title: Stabilized sulforaphane for clinical use: Phytochemical delivery efficiency.
abstract: The isothiocyanate sulforaphane (SF) from broccoli is one of the most potent known inducers of the cytoprotective phase 2 response. Its role in a host of biochemical pathways makes it a major component of plant-based protective strategies for enhancing healthspan. Many nutritional supplements are now marketed that purport to contain SF, which in plants exists as a stable precursor, a thioglucoside hydroxysulfate. However, SF in pure form must be stabilized for use in supplements.
  
  
  
  We evaluated the stability and bioavailability of two stabilized SF preparations-an α-cyclodextrin inclusion (SF-αCD), and an SF-rich, commercial nutritional supplement. SF-αCD area-under-the-curve peak serum concentrations occurred at 2 h, but six of ten volunteers complained of mild stomach upset. After topical application it was not effective in upregulating cytoprotective enzymes in the skin of SKH1 mice whereas pure SF was effective in doing so. Both of these "stabilized" SF preparations were as potent as pure SF in inducing the cytoprotective response in cultured cells, and they were more stable and as bioavailable.
  
  
  
  Our studies of a stabilized phytochemical component of foods should encourage further examination of similar products for their utility in chronic disease prevention and therapy.
authors.affiliation: The Cullman Chemoprotection Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Department of International Health, Center for Human Nutrition, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jed W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Fahey
authors.affiliation: The Cullman Chemoprotection Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Kristina L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.affiliation: The Cullman Chemoprotection Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Scott L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Wehage
authors.affiliation: The Cullman Chemoprotection Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Walter David
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Holtzclaw
authors.affiliation: The Cullman Chemoprotection Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: The Cullman Chemoprotection Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Talalay
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.affiliation: The Cullman Chemoprotection Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Stephenson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001682:Biological Availability; D001937:Brassica / Q000737:chemistry*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005961:Glucosinolates / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007096:Imidoesters / Q000494:pharmacology; D017879:Isothiocyanates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D010091:Oximes; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000378:metabolism; D013454:Sulfoxides; D013861:Thiocyanates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047391:alpha-Cyclodextrins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D005961:Glucosinolates; D007096:Imidoesters; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D010091:Oximes; D064209:Phytochemicals; D013454:Sulfoxides; D013861:Thiocyanates; D047391:alpha-Cyclodextrins; C016766:sulforaphane; C119494:glucoraphanin
keywords: Chemoprevention; Chemoprotection; Glucoraphanin; Myrosinase; Phytochemical