title: Lipid Composition of Oil Extracted from Wasted Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) Heads and Comparison with Oil Extracted from Antarctic Krill (Euphasia superba).
abstract: In the UK, the Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) supports its most important shellfish fishery.Nephropsare sold either whole, or as "tails-only" for the scampi trade. In the "tailing" process, the "head" (cephalothorax) is discarded as waste. A smaller crustacean species, the Antarctic krillEuphasia superba, represents an economically valuable industry, as its extractable oil is sold as a human dietary supplement. The aim of this study was to determine the amount and composition of the oil contained in discardedNephropsheads and to compare its composition to the oil extracted from krill. Differences due to Geographical variation and seasonal patterns in the amount and composition of lipid were also noted. Results indicated thatNephropshead waste samples collected from more southern locations in Scotland (Clyde Sea area) contained higher levels of oil when compared to samples collected from northern locations in Iceland. Moreover, seasonal differences within the Clyde Sea area in Scotland were also observed, with oil extracted fromNephropshead waste peaking at around 11.5% during the summer months when larger and more mature females were caught by trawl. At this time of the year, the valuable fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) accounted for around 23% of the total fatty acid content in oil extracted fromNephropshead waste. A seasonal effect on EPA content was found, with higher levels obtained in the summer, while no trend was found in DHA percentages. Finally, oil fromNephropshead waste contained a higher proportion of EPA and DHA than krill oil but these fatty acids were more abundantly linked to the neutral lipids rather to than polar lipids. The characterization of lipid that could be extracted fromNephropshead waste should be seen as a first step for the commercial use of a valuable resource currently wasted. This approach is extremely relevant given the current limited supply of EPA and DHA and changes in the Common Fisheries Policy.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK. amaya.albalat@stir.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Amaya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albalat
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. lauren.nadler@my.jcu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Lauren E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Nadler
authors.affiliation: Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK. nicholasfoo93@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Foo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK. j.r.dick@stir.ac.uk.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. a.watts.research@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Andrew J R
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland. heather_philp@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Philp
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. Douglas.Neil@glasgow.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Douglas M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Neil
authors.affiliation: Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK. oscar.monroig@stir.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Monroig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D033201:Euphausiacea / Q000737:chemistry*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000737:chemistry; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D008121:Nephropidae / Q000737:chemistry*; D009664:Norway; D009821:Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D012606:Scotland; D012758:Shellfish
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D005395:Fish Oils; D008055:Lipids; D009821:Oils; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid
keywords: DHA; EPA; Nephrops norvegicus; Norway lobster; head waste; lipid class