title: Abundant RNA editing sites of chloroplast protein-coding genes in Ginkgo biloba and an evolutionary pattern analysis.
abstract: RNA editing is a posttranscriptional modification process that alters the RNA sequence so that it deviates from the genomic DNA sequence. RNA editing mainly occurs in chloroplasts and mitochondrial genomes, and the number of editing sites varies in terrestrial plants. Why and how RNA editing systems evolved remains a mystery. Ginkgo biloba is one of the oldest seed plants and has an important evolutionary position. Determining the patterns and distribution of RNA editing in the ancient plant provides insights into the evolutionary trend of RNA editing, and helping us to further understand their biological significance.
  
  
  
  In this paper, we investigated 82 protein-coding genes in the chloroplast genome of G. biloba and identified 255 editing sites, which is the highest number of RNA editing events reported in a gymnosperm. All of the editing sites were C-to-U conversions, which mainly occurred in the second codon position, biased towards to the U_A context, and caused an increase in hydrophobic amino acids. RNA editing could change the secondary structures of 82 proteins, and create or eliminate a transmembrane region in five proteins as determined in silico. Finally, the evolutionary tendencies of RNA editing in different gene groups were estimated using the nonsynonymous-synonymous substitution rate selection mode.
  
  
  
  The G. biloba chloroplast genome possesses the highest number of RNA editing events reported so far in a seed plant. Most of the RNA editing sites can restore amino acid conservation, increase hydrophobicity, and even influence protein structures. Similar purifying selections constitute the dominant evolutionary force at the editing sites of essential genes, such as the psa, some psb and pet groups, and a positive selection occurred in the editing sites of nonessential genes, such as most ndh and a few psb genes.
authors.affiliation: College of life sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: College of life sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: College of life sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Guanghui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: College of life sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.
authors.forename: Yuzhou
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of life sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China. jnyu@snnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jianing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D060365:Chloroplast Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D054628:Genome, Chloroplast / Q000235:genetics*; D020441:Ginkgo biloba / Q000235:genetics*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D017393:RNA Editing / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D060365:Chloroplast Proteins
keywords: Chloroplast genome; Ginkgo biloba; Posttranscriptional modification; Protein structure; RNA editing