title: Use of vimentin immunocytochemical staining for evaluation of atypical cells in voided urine samples.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytomorphology of exfoliated atypical reactive/repair renal tubular cells (RRTC) can resemble atypical urothelial cells thus suggesting a differential diagnostic question of urothelial neoplasia in urinary cytology. Vimentin expression has been shown in RRTC and used for differentiation from atypical urothelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The institutional computer database was searched for urinary cytology cases with vimentin immunocytochemical staining (2008-2012). Original cytopathological diagnoses based on cytomorphology and the results of vimentin immunostaining were compared to follow-up data, including histopathological diagnosis, subsequent urinary cytopathology reports, and clinical findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 42 cases with vimentin immunocytochemical staining, 33 were positive and 9 negative. Consequently, significant renal disease was found in 9/33 (27%) of vimentin positive cases and nehrolithiasis in 4/33 (12%) of vimentin positive and 1/9 (11%) of vimentin negative cases. Erythrocyturia of undetermined origin was diagnosed in nine cases (seven vimentin positive and two negative). Urinary cytology follow-up was negative in three vimentin positive cases. Urothelial carcinoma was found in 3/9 (30%) of vimentin negative cases. Thirteen patients were lost to follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vimentin immunocytochemical staining could be used as an ancillary method for evaluation of atypical cells in urinary specimens in selected cases with RRTC exhibiting cytological atypia. Unnecessary diagnostic procedures for evaluation of urothelial carcinoma could be avoided in vimentin positive cases and further diagnostic work-up for evaluation of a significant renal disease could be suggested in vimentin positive cases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:85-90. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Margareta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strojan Fležar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Srebotnik-Kirbiš
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, Ljubljana, SI-1000, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gutnik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000652:urine*; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D014746:Vimentin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014746:Vimentin
keywords: atypical cells; renal tubular cells; urinary cytology; vimentin immunostaining; voided urine