title: Long-term Persistence of Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Gut After Intestinal Transplantation.
abstract: Little is known about innate lymphoid cell (ILC) populations in the human gut, and the turnover of these cells and their subsets after transplantation has not been described.
  
  
  
  Intestinal samples were taken from 4 isolated intestine and 3 multivisceral transplant recipients at the time of any operative resection, such as stoma closure or revision. ILCs were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry. The target population was defined as being negative for lineage markers and double-positive for CD45/CD127. Cells were further stained to define ILC subsets and a donor-specific or recipient-specific HLA marker to analyze chimerism.
  
  
  
  Donor-derived ILCs were found to persist greater than 8 years after transplantation. Additionally, the percentage of cells thought to be lymphoid tissue inducer cells among donor ILCs was far higher than that among recipient ILCs.
  
  
  
  Our findings demonstrate that donor-derived ILCs persist long-term after transplantation and support the notion that human lymphoid tissue inducer cells may form in the fetus and persist throughout life, as hypothesized in rodents. Correlation between chimerism and rejection, graft failure, and patient survival requires further study.
authors.affiliation: 1 Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY. 2 Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY. 3 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Columbia University, New York, NY. 4 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zuber
authors.forename: Brittany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shonts
authors.forename: Suxiao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jianing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Donna L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Farber
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sykes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000637:transplantation*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D013997:Time Factors; D014019:Tissue Donors; D018183:Transplantation Chimera