title: Variation in male spermiation response to exogenous hormones among divergent populations of Red-eyed Treefrogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The non-lethal collection of sperm from live males is an important component for multiple captive-breeding techniques, including assisted reproductive technology (ART) protocols, sperm cryopreservation and in vitro fertilization. However, in amphibians, the type and amount of hormone necessary to induce spermiation can be highly variable, even among closely related species. We are unaware of any studies that have examined the spermiation response to exogenous hormones across highly differentiated populations within a species.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined variation in sperm viability and production in response to the hormone LHRH among four divergent populations of the Red-eyed Treefrog (Agalychnis callidryas). We hypothesized that these highly differentiated populations would show variability in sperm count and viability in response to two dosages, 2 μg/g and 4 μg/g, of the hormone LHRH. We collected spermic urine 3 h post injection (PI). We then examined variation in spermiation at 3, 7, 12, and 24 h PI of LHRH for two allopatric populations that previously showed evidence of premating behavioral isolation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One population of Red-eyed Treefrog exhibited reduced sperm viability but not count in response to the hormone LHRH compared to all other populations. In addition, we found peak viability at 3 h PI for the allopatric population comparison. There was no difference in sperm production within or between populations at 3, 7, 12, or 24 h PI. For both studies, intrapopulation variation was high.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ART often focuses on threatened species with small, isolated populations, which could evolve localized differences due to the evolutionary process of drift and selection. The high variation in response and the population-level differences in sperm viability we observed demonstrate that practitioners of ART should consider the possibility of divergent responses to hormones which may affect study design and animal receptivity to ART protocols.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA, 91330-8303, USA. ljacobs815@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Leah E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA, 91330-8303, USA.
authors.forename: Jeanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA, 91330-8303, USA.
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaiser
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000502:physiology*; D002470:Cell Survival; D056727:Endangered Species; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D013076:Sperm Count / Q000662:veterinary; D053625:Sperm Retrieval / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone