title: Manganese(II) chloride alters behavioral and neurochemical parameters in larvae and adult zebrafish.
abstract: Manganese (Mn) is an essential metal for organisms, but high levels can cause serious neurological damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of MnCl2exposure on cognition and exploratory behavior in adult and larval zebrafish and correlate these findings with brain accumulation of Mn, overall brain tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels, dopamine (DA) levels, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels and cell death markers in the nervous system. Adults exposed to MnCl2for 4days (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5mM) and larvae exposed for 5days (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5mM) displayed decreased exploratory behaviors, such as distance traveled and absolute body turn angle, in addition to reduced movement time and an increased number of immobile episodes in larvae. Adults exposed to MnCl2for 4days showed impaired aversive long-term memory in the inhibitory avoidance task. The overall brain TH levels were elevated in adults and larvae evaluated at 5 and 7 days post-fertilization (dpf). Interestingly, the protein level of this enzyme was decreased in larval animals at 10dpf. Furthermore, DOPAC levels were increased in adult animals exposed to MnCl2. Protein analysis showed increased apoptotic markers in both the larvae and adult nervous system. The results demonstrated that prolonged exposure to MnCl2leads to locomotor deficits that may be associated with damage caused by this metal in the CNS, particularly in the dopaminergic system.
authors.affiliation: PUCRS, Faculdade de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Stefani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Altenhofen
authors.affiliation: PUCRS, Faculdade de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Melissa Talita
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Wiprich
authors.affiliation: PUCRS, Faculdade de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Laura Roesler
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Nery
authors.affiliation: PUCRS, Instituto de Toxicologia e Farmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Eduardo
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.affiliation: PUCRS, Faculdade de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Laboratório de Biologia e Desenvolvimento do Sistema Nervoso, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Monica Ryff Moreira Roca
authors.initials: MRMR
authors.lastname: Vianna
authors.affiliation: PUCRS, Faculdade de Biociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: cbonan@pucrs.br.
authors.forename: Carla Denise
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Bonan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002712:Chlorides / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D008124:Locomotion / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D017895:Manganese Compounds; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002712:Chlorides; D017895:Manganese Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C025340:manganese chloride
keywords: Cell death; Dopaminergic system; Locomotor behavior; Manganese(II) chloride; Zebrafish