title: Improvement of pressure ulcer prevention care in private for-profit residential care homes: an action research study.
abstract: A need exits to develop a protocol for preventing pressure ulcers (PUs) in private for-profit nursing homes in Hong Kong, where the incidence of PUs is relatively high and which have high proportion of non-professional care staff. The implementation of such protocol would involve changes in the practice of care, likely evoking feelings of fear and uncertainty that may become a barrier to staff adherence. We thus adopted the Systems Model of Action Research in this study to manage the process of change for improving PU prevention care and to develop a pressure ulcer prevention protocol for private for-profit nursing homes.
  
  
  
  A total of 474 residents and care staff who were health workers, personal care workers, and/or nurses from four private, for-profit nursing homes in Hong Kong participated in this study. Three cyclic stages and steps, namely, unfreezing (planning), changing (action), and refreezing (results) were carried out. During each cycle, focus group interviews, field observations of the care staff's practices and inspections of the skin of the residents for pressure ulcers were conducted to evaluate the implementation of the protocol. Qualitative content analysis was adopted to analyse the data. The data and methodological triangulation used in this study increased the credibility and validity of the results.
  
  
  
  The following nine themes emerged from this study: prevention practices after the occurrence of PUs, the improper use of pressure ulcer prevention materials, non-compliance with several prevention practices, improper prevention practices, the perception that the preventive care was being performed correctly, inadequate readiness to use the risk assessment tool, an undesirable environment, the supplying of unfavorable resources, and various management styles in the homes with or without nurses. At the end of the third cycle, the changes that were identified included improved compliance with the revised risk assessment method, the timely and appropriate use of PU prevention materials, the empowering of staff to improve the quality of PU care, and improved home management.
  
  
  
  Through the action research approach, the care staff were empowered and their PU prevention care practices had improved, which contributed to the decreased incidence of pressure ulcers. A PU prevention protocol that was accepted by the staff was finally developed as the standard of care for such homes.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Tung Wah College, Wylies Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. enidkwong@twc.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Enid Wy
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Kwong
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Tung Wah College, Wylies Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Maria Sy
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Tung Wah College, Wylies Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Woo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000592:standards; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006707:Homes for the Aged / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011314:Preventive Health Services / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration; D000072263:Private Facilities / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D058996:Quality Improvement; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D017592:Skin Care / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards
keywords: Action research; Gerontology; Pressure ulcer prevention; Residential care homes