psychologisches Institut, Mainz, Germany. Electronic address: hecht@uni-mainz.de.
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hecht
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D019260:Expressed Emotion / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000072861:Phobia, Social / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Arousal; Cone of gaze; Emotional expression; Gaze perception; Social anxiety disorder; Social phobia