title: 3D digital headform models of Australian cyclists.
abstract: Traditional 1D anthropometric data have been the primary source of information used by ergonomists for the dimensioning of head and facial gear. Although these data are simple to use and understand, they only provide univariate measures of key dimensions. 3D anthropometric data, however, describe the complete shape characteristics of the head surface, but are complicated to interpret due to the abundance of information they contain. Consequently, current headform standards based on 1D measurements may not adequately represent the actual head shape variations of the intended user groups. The purpose of this study was to introduce a set of new digital headform models representative of the adult cyclists' community in Australia. Four models were generated based on an Australian 3D anthropometric database of head shapes and a modified hierarchical clustering algorithm. Considerable shape differences were identified between our models and the current headforms from the Australian standard. We conclude that the design of head and facial gear based on current standards might not be favorable for optimal fitting results.
authors.affiliation: School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Building 251, Level 3 Bundoora Campus East, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia. Electronic address: thierry.perret-ellena@rmit.edu.au.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ellena
authors.affiliation: School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Building 251, Level 3 Bundoora Campus East, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skals
authors.affiliation: Swinburne Research & Development, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Aleksandar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Subic
authors.affiliation: School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Building 251, Level 3 Bundoora Campus East, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
authors.forename: Helmy
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.affiliation: School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, RMIT University, Building 251, Level 3 Bundoora Campus East, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
authors.forename: Toh Yen
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Pang
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001315:Australia; D001642:Bicycling; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004867:Equipment Design; D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D019876:Sports Equipment
keywords: 3D anthropometric data; 3D scanning; Clustering algorithm; Digital headforms; Head dimensions; Headgear design