title: Diversion of Veterans With Criminal Justice Involvement to Treatment Courts: Participant Characteristics and Outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared characteristics and outcomes between veterans who participated in veterans treatment courts (VTCs) and veterans involved in criminal justice who participated in other treatment courts (TCs) or who participated in neither VTCs or TCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 22,708 veterans (N=8,083 VTC participants, 680 participants in other TCs [other-TC participants], and 13,945 participants in neither VTCs nor TCs [non-TC participants]) in the Veterans Justice Outreach (VJO) program were analyzed by using multilevel regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VTC participants were more likely than other VJO participants to have served in Iraq or Afghanistan, but there were no sociodemographic disparities in access to VTCs. VTC participants were more likely than non-TC participants to have drug or public-order offenses, and they were more likely than other-TC participants to have DUI offenses. VTC participants had better independent housing outcomes than other VJO participants, and they had better employment outcomes than non-TC participants. However, VTC and other-TC participants were also more likely to have jail sanctions and new incarcerations compared with non-TC participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VTCs are a growing service model that serves a broad group of veterans with a range of criminal offenses. Although VTCs show moderate benefits in housing and employment, specialized services are needed to reduce recidivism and maximize these benefits.
authors.affiliation: Dr. Tsai is with the New England Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center and Dr. Kasprow is with the Northeast Program Evaluation Center, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven. Dr. Tsai is also with the Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (e-mail: jack.tsai@yale.edu ). Dr. Flatley is with the Veterans Justice Programs and the National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Philadelphia. Mr. Clark is with the Veterans Justice Program Office, Veterans Health Administration, Lexington, Kentucky. Dr. Finlay is with the Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, and with the Department of Medicine and Division of General Medical Disciplines, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Dr. Tsai is with the New England Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center and Dr. Kasprow is with the Northeast Program Evaluation Center, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven. Dr. Tsai is also with the Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (e-mail: jack.tsai@yale.edu ). Dr. Flatley is with the Veterans Justice Programs and the National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Philadelphia. Mr. Clark is with the Veterans Justice Program Office, Veterans Health Administration, Lexington, Kentucky. Dr. Finlay is with the Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, and with the Department of Medicine and Division of General Medical Disciplines, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Bessie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Flatley
authors.affiliation: Dr. Tsai is with the New England Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center and Dr. Kasprow is with the Northeast Program Evaluation Center, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven. Dr. Tsai is also with the Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (e-mail: jack.tsai@yale.edu ). Dr. Flatley is with the Veterans Justice Programs and the National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Philadelphia. Mr. Clark is with the Veterans Justice Program Office, Veterans Health Administration, Lexington, Kentucky. Dr. Finlay is with the Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, and with the Department of Medicine and Division of General Medical Disciplines, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Wesley J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Kasprow
authors.affiliation: Dr. Tsai is with the New England Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center and Dr. Kasprow is with the Northeast Program Evaluation Center, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven. Dr. Tsai is also with the Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (e-mail: jack.tsai@yale.edu ). Dr. Flatley is with the Veterans Justice Programs and the National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Philadelphia. Mr. Clark is with the Veterans Justice Program Office, Veterans Health Administration, Lexington, Kentucky. Dr. Finlay is with the Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, and with the Department of Medicine and Division of General Medical Disciplines, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Dr. Tsai is with the New England Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center and Dr. Kasprow is with the Northeast Program Evaluation Center, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven. Dr. Tsai is also with the Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (e-mail: jack.tsai@yale.edu ). Dr. Flatley is with the Veterans Justice Programs and the National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Philadelphia. Mr. Clark is with the Veterans Justice Program Office, Veterans Health Administration, Lexington, Kentucky. Dr. Finlay is with the Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, and with the Department of Medicine and Division of General Medical Disciplines, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Finlay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003416:Criminal Law; D057237:Criminals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000066448:Driving Under the Influence / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006703:Ill-Housed Persons / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006798:Housing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D037141:Mandatory Programs; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000067250:Psychiatric Rehabilitation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000075665:Recidivism / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D014728:Veterans / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Criminal law; Homelessness; Mental Illness; Prisons; Treatment Courts; Veterans issues