title: Field Experiments of Pollination Ecology: The Case of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea.
abstract: Plant-pollinator interactions have been studied for approximately one hundred years. During that time, many field methods have been developed to clarify the pollination effectiveness of each pollinator for visited flowers. Pollinator observations have been one of the most common methods to identify pollinators, and bagging and cage experiments have been conducted to show the effectiveness of specific pollinators. In a previous study of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea, its effective pollinators, the visitation frequencies of each floral visitor, and its reproductive strategies were not identified. This study reports the observation that small bees visited flowers that were partially opened (breaking buds). To the best of our knowledge, this phenomenon has not been reported previously. Further, this study investigates the hypothesis that small bees can pollinate at that flowering stage. This study demonstrates the basic methods of field experiments in pollination ecology using L. sanguinea var. sanguinea. Pollinator observations and digital video showed the visitation frequencies of each floral visitor. Bagging and cage experiments revealed that these flowers could be pollinated fully and that breaking-bud pollination could be important for the pollination of this plant species. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed, and recent developments, including laboratory experiments, are described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Chiba University.
authors.forename: Futa
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yamaji
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Chiba University; asakawa@faculty.chiba-u.jp.
authors.forename: Takeshi A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ohsawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D004463:Ecology; D035264:Flowers; D031426:Lycoris; D054817:Pollination