title: Pain-Related Rumination, But Not Magnification or Helplessness, Mediates Race and Sex Differences in Experimental Pain.
abstract: Compared with white individuals and men, black individuals and women show a lower tolerance for experimental pain stimuli. Previous studies suggest that pain catastrophizing is important in this context, but little is known about which components of catastrophizing contribute to these race and sex differences. The purpose of the current study was to examine the individual components of catastrophizing (rumination, magnification, and helplessness) as candidate mediators of race and sex differences in experimental pain tolerance. Healthy undergraduates (N = 172, 74% female, 43.2% black) participated in a cold pressor task and completed a situation-specific version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale. Black and female participants showed a lower pain tolerance than white (P < .01, d = .70) and male (P < .01, d = .55) participants, respectively. Multiple mediation analyses indicated that these race and sex differences were mediated by the rumination component of catastrophizing (indirect effect = -7.13, 95% confidence interval (CI), -16.20 to -1.96, and 5.75, 95% CI, .81-15.57, respectively) but not by the magnification (95% CI, -2.91 to 3.65 and -1.54 to 1.85, respectively) or helplessness (95% CI, -5.53 to 3.31 and -.72 to 5.38, respectively) components. This study provides new information about race and sex differences in pain and suggests that treatments targeting the rumination component of catastrophizing may help mitigate pain-related disparities.
  
  
  
  This study suggests that differences in pain-related rumination, but not magnification or helplessness, are important contributors to race and sex differences in the pain experience. Interventions that target this maladaptive cognitive style may help reduce disparities in pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors.forename: Samantha M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Meints
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors.forename: Madison
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abplanalp
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana. Electronic address: athirsh@iupui.edu.
authors.forename: Adam T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Hirsh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D058443:Catastrophization / Q000208:ethnology; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D019959:Feeding and Eating Disorders of Childhood / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006380:Helplessness, Learned; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D058748:Pain Perception / Q000502:physiology; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000208:ethnology*; D011312:Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Pain; catastrophizing; race; rumination; sex