title: Three dimensional printed macroporous polylactic acid/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for promoting bone formation in a critical-size rat calvarial defect model.
abstract: We have explored the applicability of printed scaffold by comparing osteogenic ability and biodegradation property of three resorbable biomaterials. A polylactic acid/hydroxyapatite (PLA/HA) composite with a pore size of 500 μm and 60% porosity was fabricated by three-dimensional printing. Three-dimensional printed PLA/HA, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and partially demineralized bone matrix (DBM) seeded with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were evaluated by cell adhesion, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity and osteogenic gene expression of osteopontin (OPN) and collagen type I (COL-1). Moreover, the biocompatibility, bone repairing capacity and degradation in three different bone substitute materials were estimated using a critical-size rat calvarial defect modelin vivo. The defects were evaluated by micro-computed tomography and histological analysis at four and eight weeks after surgery, respectively. The results showed that each of the studied scaffolds had its own specific merits and drawbacks. Three-dimensional printed PLA/HA scaffolds possessed good biocompatibility and stimulated BMSC cell proliferation and differentiation to osteogenic cells. The outcomesin vivorevealed that 3D printed PLA/HA scaffolds had good osteogenic capability and biodegradation activity with no difference in inflammation reaction. Therefore, 3D printed PLA/HA scaffolds have potential applications in bone tissue engineering and may be used as graft substitutes in reconstructive surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, PRChina; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PRChina.
authors.forename: Haifeng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200011, PRChina; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PRChina.
authors.forename: Xiyuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai , 200011 , PR China.
authors.forename: Zijing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PRChina; Institute of Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PRChina.
authors.forename: Wenbo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China.
authors.forename: Xiuguo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai , 200011 , PR China.
authors.forename: Danyang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai , 200011 , PR China.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , No. 639, Zhizaoju Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai , 200011 , PR China.
authors.forename: Qingfeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: 102 Porous/Nanoporous/Nanostructured materials; 103 Composites; 211 Scaffold/Tissue engineering/Drug delivery; 30 Bio-inspired and biomedical materials; DBM; PLA/HA; Three-dimensional printing; biocompatibility; biomaterials; β-TCP