title: Patterns of change and stability in caregiver burden and life satisfaction from 1 to 2 years after severe traumatic brain injury: A Norwegian longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess burden and life satisfaction in family members of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) at 1 and 2 years post-injury, examine if change in burden can be predicted by family member and patient demographics, patient's functional status, family members social network or level of burden at 1 year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective national multicenter study. Self-report from family members, patient data collected from a national cohort study on patients with sTBI. 80 family members participated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Caregiver Burden Scale (CBS), life satisfaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total burden increased between years 1 and 2 post-injury (P = 0.04). Thirty percent of the family members reported an increased burden, 55% were stable, and 15% had a decrease in burden between the two follow-up times. Logistic regression analyses revealed that experiencing loneliness was an independent predictor of increased burden from 1 to 2 years post-injury (OR = 4.35, P < 0.05). Life Satisfaction was lower at the 2 year follow-up than at 1 year (p = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate a need for long-term follow-up of patients and family members that focuses on professional support to relieve burden and risk of loneliness or social isolation. This group may benefit from additional follow-up interventions tailored to their needs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway.|Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Unn Sollid
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Manskow
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Oddgeir
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Friborg
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.|Institute of Health and Society, Research Centre for Habilitation and Rehabilitation Models and Services (CHARM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Cecilie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Røe
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Salford, Salford, UK.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braine
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Elin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Damsgard
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway.|Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Audny
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology* / Q000592:standards; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Caregiver burden; life satisfaction; social network; traumatic brain injury