title: Dietary inflammatory index and prostate cancer risk in a case-control study in Mexico.
abstract: Recent evidence suggests that a pro-inflammatory diet could be associated with prostate cancer (PC) risk. To evaluate the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and PC risk as well as aggressiveness, we conducted a case-control study in Mexico City. Cases were 394 individuals with incident, histologically confirmed PC, who were matched by age (±5 years) with 794 population controls. Dietary information was obtained through a semi-quantitative FFQ with a 3-year frame of reference before diagnosis, for cases, or interview, for controls. On the basis of twenty-eight food parameters, we estimated the energy-adjusted DII (E-DII). According to the Gleason score at diagnosis, PC cases were categorised as high (≥8), moderate (=7) and low (≤6) PC risk. Independent, unconditional logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders were used to estimate PC risk and PC aggressiveness. There were no significant associations between overall PC risk and E-DII (OR3rd v. 1st tertile 1·18; 95 % CI 0·85, 1·63; P=0·33) or among men with high-risk PC (Gleason≥8) (OR 1·46; 95 % CI 0·88, 2·42; P=0·14). These results do not support the hypothesis that a pro-inflammatory diet is related to PC risk and PC aggressiveness. However, further studies with larger sample sizes, with sufficient statistical power and of varying designs should be conducted to address this hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: 1Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP),Av. Universidad 655,Col. Sta. María Ahuacatitlán,62100 Cuernavaca,Morelos,México.
authors.forename: Ruth A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Vázquez-Salas
authors.affiliation: 2Cancer Prevention and Control Program,University of South Carolina,915 Greene St.,Columbia,SC 29208USA.
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shivappa
authors.affiliation: 1Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP),Av. Universidad 655,Col. Sta. María Ahuacatitlán,62100 Cuernavaca,Morelos,México.
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galván-Portillo
authors.affiliation: 1Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP),Av. Universidad 655,Col. Sta. María Ahuacatitlán,62100 Cuernavaca,Morelos,México.
authors.forename: Lizbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: López-Carrillo
authors.affiliation: 2Cancer Prevention and Control Program,University of South Carolina,915 Greene St.,Columbia,SC 29208USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hébert
authors.affiliation: 1Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP),Av. Universidad 655,Col. Sta. María Ahuacatitlán,62100 Cuernavaca,Morelos,México.
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Torres-Sánchez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D011467:Prostate / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D057566:Self Report; D014504:Urban Health / Q000208:ethnology
keywords:  DII dietary inflammatory index;  E-DII energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index;  PA physical activity;  PC prostate cancer; Aggressiveness; Dietary inflammatory index; Mexico; Prostate cancer