title: Reactivating the extracellular matrix synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans to improve the human skin aspect and its mechanical properties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to demonstrate that a defined cosmetic composition is able to induce an increase in the production of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) and/or proteoglycans and finally to demonstrate that the composition, through its combined action of enzyme production and synthesis of macromolecules, modulates organization and skin surface aspect with a benefit in antiaging applications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gene expression was studied by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using normal human dermal fibroblasts isolated from a 45-year-old donor skin dermis. De novo synthesis of sGAGs and proteoglycans was determined using Blyscan™ assay and/or immunohistochemical techniques. These studies were performed on normal human dermal fibroblasts (41- and 62-year-old donors) and on human skin explants. Dermis organization was studied either ex vivo on skin explants using bi-photon microscopy and transmission electron microscopy or directly in vivo on human volunteers by ultrasound technique. Skin surface modification was investigated in vivo using silicone replicas coupled with macrophotography, and the mechanical properties of the skin were studied using Cutometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was first shown that mRNA expression of several genes involved in the synthesis pathway of sGAG was stimulated. An increase in the de novo synthesis of sGAGs was shown at the cellular level despite the age of cells, and this phenomenon was clearly related to the previously observed stimulation of mRNA expression of genes. An increase in the expression of the corresponding core protein of decorin, perlecan, and versican and a stimulation of their respective sGAGs, such as chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate, were found on skin explants. The biosynthesis of macromolecules seems to be correlated at the microscopic level to a better organization and quality of the dermis, with collagen fibrils having homogenous diameters. The dermis seems to be compacted as observed on images obtained by two-photon microscopy and ultrasound imaging. At the macroscopic level, this dermis organization shows a smoothed profile similar to a younger skin, with improved mechanical properties such as firmess.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The obtained results demonstrate that the defined cosmetic composition induces the synthesis of sGAGs and proteoglycans, which contributes to the overall dermal reorganization. This activity in the dermis in turn impacts the surface and mechanical properties of the skin.
authors.affiliation: Libragen, Induchem (Givaudan Active Beauty), Toulouse.
authors.forename: Hanane
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chajra
authors.affiliation: Libragen, Induchem (Givaudan Active Beauty), Toulouse.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Auriol
authors.affiliation: Sephra Pharma, Puteaux.
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Joly
authors.affiliation: Novotec, Bron.
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pagnon
authors.affiliation: Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan, Toulouse.
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan, Toulouse.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Allart
authors.affiliation: Cosmetic Inventions, Antony, France.
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Redziniak
authors.affiliation: Libragen, Induchem (Givaudan Active Beauty), Toulouse.
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lefevre
keywords: cosmetic composition; decorin; dermis; polysaccharide