title: Development and Validation of a Grading Scale for Primary Pontine Hemorrhage.
abstract: We aimed to develop and validate a grading scale for predicting 30-day mortality and 90-day functional outcome in patients with primary pontine hemorrhage (PPH).
  
  
  
  We retrospectively reviewed records of consecutive patients with first-ever pontine hemorrhage from 3 teaching hospitals between 2005 and 2012. Independent factors associated with 30-day mortality were identified by logistic regression to establish a risk stratification scale, named the new PPH score. For validation of the new PPH score, we prospectively recruited subjects from 10 units between December 2014 and November 2015. The performance of the new PPH score was presented as discrimination and calibration, measured by area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit, respectively.
  
  
  
  Data of 171 patients were available for scale development. The new PPH score consisted of 2 independent factors with individual points assigned as follows: Glasgow Coma Scale score 3 to 4 (=2 points), 5 to 7 (=1 point), and 8 to 15 (=0 point); PPH volume >10 mL (=2 points), 5 to 10 mL (=1 point), and <5 mL (=0 point). An independent cohort of 98 patients was applied as an external validation of the new PPH score. Results showed that the new PPH score was discriminative in predicting both 30-day mortality (area under the curve, 0.902) and 90-day good outcome (area under the curve, 0.927). Furthermore, the new PPH score revealed a good calibration (χ2=1.387; P=0.846) in 30-day mortality prediction.
  
  
  
  The new PPH score is simple and reliable in predicting short-term and long-term outcome for PPH patients.
  
  
  
  URL: http://www.chictr.org.cn. Unique identifier: ChiCTR-OOC-14005533.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (K.H., Z.J., L.S., Y.W., S.W., Z.L., S.P.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China (L.S.); Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (X.G.); Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, China (S.L.); Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China (T.L.); Department of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China (S.X.); Department of Neurology, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, China (Q.Z.); Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China (W.X.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China (S.Z.); and Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China (Y.G.).
authors.forename: Kaibin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (K.H., Z.J., L.S., Y.W., S.W., Z.L., S.P.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China (L.S.); Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (X.G.); Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, China (S.L.); Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China (T.L.); Department of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China (S.X.); Department of Neurology, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, China (Q.Z.); Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China (W.X.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China (S.Z.); and Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China (Y.G.).
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (K.H., Z.J., L.S., Y.W., S.W., Z.L., S.P.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China (L.S.); Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (X.G.); Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, China (S.L.); Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China (T.L.); Department of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China (S.X.); Department of Neurology, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, China (Q.Z.); Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China (W.X.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China (S.Z.); and Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China (Y.G.).
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (K.H., Z.J., L.S., Y.W., S.W., Z.L., S.P.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China (L.S.); Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (X.G.); Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, China (S.L.); Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China (T.L.); Department of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China (S.X.); Department of Neurology, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, China (Q.Z.); Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China (W.X.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China (S.Z.); and Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China (Y.G.).
authors.forename: Xiaoya
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (K.H., Z.J., L.S., Y.W., S.W., Z.L., S.P.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China (L.S.); Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (X.G.); Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, China (S.L.); Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China (T.L.); Department of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China (S.X.); Department of Neurology, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, China (Q.Z.); Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China (W.X.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China (S.Z.); and Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China (Y.G.).
authors.forename: Shaopeng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (K.H., Z.J., L.S., Y.W., S.W., Z.L., S.P.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China (L.S.); Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (X.G.); Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, China (S.L.); Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China (T.L.); Department of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China (S.X.); Department of Neurology, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, China (Q.Z.); Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China (W.X.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China (S.Z.); and Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China (Y.G.).
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (K.H., Z.J., L.S., Y.W., S.W., Z.L., S.P.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China (L.S.); Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (X.G.); Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, China (S.L.); Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China (T.L.); Department of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China (S.X.); Department of Neurology, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, China (Q.Z.); Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China (W.X.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China (S.Z.); and Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China (Y.G.).
authors.forename: Shanfang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (K.H., Z.J., L.S., Y.W., S.W., Z.L., S.P.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China (L.S.); Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (X.G.); Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, China (S.L.); Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China (T.L.); Department of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China (S.X.); Department of Neurology, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, China (Q.Z.); Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China (W.X.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China (S.Z.); and Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China (Y.G.).
authors.forename: Qishan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (K.H., Z.J., L.S., Y.W., S.W., Z.L., S.P.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China (L.S.); Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (X.G.); Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, China (S.L.); Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China (T.L.); Department of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China (S.X.); Department of Neurology, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, China (Q.Z.); Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China (W.X.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China (S.Z.); and Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China (Y.G.).
authors.forename: Wenchuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xian
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (K.H., Z.J., L.S., Y.W., S.W., Z.L., S.P.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China (L.S.); Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (X.G.); Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, China (S.L.); Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China (T.L.); Department of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China (S.X.); Department of Neurology, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, China (Q.Z.); Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China (W.X.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China (S.Z.); and Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China (Y.G.).
authors.forename: Saijun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (K.H., Z.J., L.S., Y.W., S.W., Z.L., S.P.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China (L.S.); Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (X.G.); Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, China (S.L.); Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China (T.L.); Department of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China (S.X.); Department of Neurology, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, China (Q.Z.); Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China (W.X.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China (S.Z.); and Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China (Y.G.).
authors.forename: Youquan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (K.H., Z.J., L.S., Y.W., S.W., Z.L., S.P.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China (L.S.); Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (X.G.); Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, China (S.L.); Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China (T.L.); Department of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China (S.X.); Department of Neurology, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, China (Q.Z.); Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China (W.X.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China (S.Z.); and Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China (Y.G.).
authors.forename: Yongming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (K.H., Z.J., L.S., Y.W., S.W., Z.L., S.P.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China (L.S.); Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (X.G.); Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, China (S.L.); Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China (T.L.); Department of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China (S.X.); Department of Neurology, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, China (Q.Z.); Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China (W.X.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China (S.Z.); and Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China (Y.G.).
authors.forename: Shengnan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (K.H., Z.J., L.S., Y.W., S.W., Z.L., S.P.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China (L.S.); Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (X.G.); Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, China (S.L.); Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China (T.L.); Department of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China (S.X.); Department of Neurology, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, China (Q.Z.); Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China (W.X.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China (S.Z.); and Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China (Y.G.).
authors.forename: Zhenzhou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (K.H., Z.J., L.S., Y.W., S.W., Z.L., S.P.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China (L.S.); Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (X.G.); Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, China (S.L.); Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China (T.L.); Department of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China (S.X.); Department of Neurology, Chenzhou No. 1 People's Hospital, China (Q.Z.); Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China (W.X.); Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China (S.Z.); and Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, China (Y.G.). pansuyue82@126.com.
authors.forename: Suyue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011149:Pons / Q000473:pathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
keywords: Glasgow Coma Scale; intracerebral hemorrhage; outcome and process assessment; primary pontine hemorrhage; prognosis