title: Vitamin D deficiency: What does it mean for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? a compherensive review for pulmonologists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vitamin D deficiency and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) are both under-recognized health problems, world-wide. Although Vitamin D has long been known for calcemic effects it also has less known noncalcemic effects. Recent data have shown that Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in patients with COPD and correlates with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and FEV1decline. The objective of this work was to review the current literature on vitamin D deficiency in relation with COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search, using the words "vitamin D" and "COPD", was undertaken in Pubmed database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The noncalcemic effects of vitamin D relating with COPD may be summarised as increasing antimicrobial peptide production, regulation of inflammatory response and airway remodelling. Vitamin D inhibits the production of several proinflammatory cytokines and leads to suppression Th1 and Th17 responses which may be involved in the pathogenesis of COPD. Vitamin D insufficiency may also contribute to chronic respiratory infections and airway colonization so returning vitamin D concentrations to an optimal range in patients with COPD might reduce bacterial load and concomitant exacerbations.Vitamin D is also important for COPD-related comorbodities such as osteoporosis, muscle weakness and cardiovascular diseases. Data about the effect of Vitamin D supplementation on those comorbidities in relation with COPD are been scarce.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improving the blood level of Vitamin D into the desired range may have a beneficial effect bones and muscles, but more studies are needed to test to test that hypothesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.|Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Research Center for Chronic Obstructive Airway Diseases, Asian Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Nurdan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kokturk
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ayse
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baha
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Research Center for Chronic Obstructive Airway Diseases, Asian Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yeon-Mok
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Clinical Research Center for Chronic Obstructive Airway Diseases, Asian Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Young Ju
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology, School of Medicine, Clinical Science Center, St George University, London, UK.
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D014807:Vitamin D; D002118:Calcium
keywords: COPD; prevention and treatment; vitamin D; vitamin D deficiency