title: Indicators of improved water access in the context of schistosomiasis transmission in rural Eastern Region, Ghana.
abstract: Populations with poor access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure are disproportionately affected by the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). As a result, WASH has gained increasing prominence in integrated control and elimination of NTDs, including schistosomiasis. In order to identify underserved populations, relevant measures of access to WASH infrastructure at sub-national or local levels are needed. We conducted a field survey of all public water sources in 74 rural communities in the Eastern Region of Ghana and computed indicators of water access using two methods: one based on the design capacity and another on the spatial distribution of water sources. The spatial method was applied to improved and surface water sources. According to the spatial method, improved water sources in the study area were well-distributed within communities with 95% (CI95%: 91, 98) of the population having access within 500m when all, and 87% (CI95%: 81, 93) when only functional water sources were considered. According to the design capacity-based method, indicator values were lower: 63% (CI95%: 57, 69) for all and 49% (CI95%: 43, 55) for only functional sources. Surface water access was substantial with 62% (CI95%: 54, 71) of the population located within 500m of a perennial surface water source. A negative relationship was observed between functional improved water access and surface water access within 300m. In this context, perceived water quality of the improved sources was also important, with a 17% increase in surface water access in towns with one reported water quality problem as compared to towns with no problems. Our study offers a potential methodology to use water point mapping data to identify communities in need of improved water access to achieve schistosomiasis risk reduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, USA. Electronic address: alexandra.kulinkina@tufts.edu.
authors.forename: Alexandra V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kulinkina
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Tufts University, 574 Boston Avenue, Medford, USA.
authors.forename: Karen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Kosinski
authors.affiliation: Water Quality & Treatment Solutions, Inc., 175A Rice Corner Road, Brookfield, USA.
authors.forename: Jeanine D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Plummer
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, USA.
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Durant
authors.affiliation: Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, P.O. Box 25, Legon, Accra, Ghana; Community Directed Development Foundation, P.O. Box AT2374, Achimota, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Kwabena M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Bosompem
authors.affiliation: P.O. Box 399, Teshie, Accra, Ghana.
authors.forename: Michael N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Adjei
authors.affiliation: Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Gute
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, 200 College Avenue, Medford, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, USA.
authors.forename: Elena N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Naumova
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006920:Hygiene; D058069:Neglected Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012499:Sanitation; D012547:Schistosoma; D012552:Schistosomiasis / Q000635:transmission*; D060753:Water Quality / Q000592:standards; D014881:Water Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Geographic information systems; Ghana; Improved water access indicator; Integrated schistosomiasis control; Population density; Water infrastructure