title: The Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Risk of Cancer in Adulthood: A Systematic Review of the Literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can affect health and well-being across the life course.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This systematic review summarizes the literature on associations between ACEs and risk of cancer in adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched PubMed to identify relevant publications published on or before May 31, 2015.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included original research quantifying the association between ACEs and adult cancer incidence. Case reports and reviews were excluded.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers independently abstracted and summarized key information (eg, ACE type, cancer type, risk estimates) from included studies and resolved all discrepancies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve studies were included in the review. In studies in which ACE summary scores were calculated, significant associations were observed between the scores and an increased risk of cancer in adulthood. Of the different types of ACEs examined, physical and psychological abuse victimization were associated with risk of any cancer in 3 and 2 studies, respectively. Two studies also reported significant associations with regard to sexual abuse victimization (1 for cervical cancer and 1 for any cancer). However, 2 other studies reported no significant associations between childhood sexual or physical abuse and incidence of cervical or breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of heterogeneity across studies, we were unable to compute a summary effect estimate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that childhood adversity in various forms may increase a person's cancer risk. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms driving this relationship and to identify opportunities to prevent and mitigate the deleterious effects of early adversity on long-term health.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cancer Prevention and Control and dholman@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Holman
authors.affiliation: Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Katie A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ports
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cancer Prevention and Control and.
authors.forename: Natasha D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Buchanan
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cancer Prevention and Control and.
authors.forename: Nikki A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.affiliation: Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Melissa T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Merrick
authors.affiliation: Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Metzler
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Cancer Prevention and Control and.
authors.forename: Katrina F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Trivers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000069586:Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse; D019548:Crime Victims; D005195:Family Relations; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014754:Violence