title: Combined characterization of bovine polyhemoglobin microcapsules by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry.
abstract: Polyhemoglobin produced from pure bovine hemoglobin by reaction with PEG bis(N-succynimidil succinate) as a cross-linking agent was encapsulated in gelatin and dehydrated by freeze-drying. Free carboxyhemoglobin and polyhemoglobin microcapsules were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy in the absorption range 450-650 nm and cyclic voltammetry in the voltage range from -0.8 to 0.6 mV to evaluate the ability to break the bond with carbon monoxide and to study the carrier's affinity for oxygen, respectively. SEM used to observe the shape of cross-linked gelatin-polyhemoglobin microparticles showed a regular distribution of globular shapes, with mean size of ~750 nm, which was ascribed to gelatin. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was also performed to detect iron presence in microparticles. Cyclic voltammetry using an Ag-AgCl electrode highlighted characteristic peaks at around -0.6 mV that were attributed to reversible oxygen bonding with iron in oxy-polyhemoglobin structure. These results suggest this technique as a powerful, direct and alternative method to evaluate the extent of hemoglobin oxygenation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 15, 16145, Genoa, Italy.|Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bloco 16, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos Camargo
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Knirsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 15, 16145, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dell'Anno
authors.affiliation: Department of Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salerno
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 15, 16145, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larosa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bloco 16, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bronislaw
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Polakiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Science and Integrate Diagnostic, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 30, 16145, Genoa, Italy.|INBB, Viale delle Medaglie D'Oro 305, 00136, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eggenhöffner
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, Via Opera Pia 15, 16145, Genoa, Italy. converti@unige.it.
authors.forename: Attilio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Converti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002214:Capsules / Q000737:chemistry*; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000737:chemistry; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin / Q000737:chemistry; D002417:Cattle; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004566:Electrodes; D005612:Freeze Drying; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008706:Methemoglobin / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry*; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D006454:Hemoglobins; C037158:polyhemoglobin; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D005780:Gelatin; D008706:Methemoglobin; D002263:Carboxyhemoglobin; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Cyclic voltammetry; Freeze–drying; Microencapsulation; Oxygen carrier; Polyhemoglobin