title: Differentiating anxiety and depression: the State-Trait Anxiety-Depression Inventory.
abstract: The differentiation of trait anxiety and depression in nonclinical and clinical populations is addressed. Following the tripartite model, it is assumed that anxiety and depression share a large portion of negative affectivity (NA), but differ with respect to bodily hyperarousal (specific to anxiety) and anhedonia (lack of positive affect; specific to depression). In contrast to the tripartite model, NA is subdivided into worry (characteristic for anxiety) and dysthymia (characteristic for depression), which leads to a four-variable model of anxiety and depression encompassing emotionality, worry, dysthymia, and anhedonia. Item-level confirmatory factor analyses and latent class cluster analysis based on a large nation-wide representative German sample (N = 3150) substantiate the construct validity of the model. Further evidence concerning convergent and discriminant validity with respect to related constructs is obtained in two smaller nonclinical and clinical samples. Factors influencing the association between components of anxiety and depression are discussed.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychology , Bundeswehr University Munich , Neubiberg , Germany.
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.affiliation: b Department of Psychology , University of Bamberg , Bamberg , Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hock
authors.affiliation: b Department of Psychology , University of Bamberg , Bamberg , Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bergner-Köther
authors.affiliation: c Department of Psychology , University of Bamberg , Bamberg , Germany.
authors.forename: Lothar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Laux
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D059445:Anhedonia; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D001143:Arousal; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anxiety; State-Trait Anxiety-Depression Inventory; depression; tripartite model; worry