title: Anatomical study of the superficial temporal branches of the auriculotemporal nerve: Application to surgery and other invasive treatments to the temporal region.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The auriculotemporal nerve (ATN) is one of the branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, which gives rise to many branches to the retromandibular and temporal regions. Of these, the superficial temporal branch can occasionally be the cause of migraine headaches and auriculotemporal neuralgia. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the anatomy of the superficial temporal branch, which has never been described in detail.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 14 sides of cadaveric heads were used for this study. The number of superficial temporal branch was counted, and the horizontal and vertical distances from the middle of the tragus to the branching point were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three of 14 sides had two main trunks, and 11 sides had one main trunk. Each of the duplicated ATN had already branches into two main trunks as they left the retromandibular space. The number of superficial temporal branches ranged from two to seven. The vertical and horizontal distances from the middle of the tragus to the branching point of the superficial temporal branch ranged from 6.19 to 25.65 mm and from 3.45 to 11.88 mm, respectively. The communicating branches occasionally formed a loop or so-called "ansa," and a double ansa was identified in one case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data can provide surgeons a better view of the course of these distant branches, so that skin incisions can be better planned.
authors.affiliation: Seattle Science Foundation, 550 17th Ave, James Tower, Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98122, USA; Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan; Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan. Electronic address: joei@seattlesciencefoundation.org.
authors.forename: Joe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Iwanaga
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saga
authors.affiliation: Seattle Science Foundation, 550 17th Ave, James Tower, Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98122, USA; Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Medical Center, 550 17th Avenue, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fisahn
authors.affiliation: Seattle Science Foundation, 550 17th Ave, James Tower, Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98122, USA; Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Medical Center, 550 17th Avenue, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
authors.forename: Rod J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Oskouian
authors.affiliation: Seattle Science Foundation, 550 17th Ave, James Tower, Suite 600, Seattle, WA 98122, USA; Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, True Blue, Grenada.
authors.forename: R Shane
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Tubbs
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008340:Mandibular Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D013704:Temporomandibular Joint / Q000294:innervation; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Anatomy; Auriculotemporal nerve; Headache; Mandibular nerve; Trigeminal nerve