title: Review Article: Fabricated Microparticles: An Innovative Method to Minimize the Side Effects of NSAIDs in Arthritis.
abstract: Microparticles are polymeric bodies ranging 1-1000 µm that constitute a variety of forms such as microcapsules, microspheres, microcages, microshells, microrods, biosensors microparticles, radiolabeled microparticles, and so forth. This review focuses on general microparticles, mainly microcapsules and microspheres. Nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the mostcommonly prescribed medications in the world. Most of the NSAIDs available have severe side effects. With increased awareness of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal (GI) side effects, safety has become a priority in treatment of arthritis and other inflammatory diseases with NSAIDs. A trend in NSAID development has been to improve therapeutic efficacy while reducing the severity of GI side effects by altering dosage through modified release to optimize drug delivery. One such approach is the use of fabricated microparticles such as microcapsules and microspheres as carriers of drugs. Microparticles provide delivery of macromolecules and micromolecules via different routes and effectively control the release profile of such drugs. Microcapsules and microspheres are compatible with most natural and synthetic polymers and can be used for several routes of administration, including parenteral, oral, nasal, intra-ocular, topical, and the like. Because of greater stability and multiple manufacturing techniques, microspheres and microcapsules are preferred as drug carriers over other colloidal drug delivery systems. Microparticles provide effective protection of the encapsulated agent against degradation by enzymatic activities, controlled and confined delivery of drugs from a few hours to months, and ingenious administration compared to alternative forms of controlled-release parenteral dosages, such as macro-sized implants. This comprehensive overview of fabricated microparticles describes microencapsulation technologies to produce microparticles for targeted therapy of arthritis and other inflammatory diseases which provide constant and prolonged therapeutic effects that reduce dosing frequency and thereby minimize potential adverse effects of NSAIDs such as GI irritation and insufficient patient compliance. The present review describes the latest developments in microparticulate drug delivery systems and the best alternatives for safe and effective microcapsular systems in a controlled manner for the delivery of NSAIDs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara University, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysuru, India.
authors.forename: Shaivad Shabee Hulhasan
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Abadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Afrasim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara University, Sri Shivarathreeshwara Nagar, Mysuru, India.
authors.forename: Gangadharappa Hosahalli
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Veerabhadrappa
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001168:Arthritis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002214:Capsules; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D008863:Microspheres
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D002214:Capsules; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers