title: Time Course of Conjunctival Hyperemia Induced by a Rho-kinase Inhibitor Anti-glaucoma Eye Drop: Ripasudil 0.4.
abstract: We investigated the detailed time course of conjunctival hyperemia induced by ripasudil 0.4%, a novel Rho-kinase inhibitor anti-glaucoma eye drop, in healthy subjects.
  
  
  
  We recruited 51 healthy subjects and administered ripasudil 0.4% in their right eye. We evaluated conjunctival hyperemia using slit lamp photography and measured the intraocular pressure (IOP) using the Icare PRO Rebound Tonometer at baseline and after 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. The conjunctival hyperemia score was graded by three independent observers on a scale of 0 (none) to 3 (severe). Additionally, we analyzed the "percent coverage" of conjunctival hyperemia by using an automated hyperemia analysis software program; this program provides the pixel coverage of the conjunctival vessels in the region of interest. Dunnett and Steel multiple comparison tests were used, as appropriate, for the subsequent analyses.
  
  
  
  The conjunctival hyperemia score and percent coverage increased rapidly after the instillation of ripasudil 0.4%, peaking at 15 min (score: 1.83 ± 0.29 [mean ± SD]) and 5 min (11.6% ± 4.7%), respectively, and then gradually decreasing until 120 min (0.45 ± 0.22 and 4.7% ± 1.8%, respectively), when they reached a level that was not significantly different from the baseline values. The IOP decreased significantly compared to the baseline at 30, 60, and 90 min, based on the Dunnett test.
  
  
  
  Conjunctival hyperemia induced by ripasudil 0.4% peaks rapidly to moderate severity, but subsides relatively quickly.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Saneikai Tsukazaki Hospital , Himeji City , Japan.
authors.forename: Etsuko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Terao
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Saneikai Tsukazaki Hospital , Himeji City , Japan.
authors.forename: Shunsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakakura
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Saneikai Tsukazaki Hospital , Himeji City , Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujisawa
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Saneikai Tsukazaki Hospital , Himeji City , Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujio
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Saneikai Tsukazaki Hospital , Himeji City , Japan.
authors.forename: Kanae
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsuya
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Saneikai Tsukazaki Hospital , Himeji City , Japan.
authors.forename: Yui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Saneikai Tsukazaki Hospital , Himeji City , Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tabuchi
authors.affiliation: b Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science , Kochi Medical School , Nankoku City , Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoneda
authors.affiliation: b Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science , Kochi Medical School , Nankoku City , Japan.
authors.forename: Atsuki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.affiliation: c Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Hiroshima University , Hiroshima City , Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kiuchi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects*; D003229:Conjunctival Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis*; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D007546:Isoquinolines; C584679:K-115; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D013449:Sulfonamides; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases
keywords: Conjunctival hyperemia; Rho-kinase inhibitor; Ripasudil; glaucoma; intraocular pressure