title: Chikungunya: Its History in Africa and Asia and Its Spread to New Regions in 2013-2014.
abstract: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes and causes febrile illness with severe arthralgia in humans. There are 3 circulating CHIKV genotypes, Asia, East/Central/South Africa, and West Africa. CHIKV was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and up until the early 2000s, a few outbreaks and sporadic cases of CHIKV were mainly reported in Africa and Asia. However, from 2004 to 2005, a large epidemic spanned from Kenya over to the southwestern Indian Ocean region, India, and Southeast Asia. Identified in 2005, the E1 glycoprotein A226V mutation of the East/Central/South Africa genotype conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito and has been implicated in CHIKV's further spread in the last decade. In 2013, the Asian CHIKV genotype emerged in the Caribbean and quickly took the Americas by storm. This review will discuss the history of CHIKV as well as its expanding geographic distribution.
authors.affiliation: Emerging and Vector-borne Diseases Programme, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden.
authors.forename: Herve
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zeller
authors.affiliation: Emerging and Vector-borne Diseases Programme, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Van Bortel
authors.affiliation: Emerging and Vector-borne Diseases Programme, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sudre
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000821:virology; D000351:Africa, Eastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D000354:Africa, Western / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D065632:Chikungunya Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology*; D002646:Chikungunya virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D000072138:Mosquito Vectors / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Africa; Asia; chikungunya; epidemiology