title: Phylogeography of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus.
abstract: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is one of the most severe viral zoonozes. It is prevalent throughout Africa, Asia and southern Europe. Limited availability of sequence data has hindered phylogeographic studies. The complete genomic sequence of all three segments of 14 Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus strains isolated from 1958-2000 in Russia, Central Asia and Africa was identified. Each genomic segment was independently subjected to continuous Bayesian phylogeographic analysis. The origin of each genomic segment was traced to Africa about 1,000-5,000 years ago. The virus was first introduced to South and Central Asia in the Middle Ages, and then spread to China, India and Russia. Reverse transfers of genomic segments from Asia to Africa were also observed. The European CCHFV genotype V was introduced to Europe via the Astrakhan region in South Russia 280-400 years ago and subsequently gradually spread westward in Russia, to Turkey and the Balkans less than 150 years ago. Only a few recombination events could be suggested in S and L genomic segments, while segment reassortment was very common. The median height of a non-reassortant phylogenetic tree node was 68-156 years. There were reassortment events within the European CCHFV lineage, but not with viruses from other locations. Therefore, CCHFV in Europe is a recently emerged zoonosis that represents a spillover from the global gene pool.
authors.affiliation: Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russia.|Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.|RUDN University, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander N
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7365-0352
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Lukashev
authors.affiliation: Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russia.|D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of N.F. Gamaleya Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Klimentov
authors.affiliation: Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Svetlana E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Smirnova
authors.affiliation: Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Tamara K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Dzagurova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.|German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn-Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan Felix
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Drexler
authors.affiliation: Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Anatoly P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Gmyl
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D001208:Asia; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D005060:Europe; D016679:Genome, Viral; D005838:Genotype; D003225:Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006479:Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography