title: Immunotherapy for breast cancer: past, present, and future.
abstract: Immunotherapy has shown promise in many solid tumors including melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer with an evolving role in breast cancer. Immunotherapy encompasses a wide range of therapies including immune checkpoint inhibition, monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, vaccinations, antibody-drug conjugates, and identifying other emerging interventions targeting the tumor microenvironment. Increasing efficacy of these treatments in breast cancer patients requires identification of better biomarkers to guide patient selection; recognizing when to initiate these therapies in multi-modality treatment plans; establishing novel assays to monitor immune-mediated responses; and creating combined systemic therapy options incorporating conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and endocrine therapy. This review will focus on the current role and future directions of many of these immunotherapies in breast cancer, as well as highlighting clinical trials that are investigating several of these active issues.
authors.affiliation: Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, 1411 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spellman
authors.affiliation: Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, 1411 Laney Walker Boulevard, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA. stang@gru.edu.|Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, China. stang@gru.edu.
authors.forename: Shou-Ching
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends*
keywords: Biomarkers; Breast cancer; Checkpoint inhibitor; Clinical trials; Immunotherapy; Review