title: Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils.
abstract: Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental changes. Repeated sampling to monitor these changes in forest soils is a relatively new practice that is not well documented in the literature and has only recently been broadly embraced by the scientific community. The objective of this protocol is therefore to synthesize the latest information on methods of soil resampling in a format that can be used to design and implement a soil monitoring program. Successful monitoring of forest soils requires that a study unit be defined within an area of forested land that can be characterized with replicate sampling locations. A resampling interval of 5 years is recommended, but if monitoring is done to evaluate a specific environmental driver, the rate of change expected in that driver should be taken into consideration. Here, we show that the sampling of the profile can be done by horizon where boundaries can be clearly identified and horizons are sufficiently thick to remove soil without contamination from horizons above or below. Otherwise, sampling can be done by depth interval. Archiving of sample for future reanalysis is a key step in avoiding analytical bias and providing the opportunity for additional analyses as new questions arise.
authors.affiliation: New York Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey; glawrenc@usgs.gov.
authors.forename: Gregory B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: School of Forest Resources, University of Maine.
authors.forename: Ivan J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.affiliation: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service.
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hazlett
authors.affiliation: Northern Research Station, U.S. Forest Service.
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont.
authors.forename: Donald S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: Ottauquechee NRCD, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Villars
authors.affiliation: Green Mountain National Forest, U.S. Forest Service.
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quintana
authors.affiliation: Direction de la Recherche Forestière, Ministère du Québec.
authors.forename: Rock
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ouimet
authors.affiliation: New York Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: McHale
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University.
authors.forename: Chris E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Science, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry.
authors.forename: Russell D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Briggs
authors.affiliation: White Mountain National Forest, U.S. Forest Service.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Colter
authors.affiliation: New York Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Siemion
authors.affiliation: Natural Resources and Earth System Sciences, University of New Hampshire.
authors.forename: Olivia L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.affiliation: Greenwich, NY Field Office, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vargas
authors.affiliation: New York Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Antidormi
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University.
authors.forename: Mary M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Koppers
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D065928:Forests; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants