title: Diagnosis of cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury from functional to damage biomarkers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in up to 30% after cardiac surgery and is associated with adverse outcome. Currently, cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) is diagnosed by Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria based on creatinine and urine output. To detect and treat AKI earlier, various biomarkers have been evaluated. This review addresses the current position of the two damage biomarkers neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7] in clinical practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present an updated review on the use of blood and urinary NGAL in CSA-AKI. NGAL is a good predictor, and performs better in children than adults. There is a large variation in predictive ability, possibly caused by diversity of AKI definitions used, different time of measurement of NGAL, and lack of specificity of NGAL assays.Similarly, there are conflicting data on the predictive ability of urinary [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7] for CSA-AKI.Recently, both for NGAL and for urinary [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7], a set of actions, based on pretest assessment of risk for CSA-AKI and biomarker test results, was developed. These scores should be evaluated in prospective trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NGAL and urinary [TIMP-2] [IGFBP7], in combination with pretest assessment, are promising tools for early detection and treatment in CSA-AKI.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Ghent University Hospital bDepartment of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University cDepartment of Intensive Care Medicine, Research Foundation-Flanders, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vandenberghe
authors.forename: Jorien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Loor
authors.forename: Eric A J
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hoste
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins / Q000032:analysis*; D000071068:Lipocalin-2 / Q000032:analysis*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine; D013997:Time Factors; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; C560823:TIMP2 protein, human; C102529:insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 1; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D003404:Creatinine