title: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Properties as Well as the Phenolic Content of the Extract from Hancornia speciosa Gomes.
abstract: Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae) is a fruit tree, popularly known as mangabeira, and it is widely distributed throughout Brazil. Several parts of the plant are used in folk medicine, and the leaf and bark extracts have anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition of the ethanolic extract of Hancornia speciosa leaves (EEHS) and its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities as well as the mechanisms involved in cell death. The chemical compounds were identified by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The antioxidant activity of the EEHS was investigated using the method that involves the scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals as well as the inhibition of oxidative hemolysis and lipid peroxidation induced by 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane) in human erythrocytes. The antimicrobial activity was determined by calculating the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration, and zone of inhibition. Kasumi-1 leukemic cells were used to assess the cytotoxic activity and mechanisms involved in cell death promoted by the EEHS. The chemical compounds identified were quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, rutin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol-rutinoside, and catechin-pentoside. The EEHS demonstrated antioxidant activity via the sequestration of free radicals, inhibition of hemolysis, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in human erythrocytes incubated with an oxidizing agent. The antimicrobial activity was observed against American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and hospital strains of bacteria and fungi, filamentous fungi and dermatophytes. The cytotoxic activity of the EEHS was induced by apoptosis, reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and activation of cathepsins. Together, these results indicate the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the EEHS and that their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities in acute myeloid leukemia cells are mediated by apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Biological Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados Ithaum, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Uilson P
authors.initials: UP
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Biological Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados Ithaum, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jaqueline F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Heron Fernandes V
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Torquato
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.|Center for Interdisciplinary Research Biochemistry, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Av. Dr. Cândido Xavier de Almeida Souza, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edgar Julian
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Paredes-Gamero
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Natural Products and Mass Spectrometry, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Alexandre
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Carollo
authors.affiliation: Agricultural College of Bragança, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal and Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Leticia M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Estevinho
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Biological Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados Ithaum, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kely
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: de Picoli Souza
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Biological Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados Ithaum, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edson Lucas
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6557-7914
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029062:Apocynaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D002392:Catechin / Q000302:isolation & purification; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid / Q000302:isolation & purification; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D044949:Kaempferols / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010636:Phenols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010851:Picrates / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D011794:Quercetin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011801:Quinic Acid / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012431:Rutin / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D003603:Cytotoxins; D044949:Kaempferols; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011801:Quinic Acid; C016527:isoquercitrin; D002726:Chlorogenic Acid; D012431:Rutin; C006552:kaempferol; D002392:Catechin; D011794:Quercetin; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl