title: Blood species discrimination using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
abstract: Blood species identification is an important challenge in forensic science. Conventional methods used for blood species analysis are destructive and associated with time-consuming sample preparation steps. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is known for its nondestructive properties and fast results. This research study presents a proton (1H) NMR method to discriminate blood species including human, cat, dog, elephant, and bison. Characteristic signals acting as markers are observed for each species. Moreover, the data are evaluated by principle component analysis (PCA) and support vector machines (SVM). A 100% correct species recognition between human and nonhuman species is achieved using radial basis kernel function (RBF) and standardized data. The research study shows that1H NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool for differentiating human and nonhuman blood showing a great significance to forensic science.
authors.affiliation: Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Str. 33, 50996, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Elina
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2277-845X
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zailer
authors.affiliation: Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Str. 33, 50996, Cologne, Germany. info@spectralservice.de.
authors.forename: Bernd W K
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Diehl
authors.affiliation: Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Str. 33, 50996, Cologne, Germany.|Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Street 83, 410012, Saratov, Russia.
authors.forename: Yulia B
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Monakhova
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016164:Bison / Q000097:blood; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D002415:Cats / Q000097:blood; D004285:Dogs / Q000097:blood; D004606:Elephants / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013045:Species Specificity; D060388:Support Vector Machine
keywords: Blood species identification; Forensic science; Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR); Principle component analysis