title: The efficacy of apomorphine - A non-motor perspective.
abstract: Non-motor features have a great impact on progression and quality of life in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Current treatments for PD are limited and apomorphine is one of the advanced therapies available with advantageous effects on motor complications. Several studies have suggested that apomorphine has potential benefits in PD patients beyond its established role in the treatment of motor fluctuations and levodopa-induced dyskinesia. This review examines the efficacy of apomorphine in the treatment of non-motor symptoms (NMS), describing recent studies that highlight its possible effect on cognition. Despite a limited number of studies, the available evidence shows that apomorphine has an overall beneficial effect on NMS of PD patients, including neuropsychiatric symptoms, sleep disturbances, pain, urinary dysfunction, and impulse control disorders. If the effects of apomorphine on amyloid deposition are confirmed in the future, its place in the armamentarium of PD treatment could see a shift towards younger and non-demented PD patients.
authors.affiliation: National Parkinson Foundation (NPF) International Center of Excellence at King's College Hospital, London, UK; Dept. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neurosciences, King's College London, UK. Electronic address: miguel.grilo@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosa-Grilo
authors.affiliation: Dept. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neurosciences, King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Mubasher A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Qamar
authors.affiliation: Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: National Parkinson Foundation (NPF) International Center of Excellence at King's College Hospital, London, UK; Dept. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neurosciences, King's College London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neurosciences, King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: K Ray
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Chaudhuri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001058:Apomorphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D001058:Apomorphine
keywords: Amyloid; Apomorphine; Cognition; Non-motor symptoms; Parkinson's disease