title: Potential mode of action of a novel plumbagin as a mosquito repellent against the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi, (Culicidae: Diptera).
abstract: Plumbagin was isolated and characterized from the roots of Plumbago zeylanica using chromatography: TLC, Column chromatogram, HPLC, FTIR and1H NMR. The isolated pure compounds were assayed for potency as inhibitors of: acetylcholine esterase (AchE), glutathione S-transferases (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), cytochrome P450 and α, β-esterase, and for repellency with Anopheles stephensi at four different concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100ppm). The enzyme assay against the pure compound reveals that the level of esterase and SOD was decreased significantly in contrast the level of GST and cytochrome P450 was increased significantly. Our results suggests that novel Plumbagin has significantly alters the level of enzyme comparable to the control. Evaluations resulted in Plumbagin producing maximum repellency scores against An. stephensi mosquitoes in dose dependent manner with highest repellence was observed in the 100ppm. Histological examination showed that the midgut, hindgut and muscles are the most affected tissues. These tissues affected with major changes including separation and collapse of epithelial layer and cellular vacuolization. The results support the utility of plant compound Plumbagin for vector control as an alternative to synthetic insecticides, however, more vigorous field trials are needed to determine viability under natural conditions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Venkatraman
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pradeepa
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India. Electronic address: senthil@msuniv.ac.in.
authors.forename: Sengottayan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senthil-Nathan
authors.affiliation: Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Conservation Foundation (KMTCF), Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Subbiah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sathish-Narayanan
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Selvaraj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Selin-Rani
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Prabhakaran
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vasantha-Srinivasan
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Annamalai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thanigaivel
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Athirstam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ponsankar
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Edward-Sam
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Edwin
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627 412 Tirunelveli, Tamil-Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Muthiah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakthi-Bagavathy
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Parasakthi College for Women, Courtrallam, 627 802, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Kandaswamy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalaivani
authors.affiliation: Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Kadarkarai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murugan
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Veeramuthu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Duraipandiyan
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Naif Abdullah
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Al-Dhabi
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004950:Esterases / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D008288:Malaria / Q000635:transmission; D000072138:Mosquito Vectors / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D009132:Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects; D009285:Naphthoquinones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D007302:Insect Repellents; D009285:Naphthoquinones; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D004950:Esterases; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; C014758:plumbagin
keywords: Enzyme; FT-IR; Histology; Malarial vector; NMR; Plumbagin