title: Cardiac atlas development and validation for automatic segmentation of cardiac substructures.
abstract: To develop and validate a set of atlases for auto-contouring cardiac substructures.
  
  
  
  Eight radiation oncologists manually and independently delineated 15 cardiac substructures from noncontrast CT images of 6 patients by referring to their respective fused contrast CT images. Individual contours were fused together for each structure, edited by 2 physicians, and became atlases to delineate other 6 patients. The auto-delineated contours of the 6 additional patients became templates for manual contouring. These 12 patients with well-defined contours composed the final atlases for multi-atlas segmentation.
  
  
  
  The average time for manually contouring the 15 cardiac substructures was about 40min. Inter-observer variability was small for the heart, the chambers, and the aorta compared with that for other structures that were not clearly distinguishable in CT images. The mean dice similarity coefficient and mean surface distance of auto-segmented contours were within one standard deviation of expert contouring variability. Good agreement between auto-segmented and manual contours was observed for the heart, the chambers, and the great vessels. Independent validation on other 19 patients showed reasonable agreement for the heart chambers.
  
  
  
  A set of cardiac atlases was created for auto-contouring from noncontrast CT images. The accuracy of auto-contouring for the heart, chambers, and great vessels was validated for potential clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
authors.forename: Rongrong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
authors.forename: Zhongxing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
authors.forename: Tinsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Milgrom
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
authors.forename: Chelsea C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Pinnix
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
authors.forename: Anhui
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
authors.forename: Linglong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
authors.forename: Ju
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
authors.forename: Quynh-Nhu
authors.initials: QN
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
authors.forename: Bouthaina S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Dabaja
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Court
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA. Electronic address: jyang4@mdanderson.org.
authors.forename: Jinzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D058958:Organs at Risk; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Cardiac atlas; Cutomatic contouring; Multi-atlas segmentation; Radiotherapy