title: High prevalence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use among acute kidney injury survivors in the southern community cohort study.
abstract: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used and have been linked to acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Patients who survive an AKI episode are at risk for future adverse kidney and cardiovascular outcomes. The objective of our study was to examine the prevalence and predictors of NSAID use among AKI survivors.
  
  
  
  The Southern Community Cohort Study is a prospective study of low-income adults aged 40-79 in the southeastern US. Through linkage with Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 826 participants with an AKI diagnosis (ICD-9 584.5-584.9) at any age prior to cohort enrollment were identified. At baseline, data were collected on regular use of prescription and over-the-counter NSAIDs, as well as demographic, medical and other characteristics. Additional comorbidities were ascertained via linkage with CMS or the US Renal Data System.
  
  
  
  One hundred fifty-four AKI survivors (19%) reported regular NSAID use at cohort enrollment (52 prescription, 81 OTC, 21 both) and the percentage of NSAID users did not vary by time since AKI event. Over 58% of users were taking NSAIDS regularly both before and after their AKI event. Hypertension (83%), arthritis (71%), heart failure (44%), CKD (36%) and diabetes (35%) were prevalent among NSAID users. In a multivariable model, history of arthritis (OR: 3.00; 95% CI: 1.92, 4.68) and acetaminophen use (OR: 2.43; 95% CI: 1.50, 3.93) were significantly associated with NSAID use, while prevalent CKD (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.98) and diabetes (OR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.69) were significantly inversely associated.
  
  
  
  NSAID use among AKI survivors is common and highlights the need to understand physician and patient decision-making around NSAIDs and to develop effective strategies to reduce NSAID use in this vulnerable population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.|Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease (VCKD) and Integrated Program for Acute Kidney Injury Research (VIP-AKI), Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Loren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lipworth
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease (VCKD) and Integrated Program for Acute Kidney Injury Research (VIP-AKI), Nashville, TN, USA.|Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abdel-Kader
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.|Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease (VCKD) and Integrated Program for Acute Kidney Injury Research (VIP-AKI), Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Edmond K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Kabagambe
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease (VCKD) and Integrated Program for Acute Kidney Injury Research (VIP-AKI), Nashville, TN, USA.|Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.|Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (TVHS) VA Medical Center, TVHS Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers (GRECC), Veteran's Health Administration, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Sharidan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Parr
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease (VCKD) and Integrated Program for Acute Kidney Injury Research (VIP-AKI), Nashville, TN, USA.|Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Birdwell
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease (VCKD) and Integrated Program for Acute Kidney Injury Research (VIP-AKI), Nashville, TN, USA.|Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (TVHS) VA Medical Center, TVHS Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers (GRECC), Veteran's Health Administration, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Matheny
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease (VCKD) and Integrated Program for Acute Kidney Injury Research (VIP-AKI), Nashville, TN, USA.|Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.|Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (TVHS) VA Medical Center, TVHS Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers (GRECC), Veteran's Health Administration, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Adriana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Blot
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease (VCKD) and Integrated Program for Acute Kidney Injury Research (VIP-AKI), Nashville, TN, USA.|Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.|Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (TVHS) VA Medical Center, TVHS Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers (GRECC), Veteran's Health Administration, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: T Alp
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ikizler
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease (VCKD) and Integrated Program for Acute Kidney Injury Research (VIP-AKI), Nashville, TN, USA. edward.siew@vanderbilt.edu.|Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. edward.siew@vanderbilt.edu.|Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (TVHS) VA Medical Center, TVHS Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers (GRECC), Veteran's Health Administration, Nashville, TN, USA. edward.siew@vanderbilt.edu.
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Siew
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001168:Arthritis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015144:Southeastern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D017741:Survivors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000082:Acetaminophen
keywords: Acute kidney injury; NSAIDs