title: Normative Values for Near and Distance Clinical Tests of Stereoacuity.
abstract: Extensive literature exists on normative stereoacuity values for younger children, but there is less information about normative stereoacuity in older children/adults. Individual stereotests cannot be used interchangeably-knowing the upper limit of normality for each test is important. This report details normative stereoacuity values for 5 near/distance stereotests drawn from a large sample of participants aged 16-40 years, across 3 studies.
  
  
  
  Participants (n=206, mean age 22.18±5.31 years) were administered the following stereotests: TNO, Preschool Randot, Frisby, Distance Randot, and Frisby-Davis 2. Medians and upper limits were calculated for each test.
  
  
  
  Upper limits for each stereotest were as follows: TNO (n=127, upper limit=120" arc), Preschool Randot (PSR, n=206, upper limit=70" arc), Frisby (n=206, upper limit=40" arc), Distance Randot (n=127, upper limit=160" arc), and Frisby-Davis 2 (n=109, upper limit=25" arc).
  
  
  
  Normative values for each stereotest are identified and discussed with respect to other studies. Potential sources of variation between tests, within testing distances, are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Applied Health Research, Glasgow Caledonian University , Glasgow , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marianne E F
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Piano
authors.affiliation: b Department of Experimental Psychology , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom.|c Directorate of Orthoptics and Vision Science , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Laurence P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Tidbury
authors.affiliation: c Directorate of Orthoptics and Vision Science , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anna R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: O'Connor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003867:Depth Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012574:Schools; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000379:methods*; D015348:Vision, Binocular; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Normative; stereopsis; stereotest