title: EEG Negativity in Fixations Used for Gaze-Based Control: Toward Converting Intentions into Actions with an Eye-Brain-Computer Interface.
abstract: We usually look at an object when we are going to manipulate it. Thus, eye tracking can be used to communicate intended actions. An effective human-machine interface, however, should be able to differentiate intentional and spontaneous eye movements. We report an electroencephalogram (EEG) marker that differentiates gaze fixations used for control from spontaneous fixations involved in visual exploration. Eight healthy participants played a game with their eye movements only. Their gaze-synchronized EEG data (fixation-related potentials, FRPs) were collected during game's control-on and control-off conditions. A slow negative wave with a maximum in the parietooccipital region was present in each participant's averaged FRPs in the control-on conditions and was absent or had much lower amplitude in the control-off condition. This wave was similar but not identical to stimulus-preceding negativity, a slow negative wave that can be observed during feedback expectation. Classification of intentional vs. spontaneous fixations was based on amplitude features from 13 EEG channels using 300 ms length segments free from electrooculogram contamination (200-500 ms relative to the fixation onset). For the first fixations in the fixation triplets required to make moves in the game, classified against control-off data, a committee of greedy classifiers provided 0.90 ± 0.07 specificity and 0.38 ± 0.14 sensitivity. Similar (slightly lower) results were obtained for the shrinkage Linear Discriminate Analysis (LDA) classifier. The second and third fixations in the triplets were classified at lower rate. We expect that, with improved feature sets and classifiers, a hybrid dwell-based Eye-Brain-Computer Interface (EBCI) can be built using the FRP difference between the intended and spontaneous fixations. If this direction of BCI development will be successful, such a multimodal interface may improve the fluency of interaction and can possibly become the basis for a new input device for paralyzed and healthy users, the EBCI "Wish Mouse."
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurocognitive Technologies, Kurchatov Complex of NBICS Technologies, National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute," Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Sergei L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Shishkin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurocognitive Technologies, Kurchatov Complex of NBICS Technologies, National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute," Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Yuri O
authors.initials: YO
authors.lastname: Nuzhdin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurocognitive Technologies, Kurchatov Complex of NBICS Technologies, National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute," Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Evgeny P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Svirin
authors.affiliation: Department of Cybernetics, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Trofimov
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurocognitive Technologies, Kurchatov Complex of NBICS Technologies, National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute," Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Anastasia A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Fedorova
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurocognitive Technologies, Kurchatov Complex of NBICS Technologies, National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute,"Moscow, Russia; Department of Computer Systems and Technologies, National Research Nuclear University MEPhIMoscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Bogdan L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Kozyrskiy
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurocognitive Technologies, Kurchatov Complex of NBICS Technologies, National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute,"Moscow, Russia; Centre for Cognitive Programs and Technologies, Russian State University for HumanitiesMoscow, Russia; Department of Psychology, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Boris M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Velichkovsky
keywords: assistive technology; brain-computer interfaces; detection of intention; eye tracking; gaze interaction; human-computer interfaces; slow cortical potentials; stimulus-preceding negativity