title: Rationale for Assessing Safety and Efficacy of Drug Candidates Alone and in Combination with Medical Devices: The Case Study of SpinalonTM.
abstract: The aim of this review is to describe the rationale and main underlying reasons for undertaking, during clinical development, the study of drug candidates used separately and/or in combination with other technologies. To ease comprehension, reference will be made to the case of SpinalonTM, a new fixed-dose combination (FDC) product composed of levodopa/carbidopa/buspirone. This drug is capable of triggering, within minutes after a single administration orally, 45 minute- episodes of basic involuntary 'reflex' walking in paraplegic animals. Daily administration during one month was shown to lead to increased performance over time, with health benefits onto musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems. A double-blind, dose-escalation, randomized phase I/IIa study with 45 spinal cord-injured subjects successfully provided the maximal tolerated dose (MTD) and preliminary evidence of efficacy. As an attempt to explore how efficacy may be optimized, a phase IIb study with 150 subjects was designed to compare the effects of repeated administration in different conditions (arms). Tests with a motorized treadmill, a harness for body weight support, a transdermal spinal cord stimulator and/or an exoskeleton were proposed because: 1) these devices are unlikely to alter safety but, 2) they are reasonably expected to increase spinal locomotor neuron activation, reflex walking induction, and musculoskeletal/cardiovascular benefits. This approach would normally allow the phase III study to demonstrate clearly, with fewer subjects and at lower costs, long-term benefits on health of SpinalonTM used in optimized conditions and settings. This innovative strategy in drug development may contribute to further describe the mechanisms of action as well as optimized conditions of use for patients. Adapted to the development of other products, such an approach may enable greater safety, efficacy, clinical utility and compliance to be sought for next-generation CNS drugs.
authors.affiliation: CHUL, 2705 Laurier Blvd, RC-9800, Quebec City, QC, G1V4G2, Canada.
authors.forename: Pierre A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Guertin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002065:Buspirone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002230:Carbidopa / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000187:drug effects*; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007980:Levodopa; D002230:Carbidopa; D002065:Buspirone
keywords: CPG; Fixed-dose combination products; KeeogoTM; SpinalonTM; bioengineering; biomedical; body weight supported treadmill training; central pattern generator; chronic spinal cord injury; combinatorial approaches; comorbid problems; dermoskeleton; devices; exoskeleton; phase I/IIa; phase IIb; pivotal phase III; symptomatic treatments; transcutaneous spinal cord
  stimulation; treadmill training