title: Combining Multiple Hypothesis Testing with Machine Learning Increases the Statistical Power of Genome-wide Association Studies.
abstract: The standard approach to the analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) is based on testing each position in the genome individually for statistical significance of its association with the phenotype under investigation. To improve the analysis of GWAS, we propose a combination of machine learning and statistical testing that takes correlation structures within the set of SNPs under investigation in a mathematically well-controlled manner into account. The novel two-step algorithm, COMBI, first trains a support vector machine to determine a subset of candidate SNPs and then performs hypothesis tests for these SNPs together with an adequate threshold correction. Applying COMBI to data from a WTCCC study (2007) and measuring performance as replication by independent GWAS published within the 2008-2015 period, we show that our method outperforms ordinary raw p-value thresholding as well as other state-of-the-art methods. COMBI presents higher power and precision than the examined alternatives while yielding fewer false (i.e. non-replicated) and more true (i.e. replicated) discoveries when its results are validated on later GWAS studies. More than 80% of the discoveries made by COMBI upon WTCCC data have been validated by independent studies. Implementations of the COMBI method are available as a part of the GWASpi toolbox 2.0.
authors.affiliation: Machine Learning Group, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, 10587, Germany.
authors.forename: Bettina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mieth
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, 10099, Germany.
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kloft
authors.affiliation: Institut de Biología Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF). Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut. Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08003, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: TomTom Research, Berlin, 12555, Germany.
authors.forename: Sören
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sonnenburg
authors.affiliation: Machine Learning Group, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, 10587, Germany.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vobruba
authors.affiliation: Institut de Biología Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF). Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut. Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08003, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morcillo-Suárez
authors.affiliation: Institut de Biología Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF). Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut. Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08003, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Farré
authors.affiliation: School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 30332, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Urko M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Marigorta
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8006, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fehr
authors.affiliation: Institute for Statistics (FB 3), University of Bremen, Bremen, 28359, Germany.
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dickhaus
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14476, Germany.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Blanchard
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, University of Mainz, Mainz, 55099, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schunk
authors.affiliation: Institut de Biología Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF). Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut. Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, 08003, Spain.|Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010, Spain.|Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, 08003, Spain.
authors.forename: Arcadi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.affiliation: Machine Learning Group, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, 10587, Germany.|Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Klaus-Robert
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Müller