title: Relationship between Soft Drink Consumption and Obesity in 9-11 Years Old Children in a Multi-National Study.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the association between regular (sugar containing) and diet (artificially sweetened) soft drink consumption and obesity in children from 12 countries ranging in levels of economic and human development. The sample included 6162 children aged 9-11 years. Information on soft drink consumption was obtained using a food frequency questionnaire. Percentage body fat (%BF) was estimated by bio-electrical impedance analysis, body mass index (BMI)z-scores were computed using World Health Organization reference data, and obesity was defined as a BMI > +2 standard deviations (SD). Multi-level models were used to investigate trends in BMIz-scores, %BF and obesity across categories of soft drink consumption. Age, sex, study site, parental education and physical activity were included as covariates. There was a significant linear trend in BMIz-scores across categories of consumption of regular soft drinks in boys (p= 0.049), but not in girls; there were no significant trends in %BF or obesity observed in either boys or girls. There was no significant linear trend across categories of diet soft drink consumption in boys, but there was a graded, positive association in girls for BMIz-score (p= 0.0002) and %BF (p= 0.0001). Further research is required to explore these associations using longitudinal research designs.
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA. peter.katzmarzyk@pbrc.edu.
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Katzmarzyk
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA. stephanie.broyles@pbrc.edu.
authors.forename: Stephanie T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Broyles
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA. catherine.champagne@pbrc.edu.
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Champagne
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada. jpchaput@cheo.on.ca.
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Chaput
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland. mikael.fogelholm@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fogelholm
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA. gang.hu@pbrc.edu.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: St. Johns Research Institute, Bangalore 560034, India. rebecca@sjri.res.in.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuriyan
authors.affiliation: St. Johns Research Institute, Bangalore 560034, India. a.kurpad@sjri.res.in.
authors.forename: Anura
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurpad
authors.affiliation: Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Newlands, Cape Town 7700, South Africa. vicki.lambert@uct.ac.za.
authors.forename: Estelle V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Desporto, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, Porto 4200-450, Portugal. jmaia@fade.up.pt.
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos do Laboratório de Aptidão Física de São Caetano do Sul, Sao Paulo 09520-320, Brazil. matsudo@celafiscs.org.br.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Matsudo
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia. timothy.olds@unisa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Olds
authors.affiliation: Department of Recreation Management and Exercise Science, Kenyatta University, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. vonywera@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Onywera
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 11001000, Colombia. osarmien@uniandes.edu.co.
authors.forename: Olga L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Sarmiento
authors.affiliation: Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. m.standage@bath.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Martyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Standage
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada. mtremblay@cheo.on.ca.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. ctudorlocke@umass.edu.
authors.forename: Catrine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tudor-Locke
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Women's and Children's Health Center, Tianjin 300070, China. juliapeizhao@yeah.net.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
keywords: global; overweight; pediatric; sugar-sweetened beverages