title: Hippocampal Volumetry as a Biomarker for Dementia in People with Low Education.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship between hippocampal volume and cognitive decline in patients with dementia due to probable Alzheimer's disease (AD), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and education, and the possible relationship between cognitive reserve and education in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  From February 2013 to October 2015, 76 patients (25 men, 51 women) were classified according to the NIA-AA diagnostic criteria. We used two 3.0-tesla MRI scanners and performed manual hippocampal volumetry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six patients were found to have AD, 20 aMCI and 30 had normal aging (NA). The mean normalized hippocampal volume in age-, sex- and education (years)-matched subjects was 2.38 ± 0.51 cm3in AD (p < 0.001), 2.91 ± 0.78 cm3in aMCI (p = 0.019) and 3.07 ± 0.76 cm3in NA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Psychometric test (MMSE and MoCA) scores had a good to strong positive correlation with statistically significant differences in the entire population and healthy subjects but not among dementia patients and lower educational level groups. The patients with low education had greater hippocampal volumes, which is in line with the cognitive reserve theory; lower-educated individuals can tolerate less neuropathology and will thus show less atrophy at a similar level of cognitive performance than higher-educated subjects.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Resonancia Magnética, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jaime D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Mondragón
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Celada-Borja
authors.affiliation: Hospital H+ Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barinagarrementeria-Aldatz
authors.affiliation: Lean Six Sigma, Tecnológico de Monterrey-Campus Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico.
authors.forename: Martín
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burgos-Jaramillo
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Resonancia Magnética, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico.
authors.forename: Héctor Manuel
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Barragán-Campos
keywords: Biomarkers; Cognitive assessment; Dementia; Education; Hispanics; MMSE; MRI; Mild cognitive impairment; Volumetry