title: Nasal lavage, blood or sputum: Which is best for phenotyping asthma?
abstract: Determination of asthma phenotypes, particularly inflammatory phenotypes, helps guide treatment and management of this heterogeneous disease. Induced sputum cytology has been the gold standard for determination of inflammatory phenotypes, but sputum induction is fairly invasive and technically challenging. Blood and nasal lavage cytology have been suggested as substitutes, but have not been fully verified. The aim of this study is to determine the accuracy of blood and nasal lavage cytometry as indicators of inflammatory phenotypes in asthma.
  
  
  
  Clinical evaluation, Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) and spirometry were performed for 121 adult asthma patients, and blood, nasal lavage and induced sputum samples were taken. Eosinophils and neutrophils were counted in three samples from each subject. Inflammatory phenotypes (eosinophilic, neutrophilic, mixed and paucicellular) and cells counts were analysed using Venn diagram and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, respectively.
  
  
  
  ACQ score, spirometry and bronchodilator response did not differ among subjects with different inflammatory phenotypes. Inflammatory phenotypes defined by nasal lavage cytometry were in better concordance than those defined by blood cell counts with phenotypes determined by sputum cytology, and were significantly correlated with sputum phenotypes. For eosinophilia, nasal lavage cytology showed better accuracy than blood cytology (area under the curve (AUC): 0.89 vs 0.65). For all phenotypes, sensitivity and positive and negative predictive power were higher for nasal lavage cytometry than for blood. Blood cell counts gave a high level of false positives for all inflammatory phenotypes.
  
  
  
  We recommend nasal lavage cytology over blood cell count as a substitute for sputum cytology to identify inflammatory phenotypes in asthma.
authors.affiliation: Asthma Research Group Respiratory Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, Hospital São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camyla F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: de Farias
authors.affiliation: Asthma Research Group Respiratory Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, Hospital São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria M F
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Amorim
authors.affiliation: Asthma Research Group Respiratory Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, Hospital São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dracoulakis
authors.affiliation: Asthma Research Group Respiratory Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, Hospital São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lilian B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Caetano
authors.affiliation: Asthma Research Group Respiratory Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, Hospital São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ilka L
authors.initials: IL
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.affiliation: Asthma Research Group Respiratory Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, Hospital São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana L G
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Fernandes
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055556:Nasal Lavage / Q000379:methods*; D017817:Nasal Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype; D013183:Sputum / Q000166:cytology*
keywords: asthma; eosinophil; histology/cytology; inflammation