title: The role of osmolality in saline fluid nebulization after tracheostomy: time for changing?
abstract: Saline fluid nebulization is highly recommend to combat the complications following tracheostomy, yet the understandings on the role of osmolality in saline solution for nebulization remain unclear.
  
  
  
  To investigate the biological changes in the early stage after tracheostomy, to verify the efficacy of saline fluid nebulization and explore the potential role of osmolality of saline nebulization after tracheostomy.
  
  
  
  Sprague-Dawley rats undergone tracheostomy were taken for study model, the sputum viscosity was detected by rotational viscometer, the expressions of TNF-α, AQP4 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were assessed by western blot analysis, and the histological changes in endothelium were evaluated by HE staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
  
  
  
  Study results revealed that tracheostomy gave rise to the increase of sputum viscosity, TNF-α and AQP4 expression, mucosa and cilia damage, yet the saline fluid nebulization could significantly decrease the changes of those indicators, besides, the hypertonic, isotonic and hypertonic saline nebulization produced different efficacy.
  
  
  
  Osmolality plays an important role in the saline fluid nebulization after tracheostomy, and 3% saline fluid nebulization seems to be more beneficial, further studies on the role of osmolality in saline fluid nebulization are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Nursing School of Soochow University, Su Zhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zunjia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Nursing School of Soochow University, Su Zhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery Department of First Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Gusu District, Su Zhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Feifei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery Department of First Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Gusu District, Su Zhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Haiying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Nursing School of Soochow University, Su Zhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Binbin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery Department of First Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Gusu District, Su Zhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China. smf8165@126.com.
authors.forename: Meifen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051401:Aquaporin 4 / Q000032:analysis; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D004727:Endothelium / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013183:Sputum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology; D014139:Tracheostomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: C496032:Aqp4 protein, rat; D051401:Aquaporin 4; D012462:Saline Solution, Hypertonic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Care; Complication; Nebulization; Osmolality; Saline; Tracheostomy