title: The role of age of disclosure of biological origins in the psychological wellbeing of adolescents conceived by reproductive donation: a longitudinal study from age 1 to age 14.
abstract: The question of whether children should be told of their biological origins is one of the most controversial issues regarding the birth of children through donated eggs, sperm, embryos or surrogacy.
  
  
  
  In the sixth phase of this longitudinal study when the children were aged 14 years, family relationships and adolescent adjustment were examined in 87 families created through reproductive donation and 54 natural conception families. The quality of family relationships was assessed by standardised interview with mothers and by standardised questionnaires and an observational measure with mothers and adolescents. Adolescent adjustment was assessed using standardised questionnaires. Systematic information on whether and when parents had told children about their biological origins was obtained at earlier phases of the study.
  
  
  
  There were no overall differences between disclosing families and either nondisclosing or natural conception families. However, within the disclosing families, more positive family relationships and higher levels of adolescent wellbeing were found for adolescents who had been told about their biological origins before age 7.
  
  
  
  The earlier children born through reproductive donation are told about their biological origins, the more positive are the outcomes in terms of the quality of family relationships and psychological wellbeing at adolescence.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ilioi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blake
authors.affiliation: Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Vasanti
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jadva
authors.affiliation: Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.affiliation: Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Golombok
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000072234:Donor Conception / Q000523:psychology*; D005195:Family Relations / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009034:Mother-Child Relations / Q000523:psychology; D012917:Social Adjustment; D014342:Truth Disclosure
keywords: Egg donation; adolescence; disclosure; donor insemination; surrogacy