title: Antibacterial and antifungal potentials of the solvents extracts from Eryngium caeruleum, Notholirion thomsonianum and Allium consanguineum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Herbal medicines have long been used for various ailments in various societies and natural bioactive compounds are gaining more and more importance due to various factors. In this context, three plant species i.e., Eryngium caeruleum, Notholirion thomsonianum and Allium consanguineum have been aimed for the scientific verification of their purported traditional uses against various infectious diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, three plants were assayed for antibacterial and antifungal potentials. The antibacterial investigations were performed via well diffusion method and nutrient broth dilution method. The bacterial strains used in the study were Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antifungal potential was investigated by dilution method of Muller-Hinton agar media of the plants' samples. The fungal strains used were Aspergillis fumigatus, Aspergillis flavus and Aspergillis niger. Ceftriaxone and nystatin were used as standard drugs in antibacterial and antifungal assays respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Different fractions from N. thomsonianum were tested against five bacterial strains while the samples from A. consanguineum and E. caeruleum were tested against six bacterial strains. All the samples exhibited prominent antibacterial activity against the tested strains. Overall, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions were found most potent among the three plants' samples. N. thomsonianum excelled among the three plants in antibacterial activity. Similarly, in antifungal assay, N. thomsonianum exhibited strong antifungal activity against the fungal strains. The chloroform fraction displayed MFCs of 175.67 ± 5.20***, 29.33 ± 5.48*** and 63.00 ± 4.93*** μg/ml against Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger respectively. The whole study demonstrates that all the three plant species were active against tested bacterial and fungal strains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It can be concluded from our findings that N. thomsonianum, A. consanguineum and E. caeruleum have broad antibacterial and antifungal potentials. In all of the plants' samples, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions were more active. Furthermore, being the potent samples, the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of these plants can be subjected to column chromatography for the isolation of more effective antimicrobial drugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18000, Dir (L), KPK, Pakistan. sadiquom@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadiq
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18000, Dir (L), KPK, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sadiq
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18000, Dir (L), KPK, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Rahmat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18000, Dir (L), KPK, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Fawad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18000, Dir (L), KPK, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sajjad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18000, Dir (L), KPK, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Anwar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zeb
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18000, Dir (L), KPK, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ayaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18000, Dir (L), KPK, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Farhat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ullah
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, 24420, KPK, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abu Nasar
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Siddique
mesh_terms: D000490:Allium / Q000737:chemistry*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D031049:Eryngium / Q000737:chemistry*; D019668:Liliaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010154:Pakistan; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D012997:Solvents
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents
keywords: Allium consanguineum; Antibacterial; Antifungal; Eryngium caeruleum; MFC; MIC; Notholirion thomsonianum; ZOI