title: Elevated serum MDA and depleted non-enzymatic antioxidants, macro-minerals and trace elements are associated with bipolar disorder.
abstract: Genetic and neurobiological factors are considered to be the major causes of mood and mental disorders. However, over the past few years, increased levels of serum malondialdehyde and altered levels of various non-enzymatic antioxidants and essential minerals involved in abnormal functional activity have been identified as major contributing factors to the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of the serum lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidants (vitamin A, E and C), macro-minerals (calcium, potassium and sodium) and trace elements (zinc, iron and selenium) in patients with bipolar disorder and to explore their role in disease progression. This is a prospective case-control study that evaluated 55 patients with bipolar disorder and 55 healthy volunteers matched by age and sex. Serum MDA levels were determined by UV spectrophotometry as a marker of lipid peroxidation. RP-HPLC was employed to investigate the serum vitamin A and E concentrations, whereas UV spectrophotometry was used to quantify levels of vitamin C. Serum macro-minerals and trace elements were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Statistical analysis was performed with independent sample t-tests and Pearson's correlation test. We found significantly higher concentrations of MDA (p<0.05) and significantly lower concentrations of antioxidants (vitamin A, E and C) (p<0.05) in the patient group compared with control group. Regarding trace elements and macro-minerals, lower concentrations of zinc, calcium, iron, selenium, sodium and potassium were found in the patient group compared with control subjects (p<0.05). Our study suggests that high serum MDA concentrations and low serum concentrations of antioxidants, macro-minerals and trace elements are strongly associated with bipolar disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Manjurul Islam
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Maimuna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh. Electronic address: research_safiq@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mohammad Safiqul
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Shahid
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sarwar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Mohammad Nurul
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: S M Naim
authors.initials: SMN
authors.lastname: Uddin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Zahedur
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Rahaman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Sujan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banik
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Saddam
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu-cho, Matsue-Shi, Shimane 690-8504, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazushige
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yokota
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Abul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hasnat
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood*; D008903:Minerals / Q000097:blood*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008903:Minerals; D014131:Trace Elements; D008315:Malondialdehyde
keywords: Antioxidants; Bipolar disorder; Lipid peroxidation; MDA; Macro-minerals; Trace elements