title: Sticks, Stones, and Stigma: Student Bystander Behavior in Response to Hearing the Word "Retard".
abstract: The present study explored the prevalence of the r-word in schools and students' bystander behavior in response to hearing the word. In total, 2,297 students from 12 high schools across the country participated in this study. Results revealed the r-word was used frequently among high school students, most often toward individuals without intellectual disability (ID). Students were more likely to take an active bystander role when hearing the r-word used toward students with ID than when hearing it used toward students without ID. Students' gender and prosocialness also played a role in determining their bystander behavior in response to the r-word. This study has implications for reducing the use of the r-word and the stigma associated with ID.
authors.affiliation: Avery B. Albert, Holly E. Jacobs, and Gary N. Siperstein, Center for Social Development and Education, University of Massachusetts Boston.
authors.forename: Avery B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.affiliation: Avery B. Albert, Holly E. Jacobs, and Gary N. Siperstein, Center for Social Development and Education, University of Massachusetts Boston.
authors.forename: Holly E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Avery B. Albert, Holly E. Jacobs, and Gary N. Siperstein, Center for Social Development and Education, University of Massachusetts Boston.
authors.forename: Gary N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Siperstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D006379:Helping Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D012919:Social Behavior; D057545:Social Stigma; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D014705:Verbal Behavior; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: adolescence; bystander behavior; intellectual disability; prosocial; stigma