title: Magnetic resonance imaging of the distal radial epiphysis: a new criterion of maturity for determining whether the age of 18 has been completed?
abstract: To improve the accuracy of forensic age estimation where there is no legal basis for carrying out x-ray examinations, it would be useful to establish non-x-ray imaging techniques. The objective of this study was to provide reference data for the magnetic resonance imaging-based evaluation of the ossification stage of the distal radius. Furthermore, we tested a new criterion of the maturity of the distal radial epiphysis for determining whether an individual has completed the age of 18. We investigated 668 MRI scans of the distal radial epiphysis from 333 female and 335 male subjects ranging in age from 12 to 24. To determine the ossification stage, we used the clavicular ossification staging systems described by Schmeling et al. and Kellinghaus et al. Ossification stage IV as described by Schmeling et al. was divided into two sub-stages, IVa and IVb, depending on whether or not it was possible to identify a triple-banded meta-epiphyseal zone of calcification. All study subjects were able to be assigned to an ossification stage without ambiguity. We present statistics relating to the distribution of ossification stages divided by sex. The age of the youngest female subject assessed as ossification stage IVb was 16.8, the age of the youngest male subject 18.6. The youngest age at which female subjects were assessed as ossification stage V was 22.3; for male subjects it was 23.1. Further independent studies should be carried out to determine whether ossification stage IVb can indeed be used to reliably determine whether a male subject has completed the age of 18.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Timme
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ottow
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pfeiffer
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heindel
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Hospital Ibbenbüren, Große Straße 4, 49477, Ibbenbüren, Germany.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vieth
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149, Münster, Germany. andreas.schmeling@ukmuenster.de.
authors.forename: A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0135-1617
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmeling
authors.affiliation: Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D004838:Epiphyses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010012:Osteogenesis; D011884:Radius / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Epiphyseal scar; Forensic age diagnostics; MRI; Ossification; Radius