title: Zinc Cluster Transcription Factors Alter Virulence in Candida albicans.
abstract: Almost all humans are colonized with Candida albicans However, in immunocompromised individuals, this benign commensal organism becomes a serious, life-threatening pathogen. Here, we describe and analyze the regulatory networks that modulate innate responses in the host niches. We identified Zcf15 and Zcf29, two Zinc Cluster transcription Factors (ZCF) that are required for C. albicans virulence. Previous sequence analysis of clinical C. albicans isolates from immunocompromised patients indicates that both ZCF genes diverged during clonal evolution. Using in vivo animal models, ex vivo cell culture methods, and in vitro sensitivity assays, we demonstrate that knockout mutants of both ZCF15 and ZCF29 are hypersensitive to reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting they help neutralize the host-derived ROS produced by phagocytes, as well as establish a sustained infection in vivo Transcriptomic analysis of mutants under resting conditions where cells were not experiencing oxidative stress revealed a large network that control macro and micronutrient homeostasis, which likely contributes to overall pathogen fitness in host niches. Under oxidative stress, both transcription factors regulate a separate set of genes involved in detoxification of ROS and down-regulating ribosome biogenesis. ChIP-seq analysis, which reveals vastly different binding partners for each transcription factor (TF) before and after oxidative stress, further confirms these results. Furthermore, the absence of a dominant binding motif likely facilitates their mobility, and supports the notion that they represent a recent expansion of the ZCF family in the pathogenic Candida species. Our analyses provide a framework for understanding new aspects of the interface between C. albicans and host defense response, and extends our understanding of how complex cell behaviors are linked to the evolution of TFs.
authors.affiliation: Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts 01609.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Issi
authors.affiliation: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.
authors.forename: Rhys A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Farrer
authors.affiliation: Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts 01609.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pastor
authors.affiliation: Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts 01609.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Landry
authors.affiliation: Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts 01609.
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Delorey
authors.affiliation: Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.
authors.forename: Dawn A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cuomo
authors.affiliation: Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Massachusetts 01609 rpr@wpi.edu.
authors.forename: Reeta P
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7936-9617
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017173:Caenorhabditis elegans / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D002460:Cell Line; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D051379:Mice; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D059467:Transcriptome; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014157:Transcription Factors
keywords: Candida albicans; ZCF transcription factors; clonal evolution; gene duplication and expansion; host interactions; virulence