title: Kidney stones diseases and glycaemic statuses: focus on the latest clinical evidences.
abstract: Diabetes and obesity are already recognized as potential risk factors for nephrolithiasis, especially for uric acid stones. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia actively contribute to impaired ability to excrete an acid load and altered ammonium production, leading to a lower urinary pH compared to non-diabetic controls. All these electrolytic disorders play an important role in stone formation and aggregation, especially in uric acid stones. There are still missing points in scientific evidence if the increased risk in stone formation is already existing even in the prediabetic statuses (isolated impaired glucose tolerance, isolated impaired fasting glucose, and associated impaired glucose tolerance/impaired fasting glucose) as well as it is worth to consider the same level of risk. Urolithiasis is the most frequent urological cause of hospitalization in diabetic patients and its cost is usually higher compared to non-diabetic patients, but less is known in others altered glycaemic diseases. The aim of this review article is to focus on the association between stone formation and altered glycaemic statuses, beyond the already known link between nephrolithiasis and diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy. leonardo.spatola@humanitas.it.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8883-4776
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spatola
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Angelini
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Badalamenti
authors.affiliation: Division of Paediatric Nephrology, Ospedale "G. Di Cristina", Piazza Porta Montalto 2, 90134, Palermo, PA, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maringhini
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli", Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, RM, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gambaro
mesh_terms: D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000737:chemistry / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine*; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000652:urine*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D014527:Uric Acid
keywords: Impaired fasting glucose; Insulin resistance; Kidney stone disease; Metabolic syndrome; Uric acid stones