title: Laryngeal mucus hypersecretion is exacerbated after smoking cessation and ameliorated by glucocorticoid administration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mechanisms underlying the effects of cigarette smoke and smoking cessation on respiratory secretion, especially in the larynx, remain unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to determine the effects of cigarette smoke and smoking cessation on laryngeal mucus secretion and inflammation, and to investigate the effects of glucocorticoid administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered cigarette smoke solution (CSS) to eight-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats for four weeks, then examined laryngeal mucus secretion and inflammatory cytokine expression on days 1, 28 and 90 after smoking cessation. We also investigated the effects of the glucocorticoid triamcinolone acetonide when administered on day 1 after smoking cessation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to CSS resulted in an increase in laryngeal mucus secretion that was further excacerbated following smoking cessation. This change coincided with an increase in the expression of mRNA for the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6, as well as mRNA for MUC5AC, which is involved in mucin production. Triamcinolone suppressed CSS-induced laryngeal mucus hypersecretion and pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoke-associated inflammation may contribute to the exacerbated laryngeal mucus hypersecretion that occurs following smoking cessation. The inflammatory response represents a promising target for the treatment of cigarette smoke-associated mucus hypersecretion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: ruu1025@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Rumi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ueha
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ueha
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takaharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nito
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujimaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hironobu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishijima
authors.affiliation: Department of Artificial Organs and Medical Device Creation, National Institute of Sensory Organs, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsunoda
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Francis H W
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Shand
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kouji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsushima
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamasoba
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007820:Laryngeal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007827:Laryngitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009093:Mucus / Q000378:metabolism*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D014221:Triamcinolone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D014221:Triamcinolone
keywords: Cigarette smoking; Glucocorticoid treatment; Inflammatory cytokines; Laryngeal secretion; Smoking cessation