title: Reinnervated Split-Muscle Technique for Creating Additional Myoelectric Sites in an Animal Model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study proposes a novel reinnervated split-muscle operation to create additional myoelectric sites as sources of command signals of myoelectric prostheses for enhanced dexterous hand-to-wrist motions. The aim of this study was to investigate the postprocedure electromyographic properties of the muscles as distinct myoelectric sites in a rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The reinnervated split-muscle group (n = 6) had the gastrocnemius muscle separated along its longitudinal axis and nerves transferred to each new muscle (peroneal nerve to lateral muscle head and tibial to medial one); the non-split-muscle group (n = 6) only had nerve transfers with its muscle intact. Functional testing was conducted after 10 weeks. The main parameter is the difference in mean electromyographic amplitude between the new muscles, with greater values indicating better separability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the reinnervated split-muscle procedure, there is a significant increase of the average ratio between two muscles compared with the control group, from 0.44 (range, 0.02 to 0.86) to 0.77 (range, 0.35 to 0.98) (p = 0.011). In addition, compared with the non-split muscle group, nerve transfer in the split-muscle group is more successful in reaching its intended target muscle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A reinnervated split-muscle procedure could be beneficial for acquiring a more precise and discrete command signal in upper limb amputees, thus enabling the creation of more dexterous prosthetic arm.
authors.affiliation: Daejeon, Seoul, and Daegu, Republic of Korea; and Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.|From the Department of HCI and Robotics, University of Science and Technology; the Korea Institute of Science and Technology; the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital; the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan; and the Department of Hand Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital.
authors.forename: Maria Florencia
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Deslivia
authors.affiliation: Daejeon, Seoul, and Daegu, Republic of Korea; and Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.|From the Department of HCI and Robotics, University of Science and Technology; the Korea Institute of Science and Technology; the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital; the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan; and the Department of Hand Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital.
authors.forename: Hyun-Joo
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Daejeon, Seoul, and Daegu, Republic of Korea; and Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.|From the Department of HCI and Robotics, University of Science and Technology; the Korea Institute of Science and Technology; the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital; the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan; and the Department of Hand Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital.
authors.forename: Rizki Fajar
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Zulkarnain
authors.affiliation: Daejeon, Seoul, and Daegu, Republic of Korea; and Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.|From the Department of HCI and Robotics, University of Science and Technology; the Korea Institute of Science and Technology; the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital; the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan; and the Department of Hand Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Daejeon, Seoul, and Daegu, Republic of Korea; and Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.|From the Department of HCI and Robotics, University of Science and Technology; the Korea Institute of Science and Technology; the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital; the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan; and the Department of Hand Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital.
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adikrishna
authors.affiliation: Daejeon, Seoul, and Daegu, Republic of Korea; and Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.|From the Department of HCI and Robotics, University of Science and Technology; the Korea Institute of Science and Technology; the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital; the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan; and the Department of Hand Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital.
authors.forename: In-Ho
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Daejeon, Seoul, and Daegu, Republic of Korea; and Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.|From the Department of HCI and Robotics, University of Science and Technology; the Korea Institute of Science and Technology; the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital; the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan; and the Department of Hand Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital.
authors.forename: Keehoon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D000818:Animals; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D004576:Electromyography; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016067:Nerve Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley