title: Strategies to Improve the Efficacy of Epicardial Linear Ablation on the Beating Heart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Creating transmural linear lesions on the beating heart is an important component of minimally invasive surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation. Animal studies have shown poor efficacy for surface bipolar radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Clinicians have developed strategies including multiple device applications and vena caval occlusion (VCO) to improve ablation efficacy. These techniques were evaluated in an acute porcine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the first experiment, an RFA device was used to perform two 40-second epicardial ablations on the right atrium of six pigs. Ablations were performed with and without VCO. Ultrasonic flow probes were used to verify VCO. In the second experiment, an RFA device was used to perform two 40-second epicardial ablations at six locations on the left and right atria of six pigs. All animals were sacrificed. The hearts were removed and stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Sections were examined using digital photography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With VCO, 42 (81%) of 52 sections were transmural; without VCO on the RA, only 12 (24%) of 50 sections were transmural (P < 0.01). In thick (>2 mm) tissue, 10 (59%) of 17 VCO sections were transmural compared with only two (8%) of 24 with normal caval blood flow. Compared with a single ablation, multiple device applications improved transmurality on the LA but not the RA (92% vs 71%, P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an acute animal model, VCO improved the efficacy of beating-heart RFA on the RA. Multiple device applications improved the efficacy of RFA on the LA.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Chiba Hokusoh Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; †Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St Louis, MO USA; and ‡Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tucson, AZ USA.
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Schill
authors.forename: Toshinobu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kazui
authors.forename: Spencer J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Melby
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Schuessler
authors.forename: Ralph J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Damiano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000601:surgery*; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation; D023421:Models, Animal; D009200:Myocardial Contraction; D013552:Swine; D014684:Venae Cavae / Q000601:surgery*