title: Geometric Torsion in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Surgical Outcomes Study of Lenke Type 1 Patients.
abstract: METHODS
  Consecutive case series analysis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the surgical outcomes of patients with thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in relation to different degrees of geometric torsion.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  AIS is a three-dimensional (3D) deformity of the spine. A 3D classification of AIS, however, remains elusive because there is no widely accepted 3D parameter in the clinical practice. Recently, a new method of estimating geometric torsion has been proposed and detected two potential new 3D subgroups based on geometric torsion values.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is an analysis of 93 patients with Lenke type-1 deformity from our institution. 3D reconstructions were obtained using biplanar radiographs both pre- and postoperatively. Geometric torsion was computed using a novel technique by approximating local arc lengths at the neutral vertebra in the thoracolumbar segment. An inter- and intragroup statistical analysis was performed to compare clinical indices of patients with different torsion values. A qualitative assessment was also performed on each patient by two senior staff surgeons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant differences were observed in clinical indices between high (2.85 mm) and low torsion (0.83 mm) Lenke type 1 subgroups. Preoperatively, the high torsion group showed higher Cobb angle values in the thoracic segment (71.18° vs. 63.74°), as well as higher angulation in the thoracolumbar plane of maximum deformity (67.79° vs. 53.30°). Postoperatively, a statistically significant difference was found in the orientation of the plane of maximum deformity in the thoracolumbar segment between the high and low torsion groups (47.95° vs. 30.03°). Results from the qualitative evaluation of surgical results showed different results between the two staff surgeons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest a link between preoperative torsion values and surgical outcomes within Lenke type 1 deformities. These results will need to be validated by an independent group, as it is a single-center study.
  
  
  METHODS
  4.
authors.affiliation: CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada.|Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada.|École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kadoury
authors.affiliation: CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada.|Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Labelle
authors.affiliation: CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada.|Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parent
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome