title: Atomization method for verifying size effects of inhalable particles on lung damage of mice.
abstract: To explore the size effects of inhalable particles on lung damage, aqueous aerosol containing cadmium was studied as a model to design a new type of two-stage atomization device that was composed of two adjustable parts with electronic ultrasonic atomization and pneumatic atomization. The working parameters and effectiveness of this device were tested with H2O atomization and CdCl2inhalation, respectively. By gravimetrically detecting the mass concentrations of PM2.5and PM10and analysing the particle size with a laser sensor, we confirmed the particle size distribution of the aqueous aerosol produced by the new device under different working conditions. Then, we conducted experiments in male Kunming mice that inhaled CdCl2to determine the size effects of inhalable particles on lung damage and to confirm the effectiveness of the device. The new device could effectively control the particle size in the aqueous aerosol. The inhaled CdCl2entered and injured the lungs of the mice by causing tissue damage, oxidative stress, increasing endoplasmic reticulum stress and triggering an inflammatory response, which might be related to where the particles deposited. The smaller particles in the aqueous aerosol atomized by the new two-stage atomization device deposited deeper into lung causing more damage. This device could provide a new method for animal experiments involving inhalation with water-soluble toxins.
authors.affiliation: Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China. Electronic address: taochenking@163.com.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China. Electronic address: ytang2014@lzu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China. Electronic address: zhanglandear@sina.com.cn.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China. Electronic address: tianyg@lzu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yonggang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China. Electronic address: ymzhang@lzu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yingmei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D019256:Cadmium Chloride / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter; D019256:Cadmium Chloride
keywords: Cadmium; Endoplasmic reticulum stress; Inflammatory response; Inhalation; Pneumatic atomization; Ultrasonic atomization