title: Development of an Improved System for the Generation of Knockout Mutants of Amycolatopsis sp. Strain ATCC 39116.
abstract: The Gram-positive actinomycete Amycolatopsis sp. strain ATCC 39116 is used for the industrial production of natural vanillin. Previously, the only gene deletion performed in this strain targeted the gene vdh, coding for a vanillin dehydrogenase. The generation of this mutant suffered from a high number of illegitimate recombinations and a low rate of homologous recombination. To alleviate this, we constructed an optimized deletion system based on a modified suicide vector. Thereby, we were able to increase the rate of homologous integration from less than 1% of the analyzed clones to 20% or 50%, depending on the targeted gene. We were furthermore able to reduce the screening effort needed to identify homogenotes through the use of the rpsL gene from Saccharopolyspora erythraea, which confers streptomycin sensitivity on clones still carrying the suicide vector. The new suicide vector is p6SUI5ERPSL, and its applicability was demonstrated by the deletion of three Amycolatopsis gene clusters. The deletion of the first of the gene clusters, coding for an aldehyde oxidase (yagRST), led to no altered phenotype compared to the parent strain; deletion of the second, coding for a vanillic acid decarboxylase (vdcBCD), led to a phenotype that was strongly impaired in its growth with vanillic acid as the sole carbon source and also unable to form guaiacol; and deletion of the third, coding for a vanillate demethylase (vanAB), led to only a negligible impact in comparison. Therefore, we showed that decarboxylation of vanillic acid is the main degradation pathway in Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 while the demethylation plays only a minor role and does not compensate the deletion of vdcBCD IMPORTANCE: Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 is an important microorganism used for the production of natural vanillin from ferulic acid. In contrast to this importance, it has previously been shown that this strain is hard to manipulate on a genetic level. We therefore generated an optimized system to facilitate the deletion of genes in this strain. This allowed us to greatly reduce the time and work requirements for generating deletions. This could allow the improvement of vanillin production in the future and also the elucidation of metabolic pathways. To test our deletion system, we deleted three gene clusters in Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116. One showed no involvement in the metabolism of vanillin, while the second proved to be the main pathway of vanillic acid degradation and completely stopped the formation of the off-flavor guaiacol. The third appeared to have only a negligible impact on the degradation of vanillic acid.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Hilke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pupkes
authors.affiliation: Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany steinbu@uni-muenster.de.|Environmental Sciences Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steinbüchel
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000235:genetics*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D001592:Benzyl Alcohols / Q000378:metabolism; D017353:Gene Deletion; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001592:Benzyl Alcohols; C024078:vanillyl alcohol
keywords: Actinomycetes; Amycolatopsis; gene deletion; genetic modification; guaiacol; metabolic engineering; vanillic acid; vanillin