title: Biosimilars for the Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: A Systematic Review of Published Evidence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinicians are required to assimilate, critically evaluate, and extrapolate information to support appropriate use of biosimilars across indications.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to systematically collate all published data in order to assess the weight (quantity and quality) of available evidence for each molecule and inform and support healthcare decision-making in chronic inflammatory diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE®, EMBASE®, and ISI Web of Science®were searched to September 2015. Selected conference proceedings were searched from 2012 to July 2015. Studies disclosing biosimilars with unique identifiers were categorized by originator, study type, and indication. Risk of bias assessments were performed. Intended copies were differentiated as commercially available agents without evidence of rigorous comparative biosimilarity evaluations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proposed biosimilars for adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab, and rituximab are reported in the published literature. Across indications, approved biosimilars infliximab CT-P13, SB2, and etanercept SB4 have published studies involving the largest number of patients or healthy subjects (n = 1405, 743, and 734, respectively), mostly in rheumatoid arthritis. At data cut-off, only CT-P13 had published data in ankylosing spondylitis (n = 250; randomized control trial) and ulcerative colitis/Crohn's disease (n = 336; observational studies). Published data were not available for ongoing studies in psoriasis patients. Four intended copies were identified in published studies (total: n = 1430; n = 1372 in observational studies). Thematic analysis of non-empirical publications showed that indication extrapolation remains an issue, particularly for gastroenterologists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While most agents display a moderate to high degree of similarity to their originator in the published studies identified, large discrepancies persist in the overall amount and type of data available in the public domain. Significant gaps exist particularly for intended copies, reinforcing the need to maintain a clear differentiation between these molecules and true biosimilars.
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Essential Health, Pfizer Inc., 235 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017-5755, USA. ira.jacobs@pfizer.com.
authors.forename: Ira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Essential Health, Pfizer Inc., 235 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017-5755, USA.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Petersel
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Essential Health, Pfizer Inc., 235 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017-5755, USA.
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Isakov
authors.affiliation: Envision Pharma Group, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sadiq
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lula
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Essential Health, Pfizer Inc., 235 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017-5755, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lea Sewell
mesh_terms: D000068879:Adalimumab / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D059451:Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000188:drug therapy; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D000068800:Etanercept / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000069285:Infliximab / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069283:Rituximab / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012693:Serial Publications / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D059451:Biosimilar Pharmaceuticals; D000069283:Rituximab; D000069285:Infliximab; D000068879:Adalimumab; D000068800:Etanercept