title: Prevalence and patterns of cigarette smoking among patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis in Tanzania.
abstract: Cigarette smoking is one of the major risk factors for non-AIDS related morbidities and is highly prevalent among HIV infected people. However, no reports exist from Tanzania, one of the countries highly affected by the HIV pandemic and one of Africa's biggest tobacco producer.
  
  
  
  We examined the patterns and prevalence of cigarette smoking among HIV and TB co-infected adult patients in Dar es Salaam using a cross sectional study design. Proportions were used to describe the pattern of cigarette smoking. Logistic regression was used to assess the association of various participant characteristics with smoking.
  
  
  
  Out of the 518 participants, 17 (3.3%) were current smokers, 96 (18.5%) were ex-smokers and the rest (78.2%) denied ever smoking. Male sex (p<0.001), alcohol (p<0.001), and illicit substance use (p<0.001) were significantly associated with cigarette smoking.
  
  
  
  The study indicates that, the level of current cigarette smoking among HIV/TB co-infected patients in Dar es Salaam is low. Nevertheless, the preponderance of cigarette smoking among men, alcohol drinkers, and those who use illicit substances provides a unique opportunity for targeting such population with smoking cessation interventions; HIV care and treatment clinics are uniquely positioned to provide such interventions.
authors.affiliation: Triangle Solutions, P.O. Box 78807, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Electronic address: rmwiru@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ramadhani Stephano
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Mwiru
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Rd, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: jtjoyce20@hotamil.com.
authors.forename: Tumaini Joseph
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Nagu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Muhimbili National Hospital, Kalenga Street, Upanga West, P.O. Box 65000, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Electronic address: pkaduri@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaduri
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, United Nations Rd, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Electronic address: fm.mugusi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ferdinand
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mugusi
authors.affiliation: Departments of Global Health and Population, Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health,665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: mina@hsph.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Wafaie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fawzi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D060085:Coinfection; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adults; Cigarette smoking; Dar es Salaam; Prevalence; Tanzania; Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection