title: Triterpenoid saponins with anti-inflammatory activities from Ilex pubescens roots.
abstract: Seven triterpenoid saponins, named ilexsaponin I-O, along with twelve known ones, were isolated from the roots of Ilex pubescens. The structures of all compounds were elucidated by use of extensive spectroscopic methods (IR, HR-ESI-MS, and 1D and 2D NMR). Sugar residues obtained after acid hydrolysis were identified by TLC and HPLC. The in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of the triterpenoid saponins were also evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Among the isolated saponins, seven compounds were shown to inhibit LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) production by suppressing the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), respectively, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Ilexsaponin I and β-d-glucopyranosyl 3-β-[β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy]-olea-12-en-28-oate exerted more potent anti-inflammatory effects than the other compounds tested.
authors.affiliation: International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jian-Xin
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: hzhou@must.edu.mo.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: liuzq@gzucm.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zhong-Qiu
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D030017:Ilex / Q000737:chemistry*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D012503:Saponins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012503:Saponins; D014315:Triterpenes; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Aquifoliaceae; Ilex pubescens; RAW 264.7 macrophages; Triterpenoid saponins