title: Reliability and validity of the Dutch version of the Consultation and Relational Empathy Measure in primary care.
abstract: Empathy is an essential skill in doctor-patient communication with positive effects on compliance, patient satisfaction and symptom duration. There are no validated patient-rated empathy measures available in Dutch.
  
  
  
  To investigate the validity and reliability of a Dutch version of the Consultation and Relational Empathy (CARE) Measure, a widely used 10-item patient-rated questionnaire of physician empathy.
  
  
  
  After translation and back translation, the Dutch CARE Measure was distributed among patients from 19 general practitioners in 5 primary care centers. Tests of internal reliability and validity included Cronbach's alpha, item total correlations and factor analysis. Seven items of the QUality Of care Through the patient's Eyes (QUOTE) questionnaire assessing 'affective performance' of the physician were included in factor analysis and used to investigate convergent validity.
  
  
  
  Of the 800 distributed questionnaires, 655 (82%) were returned. Acceptability and face validity were supported by a low number of 'does not apply' responses (range 0.2%-11.9%). Internal reliability was high (Cronbach's alpha 0.974). Corrected item total correlations were at a minimum of 0.837. Factor analysis on the 10 items of the CARE Measure and 7 QUOTE items resulted in two factors (Eigenvalue > 1), the first containing the CARE Measure items and the second containing the QUOTE items. Convergent construct validity between the CARE Measure and QUOTE was confirmed with a modest positive correlation (r = 0.34, n = 654, P < 0.001).
  
  
  
  The findings support the preliminary validity and reliability of the Dutch CARE Measure. Future research is required to investigate divergent validity and discriminant ability between doctors.
authors.affiliation: MoleMann Mental Health, Amersfoort, The Netherlands, inge.vandijk@radboudumc.nl.|Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medical Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Scholten Meilink Lenferink
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter L B J
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Lucassen
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care Research in General Practice and Primary Care, Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, G12 9LX, Glasgow, Scotland and.
authors.forename: Stewart W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Mercer
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Department of Health Services Research and Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Weel
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tim C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Olde Hartman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anne E M
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Speckens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003142:Communication; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D058006:General Practice / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D000071066:Patient Reported Outcome Measures; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014175:Translating; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Empathy; physician–patient relations; primary health care; process assessment; surveys and questionnaires; validation studies.