title: Dietary Butyrate Helps to Restore the Intestinal Status of a Marine Teleost (Sparus aurata) Fed Extreme Diets Low in Fish Meal and Fish Oil.
abstract: There is a constant need to find feed additives that improve health and nutrition of farmed fish and lessen the intestinal inflammation induced by plant-based ingredients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding an organic acid salt to alleviate some of the detrimental effects of extreme plant-ingredient substitution of fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) in gilthead sea bream diet. Three experiments were conducted. In a first trial (T1), the best dose (0.4%) of sodium butyrate (BP-70 ®NOREL) was chosen after a short (9-weeks) feeding period. In a second longer trial (T2) (8 months), four diets were used: a control diet containing 25% FM (T2-D1) and three experimental diets containing 5% FM (T2-D2, T2-D3, T2-D4). FO was the only added oil in D1, while a blend of plant oils replaced 58% and 84% of FO in T2-D2, and T2-D3 and T2-D4, respectively. The latter was supplemented with 0.4% BP-70. In a third trial (T3), two groups of fish were fed for 12 and 38 months with D1, D3 and D4 diets of T2. The effects of dietary changes were studied using histochemical, immunohistochemical, molecular and electrophysiological tools. The extreme diet (T2-D3) modified significantly the transcriptomic profile, especially at the anterior intestine, up-regulating the expression of inflammatory markers, in coincidence with a higher presence of granulocytes and lymphocytes in the submucosa, and changing genes involved in antioxidant defences, epithelial permeability and mucus production. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (Rt) was also decreased (T3-D3). Most of these modifications were returned to control values with the addition of BP-70. None of the experimental diets modified the staining pattern of PCNA, FABP2 or ALPI. These results further confirm the potential of this additive to improve or reverse the detrimental effects of extreme fish diet formulations.
authors.affiliation: Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Itziar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Estensoro
authors.affiliation: Nutrigenomics and Fish Endocrinology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ballester-Lozano
authors.affiliation: Nutrigenomics and Fish Endocrinology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benedito-Palos
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ass, Norway.
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grammes
authors.affiliation: Nutrigenomics and Fish Endocrinology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martos-Sitcha
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ass, Norway.
authors.forename: Liv-Torunn
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Mydland
authors.affiliation: Nutrigenomics and Fish Endocrinology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep Alvar
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Calduch-Giner
authors.affiliation: Comparative Endocrinology and Integrative Biology. CCMar, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fuentes
authors.affiliation: BioMar R&D, Grangemouth, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Vasileios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Karalazos
authors.affiliation: Norel S.A., Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Álvaro
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ass, Norway.
authors.forename: Margareth
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Øverland
authors.affiliation: Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Ariadna
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7473-3413
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sitjà-Bobadilla
authors.affiliation: Nutrigenomics and Fish Endocrinology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pérez-Sánchez
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D020148:Butyric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D007422:Intestines / Q000187:drug effects*; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D021541:Sea Bream / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D050556:Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins; D005395:Fish Oils; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; D020148:Butyric Acid; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase