title: Genetic toxicity of Epimedium koreanum Nakai.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Eastern Asia, E. koreanum Nakai (EKN) has traditionally been used as an aphrodisiac herbal medicine. However, there was no available information for its genotoxicity. This study was conducted to evaluate the genotoxic potentials of EKN.
  
  
  METHODS
  The phytochemicals of EKN were identified using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Three standard battery of genotoxicity assay for bacterial reverse mutation, mammalian chromosomal aberration and in vivo micronuclei formation was employed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The LC/MS/MS analysis revealed four hydroxybenzoic acids, three lignans, and ten flavonoid glycosides in EKN. The bacterial reverse mutation assay revealed no mutagenic effects of EKN. Moreover, EKN did not show any clastogenic effects in the in vivo and in vitro assays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EKN water extract was shown to be a non-genotoxic herbal medicine under the conditions tested in this study.
authors.affiliation: KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 701-300, South Korea.
authors.forename: Youn-Hwan
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 701-300, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hey Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 701-300, South Korea.
authors.forename: Nam-Hui
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.affiliation: KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 701-300, South Korea. Electronic address: jyma@kiom.re.kr.
authors.forename: Jin Yeul
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D034181:Epimedium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D009153:Mutagens; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: (±)-Cycloolivil (PubChem CID: 5316262); (−)-Olivil (PubChem CID: 5273570); Bacterial reverse mutation; Caffeic acid (PubChem CID: 689043); Chromosomal aberration; Epimedin A (PubChem CID: 92043273); Epimedin B (PubChem CID: 5748393); Epimedin C (PubChem CID: 5748394); Epimedium koreanum Nakai; Epimedoicarisoside A (PubChem CID: 92043273); Epimedokoreanoside I (PubChem CID: 44259076); Icariin (PubChem CID: 5318997); Icariside II (PubChem CID: 44587252); Korepimedoside C (PubChem CID: 5318835); Mouse micronucleus; Phytochemicals; Protocatechuic acid (PubChem CID: 72); Quercetin-3-O-β-d-galactopyranoside (PubChem CID: 5281643); Quercitrin (PubChem CID: 5280459); Trans-ρ-coumaric acid (PubChem CID: 637542); ρ-Hydroxybenzoic acid (PubChem CID: 135)