title: Dissenting from care.data: an analysis of opt-out forms.
abstract: Care.data was a programme of work led by NHS England for the extraction of patient-identifiable and coded information from general practitioner (GP) records for secondary uses. This study analyses the forms (on the websites of GP practices) which enabled patients to opt out.
  
  
  
  Theoretical sampling and summative content analysis were used to collect and analyse dissent forms used by patients to opt out from care.
  
  
  
  Domains included basic information about the programme, types of objections and personal details required for identification purposes.
  
  
  
  One hundred opt-out forms were analysed. Fifty-four forms mentioned that this programme was run by NHS England. 81 forms provided two types of objections to data-sharing, and 15 provided only one objection. Only 26 forms mentioned that direct care would not be affected and 32 that patients maintain their right to opt back anytime. All but one of the opt-out forms we reviewed requested the name of the person wishing to opt out. 94 required a date of birth and 33 an NHS number. 82 required an address, 42 a telephone number and 7 an email address.
  
  
  
  Numbers of patients (not) opting out should be treated with caution, because the variability of information provided and the varied options for dissent may have caused confusion among patients. To ensure that dissent is in accordance with individual preferences and moral values, we recommend that well-designed information material and standardised opt-out forms be developed for such data-sharing initiatives.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Innovation, Leadership and Learning (CHILL), Business School, Nottingham University, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Paraskevas
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6249-139X
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vezyridis
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Innovation, Leadership and Learning (CHILL), Business School, Nottingham University, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Timmons
mesh_terms: D003219:Confidentiality; D032962:Consent Forms / Q000592:standards*; D034462:Dissent and Disputes; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D004739:England; D032984:Ethics, Research; D058006:General Practice; D006801:Humans; D033181:Information Dissemination / Q000941:ethics*; D007258:Informed Consent; D020407:Internet; D009042:Motivation; D028701:Patient Rights; D018579:Patient Selection; D018907:Privacy; D045808:Refusal to Participate; D013222:State Medicine
keywords: Informed Consent; Primary Care