title: Innovations in food preservation in pastoral zones.
abstract: Food preservation makes a significant contribution to food security and food safety in pastoral communities with limited access to external food sources. Raw materials are preserved by heating, drying, smoking, pickling, salting, curing or fermentation with microorganisms. This article describes preservation techniques in the pastoral context, targeting the major dietary components of milk, meat and cereals; related health risks; and potential innovations for food preservation. Sustainable elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, preventing re-contamination, sporulation and the growth of zoonotic and foodborne microorganisms, is necessary to enhance food safety and ensure food security by reducing post-harvest losses and food waste. However, modern preservation procedures are difficult to adapt to the lifestyles of pastoralists and so are rarely implemented or accepted. Innovations should therefore focus on improving existing accepted procedures by promoting synergistic combinations to compensate for the disadvantages of these traditional techniques and ensure the quality of the raw material right up until consumption. Drying and spontaneous fermentation are key preservation techniques among pastoralists that serve as opportunities for innovation and can be shared across pastoral communities. Further potential for innovation lies in the unique, largely uncharacterised, microflora biodiversity of fermented products. The characterisation, safety assessment and conservation of these microorganisms are needed to develop locally adapted starter cultures that retain or improve on the desired characteristics of the finished product. Careful sensitisation of stakeholders, the study of social acceptance and capacitybuilding at all levels are required to achieve the sustainable implementation of such innovations, which will contribute to enhanced food security and safety.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jans
authors.forename: D W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Mulwa Kaindi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meile
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D002523:Edible Grain; D005285:Fermentation; D005516:Food Microbiology / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods*; D059022:Food Safety / Q000379:methods*; D005523:Food Supply; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat; D012307:Risk Factors; D014675:Vegetables
keywords: Drying; Fermentation; Food safety; Food security; Hurdle principle; Lactic acid bacteria; Pastoralism; Starter culture