title: Experimental evaluation of a GPU-based Monte Carlo dose calculation algorithm in the Monaco treatment planning system.
abstract: A new GPU-based Monte Carlo dose calculation algorithm (GPUMCD), devel-oped by the vendor Elekta for the Monaco treatment planning system (TPS), is capable of modeling dose for both a standard linear accelerator and an Elekta MRI linear accelerator. We have experimentally evaluated this algorithm for a standard Elekta Agility linear accelerator. A beam model was developed in the Monaco TPS (research version 5.09.06) using the commissioned beam data for a 6 MV Agility linac. A heterogeneous phantom representing several scenarios - tumor-in-lung, lung, and bone-in-tissue - was designed and built. Dose calculations in Monaco were done using both the current clinical Monte Carlo algorithm, XVMC, and the new GPUMCD algorithm. Dose calculations in a Pinnacle TPS were also produced using the collapsed cone convolution (CCC) algorithm with heterogeneity correc-tion. Calculations were compared with the measured doses using an ionization chamber (A1SL) and Gafchromic EBT3 films for 2 × 2 cm2, 5 × 5 cm2, and 10 × 10 cm2 field sizes. The percentage depth doses (PDDs) calculated by XVMC and GPUMCD in a homogeneous solid water phantom were within 2%/2 mm of film measurements and within 1% of ion chamber measurements. For the tumor-in-lung phantom, the calculated doses were within 2.5%/2.5 mm of film measurements for GPUMCD. For the lung phantom, doses calculated by all of the algorithms were within 3%/3 mm of film measurements, except for the 2 × 2 cm2 field size where the CCC algorithm underestimated the depth dose by ~ 5% in a larger extent of the lung region. For the bone phantom, all of the algorithms were equivalent and calculated dose to within 2%/2 mm of film measurements, except at the interfaces. Both GPUMCD and XVMC showed interface effects, which were more pronounced for GPUMCD and were comparable to film measurements, whereas the CCC algorithm showed these effects poorly.
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center; University of Toronto. moti.paudel@sunnybrook.ca.
authors.forename: Moti R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Paudel
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Arman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarfehnia
authors.forename: Sayed B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Beachey
authors.forename: Arjun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sahgal
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Keller
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D010315:Particle Accelerators; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods*