title: Characterization of Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Virus Prevalence in Humans and Poultry in Huai'an, China: Molecular Epidemiology, Phylogenetic, and Dynamics Analyses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To trace the source of human H7N9 cases in Huai'an and elucidate the genetic characterization of Huai'an strains associated with both humans and birds in live poultry market.
  
  
  METHODS
  An enhanced surveillance was implemented when the first human H7N9 case was confirmed in Huai'an. Clinical specimens, cloacal swabs, and fecal samples were collected and screened by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for H7N9 virus. The positive samples were subjected to further RT-PCR and genome sequencing. The phylodynamic patterns of H7N9 virus within and separated from Huai'an and evolutionary dynamics of the virus were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six patients with H7N9 infection were previously exposed to live poultry market and presented symptoms such as fever (>38.0 °C) and headaches. Results of this study support the hypothesis that live poultry markets were the source of human H7N9 exposure. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all novel H7N9 viruses, including Huai'an strains, could be classified into two distinct clades, A and B. Additionally, the diversified H7N9 virus circulated in live poultry markets in Huai'an. Interestingly, the common ancestors of the Huai'an H7N9 virus existed in January 2012. The mean nucleotide substitution rates for each gene segment of the H7N9 virus were (3.09-7.26)×10-3 substitutions/site per year (95% HPD: 1.72×10-3 to 1.16×10-2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, the source of exposure of human H7N9 cases in Huai'an was live poultry market, and our study highlights the presence of divergent genetic lineage of H7N9 virus in both humans and poultry specimens in Huai'an.
authors.affiliation: Huai'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an 223001, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Peng Fei
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Huai'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an 223001, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Qing Li
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Huai'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an 223001, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Chun Cheng
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Huai'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an 223001, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Ya Dong
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: Huai'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an 223001, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Min Hui
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Huai'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an 223001, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Hongzhe County Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an 223199, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Huai'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an 223001, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Hai Bo
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Huai'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an 223001, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Nan Jiang
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D064766:Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011200:Poultry; D015995:Prevalence
keywords: H7N9 Virus; Molecular epidemiology; Phylodynamic analysis; Phylogenetic tree