title: Ovarian and uterine alterations following forced swimming: An immunohistochemical study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physical exercise is known to be a stressor stimulus that leads to reproductive disruption.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of forced swimming on the uterus and ovaries in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult mice (N=24) were divided into the following three groups: A, control; B, swimming in water (10oC); and C, swimming in water (23oC). Swimmers swam for 5 min daily for 5 consecutive days/ wk during 2 wks. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine serum estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone levels. Immunohistochemistry was performed to study apoptotic cells or estrogen receptor (ER) expression in uterine epithelial cells and ovaries. ANOVA was used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Swimming in both groups reduced the serum FSH and estradiol levels (p<0.01) without having a significant effect on the serum testosterone level or percentage of apoptosis in ovarian and uterine tissues (p<0.01) compared with controls. A significant reduction in the number of ERs in the uterus and ovaries, and secondary and graafian follicles were observed in groups B and C compared with controls (p<0.01); however the number of primordial and primary follicles were not significantly changed in the ovaries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Forced swimming of 2 wks duration reduces the serum levels of FSH and estradiol without having effects on apoptosis in the ovaries or uteri of mice. Over a long period of time, forced swimming may have an adverse effect on fertility.
authors.affiliation: Student Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyedeh Nazanin
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Seyed Saadat
authors.affiliation: Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: Fahimeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mohammadghasemi
authors.affiliation: Student Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: Hannan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ebrahimi
authors.affiliation: Student Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: Hanieh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rafati Sajedi
authors.affiliation: Student Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: Gelayol
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chatrnour
keywords: Apoptosis; Estradiol; Estrogen receptor; Ovary; Swimming; Uterus