title: Mechanisms and time course of menthol-induced cutaneous vasodilation.
abstract: Menthol is a vasoactive compound that is widely used in topical analgesic agents. Menthol induces cutaneous vasodilation, however the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Determining the rates of appearance and clearance of menthol in the skin is important for optimizing topical treatment formulation and dosing. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanisms contributing to menthol-mediated cutaneous vasodilation and to establish a time course for menthol appearance/clearance in the skin. Ten young (23±1years, 5 males 5 females) subjects participated in two protocols. In study 1, four intradermal microdialysis fibers were perfused with increasing doses of menthol (0.1-500mM) and inhibitors for nitric oxide (NO), endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs), and sensory nerves. Skin blood flow was measured with laser Doppler flowmetry and normalized to %CVCmax. In study 2, two intradermal microdialysis fibers were perfused with lactated Ringer's solution. 0.017mL·cm-2of a 4% menthol gel was placed over each fiber. 5μL samples of dialysate from the microdialysis fibers were collected every 30min and analyzed for the presence of menthol with high performance gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Skin blood flow (laser speckle contrast imaging) and subjective ratings of menthol sensation were simultaneously obtained with dialysate samples. In study 1, menthol induced cutaneous vasodilation at all doses ≥100mM (all p<0.05). However, inhibition of either NO, EDHFs, or sensory nerves fully inhibited menthol-mediated vasodilation (all p>0.05). In study 2, significant menthol was detected in dialysate 30min post menthol application (0.89ng, p=0.0002). Relative to baseline, cutaneous vasodilation was elevated from minutes 15-45 and ratings of menthol sensation were elevated from minute 5-60 post menthol application (all p<0.05). Menthol induces cutaneous vasodilation in the skin through multiple vasodilator pathways, including NO, EDHF, and sensory nerves. Topical menthol is detectable in the skin within 30min and is cleared by 60min. Skin blood flow and perceptual measures follow a similar time course as menthol appearance/clearance.
authors.affiliation: The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States. Electronic address: dhc139@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Craighead
authors.affiliation: The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Nathaniel B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: McCartney
authors.affiliation: The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Tumlinson
authors.affiliation: The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
authors.forename: Lacy M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Alexander
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D008610:Menthol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000187:drug effects*; D017551:Microdialysis; D055806:Microvessels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000098:blood supply*; D012881:Skin Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001685:Biological Factors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; C067410:endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization factor; D008610:Menthol; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: Cutaneous; Gas chromatography; Menthol; Microdialysis; Microvasculature; TRPM8