title: The Effect of ACE I/D Polymorphisms Alone and With Concomitant Risk Factors on Coronary Artery Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as atherosclerotic heart disease, is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world. The role of insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene in the etiology of CAD remains to be more completely clarified. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the ACE I/D polymorphism in patients with CAD and to study the association together with traditional risk factors in assessing the risk of CAD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our study population included 145 Tunisian patients with symptomatic CAD and a control group of 300 people matched for age and sex. All participants in the study were genotyped for the ACE I/D polymorphisms obtained by polymerase chain reaction amplification on genomic DNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our analysis showed that the ACE D allele frequency ( P < 10-3; odds ratio [OR] = 5.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.6-7.6) and DD genotype ( P < 10-3; OR = 6.8; 95% CI = 4.4-10) are significantly more prevalent among patients with CAD than in controls and may be predisposing to CAD. We further found that the risk of CAD is greatly potentiated by several concomitant risk factors (smoking, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and a family history of CAD).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ACE D allele may be predictive in individuals who may be at risk of developing CAD. Further investigations of these polymorphisms and their possible synergisms with traditional risk factors for CAD could help to ascertain better predictability for CAD susceptibility.
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunisie.|2 Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisie.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amara
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunisie.|2 Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisie.
authors.forename: Meriem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mrad
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunisie.|2 Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis el Manar, Tunis, Tunisie.
authors.forename: Aicha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sayeh
authors.affiliation: 3 Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunisie.|4 Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie.
authors.forename: Dhaker
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lahideb
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunisie.|5 Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie.
authors.forename: Samy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Layouni
authors.affiliation: 3 Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunisie.|4 Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie.
authors.forename: Abdeddayem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haggui
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunisie.|6 Académie Militaire Fondouk Jédid, Nabeul, Tunisie.
authors.forename: Najiba
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fekih-Mrissa
authors.affiliation: 3 Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunisie.|4 Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie.
authors.forename: Habib
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haouala
authors.affiliation: 1 Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Service d'Hématologie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, Montfleury, Tunisie.|5 Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie.
authors.forename: Brahim
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nsiri
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006801:Humans; D054643:INDEL Mutation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D014416:Tunisia
chemical_list: C488034:ACE protein, human; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A
keywords: ACE gene polymorphism; coronary artery disease; traditional risk factors