title: Maternal Vitamin D Status and Adverse Birth Outcomes in Children from Rural Western Kenya.
abstract: Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) status and its association with pregnancy outcomes in malaria holoendemic regions of sub-Saharan Africa is poorly defined. We examined this association and any potential interaction with malaria and helminth infections in an ongoing pregnancy cohort study in Kenya. The association of maternal plasma 25(OH)D status with pregnancy outcomes and infant anthropometric measurements at birth was determined in a subset of women (n= 63). Binomial and linear regression analyses were used to examine associations between maternal plasma 25(OH)D and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Fifty-one percent of the women had insufficient (<75 nmol/L) and 21% had deficient (<50 nmol/L) plasma 25(OH)D concentration at enrollment. At birth, 74.4% of the infants had insufficient and 30% had deficient plasma 25(OH)D concentrations, measured in cord blood. Multivariate analysis controlling for maternal age and body mass index (BMI) at enrollment and gestational age at delivery found that deficient plasma 25(OH)D levels were associated with a four-fold higher risk of stunting in neonates (p= 0.04). These findings add to the existing literature about vitamin D and its association with linear growth in resource-limited settings, though randomized clinical trials are needed to establish causation.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya. eunicetoko@gmail.com.|Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya. eunicetoko@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Eunice N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Toko
authors.affiliation: Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya. odadakasumba@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Odada P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Sumba
authors.affiliation: Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya. ibrayed@yahoo.com.|Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya. ibrayed@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Ibrahim I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Daud
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya. sidneyogolla@yahoo.com.|Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya. sidneyogolla@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Sidney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ogolla
authors.affiliation: Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya. mmajiwa@uw.edu.
authors.forename: Maxwel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Majiwa
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, 314 Savage Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. jtk93@cornell.edu.
authors.forename: Jesse T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Krisher
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya. collinouma@yahoo.com.|African Institute for Development Policy, Nairobi, Kenya. collinouma@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Collins
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ouma
authors.affiliation: Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. aed9@case.edu.
authors.forename: Arlene E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Dent
authors.affiliation: SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. rosemary.rochford@ucdenver.edu.|Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. rosemary.rochford@ucdenver.edu.
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rochford
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, 314 Savage Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. smehta@cornell.edu.
authors.forename: Saurabh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mehta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood; D006130:Growth Disorders; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008288:Malaria / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011247:Pregnancy; D015597:Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: Africa; malaria and helminth infections; maternal vitamin D status; pregnancy outcomes; stunting