title: Application of the Metal-Organic Framework [Eu(BTC)] as a Luminescent Marker for Gunshot Residues: A Synthesis, Characterization, and Toxicity Study.
abstract: The 3D metal-organic framework (MOF) [Eu(BTC)] (where BTC = trimesic acid) was synthesized in 20 min by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method with a yield of 89%. A structural and spectroscopic study, performed by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, and photoluminescence spectroscopy, showed that this framework has high crystallinity, thermal stability, and luminescence. This MOF had a red-orange luminescence when excited with ultraviolet (UV) radiation (λ = 254 nm) and a high potential for use as a luminescent marker for gunshot residues (GSR). When added to 9 mm nontoxic ammunition, it greatly improved quality of the crime scene investigation, allowing for direct visualization of the luminescent GSR on the shooter's hand and firearm and at the firing range using only a portable UV lamp. The marked luminescent GSR was easily collected and characterized by nondestructive techniques, including with a Video Spectral Comparator and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive spectroscopy, wherein the presence of Eu3+ions was confirmed. Furthermore, the oral acute toxicity of this MOF was assessed in adult female Wistar rats using the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 423 guidelines. This study classified the MOF [Eu(BTC)] in a less toxic Globally Harmonized System category (category 5), with a LD50(lethal dose) of 5000 mg/kg, ensuring a wide security range for its application.
authors.affiliation: PGMTR - CCEN, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-UFPE , 50740-540 Recife, PE, Brazil.|LIMA, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília-UnB , 70904-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcella A M
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lucena
authors.affiliation: LBQP, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília-UnB , 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marina F L
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: LIMA, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília-UnB , 70904-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Arouca
authors.affiliation: Polícia Federal, Instituto Nacional de Criminalística , SAIS Quadra 07 Lote 23, 70610-200 Brasília, DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Márcio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Talhavini
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília-UnB , 72220-275 Brasília, DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: BSTR, Departamento de Química Fundamental-DQF, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-UFPE , 50740-540 Recife, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Severino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: LBQP, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília-UnB , 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil.|Faculdade de Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília-UnB , 72220-275 Brasília, DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabiane H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Veiga-Souza
authors.affiliation: PGMTR - CCEN, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-UFPE , 50740-540 Recife, PE, Brazil.|LIMA, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília-UnB , 70904-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ingrid T
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5781-393X
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005063:Europium; D049449:Luminescence; D000073396:Metal-Organic Frameworks; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014233:Tricarboxylic Acids; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000073396:Metal-Organic Frameworks; D014233:Tricarboxylic Acids; D005063:Europium; C069849:trimesic acid
keywords: MOFs; OECD 423; gunshot residues; luminescent markers; toxicity