title: Modified technique for common carotid artery transposition in standing horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a modified technique for permanent translocation of the common carotid artery (CCA) to a subcutaneous position in standing horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy adult Standardbred and Warmblood horses (n = 8).
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgery was performed with the horses standing under sedation and with local anesthesia. A combination of previously described techniques was used modifying the approach and closure of the incision. The right CCA was approached through a linear skin incision dorsal and parallel to the jugular vein and through the brachiocephalicus and omohyoideus muscles. The artery was dissected free of its sheath and elevated to the skin incision with Penrose drains. The brachiocephalicus muscle was sutured in two layers underneath the artery leaving it in a subcutaneous position. The horses were allowed to heal for 3 weeks prior to catheterization of the artery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The transposed CCA was successfully used for repeated catheterization in six of eight horses for a period of 10 weeks. None of the horses had intraoperative complications. Two horses developed mild peri-incisional edema that resolved spontaneously. Right-sided laryngeal hemiplegia was observed endoscopically in two horses postoperatively. Two horses developed complications (surgical site infection and excessive periarterial fibrosis) that compromised the patency of the CCA and precluded catheterization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Permanent translocation of the CCA in standing horses was successful in six out of eight horses. Upper airway endoscopy postoperatively may be warranted as laryngeal hemiplegia may ensue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tapio
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Argüelles
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Gracia-Calvo
authors.affiliation: Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Marja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raekallio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D002404:Catheterization / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000662:veterinary; D011187:Posture; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014826:Vocal Cord Paralysis / Q000662:veterinary