title: Does the proportion of pay linked to performance affect the job satisfaction of general practitioners?
abstract: There is concern that pay-for-performance (P4P) can negatively affect general practitioners (GPs) by reducing their autonomy, increasing their wage dispersion or eroding their intrinsic motivation. This is especially a concern for the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF), a highly powered P4P scheme for UK GPs. The QOF affected all GPs but the exposure of their income to P4P varied. GPs did not know their level of exposure before the QOF was introduced and could not choose or manage it. We examine whether changes in GPs' job satisfaction before and after the introduction of the QOF in 2004 were correlated with the proportion of their income that became exposed to P4P. We use data on 1920 GPs observed at three time points spanning the introduction of the QOF; 2004, 2005 and 2008. We estimate the effect of exposure to P4P using a continuous difference-in-differences model. We find no significant effects of P4P exposure on overall job satisfaction or 12 additional measures of working lives in either the short or longer term. The level of exposure to P4P does not harm job satisfaction or other aspects of working lives. Policies influencing the exposure of income to P4P are unlikely to alter GP job satisfaction subject to final income remaining constant.
authors.affiliation: Manchester Centre for Health Economics, University of Manchester, UK. Electronic address: Thomas.allen@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Manchester Centre for Health Economics, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Whittaker
authors.affiliation: Manchester Centre for Health Economics, University of Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sutton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D005260:Female; D058005:General Practitioners / Q000191:economics / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D012052:Reimbursement, Incentive / Q000191:economics*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Continuous treatment; Difference in differences; General practitioners; Job satisfaction; Longitudinal data; Pay-for-performance; United Kingdom