title: Orbital Disease in Neuro-Ophthalmology.
abstract: Many abnormalities of the orbit present with neuro-ophthalmic findings, such as impaired ocular motility or alignment, and sensory changes, including optic neuropathy. Comprehensive coverage of all orbital diseases is beyond the scope of this article. This review focuses on diagnosis and management of the most common and the most vision- or life-threatening orbital conditions as well as more recently discovered entities and points of active controversy. These conditions include orbital trauma, vascular disease, inflammatory and infectious diseases, and neoplasms. Common presenting symptoms and associated neuro-orbital diseases also are summarized.
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gruener
authors.affiliation: Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. Electronic address: tmccull5@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: McCulley
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009915:Orbit / Q000293:injuries; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Enophthalmos; Idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome; IgG4-related disease; Orbit; Orbital fracture; Thyroid eye disease; Traumatic optic neuropathy