title: Anaesthesia and analgesia in laboratory adult zebrafish: a question of refinement.
abstract: Anaesthesia is used daily in fish experimental procedures; however, the use of an inadequate anaesthetic protocol can compromise not only the animal's welfare but also the reliability of results. The use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in biomedical research has increased in the last decades, highlighting the importance of appropriate anaesthetic regimens for this species. This article reviews the main anaesthetic agents and protocols used in laboratory adult zebrafish, and some of the analgesic methods to be used in this species that still need more research. In addition, a systematized observation of signs is proposed to evaluate adult zebrafish welfare to reduce pain and distress.
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmetal and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Tânia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmetal and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.|Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.|Laboratory Animal Science Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Valentim
authors.affiliation: Oceanário de Lisboa, Esplanada D Carlos I, Lisboa, Portugal.|Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal.|ISPA - Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal.|Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC), Nova Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal.|Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Nuno
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmetal and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal lantunes@utad.pt.|Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.|Laboratory Animal Science Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Antunes
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D012107:Research Design; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics
keywords: anaesthesia; analgesia; refinement; welfare; zebrafish