title: The Use of Finite Element Models to Assist Understanding and Treatment For Scoliosis: A Review Paper.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Scoliosis is a complex spinal deformity whose etiology is still unknown, and its treatment presents many challenges. Finite element modeling (FEM) is one of the analytical techniques that has been used to elucidate the mechanism of scoliosis and the effects of various treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review on the application of FEM in scoliosis evaluation and treatment has been undertaken. A literature search was performed in each of three major electronic databases (Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Ovid) using the key words "scoliosis" and "finite element methods/model". Articles using FEM and having a potential impact on clinical practice were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 132 abstracts were retrieved. The query returned 105 articles in which the abstracts appeared to correspond to this review's focus, and 85 papers were retained. The current state of the art of FEM related to the biomechanical analysis of scoliosis is discussed in 4 sections: the etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, brace treatment, instrumentation treatment, and sensitivity studies of FEM. The limitations of FEM and suggested future work are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: College of Engineering, Temple University, 1947 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA. Electronic address: seawangnj@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Wenhai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Engineering, Temple University, 1947 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Baran
authors.affiliation: Shriners Hospitals for Children-Philadelphia, 3551 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
authors.forename: Randal R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Betz
authors.affiliation: Shriners Hospitals for Children-Philadelphia, 3551 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
authors.forename: Amer F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Samdani
authors.affiliation: Shriners Hospitals for Children-Philadelphia, 3551 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pahys
authors.affiliation: Shriners Hospitals for Children-Philadelphia, 3551 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cahill
keywords: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis; Brace treatment; Clinical biomechanics; Etiology; Surgical treatment