title: Cigarette smoke and related risk factors in neurological disorders: An update.
abstract: Cigarette smoking is known to be harmful to health, and is considered the main cause of death worldwide, especially in India. Among the well-distinguished diseases related to smoking are, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, oral and peripheral cancers, and cardiovascular complications. However, the impact of cigarette smoking on neurocognitive and neuropathological effects, including anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, ischemic stroke, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction, still remains unclear. Cigarette smoke consists of more than 4500 toxic chemicals that combine to form free radicals, which lead to oxidative stress-associated neurological disorders. Herein, we discuss the role of antioxidant agents in delaying or attenuating disease complications. In addition, in this review, we discuss the neuropathological effect of cigarette smoke and its interference in neurodegeneration.
authors.affiliation: National Facility for Drug Development for Academia, Pharmaceutical and Allied Industries, Anna University, BIT campus, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Smilin Bell Aseervatham
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: G
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sangdun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Jayalakshmi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.affiliation: National Facility for Drug Development for Academia, Pharmaceutical and Allied Industries, Anna University, BIT campus, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: hodpharma@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ruckmani
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: K
mesh_terms: D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Cigarette smoke; Ischemic stroke; Neurodegeneration; Oxidative stress