title: Recent developments of imaging modalities of carotid artery stenting.
abstract: Compared with conventional angiogram-guided procedure, intravascular imaging modalities give us a lot of useful information to make the procedure better. Intravascular imaging modalities give us the information about lesion characters, reference vessel diameter and the interaction between the stent strut and the plaque such as stent strut malapposition or plaque prolapse in real time during the procedure. We can change our strategy according to this information. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is a most common intravascular imaging modality during carotid artery stenting (CAS) in these days. Its advantage is easy to use compared with optical coherence tomograpy (OCT) which has been reported recently in some case reports or case series. However, due to its high resolution, OCT provides more detailed information especially about plaque prolapse and strut malapposition. IVUS and OCT have a potential to improve acute result and reduce the procedural complication by providing the data of lesion character, reference vessel diameter and the interaction of stent strut and vessel wall. Interventionalists who perform CAS procedure should acquire proficiency in imaging modalities during CAS procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Detal University, Tokyo, Japan - t.umemoto@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Umemoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Ospedale Civile Mirano, Mirano, Venice, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pacchioni
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Ioannina University Hospital, Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nikas
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reimers
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000639:trends; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000401:mortality; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography / Q000639:trends*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000639:trends; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000639:trends; D015607:Stents; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000639:trends*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000639:trends*