title: Rubella outbreak and outbreak management in a school setting, China, 2014.
abstract: An active response to a rubella outbreak may interrupt disease transmission, and outbreak response immunization (ORI) can increase immunity among persons who might otherwise not be protected. On March 17, 2014, a rubella outbreak was reported in a middle school in Guangzhou city, China. We conducted an investigation to assess impact of a policy of exclusion of cases from school and of ORI.
  
  
  
  Active surveillance was used to find cases of rubella. Investigators interviewed teachers and reviewed the absentee records to determine implementation details of school exclusion. ORI was recommended on 2 occasions during the outbreak, one small-scale and one large-scale. Laboratory confirmation tests included serum IgM and IgG measurements to distinguish between acute infection and immunity. A serological survey in 4 classes was used to determine immunity status and identify symptomatic and asymptomatic cases.
  
  
  
  From February 17 to May 23, 2014, 162 rubella cases (24 laboratory-confirmed and 138 epidemiologically linked) were detected among 1,621 students. Cases ultimately occurred in 27 classes (72.97%) across 37 classes. In 11 classes in which exclusion from school was delayed by 1 or more days, the secondary attack rate was 12.30%, compared with 2.35% in 15 classes with immediate exclusion. ORI increased vaccine coverage from 25.83 % to 86.92%, and the final case of the epidemic was reported one month later. A serological survey of 91 students in 4 classes identified 15 cases, 6 of which were asymptomatic.
  
  
  
  The outbreak happened in school with low rubella-containing vaccination coverage. Exclusion from school upon rash/fever onset was associated with lowering the secondary attack rate, but school exclusion alone was not able to stop this outbreak - a large ORI was needed. Assuring complete vaccination upon entry to school is likely to be necessary to ensure coverage is above the herd immunity threshold and prevent outbreaks from happening.
authors.affiliation: a Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinan , Shandong , China.|b Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program (CFETP), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Caiyun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: b Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program (CFETP), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Huilai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: c Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China.
authors.forename: Wenjia
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: c Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: d Dongguan Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Dongguan , Guangdong , China.|e Guangdong Field Epidemiology Training Program (GDFETP), Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China.
authors.forename: Xianghuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.affiliation: f National Center of Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Zhijie
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: c Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China.
authors.forename: Huizhen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D012409:Rubella / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D012411:Rubella Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012574:Schools
chemical_list: D012411:Rubella Vaccine
keywords: Rubella; outbreak response immunization; school-exclusion policy