title: Endocytosed nanoparticles hold endosomes and stimulate binucleated cells formation.
abstract: Nanotechnology developed rapidly in cellular diagnosis and treatment, the endocytic system was an important pathway for targeting cell. In the research of developing macrophages as drug carriers or important therapeutic targets, an interesting phenomenon, internalized nanoparticles induced to form binucleated macrophages, was found although the particles dose did not cause obvious cytotoxicity.
  
  
  
  Under 25 μg/ml, internalized 30 nm polystyrene beads(30 nm Ps nanoparticles) induced the formation of binucleated macrophages when they entered into endosomes via the endocytic pathway. These internalized 30 nm Ps nanoparticles (25 μg/ml) and 30 nm Au-NPs (1.575 ng/ml) also induced markedly rise of binucleated cell rates in A549, HePG-2 and HCT116. This endosome, aggregated anionic polystyrene particles were dispersed and bound on inner membrane, was induced to form a large vesicle-like structure (LVLS). This phenomenon blocked transport of the particles from the endosome to lysosome and therefore restricted endosomal membrane trafficking through the transport vesicles. Early endosome antigen-1 and Ras-related protein-11 expressions were upregulated; however, the localized distributions of these pivotal proteins were altered. We hypothesized that these LVLS were held by the internalized and dispersed particles decreasing the amount of cell membrane available to support the completion of cytokinesis. In addition, altered distributions of pivotal proteins prevented transfer vesicles from fusion and hampered the separation of daughter cells.
  
  
  
  30 nm Ps nanoparticles induced formation of LVLS, blocked the vesicle transport in endocytic system and the distributions of regular proteins required in cytokinesis which led to binucleated cells of macrophages. Markedly raised binucleated rate was also observed in human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line(A549), human hepatoma cell line(HePG-2) and human colorectal cancer cell line(HCT116) treated by 30 nm Ps nanoparticles and Au-NPs.
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China.
authors.forename: Weihong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China.
authors.forename: Mingyi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China.
authors.forename: Ya-Nan
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China.
authors.forename: Kui
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China.
authors.forename: Lai
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China. Lishan@scut.edu.cn.|School of Bioscience & Bioengineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510006, China. Lishan@scut.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China. Xinggm@ihep.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Gengmei
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7867-2956
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xing
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D004705:Endocytosis; D011992:Endosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053758:Nanoparticles
keywords: Binucleated cell; Endocytic; Endosome; Large vesicle-like structures; Nanoparticles