title: An image-based skeletal dosimetry model for the ICRP reference adult female-internal electron sources.
abstract: An image-based skeletal dosimetry model for internal electron sources was created for the ICRP-defined reference adult female. Many previous skeletal dosimetry models, which are still employed in commonly used internal dosimetry software, do not properly account for electron escape from trabecular spongiosa, electron cross-fire from cortical bone, and the impact of marrow cellularity on active marrow self-irradiation. Furthermore, these existing models do not employ the current ICRP definition of a 50 µm bone endosteum (or shallow marrow). Each of these limitations was addressed in the present study. Electron transport was completed to determine specific absorbed fractions to both active and shallow marrow of the skeletal regions of the University of Florida reference adult female. The skeletal macrostructure and microstructure were modeled separately. The bone macrostructure was based on the whole-body hybrid computational phantom of the UF series of reference models, while the bone microstructure was derived from microCT images of skeletal region samples taken from a 45 years-old female cadaver. The active and shallow marrow are typically adopted as surrogate tissue regions for the hematopoietic stem cells and osteoprogenitor cells, respectively. Source tissues included active marrow, inactive marrow, trabecular bone volume, trabecular bone surfaces, cortical bone volume, and cortical bone surfaces. Marrow cellularity was varied from 10 to 100 percent for active marrow self-irradiation. All other sources were run at the defined ICRP Publication 70 cellularity for each bone site. A total of 33 discrete electron energies, ranging from 1 keV to 10 MeV, were either simulated or analytically modeled. The method of combining skeletal macrostructure and microstructure absorbed fractions assessed using MCNPX electron transport was found to yield results similar to those determined with the PIRT model applied to the UF adult male skeletal dosimetry model. Calculated skeletal averaged absorbed fractions for each source-target combination were found to follow similar trends of more recent dosimetry models (image-based models) but did not follow results from skeletal models based upon assumptions of an infinite expanse of trabecular spongiosa.
authors.affiliation: J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Shannon E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: O'Reilly
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Lindsay S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: DeWeese
authors.affiliation: J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Maynard
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Didier A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rajon
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Wayson
authors.affiliation: J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Emily L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Wesley E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Bolch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004583:Electrons; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000592:standards*; D012015:Reference Standards; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography