title: Targeted drug delivery of near IR fluorescent doxorubicin-conjugated poly(ethylene glycol) bisphosphonate nanoparticles for diagnosis and therapy of primary and metastatic bone cancer in a mouse model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most primary and metastatic bone tumors demonstrate increased osteoclast activity and bone resorption. Current treatment is based on a combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Severe side effects are associated with chemotherapy due to use of high dosage and nonspecific uptake. Bisphosphonates have a strong affinity to Ca2+ions and are widely used in the treatment of bone disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have engineered a unique biodegradable bisphosphonate nanoparticle (NPs) bearing two functional surface groups: (1) primary amine groups for covalent attachment of a dye/drug (e.g. NIR dye Cy 7 or doxorubicin); (2) bisphosphonate groups for targeting and chelation to bone hydroxyapatite. In addition, these engineered NPs contain high polyethyleneglycol (PEG) concentration in order to increase their blood half life time. In vitro experiments on Saos-2 human osteosarcoma cell line, demonstrated that at a tenth of the concentration, doxorubicin-conjugated bisphosphonate NPs achieved a similar uptake to free doxorubicin. In vivo targeting experiments using the NIR fluorescence bisphosphonate NPs on both Soas-2 human osteosarcoma xenograft mouse model and orthotopic bone metastases mCherry-labeled 4T1 breast cancer mouse model confirmed specific targeting. In addition, therapeutic in vivo experiments using doxorubicin-conjugated bisphosphonate NPs demonstrated a 40% greater inhibition of tumor growth in Saos-2 human osteosarcoma xenograft mouse model when compared to free doxorubicin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this research we have shown the potential use of doxorubicin-conjugated BP NPs for the targeting and treatment of primary and metastatic bone tumors. The targeted delivery of doxorubicin to the tumor significantly increased the efficacy of the anti-cancer drug, thus enabling the effective use of a lower concentration of doxorubicin. Furthermore, the targeting ability of the BP NPs in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model reinforced our findings that these BP NPs have the potential to be used for the treatment of primary and metastatic bone cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rudnick-Glick
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Corem-Salkmon
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Grinberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel. Shlomo.Margel@biu.ac.il.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Margel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000737:chemistry; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates; D004317:Doxorubicin; D004337:Drug Carriers; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
keywords: Bisphosphonates; Bone cancer; Doxorubicin; NPs; Nanoparticles; Targeted drug delivery