title: Hypoadiponectinemia and the presence of metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic kidney disease: results from the KNOW-CKD study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In patients with chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome has been demonstrated to be the culprit behind diverse complications. Adiponectin is known to have anti-atherogenic and cardio-protective effects. Meanwhile, the relationship between adiponectin and metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic kidney disease has not been clarified. The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between adiponectin level and metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic kidney disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The KoreaN Cohort Study for Outcome in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease is a cohort study that enrolled subjects with chronic kidney disease throughout South Korea. From February 2011 to July 2014, data were collected from 1332 patients with chronic kidney disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the patients was 53.5 years and 803 patients (60.7%) were men. The median adiponectin level was 10.7 μg/mL and 585 (44.3%) patients had metabolic syndrome. In multiple linear regression analysis, log adiponectin was positively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (β = 0.006), whereas it was negatively associated with serum albumin (β = -0.284), triglyceride (log β = -0.288), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (log β = -0.058) levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate (β = -0.005). Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that low adiponectin level was independently associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome (per 1 μg/mL increase; odds ratio = 0.953, 95% confidence interval = 0.898-0.970,P< 0.001) after adjustment for multiple confounding factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypoadiponectinemia is independently associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic kidney disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chang-Yun
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yung Ly
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Hyeok
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Hyun
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji General Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Su-Ah
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Woo-Kyung
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Wan
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Chae
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary Hospital, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Soo
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Curie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyu Hun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Choi
keywords: Adiponectin; Chronic kidney disease; Metabolic syndrome