title: Dietary sodium and potassium intakes: Data from urban and rural areas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hypertension is highly prevalent in West African populations, but little data is available on salt and potassium intake in these populations. We assumed in this study that sodium and potassium intake might be high and low, respectively, in the Beninese population in view of the emerging nutritional transition. The aim of this study was to estimate dietary sodium and potassium intakes based on 24-h urine collections.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected 420 individuals (ages 25-64 y), representative of the population, from urban and rural areas in Benin. Urine was collected over 24 h, and sodium, potassium, and creatinine were quantified. Blood pressure was measured on the left arm using a validated electronic oscillometric monitor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adequate data were available for 354 participants. Mean dietary intake of sodium and potassium were 4.4 ± 2.1 and 1.8 ± 0.9 g/24 h, respectively. High intake of sodium was associated with urban area, age <44 y, administrative occupation, higher income, body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2, and a large waist circumference. High potassium intake was associated with male sex, administrative occupation, BMI ≥25 kg/m2, and large waist circumference. Sodium intake was associated with high systolic and diastolic blood pressures. In multivariate analysis, only age <44 y and, marginally, BMI ≥25 kg/m2were associated with high sodium intake, whereas male sex and a BMI ≥25 kg/m2were associated with high potassium intake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large proportions of the population had sodium intake higher, and potassium intake lower, than dietary recommendations. These results suggest that interventions to reduce salt consumption and promote potassium-rich foods, including fruits and vegetables, are needed in Benin.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Limoges, France; Laboratory of Non-communicable and Neurologic Diseases Epidemiology (LEMACEN), Faculty of Health Science, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin; CHU Limoges, Unit of Nutrition, Limoges, France. Electronic address: carmelle.mizehoun@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Carmelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mizéhoun-Adissoda
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Limoges, France; Laboratory of Non-communicable and Neurologic Diseases Epidemiology (LEMACEN), Faculty of Health Science, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
authors.forename: Dismand
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Houinato
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Limoges, France; Laboratory of Non-communicable and Neurologic Diseases Epidemiology (LEMACEN), Faculty of Health Science, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
authors.forename: Corine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Houehanou
authors.affiliation: CHU Limoges, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chianea
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dalmay
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bigot
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Limoges, France; CHU Limoges, Unit of Cardiology, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Aboyans
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: Pierre-Marie
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Preux
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bovet
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Limoges, France; CHU Limoges, Unit of Nutrition, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Desport
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001541:Benin; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011188:Potassium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000652:urine; D017419:Potassium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000652:urine; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances; D012737:Sex Factors; D012964:Sodium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000652:urine; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000652:urine; D014505:Urban Population; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D017419:Potassium, Dietary; D012982:Sodium, Dietary; D012964:Sodium; D011188:Potassium
keywords: Benin; Epidemiology; Nutrition; Potassium intake; Sodium intake