title: Aberrant T cell immunity triggered by human Respiratory Syncytial Virus and human Metapneumovirus infection.
abstract: Human Respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are the two major etiological viral agents of lower respiratory tract diseases, affecting mainly infants, young children and the elderly. Although the infection of both viruses trigger an antiviral immune response that mediate viral clearance and disease resolution in immunocompetent individuals, the promotion of long-term immunity appears to be deficient and reinfection are common throughout life. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that hRSV and hMPV, can induce aberrant T cell responses, which leads to exacerbated lung inflammation and poor T and B cell memory immunity. The modulation of immune response exerted by both viruses include different strategies such as, impairment of immunological synapse mediated by viral proteins or soluble factors, and the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by epithelial cells, among others. All these viral strategies contribute to the alteration of the adaptive immunity in order to increase the susceptibility to reinfections. In this review, we discuss current research related to the mechanisms underlying the impairment of T and B cell immune responses induced by hRSV and hMPV infection. In addition, we described the role each virulence factor involved in immune modulation caused by these viruses.
authors.affiliation: a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.
authors.forename: Andrea E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: b Departamento de Biotecnología , Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta , Antofagasta , Chile.
authors.forename: Margarita K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Lay
authors.affiliation: a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.
authors.forename: Evelyn L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Jara
authors.affiliation: a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.
authors.forename: Janyra A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.affiliation: a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.
authors.forename: Roberto S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.affiliation: a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Soto
authors.affiliation: a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.
authors.forename: Claudia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.affiliation: c Departamento de Pediatría , Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.
authors.forename: Katia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abarca
authors.affiliation: a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.|d INSERM UMR1064 , Nantes , France.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.affiliation: e Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello , Santiago , Chile.
authors.forename: Claudia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Riedel
authors.affiliation: a Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología , Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.|c Departamento de Pediatría , Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.|f Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy , Departamento de Endocrinología , Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile.
authors.forename: Alexis M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kalergis
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D016207:Cytokines; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion; D007223:Infant; D029121:Metapneumovirus / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D018184:Paramyxoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000821:virology; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D018113:Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: T cells; adaptive immunity; hMPV; hRSV; immunological synapse