title: Dynamics of Virus Distribution in a Defined Swine Production Network Using Enteric Viruses as Molecular Markers.
abstract: Modern swine production systems represent complex and dynamic networks involving numerous stakeholders. For instance, livestock transporters carry live animals between fattening sites, abattoirs, and other premises on a daily basis. This interconnected system may increase the risk of microbial spread within and between networks, although little information is available in that regard. In the present study, a swine network composed of 10 finishing farms, one abattoir, and three types of stakeholders (veterinarians, livestock transporters, and nutritional technicians) in Quebec, Canada, was selected to investigate specific vectors and reservoirs of enteric viruses. Environmental samples were collected from the premises over a 12-month period. Samples were screened using targeted reverse transcription-PCR and sequencing of two selected viral markers, group A rotaviruses (RVA) and porcine astroviruses (PoAstV), both prevalent and genetically heterogeneous swine enteric viruses. The results revealed frequent contamination of farm sites (21.4 to 100%), livestock transporter vehicles (30.6 to 68.8%) and, most importantly, the abattoir yard (46.7 to 94.1%), depending on the sample types. Although high levels of strain diversity for both viruses were found, identical PoAstV and RVA strains were detected in specific samples from farms, the abattoir yard, and the livestock transporter vehicle, suggesting interconnections between these premises and transporters. Overall, the results from this study underscore the potential role of abattoirs and livestock transport as a reservoir and transmission route for enteric viruses within and between animal production networks, respectively.
  
  
  
  Using rotaviruses and astroviruses as markers of enteric contamination in a swine network has revealed the potential role of abattoirs and livestock transporters as a reservoir and vectors of enteric pathogens. The results from this study highlight the importance of tightening biosecurity measures. For instance, implementing sanitary vacancy between animal batches and emphasizing washing, disinfection, and drying procedures on farms and for transportation vehicles, as well as giving limited access and circulation of vehicles throughout the production premises, are some examples of measures that should be applied properly. The results also emphasize the need to closely monitor the dynamics of enteric contamination in the swine industry in order to better understand and potentially prevent the spread of infectious diseases. This is especially relevant when a virulent and economically damaging agent is involved, as seen with the recent introduction of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the country.
authors.affiliation: NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada virginie.lachapelle.1@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lachapelle
authors.affiliation: NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Letellier
authors.affiliation: NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fravalo
authors.affiliation: NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.|Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brassard
authors.affiliation: NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.|Canadian Food Inspection Agency, St-Hyacinthe Laboratory, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Yvan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: L'Homme
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D019200:Astroviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002170:Canada; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology; D004771:Enteroviruses, Porcine / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000072480:Farms; D005506:Food Contamination; D058751:Livestock / Q000821:virology; D012401:Rotavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013552:Swine / Q000821:virology*; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology
keywords: astrovirus; environmental microbiology; indicators; network; rotavirus; swine