title: Dietary magnesium intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and all-cause mortality: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although studies have examined the association between dietary magnesium intake and health outcome, the results are inconclusive. Here, we conducted a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies in order to investigate the correlation between magnesium intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and all-cause mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched for articles that contained risk estimates for the outcomes of interest and were published through May 31, 2016. The pooled results were analyzed using a random-effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty prospective cohort studies totaling more than 1 million participants were included in the analysis. During the follow-up periods (ranging from 4 to 30 years), 7678 cases of CVD, 6845 cases of coronary heart disease (CHD), 701 cases of heart failure, 14,755 cases of stroke, 26,299 cases of T2D, and 10,983 deaths were reported. No significant association was observed between increasing dietary magnesium intake (per 100 mg/day increment) and the risk of total CVD (RR: 0.99; 95% CI, 0.88-1.10) or CHD (RR: 0.92; 95% CI, 0.85-1.01). However, the same incremental increase in magnesium intake was associated with a 22% reduction in the risk of heart failure (RR: 0.78; 95% CI, 0.69-0.89) and a 7% reduction in the risk of stroke (RR: 0.93; 95% CI, 0.89-0.97). Moreover, the summary relative risks of T2D and mortality per 100 mg/day increment in magnesium intake were 0.81 (95% CI, 0.77-0.86) and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.81-0.99), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing dietary magnesium intake is associated with a reduced risk of stroke, heart failure, diabetes, and all-cause mortality, but not CHD or total CVD. These findings support the notion that increasing dietary magnesium might provide health benefits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Discovery Innovation Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xuexian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Discovery Innovation Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Discovery Innovation Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xuyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Discovery Innovation Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jiayu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Discovery Innovation Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Precision Nutrition Innovation Center, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Mustapha Umar
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Imam
authors.affiliation: Precision Nutrition Innovation Center, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Zhiguang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ping
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yusheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yuming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Junxia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Min
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Nutrition Discovery Innovation Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. fwang@zju.edu.cn.|Precision Nutrition Innovation Center, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China. fwang@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Fudi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8730-0003
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements; D008274:Magnesium
keywords: All-cause mortality; Cardiovascular disease; Magnesium; Meta-analysis; Type 2 diabetes