title: Early Trajectory of Stroke Severity Predicts Long-Term Functional Outcomes in Ischemic Stroke Subjects: Results From the ESCAPE Trial (Endovascular Treatment for Small Core and Anterior Circulation Proximal Occlusion With Emphasis on Minimizing CT to Recanalization Times).
abstract: The trajectory of neurological improvement after stroke treatment is clinically likely to be an important prognostic signal. We compared the accuracy of early longitudinal National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) measurement versus other early markers of stroke severity post treatment in predicting subjects' 90-day stroke outcome.
  
  
  
  Data are from the Endovascular treatment for Small Core and Anterior circulation Proximal occlusion with ESCAPE trial (Endovascular Treatment for Small Core and Anterior Circulation Proximal Occlusion With Emphasis on Minimizing CT to Recanalization Times). Stroke severity was assessed at baseline, 1, 2, 5, 30, and 90 days. Subjects' functional outcome was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale at baseline, 30 days, and 90 days. Group-based trajectory model was used to identify distinct subgroups of longitudinal trajectories of NIHSS measured over the first 2, 5, and 30 days. The accuracy of baseline NIHSS, infarct volume, 24-hour change in NIHSS, infarct volume, and disease severity trajectory subgroups in predicting 90-day stroke outcome were assessed using logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  
  Group-based trajectory model of the 2-day longitudinal NIHSS data revealed 3 distinct subgroups of NIHSS trajectories-large improvement (41.6%), minimal improvement (31.1%), and no improvement (27.3%) subgroups. Individuals in the large improvement group were more likely were more likely to exhibit good outcomes after 90 days than those in the minimal improvement or no improvement subgroup. Among candidate predictors, the 2-day trajectory subgroup variable was the most accurate in predicting 90-day modified Rankin Scale at 84.5%.
  
  
  
  Early trajectory of neurological improvement defined by 2-day longitudinal NIHSS data predicts functional outcomes with greater accuracy than other common variables.
  
  
  
  URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01778335.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Community Health Sciences and O'Brien Institute for Public Health (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute (T.T.S., B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Department of Radiology (B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Clinical Research Unit (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (O.L.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.S.); Royal College of Physicians in Ireland and Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.W.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Universite de Montreal and Hopital Notre Dame, Quebec, Canada (A.Y.P.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, PA (T.G.J.); University Health Network and Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada (L.K.C.); Erlanger Medical Center, Chattanooga, TN (T.D.); University of Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada (D.D.); and Swedish Medical Centre, Englewood, CO (C.F.).
authors.forename: Tolulope T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Sajobi
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Community Health Sciences and O'Brien Institute for Public Health (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute (T.T.S., B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Department of Radiology (B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Clinical Research Unit (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (O.L.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.S.); Royal College of Physicians in Ireland and Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.W.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Universite de Montreal and Hopital Notre Dame, Quebec, Canada (A.Y.P.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, PA (T.G.J.); University Health Network and Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada (L.K.C.); Erlanger Medical Center, Chattanooga, TN (T.D.); University of Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada (D.D.); and Swedish Medical Centre, Englewood, CO (C.F.).
authors.forename: Bijoy K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Community Health Sciences and O'Brien Institute for Public Health (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute (T.T.S., B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Department of Radiology (B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Clinical Research Unit (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (O.L.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.S.); Royal College of Physicians in Ireland and Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.W.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Universite de Montreal and Hopital Notre Dame, Quebec, Canada (A.Y.P.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, PA (T.G.J.); University Health Network and Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada (L.K.C.); Erlanger Medical Center, Chattanooga, TN (T.D.); University of Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada (D.D.); and Swedish Medical Centre, Englewood, CO (C.F.).
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Community Health Sciences and O'Brien Institute for Public Health (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute (T.T.S., B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Department of Radiology (B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Clinical Research Unit (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (O.L.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.S.); Royal College of Physicians in Ireland and Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.W.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Universite de Montreal and Hopital Notre Dame, Quebec, Canada (A.Y.P.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, PA (T.G.J.); University Health Network and Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada (L.K.C.); Erlanger Medical Center, Chattanooga, TN (T.D.); University of Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada (D.D.); and Swedish Medical Centre, Englewood, CO (C.F.).
authors.forename: Oluwaseyi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lawal
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Community Health Sciences and O'Brien Institute for Public Health (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute (T.T.S., B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Department of Radiology (B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Clinical Research Unit (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (O.L.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.S.); Royal College of Physicians in Ireland and Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.W.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Universite de Montreal and Hopital Notre Dame, Quebec, Canada (A.Y.P.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, PA (T.G.J.); University Health Network and Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada (L.K.C.); Erlanger Medical Center, Chattanooga, TN (T.D.); University of Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada (D.D.); and Swedish Medical Centre, Englewood, CO (C.F.).
authors.forename: Ashfaq
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shuaib
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Community Health Sciences and O'Brien Institute for Public Health (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute (T.T.S., B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Department of Radiology (B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Clinical Research Unit (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (O.L.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.S.); Royal College of Physicians in Ireland and Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.W.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Universite de Montreal and Hopital Notre Dame, Quebec, Canada (A.Y.P.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, PA (T.G.J.); University Health Network and Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada (L.K.C.); Erlanger Medical Center, Chattanooga, TN (T.D.); University of Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada (D.D.); and Swedish Medical Centre, Englewood, CO (C.F.).
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Community Health Sciences and O'Brien Institute for Public Health (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute (T.T.S., B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Department of Radiology (B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Clinical Research Unit (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (O.L.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.S.); Royal College of Physicians in Ireland and Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.W.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Universite de Montreal and Hopital Notre Dame, Quebec, Canada (A.Y.P.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, PA (T.G.J.); University Health Network and Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada (L.K.C.); Erlanger Medical Center, Chattanooga, TN (T.D.); University of Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada (D.D.); and Swedish Medical Centre, Englewood, CO (C.F.).
authors.forename: Alexandre Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Poppe
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Community Health Sciences and O'Brien Institute for Public Health (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute (T.T.S., B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Department of Radiology (B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Clinical Research Unit (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (O.L.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.S.); Royal College of Physicians in Ireland and Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.W.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Universite de Montreal and Hopital Notre Dame, Quebec, Canada (A.Y.P.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, PA (T.G.J.); University Health Network and Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada (L.K.C.); Erlanger Medical Center, Chattanooga, TN (T.D.); University of Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada (D.D.); and Swedish Medical Centre, Englewood, CO (C.F.).
authors.forename: Tudor G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Jovin
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Community Health Sciences and O'Brien Institute for Public Health (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute (T.T.S., B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Department of Radiology (B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Clinical Research Unit (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (O.L.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.S.); Royal College of Physicians in Ireland and Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.W.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Universite de Montreal and Hopital Notre Dame, Quebec, Canada (A.Y.P.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, PA (T.G.J.); University Health Network and Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada (L.K.C.); Erlanger Medical Center, Chattanooga, TN (T.D.); University of Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada (D.D.); and Swedish Medical Centre, Englewood, CO (C.F.).
authors.forename: Leanne K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Casaubon
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Community Health Sciences and O'Brien Institute for Public Health (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute (T.T.S., B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Department of Radiology (B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Clinical Research Unit (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (O.L.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.S.); Royal College of Physicians in Ireland and Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.W.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Universite de Montreal and Hopital Notre Dame, Quebec, Canada (A.Y.P.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, PA (T.G.J.); University Health Network and Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada (L.K.C.); Erlanger Medical Center, Chattanooga, TN (T.D.); University of Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada (D.D.); and Swedish Medical Centre, Englewood, CO (C.F.).
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Devlin
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Community Health Sciences and O'Brien Institute for Public Health (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute (T.T.S., B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Department of Radiology (B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Clinical Research Unit (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (O.L.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.S.); Royal College of Physicians in Ireland and Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.W.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Universite de Montreal and Hopital Notre Dame, Quebec, Canada (A.Y.P.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, PA (T.G.J.); University Health Network and Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada (L.K.C.); Erlanger Medical Center, Chattanooga, TN (T.D.); University of Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada (D.D.); and Swedish Medical Centre, Englewood, CO (C.F.).
authors.forename: Dar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dowlatshahi
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Community Health Sciences and O'Brien Institute for Public Health (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute (T.T.S., B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Department of Radiology (B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Clinical Research Unit (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (O.L.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.S.); Royal College of Physicians in Ireland and Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.W.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Universite de Montreal and Hopital Notre Dame, Quebec, Canada (A.Y.P.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, PA (T.G.J.); University Health Network and Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada (L.K.C.); Erlanger Medical Center, Chattanooga, TN (T.D.); University of Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada (D.D.); and Swedish Medical Centre, Englewood, CO (C.F.).
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fanale
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Community Health Sciences and O'Brien Institute for Public Health (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute (T.T.S., B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Department of Radiology (B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Clinical Research Unit (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (O.L.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.S.); Royal College of Physicians in Ireland and Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.W.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Universite de Montreal and Hopital Notre Dame, Quebec, Canada (A.Y.P.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, PA (T.G.J.); University Health Network and Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada (L.K.C.); Erlanger Medical Center, Chattanooga, TN (T.D.); University of Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada (D.D.); and Swedish Medical Centre, Englewood, CO (C.F.).
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Lowerison
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Community Health Sciences and O'Brien Institute for Public Health (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute (T.T.S., B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Department of Radiology (B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Clinical Research Unit (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (O.L.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.S.); Royal College of Physicians in Ireland and Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.W.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Universite de Montreal and Hopital Notre Dame, Quebec, Canada (A.Y.P.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, PA (T.G.J.); University Health Network and Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada (L.K.C.); Erlanger Medical Center, Chattanooga, TN (T.D.); University of Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada (D.D.); and Swedish Medical Centre, Englewood, CO (C.F.).
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Demchuk
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Community Health Sciences and O'Brien Institute for Public Health (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute (T.T.S., B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Department of Radiology (B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Clinical Research Unit (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (O.L.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.S.); Royal College of Physicians in Ireland and Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.W.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Universite de Montreal and Hopital Notre Dame, Quebec, Canada (A.Y.P.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, PA (T.G.J.); University Health Network and Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada (L.K.C.); Erlanger Medical Center, Chattanooga, TN (T.D.); University of Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada (D.D.); and Swedish Medical Centre, Englewood, CO (C.F.).
authors.forename: Mayank
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goyal
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Community Health Sciences and O'Brien Institute for Public Health (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Hotchkiss Brain Institute (T.T.S., B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Department of Radiology (B.K.M., A.M.D., M.G., M.D.H.), Clinical Research Unit (T.T.S., B.K.M., M.W.L., M.D.H.), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (O.L.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.S.); Royal College of Physicians in Ireland and Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (D.W.); Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Universite de Montreal and Hopital Notre Dame, Quebec, Canada (A.Y.P.); University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, PA (T.G.J.); University Health Network and Toronto Western Hospital, Ontario, Canada (L.K.C.); Erlanger Medical Center, Chattanooga, TN (T.D.); University of Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada (D.D.); and Swedish Medical Centre, Englewood, CO (C.F.). michael.hill@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000639:trends*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020127:Recovery of Function; D015424:Reperfusion / Q000639:trends*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: National Institutes of Health (U.S.); prognosis; stroke; thrombolytic therapy; tomography, x-ray computed tomography