title: Use of risk mitigation practices by family nurse practitioners prescribing opioids for the management of chronic nonmalignant pain.
abstract: Ongoing opioid analgesic use in patients suffering from chronic nonmalignant pain (CNMP) has been associated with the development of opioid misuse, abuse, addiction, and overdose. To prevent these adverse outcomes, it is important that family nurse practitioners (FNPs) implement recommended risk mitigation practices (RMPs) when treating CNMP patients with opioids.
  
  
  
  A national sample of 856 FNPs was invited to answer an online survey about their utilization of opioids and RMPs in treating CNMP.
  
  
  
  One hundred sixty-eight FNPs responded (20% response rate), of whom 51.2% affirmed that they prescribe opioids for CNMP. Of the 86 FNPs who prescribe opioids, 66.7% said that less than 25% of their patients were receiving ongoing opioid therapy. The most frequently prescribed opioids were hydrocodone (77.9%) and oxycodone (58.1%). With respect to RMPs, 50 of the 86 opioid-prescribing FNPs (58.8%) reported using treatment contracts with their CNMP patients. Far fewer (20.9%) used formal screening tools to gauge the risk of opioid abuse and misuse. Most respondents (54.94%) reported using prescription monitoring programs, whereas only 33.0% reported using urine toxicology to monitor opioid use. Of the prescribing FNPs, 15.1% reported using abuse-deterrent opioid formulations. Age was found to be a correlate for prescribing opioids for CNMP, with those under 40 years of age less likely to use urine toxicology than those over 41 (45.2% vs. 4.2%; χ2(6) = 11.90, P = .06). Additionally, respondents who did not use treatment contracts reported significantly fewer years in practice (10.5 years, SD = 6.1) than those who did (13.6 years, SD = 1.54, df = 2.82, P = .02).
  
  
  
  Although RMPs are recommended for use in all CNMP patients receiving ongoing opioid therapy, FNPs do not consistently implement them. In the midst of the current opioid epidemic, FNPs must be vigilant about using appropriate opioid prescription practices.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health Systems Administration , Georgetown University , Washington , DC , USA.
authors.forename: Sahil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaudhary
authors.affiliation: b Department of Advanced Nursing Practice , Georgetown University , Washington , DC , USA.
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Compton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D032982:Contracts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D064703:Family Nurse Practitioners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
keywords: Advanced nurse practitioners; chronic noncancer pain; chronic nonmalignant pain; family nurse practitioners; opioid therapy; opioids; risk mitigation practices; risk mitigation strategies