title: Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons by Ambient-Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition and Device Integration.
abstract: Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), quasi-one-dimensional graphene strips, have shown great potential for nanoscale electronics, optoelectronics, and photonics. Atomically precise GNRs can be "bottom-up" synthesized by surface-assisted assembly of molecular building blocks under ultra-high-vacuum conditions. However, large-scale and efficient synthesis of such GNRs at low cost remains a significant challenge. Here we report an efficient "bottom-up" chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process for inexpensive and high-throughput growth of structurally defined GNRs with varying structures under ambient-pressure conditions. The high quality of our CVD-grown GNRs is validated by a combination of different spectroscopic and microscopic characterizations. Facile, large-area transfer of GNRs onto insulating substrates and subsequent device fabrication demonstrate their promising potential as semiconducting materials, exhibiting high current on/off ratios up to 6000 in field-effect transistor devices. This value is 3 orders of magnitude higher than values reported so far for other thin-film transistors of structurally defined GNRs. Notably, on-surface mass spectrometry analyses of polymer precursors provide unprecedented evidence for the chemical structures of the resulting GNRs, especially the heteroatom doping and heterojunctions. These results pave the way toward the scalable and controllable growth of GNRs for future applications.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Zongping
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: Carlos-Andres
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Palma
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia , I-41125 Modena, Italy.|CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze , Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lodi Rizzini
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.
authors.forename: Bilu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.|Department of Electrical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University , Abdullah Sulayman Street, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.affiliation: Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz , Staudingerweg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.|Graduate School of Excellence Materials Science in Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz , Staudingerweg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia , I-41125 Modena, Italy.|CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze , Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Xiao-Ye
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia , I-41125 Modena, Italy.|CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze , Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cavani
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @ NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Neeraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @ NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coletti
authors.affiliation: Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden , Mommsenstraße 4, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Klappenberger
authors.affiliation: Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz , Staudingerweg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.|Graduate School of Excellence Materials Science in Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz , Staudingerweg 9, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kläui
authors.affiliation: CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze , Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Candini
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia , I-41125 Modena, Italy.|CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze , Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Affronte
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.
authors.forename: Chongwu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia , I-41125 Modena, Italy.|CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze , Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Renzi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Informatiche e Matematiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia , I-41125 Modena, Italy.|CNR-NANO, Istituto Nanoscienze , Centro S3, I-41125 Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Del Pennino
authors.affiliation: Physik-Department, Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans Joachim
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Räder
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Akimitsu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Narita
authors.affiliation: Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden , Mommsenstraße 4, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Xinliang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Müllen