title: Mass loading and emission of benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and its derivatives in wastewater treatment plants in New York State, USA.
abstract: The occurrence of benzophenone type ultra-violet (UV) light filters, especially 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone (2OH-4MeO-BP; BP-3), in aquatic ecosystems is a concern due to the endocrine disruption potential of these chemicals. In this study, mass loading, emission and fate of BP-3 and its derivatives were investigated in two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Albany area of New York State, USA. The median concentrations of BP-3 and sum of its four derivatives (ΣBPderivatives) in influents were 35.6-49.1 and 124-145ng/L, respectively. The highest concentrations found for BP-3 and ΣBPderivativesin sludge (n=10) were 426-5770 and 856-5910ng/g, dry wt, respectively. Sorption to sludge explained for 13.2-15.7% of ΣBPs mass reduction, whereas predominant pathway of BPs removal was biodegradation. The mass loadings (25.7-81.4 and 76.1-194mg/d/1000 people) and environmental emissions (10.5-17.5 and 44.5-76.2mg/d/1000 people) for BP-3 and ΣBPderivativesin WWTPs were estimated. Approximately 11% and 20% of the total production of BP-3 and 2,4-diOH-BP (BP-1) in the U.S. reach WWTPs, while 3% and 15% of the loaded amounts were emitted through WWTP discharges.
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: Kurunthachalam.kannan@health.ny.gov.
authors.forename: Kurunthachalam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kannan
keywords: Benzophenone-type UV filter; Environmental emission; Mass loading; Removal efficiency; Wastewater treatment plant