title: The Disinfection Characteristics of Ebola Virus Outbreak Variants.
abstract: The recent Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa has forced experts to re-evaluate their understanding of how to best disinfect areas contaminated with infectious bodily fluids. Recent research has found that Ebola virus remains viable in blood for 7-10 days making appropriate disinfection crucial to infection control. We sought to determine if the three most important outbreak variants of Zaire ebolavirus (Mayinga, Kikwit and Makona) exhibit separate phenotypes when challenged with a range of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) concentrations or 70% ethanol (EtOH) at average West African temperature. The time dependent killing of Ebola virus was evaluated by measuring infectious virus and viral RNA (vRNA), to determine if RNA detection is a viable method for decontamination measurement in areas without high containment laboratory access. Makona was less susceptible to weaker concentrations of NaOCl (0.05 and 0.1%) than Mayinga and Kikwit. At the recommended concentration of NaOCl (≥0.5%) all of the variants were inert after 5 minutes of contact time. Similarly, all variants were inactivated by 70% EtOH after 2.5 minutes, only Makona was detected at 1 minute. In multiple instances, high amounts of vRNA was detected in the absence of infectious virus, suggesting that it does not serve as an accurate measure of remaining infectivity after cleansing.
authors.affiliation: Applied Biosafety Research Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.|Department of Microbiology University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Bradley W M
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: Applied Biosafety Research Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Cutts
authors.affiliation: Applied Biosafety Research Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.|Department of Microbiology University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Aidan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nikiforuk
authors.affiliation: High Containment Respiratory Viruses Group, Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: High Containment Respiratory Viruses Group, Special Pathogens Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.|Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Darwyn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kobasa
authors.affiliation: Applied Biosafety Research Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.|Department of Microbiology University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Steven S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Theriault
mesh_terms: D000354:Africa, Western / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D029043:Ebolavirus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019142:Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014771:Virion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D012367:RNA, Viral; D000431:Ethanol; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite