title: Rituximab in the Treatment of Thyroid Eye Disease: A Review.
abstract: Graves disease is an autoimmune thyroid disease classically characterised by a clinical triad consisting of hyperthyroidism, diffuse goitre, and thyroid eye disease. Thyroid eye disease is an immunologically mediated condition in which humoral immunity is thought to play a central role. Thyroid eye disease is traditionally treated with high-dose glucocorticosteroids and surgical orbital decompression. However, responses are inadequate and alternative treatment options are needed. Rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, shows promise as a novel therapeutic option for thyroid eye disease. There are 43 cases of thyroid eye disease treated with rituximab in the medical literature, and larger studies are warranted to determine the long-term effectiveness of rituximab. Rituximab may represent an attractive new treatment option for thyroid eye disease, especially in the case of disease that is refractory to current treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine Maywood, Illinois USA and.
authors.forename: Rochella A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ostrowski
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine Maywood, Illinois USA and.
authors.forename: Melissa R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bussey
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine Maywood, Illinois USA.
authors.forename: Yasmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shayesteh
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine Maywood, Illinois USA.
authors.forename: Walter M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Jay
keywords: Biologic therapy; Graves disease; Graves orbitopathy; ophthalmopathy rituximab; thyroid eye disease; thyroid-associated orbitopathy