title: Isolating effects of moral injury and low post-deployment support within the U.S. military.
abstract: Suicide rates within U.S. military components, particularly the National Guard, are significantly higher than the general population suicide rate. To better understand and prevent suicide within this population, we must identify mechanisms of risk contributing to these discrepancies. One risk factor relevant to military service is moral injury, a term for experiences that violate one's moral beliefs. Using a series of hierarchical multiple regressions, the current study examined the moderating role of post-deployment social support on the association between moral injury (self-transgressions, other-transgressions, and betrayal) and thwarted belongingness among military personnel. The current sample was comprised of 552 military personnel with at least one previous deployment. Partially consistent with hypotheses, results revealed that other-transgressions and betrayal were significantly associated with thwarted belongingness at low, but not mean or high levels of post-deployment support. In contrast, the interaction of self-transgressions and post-deployment support was not significantly associated with thwarted belongingness, nor was there a significant main effect of self-transgressions on thwarted belongingness. This suggests that experiencing other-perpetrated morally injurious events (i.e., watching a fellow soldier die, being betrayed by a comrade) can be compounded by low post-deployment social support, increasing risk for thwarted belongingness. Implications for prevention and treatment are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, US. Electronic address: claire.houtsma@usm.edu.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Houtsma
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, US.
authors.forename: Lauren R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Khazem
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, US.
authors.forename: Bradley A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, US.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Anestis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D009014:Morals; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000523:psychology*; D000072858:Psychosocial Support Systems; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012920:Social Behavior Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D012933:Social Identification; D012944:Social Support; D014481:United States
keywords: Betrayal; Other-transgressions; Self-transgressions; Suicide; Thwarted belongingness