title: Nurses' smoking habits and their professional smoking cessation practices. A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A better understanding of whether nurses' own smoking behaviours influence their engagement with smoking cessation interventions is needed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish whether the smoking status of nurses is associated with their professional smoking cessation practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve electronic databases covering English and Spanish language publications from 01 Jan, 1996 to 25 Mar, 2015 were systematically searched. Studies were included if they reported nurses' smoking cessation practices in relation to their personal smoking habits. Proportions of nurses' smoking status and smoking cessation practices were pooled across studies using random effects meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen studies were included in this systematic review. Levels of reportedsmoking cessation interventions were generally low across the studies. The meta-analyses suggested that nurses' personal smoking status was not associated significantly with nurses always asking patients about their smoking, but nurses who smoked were 13% less likely to advise their patients to quit and 25% less likely to arrange smoking cessation follow-up. More intense interventions (assessing motivation and assisting) were not significantly associated with the smoking status of the nurse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The smoking status of nurses appears to have a negative impact in the delivery of smoking cessation practices. The overall level of nurses' engagement with the delivery of smoking cessation interventions requires attention if nurses are to be effective agents of smoking cessation.
authors.affiliation: Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College London, United Kingdom, United Kingdom. Electronic address: maria.duaso@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Duaso
authors.affiliation: Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College London, United Kingdom, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Savita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bakhshi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nursing, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Agurtzane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mujika
authors.affiliation: Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College London, United Kingdom, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Purssell
authors.affiliation: Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College London, United Kingdom, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alison E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: While
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009740:Nursing Staff; D012907:Smoking; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: 5As; Meta-analysis; Nurses smoker; Smoking cessation; Systematic review; Tobacco