title: Ultrafast Digital Printing toward 4D Shape Changing Materials.
abstract: Ultrafast 4D printing (<30 s) of responsive polymers is reported. Visible-light-triggered polymerization of commercial monomers defines digitally stress distribution in a 2D polymer film. Releasing the stress after the printing converts the structure into 3D. An additional dimension can be incorporated by choosing the printing precursors. The process overcomes the speed limiting steps of typical 3D (4D) printing.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
authors.forename: Limei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Soft Matter Research Center, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
authors.forename: Ruiqi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
authors.forename: Jingjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Soft Matter Research Center, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
authors.forename: Jizhou
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
authors.forename: Bogeng
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xie
keywords: 3D printing; responsive hydrogels; shape changing polymers