title: Impact of food choice on sodium intake patterns from multiple NHANES surveys.
abstract: To examine how the food consumption from various food groups would impact American adults' sodium intake and whether this impact structurally changes over time, data were obtained from six-cycle National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2010. Foods were categorized by the first two digits of the USDA food code. Regression models were employed to investigate the associations between the consumption of each food group and sodium intake, and whether there were changes in the associations in consecutive six cycles. Results show that the calorie consumption of oils, beverages and water, fruit juices, fruits, lamb, fruit products, and sugars and sweets had no significant impact on individuals' sodium intake, while calorie consumption of tomatoes, fish, dark-green vegetables, and crackers contributes the most to sodium intake. The contribution to sodium intake of most food groups does not change significantly over time, with the exception of salad dressing whose contribution to sodium intake increased in four consecutive years when compared to that of 1999-2000. The sodium amount contributed by one calorie consumption (sodium density) of most food was above the daily recommendation level, 1.2 mg per calorie per day. Lowering individuals' sodium intake involves either guiding individuals to consume more fruit related products or decreasing the amount of sodium in most food groups at the production or food preparation stages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Economics, Sociology, and Education, The Pennsylvania State University, United States.
authors.forename: Zefeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Food and Resource Economics Department, University of Florida, United States; College of Economics and Management, Jilin Agricultural University, China. Electronic address: zfgao@ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Zhifeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Food and Resource Economics Department, University of Florida, United States.
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McFadden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002755:Choice Behavior; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004435:Eating / Q000523:psychology*; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000523:psychology*; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D014481:United States; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary
keywords: Food choice; Food groups; NHANES; Sodium intake