title: Estrogen stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor 1α through G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 in eutopic endometrium of endometriosis.
abstract: To investigate whether G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER, also known as GPR30 and GPER1) stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in eutopic endometrium (EuEM) of endometriosis.
  
  
  
  Immunohistochemical analysis and experimental in vitro study.
  
  
  
  University hospital.
  
  
  
  Patients with or without endometriosis.
  
  
  
  The EuEM and normal control endometrium (CoEM) were obtained by curettage. Primary cultured endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) were treated with 17β-E2, G1, or G15.
  
  
  
  The EuEM and CoEM were collected for immunohistochemistry. Western blot, polymerase chain reaction, ELISA, and dual luciferase experiments were used to detect expression of GPER, HIF-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in ESCs. Estradiol and G1 were used as agonists of GPER, G15 as an antagonist. Migration of ESCs and endothelial tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultured in medium collected from ESCs were measured.
  
  
  
  Protein levels of GPER and HIF-1α were higher in EuEM than in CoEM. Protein levels of HIF-1α but not HIF-1α mRNA levels increased concurrently with GPER after E2and G1 treatment. Furthermore, expression and activity of VEGF and MMP9 increased under E2and G1 stimulation. However, these effects disappeared when GPER was blocked.
  
  
  
  G protein-coupled estrogen receptor stabilizes HIF-1α and thus promotes HIF-1α-induced VEGF and MMP9 in ESCs, which play critical roles in endometriosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wenqian
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hengwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Haitang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
authors.forename: Zhibing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: Liqun94@163.com.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004717:Endometrium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D055550:Protein Stability; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000819:agonists* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C109584:GPER1 protein, human; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D004958:Estradiol; C579270:MMP9 protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
keywords: Endometriosis; Estrogen; G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER); hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)