title: Linear and nonlinear genetic relationships between type traits and productive life in US dairy goats.
abstract: Linear or nonlinear genetic relationships between productive life and functional productive life at 72 mo, with final score (SCO), stature, strength, dairyness (DAI), teat diameter, rear legs (side view), rump angle, rump width (RUW), fore udder attachment (FUA), rear udder height, rear udder arch, udder depth (UDD), suspensory ligament (SUS), and teat placement, as well as heritabilities and correlations were estimated from multibreed US dairy goat records. Productive life was defined as the total days in production until 72 mo of age (PL72) for goats having the opportunity to express the trait. Functional productive life (FPL72) was analyzed by incorporating first lactation milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, and SCO in the statistical model. Heritabilities and correlations were estimated using linear mixed models with pedigree additive genetic relationships and ASReml software. Nonlinearity of genetic relationships was assessed based on second-degree polynomial (quadratic) regression models, with the breeding values of PL72 or FPL72 as responses and the breeding values for each type trait (linear and quadratic) as predictor variables. Heritability estimates were 0.19, 0.14, 0.18, 0.20, 0.14, 0.07, 0.28, 0.20, 0.15, 0.13, 0.25, 0.18, 0.20, 0.21, 0.21, and 0.32 for PL72, FPL72, SCO, stature, strength, DAI, teat diameter, rear legs, rump angle, RUW, FUA, rear udder height, rear udder arch, UDD, SUS, and teat placement, respectively. The type traits SCO, RUW, and FUA were the most correlated with PL72 and FPL72, so these may be used as selection criteria to increase longevity in dairy goats. An increase in the coefficient of determination >1% for the second degree, compared with that for the linear model for either PL72 or FPL72, was taken as evidence of a nonlinear genetic relationship. Using this criterion, PL72 showed maximum values at intermediate scores in DAI, UDD, and RUW, and maximum values at extreme scores in FUA and SUS, whereas FPL72 showed maximum values at intermediate scores in DAI and UDD, and maximum values at extreme scores in FUA, RUW, and SUS. Selecting for increased SCO, RUW, and FUA will lead to an increase of FPL72 in goats. Consideration of nonlinear relationships between DAI, FUA, RUW, SUS, and UDD may help in the design of more efficient breeding programs for dairy goats using conformation traits.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, DF 04510, México.
authors.forename: V J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Castañeda-Bustos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, DF 04510, México. Electronic address: montaldo@unam.mx.
authors.forename: H H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Montaldo
authors.affiliation: División de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Universidad de Guanajuato, Ex Hacienda El Copal, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valencia-Posadas
authors.affiliation: American Dairy Goat Association, Spindale, NC 28160.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shepard
authors.affiliation: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Montecillo, Estado de México 56230, México.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pérez-Elizalde
authors.affiliation: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Montecillo, Estado de México 56230, México.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hernández-Mendo
authors.affiliation: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Montecillo, Estado de México 56230, México.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Torres-Hernández
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D007774:Lactation / Q000235:genetics*; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal; D010641:Phenotype
keywords: genetic correlation; heritability; nonlinear relationship; productive life; type traits