title: Secondary abdominal pregnancy in human immunodeficiency virus-positive woman.
abstract: We report on an abdominal pregnancy in human immunodeficiency virus-positive mother, currently on antiretroviral therapy, which was discovered incidentally while training the obstetric ultrasound capacity building program. Although abdominal pregnancy is a rare form of ectopic pregnancy, it may be more common in women with HIV infection because they tend to have a higher rate of sexually transmitted diseases than the general population. The positive diagnosis of abdominal pregnancy is difficult to establish and is usually missed during prenatal assessment particularly in settings that lack routine ultrasound examination as is the case in most developing countries. For the management of abdominal pregnancy, surgical intervention is recommended and removal of the placenta is a key controversy. Ultrasonography is considered the front-line and most effective imaging method and an awareness with a high index of suspicion of abdominal pregnancy is vital for reducing associated high maternal and even higher perinatal mortality.
authors.affiliation: Korea International Cooperation Agency Tanzania Office, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Myoung Chan
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4280-5144
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Korea International Cooperation Agency Tanzania Office, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Hudson
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Manyanga
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Medical Imaging, Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Flora
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lwakatare
keywords: Abdominal pregnancy; Human immunodeficiency virus; Placenta; Ultrasonography