title: Comparative efficacy of alpha-linolenic acid and gamma-linolenic acid to attenuate valproic acid-induced autism-like features.
abstract: The present study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3, ω-3) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3, ω-6) on experimental autism features induced by early prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA) in albino wistar pups. The pups were scrutinized on the accounts of behavioral, biochemical, and inflammatory markers, and the results suggested that the GLA can impart significant protection in comparison to ALA against VPA-induced autism features. When scrutinized histopathologically, the cerebellum of the GLA-treated animals was evident for more marked protection toward neuronal degeneration and neuronal loss in comparison to ALA. Concomitant administration of ALA and GLA with VPA demonstrated a marked cutdown in the Pgp 9.5 expression with GLA having more pronounced effect. Henceforth, it can be concluded that ALA and GLA can impart favorable protection against the VPA-induced autism-like features with GLA having pronounced effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), VidyaVihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP, 226 025, India.
authors.forename: Sneha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), VidyaVihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP, 226 025, India.
authors.forename: Virendra
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), VidyaVihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP, 226 025, India.
authors.forename: Manjari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), VidyaVihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP, 226 025, India.
authors.forename: Rajnish K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), VidyaVihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP, 226 025, India.
authors.forename: Subhadeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Medical Sciences Indigenous and Alternative Medicine, SHIATS- Deemed to be University, Formerly Allahabad Agricultural Institute, Naini, Allahabad, UP, India.
authors.forename: Uma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Devi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), VidyaVihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP, 226 025, India.
authors.forename: Swetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gautam
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), VidyaVihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP, 226 025, India.
authors.forename: Jitendra Kumar
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Rawat
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, AL-Kharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohd Nazam
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, AL-Kharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdulaziz Sa
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Saeedan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), VidyaVihar Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP, 226 025, India.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), VidyaVihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP, 226 025, India.
authors.forename: Shubhini A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Saraf
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), VidyaVihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, UP, 226 025, India. gauravpharm@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaithwas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000633:toxicity; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017965:gamma-Linolenic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D018692:Antimanic Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D014635:Valproic Acid; D017965:gamma-Linolenic Acid; C489034:UCHL1 protein, rat; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase
keywords: Alpha-linolenic acid; Autism spectrum disorder; Gamma-linolenic acid; Pgp 9.5; Polyunsaturated fatty acids