title: Different sample treatments for the determination of ICM-XR in fish samples followed by LC-HRMS.
abstract: Iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM-XR) are a group of pharmaceuticals widely used in medicine. Due to their low biodegradation rate, which makes their removal at wastewater treatment plants difficult, and the high doses at which they are administered, they have been detected in aquatic environments. In the present paper, a method for the quantitative determination of a group of ICM-XR in different fish species was developed and validated for the first time. Two extraction techniques were compared: pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) and QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe), with PLE being selected, followed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. In addition, several clean-up strategies were evaluated. The optimised method provided PLE recoveries ranging from 60% to 88% and limits of detection ranging from 5ng/g to 25ng/g (dry weight). The method was applied in order to evaluate the presence of the selected ICM-XR in different fish species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
authors.forename: Mireia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Núñez
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
authors.forename: Francesc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Borrull
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain. Electronic address: nuria.fontanals@urv.cat.
authors.forename: Núria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fontanals
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pocurull
mesh_terms: D053000:Analytic Sample Preparation Methods / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D002138:Calibration; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005399:Fishes; D054879:Halogenation; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D012449:Safety; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Fish samples; High resolution mass spectrometry; Iodinated X-ray contrast media; Matrix effect; Pressurised liquid extraction