title: Oxidized glutathione and uric acid as biomarkers of early cystic fibrosis lung disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In cystic fibrosis (CF) there is an urgent need for earlier diagnosis of pulmonary infections and inflammation using blood- and urine-based biomarkers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using mass spectrometry, oxidation products of glutathione and uric acid were measured in matched samples of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), serum and urine from 36 infants and children with CF, and related to markers of neutrophilic inflammation and infection in BAL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oxidation products of glutathione (glutathione sulfonamide, GSA) and uric acid (allantoin), were elevated in BAL of children with pulmonary infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PsA) compared to those without (p<0.05) and correlated with other markers of neutrophilic inflammation. Serum GSA was significantly elevated in children with PsA infections (p<0.01). Urinary GSA correlated with pulmonary GSA (r=0.42, p<0.05) and markers of neutrophilic inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that urinary GSA but not allantoin shows promise as a non-invasive marker of neutrophilic inflammation in early CF lung disease.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand. Electronic address: nina.dickerhof@otago.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dickerhof
authors.affiliation: Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Rufus
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Irada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Khalilova
authors.affiliation: Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fantino
authors.affiliation: Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Sly
authors.affiliation: Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kettle
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014527:Uric Acid; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide
keywords: Allantoin; Glutathione sulfonamide; Myeloperoxidase; Neutrophil; Neutrophil elastase; Pseudomonas aeruginosa