title: Selective beneficial cardiometabolic effects of vertical sleeve gastrectomy are predominantly mediated through glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) level was significantly increased post Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy (VSG), an effect believed to contribute to its beneficial cardiometabolic effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To validate the beneficial GLP-1 mediated cardiometabolic effects post VSG using GLP-1 antagonist (exendin 9-39) in Zucker diabetic fatty rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animals were divided into three (n = 5) groups: (i) sham, (ii) VSG, and (iii) VSG received exendin 9-39 (GLP-1 receptor antagonist). The study was performed over 12 weeks and parameters were measured 12 weeks post-surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As expected, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels were improved post VSG due to enhanced GLP-1 secretion. However, both fasting glucose and insulin levels were impaired in the presence of GLP-1 antagonist. Baseline total cholesterol level pre-surgery was 100±1 mg/dl which remained unchanged in the VSG group but significantly increased to 140±8 mg/dl in the presence of antagonist. Interestingly, post-surgery there was a nearly 70% reduction in triglyceride level in the VSG group compared to sham which was overcome in the presence of antagonist. Myographic studies using aortic rings showed no significant change between groups. Additionally, blood pressure and heart rate also remained unchanged in all groups. Serum bile acid and L-PGDS levels increased post VSG but significantly decreased in the presence of antagonist, suggesting a strong association with GLP-1 and a novel mechanism of action.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enhanced GLP-1 secretion post VSG imparted beneficial cardiometabolic effects on blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, bile acids and L-PGDS levels which were abated in the presence of GLP-1 antagonist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Research, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY 11501, United States.
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY 11501, United States.
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Research, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY 11501, United States.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Palaia
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Research, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY 11501, United States.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Research, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY 11501, United States.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY 11501, United States.
authors.forename: Keneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY 11501, United States; Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
authors.forename: Collin E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Brathwaite
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Research, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY 11501, United States; Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States; Department of Endocrinology, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY 11501, United States.
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ragolia
keywords: Exendin (9–39); Lipid profile; Myograph; VSG; ZDF rats