title: A new integrated symmetrical table for genetic codes.
abstract: Degeneracy is a salient feature of genetic codes, because there are more codons than amino acids. The conventional table for genetic codes suffers from an inability of illustrating a symmetrical nature among genetic base codes. In fact, because the conventional wisdom avoids the question, there is little agreement as to whether the symmetrical nature actually even exists. A better understanding of symmetry and an appreciation for its essential role in the genetic code formation can improve our understanding of nature's coding processes. Thus, it is worth formulating a new integrated symmetrical table for genetic codes, which is presented in this paper. It could be very useful to understand the Nobel laureate Crick's wobble hypothesis - how one transfer ribonucleic acid can recognize two or more synonymous codons, which is an unsolved fundamental question in biological science.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore. Electronic address: mjjshu@ntu.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Jian-Jun
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Shu
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005815:Genetic Code / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008957:Models, Genetic; D012343:RNA, Transfer / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D003062:Codon; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D012343:RNA, Transfer
keywords: Genetic codes; Symmetry; Table