title: Prevalence of chronic spinal pain and identification of associated factors in a sample of the population of São Paulo, Brazil: cross-sectional study.
abstract: Chronic spinal pain, especially low-back pain and neck pain, is a leading cause of years of life with disability. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of chronic spinal pain among individuals aged 15 years or older and to identify the factors associated with it.
  Cross-sectional epidemiological study on a sample of the population of the city of São Paulo.
  Participants were selected using random probabilistic sampling and data were collected via face-to-face interviews. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), EuroQol-5D, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Fagerström test for nicotine dependence and Brazilian economic classification criteria were used.
  A total of 826 participants were interviewed. The estimated prevalence of chronic spinal pain was 22% (95% confidence interval, CI: 19.3-25.0%). The factors independently associated with chronic spinal pain were: female sex, age 30 years or older, schooling level of four years or less, symptoms compatible with anxiety and high physical exertion during the main occupation. Quality of life and self-rated health scores were significantly worse among individuals with chronic spinal pain.
  The prevalence of chronic spinal pain in this segment of the population of São Paulo was 22.0%. The factors independently associated with chronic pain were: female sex, age 30 years or older, low education, symptoms compatible with anxiety and physical exertion during the main occupation.
authors.affiliation: DC, MSc. Associate Professor, Instituto Paulista de Pós-Graduação (IPPG), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jidiene Dylese Presecatan
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Depintor
authors.affiliation: MD, DC, PhD. Private Practice, Axis Clinica de Coluna, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo Sawaya Botelho
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Bracher
authors.affiliation: DC, MSc. Associate Professor, Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dayane Maia Costa
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cabral
authors.affiliation: MD, PhD. Professor, Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eluf-Neto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001416:Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult