title: Hospital-acquired infection in public hospital buildings in the Philippines: Is the type of ventilation increasing the risk?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. However, limited information is available about the risk of HAIs in naturally ventilated wards (NVWs) and mechanically ventilated intensive care units (MVICUs) of public hospitals in the Philippines. We aimed to assess the association between HAIs and type of ventilation in an urban tertiary care hospital in the Philippines.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional point-prevalence survey of infections was done in NVWs and MVICUs of a tertiary care hospital in December 2013. Multivariate analyses were done to examine the associations between HAIs and type of ventilation and other risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 224 patients surveyed, 63 (28%) patients had 69 HAIs. Pneumonia was the most common HAI (35%). Wards near areas with high vehicular activity had more respiratory HAI cases. Being immunocompromised is a risk factor for HAI for pediatric and adult patients. Among pediatric patients, staying in MVICUs had a lower risk for HAIs (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.33; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.10-1.08) compared to staying in NVWs. For adult patients, a higher risk for HAIs (AOR: 2.41; 95% CI: 0.29-18.20) was observed in MVICUs compared to NVWs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type of ventilation is not a risk factor for HAIs. Patients who are immunocompromised may be at a higher risk for HAI. Indoor air pollution, proximity to congested main thoroughfare, and increased human foot traffic may contribute to the susceptibility of patients to HAIs. Hospital layout should be considered in infection control.
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines. jody.dalmacion@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Godofreda Ruiz
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Vergeire-Dalmacion
authors.forename: Jill Rafols
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Itable
authors.forename: Emmanuel Saporna
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Baja
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006779:Hospitals, Public; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010679:Philippines / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers; D014691:Ventilation