title: Research progress of hydroxychloroquine and autophagy inhibitors on cancer.
abstract: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), the analog of chloroquine, augments the effect of chemotherapies and radiotherapy on various tumors identified in the current clinical trials. Meanwhile, the toxicity of HCQ retinopathy raises concern worldwide. Thus, the potent autophagy inhibitors are urgently needed.
  
  
  
  A systematic review was related to 'hydroxychloroquine' or 'chloroquine' with 'clinical trials,' 'retinopathy' and 'new autophagy inhibitors.' This led to many cross-references involving HCQ, and these data have been incorporated into the following study.
  
  
  
  Many preclinical studies indicate that the combination of HCQ with chemotherapies or radiotherapies may enhance the effect of anticancer, providing base for launching cancer clinical trials involving HCQ. The new and more sensitive diagnostic techniques report a prevalence of HCQ retinopathy up to 7.5%. Lys05, SAR405, verteporfin, VATG-027, mefloquine and spautin-1 may be potent autophagy inhibitors.
  
  
  
  Additional mechanistic studies of HCQ in preclinical models are still required in order to answer these questions whether HCQ actually inhibits autophagy in non-selective tumors and whether the extent of inhibition would be sufficient to alter chemotherapy or radiotherapy sensitivity.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Ting-Ting
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Xu
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, China. yanlijun234@126.com.
authors.forename: Li-Jun
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China. xht927@163.com.|Department of Pharmacy, Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China. xht927@163.com.|Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China. xht927@163.com.
authors.forename: Hong-Tao
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1725-7550
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D006886:Hydroxychloroquine
keywords: Clinical trials; Hydroxychloroquine; New autophagy inhibitors; Retinopathy