title: Towards the Automatic Classification of Avian Flight Calls for Bioacoustic Monitoring.
abstract: Automatic classification of animal vocalizations has great potential to enhance the monitoring of species movements and behaviors. This is particularly true for monitoring nocturnal bird migration, where automated classification of migrants' flight calls could yield new biological insights and conservation applications for birds that vocalize during migration. In this paper we investigate the automatic classification of bird species from flight calls, and in particular the relationship between two different problem formulations commonly found in the literature: classifying a short clip containing one of a fixed set of known species (N-class problem) and the continuous monitoring problem, the latter of which is relevant to migration monitoring. We implemented a state-of-the-art audio classification model based on unsupervised feature learning and evaluated it on three novel datasets, one for studying the N-class problem including over 5000 flight calls from 43 different species, and two realistic datasets for studying the monitoring scenario comprising hundreds of thousands of audio clips that were compiled by means of remote acoustic sensors deployed in the field during two migration seasons. We show that the model achieves high accuracy when classifying a clip to one of N known species, even for a large number of species. In contrast, the model does not perform as well in the continuous monitoring case. Through a detailed error analysis (that included full expert review of false positives and negatives) we show the model is confounded by varying background noise conditions and previously unseen vocalizations. We also show that the model needs to be parameterized and benchmarked differently for the continuous monitoring scenario. Finally, we show that despite the reduced performance, given the right conditions the model can still characterize the migration pattern of a specific species. The paper concludes with directions for future research.
authors.affiliation: Music and Audio Research Laboratory, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America.|Center for Urban Science and Progress, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6345-4593
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salamon
authors.affiliation: Music and Audio Research Laboratory, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Juan Pablo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bello
authors.affiliation: Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farnsworth
authors.affiliation: Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.affiliation: Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keen
authors.affiliation: Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Klinck
authors.affiliation: Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kelling
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001331:Automation; D001717:Birds / Q000145:classification* / Q000502:physiology; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012621:Seasons; D013637:Tape Recording; D014828:Vocalization, Animal