title: Identification of phenolic secondary metabolites fromSchotia brachypetalaSond. (Fabaceae) and demonstration of their antioxidant activities inCaenorhabditis elegans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Schotia brachypetalaSond. (Fabaceae) is an endemic tree of Southern Africa whose phytochemistry and pharmacology were slightly studied. The present work aimed at profiling the major phenolics compounds present in the hydro-alcohol extract fromS. brachypetalaleaves (SBE) using LC/HRESI/MS/MS and NMR and prove their antioxidant capabilities using novel methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitroassays; DPPH, TEAC persulfate decolorizing kinetic and FRAP assays, andin vivoassays:Caenorhabditis elegansstrains maintenance, Intracellular ROS inC. elegans, Survival assay, GFP expression and Subcellular DAF-16 localization were employed to evaluate the antioxidant activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than forty polyphenols, including flavonoid glycosides, galloylated flavonoid glycosides, isoflavones, dihydrochalcones, procyanidins, anthocyanins, hydroxy benzoic acid derivatives, hydrolysable tannins, and traces of methylated and acetylated flavonoid derivatives were identified. Three compounds were isolated and identified from the genusSchotiafor the first time, namely gallic acid, myricetin-3-O-α-L-1C4-rhamnoside and quercetin-3-O-L-1C4-rhamnoside. The total phenolics content of SBE was (376 mg CAE/g), followed by flavonoids (67.87 QE/g).In vitroantioxidant activity of SBE was evidenced by DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50of 9 µg/mL), FRAP ferric reducing activity (5,000 mol Fe2+E/mg) and ABTS peroxide inhibiting activity (1,054 mM Trolox E/mg). The tested extract was able to protect the worms against juglone induced oxidative stress, an increased survival rate (up to 41%) was recorded, when compared with the control group (11%) and attenuate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in dose-dependent and reached up to 72% for the highest tested concentration. SBE was also able to attenuate the levels of heat shock protein (HSP) expression in dose-dependent up to 60% in the 150 µg SBE/mL group. In DAF-16 Subcellular localization SBE treated worms showed nuclear localization pattern up to 78%, while it was only 5% in the untreated control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A pronounced antioxidant activityin vivo, which can be attributed to its ability to promote the nuclear translocation of DAF-16/FOXO, the main transcription factor regulating the expression of stress response genes. The remarkable antioxidant activityin vitroandin vivocorrelates to SBE rich phenolic profile.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Mansour
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sobeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Esraa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: ElHawary
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Herbenya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Peixoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Rola M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Labib
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Heba
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Handoussa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Noha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Swilam
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.|Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: El-Khatib
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Farukh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sharapov
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Tamer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krstin
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Linscheid
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Abdel Nasser
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Singab
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wink
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.|Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Nahla
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ayoub
keywords: Antioxidant activity.; Caenorhabditis elegans; LC/HRESI/MS/MS; Polyphenolics; Schotia brachypetala