title: Lymphovascular invasion in more than one-quarter of small rectal neuroendocrine tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the frequency, clinicopathological risk factors, and prognostic significance of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in endoscopically resected small rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between June 2005 and December 2015, 104 cases of endoscopically resected small (≤ 1 cm) rectal NET specimens at Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital in Korea were retrospectively evaluated. We compared the detected rate of LVI in small rectal NET specimens by two methods: hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and ancillary immunohistochemical staining (D2-40 and Elastica van Gieson); in addition, LVI detection rate difference between endoscopic procedures were also evaluated. Patient characteristics, prognosis and endoscopic resection results were reviewed by medical charts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed LVI rates of 25.0% and 27.9% through H&E and ancillary immunohistochemical staining. The concordance rate between H&E and ancillary studies was 81.7% for detection of LVI, which showed statistically strong agreement between two methods (κ = 0.531,P< 0.001). Two endoscopic methods were studied, including endoscopic submucosal resection with a ligation device and endoscopic submucosal dissection, and no statistically significant difference in the LVI detection rate was detected between the two (26.3% and 26.8%,P= 0.955). LVI was associated with large tumor size (> 5 mm,P= 0.007), tumor grade 2 (P= 0.006). Among those factors, tumor grade 2 was the only independent predictive factor for the presence of LVI (HR = 4.195, 95%CI: 1.321-12.692,P= 0.015). No recurrence was observed over 28.8 mo regardless of the presence of LVI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LVI may be present in a high percentage of small rectal NETs, which may not be associated with short-term prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Mi Jung Kwon, Hye-Rim Park, Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si 431-796, South Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Jung
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Mi Jung Kwon, Hye-Rim Park, Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si 431-796, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ho Suk
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Mi Jung Kwon, Hye-Rim Park, Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si 431-796, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Seung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Soh
authors.affiliation: Mi Jung Kwon, Hye-Rim Park, Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si 431-796, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Mi Jung Kwon, Hye-Rim Park, Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si 431-796, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Hyeok
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Mi Jung Kwon, Hye-Rim Park, Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si 431-796, South Korea.
authors.forename: Choong Kee
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Mi Jung Kwon, Hye-Rim Park, Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si 431-796, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hye-Rim
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Mi Jung Kwon, Hye-Rim Park, Department of Pathology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-si 431-796, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Sook
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Nam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D001706:Biopsy; D000069916:Endoscopic Mucosal Resection; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D047368:Tumor Burden; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C500987:monoclonal antibody D2-40
keywords: Immunohistochemistry; Lymphatic; Neuroendocrine tumor; Prognosis; Rectum