title: Osteoblast-seeded bioglass/gelatin nanocomposite: a promising bone substitute in critical-size calvarial defect repair in rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amid the plethora of methods to repair critical bone defects, there is no one perfect approach. In this study, we sought to evaluate a potent 3-dimensional (3D) bioactive SiO2-CaO-P2O5 glasses (bioglass)/gelatin (gel) scaffold for its biocompatibility by seeding cells as well as for its regenerative properties by animal implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Osteoblast cells were seeded onto nanocomposite scaffolds to investigate the process of critical-size calvarial defect via new bone formation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to validate topography of the scaffolds, its homogeneity and ideal cellular attachment. Proliferation assay and confocal microscopy were used to evaluate its biocompatibility. To validate osteogenesis of the bioactive nanocomposite scaffolds, they were first implanted into rats and later removed and analyzed at different time points post mortem using histological, immunohistochemical and histomorphometric methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on in vitro results, we showed that our nanocomposite is highly cell-compatible material and allows for osteoblasts to adhere, spread and proliferate. In vivo results indicate that our nanocomposite provides a significant contribution to bone regeneration and is highly biodegradable and biocompatible. So, seeded scaffolds with osteoblasts enhanced repair of critical bone defects via osteogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate the feasibility of engineering a nanocomposite scaffold with an architecture resembling the human bone, and provide proof-of-concept validation for our scaffold using a rat animal model.
authors.affiliation: Biology Group, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Hossein Comprehensive University, Tehran - Iran.|Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran - Iran.
authors.forename: Behrooz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Johari
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran - Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kadivar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran - Iran.
authors.forename: Shirin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lak
authors.affiliation: Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran - Iran.
authors.forename: Mazaher
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gholipourmalekabadi
authors.affiliation: Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY - USA.
authors.forename: Aleksandra M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Urbanska
authors.affiliation: Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran - Iran.|Cellular and Molecular Research Center (CMRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran - Iran.
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mozafari
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran - Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmadzadehzarajabad
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj - Iran.
authors.forename: Asaad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azarnezhad
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran - Iran.
authors.forename: Samane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Afshari
authors.affiliation: Biology Group, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Hossein Comprehensive University, Tehran - Iran.
authors.forename: Jamil
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zargan
authors.affiliation: Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran - Iran.|National Cell Bank, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran - Iran.
authors.forename: Saeid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kargozar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001861:Bone Regeneration; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival; D002516:Ceramics; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D053761:Nanocomposites; D010006:Osteoblasts; D010012:Osteogenesis; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012886:Skull / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: C022107:Bioglass; D018786:Bone Substitutes; D005780:Gelatin