title: GADD45α is involved in the apoptosis of lymphocytes induced by riboflavin and ultraviolet light.
abstract: Riboflavin plus ultraviolet (UV) pathogen reduction technology (RF-PRT) is an effective method for inactivating the residual white blood cells (WBCs) in blood components. The RF-PRT system for platelets is known to activate many signaling pathways, including p38 and NF-κB. Nevertheless, proteomic studies in WBCs after riboflavin plus UV treatment requires further analysis.
  
  
  
  ABO/D-matched lymphocytes were pooled, split, and treated with RF-PRT or UV light or left untreated. After treatment, cell apoptosis was measured. In addition, cell proliferation and the cycle distribution were evaluated upon stimulation with phytohemagglutinin. The changes in the protein expression levels of growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible (GADD)45α, p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were determined by Western blotting. The effect of GADD45α, p38, and JNK on apoptosis was assessed.
  
  
  
  RF-PRT significantly inhibited proliferation and induced G1 arrest in lymphocytes. Furthermore, the percentage of apoptotic cells was increased in RF-PRT-treated lymphocytes compared to UV-treated cells or untreated cells, associated with the up regulation of GADD45α expression. Consistent with these observations, the inhibition of GADD45α expression partially counteracted the effects of riboflavin plus UV treatment. The p38 and JNK signaling pathways were activated by GADD45α in RF-PRT-treated lymphocytes.
  
  
  
  These data revealed that RF-PRT effectively inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of lymphocytes by promoting GADD45α expression, which subsequently activates p38 and JNK signaling pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Blood Transfusion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, PR China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Blood Transfusion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, PR China.
authors.forename: Huiqin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Department of Blood Transfusion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, PR China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Department of Blood Transfusion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, PR China.
authors.forename: Hailiang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Blood Transfusion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, PR China.
authors.forename: Bangqiang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Blood Transfusion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, PR China.
authors.forename: Kang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, PR China.
authors.forename: Mo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Blood Transfusion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, PR China.
authors.forename: Maohong
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bian
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004203:Disinfection; D005260:Female; D059585:G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000097642:GADD45 Proteins
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012256:Riboflavin; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C439070:GADD45A protein, human; D000097642:GADD45 Proteins