title: A universal synthetic route to carbon nanotube/transition metal oxide nano-composites for lithium ion batteries and electrochemical capacitors.
abstract: We report a simple synthetic approach to coaxially grow transition metal oxide (TMO) nanostructures on carbon nanotubes (CNT) with ready control of phase and morphology. A thin (~4 nm) sulfonated-polystyrene (SPS) pre-coating is essential for the deposition of transition metal based materials. This layer has abundant sulfonic groups (-SO3-) that can effectively attract Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+ions through electrostatic interaction and induce them via hydrolysis, dehydration and recrystallization to form coaxial (NiO, Co3O4, NiCoO2and ZnCo2O4) shells and a nanosheet-like morphology around CNT. These structures possess a large active surface and enhanced structural robustness when used as electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and electrochemical capacitors (ECs). As electrodes for LIBs, the ZnCo2O4@CNT material shows extremely stable cycling performance with a discharge capacity of 1068 mAh g-1after 100 cycles at a current density of 400 mAg-1. For EC applications, the NiCoO2@CNT exhibits a high capacitance of 1360 Fg-1at current densities of 10 Ag-1after 3000 cycles and an overall capacitance loss of only 1.4%. These results demonstrate the potential of such hybrid materials meeting the crucial requirements of cycling stability and high rate capability for energy conversion and storage devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an China.
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an China.
authors.forename: Lusi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an China.
authors.forename: Dongyang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Sydney, New South Wales, 2007, Australia.
authors.forename: Shuangqiang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Coxon
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Xiong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coto
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Hyun-Kyung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behaviour of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an China.
authors.forename: Shujiang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ding