title: Glyphosate and AMPA distribution in wind-eroded sediment derived from loess soil.
abstract: Glyphosate is one of the most used herbicides in agricultural lands worldwide. Wind-eroded sediment and dust, as an environmental transport pathway of glyphosate and of its main metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), can result in environmental- and human exposure far beyond the agricultural areas where it has been applied. Therefore, special attention is required to the airborne transport of glyphosate and AMPA. In this study, we investigated the behavior of glyphosate and AMPA in wind-eroded sediment by measuring their content in different size fractions (median diameters between 715 and 8 μm) of a loess soil, during a period of 28 days after glyphosate application. Granulometrical extraction was done using a wind tunnel and a Soil Fine Particle Extractor. Extractions were conducted on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 after glyphosate application. Results indicated that glyphosate and AMPA contents were significantly higher in the finest particle fractions (median diameters between 8 and 18 μm), and lowered significantly with the increase in particle size. However, their content remained constant when aggregates were present in the sample. Glyphosate and AMPA contents correlated positively with clay, organic matter, and silt content. The dissipation of glyphosate over time was very low, which was most probably due to the low soil moisture content of the sediment. Consequently, the formation of AMPA was also very low. The low dissipation of glyphosate in our study indicates that the risk of glyphosate transport in dry sediment to off-target areas by wind can be very high. The highest glyphosate and AMPA contents were found in the smallest soil fractions (PM10and less), which are easily inhaled and, therefore, contribute to human exposure.
authors.affiliation: Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, PO. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: celia.martinsbento@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Célia P M
authors.initials: CPM
authors.lastname: Bento
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Geo-Institute, Celestijnenlaan 200 E, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goossens
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahrooz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rezaei
authors.affiliation: Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, PO. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riksen
authors.affiliation: RIKILT - Wageningen University & Research, PO. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hans G J
authors.initials: HGJ
authors.lastname: Mol
authors.affiliation: Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, PO. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Coen J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ritsema
authors.affiliation: Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, PO. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Violette
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Geissen
mesh_terms: D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007555:Isoxazoles; D063065:Organophosphonates; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*; D013777:Tetrazoles; D014919:Wind; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D007555:Isoxazoles; D063065:Organophosphonates; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013777:Tetrazoles; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid; D000097797:Glyphosate; C418233:2-amino-3-(3-hydrox-5(2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid
keywords: Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA); Glyphosate; Loess soil; PM(10); Wind erosion