title: Effects of Luteolin and Quercetin in Combination with Some Conventional Antibiotics against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
abstract: The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of flavonoids luteolin (L) and quercetin + luteolin (Q + L) in combination with commonly used antibacterial agents against methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) clinical isolates andS. aureus(ATCC 43300). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of L and Q + L, as well as the MICs of flavonoids in combination with antibiotics were determined and results showed an increased activity of flavonoids with antibiotics. The synergistic, additive, or antagonistic relationships between flavonoids (L and Q + L) and antibiotics were also evaluated, and additive and synergistic effects were observed for some antibiotic + flavonoid combinations. In addition, some combinations were also found to damage the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane, as assessed through potassium leakage assay. The effects of flavonoids and flavonoids + antibiotics onmecAgene mutations were also tested, and no functional variation was detected in the coding region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan. pharmacyst2000@yahoo.com.|Department of Pharmacology, Khyber Medical University Institute of Medical Sciences, Kohat 26000, Pakistan. pharmacyst2000@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Usman Amin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal 18000, Pakistan. drmkhurram@sbbu.edu.pk.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khurram
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan. microbiologist63@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Taj Ali
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia. hanifaidah@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hani S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Faidah
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan. zia.biotech@suit.edu.pk.
authors.forename: Zia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ullah Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal 18000, Pakistan. shafiq@sbbu.edu.pk.
authors.forename: Shafiq
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ur Rahman
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia. amhaseeb@uqu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haseeb
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan. milyas_1978@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ilyas
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan. naseem.fls@suit.edu.pk.
authors.forename: Naseem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ullah
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan. umar.sahibzada@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sahibzada Muhammad
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Umar Khayam
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, 20133 Milan, Italy. marcello.iriti@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iriti
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004336:Drug Antagonism; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004357:Drug Synergism; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D047311:Luteolin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D046915:Penicillin-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011794:Quercetin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004338:Drug Combinations; D046915:Penicillin-Binding Proteins; C487789:mecA protein, Staphylococcus aureus; D011794:Quercetin; D047311:Luteolin
keywords: MRSA; antibiotic resistance; combination therapy; flavonoids; phytochemicals; synergism