title: A neural model of normal and abnormal learning and memory consolidation: adaptively timed conditioning, hippocampus, amnesia, neurotrophins, and consciousness.
abstract: How do the hippocampus and amygdala interact with thalamocortical systems to regulate cognitive and cognitive-emotional learning? Why do lesions of thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, and cortex have differential effects depending on the phase of learning when they occur? In particular, why is the hippocampus typically needed for trace conditioning, but not delay conditioning, and what do the exceptions reveal? Why do amygdala lesions made before or immediately after training decelerate conditioning while those made later do not? Why do thalamic or sensory cortical lesions degrade trace conditioning more than delay conditioning? Why do hippocampal lesions during trace conditioning experiments degrade recent but not temporally remote learning? Why do orbitofrontal cortical lesions degrade temporally remote but not recent or post-lesion learning? How is temporally graded amnesia caused by ablation of prefrontal cortex after memory consolidation? How are attention and consciousness linked during conditioning? How do neurotrophins, notably brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), influence memory formation and consolidation? Is there a common output path for learned performance? A neural model proposes a unified answer to these questions that overcome problems of alternative memory models.
authors.affiliation: Center for Adaptive Systems, Graduate Program in Cognitive and Neural Systems, and Departments of Mathematics, Psychological & Brain Sciences, and Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 677 Beacon Street, Room 213, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.affiliation: Center for Adaptive Systems, Graduate Program in Cognitive and Neural Systems, and Departments of Mathematics, Psychological & Brain Sciences, and Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 677 Beacon Street, Room 213, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. steve@bu.edu.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grossberg
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D000647:Amnesia / Q000503:physiopathology; D000679:Amygdala / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001767:Blinking / Q000502:physiology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D003243:Consciousness / Q000502:physiology; D005246:Feedback; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D000069077:Memory Consolidation / Q000502:physiology*; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D013788:Thalamus / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D009414:Nerve Growth Factors
keywords: Adaptive timing; Amnesia; Amygdala; BDNF; Cognitive-emotional learning; Conditioning; Hippocampus; Memory consolidation; Pontine nuclei; Time cells