title: Ultrasonographic findings in two sheep with enzootic calcinosis.
abstract: This report describes 2 sheep with enzootic calcinosis characterized by abnormal cardiovascular and respiratory findings and ascites causing abdominal distension. Both sheep were anorexic and listless and had increased heart and respiratory rates. Auscultation of the heart revealed a gallop rhythm in sheep 1 and a loud systolic heart murmur in sheep 2. The activities of liver enzymes were severely increased in both sheep. Abdominal ultrasonography showed severe ascites and congestion of the liver and caudal vena cava. Echocardiography in sheep 2 showed hyperechoic and markedly thickened mitral and aortic valves with moderate-severe mitral insufficiency and generalized cardiomegaly. Both sheep were euthanized and examined postmortem. In addition to ascites and pleural effusion, the principal lesions were nodular thickening of the heart valves and calcification of the aorta and other arteries. Nutrition of the sheep did not include hay pellets, but the sheep were kept together with alpacas and lamas and had access to the hay pellets of these animals. In addition visitors were allowed to feed the sheep with hay pellets offered by the zoo in a dispenser. The two types of hay pellets had Vit D concentrations of 9'900 IU VitD3/kg and 7'000 IU Vit D2/kg, respectively. The definitive diagnosis was enzootic calcinosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.affiliation: Equine Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schramm
authors.affiliation: Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nogler
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hatt
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malbon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D037901:Euthanasia, Animal; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000662:veterinary; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000662:veterinary
keywords: Aorta; Aszites; Herzklappen; Schaf; Verkalkungen; aorta; ascites; calcification; enzootic calcinosis; enzootische Kalzinose; heart valves; sheep