title: First in-flight synchrotron X-ray absorption and photoemission study of carbon soot nanoparticles.
abstract: Many studies have been conducted on the environmental impacts of combustion generated aerosols. Due to their complex composition and morphology, their chemical reactivity is not well understood and new developments of analysis methods are needed. We report the first demonstration of in-flight X-ray based characterizations of freshly emitted soot particles, which is of paramount importance for understanding the role of one of the main anthropogenic particulate contributors to global climate change. Soot particles, produced by a burner for several air-to-fuel ratios, were injected through an aerodynamic lens, focusing them to a region where they interacted with synchrotron radiation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and carbon K-edge near-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy were performed and compared to those obtained for supported samples. A good agreement is found between these samples, although slight oxidation is observed for supported samples. Our experiments demonstrate that NEXAFS characterization of supported samples provides relevant information on soot composition, with limited effects of contamination or ageing under ambient storage conditions. The highly surface sensitive XPS experiments of airborne soot indicate that the oxidation is different at the surface as compared to the bulk probed by NEXAFS. We also report changes in soot's work function obtained at different combustion conditions.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSN-RES, SCA, LPMA, Gif-Sur-Yvette, 91192, France.
authors.forename: F-X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Ouf
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINAM, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parent
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINAM, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laffon
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINAM, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marhaba
authors.affiliation: Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINAM, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ferry
authors.affiliation: Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSN-RES, SCA, LPMA, Gif-Sur-Yvette, 91192, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Marcillaud
authors.affiliation: Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint Aubin, BP 48, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, 91192, France.|Physical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Antonsson
authors.affiliation: Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint Aubin, BP 48, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, 91192, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benkoula
authors.affiliation: School of Physics and Nuclear Energy Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191,China.
authors.forename: X-J
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint Aubin, BP 48, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, 91192, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nicolas
authors.affiliation: Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint Aubin, BP 48, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, 91192, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.affiliation: Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint Aubin, BP 48, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, 91192, France.|Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, Molecular Materials Research Community, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patanen
authors.affiliation: NIMBE/CEA/CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay/Laboratoire Edifices Nanométriques, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, 91191, France.
authors.forename: F-A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Barreda
authors.affiliation: NIMBE/CEA/CNRS/Université Paris-Saclay/Laboratoire Edifices Nanométriques, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, 91191, France.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sublemontier
authors.affiliation: Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, CORIA, 76000 Rouen, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coppalle
authors.affiliation: Normandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN, CNRS, CORIA, 76000 Rouen, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yon
authors.affiliation: CEA/DEN/DPC/SCCME/Laboratoire d'Etude de la Corrosion Aqueuse, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, 91191, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Miserque
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux et Catalyse, Faculté des Sciences Exactes, Université de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algérie.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mostefaoui
authors.affiliation: Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada.
authors.forename: T Z
authors.initials: TZ
authors.lastname: Regier
authors.affiliation: Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR 6251, Université Rennes 1, Rennes Cedex, 35042, France.
authors.forename: J-B A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint Aubin, BP 48, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, 91192, France.|Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physiscs (ELI-NP), "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului Street, RO-077125 Măgurele, Jud. Ilfov, Romania.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miron