title: Instrumentation Strategies to Reduce the Risks of Proximal Junctional Kyphosis in Adult Scoliosis: A Detailed Biomechanical Analysis.
abstract: METHODS
  Biomechanical analysis of proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) through numerical simulations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Assessment of the effect of sagittal alignment, the upper instrumented vertebral level (UIV), and 4 other surgical variables on biomechanical indices related to the PJK risks.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Despite retrospective clinical studies, biomechanical analysis of individual parameters associated with PJK is lacking to support instrumentation strategies to reduce the PJK risks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Instrumentations of 6 adult scoliosis cases with different operative strategies were simulated (1,152 simulations). Proximal junctional (PJ) angle and flexion loads were evaluated against the sagittal alignment and the proximal instrumentation level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Instrumenting 1 more proximal vertebra allowed the PJ angle, proximal moment, and force to be reduced by 18%, 25%, and 16%, respectively. Shifting sagittal alignment by 20 mm posteriorly increased the PJ angle and proximal moment by 16% and 22%, and increased the equivalent posterior extensor force by 37%. Bilateral complete facetectomy, posterior ligaments resection, and the combination of the 2 resulted in an increase of the PJ angle (by 10%, 28%, and 53%, respectively), flexion forces (by 4%, 12%, and 22%, respectively), and proximal moments (by 16%, 44%, and 83%, respectively). Transverse process hooks at UIV compared with pedicle screws allowed 26% lower PJ angle and flexion loads. The use of proximal transition rods with proximal diameter reduced from 5.5 to 4 mm slightly reduced PJ angle, flexion force, and moment (less than 8%). The increase in sagittal rod curvature from 10° to 40° increased the PJ angle (from 6% to 19%), flexion force (from 3% to 10%), and moment (from 9% to 27%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simulated posteriorly shifted sagittal alignment was associated with higher PJK risks, whereas extending instrumentation proximally allowed a lower mechanical risk of PJK. Preserving PJ intervertebral elements and using a more flexible anchorage at UIV help reduce the biomechanical risks of PJK.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, PO Box 6079, Downtown Station, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada; Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, 3175 Cote Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada. Electronic address: carl-eric.aubin@polymtl.ca.
authors.forename: Carl-Eric
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Aubin
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, PO Box 6079, Downtown Station, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, 5400 Boulevard Gouin West, Montreal, Quebec H4J 1C5, Canada.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cammarata
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, PO Box 6079, Downtown Station, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada; Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, 3175 Cote Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.
authors.forename: Xiaoyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, 3175 Cote Sainte-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, 5400 Boulevard Gouin West, Montreal, Quebec H4J 1C5, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Mac-Thiong
keywords: Adult scoliosis; Biomechanical modeling; Proximal junctional kyphosis; Spinal deformity; Surgical simulation