title: Effects of naringin on physical fatigue and serum MMP-9 concentration in female rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress has a critical role in the development of physical fatigue and activation of matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9). Naringin (Nar) is a bioflavonoid that has antioxidant activity and suppresses MMP-9 expression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study evaluates the anti-fatigue activity of Nar on physical fatigue and serum MMP-9 concentration in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty female Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10); a control group, vehicle group and three Nar treatment groups. The Nar treated groups received different doses of Nar (40, 80 and 160 mg/kg/day) for 30 days. On the 30thday, rats were sacrificed immediately after exhaustive swimming test. Serum MMP-9 concentration and several biochemical parameters related to fatigue were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exhaustive swimming time in the Nar-80 group significantly increased 1.78-, 1.53-, 1.5- and 1.3-fold compared with the control, vehicle, Nar-40 and Nar-160 groups, respectively. In addition, exhaustive swimming time in the Nar-160 group significantly increased 1.36-fold compared with the control group. Nar-80 significantly decreased LDH activity by 60.45% and 57.47% compared with the vehicle and control groups, respectively. Furthermore, Nar-80 and Nar-160 increased blood glucose levels by 19.56% and 18.38% compared with the control group, respectively. Nar-80 and Nar-160 significantly decreased serum MMP-9 concentration by 61.57% and 83.39% compared with the control group, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our data, Nar has anti-fatigue effects which may be attributed to its property in modulating energy metabolism and reducing serum MMP-9 concentration. Thus, Nar may be a promising agent for the treatment of physical fatigue.
authors.affiliation: a Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center and Department of Physiology , Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan , Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zamanian
authors.affiliation: b Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Rafsanjani University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan , Iran.|c Molecular Medicine Research Center , Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan , Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammadreza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hajizadeh
authors.affiliation: a Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center and Department of Physiology , Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan , Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shamsizadeh
authors.affiliation: a Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center and Department of Physiology , Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan , Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moemenzadeh
authors.affiliation: a Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center and Department of Physiology , Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan , Iran.
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amirteimouri
authors.affiliation: d Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine , University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elshiekh
authors.affiliation: a Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center and Department of Physiology , Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan , Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Allahtavakoli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D044950:Flavanones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000097:blood*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects*; D018763:Muscle Fatigue / Q000187:drug effects*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000187:drug effects*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013550:Swimming; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D044950:Flavanones; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; C572337:Mmp9 protein, rat; C005274:naringin
keywords: Lactate dehydrogenase; exhaustive swimming test; glucose