title: Assessment of radial torsion using computed tomography in dogs with and without antebrachial limb deformity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the reliability of radial torsion assessment in dogs using computed tomography (CT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cadaveric and retrospective observational clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thoracic limbs (n = 40) from bilateral normal cadaveric canine specimens (10 pairs) and unilateral antebrachial angular limb deformity (ALD) dogs (10 uniapical and 10 biapical deformities).
  
  
  METHODS
  Limbs were evaluated using CT. Frontal, sagittal, and axial plane (torsion) values were obtained using published guidelines and compared between groups and limbs. Radial torsion reliability was assessed among 3 observers using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (±SD) radial torsion of normal dogs was 3.6° ± 6.4° and contained a significant right to left limb variation of 2.6°. Mean radial torsion in uniapical ALD limbs (3.6° ± 18.7°) was not significantly different from biapical ALD limbs (8.9° ± 17.9°). There was a wide range of torsion values in normal and ALD limbs. The interobserver reliability was excellent (ICC > 0.8) for normal dogs, good (0.73) for uniapical, and excellent (0.89) for biapical ALD limbs. The intraobserver reliability was excellent (>0.8) for all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a small side-to-side variation of radial torsion in normal dogs. With directed training, torsion assessment using CT is reliable in dogs with and without antebrachial bone deformity.
authors.affiliation: Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kroner
authors.affiliation: Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cooley
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Seamus
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoey
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Scott J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hetzel
authors.affiliation: Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2987-7722
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bleedorn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011884:Radius / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000662:veterinary; D014457:Ulna / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D038062:Upper Extremity Deformities, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary*