title: Perineural Spread of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Manifesting as Ophthalmoplegia.
abstract: An 89-year-old female presented with horizontal diplopia and was diagnosed with VI nerve palsy attributed to a microvascular event. She subsequently progressed to develop an orbital apex syndrome, with neuroimaging demonstrating tumour invasion. Eighteen months earlier, she had squamous cell carcinoma of the forehead excised with clear margins. Intraneural and perineural spread of squamous carcinoma from the face to the cranial cavity is an important cause of delayed cranial nerve palsies after local excision of the skin tumour.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Royal Free HospitalLondonUK and; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS TrustLondonUK.
authors.forename: Antigoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koukkoulli
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Royal Free HospitalLondonUK and; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS TrustLondonUK.
authors.forename: Nikolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koutroumanos
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Royal Free Hospital London UK and.
authors.forename: Desmond
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kidd
keywords: Orbital apex syndrome; perineural invasion; squamous cell carcinoma