title: Disseminated toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii in a wild Florida manatee Trichechus manatus latirostris and seroprevalence in two wild populations.
abstract: Marine mammals are important indicators for ecosystem health and serve as sentinel species for infectious agents including zoonoses. Histological examination of tissues from a stranded Florida manatee Trichechus manatus latirostris revealed protozoal cysts in the cerebrum and intrahistiocytic tachyzoites in the liver and caudal mesenteric lymph node. Disseminated Toxoplasma gondii infection was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and sequencing of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region of formalin-fixed tissues. The lack of baseline information on Florida manatees' exposure to this pathogen prompted a study into the seroprevalence of T. gondii in 2 separate geographic habitats in Florida, USA, during the winters from 2011-2014. Serum was collected during routine health assessments of 44 apparently healthy manatees from Crystal River (n = 26) on the west central coast of Florida and Brevard County (n = 18) on the east coast of Florida. Serum was screened for detection of T. gondii immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies via the modified agglutination test. Two animals from Crystal River from 2011 and 2012 (7.7%) and one animal from Brevard County from 2011 (5.6%) tested positive for T. gondii antibodies. Overall seroprevalence for T. gondii was low in the 2 sampled populations and may reflect a low seroprevalence or animal susceptibility. However, continued monitoring of this pathogen in aquatic ecosystems is warranted due to both possible anthropogenic sources and zoonotic potential.
authors.affiliation: Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo, 1101 W Sligh Avenue, Tampa, FL 33604, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Thomas B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Waltzek
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Rotstein
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Francis-Floyd
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: James F X
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wellehan
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gerhold
authors.forename: Alycia E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Wit
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014124:Toxoplasmosis, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D020457:Trichechus manatus
keywords: Disseminated toxoplasmosis; Florida manatee; Modified agglutination test; Serology; Toxoplasma gondii · Zoonosis