title: In vitro effects of dental cements on hard and soft tissues associated with dental implants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dental cements for cement-retained restorations are often chosen based on clinician preference for the product's material properties, mixing process, delivery mechanism, or viscosity. The composition of dental cement may play a significant role in the proliferation or inhibition of different bacterial strains associated with peri-implant disease, and the effect of dental cements on host cellular proliferation may provide further insight into appropriate cement material selection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the cellular host response of bone cells (osteoblasts) and soft tissue cells (gingival fibroblasts) to dental cements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Zinc oxide (eugenol and noneugenol), zinc phosphate, and acrylic resin cements were molded into pellets and directly applied to confluent preosteoblast (cell line MC3T3 E1) or gingival fibroblast cell cultures (cell line HGF) to determine cellular viability after exposure. Controls were defined as confluent cell cultures with no cement exposure. Direct contact cell culture testing was conducted following International Organization for Standardization 10993 methods, and all experiments were performed in triplicate. To compare either the MC3T3 E1 cell line, or the HGF cell line alone, a 1-way ANOVA test with multiple comparisons was used (α=.05). To compare the MC3T3 E1 cell line results and the HGF cell line results, a 2-way ANOVA test with multiple comparisons was used (α=.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of this study illustrated that while both bone and soft tissue cell lines were vulnerable to the dental cement test materials, the soft tissue cell line (human gingival fibroblasts) was more susceptible to reduced cellular viability after exposure. The HGF cell line was much more sensitive to cement exposure. Here, the acrylic resin, zinc oxide (eugenol), and zinc phosphate cements significantly reduced cellular viability after exposure with respect to HGF cells only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitation of this in vitro cellular study, the results indicated that cell response to various implant cements varied significantly, with osteoblast proliferation much less affected than gingival fibroblast cells. Furthermore, the zinc oxide noneugenol dental cement appeared to affect the cell lines significantly less than the other test cements.
authors.affiliation: Graduate student, Department of Bioengineering, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas.
authors.forename: Lucas C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Graduate student, Department of Bioengineering, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas.
authors.forename: Juliana N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Saba
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Wash.
authors.forename: Kwok-Hung
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Affiliate Faculty, Department of Restorative Dentistry; Private practice, Bellevue, Wash.
authors.forename: Chandur
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wadhwani
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Bioengineering, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas. Electronic address: danieli@utdallas.edu.
authors.forename: Danieli C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002484:Cementation; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000009:adverse effects; D019094:Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported; D005054:Eugenol; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D005881:Gingiva / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000009:adverse effects; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000009:adverse effects; D015036:Zinc Phosphate Cement / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D003738:Dental Cements; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials; D019279:Resin Cements; C449162:zinc oxide-non-eugenol cement; D005054:Eugenol; D015036:Zinc Phosphate Cement; D015034:Zinc Oxide