title: Convergent individual differences in visual cortices, but not the amygdala across standard amygdalar fMRI probe tasks.
abstract: The amygdala (AMG) has been repeatedly implicated in the processing of threatening and negatively valenced stimuli and multiple fMRI paradigms have reported personality, genetic, and psychopathological associations with individual differences in AMG activation in these paradigms. Yet the interchangeability of activations in these probes has not been established, thus it remains unclear if we can interpret AMG responses on specific tasks as general markers of its reactivity. In this study we aimed to assess if different tasks that have been widely used within the Affective Neuroscience literature consistently recruit the AMG.
  
  
  
  Thirty-two young healthy subjects completed four fMRI tasks that have all been previously shown to probe the AMG during processing of threatening stimuli: the Threat Face Matching (TFM), the Cued Aversive Picture (CAP), the Aversive and Erotica Pictures (AEP) and the Screaming Lady paradigm (SLp) tasks. Contrasts testing response to aversive stimuli relative to baseline or neutral stimuli were generated and correlations between activations in the AMG were calculated across tasks were performed for ROIs of the AMG.
  
  
  
  The TFM, CAP and AEP, but not the SLp, successfully recruit the AMG, among other brain regions, especially when contrasts were against baseline or nonsocial stimuli. Conjunction analysis across contrasts showed that visual cortices (VisCtx) were also consistently recruited. Correlation analysis between the extracted data for right and left AMG did not yield significant associations across tasks. By contrast, the extracted signal in VisCtx showed significant associations across tasks (range r=0.511-r=0.630).
  
  
  
  Three of the four paradigms revealed significant AMG reactivity, but individual differences in the magnitudes of AMG reactivity were not correlated across paradigms. By contrast, VisCtx activation appears to be a better candidate than the AMG as a measure of individual differences with convergent validity across negative emotion processing paradigms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA. Electronic address: victoria.villalta@vanderbilt.edu.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Villalta-Gil
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
authors.forename: Kendra E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hinton
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University. Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
authors.forename: Bennett A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Landman
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Vanderbilt University. Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Yvernault
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
authors.forename: Scott F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
authors.forename: Allison S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Katsantonis
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
authors.forename: Courtney L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Sellani
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Lahey
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Zald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D000679:Amygdala / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005149:Facial Expression; D000066499:Facial Recognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Affective neuroscience; Amygdala; Convergent validity; Threat processing; Visual cortex