title: The current state of therapeutic and T cell-based vaccines against human papillomaviruses.
abstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is known to be a necessary factor for many gynecologic malignancies and is also associated with a subset of head and neck malignancies. This knowledge has created the opportunity to control these HPV-associated cancers through vaccination. However, despite the availability of prophylactic HPV vaccines, HPV infections remain extremely common worldwide. In addition, while prophylactic HPV vaccines have been effective in preventing infection, they are ineffective at clearing pre-existing HPV infections. Thus, there is an urgent need for therapeutic and T cell-based vaccines to treat existing HPV infections and HPV-associated lesions and cancers. Unlike prophylactic vaccines, which generate neutralizing antibodies, therapeutic, and T cell-based vaccines enhance cell-mediated immunity against HPV antigens. Our review will cover various therapeutic and T cell-based vaccines in development for the treatment of HPV-associated diseases. Furthermore, we review the strategies to enhance the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines and the latest clinical trials on therapeutic and T cell-based HPV vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Farmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.
authors.forename: T-C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA. Electronic address: chung2@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Chien-Fu
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Hung
mesh_terms: D019264:Adoptive Transfer; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000637:transplantation*; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000637:transplantation*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D014611:Vaccination; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit
keywords: HPV E6; HPV E7; Human papillomavirus; Immunotherapy; T cell-based vaccine; Therapeutic vaccine