title: Dietary marine-derived long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular disease risk: a mini review.
abstract: Regular fish/fish oil consumption is widely recommended for protection against cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Fish and other marine life are rich sources of the cardioprotective long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3; DHA). The lipid content and fatty acid profile of fish, however, vary greatly among different fish species. In addition to n-3 PUFA, certain fish, such as saury, pollock, and herring, also contain high levels of long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids (LCMUFA), with aliphatic tails longer than 18 C atoms (i.e., C20:1 and C22:1 isomers). Compared with well-studied n-3 PUFA, limited information, however, is available on the health benefits of marine-derived LCMUFA, particularly in regard to CVD. Our objective in this review is to summarize the current knowledge and provide perspective on the potential therapeutic value of dietary LCMUFA-rich marine oil for improving CVD risk factors. We will also review the possible mechanisms of LCMUFA action on target tissues. Finally, we describe the epidemiologic data and small-scaled clinical studies that have been done on marine oils enriched in LCMUFA. Although there are still many unanswered questions about LCMUFA, this appears to be promising new area of research that may lead to new insights into the health benefits of a different component of fish oils besides n-3 PUFA.
authors.affiliation: Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892-1666, USA.|Central Research Laboratory, Tokyo Innovation Center, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, 32-3 Nanakuni 1 Chome Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0991, Japan.
authors.forename: Zhi-Hong
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1885-3162
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892-1666, USA.
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Emma-Okon
authors.affiliation: Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardio-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892-1666, USA. aremaley1@nhlbi.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Alan T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Remaley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D012306:Risk; D017747:Seafood
chemical_list: D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D005395:Fish Oils
keywords: Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular disease; Inflammation; Long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway