title: Mapping Trachoma in Kaduna State, Nigeria: Results of 23 Local Government Area-Level, Population-Based Prevalence Surveys.
abstract: To prepare for global elimination of trachoma by 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends mapping of trachoma at district-level to enable planning of elimination activities in affected populations. The aim of our study was to provide data on trachoma for each local government area (LGA) of Kaduna State, Nigeria, as such data were previously unavailable.
  
  
  
  As part of the Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP), a population-based cross-sectional trachoma survey was conducted in each of the 23 LGAs of Kaduna State, between May and June 2013. The protocols of the GTMP were used.
  
  
  
  The prevalence of trachomatous inflammation - follicular (TF) in children aged 1-9 years was between 0.03% and 8% across the LGAs, with only one LGA (Igabi) having a TF prevalence ≥5%. The LGA-level prevalences of trichiasis in persons aged 15 years and older were between 0.00% and 0.78%. Eleven LGAs had trichiasis prevalences of 0.2% and over in adults; a threshold equivalent to 1 case per 1000 total population. The LGA-level proportion of households with access to improved water sources ranged from 9% to 96%, while household access to latrines ranged from 5% to 99%.
  
  
  
  Kaduna State has generally hypoendemic trachoma, but a few trichiasis surgeries are still required to attain the WHO elimination targets. Better access to improved water and sanitation is needed.
authors.affiliation: a Ophthalmology Unit, Surgery Department , Usmanu Danfodiyo University , Sokoto , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Nasiru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Muhammad
authors.affiliation: b Sightsavers , Kaduna , Nigeria.|c Ophthalmology Department , University of Jos , Jos , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Caleb
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mpyet
authors.affiliation: a Ophthalmology Unit, Surgery Department , Usmanu Danfodiyo University , Sokoto , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Mohammed Dantani
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Adamu
authors.affiliation: b Sightsavers , Kaduna , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Adamani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: William
authors.affiliation: d National Eye Centre , Kaduna , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Murtala Muhammad
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Umar
authors.affiliation: e Netherlands Leprosy Relief , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Musa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goyol
authors.affiliation: f Gambo Sawaba Hospital , Zaria , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Habila
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Muazu
authors.affiliation: g Federal Ministry of Health , Abuja , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Uwaezuoke
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Onyebuchi
authors.affiliation: b Sightsavers , Kaduna , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Sunday
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Isiyaku
authors.affiliation: h Task Force for Global Health , Decatur , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Flueckiger
authors.affiliation: h Task Force for Global Health , Decatur , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: h Task Force for Global Health , Decatur , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Willis
authors.affiliation: h Task Force for Global Health , Decatur , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Alexandre L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Pavluck
authors.affiliation: i Kaduna State Ministry of Health , Kaduna , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Abdullahi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alhassan
authors.affiliation: g Federal Ministry of Health , Abuja , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Olobio
authors.affiliation: j Water Sanitation and Hygiene, Department of Public Health , Social and Environmental Determinants of Health, World Health Organization , Geneva , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: k Clinical Research Department , London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London , UK.|l London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research , London , UK.
authors.forename: Anthony W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Solomon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene / Q000592:standards; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012499:Sanitation / Q000592:standards; D014141:Trachoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D058457:Trichiasis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Global Trachoma Mapping Project; Kaduna; Nigeria; neglected tropical diseases; trachoma; trichiasis; water and sanitation