title: Wing Scale Orientation Alters Reflection Directions in the Green Hairstreak Chrysozephyrus smaragdinus (Lycaenidae; Lepidoptera).
abstract: There have been only a few reports on the directional reflection of light by butterfly wings. Here, we systematically investigated this phenomenon in a lycaenid butterfly, Chrysozephyrus smaragdinus,in which males have bright green wings based on structural coloration. We used a device that measures intensities of light in hemispherical space by vertical shifting of a sensor and horizontal rotation of the stage carrying the wing, which is illuminated from the top, to determine the direction of light reflected by the fore- and hindwings. The orientation and curvature of wing scales were also examined microscopically. The forewing of this species reflected light shone from the top largely forward, whereas the hindwing reflected it slightly forward. This difference was attributed to the tilt angles of the wing scales. Light reflection by the forewing was relatively weak, and widely scattered, whereas that by the hindwing was rather concentrated, resulting in higher reflectance. This difference was attributed to difference in the curvature of the wing scales on the two wings.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto city, 606-8502 Japan.
authors.forename: Michio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imafuku
authors.affiliation: 2 Laboratory of Evolutionary Biomechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama city, 223-8522 Japan.
authors.forename: Naomichi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ogihara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002080:Butterflies / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D008027:Light; D008297:Male; D055620:Optical Phenomena; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Chrysozephyrus; Lepidoptera; Lycaenidae; directional reflection; orientation; wing scale