title: Acetate metabolism does not reflect astrocytic activity, contributes directly to GABA synthesis, and is increased by silent information regulator 1 activation.
abstract: [13C]Acetate is known to label metabolites preferentially in astrocytes rather than neurons and it has consequently been used as a marker for astrocytic activity. Recent discoveries suggest that control of acetate metabolism and its contributions to the synthesis of metabolites in brain is not as simple as first thought. Here, using a Guinea pig brain cortical tissue slice model metabolizing [1-13C]D-glucose and [1,2-13C]acetate, we investigated control of acetate metabolism and the degree to which it reflects astrocytic activity. Using a range of [1,2-13C]acetate concentrations, we found that acetate is a poor substrate for metabolism and will inhibit metabolism of itself and of glucose at concentrations in excess of 2 mmol/L. By activating astrocytes using potassium depolarization, we found that use of [1,2-13C]acetate to synthesize glutamine decreases significantly under these conditions showing that acetate metabolism does not necessarily reflect astrocytic activity. By blocking synthesis of glutamine using methionine sulfoximine, we found that significant amount of [1,2-13C]acetate are still incorporated into GABA and its metabolic precursors in neurons, with around 30% of the GABA synthesized from [1,2-13C]acetate likely to be made directly in neurons rather than from glutamine supplied by astrocytes. Finally, to test whether activity of the acetate metabolizing enzyme acetyl-CoA synthetase is under acetylation control in the brain, we incubated slices with the AceCS1 deacetylase silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) activator SRT 1720 and showed consequential increased incorporation of [1,2-13C]acetate into metabolites. Taken together, these data show that acetate metabolism is not directly nor exclusively related to astrocytic metabolic activity, that use of acetate is related to enzyme acetylation and that acetate is directly metabolized to a significant degree in GABAergic neurons. Changes in acetate metabolism should be interpreted as modulation of metabolism through changes in cellular energetic status via altered enzyme acetylation levels rather than simply as an adjustment of glial-neuronal metabolic activity.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia.|Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Benjamin D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Rowlands
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia.|Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0574-612X
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klugmann
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia.|School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Caroline D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Rae
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D059330:GABAergic Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D056564:Sirtuin 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; C447939:SIRT1 protein, human; D056564:Sirtuin 1; D019342:Acetic Acid
keywords: Acetylation; GABA synthesis; acetate metabolism; compartmentation