title: Energy efficient bead milling of microalgae: Effect of bead size on disintegration and release of proteins and carbohydrates.
abstract: The disintegration of three industry relevant algae (Chlorella vulgaris, Neochloris oleoabundans and Tetraselmis suecica) was studied in a lab scale bead mill at different bead sizes (0.3-1mm). Cell disintegration, proteins and carbohydrates released into the water phase followed a first order kinetics. The process is selective towards proteins over carbohydrates during early stages of milling. In general, smaller beads led to higher kinetic rates, with a minimum specific energy consumption of ⩽0.47kWhkgDW-1for 0.3mm beads. After analysis of the stress parameters (stress number and stress intensity), it appears that optimal disintegration and energy usage for all strains occurs in the 0.3-0.4mm range. During the course of bead milling, the native structure of the marker protein Rubisco was retained, confirming the mildness of the disruption process.
authors.affiliation: Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: richard.postma@wur.nl.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Postma
authors.affiliation: Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Suarez-Garcia
authors.affiliation: Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, AlgaePARC, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Safi
authors.affiliation: Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yonathan
authors.affiliation: Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Olivieri
authors.affiliation: Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Nord University, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, N-8049 Bodø, Norway.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Wijffels
authors.affiliation: Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M H M
authors.initials: MHM
authors.lastname: Eppink
mesh_terms: D020418:Algal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006601:Hexoses / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D058086:Microalgae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D064347:Microscopy, Electrochemical, Scanning; D063347:Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D020418:Algal Proteins; D006601:Hexoses; D014867:Water
keywords: Bead milling; Bead size; Energy; Microalgae; Protein release; Stress parameters