title: Breastfeeding associated with higher lung function in African American youths with asthma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the United States, Puerto Ricans and African Americans have lower prevalence of breastfeeding and worse clinical outcomes for asthma compared with other racial/ethnic groups. We hypothesize that the history of breastfeeding is associated with increased forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) % predicted and reduced asthma exacerbations in Latino and African American youths with asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of the Genes-environments & Admixture in Latino Americans (GALA II) Study and the Study of African Americans, asthma, Genes & Environments (SAGE II), we conducted case-only analyses in children and adolescents aged 8-21 years with asthma from four different racial/ethnic groups: African Americans (n = 426), Mexican Americans (n = 424), mixed/other Latinos (n = 255), and Puerto Ricans (n = 629). We investigated the association between any breastfeeding in infancy and FEV1% predicted using multivariable linear regression; Poisson regression was used to determine the association between breastfeeding and asthma exacerbations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of breastfeeding was lower in African Americans (59.4%) and Puerto Ricans (54.9%) compared to Mexican Americans (76.2%) and mixed/other Latinos (66.9%; p < 0.001). After adjusting for covariates, breastfeeding was associated with a 3.58% point increase in FEV1% predicted (p = 0.01) and a 21% reduction in asthma exacerbations (p = 0.03) in African Americans only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breastfeeding was associated with higher FEV1% predicted in asthma and reduced number of asthma exacerbations in African American youths, calling attention to continued support for breastfeeding.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Sam S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.|b Department of Pharmacy , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Randal
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7484-3567
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zeiger
authors.affiliation: c Department of Pediatrics , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Meghan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: McGarry
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Donglei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Neeta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.affiliation: d Research Unit , Hospital Universitario NS de Candelaria , Santa Cruz de Tenerife , Spain.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pino-Yanes
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.|e Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences , University of California San Franscisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Joshua M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Galanter
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Celeste
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Katherine Keiko
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Nishimura
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huntsman
authors.affiliation: f Department of Pediatrics , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA.|g Department of Pulmonology , Texas Children's Hospital , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Harold J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Farber
authors.affiliation: h Department of Primary Care , UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital , San Francisco , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Kelley
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Meade
authors.affiliation: i Department of Medicine , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL , USA.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Avila
authors.affiliation: j Department of Pediatric Pulmonology , Jacobi Medical Center , Bronx , NY , USA.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Serebrisky
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bibbins-Domingo
authors.affiliation: k Department of Pediatrics , Bay Area Pediatrics , Oakland , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lenoir
authors.affiliation: l Department of Epidemiology , Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Jean G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.affiliation: m Department of Allergy and Immunology , Kaiser Permanente Vallejo Medical Center , San Francisco , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Emerita
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brigino-Buenaventura
authors.affiliation: n Department of Pulmonary/Critica Care , VA Caribbean Healthcare System , San Juan , Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Cintron
authors.affiliation: o Department of Medicine , University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine , Los Angeles , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Shannon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Thyne
authors.affiliation: p Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Saunak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sen
authors.affiliation: q Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Critical Care , Centro de Neumología Pediátrica , San Juan , Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: Jose R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Santana
authors.affiliation: r Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System , Detroit , MI , USA.|s Department of Internal Medicine , Henry Ford Health System , Detroit , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Keoki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: i Department of Medicine , Northwestern University , Evanston , IL , USA.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.|e Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences , University of California San Franscisco , San Francisco , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Esteban G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Burchard
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001249:Asthma / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States
keywords: Asthma; Hispanics; breastfeeding; exacerbations; genetic admixture; lung function; minority