title: Association between adolescent tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use and individual and environmental resilience protective factors.
abstract: Research suggests that individual and environmental resilience protective factors may be associated with adolescent substance use; however, the associations between a broad range of such factors and use of various types of substances have not been examined. The study aimed to determine the association between a comprehensive range of adolescent individual and environmental resilience protective factors and measures of tobacco, alcohol and illicit substance use.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  
  32 Australian secondary schools.
  
  
  
  Grade 7-10 students (aged 11-17 years).
  
  
  
  Data regarding 14 student individual and environmental resilience protective factors and seven substance use measures (tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, other illicit drug use) were obtained via an online self-report survey. Adjusted multivariate logistic regression analyses examined the association between all student resilience protective factors and seven substance use measures.
  
  
  
  Inverse univariate associations were found for 94 of 98 relationships examined (n=10 092). Multivariate analyses found: consistent inverse associations between 2 of 14 protective factors and all substance use measures ('goals and aspirations', 'prosocial peers'); inverse associations between 4 protective factors with multiple substance use measures ('home support' (5 of 7), 'school support' (3 of 7), 'self-awareness' (2 of 7), 'community meaningful participation' (2 of 7)); positive associations between 2 resilience protective factors with multiple measures of substance use ('community support' (3 of 7), 'peer caring relationships' (5 of 7)) and 6 protective factors not to be associated with any substance use measure.
  
  
  
  Despite individual relationships between the majority of resilience protective factors and substance use types, the protective benefit of such factors for adolescent substance use was limited to only a small number of such factors when considered collectively. Such results suggest that interventions seeking to reduce adolescent substance use may need to target specific protective factors to address specific types of substance use.
  
  
  
  ACTRN12611000606987, Results.
authors.affiliation: Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia.|School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.|Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia.|Priority Research Centre Health Behaviour, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Rebecca Kate
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Hodder
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.|Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia.|Priority Research Centre Health Behaviour, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Freund
authors.affiliation: Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia.|School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.affiliation: Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia.|School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.|Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia.|Priority Research Centre Health Behaviour, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Luke
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6178-3868
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wolfenden
authors.affiliation: Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia.|Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gillham
authors.affiliation: Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia.|Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia.|School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dray
authors.affiliation: Hunter New England Population Health, Wallsend, New South Wales, Australia.|School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.|Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia.|Priority Research Centre Health Behaviour, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiggers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D065840:Protective Factors; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012574:Schools; D057566:Self Report; D013334:Students; D000073869:Tobacco Smoking; D000066608:Underage Drinking / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; PUBLIC HEALTH