title: Infective Endocarditis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.
abstract: Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare, life-threatening disease with a mortality rate of 25% and significant debilitating morbidities. Although much has been reported on contemporary IE in high-income countries, conclusions on the state of IE in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are based on studies conducted before the year 2000. Furthermore, unique challenges in the diagnosis and management of IE persist in LMICs. This article reviews IE studies conducted in LMICs documenting clinical experiences from the year 2000 to 2016. Presented are the causes of IE, management of patients with IE, and prevailing challenges in diagnosis and treatment of IE in LMICs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, PO Box 3, Eldoret 30100, Kenya; Department of Pharmacy Practice, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, 575 Stadium Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. Electronic address: njugunaben1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Benson
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Njuguna
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 340 West 10th Street #6200, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, 575 Stadium Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Rakhi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Hospices civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, Equipe d'Accueil HESPER 7425, Hôpital Louis Pradel, 28, avenue du Doyen Lépine, Bron Cedex 69677, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Delahaye
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D004696:Endocarditis / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D011203:Poverty; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Causes; Challenges; Developing countries; Endocarditis in LMIC; Management