title: Morus Rubra Extract Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Colon Cancer Cells Through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Telomerase.
abstract: Many studies have reported cytotoxic effects of different Morus species, but there have been only limited studies on the cytotoxic effect of Morus rubra. The aims of this study were to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of dimethyl sulfoxide extract of M. rubra and to investigate, for the first time, its probable cytotoxic activity in human colon cancer (WiDr) cells, together with the mechanism involved. The cytotoxic activity of extract was determined using MTT assay. The mechanism involved in the cytotoxic effect of extract was then evaluated in terms of apoptosis, and the cell cycle using flow cytometry, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was investigated using the fluorometric method, and expression levels of telomerase and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) were investigated using reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR). M. rubra extract exhibited moderate selective cytotoxicity on colon cancer cells compared with fibroblast cells. Extract induced cell cycle arrest at the G1phase and apoptosis via reduced MMP in WiDr cells. Additionally, M. rubra extract significantly repressed telomerase and induced CHOP expressions in WiDr cells. Our results demonstrate that targeting telomerase and endoplasmic reticulum stress represents a promising strategy in colon cancer therapy, and M. rubra may have considerable potential for development as a novel natural product-based anticancer agent.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nutrition and Dietetics , Faculty of Health Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey.
authors.forename: Selim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.affiliation: b Department of Genetic and Bioengineering , Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Gumushane University , Gumushane , Turkey.|c Medicinal Plants , Traditional Medicine Practice and Research Center, Gumushane University , Gumushane , Turkey.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Turan
authors.affiliation: d Department of Medical Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey.
authors.forename: Yuksel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aliyazicioglu
authors.affiliation: b Department of Genetic and Bioengineering , Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Gumushane University , Gumushane , Turkey.
authors.forename: Kagan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kilinc
authors.affiliation: d Department of Medical Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey.
authors.forename: Serap Ozer
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Yaman
authors.affiliation: e Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey.
authors.forename: Elif
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ayazoglu Demir
authors.affiliation: f Department of Biotechnology , Institute of Science, Gumushane University , Gumushane , Turkey.
authors.forename: Ayse
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.affiliation: d Department of Medical Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mentese
authors.affiliation: d Department of Medical Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey.
authors.forename: Orhan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Deger
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D031625:Morus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019098:Telomerase / Q000235:genetics*; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; C497249:DDIT3 protein, human; D010936:Plant Extracts; D051742:Transcription Factor CHOP; D019098:Telomerase; D002945:Cisplatin