title: Preparation and immunogenicity of gold glyco-nanoparticles as antipneumococcal vaccine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nanotechnology-based fully synthetic carbohydrate vaccines are promising alternatives to classic polysaccharide/protein conjugate vaccines. We have prepared gold glyco-nanoparticles (GNP) bearing two synthetic carbohydrate antigens related to serotypes 19F and 14 of Streptococcus pneumoniae and evaluated their immunogenicity in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A tetrasaccharide fragment of serotype 14 (Tetra-14), a trisaccharide fragment of serotype 19F (Tri-19F), a T-helper peptide and d -glucose were loaded onto GNP in different ratios. Mice immunization showed that the concomitant presence of Tri-19F and Tetra-14 on the same nanoparticle critically enhanced the titers of specific IgG antibodies toward type 14 polysaccharide compared with GNP exclusively displaying Tetra-14, while no IgG antibodies against type 19F polysaccharide were elicited.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work is a step forward toward synthetic nanosystems combining carbohydrate antigens and immunogenic peptides as potential carbohydrate-based vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Present address: Center for Synthesis & Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vetro
authors.affiliation: Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Dodi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Safari
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fallarini
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biology, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Korrie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Salsabila
authors.affiliation: Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, Wales, UK.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lahmann
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE & CIBER-BBN, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain.
authors.forename: Soledad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Penadés
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lay
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE & CIBER-BBN, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain.|Present address: IK4-CIDETEC, Paseo Miramón 196, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marradi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Saldini 50, 20133 Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Compostella
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006046:Gold; D007114:Immunization; D000071497:Immunogenicity, Vaccine; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology; D010316:Particle Size; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000276:immunology; D022541:Streptococcal Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology*; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate / Q000276:immunology; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; C111390:OVA 323-339; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D022541:Streptococcal Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic; D006046:Gold; D010047:Ovalbumin
keywords: Streptococcus pneumoniae; capsular polysaccharide fragments; carbohydrate-based vaccines; gold glyco-nanoparticles; immunogenicity