title: Phakic Intraocular Collamer Lens (Visian ICL) Implantation for Correction of Myopia in Spectacle-Aversive Special Needs Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A subset of children with high anisometropia or isoametropia and neurobehavioral disorders have chronic difficulties with spectacle or contact lens wear. We report the results of refractive surgery in a series of these children treated using bilateral or unilateral intraocular collamer lens (Visian ICL) implantation for moderate to high myopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective nonrandomized cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical course and outcome data were collated prospectively for 40 implanted eyes in 23 children (mean age 10.2 ± 5.3 years, range, 1.8-17 years). Myopia ranged from -3.0 to -14.5 diopters (D), mean -9.2 ± 3.5 D. Goal refraction was plano to +1 D. Correction was achieved by sulcus implantation of a Visian ICL (STAAR Surgical, Monrovia, California, USA) under general anesthesia. Mean follow-up was 15.1 months (range, 6-22 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five eyes (88%) were corrected to within ±1.0 D of goal refraction; the other 5 (12%) were corrected to within 1.5 D. Uncorrected distance visual acuity improved substantially in all eyes (from mean 20/1050 [logMAR 1.72] to mean 20/42 [logMAR 0.48]). Spherical regression at last follow-up was an average of +0.59 D. Visuomotor comorbidities (eg, amblyopia, nystagmus, foveopathy, optic neuropathy) accounted for residual postoperative subnormal visual acuity. Thirteen of the 23 children (57%) had a neurobehavioral disorder (eg, developmental delay/intellectual disability/mental retardation, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder). Eighty-five percent (11/13) of those children were reported to have enhanced visual awareness, attentiveness, or social interactions. Endothelial cell density was measureable in 6 cooperative children (10 eyes), showing an average 1% decline. Central corneal thickness, measured in all children, increased an average of 8 μm. Two children (8%) required unplanned return to the operating room on the first postoperative day to alleviate pupillary block caused by a nonpatent iridotomy. No other complications were encounterd.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visian ICL implantation improves visual function in special needs children who have moderate to high myopia and difficulties wearing glasses or contact lenses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, St. Louis Children's Hospital at Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis Children's Hospital at Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Neuroscience, St. Louis Children's Hospital at Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri. Electronic address: tychsen@wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tychsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, St. Louis Children's Hospital at Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Faron
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, St. Louis Children's Hospital at Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoekel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003261:Contact Lenses / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005139:Eyeglasses / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D019654:Lens Implantation, Intraocular / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009216:Myopia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D054120:Phakic Intraocular Lenses; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014792:Visual Acuity