title: Interrelationship between Mini-Mental State Examination scores and biochemical parameters in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to provide first-hand information about the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Tamil Nadu, a southern state in India, and examine if there exists a relationship between cognitive functions and biochemical parameters in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveys were collected from adults, older men and women (n = 3126) from different regions of Tamil Nadu, which were followed up after 12 months for 1337 participants. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, lipid profile, and liver function tests were carried out in the elderly, MCI and AD patients. Based on the MMSE scores, the elderly population was classified into old control (28.97 ± 1.49; n = 1868), MCI (19.58 ± 1.17; n = 734) and AD (7.18 ± 1.38; n = 304) groups. Peripheral blood samples were collected after overnight fast from both male and female volunteers (n = 40 per group) who were categorized as young adult control, old control, MCI and AD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AD patients showed lower MMSE scores compared with the young adults, old and MCI groups, and MMSE further decreased at follow-up examination a year later. In the serum of AD patients, high-density lipoprotein, alkaline phosphatase activity and bilirubin levels were lower, whereas low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol and triglycerides levels were higher. MMSE was positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein, and negatively correlated with other lipid parameters in AD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for AD that might result in neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment. Dysfunction of lipoprotein and heme metabolism might also provide additional targets for AD diagnosis. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1737-1745.
authors.affiliation: Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Ramasamy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vasantharekha
authors.affiliation: Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Hannah P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Priyanka
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Tagore Medical College Hospital and Research Center, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Thangavel
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Swarnalingam
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R Medical University, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Avathvadi Venkatesan
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.affiliation: Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Srinivasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: ThyagaRajan
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology*; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000097:blood* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D001663:Bilirubin
keywords: alkaline phosphatase; calcium; dementia; lipoprotein; neuropsychological test