title: Predisposing Factors for Re-interventions with Additional Iliac Stent Grafts After Endovascular Aortic Repair.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endoleaks of type Ib and III are relatively common causes of re-intervention after EVAR. The aim was to determine underlying causes and identify anatomical factors associated with these re-interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 444 patients with standard bifurcated stent grafts were included in a retrospective observational study. Patients requiring additional iliac stent grafts (n = 24) were compared to those who did not (n = 420). Pre- and post-operative CT examinations were reviewed in patients with additional iliac stents. Reasons for re-interventions were defined as migration (>5 mm at the distal end or at interconnections), progression of disease (iliac artery diameter exceeding graft diameter), inadequate distal seal length at primary repair, or a combination of these factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four patients received 31 additional grafts in 30 limbs after a median 46 months (range 2-92 months). Five re-interventions (21%) were due to rupture. Re-intervened limbs had a larger iliac artery diameter 18 mm (25th and 75th percentile 20-25) versus 15 mm (13-18 mm), p < .001. The degree of iliac limb oversizing at primary EVAR was lower in re-intervened patients (11% (8-18%) versus 18% (12-26%), p = .003). In re-intervened patients, iliac attachment zones were shorter in treated limbs than in untreated 23 mm (11-34) versus 34 mm (25-44), p < .001). Sixteen of 31 re-interventions (51%) were caused by migration (10 at the distal landing site, 6 at interconnections), nine of 31 (29%) by disease progression, and nine of 31 (29%) had inadequate initial stent graft placement. Three of 31 re-interventions (10%) were done as proactive procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional iliac stent grafting occurred late after primary repair; a considerable number were caused by rupture. A low degree of oversizing, migration at the distal landing site, separation of stent graft interconnections, disease progression at the distal landing site, and inadequate initial stent graft placement may all contribute. Patients with large iliac dimensions and short attachment zones may need a larger degree of oversizing and more vigorous surveillance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hybrid and Interventional Surgery, Unit of Vascular Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: hakan.roos@vgregion.se.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sandström
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koutouzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jeppsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Falkenberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000601:surgery*; D001019:Aortic Rupture / Q000601:surgery; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic; D057867:Endoleak / Q000601:surgery*; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D017543:Iliac Aneurysm / Q000601:surgery*; D007083:Iliac Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents
keywords: Abdominal aorta; Aorta; EVAR; Reoperation; Stent graft