title: Analysis of antioxidative factors related to AMD risk development in the polish patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness in developed countries. Oxidative mechanisms may play a key role in the aetiology of AMD. The main aim of this study was to investigate antioxidative markers in the pathogenesis of AMD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 510 subjects including 240 patients with AMD (mean age 77.9 ± 8.5 year) and 270 controls (mean age 74.0 ± 10.4 year) were allowed in this study. We measured activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and examined their association with the SNPs of respective genes (SOD1 + 35A/C, CAT C-262T and GPx Pro197Leu). Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique was used to determine the selected gene polymorphisms. Sixty subjects including 30 patients with AMD (mean age 69.4 ± 9.3) and 30 controls (mean age 64.6 ± 8.2) were enrolled to determine the activity of antioxidant enzymes by spectrometry method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant decrease in enzymes, SOD (p = 0.011), CAT (p = 0.002) and GPx (p ≤ 0.001) in AMD patients compared to controls, was indicated. The risk of susceptibility to AMD was significantly higher in patients with AMD who had Pro197Leu C/T genotype of GPx (OR = 2.78; 95% CI = 1.78-4.35). The A/C genotype and the C allele frequencies of A/C polymorphism of SOD1 gene significantly reduce the risk of AMD (OR=0.48; 95% CI 0.27; 0.85).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, our data showed that insufficient antioxidant capacity may have an important role in age-related macular degeneration. The polymorphism of GPx Pro197Leu may reduce the ability to scavenge free radicals in retina and contribute to the development of AMD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mrowicka
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mrowicki
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, SPKSO Ophthalmic Hospital, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Jacek Pawel
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Szaflik
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine I, Ophthalmology Center "Laser", Medical University, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szaflik
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, SPKSO Ophthalmic Hospital, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ulinska
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, SPKSO Ophthalmic Hospital, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Szaflik
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Ireneusz
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Majsterek
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D002374:Catalase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D015995:Prevalence; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004247:DNA; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: age-related macular degeneration; antioxidant enzyme; genetic polymorphism; the polish population