title: Meal rich in carbohydrate, but not protein or fat, reveals adverse immunometabolic responses associated with obesity.
abstract: Obesity-related insulin resistance is linked to inflammation. Immunometabolic function differs between lean and obese subjects, but whether macronutrient composition of ingested meals affects these responses is not well known. We examined the effects of a single meal rich in fat, protein, or carbohydrate on immunometabolic responses.
  
  
  
  Nine lean insulin sensitive (LIS) men and 9 obese insulin resistant (OIR) men ingested high-carbohydrate (HC), high-fat (HF) or high-protein (HP) mixed meals in random order. We assessed plasma glucose, insulin, and cytokine responses and cytokine gene expression in circulating mononuclear cells (MNC) at fasting and postprandial states (up to 6-h).
  
  
  
  Expression of NF-κB and TNFα genes were greater; whereas that of TGFβ and IL-6 genes were lower, in the OIR compared to the LIS individuals. The differences were significantly greater after the HC meal, but not after the HP or HF meal. Similar results were obtained for plasma concentrations of TNFα and IL-6.
  
  
  
  Our findings indicate that a single HC meal has a distinct adverse effect on immunometabolic responses in the OIR individuals. The cumulative effect of such adverse responses to meals rich in carbohydrate may predispose the OIR individuals to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore, Singapore.|Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ehsan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Parvaresh Rizi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baig
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shabeer
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Teo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Shao Feng
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Mok
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Tze Ping
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.|Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences (SICS), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Faidon
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Magkos
authors.affiliation: University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Virtue
authors.affiliation: University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vidal-Puig
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore, Singapore.|Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.|DUKE-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: E Shyong
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore, Singapore.|Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.|DUKE-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Chin Meng
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Khoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore, Singapore. mdcsates@nus.edu.sg.|Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore. mdcsates@nus.edu.sg.|DUKE-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. mdcsates@nus.edu.sg.|Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA. mdcsates@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Sue-Anne
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Toh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Diet; Gene expression; Inflammation; Macronutrients; Mononuclear cells