title: Leptin and calorie intake among different nicotine dependent groups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to nicotine via tobacco smoking may influence leptin release and decrease food intake among smokers. However, the effect of nicotine exposure on leptin and food intake among different nicotine dependent groups is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to measure leptin and calorie intake among different nicotine dependent groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research department in school of medical sciences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were selected by purposive (non-probability) sampling and categorized as having low, moderate and high nicotine dependency based on the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) score. Diet was recorded by interview. Anthropometry, blood pressure, body composition, lipid profile, and physical activity level were measured accordingly. Fasting serum leptin was measured using a commercial ELISA kit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nicotine dependency, 24-hour diet, clinical anthropometric and clinical measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 107 Malay male smokers leptin concentration was inversely correlated with nicotine dependence. However, body weight, smoking period, blood pressure, body composition, lipid profile and physical activity level were not significantly different among low, moderately and highly dependent smoking groups. Leptin concentration and total calorie intake were also not significantly different among these groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leptin concentration was inversely correlated with nicotine dependence, but leptin concentration and total calorie intake status were not significantly different among our different nicotine dependency subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Purposive sampling for subject recruitment and inaccurate information in the self-administered questionnaire.
authors.forename: Muhammad Zulhusni
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Suhaimi
authors.forename: Zulkefli
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sanip
authors.forename: Hamid Jan
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jan
authors.affiliation: Prof. Dr. Harmy Mohamed Yusoff, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, City Campus,, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia, T: +609 627 5771, F: +609 667 5583, harmyusoff@unisza.edu.my, ORCID: http://orcid. org/0000-0001-6918-1549.
authors.forename: Harmy Mohamed
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Yusoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D020738:Leptin; D008055:Lipids; D009538:Nicotine