title: Diet and the risk of head-and-neck cancer among never-smokers and smokers in a Chinese population.
abstract: Few studies have been conducted in China to investigate the association between diet and the risk of head-and-neck cancer (HNC). The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between diet and HNC risk in the Chinese population and to examine whether smoking status has any effect on the risk.
  
  
  
  Our multicenter case-control study included 921 HNC cases and 806 controls. We obtained information on the frequency of both animal- and plant-based food consumption. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs).
  
  
  
  The risk of HNC increased with more frequent consumption of processed meat and fermented foods but decreased with frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables. There was a significant increasing P for trend of 0.006 among smokers who consumed meat and an increased OR among smokers who consumed processed meat (OR 2.95, 95%CI 1.12-7.75). Protective odds ratios for vegetable consumption were observed among smokers only. We also observed protective odds ratios for higher egg consumption among never-smokers (P for trend=0.0.003).
  
  
  
  Reduced HNC risks were observed for high fruit and vegetable intake, a finding consistent with the results of previous studies. Processed meat intake was associated with an increased risk. The role of dietary factors in HNC in the East Asian population is similar to that in European populations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Yuan-Chin Amy
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Departments of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chien-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wan-Lun
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Pen-Jen
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China Center of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
authors.forename: Cairong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, West China Center of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu key lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Hongbing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jiangsu key lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Hongxia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China.
authors.forename: Baochang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Qinghai
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Baosen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Head & Neck Oncology, Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Institute for Translational Epidemiology and Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Center for Environmental Genomics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Zuo-Feng
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Center for Environmental Genomics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. Electronic address: mia.hashibe@utah.edu.
authors.forename: Mia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashibe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D044466:Asian People; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014675:Vegetables; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke
keywords: Case-control study; Cigarette smoking; Diet; Fruit and vegetable consumption; Head-and-neck cancer; Meat intake