title: The Importance of Quality Specifications in Safety Assessments of Amino Acids: The Cases of l-Tryptophan and l-Citrulline.
abstract: The increasing consumption of amino acids from a wide variety of sources, including dietary supplements, natural health products, medical foods, infant formulas, athletic and work-out products, herbal medicines, and other national and international categories of nutritional and functional food products, increases the exposure to amino acids to amounts far beyond those normally obtained from the diet, thereby necessitating appropriate and robust safety assessments of these ingredients. Safety assessments of amino acids, similar to all food constituents, largely rely on the establishment of an upper limit [Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)] considered to be a guide for avoiding high intake, above which adverse or toxic effects might occur. However, reliable ULs have been difficult or impossible to define for amino acids because of inadequate toxicity studies in animals and scarce or missing clinical data, as well as a paucity or absence of adverse event reporting data. This review examines 2 amino acids that have been associated with in-market adverse events to show how quality specifications might have helped prevent the adverse clinical outcomes. We further highlight the importance of various factors that should be incorporated into an overall safety assessment of these and other amino acids. In addition to the traditional reliance on the established UL, well-defined quality specifications, review of synthesis and production strategies, potential interactions with drugs, contraindications with certain disease states, and cautionary use within certain age groups should all be taken into consideration.
authors.affiliation: US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD; hao@usp.org.
authors.forename: Hellen A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Oketch-Rabah
authors.affiliation: The Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH.
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Roe
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR; and.
authors.forename: Bill J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Gurley
authors.affiliation: Council for Responsible Nutrition, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD.
authors.forename: Gabriel I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Giancaspro
mesh_terms: D002956:Citrulline / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D006801:Humans; D011786:Quality Control; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D002956:Citrulline; D014364:Tryptophan
keywords: eosinophilia myalgia syndrome; l-citrulline; l-tryptophan; quality specifications; upper limit safety assessments