title: Comparative Analysis of Dentinal Erosion after Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation versus Irrigation with Reciprocating Activation: An Environmental Scanning Electron Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to assess ex vivo the erosive effects of passive ultrasonic irrigation versus irrigation with reciprocating activation on the dentinal surface of the root canal at 3 predetermined levels using environmental scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten roots of mandibular premolars were prepared using the ProTaper Universal system (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). The specimens were embedded in flasks cleaved longitudinally, and indentations were made 3.0, 6.0, and 9.0 mm from the apex. The specimens in the control group (n = 10) were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath containing 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 17% EDTA and then dried. Then, environmental scanning electron microscopic images were obtained at magnification × 800. The specimens were then reassembled in their flasks, and the NaOCl and EDTA solutions were activated according to the conditions established for the experimental groups (ie, the passive ultrasonic irrigation group [n = 5] and the EasyClean (Easy Equipamentos Odontológicos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil) group, irrigation with reciprocating activation with the EasyClean instrument [n = 5]). The specimens of both experimental groups were analyzed in the same manner as in the control group. Analysis of the dentinal surface topography was conducted using the 3D Roughness Reconstruction program (Phenom-World BV, Eindhoven, the Netherlands) as a means for assessing erosion. The data were evaluated by means of the Kruskal-Wallis, Student-Newman-Keuls, and Mann-Whitney tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the EasyClean group, the degree of dentinal erosion at 3.0 mm was significantly higher than at 9.0 mm. In the other comparisons, there was no statistically significant difference (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The final irrigation techniques tested were equivalent in relation to the degree of erosion caused to the dentinal surface.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, São Leopoldo Mandic Dental Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Simezo
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, São Leopoldo Mandic Dental Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Eduardo
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: da Silveira Bueno
authors.affiliation: Division of Endodontics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Rodrigo Sanches
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, São Leopoldo Mandic Dental Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rina Andrea
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Pelegrine
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, São Leopoldo Mandic Dental Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniel Guimarães Pedro
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, São Leopoldo Mandic Dental Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandre Sigrist
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: de Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, São Leopoldo Mandic Dental Research Center, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: endo.kato@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Augusto Shoji
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kato
mesh_terms: D001641:Bicuspid; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000187:drug effects; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D012388:Root Canal Irrigants
keywords: Endodontic irrigation; environmental scanning electron microscopy; erosion; final irrigation; passive ultrasonic irrigation; reciprocating motion