title: Enhancing rock phosphate integration rate for fast bio-transformation of cow-dung waste-paper mixtures to organic fertilizer.
abstract: Rock phosphate (RP) addition in cow-dung waste-paper mixtures at rates above 2% P has been reported to increase the rate of bio-transformation and humification of organic waste mixtures during vermicomposting to produce organic fertilizer for organic farming. However, the optimization of RP for vermicomposting was not established. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal amount of RP integration rates for effective bio-transformation of cow-dung waste-paper mixtures. Arrays of RP integration degrees (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 4% P as RP) were thoroughly mixed with cow- dung waste-paper mixtures to achieve an optimized C:N ratio of 30 and allowed to vermidegrade following the introduction of earthworms at a stocking mass of 12.5 g-worms kg-1. The bio-transformation of the waste mixtures was examined by measuring C:N ratios and humification index (HI) and per cent ash and volatile solids. Application of 1% P as RP resulted in fast bio-transformation and maturation of cow-dung waste-paper mixtures. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate the morphological properties of the different vermicomposts affected by rates of RP showing the degree of degradation of initial compacted aggregates of cellulose and protein fibres in the mixtures at maturity. A germination test was used to further determine phytotoxicity of the final composts and microbial biomass assessment. The final vermicompost (organic fertilizer) had a C:N ratio of 7, MBC of 900 mg kg-1and HI of 27.1%. The RP incorporation rate of 1% P of RP investigated is therefore, recommended for efficient vermidegradation and humification of cow-dung waste-paper mixtures. However, higher rates of RP incorporation should be considered where greater P enrichment of the final vermicompost (organic fertilizer) is desired.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Science, Walter Sisulu University, 19 Manchster Road, Chiselhurst, P.O. Box 19712, East London, South Africa.
authors.forename: F O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Unuofin
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Science, Walter Sisulu University, 19 Manchster Road, Chiselhurst, P.O. Box 19712, East London, South Africa.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siswana
authors.affiliation: Development and Innovation, Walter Sisulu University, Nelson Mandela Drive, PBX1, Mthatha, 5099 South Africa.
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Cishe
keywords: Carbon to nitrogen ratio; Germination index; Humic acid; Microbial biomass carbon; Rock phosphate; Vermicompost