title: Salinity and temperature significantly influence seed germination, seedling establishment, and seedling growth of eelgrassZostera marinaL.
abstract: Globally, seagrass beds have been recognized as critical yet declining coastal habitats. To mitigate seagrass losses, seagrass restorations have been conducted in worldwide over the past two decades. Seed utilization is considered to be an important approach in seagrass restoration efforts. In this study, we investigated the effects of salinity and temperature on seed germination, seedling establishment, and seedling growth of eelgrassZostera marinaL. (Swan Lake, northern China). We initially tested the effects of salinity (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 ppt) and water temperature (5, 10, 15, and 20 °C) on seed germination to identify optimal levels. To identify levels of salinity that could potentially limit survival and growth, and, consequently, the spatial distribution of seedlings in temperate estuaries, we then examined the effect of freshwater and other salinity levels (10, 20, and 30 ppt) on seedling growth and establishment to confirm suitable conditions for seedling development. Finally, we examined the effect of transferring germinated seeds from freshwater or low salinity levels (1, 5, and 15 ppt) to natural seawater (32 ppt) on seedling establishment rate (SER) at 15 °C. In our research, we found that: (1) Mature seeds had a considerably lower moisture content than immature seeds; therefore, moisture content may be a potential indicator ofZ. marinaseed maturity; (2) Seed germination significantly increased at low salinity (p < 0.001) and high temperature (p < 0.001). Salinity had a much stronger influence on seed germination than temperature. Maximum seed germination (88.67 ± 5.77%) was recorded in freshwater at 15 °C; (3) Freshwater and low salinity levels (< 20 ppt) increased germination but had a strong negative effect on seedling morphology (number of leaves per seedling reduced from 2 to 0, and maximum seedling leaf length reduced from 4.48 to 0 cm) and growth (seedling biomass reduced by 46.15-66.67% and maximum seedling length reduced by 21.16-69.50%). However,Z. marinaperformed almost equally well at salinities of 20 and 30 ppt. Very few germinated seeds completed leaf differentiation and seedling establishment in freshwater or at low salinity, implying that freshwater and low salinity may potentially limit the distribution of this species in coastal and estuarine waters. Therefore, the optimum salinity forZ. marinaseedling establishment and colonization appears to be above 20 ppt in natural beds; (4) Seeds germinated in freshwater or at low salinity levels could be transferred to natural seawater to accomplish seedling establishment and colonization. This may be the optimal method for the adoption of seed utilization in seagrass restoration. We also identified seven stages of seed germination and seedling metamorphosis in order to characterize growth and developmental characteristics. Our results may serve as useful information forZ. marinahabitat establishment and restoration programs.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Department of Bioscience, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shaochun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Department of Bioscience, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Pengmei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Department of Bioscience, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Department of Bioscience, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaomei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Department of Bioscience, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ruiting
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gu
keywords: Salinity; Seagrass; Seed germination; Seedling establishment; Seedling growth; Temperature; Zostera marina L.