title: Vitamin D and Weight Cycling: Impact on Injury, Illness, and Inflammation in Collegiate Wrestlers.
abstract: This study explored the link between vitamin D status and frequency of skin infections, inflammation, and injury in college wrestlers during an academic year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) (n= 19), plasma cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10) (n= 18) concentrations, and body weight/composition were measured and injury/illness/skin infection data were collected in fall, winter, and spring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the fall, 74% of wrestlers had vitamin D concentrations <32 ng/mL which increased to 94% in winter and spring. Wrestlers lost an average of 3.4 ± 3.9 kg (p< 0.001) during the season with corresponding decreases in fat mass and increases in lean mass (p< 0.01). An inverse association between 25(OH)D concentrations and total body mass and body fat percentage was observed at all-time points (p< 0.01). Concentrations of cytokines were highly variable among individuals and did not change across time (p> 0.05). Correlations between vitamin D status, cytokines, or frequency of illness, injury, or skin infections were not observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (<32 ng/mL) and deficiency (<20 ng/mL) was observed in wrestlers and was associated with higher adiposity. It remains unclear if higher vitamin D status would reduce injury, illness, and skin infection risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. jbarcal@uwyo.edu.|Department of Athletics, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. jbarcal@uwyo.edu.
authors.forename: Jacqueline N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Barcal
authors.affiliation: Department of Athletics, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. thomasjj@uwyo.edu.
authors.forename: Joi T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Dr. Bruce Hollis' Laboratory at the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. hollisb@musc.edu.
authors.forename: Bruce W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Hollis
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences; University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. KathyAus@uwyo.edu.
authors.forename: Kathy J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Sciences; University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. BAlex@uwyo.edu.
authors.forename: Brenda M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. enette@uwyo.edu.
authors.forename: D Enette
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Larson-Meyer
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D056352:Athletes; D001835:Body Weight; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D012621:Seasons; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood; D014952:Wrestling; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: athletes; exercise; inflammation; vitamin D; wrestling