title: Marathon Race Affects Neutrophil Surface Molecules: Role of Inflammatory Mediators.
abstract: The fatigue induced by marathon races was observed in terms of inflammatory and immunological outcomes. Neutrophil survival and activation are essential for inflammation resolution and contributes directly to the pathogenesis of many infectious and inflammatory conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of marathon races on surface molecules related to neutrophil adhesion and extrinsic apoptosis pathway and its association with inflammatory markers. We evaluated 23 trained male runners at the São Paulo International Marathon 2013. The following components were measured: hematological and inflammatory mediators, muscle damage markers, and neutrophil function. The marathon race induced an increased leukocyte and neutrophil counts; creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), CK-MB, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and IL-8 levels. C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α plasma concentrations were significantly higher 24 h and 72 h after the marathon race. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels decreased 72 h after the marathon race. We also observed an increased intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and decreasedTNF receptor-1 (TNFR1) expression immediately after and 24 h after the marathon race. We observed an increased DNA fragmentation and L-selectin and Fas receptor expressions in the recovery period, indicating a possible slow rolling phase and delayed neutrophil activation and apoptosis. Marathon racing affects neutrophils adhesion and survival in the course of inflammation, supporting the "open-window" post-exercise hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.|Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vinicius Coneglian
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.|Sports Cardiology Department, Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.|Medicine Department, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula Renno
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8547-7195
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Sierra
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kim Guimarães
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Caçula
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: César Miguel
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Momesso
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabio Takeo
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maysa Braga Barros
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Heloisa Helena
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Elizabeth Pereira
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Passos
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diego Ribeiro
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Olivia Santos
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Gondim
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marino
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benetti
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana Cristina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Levada-Pires
authors.affiliation: Sports Cardiology Department, Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nabil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ghorayeb
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Augusta Peduti Dal Molin
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gorjão
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.|Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tânia Cristina
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Pithon-Curi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Fernanda
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Cury-Boaventura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000097:blood*; D017209:Apoptosis; D002470:Cell Survival; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D036904:Leukocyte Rolling; D008297:Male; D018375:Neutrophil Activation; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism*; D012420:Running
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators