title: First complete mitochondrial genome data from ancient South American camelids - The mystery of the chilihueques from Isla Mocha (Chile).
abstract: In South American societies, domesticated camelids were of great cultural importance and subject to trade and translocation. South American camelids were even found on remote and hard to reach islands, emphasizing their importance to historic and pre-historic South American populations. Isla Mocha, a volcanic island 35 km offshore of Central-South Chile, is an example of such an island. When Dutch and Spanish explorers reached the island in the early 17th century, they found that domesticated camelids called "chilihueque" played a major role in the island's society. The origin and taxonomy of these enigmatic camelids is unclear and controversial. This study aims to resolve this controversy through genetic analyses of Isla Mocha camelid remains dating from pre-Columbian to early historic times. A recent archaeological excavation of site P21-3 on Isla Mocha yielded a number of camelid remains. Three complete mitochondrial genomes were successfully recovered and analysed. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that "chilihueque" was a local term for a domesticated guanaco. Results from phylogeographic analyses are consistent with Isla Mocha camelids being sourced from Southern Chilean guanaco populations. Our data highlights the capability of ancient DNA to answer questions about extinct populations which includes species identity, potential translocation events and origins of founding individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Evolutionary and Adaptive Genomics, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Westbury
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA.|Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Serra Street, Palo Alto, CA 94305-5020, USA.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prost
authors.affiliation: School of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano, Condell 506, Santiago 7500828, Chile.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seelenfreund
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios Avanzados, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Traslaviña 450, Viña del Mar, Chile.
authors.forename: José-Miguel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Matisoo-Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knapp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002161:Camelids, New World / Q000235:genetics*; D002677:Chile; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial; D062312:Islands; D010802:Phylogeny