title: Normal Threshold Size of Stimuli in Children Using a Game-Based Visual Field Test.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to demonstrate and explore the ability of novel game-based perimetry to establish normal visual field thresholds in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and eighteen children (aged 8.0 ± 2.8 years old) with no history of visual field loss or significant medical history were recruited. Each child had one eye tested using a game-based visual field test 'Caspar's Castle' at four retinal locations 12.7° (N = 118) from fixation. Thresholds were established repeatedly using up/down staircase algorithms with stimuli of varying diameter (luminance 20 cd/m2, duration 200 ms, background luminance 10 cd/m2). Relationships between threshold and age were determined along with measures of intra- and intersubject variability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Game-based visual field test was able to establish threshold estimates in the full range of children tested. Threshold size reduced with increasing age in children. Intrasubject variability and intersubject variability were inversely related to age in children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Normal visual field thresholds were established for specific locations in children using a novel game-based visual field test. These could be used as a foundation for developing a game-based perimetry screening test for children.
authors.affiliation: Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, CMFT, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.|Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Yanfang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, CMFT, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Zaria
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, CMFT, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Siddharth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Subramani
authors.affiliation: Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, CMFT, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.|Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Susmito
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.affiliation: Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, CMFT, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.|Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fenerty
authors.affiliation: Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, CMFT, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.|Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Henson
authors.affiliation: Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, CMFT, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK. Tariq.Aslam@cmft.nhs.uk.|Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. Tariq.Aslam@cmft.nhs.uk.|Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK. Tariq.Aslam@cmft.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: Tariq
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Aslam
keywords: Child health; Game-based test; Pediatrics; Perimetry; Visual field