title: Meat intake, cooking methods and doneness and risk of colorectal tumours in the Spanish multicase-control study (MCC-Spain).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although there is convincing evidence that red and processed meat intake increases the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), the potential role of meat cooking practices has not been established yet and could partly explain the current heterogeneity of results among studies. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between meat consumption and cooking practices and the risk of CRC in a population-based case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1671 CRC cases and 3095 controls recruited in Spain between September 2008 and December 2013 completing a food frequency questionnaire with a meat-specific module were included in the analyses. Odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by logistic regression models adjusted for known confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total meat intake was associated with increased risk of CRC (ORT3-T11.41; 95% CI 1.19-1.67; ptrend< 0.001), and similar associations were found for white, red and processed/cured/organ meat. Rare-cooked meat preference was associated with low risk of CRC in red meat (ORrare vs. medium0.66; 95% CI 0.51-0.85) and total meat (ORrare vs. medium0.56; 95% CI 0.37-0.86) consumers, these associations being stronger in women than in men. Griddle-grilled/barbecued meat was associated with an increased CRC risk (total meat: OR 1.45; 95% CI 1.13-1.87). Stewing (OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.04-1.51) and oven-baking (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.00-1.40) were associated with increased CRC risk of white, but not red, meat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study supports an association of white, red, processed/cured/organ and total meat intake with an increased risk of CRC. Moreover, our study showed that cooking practices can modulate such risk.
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3500-6608
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Batlle
authors.affiliation: ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gracia-Lavedan
authors.affiliation: ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain. mariaadoracion.romaguera@ssib.es.|Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Unidad de Investigación, I-1. Carretera de Valldemossa, 79, 07120, Palma de Mallorca, Spain. mariaadoracion.romaguera@ssib.es.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBER-OBN), Madrid, Spain. mariaadoracion.romaguera@ssib.es.
authors.forename: Dora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Romaguera
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.|Carolina Population Center and Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mendez
authors.affiliation: ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.|IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Castaño-Vinyals
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Grupo de Investigación en Interacciones gen-ambiente y salud, Universidad de León, León, Spain.
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.|Cancer Epidemiology Unit, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.|Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Oncology and Hematology Area, IIS Puerta de Hierro (IDIPHIM), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Núria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aragonés
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Universidad de Cantabria - IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.
authors.forename: Inés
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gómez-Acebo
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.|Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Complejo Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Olmedo-Requena
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.|Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Complejo Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: José Juan
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jimenez-Moleon
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guevara
authors.affiliation: Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Government of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain.
authors.forename: Mikel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azpiri
authors.affiliation: Centro de Salud Pública de Dénia, Consellería de Sanidad Universal y Salud Pública, Generalitat Valenciana, Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), València, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristóbal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Llorens-Ivorra
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|IUOPA, Preventive Medicine Department, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Tardon
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación en Salud y Medio Ambiente (CYSMA), Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose Andrés
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lorca
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: José María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Huerta
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|IDIBELL-Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.|Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.|Cancer Epidemiology Unit, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.|Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Oncology and Hematology Area, IIS Puerta de Hierro (IDIPHIM), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boldo
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.|Cancer Epidemiology Unit, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.|Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Oncology and Hematology Area, IIS Puerta de Hierro (IDIPHIM), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pérez-Gómez
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castilla
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Interacciones gen-ambiente y salud, Universidad de León, León, Spain.
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fernández-Villa
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Interacciones gen-ambiente y salud, Universidad de León, León, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Pablo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Barrio
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital del Mar, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andreu
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Castells
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Universidad de Cantabria - IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.
authors.forename: Trinidad
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dierssen
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Government of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain.
authors.forename: Jone M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Altzibar
authors.affiliation: ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.|IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Manolis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kogevinas
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.|Cancer Epidemiology Unit, National Center for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.|Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Oncology and Hematology Area, IIS Puerta de Hierro (IDIPHIM), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pollán
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, Government of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amiano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D003296:Cooking; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000208:ethnology; D057141:Food, Preserved / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008461:Meat Products / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012306:Risk; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D013030:Spain
keywords: Colorectal cancer; Cooking; Epidemiology; Meat