title: Sweetened beverage intake and risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sweetened beverage intake is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, but its association with autoimmune diabetes is unclear. We aimed to investigate sweetened beverage intake and risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA); autoimmune diabetes with features of type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from a Swedish population-based study was used, including incident cases of LADA (n = 357) and type 2 diabetes (n = 1136) and randomly selected controls (n = 1371). Diabetes classification was based on onset age (≥35), glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA) and C-peptide. Sweetened beverage intake information was derived from a validated food frequency questionnaire. ORs adjusted for age, sex, family history of diabetes, education, lifestyle, diet, energy intake and BMI were estimated using logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Daily intake of >2 servings of sweetened beverages (consumed by 6% of participants) was associated with increased risk of LADA (OR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.11-3.56), and for each 200 mL daily serving, OR was 1.15 (95% CI: 1.02-1.29). Findings were similar for sugar-sweetened (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.00-1.39) and artificially sweetened beverages (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.95-1.32). Similarly, each daily serving increment in total sweetened beverage conferred 20% higher type 2 diabetes risk (95% CI: 1.07-1.34). In type 2 diabetes patients, high consumers displayed higher HOMA-IR levels (4.5 vs 3.5, P = 0.0002), but lower HOMA-B levels (55 vs 70, P = 0.0378) than non-consumers. Similar tendencies were seen in LADA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High intake of sweetened beverages was associated with increased risk of LADA. The observed relationship resembled that with type 2 diabetes, suggesting common pathways possibly involving insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden josefin.lofvenborg@ki.se.
authors.forename: Josefin E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Löfvenborg
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Center for Occupational and Environmental MedicineStockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical SciencesUppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per-Ola
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical SciencesLund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mozhgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dorkhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical SciencesLund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groop
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Caring SciencesUppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martinell
authors.affiliation: EndocrinologyAbdominal Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Research Program for Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, and Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tiinamaija
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tuomi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wolk
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carlsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000071698:Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D013549:Sweetening Agents