title: Release of fluoride from orthodontic adhesives and penetration into enamel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this work was to compare fluoride release from three orthodontic adhesives and fluoride penetration into the enamel surface.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 156 extracted human premolar teeth were randomly assigned to three experimental groups and one control group (without bonding) with 39 teeth per group. Brackets were bonded to teeth using Fuji Ortho LC®, Illuminate®, or Light Bond®. The amount of fluoride released (ppm) into artificial saliva was measured by a fluoride ion-selective electrode connected to an ion analyzer on days 1, 3, 7, and 30. Fluoride penetration was investigated after 1, 2, and 3 months; 13 teeth of each group were randomly selected at every period of study and sectioned across the center of the bracket. The surface of the cross-section was studied under the scanning electron microscope, and the fluoride concentration (weight%) at 1, 2, and 3 µm below the outer enamel surface was determined by energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On days 1, 3, 7, and 30, the mean cumulative fluoride release from the three orthodontic adhesives were significantly different (p < 0.05). Illuminate®released the greatest fluoride, followed by Fuji Ortho LC®and Light Bond®. After 1, 2, and 3 months, fluoride penetration into enamel was only found from Fuji Ortho LC®. The fluoride concentration decreased with depth but there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) over time at all depths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The in vitro study indicated that fluoride release is a common property of the three fluoride-releasing orthodontic adhesives: Illuminate®, Fuji Ortho LC®, and Light Bond®. However, detectable fluoride penetration is a specific property of Fuji Ortho LC®. Further clinical studies should be undertaken to investigate the benefit of the two adhesives Illuminate®and Fuji Ortho LC®on protection of enamel demineralization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Panita
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Suebsureekul
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. smorntree@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Smorntree
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Viteporn
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid / Q000737:chemistry*; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000737:chemistry*; D004343:Drug Implants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005459:Fluorides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003738:Dental Cements; D004343:Drug Implants; C000617893:Light Bond; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Demineralization; Fluoride penetration; Fluoride release; In vitro; Orthodontic adhesives