title: Could formaldehyde induce mutagenic and cytotoxic effects in buccal epithelial cells during anatomy classes?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to increased formaldehyde exposure, carcinogenic to humans, several researches have been studying the potential toxicity and the safe levels for human beings. The aim of this study was to investigate mutagenicity and cytotoxicity in buccal epithelial exfoliated cells (BEC) of students subjected to formaldehyde (FA) during anatomy classes.
  
  
  METHODS
  BEC were collected periodically from 17 volunteers of undergraduate programs, who had participated in practical anatomy classes, before and after FA exposure. Cells were stained according to Feulgen method and then micronucleus test was applied. A total of 1,500 cells were assessed per individual in this study for the micronucleus frequency and other parameters of cytotoxicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was statistically significant increase in number of micronucleated BEC after FA exposure (after 1 month p=.034 and after 3.5 months p=.017). However, FA exposure caused no significant increase in other nuclear alterations closely related to cytotoxicity (p≥.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FA induced mutagenicity during anatomy classes. Cell death increased, but it was not statistically significant. Efforts have to be made to improve air quality and reduce exposures during anatomy classes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil. dclorenzoni@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: D-C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lorenzoni
authors.forename: L-P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.forename: H-S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Nascimento
authors.forename: C-S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Menegardo
authors.forename: R-G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: W-G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Bautz
authors.forename: J-F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Henriques
authors.forename: K-L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Almeida-Coburn
authors.forename: L-N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: da Gama-de-Souza
mesh_terms: D000715:Anatomy / Q000193:education; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005404:Fixatives / Q000633:toxicity*; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000166:cytology*; D016296:Mutagenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003603:Cytotoxins; D005404:Fixatives; D005557:Formaldehyde