title: Modified Balance Error Scoring System (M-BESS) test scores in athletes wearing protective equipment and cleats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Balance testing is an important part of the initial concussion assessment. There is no research on the differences in Modified Balance Error Scoring System (M-BESS) scores when tested in real world as compared to control conditions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the difference in M-BESS scores in athletes wearing their protective equipment and cleats on different surfaces as compared to control conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study examined university North American football and soccer athletes. Three observers independently rated athletes performing the M-BESS test in three different conditions: (1) wearing shorts and T-shirt in bare feet on firm surface (control); (2) wearing athletic equipment with cleats on FieldTurf; and (3) wearing athletic equipment with cleats on firm surface. Mean M-BESS scores were compared between conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  60 participants were recruited: 39 from football (all males) and 21 from soccer (11 males and 10 females). Average age was 21.1 years (SD=1.8). Mean M-BESS scores were significantly lower (p<0.001) for cleats on FieldTurf (mean=26.3; SD=2.0) and for cleats on firm surface (mean=26.6; SD=2.1) as compared to the control condition (mean=28.4; SD=1.5). Females had lower scores than males for cleats on FieldTurf condition (24.9 (SD=1.9) vs 27.3 (SD=1.6), p=0.005). Players who had taping or bracing on their ankles/feet had lower scores when tested with cleats on firm surface condition (24.6 (SD=1.7) vs 26.9 (SD=2.0), p=0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total M-BESS scores for athletes wearing protective equipment and cleats standing on FieldTurf or a firm surface are around two points lower than M-BESS scores performed on the same athletes under control conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Sport Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Accident and Emergency, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Aftab Mohammad
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Azad
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine , McGill University Health Centre , Montreal, Québec , Canada.
authors.forename: Saad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al Juma
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Research Institute , Toronto, Ontario , Canada.
authors.forename: Junaid Ahmad
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bhatti
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Department of Sport Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: J Scott
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Delaney
keywords: American football; Concussion; Muscle imbalance; Soccer