title: Routine surveillance cholangiography after percutaneous cholecystostomy delays drain removal and cholecystectomy.
abstract: Percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) is often performed for patients with acute cholecystitis who are at high risk for operative morbidity and mortality. However, the necessity for routine cholangiography after PC remains unclear. We hypothesized that routine surveillance cholangiography (RSC) after PC would provide no benefit compared to on-demand cholangiography (ODC) triggered by signs or symptoms of biliary pathology.
  
  
  
  We performed a 3-year retrospective cohort analysis of patients managed with PC for acute cholecystitis at two tertiary care hospitals. Patients who had routine surveillance cholangiography (RSC, n = 43) were compared to patients who had on-demand cholangiography (ODC, n = 41) triggered by recurrent biliary disease.
  
  
  
  RSC and ODC groups were similar by severity of acute cholecystitis, presence of gallstones, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria at the time of PC, SIRS criteria 72 hours after PC, and hospital length of stay. Two patients in the ODC group developed clinical indications for cholangiography. All 44 RSC patients had cholangiography, and 67 total cholangiograms were performed in this group. Surveillance cholangiography identified six patients (14%) with cystic duct filling defect and seven patients (16%) with a common bile duct filling defect, all of whom were asymptomatic. Fifteen patients (35%) in the RSC group had 32 ERCP procedures; five patients (12%) in the ODC group had 7 ERCPs (p = 0.021). The ODC group had fewer days to drain removal (35 vs. 61, p < 0.001) and days to cholecystectomy (39 vs. 81, p = 0.005). Rates of recurrent cholecystitis, cholangitis, gallstone pancreatitis, drain removal, and cholecystectomy were similar between groups.
  
  
  
  RSC after PC for acute cholecystitis identified biliary pathology in asymptomatic patients and propagated further testing, but did not provide clinical benefit. ODC was associated with earlier drain removal, earlier cholecystectomy, and decreased resource utilization.
  
  
  
  Prognostic study, level III; therapeutic study, level IV.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Surgery and Center for Sepsis and Critical Illness Research, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida (all authors).
authors.forename: Tyler J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Loftus
authors.forename: Scott C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Brakenridge
authors.forename: Frederick A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Camille G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Dessaigne
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Sarosi
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Zingarelli
authors.forename: Janeen R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: Chasen A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Croft
authors.forename: R Stephen
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Efron
authors.forename: Alicia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mohr
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002758:Cholangiography; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D041881:Cholecystitis, Acute / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D002767:Cholecystostomy; D015897:Comorbidity; D020878:Device Removal; D004322:Drainage; D005431:Florida; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging