title: Comfrey herbal remedy causing second-degree heart block: do not be outfoxed by digitalis.
abstract: A previously well woman aged 63 years presents to the emergency department with vomiting, palpitations and 3 presyncopal episodes. She had no previous medical or cardiac history, with the patient stating that she tried a herbal remedy of boiled comfrey leaves for insomnia 18 hours before arrival to the department. Her ECG showed multiple abnormalities, including bradycardia, second-degree atrioventricular node block, Mobitz Type 2, a shortened QT interval, downsloping ST depression and presence of U waves. After viewing the images of comfrey and foxglove, it highlighted the possibility of mistaken ingestion of Digitalis, containing the organic forms of cardiac glycosides, such as digoxin and digitoxin. Raised serum digoxin levels confirmed this. The patient was haemodynamically stable, and given digoxin-binding antibodies. After 5 days of cardiac monitoring, her ECG returned to normal rhythm, and she was discharged home.
authors.affiliation: Department of Accident and Emergency, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Mathew Kurian
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Vithayathil
authors.affiliation: Department of Accident and Emergency, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents; D000910:Antibodies, Heterophile / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D054537:Atrioventricular Block / Q000139:chemically induced*; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000209:etiology; D020844:Comfrey; D004070:Digitalis / Q000276:immunology / Q000506:poisoning*; D004077:Digoxin / Q000276:immunology / Q000506:poisoning*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000506:poisoning; D010939:Plant Poisoning / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014839:Vomiting / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000910:Antibodies, Heterophile; D004077:Digoxin