title: Left ventricular systolic function in sickle cell anaemia: an echocardiographic evaluation in adult Nigerian patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reliable diagnostic measures for the evaluation of left ventricular systolic performance in the setting of altered myocardial loading characteristics in sickle cell anaemia remains unresolved.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study was designed to assess left ventricular systolic function in adult sickle cell patients using non-invasive endsystolic stress - end-systolic volume index ratio.
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive cross sectional comparative study was done using 52 patients recruited at the adult sickle cell anaemia clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu. An equal number of age and sex-matched healthy volunteers served as controls. All the participants had haematocrit estimation, haemoglobin electrophoresis, as well as echocardiographic evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the patients and controls were 23.93 ± 5.28 (range 18-42) and 24.17 ± 4.39 (range 19 -42) years respectively, (t = 0.262; p= .794). No significant difference was seen in estimate of fractional shortening, and ejection fraction. The cardiac out-put, cardiac index and velocity of circumferential shortening were all significantly increased in the cases compared with the controls. The end systolic stress - end systolic volume index ratio (ESS/ESVI) was significantly lower in cases than controls. There were strong positive correlation between the ejection phase indices (ejection fraction and fractional shortening) and end systolic stress and ESS/ESVI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study findings suggest the presence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in adult sickle cell anaemia. This is best detected using the loading-pressures independent force-length relationship expressed in ESS/ESVI ratio.
authors.affiliation: University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Medicine.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ejim
authors.affiliation: University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Medicine.
authors.forename: Nelson
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oguanobi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009549:Nigeria; D013599:Systole; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Left ventricular systolic function; adult Nigerian patients; echocardiographic evaluation; sickle cell anaemia