title: Control of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae outbreaks in acute settings: an evidence review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In recent years, infections with carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) have been increasing globally and present a major public health challenge.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review the international literature: (i) to describe CPE outbreaks in acute hospital settings globally; and (ii) to identify the control measures used during these outbreaks and report on their effectiveness.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases, abstract lists for key conferences and reference lists of key reviews was undertaken, and information on unpublished outbreaks was sought for 2000-2015. Where relevant, risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. A narrative synthesis of the evidence was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-eight outbreaks were eligible. These occurred worldwide, with 53 reports from Europe. The number of cases (CPE infection or colonization) involved in outbreaks varied widely, from two to 803. In the vast majority of outbreaks, multi-component infection control measures were used, commonly including: patient screening; contact precautions (e.g. gowns, gloves); handwashing interventions; staff education or monitoring; enhanced environmental cleaning/decontamination; cohorting of patients and/or staff; and patient isolation. Seven studies were identified as providing the best-available evidence on the effectiveness of control measures. These demonstrated that CPE outbreaks can be controlled successfully using a range of appropriate, commonly used, infection control measures. However, risk of bias was considered relatively high for these studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate that CPE outbreaks can be controlled using combinations of existing measures. However, the quality of the evidence base is weak and further high-quality research is needed, particularly on the effectiveness of individual infection control measures.
authors.affiliation: University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation of Interventions at University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: French
authors.affiliation: NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation of Interventions at University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Public Health England, Bristol, UK. Electronic address: caroline.coope@phe.gov.uk.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coope
authors.affiliation: NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation of Interventions at University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Public Health England, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.affiliation: University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation of Interventions at University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: J P T
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.affiliation: Public Health England, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McCulloch
authors.affiliation: University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Okoli
authors.affiliation: Public Health England, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation of Interventions at University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Public Health England, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Oliver
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D003422:Critical Care; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C063912:carbapenemase
keywords: Acute settings; Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae; Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae; Infection control; Outbreak