title: Effects of HD-tDCS on memory and metamemory for general knowledge questions that vary by difficulty.
abstract: The ability to monitor one's own memory is an important feature of normal memory and is an aspect of 'metamemory'. Lesion studies have shown dissociations between memory and metamemory, but only single dissociations have been shown using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). One potential reason that only single dissociations have been shown is that tDCS effects may be moderated by task difficulty.
  
  
  
  We used high definition (HD) tDCS to test for dissociable roles of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and anterior temporal lobe (ATL) in semantic long-term memory and metamemory tasks. We also tested whether general knowledge question difficulty moderated the effects of HD-tDCS.
  
  
  
  Across 3 sessions, participants received active HD-tDCS over the left DLPFC or left ATL, or sham HD-tDCS during general knowledge recall and recognition tests, and a 'feeling-of-knowing' metamemory task. General knowledge questions were blocked by difficulty. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to examine the effects of HD-tDCS on memory and metamemory tasks by memory question difficulty.
  
  
  
  HD-tDCS over the ATL led to improved recall compared to DLPFC and sham HD-tDCS, and this occurred only for medium difficulty questions. In contrast, for non-recalled questions, HD-tDCS over the DLPFC led to improved recognition accuracy and improved feeling-of-knowing accuracy compared to ATL and sham HD-tDCS, and this was not moderated by memory question difficulty.
  
  
  
  HD-tDCS can be used to dissociate the roles of the ATL and DLPFC in different memory and 'metamemory' tasks. The effects of HD-tDCS on task may be moderated by task difficulty, depending on the nature of the task and site of stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States; The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, United States. Electronic address: echua@brooklyn.cuny.edu.
authors.forename: Elizabeth F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.affiliation: Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States.
authors.forename: Rifat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States.
authors.forename: Sandry M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Garcia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D057567:Memory, Long-Term / Q000502:physiology; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology; D000067489:Metacognition / Q000502:physiology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D012660:Semantics; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anterior temporal lobe; Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; Feeling-of-knowing; Recall; Recognition; Transcranial direct current stimulation