title: Classification of teeth in cone-beam CT using deep convolutional neural network.
abstract: Dental records play an important role in forensic identification. To this end, postmortem dental findings and teeth conditions are recorded in a dental chart and compared with those of antemortem records. However, most dentists are inexperienced at recording the dental chart for corpses, and it is a physically and mentally laborious task, especially in large scale disasters. Our goal is to automate the dental filing process by using dental x-ray images. In this study, we investigated the application of a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) for classifying tooth types on dental cone-beam computed tomography (CT) images. Regions of interest (ROIs) including single teeth were extracted from CT slices. Fifty two CT volumes were randomly divided into 42 training and 10 test cases, and the ROIs obtained from the training cases were used for training the DCNN. For examining the sampling effect, random sampling was performed 3 times, and training and testing were repeated. We used the AlexNet network architecture provided in the Caffe framework, which consists of 5 convolution layers, 3 pooling layers, and 2 full connection layers. For reducing the overtraining effect, we augmented the data by image rotation and intensity transformation. The test ROIs were classified into 7 tooth types by the trained network. The average classification accuracy using the augmented training data by image rotation and intensity transformation was 88.8%. Compared with the result without data augmentation, data augmentation resulted in an approximately 5% improvement in classification accuracy. This indicates that the further improvement can be expected by expanding the CT dataset. Unlike the conventional methods, the proposed method is advantageous in obtaining high classification accuracy without the need for precise tooth segmentation. The proposed tooth classification method can be useful in automatic filing of dental charts for forensic identification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Intelligent Image Information, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuma
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.affiliation: Department of Intelligent Image Information, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1194, Japan. Electronic address: chisa@fjt.info.gifu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Chisako
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muramatsu
authors.affiliation: Media Co., Ltd., 3-26-6 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Intelligent Image Information, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
authors.forename: Xiangrong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Intelligent Image Information, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Radiology, School of Dentistry, Asahi University, 1851 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu 501-0296, Japan.
authors.forename: Akitoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katsumata
authors.affiliation: Department of Intelligent Image Information, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujita
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D044707:Forensic Sciences / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D011861:Radiography, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D014070:Tooth / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: Deep convolutional neural networks; Dental chart; Dental cone-beam CT; Forensic identification; Tooth classification