title: Waffle Production: Influence of Baking Plate Material on Sticking of Waffles.
abstract: Background of this study was to understand the factors that contribute to sticking of fresh egg waffles on baking plates. The aim of this study was to investigate the sticking (adhesion) behavior of waffles on 4 different baking plate materials (ductile iron, grey iron, low alloyed steel, and steel with titanium nitrite coating) at different baking parameters (temperature and time) and application of 3 different release agents (different fat compositions). Baking plates from ductile and grey iron showed lower release properties of waffles than the 2 steel baking plates. Baking parameters had to be high enough to allow rapid product crust formation but prevent burning, which again increases sticking behavior. Release agents based on short-chain fatty acids with higher degree of saturation provided better release behavior of waffles than those based on long-chain fatty acids or on emulsifier-acid combinations. Baking plates with increased hardness, good heat storage capacity, and smooth surface seemed to be best suitable. Further research on appropriate coating material might be promising for future.
authors.affiliation: Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.affiliation: FHW Franz Haas Waffelmaschinen GmbH, Franz-Haas-Straße 1, 2100, Leobendorf, Austria.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kalss
authors.affiliation: Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Regine
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schoenlechner
mesh_terms: D003296:Cooking / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004531:Eggs; D004655:Emulsions; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D005502:Food; D005504:Food Analysis; D006244:Hardness; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014025:Titanium; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D005227:Fatty Acids; D014025:Titanium
keywords: adherence; baking plates; behavior; release agents; sticking; waffles