title: Cat's whiskers (Orthosiphon stamineus) tea modulates arthritis pathogenesis via the angiogenesis and inflammatory cascade.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Orthosiphon stamineus is used traditionally to treat gout, arthritis, and inflammatory related conditions. The in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of the plant have been scientifically investigated. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the potential of the 50% ethanol extract of O. stamineus (EOS) to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anti-arthritic activity was assessed using the in vitro heat denaturation test and the (FCA)-induced arthritis model. Efficacy was assessed by measurements of paw edema and granulation, X-ray radiography, fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT), and histological evaluation. Levels of (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and (COX-1 and COX-2) were analyzed in vitro in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human macrophage (U937). TNF-α and IL-1 levels in the serum samples of arthritic rats were also measured using an ELISA kit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with EOS resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of paw edema in acute and chronic models of inflammation. It also inhibited significantly the production of TNF-α, IL-1 COX-1, and COX-2 in the LPS-stimulated U937 macrophages. EOS significantly suppressed FCA-induced paw edema as well as the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1. X-rays of the synovial joint of the hind leg showed considerable improvement in joint integrity and recovery of tibia-talus bones from degeneration and osteoporotic lesions. Histology of proximal interphalangeal joints of EOS-treated animals showed obvious protection of cartilage and soft tissue. Finally, FMT analysis strongly supported the anti-arthritic effect of EOS. EOS had high phenolic and total flavonoid content as well as strong antioxidant activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results illustrated that the anti-arthritic properties of O. stamineus could be beneficial for prevention and management of rheumatoid arthritis and other chronic inflammatory disorders. Illustration of the Anti- arthritis efficacy of Orthosiphon Stamineus standardized extract.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of pharmacy, University Technology Mara (UiTM), Bertam campus, Penang, Malaysia. Yasser.tabana@Hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Yasser M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Tabana
authors.affiliation: EMAN Research and Testing Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Fouad Saleih R
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Al-Suede
authors.affiliation: EMAN Research and Testing Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohamed B Khadeer
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ahamed
authors.affiliation: EMAN Research and Testing Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Saad S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dahham
authors.affiliation: EMAN Research and Testing Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Loiy E Ahmed
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Saba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khalilpour
authors.affiliation: EMAN Research and Testing Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taleb-Agha
authors.affiliation: Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (IPPT), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Doblin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sandai
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Quest International University, Perak, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Aman S Abdul
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Majid
authors.affiliation: EMAN Research and Testing Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. aminmalikshah@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Amin Malik Shah Abdul
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Majid
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D031342:Orthosiphon / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020298:U937 Cells
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Anti- inflammatory; Anti-arthritis; Fluorescence Molecular Tomography (FMT); Orthosiphon stamineus; Pro-inflammatory mediators