title: Silent diabetic cardiomyopathy in everyday practice: a clinical and echocardiographic study.
abstract: Whether type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in the absence of hypertension (HTA) and coronary artery disease (CAD) affects left ventricular (LV) phenotype and function among asymptomatic DM patients that can be easily discovered in everyday practice, what is the clinical risk profile for diabetic cardiomyopathy and how HTA and CAD modulate LV structure and function above diabetic cardiomyopathy, are still incompletely answered questions.
  
  
  
  In 210 DM patients (group I: 70 asymptomatic DM patients without HTA and CAD; group II: 70 DM patients with HTA and no CAD; group III: 70 DM patients with CAD and no HTA) and 80 healthy individuals, comprehensive echocardiography including speckle tracking strain and strain rate analysis, was done.
  
  
  
  Compared to control DM patients without HTA and CAD had increased LV mass, more frequently concentric remodeling, impaired LV relaxation and lower LV ejection fraction (EF), fraction of shortening (FS) and mitral annular plane excursion (MAPSE). Addition of HTA further impaired EF, FS and MAPSE and aggravated diastolic dysfunction, whereas concomitant CAD further impaired FS and MAPSE. Peak global longitudinal strain (Slong) and early diastolic longitudinal strain rate (SRlongE) were impaired in group I compared to control, even when EF was preserved. Peak circumferential strain (Scirc) was impaired only when DM was associated with HTA or CAD. In multivariate analysis DM was significantly and independently from HTA, CAD, age, gender and body mass index associated with: increased LV mass, concentric LV remodeling, lower EF, FS, MAPSE, Slong, SRlongE and distorted diastolic parameters. DM duration, glycosylated hemoglobin, microalbuminuria and retinopathy, were not independent predictors of LV geometry and function.
  
  
  
  DM per se has strong and independent influence on LV phenotype and function that can be detected by conventional and speckle tracking echocardiography in everyday clinical practice, even in asymptomatic patients. We could not confirm that these changes were independently related to duration of DM, quality of metabolic control and presence of microvascular complications. Concomitant HTA or CAD furthermore distorted LV systolic and diastolic function.
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Cardiology Clinic "Corona", Uzice, Serbia.
authors.forename: Brane
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Loncarevic
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. danijelatrif@gmail.com.|School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. danijelatrif@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Danijela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trifunovic
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.|Institute for Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Soldatovic
authors.affiliation: Cardiology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.|School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Bosiljka
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vujisic-Tesic
mesh_terms: D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D058065:Diabetic Cardiomyopathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003971:Diastole; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D055771:Serbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D013599:Systole; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Coronary artery disease; Diabetic cardiomyopathy; Hypertension; Obesity; Speckle tracking echocardiography