title: Biomarkers in Prodromal Parkinson Disease: a Qualitative Review.
abstract: Over the past several years, the concept of prodromal Parkinson disease (PD) has been increasingly recognized. This term refers to individuals who do not fulfill motor diagnostic criteria for PD, but who have clinical, genetic, or biomarker characteristics suggesting risk of developing PD in the future. Clinical diagnosis of prodromal PD has low specificity, prompting the need for objective biomarkers with higher specificity. In this qualitative review, we discuss objectively defined putative biomarkers for PD and prodromal PD.
  
  
  
  We searched Pubmed and Embase for articles pertaining to objective biomarkers for PD and their application in prodromal cohorts. Articles were selected based on relevance and methodology.
  
  
  
  Objective biomarkers of demonstrated utility in prodromal PD include ligand-based imaging and transcranial sonography. Development of serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissue-based biomarkers is underway, but their application in prodromal PD has yet to meaningfully occur. Combining objective biomarkers with clinical or genetic prodromal features increases the sensitivity and specificity for identifying prodromal PD.
  
  
  
  Several objective biomarkers for prodromal PD show promise but require further study, including their application to and validation in prodromal cohorts followed longitudinally. Accurate identification of prodromal PD will likely require a multimodal approach. (JINS, 2016, 22, 956-967).
authors.affiliation: Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center,Department of Neurology,University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Christine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center,Department of Neurology,University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Lama M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Chahine
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis*; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Alpha-synuclein; Incipient neurodegeneration; Lewy body disorders; Parkinsonism; Pre-clinical; Risk