title: Revisiting Antipsychotic-induced Akathisia: Current Issues and Prospective Challenges.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Akathisia continues to be a significant challenge in current neurological and psychiatric practice. Prompt and accurate detection is often difficult and there is a lack of consensus concerning the neurobiological basis of akathisia. No definitive treatment has been established for akathisia despite numerous preclinical and clinical studies.] Method: We reviewed antipsychotic-induced akathisia including its clinical presentation, proposed underlying pathophysiology, current and under investigation therapeutic strategies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the initial promise that second generation antipsychotics would be devoid of akathisia effects, this has not been confirmed. Currently, there are limited therapeutic options for the clinical practice and the evidence supporting the most widely used treatments (beta blockers, anticholinergic drugs) is still absent or inconsistent.
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas. United States.
authors.forename: Haitham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Salem
authors.affiliation: Harris County Psychiatric Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas. United States.
authors.forename: Caesa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nagpal
authors.affiliation: Harris County Psychiatric Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas. United States.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pigott
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School. The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas. United States.
authors.forename: Antonio Lucio
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Teixeira
mesh_terms: D017109:Akathisia, Drug-Induced / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents
keywords: Akathisia; agitation; anticholinergics; antipsychotics; benzodiazepines; extrapyramidal signs; movement disorders; neuroleptics