title: Practical management of adverse events related to apomorphine therapy.
abstract: The potential for adverse events is often cited as a barrier to the use of subcutaneous apomorphine therapy (intermittent injections and continuous infusion) in the management of Parkinson's disease. However, with proactive management most adverse effects are manageable if reported and tackled early enough. As such, proper clinician and patient awareness of the potential adverse effects is important to minimize their impact on the overall clinical utility of this efficacious antiparkinsonian agent. In this paper, we review the key local and systemic adverse effects reported during apomorphine titration, initiation and long-term treatment, and discuss practical management strategies.
authors.affiliation: Chulalongkorn Center of Excellence for Parkinson Disease & Related Disorders, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: rbh@chulapd.org.
authors.forename: Roongroj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhidayasiri
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Pedro J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Garcia Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorder Clinic, University Hospital of Bispebjerg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23 2400 Copenhagen, NV, Denmark.
authors.forename: Tove
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Henriksen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001058:Apomorphine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy; D019468:Disease Management; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007024:Hypotension, Orthostatic / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D001058:Apomorphine
keywords: Adverse events; Apomorphine; Safety; Tolerability