title: Toxicological effects of dimethomorph on soil enzymatic activity and soil earthworm (Eisenia fetida).
abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of the fungicide dimethomorph to soil microbial activity and the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Multiple biomarkers, namely, four soil enzymes (urease, dehydrogenase, invertase, and acid phosphatase), four earthworm biochemical indices (dismutase, catalase, cellulase, and malondialdehyde), and the transcriptional levels of both target genes (dismutase and catalase) were measured at 1, 10, and 100 mg kg-1after 1, 7, 21, and 28 days. The degradation rate of dimethomorph in soil was also determined, and the results indicated that most parameters did not differ from the controls at 1 and 10 mg kg-1dimethomorph by the last exposure time (28 d). However, high concentrations (100 mg kg-1) of dimethomorph had varying effects on soil enzymatic activity and earthworms. These effects gradually decreased with prolonged exposure times. Positive correlations (R2> 0.57) between the target gene expression levels and antioxidant enzyme activities were observed in this study. We also found that earthworms have improved soil microbial activity and accelerated the degradation of dimethomorph. Overall, higher concentrations of dimethomorph might pose an ecological hazard to soil environments in the short term.
authors.affiliation: College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
authors.forename: Caixia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China. Electronic address: zhangqingminghf@163.com.
authors.forename: Qingming
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
authors.forename: Feifei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Key Lab of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
authors.forename: Wenxing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D009025:Morpholines / Q000633:toxicity*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009025:Morpholines; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C076154:dimethomorph; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Dimethomorph; Earthworm; Gene transcription; Pesticide residue; Soil enzyme