title: Predictors of Urinary 3-Phenoxybenzoic Acid Levels in 50 North Carolina Adults.
abstract: Limited data are available on the non-chemical stressors that impact adult exposures to pyrethroid insecticides based on urinary biomonitoring. The urinary metabolite, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), is commonly used to assess human exposure to a number of pyrethroids. In a further analysis of published study data, we quantified urinary 3-PBA levels of 50 adults over a single, 24-h sampling period and examined the associations between the biomarker measurements and selected non-chemical stressors (demographic, lifestyle, and dietary factors). A convenience sample of 50 adults was recruited in North Carolina in 2009-2011. Participants collected individual urine voids (up to 11) and filled out activity, food, and pesticide use diaries over a 24-h sampling period. Urine voids (n= 326) were analyzed for 3-PBA concentrations using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. 3-PBA was detected in 98% of the 24-h composited urine samples. The geometric mean urinary 3-PBA level was 1.68 ng/mL in adults. Time spent outside (p= 0.0006) was a highly significant predictor of natural log-transformed (ln) urinary 3-PBA levels, while consumption of coffee (p= 0.007) and breads (p= 0.019) and ln creatinine levels (p= 0.037) were significant predictors of urinary 3-PBA levels. In conclusion, we identified specific factors that substantially increased adult exposures to pyrethroids in their everyday environments.
authors.affiliation: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA. morgan.marsha@epa.gov.
authors.forename: Marsha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA. paul-a.jones@epa.gov.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA. sobus.jon@epa.gov.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sobus
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. dbbarr@Emory.edu.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boyd Barr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001565:Benzoates / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers; D001939:Bread; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003069:Coffee; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000652:urine*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009657:North Carolina; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000652:urine*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001565:Benzoates; D015415:Biomarkers; D003069:Coffee; D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017618:3-phenoxybenzoic acid; D003404:Creatinine
keywords: adults; biomarkers; determinants; exposure; insecticides; urine