title: Evaluation of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and NFkB activation, oxidative stress response, acetylcholinesterase activity, and histopathological changes in rainbow trout brain exposed to linuron.
abstract: Linuron is a widely used herbicide to control grasses and annual broad leaf weeds. It is known that linuron has toxic effects on different organisms. However, the toxic effects of linuron on aquatic organisms, especially fish, is completely unknown. Thus, we aimed to investigate changes in 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) activity, histopathological changes, antioxidant responses and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in rainbow trout brain after exposure to linuron. Fish were exposed to 30μg/L, 120μg/L and 240μg/L concentrations of linuron for twenty-one days. Brain tissues were taken from fish for 8-OHdG and NFkB activity, histopathological examination and determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. Our data indicated that high linuron concentrations caused a decrease in GSH levels, SOD and CAT activities in brain tissues (p<0.05). LPO levels were significantly increased by 240μg/L linuron. All concentrations caused a significant inhibition in brain AChE enzyme activity (p<0.05). Immunopositivity was detected for 8-OHdG and NFkB, and linuron exposure caused histopathological damage to the brain tissues. The results of this study can provide useful information for understanding of linuron-induced toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, TR-25030 Erzurum, Turkey. Electronic address: drahmettopal@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Topal
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, TR-25030 Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gonca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alak
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Ataturk University, TR-25030 Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Altun
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary, Ataturk University, TR-25030 Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hüseyin Serkan
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Erol
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, TR-25030 Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Muhammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Atamanalp
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D008044:Linuron / Q000633:toxicity*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D029941:Fish Proteins; D006540:Herbicides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D008044:Linuron; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D003849:Deoxyguanosine; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine; AChE; Fish; Histopathology; Linuron; NFkB; Oxidative stress; Pesticide; Toxicity