title: Is Walk Score associated with hospital admissions from chronic diseases? Evidence from a cross-sectional study in a high socioeconomic status Australian city-state.
abstract: To explore patterns of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT).To ascertain the effect of the neighbourhood built environmental features and especially walkability on health outcomes, specifically for hospital admissions from NCDs.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional analysis of public hospital episode data (2007-2013).
  
  
  
  Hospitalisations from the ACT, Australia at very small geographic areas.
  
  
  
  Secondary data on 75 290 unique hospital episodes representing 39 851 patients who were admitted to ACT hospitals from 2007 to 2013. No restrictions on age, sex or ethnicity.
  
  
  
  Geographic Information System derived or compatible measures of general practitioner access, neighbourhood socioeconomic status, alcohol access, exposure to traffic and Walk Score walkability.
  
  
  
  Hospitalisations of circulatory diseases, specific endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, respiratory diseases and specific cancers.
  
  
  
  Geographic clusters with significant high and low risks of NCDs were found that displayed an overall geographic pattern of high risk in the outlying suburbs of the territory. Significant relationships between neighbourhood walkability as measured by Walk Score and the likelihood of hospitalisation with a primary diagnosis of myocardial infarction (heart attack) were found. A possible relationship was also found with the likelihood of being hospitalised with 4 major lifestyle-related cancers.
  
  
  
  Our research augments the growing literature underscoring the relationships between the built environment and health outcomes. In addition, it supports the importance of walkable neighbourhoods, as measured by Walk Score, for improved health.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Group, Healthy People and Places Unit, South West Sydney Local Health District, New South Wales Health, Australia.|The Centre for Research and Action in Public Health (CeRAPH), Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
authors.forename: Soumya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazumdar
authors.affiliation: The Centre for Research and Action in Public Health (CeRAPH), Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Learnihan
authors.affiliation: The Centre for Research and Action in Public Health (CeRAPH), Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cochrane
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Section, Health Improvement Branch Australian Capital Territory Health Directorate, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.|School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Phung
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Section, Health Improvement Branch Australian Capital Territory Health Directorate, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.affiliation: The Centre for Research and Action in Public Health (CeRAPH), Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Davey
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000628:therapy; D002947:Cities; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004779:Environment Design; D005260:Female; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D015438:Health Behavior; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D000073296:Noncommunicable Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012923:Social Class; D062206:Spatial Analysis; D013383:Suburban Population; D016138:Walking
keywords: Australia; Built Environment and Health; Chronic Diseases; Geographical Information Systems; Spatial Analysis; Walkability