title: N-[11C]Methyl-AMD3465 PET as a Tool for In Vivo Measurement of Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4) Occupancy by Therapeutic Drugs.
abstract: Chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is overexpressed in many cancers and a potential drug target. We have recently developed the tracer N-[11C]methyl-AMD3465 for imaging of CXCR4 expression by positron emission tomography (PET). We investigated the pharmacokinetics of N-[11C]methyl-AMD3465 in rats bearing a C6 tumor and assessed whether the CXCR4 occupancy by the drug Plerixafor® can be measured with this PET tracer.
  
  
  
  A subcutaneous C6 tumor was grown in Wistar rats. Dynamic N-[11C]methyl-AMD3465 PET scans with arterial blood sampling was performed in control rats and rats pretreated with Plerixafor® (30 mg/kg, s.c). The distribution volume (VT) of the tracer was estimated by compartment modeling with a two-tissue reversible compartment model (2TRCM) and by Logan graphical analysis. The non-displaceable binding potential (BPND) was estimated with the 2TRCM. Next, CXCR4 receptor occupancy of different doses of the drug Plerixafor® (0.5-60 mg/kg) was investigated.
  
  
  
  The tumor could be clearly visualized by PET in control animals. Pretreatment with 30 mg/kg Plerixafor® significantly reduced tumor uptake (SUV 0.65 ± 0.08 vs. 0.20 ± 0.01, p < 0.05). N-[11C]Methyl-AMD3465 was slowly metabolized in vivo, with 70 ± 7% of the tracer in plasma still being intact after 60 min. The tracer showed reversible in vivo binding to its receptor. Both 2TRCM modeling and Logan graphical analysis could be used to estimate VT. Pre-treatment with 30 mg/kg Plerixafor® resulted in a significant reduction in VT(2TCRM 0.87 ± 0.10 vs. 0.23 ± 0.12, p < 0.05) and BPND(1.85 ± 0.14 vs. 0.87 ± 0.12, p < 0.01). Receptor occupancy by Plerixafor® was dose-dependent with an in vivo ED50of 12.7 ± 4.0 mg/kg. Logan analysis gave comparable results.
  
  
  
  N-[11C]Methyl-AMD3465 PET can be used to visualize CXCR4 expression and to calculate receptor occupancy. VTdetermined by Logan graphical analysis is a suitable parameter to assess CXCR4 receptor occupancy. This approach can easily be translated to humans and used for early drug development and optimization of drug dosing schedules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 31.001, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Hartimath
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 31.001, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khayum
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 31.001, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Waarde
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 31.001, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R A J O
authors.initials: RAJO
authors.lastname: Dierckx
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 31.001, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands. e.f.j.de.vries@umcg.nl.
authors.forename: E F J
authors.initials: EFJ
authors.lastname: de Vries
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000737:chemistry*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011725:Pyridines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; C503590:N-(1,4,8,11- tetraazacyclotetradecanyl-1,4-phenylenebis(methylene))-2-(aminomethyl)- pyridine; D011725:Pyridines; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4
keywords: CXCR4 receptors imaging; Compartment modeling; Logan graphical analysis; Pet; Receptor occupancy