title: Diabetes mellitus among tuberculosis patients: a cross sectional study from Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The co-occurrence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB) is largely associated with high frequency of morbidity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of DM among TB patients and describe the socio-demographic and behavioral factors associated with TB-DM co-occurrence.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 500 TB patients from September, 2014 to August 2015 at four major public sector hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan. A questionnaire was used to collect information regarding associated socio-demographic and behavioral factors of the patients. We monitored the fasting blood sugar of each patient by using a semi automated clinical chemistry analyzer followed by an HbA1c level check of all hyperglycemic patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of TB-DM co-occurrence was 14.8%. The prevalence of TB-DM was higher (62.2%) among males. The >57 year age group had the highest proportion of patients (35.1%), with co-existent TB-DM. Most were illiterate (73.0%) and unemployed (48%). Moreover, among the 74 patients positive for TB-DM had a history of smoking. Age and education level were significantly associated with DM-TB while gender, occupation and smoking were not associated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study revealed a 14.8% prevalence of DM among TB patients. This was associated with several socio-demographic factors, including age, unemployment, literacy and polluted environment. Thus, poor and unhealthy lifestyles were the factors associated with DM among immunologically compromised individuals due to TB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Public Health, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan; University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Zarfishan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tahir
authors.affiliation: University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mansur-Ud-Din
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Provincial TB Control Program, Punjab, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abdul Majeed
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Akhtar
authors.affiliation: University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Tahir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yaqub
authors.affiliation: University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Hassan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Mushtaq
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Public Health, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hasnain
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Javed
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Tuberculosis (TB); diabetes mellitus (DM); socio-demographic and behavioral factors