title: Hallucinations in schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease: an analysis of sensory modalities involved and the repercussion on patients.
abstract: Hallucinations have been described in various clinical populations, but they are neither disorder nor disease specific. In schizophrenia patients, hallucinations are hallmark symptoms and auditory ones are described as the more frequent. In Parkinson's disease, the descriptions of hallucination modalities are sparse, but the hallucinations do tend to have less negative consequences. Our study aims to explore the phenomenology of hallucinations in both hallucinating schizophrenia patients and Parkinson's disease patients using the Psycho-Sensory hAllucinations Scale (PSAS). The main objective is to describe the phenomena of these clinical symptoms in those two specific populations. Each hallucinatory sensory modality significantly differed between Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia patients. Auditory, olfactory/gustatory and cœnesthetic hallucinations were more frequent in schizophrenia than visual hallucinations. The guardian angel item, usually not explored in schizophrenia, was described by 46% of these patients. The combination of auditory and visual hallucinations was the most frequent for both Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. The repercussion index summing characteristics of each hallucination (frequency, duration, negative aspects, conviction, impact, control and sound intensity) was always higher for schizophrenia. A broader view including widespread characteristics and interdisciplinary works must be encouraged to better understand the complexity of the process involved in hallucinations.
authors.affiliation: CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Psychiatry B, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63003, France.|Univ Clermont 1, UFR Medecine, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63001, France.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Llorca
authors.affiliation: CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Biostatistics unit (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand, F-63003, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Fontan, CHRU de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France.|Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives &Affectives (SCA-Lab), UMR CNRS 9193, Université de Lille &CURE, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jardri
authors.affiliation: CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Psychiatry B, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63003, France.|Univ Clermont 1, UFR Medecine, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63001, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chereau-Boudet
authors.affiliation: CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Psychiatry B, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63003, France.|Univ Clermont 1, UFR Medecine, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63001, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brousse
authors.affiliation: Pôle de Psychiatrie Adulte, CH Charles Perrens; cs 81285, 33000 Bordeaux cedex, France.|CNRS UMR 5287-INCIA-"Neuroimagerie et cognition humaine", Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Misdrahi
authors.affiliation: AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor, Service de neurologie, Créteil, France.|INSERM U955, Equipe 1, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France.|Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut d'Etudes Cognitives, Paris, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fénelon
authors.affiliation: CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Psychiatry B, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63003, France.
authors.forename: A-M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tronche
authors.affiliation: Pôle hospitalier universitaire de psychiatrie du Grand Nancy, CPN Chef de Service Maison des Addictions, CHU de Nancy, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schwan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry/Department of Addiction, Sainte-Marguerite University Hospital, 13009 Marseille, France.|EA 3279-Public Health, Chronic Disease, and Quality of Life Research Unit, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lançon
authors.affiliation: Univ Clermont 1, UFR Medecine, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63001, France.|CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Neurology A, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63003, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: Univ Clermont 1, UFR Medecine, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63001, France.|CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Neurology A, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63003, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ulla
authors.affiliation: Univ Clermont 1, UFR Medecine, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63001, France.|CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Neurology A, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63003, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Derost
authors.affiliation: Univ Clermont 1, UFR Medecine, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63001, France.|CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Neurology A, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63003, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Debilly
authors.affiliation: Univ Clermont 1, UFR Medecine, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63001, France.|CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Neurology A, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63003, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Durif
authors.affiliation: CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Psychiatry B, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63003, France.|Univ Clermont 1, UFR Medecine, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63001, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: de Chazeron
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology*