title: The Early Memories of Warmth and Safeness Scale for adolescents: Cross-Sample Validation of the Complete and Brief Versions.
abstract: This work presents psychometric analyses on the Early Memories of Warmth and Safeness Scale, which intends to evaluate the subjective perception of ones' early rearing experiences. Factor structure, measurement invariance, latent mean comparisons and validity in relation to external variables (i.e., forms of self-criticism/self-assurance, experiential avoidance and depressive, anxious and stress symptoms) were investigated. A sample of 1464 adolescents (52.3% male adolescents, mean age = 16.16, standard deviation = 1.51) was used, including 1064 participants recruited from schools, 192 participants recruited from foster care facilities and 208 boys recruited from juvenile justice facilities. A shortened version of the scale was also developed and subjected to the same psychometric analyses. A one-factor measurement model was a good fit for the data taken from both the complete and brief versions of the instrument. Such measures showed to be internally consistent with alpha values higher than 0.89. Evidence for their construct validity in relation to external variables was also found, with correlation values ranging from 0.19 to 0.45 for the complete version and from 0.18 to 0.44 for the brief version of the instrument. The brief version was the only one proving to be gender and sample invariant. Boys and girls scored similarly in their account of early memories, whereas community boys presented significantly higher scores when compared with referred and detained boys. Thus, the brief version of the instrument may be an appropriate alternative for use with diverse adolescent samples and may serve to advance knowledge on how early experiences impact on psychopathological outcomes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Early Memories of Warmth and Safeness Scale (EMWSS), assessing early memories of warmth and safeness, was studied across community, referred for behavioural problems and detained Portuguese adolescent samples. A brief version of this instrument was also developed and studied in these same samples. Both versions of the EMWSS revealed a one-factor structure, good internal consistency and construct validity in relation to external variables; the brief version was also found to be invariant across gender and groups. Boys and girls were found to report similar levels of experienced warmth and safeness, whereas community boys reported significantly more of those experiences, followed by detained boys, and, lastly, referred boys. The brief version of the EMWSS represents a quick and valid measure to assess early memories of warmth and safeness in youth, providing for insights into the subjective experience of adolescents with diverse rearing experiences. Early memories of warmth and safeness, as assessed by the brief version of the EMWSS, may serve to advance knowledge on how early experiences impact on psychopathological outcomes in diverse youth samples.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of the Cognitive-Behavioral Research and Intervention Center, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vagos
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of the Cognitive-Behavioral Research and Intervention Center, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ribeiro da Silva
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of the Cognitive-Behavioral Research and Intervention Center, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Nélio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brazão
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of the Cognitive-Behavioral Research and Intervention Center, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rijo
authors.affiliation: Derby, UK-NHS, Psychology, Kingsway Hospital, Kingsway, University of Derby, Derby, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gilbert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D012647:Self-Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Adolescents; Disruptive Behaviour; Early Memories of Warmth and Safeness Scale; Measurement Invariance; Psychometrics