title: Use of anticoagulant rodenticides by pest management professionals in Massachusetts, USA.
abstract: Secondary exposure to chemical rodenticides, specifically second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides (SGARs), poses a threat to non-target wildlife including birds of prey. Federal regulations in the United States currently limit homeowner access to SGARs as a way of minimizing this threat. With legal access to SGARs, pest management professionals (PMPs) represent a potential linkage to non-target exposure. There is limited research focused on rodent control practices, chemical rodenticide preferences, level of concern and awareness, or opinions on rodenticide regulations as they relate to PMPs. An online survey was sent to PMP companies across Massachusetts, USA, between October and November 2015. Thirty-five responses were obtained, a 20 % response rate. The preferred rodent control method among responding PMP companies was chemical rodenticides, specifically the SGAR bromadiolone. Respondents varied in their level of concern regarding the impact of chemical rodenticides on non-target species and showed a low level of awareness regarding SGAR potency and half-life. All responding companies reported using integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, with nearly all utilizing chemical rodenticides at some point. Enhanced education focused on SGAR potency, bioaccumulation potential, exposure routes, and negative impacts on non-target wildlife may improve efforts made by PMPs to minimize risk to wildlife and decrease dependence on chemical rodenticide use. Future studies evaluating use of anticoagulant rodenticide (ARs) by PMPs and the association with AR residues found in non-target wildlife is necessary to determine if current EPA regulations need to be modified to effectively reduce the risk of SGARs to non-target wildlife.
authors.affiliation: Center for Animals and Public Policy, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA. Memmott.Kristin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9255-2213
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Memmott
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Wildlife Clinic, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA.
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: Center for Animals and Public Policy, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd, North Grafton, MA, 01536, USA.
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rutberg
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D058735:Environmental Policy; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D008404:Massachusetts; D012375:Rodent Control / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012378:Rodenticides / Q000032:analysis*; D014481:United States; D014484:United States Environmental Protection Agency
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D012378:Rodenticides
keywords: Anticoagulant rodenticide; Birds of prey; Bromadiolone; Pest management professionals; Rodent control; Secondary poisoning