title: Phylogeography of the Small Indian Civet and Origin of Introductions to Western Indian Ocean Islands.
abstract: The biogeographic dynamics affecting the Indian subcontinent, East and Southeast Asia during the Plio-Pleistocene has generated complex biodiversity patterns. We assessed the molecular biogeography of the small Indian civet (Viverricula indica) through mitogenome and cytochrome b + control region sequencing of 89 historical and modern samples to (1) establish a time-calibrated phylogeography across the species' native range and (2) test introduction scenarios to western Indian Ocean islands. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses identified 3 geographic lineages (East Asia, sister-group to Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent + northern Indochina) diverging 3.2-2.3 million years ago (Mya), with no clear signature of past demographic expansion. Within Southeast Asia, Balinese populations separated from the rest 2.6-1.3 Mya. Western Indian Ocean populations were assigned to the Indian subcontinent + northern Indochina lineage and had the lowest mitochondrial diversity. Approximate Bayesian computation did not distinguish between single versus multiple introduction scenarios. The early diversification of the small Indian civet was likely shaped by humid periods in the Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene that created evergreen rainforest barriers, generating areas of intra-specific endemism in the Indian subcontinent, East, and Southeast Asia. Later, Pleistocene dispersals through drier conditions in South and Southeast Asia were likely, giving rise to the species' current natural distribution. Our molecular data supported the delineation of only 4 subspecies in V. indica, including an endemic Balinese lineage. Our study also highlighted the influence of prefirst millennium AD introductions to western Indian Ocean islands, with Indian and/or Arab traders probably introducing the species for its civet oil.
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM)-UM-CNRS-IRD-EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon-CC 64, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gaubert
authors.affiliation: Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.|Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Riddhi P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Géraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Veron
authors.affiliation: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA.|Association Vahatra, Antananarivo, Madagascar, East Africa.
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM)-UM-CNRS-IRD-EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon-CC 64, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.|Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstr. 43, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Maraike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Willsch
authors.affiliation: Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, Barcelona, Spain.|CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vasconcelos
authors.affiliation: CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal.|Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto,Portugal.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lourenço
authors.affiliation: Cellule Technique Océan Indien, Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage (ONCFS), Saint-Denis, France.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sigaud
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM)-UM-CNRS-IRD-EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon-CC 64, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Justy
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Institute of India, Dehra Dun,India.
authors.forename: Bheem Dutt
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.|Institute of Biochemistry & Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörns
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fickel
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wilting
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045303:Cytochromes b / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial; D006239:Haplotypes; D007195:Indian Ocean Islands; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D045949:Viverridae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D045303:Cytochromes b
keywords: Asia; Plio-Pleistocene; Viverridae; biogeography; civet oil; mtDNA