title: Bacterial and fungal biofilm formation on anodized titanium alloys with fluorine.
abstract: Orthopaedic device-related infections are closely linked to biofilm formation on the surfaces of these devices. Several modified titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) surfaces doped with fluorine were studied in order to evaluate the influence of these modifications on biofilm formation by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as a yeast. The biofilm studies were performed according to the standard test method approved by ASTM (Designation: E2196-12) using the Rotating Disk Reactor. Four types of Ti-6Al-4V samples were tested; chemically polished (CP), two types of nanostructures containing fluorine, nanoporous (NP) and nanotubular (NT), and non-nanostructured fluorine containing samples (fluoride barrier layers, FBL). Different species of Gram-positive cocci, (Staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis), Gram-negative rods (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and a yeast (Candida albicans) were studied. For one of the Gram-positive (S. epidermidis) and one of the Gram-negative (E. coli) species a statistically-significant decrease in biofilm accumulation for NP and NT samples was found when compared with the biofilm accumulation on CP samples. The results suggest an effect of the modified materials on the biofilm formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Av. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040-, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Concepcion
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perez-Jorge
authors.affiliation: Department of Surface Engineering Corrosion and Durability, National Centre for Metallurgical Research, (CENIM-CSIC) Avda. Gregorio del Amo 8, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria-Angeles
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Arenas
authors.affiliation: Department of Surface Engineering Corrosion and Durability, National Centre for Metallurgical Research, (CENIM-CSIC) Avda. Gregorio del Amo 8, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conde
authors.affiliation: Department of Surface Engineering Corrosion and Durability, National Centre for Metallurgical Research, (CENIM-CSIC) Avda. Gregorio del Amo 8, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan-Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hernández-Lopez
authors.affiliation: Department of Surface Engineering Corrosion and Durability, National Centre for Metallurgical Research, (CENIM-CSIC) Avda. Gregorio del Amo 8, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan-Jose
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de Damborenea
authors.affiliation: Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, 366 EPS Building. P.O. Box 173980, Bozeman, MT, 59717-3980, USA.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, 5180 Biomedical and Physical Sciences, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Alessandra M Agostinho
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Av. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040-, Madrid, Spain. jestebanmoreno@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Esteban
authors.affiliation: Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, 366 EPS Building. P.O. Box 173980, Bozeman, MT, 59717-3980, USA.
authors.forename: Garth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: James
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002176:Candida albicans; D004926:Escherichia coli; D005461:Fluorine / Q000737:chemistry*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry; D009985:Orthopedics; D016062:Porosity; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; C031462:titanium alloy (TiAl6V4); D005461:Fluorine; D014025:Titanium