title: Antifungal and antiproliferative activities of endophytic fungi isolated from the leaves of Markhamia tomentosa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plants harbor endophytes with potential bioactivity. Markhamia tomentosa (Benth) K. Schum ex. Engl. (Bignoniaceae) is reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The antifungal and antiproliferative properties of endophytic fungi extracts and fractions from M. tomentosa were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves of M. tomentosa and identified by ITS-rDNA sequence analysis. The antagonistic effect of the fungal strains was investigated against pathogenic fungi viz, Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorium, Rhizoctonia solani, and Botrytis cinerea using the dual culture assay for 5-7 days. Antiproliferative effect of the fungal extracts and fractions (3.91-250 μg/mL) on HeLa cancer cell line was tested and IC50was calculated. Poisoning food assay and antifeedant activity against the pathogenic fungi and Spodoptera litura larvae, for 7 days and 2 h, respectively, was also tested at concentrations of 250, 500 and 1000 μg/mL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fungal endophytes Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Syncephalastrum racemosum were isolated from the leaves of M. tomentosa. Isolated endophytic fungal strains and solvent extracts showed MIC value of 1000 μg/mL against tested pathogenic fungi in the dual culture and poisoning food assays. Methanol fraction of S. racemosum isolate showed the most effective antiproliferative activity with IC50of 43.56 μg/mL. Minimal feeding deterrent activity against S. litura larvae was also observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings showed that the leaves of Markhamia tomentosa harbor strains of endophytic fungi with promising health benefits, and suggest their antifungal and antiproliferative effects against pathogenic fungi and HeLa cancer cell line.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Lagos, College of Medicine campus , Lagos , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Mutiat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: b The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Indian Habitat Centre , New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Nutan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kaushik
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Lagos, College of Medicine campus , Lagos , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Abimbola
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sowemimo
authors.affiliation: b The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Indian Habitat Centre , New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Hemraj
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chhipa
authors.affiliation: c Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University , Port Elizabeth , South Africa.
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koekemoer
authors.affiliation: c Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University , Port Elizabeth , South Africa.
authors.forename: Maryna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van de Venter
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Lagos, College of Medicine campus , Lagos , Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olukemi A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Odukoya
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D029402:Bignoniaceae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D020171:Botrytis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D060026:Endophytes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D005670:Fusarium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009090:Mucorales / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D012232:Rhizoctonia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D018411:Spodoptera / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013997:Time Factors; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: HeLa cancer cell line; Spodoptera litura larvae; Syncephalastrum racemosum; Trichoderma longibrachiatum; pathogenic fungi