title: Strength of Thoracic Spine Under Simulated Direct Vertebral Rotation: A Biomechanical Study.
abstract: Direct vertebral rotation (DVR) has gained increasing popularity for deformity correction surgery. Despite large moments applied intraoperatively during deformity correction and failure reports including screw plow, aortic abutment, and pedicle fracture, to our knowledge, the strength of thoracic spines has been unknown. Moreover, the rotational response of thoracic spines under such large torques has been unknown.
  
  
  
  Simulate DVR surgical conditions to measure torsion to failure on thoracic spines and assess surgical forces.
  
  
  
  Biomechanical simulation using cadaver spines.
  
  
  
  Fresh-frozen thoracic spines (n = 11) were evaluated using radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. An apparatus simulating DVR was attached to pedicle screws at T7-T10 and transmitted torsion to the spine. T11-T12 were potted and rigidly attached to the frame. Strain gages measured the simulated surgical forces to rotate spines. Torsional load was increased incrementally till failure at T10-T11. Torsion to failure at T10-T11 and corresponding forces were obtained.
  
  
  
  The T10-T11 moment at failure was 33.3 ± 12.1 Nm (range = 13.7-54.7 Nm). The mean applied force to produce failure was 151.7 ± 33.1 N (range = 109.6-202.7 N), at a distance of approximately 22 cm where surgeons would typically apply direct vertebral rotation forces. Mean right rotation at T10-T11 was 11.6°±5.6°. The failure moment was significantly correlated with bone mineral density (Pearson coefficient 0.61, p = .047). Failure moment also positively correlated with radiographic degeneration grade (Spearman rho > 0.662, p < .04) and MRI degeneration grade (Spearman rho = 0.742, p = .01).
  
  
  
  The present study indicated that with the advantage of lever arms provided with DVR techniques, relatively small surgical forces, <200 N, can produce large moments that cause irreversible injury. Although further studies are required to establish the safety of surgical deformity correction surgeries, the present study provides a first step in the quantification of thoracic spine strength.
authors.affiliation: Lucideon, 2210 Technology Dr, Schenectady, NY 12308, USA; The J. Vernon Luck, Sr., M.D. Orthopaedic Research Center, Orthopaedic Institute for Children/UCLA, 403 West Adams Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.
authors.forename: Sean L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Borkowski
authors.affiliation: The J. Vernon Luck, Sr., M.D. Orthopaedic Research Center, Orthopaedic Institute for Children/UCLA, 403 West Adams Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.
authors.forename: Sophia N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Sangiorgio
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Institute for Children and the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, 403 West Adams Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Institute for Children and the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, 403 West Adams Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Scaduto
authors.affiliation: The J. Vernon Luck, Sr., M.D. Orthopaedic Research Center, Orthopaedic Institute for Children/UCLA, 403 West Adams Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: The J. Vernon Luck, Sr., M.D. Orthopaedic Research Center, Orthopaedic Institute for Children/UCLA, 403 West Adams Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA; Orthopaedic Institute for Children and the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, 403 West Adams Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: The J. Vernon Luck, Sr., M.D. Orthopaedic Research Center, Orthopaedic Institute for Children/UCLA, 403 West Adams Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA. Electronic address: Edward.Ebramazadeh@ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ebramzadeh
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D065289:Pedicle Screws; D011859:Radiography; D012399:Rotation; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Biomechanics; Direct vertebral rotation; Strength; Thoracic spine; Torsion