title: Less Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation in Term Newborns than in Adults.
abstract: Newborns are prone to infections, which are independent predictors of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are structures composed of chromatin and antimicrobial molecules that capture and kill pathogens. NETs may play an important role in the innate immune system and, thus, might be associated with impaired neonatal immune function.
  
  
  
  This study aimed to compare NET formation between term neonates and healthy adults. We additionally investigated the effects of gestational age, birth weight, mode of delivery, gender, and perinatal infections.
  
  
  
  We collected cord blood from 57 term infants (mean gestational age, 39.1 weeks) and 9 late preterm infants (35 weeks), and peripheral blood from 18 healthy adult donors. Neutrophils were isolated, and then NET formation was induced using three different stimulants: N-formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), or lipopolysaccharide. NETs were immunohistochemically stained and analyzed with regard to NET percentage and NET area.
  
  
  
  With all three stimuli, healthy term infants showed a lower NET percentage than the adult control group (p < 0.0001 each). The groups also differed in NET area, but the significance level was lower. Following PMA stimulation, we observed greater reductions in NET percentage and NET area in preterm than term infants.
  
  
  
  The lower NET formation observed in term infants compared to adults likely contributes to the reduced neonatal immune response. NET formation appeared to be even further decreased in late preterm neonates. There remains a need for further investigations of NET formation in more immature preterm infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lipp
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ruhnau
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vogelgesang
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dressel
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heckmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D065206:Extracellular Traps / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood; D005865:Gestational Age; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology*; D047929:Term Birth; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004151:Dipeptides; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C119108:leucyl-phenylalanine; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate