title: Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects ofAquaphilus dolomiaeextract on in vitro models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disease characterized by recurrent pruritic inflammatory skin lesions resulting from structural and immune defects of the skin barrier. Previous studies have shown the clinical efficacy of Avène thermal spring water in AD, and a new microorganism,Aquaphilus dolomiaewas suspected to contribute to these unique properties. The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory, antipruritic, and immunomodulatory properties of ES0, an original biological extract ofA. dolomiae, in immune and inflammatory cell models in order to assess its potential use in the treatment of AD.
  
  
  METHODS
  An ES0 extract containing periplasmic and membrane proteins, peptides, lipopolysaccharides, and exopolysaccharides was obtained fromA. dolomiae.The effects of the extract on pruritus and inflammatory mediators and immune mechanisms were evaluated by using various AD cell models and assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a keratinocyte model, ES0 inhibited the expression of the inflammatory mediators, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interleukin (IL)-18, IL-4R, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-3, macrophage inflammatory protein-3α, and macrophage-derived chemokine and induced the expression of involucrin, which is involved in skin barrier keratinocyte terminal differentiation. In addition, ES0 inhibited protease-activated receptor-2 activation in HaCaT human keratinocytes stimulated by stratum corneum tryptic enzyme and T helper type (Th) 1, Th2, and Th17 cytokine production in Staphylococcal enterotoxin B-stimulated CD4+ lymphocytes. Lastly, ES0 markedly activated innate immunity through toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4, and TLR5 activation (in recombinant human embryonic kidney 293 cells) and through antimicrobial peptide induction (psoriasin, human beta-defensin-2, and cathelicidin), mainly through TLR5 activation (in normal human keratinocytes).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, these in vitro results confirm the marked regulatory activity of thisA. dolomiaeextract on inflammatory and immune responses, which may be of value by virtue of its potential as an adjunctive treatment of AD inflammatory and pruritic lesions.
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre, Toulouse.
authors.forename: Marie-Françoise
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Aries
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre, Toulouse.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Pigeon
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre, Toulouse.
authors.forename: Clémence
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vaissière
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre, Toulouse.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Delga
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre, Toulouse.
authors.forename: Antony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caruana
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre, Toulouse.
authors.forename: Marguerite
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lévêque
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre, Toulouse; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls/Mer, France.
authors.forename: Muriel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bourrain
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre, Toulouse.
authors.forename: Katia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ravard Helffer
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France.
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chol
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre, Toulouse.
authors.forename: Thien
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre, Toulouse.
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bessou-Touya
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Centre de Recherche & Développement Pierre Fabre, Toulouse.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Castex-Rizzi
keywords: anti-inflammation; atopic dermatitis; barrier function; in vitro and in vivo activities; inflammation; microorganism