title: A system dynamics model of clinical decision thresholds for the detection of developmental-behavioral disorders.
abstract: Clinical decision-making has been conceptualized as a sequence of two separate processes: assessment of patients' functioning and application of a decision threshold to determine whether the evidence is sufficient to justify a given decision. A range of factors, including use of evidence-based screening instruments, has the potential to influence either or both processes. However, implementation studies seldom specify or assess the mechanism by which screening is hypothesized to influence clinical decision-making, thus limiting their ability to address unexpected findings regarding clinicians' behavior. Building on prior theory and empirical evidence, we created a system dynamics (SD) model of how physicians' clinical decisions are influenced by their assessments of patients and by factors that may influence decision thresholds, such as knowledge of past patient outcomes. Using developmental-behavioral disorders as a case example, we then explore how referral decisions may be influenced by changes in context. Specifically, we compare predictions from the SD model to published implementation trials of evidence-based screening to understand physicians' management of positive screening results and changes in referral rates. We also conduct virtual experiments regarding the influence of a variety of interventions that may influence physicians' thresholds, including improved access to co-located mental health care and improved feedback systems regarding patient outcomes.
  
  
  
  Results of the SD model were consistent with recent implementation trials. For example, the SD model suggests that if screening improves physicians' accuracy of assessment without also influencing decision thresholds, then a significant proportion of children with positive screens will not be referred and the effect of screening implementation on referral rates will be modest-results that are consistent with a large proportion of published screening trials. Consistent with prior theory, virtual experiments suggest that physicians' decision thresholds can be influenced and detection of disabilities improved by increasing access to referral sources and enhancing feedback regarding false negative cases.
  
  
  
  The SD model of clinical decision-making offers a theoretically based framework to improve understanding of physicians' behavior and the results of screening implementation trials. The SD model is also useful for initial testing of hypothesized strategies to increase detection of under-identified medical conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street #854, Boston, MA, 02111, USA. rsheldrick@gmail.com.
authors.forename: R Christopher
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Sheldrick
authors.affiliation: Healthcare Systems Engineering Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Dominic J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Breuer
authors.affiliation: Healthcare Systems Engineering Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Razan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of Illinois, Chicago, School of Public Health, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Kee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Dental Public Health and Information Management, University of Pittsburg, 381 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Polk
authors.affiliation: Healthcare Systems Engineering Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benneyan
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D000066491:Clinical Decision-Making; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D012017:Referral and Consultation
keywords: Behavioral disorders; Clinical decision-making; Developmental disorders; Screening; System dynamics; Threshold