title: Magnesium chloride and polyamine can differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells into trophectoderm or endoderm.
abstract: Magnesium chloride and polyamines stabilize DNA and chromatin. Furthermore, they can induce nucleosome aggregation and chromatin condensation in vitro. To determine the effects of elevating the cation concentrations in the nucleus of a living cell, we microinjected various concentrations of mono-, di- and polyvalent cation solutions into the nuclei of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and traced their fates. Here, we show that an elevation of either MgCl2, spermidine or spermine concentration in the nucleus exerts a significant effect on mouse ES cells, and can differentiate a certain population of the cells into trophectoderm, a lineage that mouse ES cells do not normally generate, or endoderm. It is hypothesized that the cell differentiation was most probably caused by the condensation of chromatin including the Oct3/4 locus, which was induced by the elevated concentrations of these cations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun-Ichi
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Tanase
authors.affiliation: Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.
authors.forename: Takehiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokoo
authors.affiliation: Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsumura
authors.affiliation: Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.affiliation: Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.
authors.forename: Yo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suemori
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; Major in Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan. Electronic address: ohyama@waseda.jp.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002412:Cations; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002843:Chromatin / Q000737:chemistry; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004707:Endoderm / Q000166:cytology*; D015636:Magnesium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D000066450:Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D011073:Polyamines / Q000737:chemistry*; D013095:Spermidine / Q000737:chemistry; D013096:Spermine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D002843:Chromatin; D011073:Polyamines; D015636:Magnesium Chloride; D013096:Spermine; D013095:Spermidine
keywords: Differentiation; Magnesium ion; Mouse ES cell; Nuclear microinjection; Polyamine; Trophectoderm