title: Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products.
abstract: While the health risks associated with adult cigarette smoking have been well described, effects of nicotine exposure during periods of developmental vulnerability are often overlooked. Using MEDLINE and PubMed literature searches, books, reports and expert opinion, a transdisciplinary group of scientists reviewed human and animal research on the health effects of exposure to nicotine during pregnancy and adolescence. A synthesis of this research supports that nicotine contributes critically to adverse effects of gestational tobacco exposure, including reduced pulmonary function, auditory processing defects, impaired infant cardiorespiratory function, and may contribute to cognitive and behavioral deficits in later life. Nicotine exposure during adolescence is associated with deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing, as well as increased impulsivity and anxiety. Finally, recent animal studies suggest that nicotine has a priming effect that increases addiction liability for other drugs. The evidence that nicotine adversely affects fetal and adolescent development is sufficient to warrant public health measures to protect pregnant women, children, and adolescents from nicotine exposure.
authors.affiliation: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: lbe9@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Lucinda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: England
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Kjersti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aagaard
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Science, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bloch
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cosgrove
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Control and Population Science, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grana
authors.affiliation: Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.affiliation: Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Dorothy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hatsukami
authors.affiliation: Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kandel
authors.affiliation: Simon Frasier University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lanphear
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leslie
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pauly
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Jenae
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Neiderhiser
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rubinstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Theodore A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Slotkin
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Eliot
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spindel
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stroud
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Social Sciences Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wakschlag
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012907:Smoking; D014026:Nicotiana
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Electronic nicotine delivery systems; Nicotine; Priority/special populations