title: Circulating active serum calcium reduces the risk of hypertension.
abstract: Purpose Calcium, which is one the most abundant mineral elements in the body, has been suggested to be involved in blood pressure regulation. We aimed to assess the association of active serum calcium (which is the ionised and physiologically active form of serum calcium) with the future risk of hypertension. Methods The active serum calcium concentration was assessed at baseline in the Finnish Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease population-based prospective cohort study of 1562 normotensive men aged 42-61 years at baseline. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals (CIs)) for incident hypertension. Results During a median follow-up of 24.9 years, 247 men developed new-onset hypertension. Active serum calcium was inversely associated with incident hypertension in an approximately linear fashion. In age-adjusted analysis, the hazard ratio for hypertension per 1 standard deviation increase in active serum calcium was 0.86 (95% CI 0.76-0.98), which remained consistent after adjustment for several established risk factors and potential confounders 0.82 (0.71-0.94). In a comparison of extreme quintiles of active serum calcium levels, the corresponding adjusted hazard ratios were 0.59 (95% CI 0.39-0.90) and 0.54 (95% CI 0.35-0.82), respectively. Conclusion Active serum calcium is protective of future hypertension in a middle-aged male Caucasian population. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and help unravel the mechanistic pathways of calcium in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Setor K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kunutsor
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland.|3 Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Jari A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Laukkanen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood*; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015994:Incidence; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D065840:Protective Factors; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Active serum calcium; blood pressure; hypertension; risk factor