title: Immune responses to bioengineered organs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Organ donation in the United States registered 9079 deceased organ donors in 2015. This high percentage of donations allowed organ transplantation in 29 851 recipients. Despite increasing numbers of transplants performed in comparison with previous years, the numbers of patients that are in need for a transplant increase every year at a higher rate. This reveals that the discrepancy between the demand and availability of organs remains fundamental problem in organ transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Development of bioengineered organs represents a promising approach to increase the pool of organs for transplantation. The technology involves obtaining complex three-dimensional scaffolds that support cellular activity and functional remodeling though tissue recellularization protocols using progenitor cells. This innovative approach integrates cross-thematic approaches from specific areas of transplant immunology, tissue engineering and stem cell biology, to potentially manufacture an unlimited source of donor organs for transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although bioengineered organs are thought to escape immune recognition, the potential immune reactivity toward each of its components has not been studied in detail. Here, we summarize the host immune response toward different progenitor cells and discuss the potential implications of using nonself biological scaffolds to develop bioengineered organs.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA bHLA&MEDECINE 'Jean Dausset' Laboratory Network and Transplantex, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Inserm U 976 Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France cJiao Tong University, Shanghai, China dInstituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Aragon (IIS Aragon) eCIBERehd, Zaragoza, Spain fDepartment of Surgery, Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, The Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ochando
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Charron
authors.forename: Pedro M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Baptista
authors.forename: Basak E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Uygun
mesh_terms: D003643:Death; D006801:Humans; D014019:Tissue Donors; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement / Q000379:methods*