title: Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring for Adult Patients Undergoing Posterior Spinal Fusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) are frequently used to monitor neurologic function during spinal deformity surgery. The sensitivity and specificity of intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IONM) in patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion (PSF) is debatable.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of all patients undergoing PSF with IONM from October 2008 to December 2012 was performed. Factors including sex, operative time, and spinal levels of posterior fusion were analyzed as risk factors for intraoperative alerts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 784 consecutive patients who underwent PSF with IONM without any baseline deficits were analyzed. Patients included 45% men (n = 356) and 55% women (n = 428), with a mean age of 56 years. The mean procedure time was 7 hours. Intraoperative alerts were noted for 3.3% (n = 26) of patients. In this cohort, the average number of levels involved per procedure was approximately 7, ranging from 1 to 16 levels. Of all the spinal levels, the cervicothoracic region had the highest incidence of intraoperative alerts (6 of 97 cervicothoracic cases, P = 0.06). Among these patients, age (P = 0.32), sex (P = 0.66), and procedure time (P = 0.63) were not predictive factors. Four out of 26 (15%) patients had neurologic deficits despite surgeon intervention after neuromonitoring alerts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SSEP and MEP changes occurred in 3.3% of patients undergoing PSF, with the highest incidence at the cervicothoracic level. Twenty-three out of 26 patients with intraoperative neuromonitoring changes had improvements in IONM signals after interventions during surgery. Further studies using larger patient numbers may be useful in establishing the utility of neuromonitoring in PSF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Electronic address: hamiltondk@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: D Kojo
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Alp
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozpinar
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Ilker
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yaylali
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D064795:Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009922:Oregon / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring; Motor evoked potentials; Posterior spinal fusion; Somatosensory evoked potentials