title: Food Insecurity and Peripheral Arterial Disease in Older Adult Populations.
abstract: Food insecurity, defined as the limited or uncertain availability of nutritious and safe foods, is a complex phenomenon and is linked to poor nutrition and diet-sensitive chronic diseases. Dietary patterns that include saturated fats and meat products are potential risk factors for the progression of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). This study explored whether there is a relationship between food insecurity and PAD among a national sample of older adults.
  
  
  
  We conducted a cross-sectional data analysis using data from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Food security was assessed using the US Household Food Security Survey Module. Bivariate analyses were conducted using the Rao-Scott Chi-square test to examine associations between PAD and sociodemographic variables. Multivariable generalized logistic regression was employed to assess the effect of food security on the presence of PAD, with adjustment for respondent's socio demographic characteristics.
  
  
  
  A total of 2,027 adults with PAD were included (Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) score ≤ 0.90).We excluded participants less than 60 years of age.
  
  
  
  Compared to older adults who are food secure, those who are food insecure have an increased risk for PAD. Food insecurity is associated with peripheral arterial disease among older adults (adults adjusted odds ratio, 1.50 [95% CI 1.11-2.03).
  
  
  
  Older adults with peripheral arterial disease are experiencing food insecurity. While nutrition and PAD are not well-defined, previous literature indicates there is a connection between food insecurity and diet-sensitive chronic diseases (diabetes and hypertension) which are risk factors for PAD. Food insecurity should be taken into consideration when treating older adults with PAD to help decrease poor health outcomes that are linked to an insufficient amount of nutritious foods.
authors.affiliation: Michelle L. Redmond, 1010 N. Kansas, KUSM-W, Wichita, KS 67214, USA, 316-293-1813, mredmond@kumc.edu.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Redmond
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goetz
authors.forename: L T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires