title: Longitudinal Changes in and Modifiable Predictors of the Prevalence of Severe Depressive Symptoms for Family Caregivers of Terminally Ill Cancer Patients over the First Two Years of Bereavement.
abstract: Bereaved families endure tremendous grief. However, few studies have longitudinally investigated caregivers' bereavement grief for more than one year postloss and none is from family-oriented Asian countries.
  
  
  
  We explored longitudinal changes in and modifiable predictors of severe depressive symptoms for Taiwanese family caregivers of terminally ill cancer patients over the first two years postloss.
  
  
  
  For this descriptive, longitudinal study, severe depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale score ≥16) were measured 1, 3, 6, 13, 18, and 24 months postloss. To identify modifiable factors (preloss depressive symptom levels, subjective caregiving burden, objective caregiving load, preparedness for patient death, and postloss social support) associated with postloss severe depressive symptoms, we used multivariate logistic regression modeling with the generalized estimating equation.
  
  
  
  Bereaved caregivers (N = 285) were recruited by convenience from a medical center in northern Taiwan.
  
  
  
  Bereaved family caregivers' prevalence of severe depressive symptoms peaked one month postloss (73.3%) and significantly decreased to 15.2% 24 months after the patient's death. After adjusting for confounders, bereaved caregivers were more likely to have severe depressive symptoms if they had heavy objective caregiving load and higher preloss depressive symptom levels. However, their likelihood of severe depressive symptoms was buffered by being better prepared for the patients' death and having greater social support.
  
  
  
  Bereaved family caregivers' severe depressive symptoms decreased significantly over the first two years postloss. Healthcare professionals should appropriately assess at-risk bereaved caregivers when patients are still alive and provide effective interventions to facilitate caregivers' return to normal life.
authors.affiliation: 1 Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan, Taiwan .|2 Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology , Hsinchu, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Su-Ching
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: 3 Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Tao-Yuan, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Wen-Chi
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.affiliation: 3 Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Tao-Yuan, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Jen-Shi
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 3 Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Tao-Yuan, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Wen-Cheng
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Nursing, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Kaohsiung , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Ming-Chu
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.affiliation: 3 Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Tao-Yuan, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Ming-Mo
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: 3 Division of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Tao-Yuan, Taiwan .|4 Department of Nursing, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Kaohsiung , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .|5 School of Nursing, Chang Gung University , Tao-Yuan, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Siew Tzuh
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology; D001601:Bereavement; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006117:Grief; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D013624:Taiwan; D019452:Terminally Ill / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: bereavement; cancer; family caregiver; oncology; severe depressive symptoms