title: Psychological and Behavioral Issues in the Management of Migraine in Children and Adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is sometimes assumed that children and adolescents with migraine have a psychiatric or behavioral comorbidity, a belief that can be stigmatizing. This review will examine the recent literature addressing this area to determine if pediatric and adolescent migraineurs are at increased risk for psychiatric comorbidity and to discuss management strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A large systematic review of pediatric and adolescent studies concluded anxiety and depression were not associated with onset of recurrent headaches. Children with increasing migraine frequency have reduced school attendance. Pediatric migraineurs have mildly lower quality of life (QOL) scores than healthy peers but not abnormally low. Finally, children with higher migraine frequency as well as migraineurs with aura were more likely to report suicidal ideation. Migraine is a primary neurologic disorder. Migraine and psychiatric disorders may be comorbid; however, at this time, it can be difficult to clearly delineate some migraine features from psychiatric diagnoses with the current screening tools available. The majority of pediatric migraineurs do not have behavioral comorbidities; however, when such comorbidities occur, they should be addressed and appropriately managed. We need more accurate ways of delineating psychiatric and behavioral comorbidities from the migraine phenotype.
authors.affiliation: UCSF Department of Neurology, Mission Hall Box 0137, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. william.qubty@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qubty
authors.affiliation: UCSF Department of Neurology, Mission Hall Box 0137, 550 16th Street, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
authors.forename: Amy A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Gelfand
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Anxiety; Cognitive behavioral therapy; DSM-5; Depression; GAD-7; PHQ-9; Pediatric migraine; Psychiatric comorbidity; Suicide