title: Fear and disgust in women: Differentiation of cardiovascular regulation patterns.
abstract: Both fear and disgust facilitate avoidance of threat. From a functional view, however, cardiovascular responses to fear and disgust should differ as they prepare for appropriate behavior to protect from injury and infection, respectively. Therefore, we examined the cardiovascular responses to fear and contamination-related disgust in comparison to an emotionally neutral state induced with auditory scripts and film clips in female participants. Ten emotion and motivation self-reports and ninecardiovascular response factors derived from 23 cardiovascular variables served as dependent variables. Self-reports confirmed the specific induction of fear and disgust. In addition, fear and disgust differed in their cardiovascular response patterning. For fear, we observed specific increases in factors indicating vasoconstriction and cardiac pump function. For disgust, we found specific increases in vagal cardiac control and decreases in myocardial contractility. These findings provide support for the cardiovascular specificity of fear and disgust and are discussed in terms of a basic emotions approach.
authors.affiliation: University of Marburg, Germany. Electronic address: hannah.comtesse@uni-marburg.de.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Comtesse
authors.affiliation: University of Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stemmler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cardiovascular reactivity; Disgust; Emotion specificity; Fear; Parasympathetic; Sympathetic