title: Bioelectrochemical approach for reductive and oxidative dechlorination of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs).
abstract: A sequential reductive-oxidative treatment was developed in this study in a continuous-flow bioelectrochemical reactor to address bioremediation of groundwater contaminated by trichloroethene (TCE) and less-chlorinated but still harmful intermediates, such as vinyl chloride. In order to optimize the anodic compartment, whereby the oxygen-driven microbial oxidation of TCE-daughter products occurs, abiotic batch experiments were performed with various anode materials poised at +1.20 V vs. SHE (i.e., graphite rods and titanium mesh anode coated with mixed metal oxides (MMO)) and setups (i.e., electrodes embedded within a bed of silica beads or graphite granule). The MMO anode displayed higher efficiency (>90%) for oxygen generation compared to the graphite electrodes. Additionally, the graphite bed presence adversely affects oxygen generation, likely due to the oxygen scavenging. This effect was completely eliminated by replacing the graphite granules with silica beads. The anodic setups were thereafter verified in a mentioned reactor at an applied TCE loading rate of approximately 20 μM d-1and a hydraulic retention time of 1.4 d in each compartment. The cathode consisted of a bed of graphite granules and was potentiostatically controlled at -0.65 V vs. SHE. The best reactor performance in terms of removal efficiency (i.e., >97%), removal rate (i.e., 121.8 ± 2.7 μeq L-1d-1), and the residual concentration (i.e., 5.03 ± 0.63 μeq L-1) of chlorinated contaminants was achieved with the MMO anode placed in a silica bed. Ecotoxicity tests performed with algae confirmed these results by showing progressive toxicity reduction from inlet to cathodic and anodic effluent using this reactor configuration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. Electronic address: agnese.lai@uniroma1.it.
authors.forename: Agnese
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), 00015 Monterotondo, RM, Italy.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aulenta
authors.affiliation: Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mingazzini
authors.affiliation: Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Palumbo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco Petrangeli
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Papini
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Verdini
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Majone
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors; D004566:Electrodes; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D054879:Halogenation; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010087:Oxides; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D014241:Trichloroethylene / Q000737:chemistry*; D014752:Vinyl Chloride / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D010087:Oxides; D014241:Trichloroethylene; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D006108:Graphite; D014025:Titanium; D010100:Oxygen; D014752:Vinyl Chloride
keywords: Bioremediation; Chlorinated solvents; MMO anodes; Oxidative dechlorination