title: Changes in blood pressure and heart rate during sedation with ketamine in the pediatric ED.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ketamine is commonly used in the emergency department for short, painful procedures. We describe changes in blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) during procedural sedation with ketamine, as these changes have not been well described in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a secondary analysis of a prospective, observational study involving children aged 8 to 18 years who received procedural sedation with ketamine in a pediatric emergency department. Serial vital signs and sedation scores were recorded from baseline until recovery from ketamine procedural sedation. Time of orthopedic manipulation was also recorded. Linear mixed-effect models were used to evaluate changes in systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and HR using 3 sedation strata: presedation (baseline), sedated (ketamine administered and patient deeply sedated), and recovery (ketamine administered with patient minimally sedated), controlling for age and weight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty children were enrolled; 10 were excluded due to missing manipulation time. A total of 394 observations were recorded. Mean sedated SBP, DBP, and HR were 8 mm Hg, 4 mm Hg, and 13 beats/min higher than presedation SBP (P<.001), DBP (P<.01), and HR (P<.001), respectively. Mean sedated SBP and DBP were 3 and 4 mm Hg higher than SBP (P=.006) and DBP (P<.01) during recovery. Manipulation increased mean SBP by 5 mm Hg (P<.001), mean DBP by 7 mm Hg (P<.001), and mean HR by 1 beat/min (P=.35).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine administered during procedural sedation for painful procedures causes a statistically significant but modest increase in SBP, DBP, and HR. Orthopedic manipulation further increases BP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY. Electronic address: acpatt03@louisville.edu.
authors.forename: Adam C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY.
authors.forename: Shernaz A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wadia
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY.
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lorenz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY.
authors.forename: Michelle D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Stevenson
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000293:Adolescent; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002648:Child; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D000070316:Pediatric Emergency Medicine / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D007649:Ketamine