title: NerveCheck for the Detection of Sensory Loss and Neuropathic Pain in Diabetes.
abstract: Accurate and economic detection of nerve damage in diabetes is key to more widespread diagnosis of patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and painful diabetic neuropathy. This study examined the diagnostic performance of NerveCheck, an inexpensive ($500) quantitative sensory testing (QST) device.
  
  
  
  One hundred forty-four subjects (74 with and 70 without diabetes) underwent assessment with NerveCheck, neuropathy disability score (NDS), nerve conduction studies (NCS), intraepidermal and corneal nerve fiber density (IENFD and CNFD), and McGill questionnaire for neuropathic pain.
  
  
  
  Of the 74 subjects with diabetes, 41 were diagnosed with DPN based on the NDS. The NerveCheck scores for vibration perception threshold (VPT), cold perception threshold (CPT), and warm perception threshold (WPT) were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.0001) in diabetic patients with DPN compared to patients without DPN. The diagnostic accuracy of VPT was high with reference to NCS (area under the curve [AUC]: 82%-84%) and moderate for IENFD, CNFD, and neuropathic pain (AUC: 60%-76%). The diagnostic accuracy of CPT and WPT was moderate with reference to NCS, IENFD, and CNFD (AUC: 69%-78%) and low for neuropathic pain (AUC: 63%-65%).
  
  
  
  NerveCheck is a low-cost QST device with good diagnostic utility for identifying sensory deficits, comparable to established tests of large and small fiber neuropathy and for the severity of neuropathic pain.
authors.affiliation: 1 Research Division, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar , Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar .|2 Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester and Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ponirakis
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Electronics Engineering, Phi Med Europe Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain .
authors.forename: Maria N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Odriozola
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Electronics Engineering, Phi Med Europe Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain .
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Odriozola
authors.affiliation: 1 Research Division, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar , Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar .|2 Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester and Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Ioannis N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Petropoulos
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester and Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Shazli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Azmi
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester and Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferdousi
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester and Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fadavi
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester and Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Uazman
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester and Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester and Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jeziorska
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Electronics Engineering, Phi Med Europe Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain .
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miro
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester and Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kheyami
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester and Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Mitra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tavakoli
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester and Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Ahmar
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Electronics Engineering, Phi Med Europe Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain .
authors.forename: Maria B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Odriozola
authors.affiliation: 4 ICEN, Catalonian Institute of Endocrinology and Nutrition , Medical Centre, Barcelona, Spain .
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Odriozola
authors.affiliation: 1 Research Division, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar , Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar .|2 Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester and Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Rayaz A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Malik
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003943:Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy; Diagnostic device; NerveCheck; Quantitative sensory testing