title: One Health training and research activities in Western Europe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The increase in emerging human infectious diseases that have a zoonotic origin and the increasing resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobial drugs have shown the need for collaborations between the human, animal and environmental health sectors. The One Health concept increasingly receives recognition from policy makers and researchers all over the world. This overview compiled research and education activities in the area of One Health in Western Europe (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, Portugal, Scandinavia, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK), with a focus on infectious diseases. It can serve as a starting point for future initiatives and collaborations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search for 'One Health' was performed using National Center for Biotechnology Information and Google. Moreover, information from global and European policy documents was collected and a questionnaire was designed to gather current One Health research and training activities in Western Europe.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This overview shows that there is considerable recognition for One Health in Europe, although most educational initiatives are recent. In Europe, the One Health approach is currently mainly advocated in relation to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Many countries have incorporated the One Health approach in their policy to fight AMR, and funding possibilities for AMR research increased significantly. The number of national and international multidisciplinary research networks in the area of zoonotic diseases and One Health is increasing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although One Health has gained recognition in Europe, often a One Health approach to research and education in the area of zoonotic diseases and AMR is not implemented. In many countries, collaboration between sectors is still lacking, and One Health activities are predominantly initiated by the veterinary sector. To facilitate the multidisciplinary approach that is needed to fight zoonotic diseases and AMR, exploring current barriers for collaboration is needed. Targeted funding can help address these boundaries and facilitate multidisciplinary research and training to fight both zoonotic diseases and AMR in Europe.
authors.affiliation: Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; r.sikkema@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Reina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sikkema
authors.affiliation: Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.|Netherlands Centre for One Health, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koopmans
keywords: antimicrobial resistance; comparative medicine; ecohealth; ecosystem health; global health; multidisciplinary collaboration; multidisciplinary research; one medicine; zoonoses