title: Embryo donation and understanding of kinship: the impact of law and policy.
abstract: What is the impact of law and policy upon the experience of embryo donation for reproductive use?
  
  
  
  Access to, and experience of, embryo donation are influenced by a number of external factors including laws that impose embryo storage limits, those that frame counselling and approval requirements and allow for, or mandate, donor identity disclosure.
  
  
  
  To date only three qualitative studies in Australia and New Zealand have been completed on the experience of embryo donation for reproductive purposes, each with a small cohort of interviewees and divergent findings.
  
  
  
  Embryo donors, recipients, and would-be donors were interviewed between July 2010 and July 2012, with three additional interviews between September 2015 and September 2016, on their experiences of embryo donation. The sampling protocol had the advantage of addressing donation practices across multiple clinical sites under distinct legal frameworks.
  
  
  
  Participants were recruited from five Australian jurisdictions and across 11 clinical sites. Twenty-six participants were interviewed, comprising: 11 people who had donated embryos for the reproductive use of others (nine individuals and one couple), six recipients of donated embryos (four individuals and one couple) and nine individuals who had attempted to donate, or had a strong desire to donate, but had been prevented from doing so. In total, participants reported on 15 completed donation experiences; of which nine had resulted in offspring to the knowledge of the donor.
  
  
  
  Donors positively desired donation and did not find the decision difficult. Neither donors nor recipients saw the donation process as akin to adoption . The process and practice of donation varied considerably across different jurisdictions and clinical sites.
  
  
  
  Because the pool of donors and recipients is small, caution must be exercised over drawing general conclusions. Saturation was not reached on themes of counselling models and future contact.
  
  
  
  The differences between our findings and those of a previous study are attributable to varied legal and counselling regimes. Therefore, law and policy governing embryo storage limits, counselling protocols and identity disclosure shape the donation experience and how it is described.
  
  
  
  This research was supported by Discovery Project Grants DP 0986213 and 15010157 from the Australian Research Council and additional funding from UTS: Law. There are no conflicts of interest to declare.
  
  
  
  Not applicable.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Law, University of Technology Sydney, Haymarket, Sydney NSW, Australia Jenni.Millbank@uts.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jenni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Millbank
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Law, University of Technology Sydney, Haymarket, Sydney NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stuhmcke
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Law, University of Technology Sydney, Haymarket, Sydney NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karpin
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D003376:Counseling; D030881:Disclosure; D019924:Embryo Disposition / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand; D014019:Tissue Donors / Q000523:psychology*; D066027:Transplant Recipients / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: adoption metaphors; adoption models; donation counselling protocols; embryo donation; embryo storage limits; kinship; recipient selection