title: Treatment of Amblyopia Using Personalized Dosing Strategies: Statistical Modelling and Clinical Implementation.
abstract: To generate a statistical model for personalizing a patient's occlusion therapy regimen.
  
  
  
  Statistical modelling was undertaken on a combined data set of the Monitored Occlusion Treatment of Amblyopia Study (MOTAS) and the Randomized Occlusion Treatment of Amblyopia Study (ROTAS). This exercise permits the calculation of future patients' total effective dose (TED)-that predicted to achieve their best attainable visual acuity. Daily patching regimens (hours/day) can be calculated from the TED.
  
  
  
  Occlusion data for 149 study participants with amblyopia (anisometropic in 50, strabismic in 43, and mixed in 56) were analyzed. Median time to best observed visual acuity was 63 days (25% and 75% quartiles; 28 and 91 days). Median visual acuity in the amblyopic eye at start of occlusion was 0.40 logMAR (quartiles 0.22 and 0.68 logMAR) and at end of occlusion was 0.12 (quartiles 0.025 and 0.32 logMAR). Median lower and upper estimates of TED were 120 hours (quartiles 34 and 242 hours), and 176 hours (quartiles 84 and 316 hours). The data suggest a piecewise linear relationship (P = 0.008) between patching dose-rate (hours/day) and TED with a single breakpoint estimated at 2.16 (standard error 0.51) hours/day, suggesting doses below 2.16 hours/day are less effective.
  
  
  
  We introduce the concept of TED of occlusion. Predictors for TED are visual acuity deficit, amblyopia type, and age at start of occlusion therapy. Dose-rates prescribed within the model range from 2.5 to 12 hours/day and can be revised dynamically throughout treatment in response to recorded patient compliance: a personalized dosing strategy.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health , McGill University , Montreal , Canada.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.affiliation: b Division of Optometry and Visual Science , City University , London , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Catherine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: b Division of Optometry and Visual Science , City University , London , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Merrick J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Moseley
authors.affiliation: c Department of Mathematics and Statistics , McGill University , Montreal , Canada.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.affiliation: b Division of Optometry and Visual Science , City University , London , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alistair R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Fielder
mesh_terms: D000550:Amblyopia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D001458:Bandages; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010349:Patient Compliance; D057285:Precision Medicine; D012683:Sensory Deprivation; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Amblyopia treatment; dose-rate; occlusion; personalized dosing strategy; total effective dose