title: Effects of purified anthocyanin supplementation on platelet chemokines in hypocholesterolemic individuals: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is becoming increasingly evident that platelet chemokines are involved in distinct aspects of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of long-term supplementation with purified anthocyanins on platelet chemokines in hypercholesterolemic individuals and to identify correlations of decreased platelet chemokine levels with serum lipid and inflammatory marker levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 146 hypercholesterolemic individuals were recruited and treated with 320 mg of purified anthocyanins (n= 73) or a placebo (n= 73) daily for 24 weeks in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anthocyanin supplementation for 24 weeks significantly decreased the plasma CXCL7 (-12.32% vs. 4.22%,P= 0.001), CXCL5 (-9.95% vs. 1.93%,P= 0.011), CXCL8 (-6.07% vs. 0.66%,P= 0.004), CXCL12 (-8.11% vs. 5.43%,P= 0.023) and CCL2 levels (-11.63% vs. 12.84%,P= 0.001) compared with the placebo. Interestingly, the decreases in the CXCL7 and CCL2 levels were both positively correlated with the decreases in the serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels after anthocyanin supplementation for 24 weeks. The decrease in the CXCL8 level was negatively correlated with the increase in the how-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) level and was positively correlated with the decrease in the soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin) level in the anthocyanin group. In addition, a positive correlation was observed between the decreases in the CXCL12 and tumornecrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels after anthocyanin supplementation. However, the plasma CXCL4L1, CXCL1, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and human plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) levels did not significantly change following anthocyanin supplementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study supports the notion that platelet chemokines are promising targets of anthocyanins in the prevention of atherosclerosis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ChiCTR-TRC-08000240. Registered: 10 December 2008.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiandan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yanna
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fenglin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yanling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fuli
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ya
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wenhua
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Northern Campus), Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
keywords: Anthocyanins; CXCL7; Hypercholesterolemia; Inflammation; Platelet chemokines; Serum lipids