title: Interstrain Differences in CO2-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Mice.
abstract: Carbon dioxide is the most commonly used gas for euthanasia of rodents. The current AVMA Guidelines recommend slowly filling the container with CO2 (SF) and now indicate that the practice of placing conscious animals in containers prefilled with CO2 (PF) is unacceptable. An investigator noted pulmonary hemorrhage (PH) in BALB/c mice euthanized by SF that was not observed after PF. Here we evaluated whether the air-displacement rate (SF compared with PF) influenced the development of PH or nasal hemorrhage (NH) in 2 commonly used mouse strains. In addition, we investigated the prevalence of PH and NH in mice euthanized by isoflurane overdose (IO). Male and female (age groups, 6 wk and 6 mo) BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were euthanized by SF or PF. In addition, 6-mo-old BALB/c male mice were euthanized by IO. Lung, nasal turbinates, brain, and reproductive organs were collected for gross and histologic evaluation and scored for degree of hemorrhage (score, 0 to 3). Severity of hemorrhage did not differ according to mouse age or sex. PH in BALB/c mice was more severe after SF than PF, and SF and PF induced more severe PH in BALB/c than in C57BL/6 mice. PH in 6-mo-old male BALB/c mice was more severe after SF than IO. Neither SF, PF, nor IO influenced the prevalence of NH in any group. This study demonstrates that the method of euthanasia may need to be altered depending on the mouse strain used.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Animal Resources and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado;, Email: suhrim.fisher@colostate.edu.
authors.forename: Suhrim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Animal Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
authors.forename: Winona L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Animal Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
authors.forename: Kenneth D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Hines
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Animal Resources and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Owiny
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D037901:Euthanasia, Animal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000662:veterinary*; D008168:Lung; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice / Q000145:classification*; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012376:Rodent Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide