title: Protective effects of thymoquinone and avenanthramides on titanium dioxide nanoparticles induced toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats.
abstract: The protective effect of thymoquinone (TQ), the major active ingredient of Nigella sativa seeds, and avenanthramides (AVA) enriched extract of oats on titanium dioxide naonparticles (TiO2NPs) induced toxicity and oxidative stress in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats was investigated. Sixty rats were divided into 6 equal groups. The first, second, third, fourth and fifth groups received TiO2NPs, TiO2NPs and TQ, TiO2NPs and AVA, TQ only, or AVA only for 6 weeks. The sixth group served as the control. Exposure to TiO2NPs resulted in increased liver enzyme markers, oxidative stress indices, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and DNA damage. Histopathological alterations were also observed in the liver, brain, lung, kidney, heart and testes. Co-administration of TQ and AVA with TiO2NPs decreased the level of liver enzymes, oxidative stress, TNF-α and DNA damage. Furthermore, TQ and AVA increased the total antioxidant and glutathione (GSH) levels. In conclusion, TiO2NPs induce hazardous effects in different organs and are closely related to oxidative stress. TQ and AVA have antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effect against the detrimental effect of TiO2NPs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt; Deanship of Scientific Research, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: khaledhassanein75@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Khaled M A
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hassanein
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt; Department of MLT, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Yasmin O
authors.initials: YO
authors.lastname: El-Amir
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016227:Benzoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D053758:Nanoparticles; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D014025:Titanium; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016227:Benzoquinones; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates; C009495:titanium dioxide; C514463:avenanthramide-2C; D014025:Titanium; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione; C003466:thymoquinone
keywords: Avenanthramides; Histopathology; Oxidative stress; Rats; Thymoquinone; Titanium dioxide nanoparticles