title: Effect of peritoneal dialysis fluid containing osmo-metabolic agents on human endothelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of glucose as the only osmotic agent in peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions (PDSs) is believed to exert local (peritoneal) and systemic detrimental actions, particularly in diabetic PD patients. To improve peritoneal biocompatibility, we have developed more biocompatible PDSs containing xylitol and carnitine along with significantly less amounts of glucose and have tested them in cultured Human Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) obtained from the umbilical cords of healthy (C) and gestational diabetic (GD) mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary C- and GD-HUVECs were treated for 72 hours with our PDSs (xylitol 0.7% and 1.5%, whereas carnitine and glucose were fixed at 0.02% and 0.5%, respectively) and two glucose-based PDSs (glucose 1.36% or 2.27%). We examined their effects on endothelial cell proliferation (cell count), viability (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay), intracellular nitro-oxidative stress (peroxynitrite levels), Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 membrane exposure (flow cytometry), and HUVEC-monocyte interactions (U937 adhesion assay).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to glucose-based PDSs, our in vitro studies demonstrated that the tested PDSs did not change the proliferative potential both in C- and GD-HUVECs. Moreover, our PDSs significantly improved endothelial cell viability, compared to glucose-based PDSs and basal condition. Notably, glucose-based PDSs significantly increased the intracellular peroxynitrite levels, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 membrane exposure, and endothelial cell-monocyte interactions in both C- and GD-HUVECs, as compared with our experimental PDSs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Present results show that in control and diabetic human endothelial cell models, xylitol-carnitine-based PDSs do not cause cytotoxicity, nitro-oxidative stress, and inflammation as caused by hypertonic glucose-based PDSs. Since xylitol and carnitine are also known to favorably affect glucose homeostasis, these findings suggest that our PDSs may represent a desirable hypertonic solution even for diabetic patients in PD.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonomini
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences; Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, CeSI-MeT, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Di Silvestre
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences; Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, CeSI-MeT, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Di Tomo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences; Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, CeSI-MeT, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Di Pietro
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences; Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, CeSI-MeT, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara.
authors.forename: Domitilla
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mandatori
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Liberato
authors.affiliation: Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences.
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sirolli
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences; Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, CeSI-MeT, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chiarelli
authors.affiliation: Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende CS, Italy.
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Indiveri
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences; Aging Research Center and Translational Medicine, CeSI-MeT, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara.
authors.forename: Assunta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pandolfi
authors.affiliation: CoreQuest, Manno, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Arduino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arduini
mesh_terms: D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D014993:Xylitol / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D005947:Glucose; D014993:Xylitol
keywords: carnitine; endothelial cells; inflammation; nitro-oxidative stress; peritoneal dialysis solution; xylitol