title: Determination of S-methyl-L-methionine (SMM) from Brassicaceae Family Vegetables and Characterization of the Intestinal Transport of SMM by Caco-2 Cells.
abstract: The objectives of the current study were to determine S-methyl-L-methionine (SMM) from various Brassicaceae family vegetables by using validated analytical method and to characterize the intestinal transport mechanism of SMM by the Caco-2 cells. The SMM is well known to provide therapeutic activity in peptic ulcers. The amount of SMM from various Brassicaceae family vegetables ranged from 89.08 ± 1.68 μg/g to 535.98 ± 4.85 μg/g of dry weight by using validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry method. For elucidating intestinal transport mechanism, the cells were incubated with or without transport inhibitors, energy source, or a metabolic inhibitor. Phloridzin and verapamil as inhibitors of sodium glucose transport protein (SGLT1) and P-glycoprotein, respectively, were not responsible for cellular uptake of SMM. Glucose and sodium azide were not affected by the cellular accumulation of SMM. The efflux ratio of SMM was 0.26, implying that it is not effluxed through Caco-2 cells. The apparent coefficient permeability (Papp) of SMM was 4.69 × 10-5cm/s, indicating that it will show good oral absorption in in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Sejong Univ, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Sejong Univ, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hae-Rim
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Sejong Univ, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-747, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soon-Mi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Shim
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B / Q000378:metabolism; D001692:Biological Transport; D019607:Brassicaceae; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000378:metabolism; D010539:Permeability; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D019810:Sodium Azide / Q000737:chemistry; D051269:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D014675:Vegetables / Q000378:metabolism*; D014814:Vitamin U / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C513055:ABCB1 protein, human; D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; C495674:SLC5A1 protein, human; D051269:Sodium-Glucose Transporter 1; D014814:Vitamin U; D019810:Sodium Azide; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Brassicaceae family vegetables; Caco-2 cells; LC-ESI-MS; S-methyl-L-methionine (SMM); metabolic inhibitor; transport inhibitor