title: Iatrogenic medication errors in a paediatric intensive care unit in Durban, South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Iatrogenic medication errors due to calculation errors are an under-reported concern in children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the incidence and source of iatrogenic medication errors in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was conducted in the PICU at Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital, Durban, South Africa, over a 3-month period in 2014. Medication-related calculation skills of medical practitioners and nurses were assessed through the voluntary anonymous completion of a questionnaire. Medication errors were recorded either spontaneously or by review of all electronic records of admissions. Errors were classified as delays in the decision to prescribe, prescribing mistakes, dispensing errors and administration issues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 25 staff members sampled, only 6 (24.0%) were able to complete all medication calculations accurately, while 44.0% (n=11) were unable to answer three or more questions correctly. Errors most frequently encountered included failure to calculate rates of infusion and the conversion of mL to mEq or mL to mg for potassium, phenobarbitone and digoxin. Of the 117 children admitted, 111 (94.9%) were exposed to at least one medication error. Two or more medication errors occurred in 34.1% of cases. Of the errors, 73.8% were detected on chart review and 26.2% by spontaneous reporting. Overall, 89.2% of errors occurred during prescribing, with 10.0% having a ≥10-fold increase or decrease in dosage calculations. Only 2.7% of medication errors were reported as resulting in adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapeutic skills of healthcare professionals working in the PICU need to be improved to decrease iatrogenic medication errors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. ashmikagokhul@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gokhul
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Jeena
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gray