title: 3D Laparoscopy in Neonates and Infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study focuses on the successful application of three-dimensional (3D) laparoscopic surgeries in the treatment of congenital anomalies and acquired diseases in the young pediatric population. The purpose of this scientific work consists in highlighting the spectrum, indications, applicability, and effectiveness of 3D endosurgery in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our experience is based on 110 endosurgical procedures performed in neonates and infants in the 3D format between January 2014 and May 2015. Depending on the type of operations, all patients were divided into the following groups: (1) inguinal herniorrhaphy (IH)-63 patients; (2) Nissen fundoplication (NF)-22 patients; (3) pyeloureteral anastomosis (PUA)-15 patients; (4) nephrectomy (NE)-5 patients; and (5) ovarian cystectomy (OC)-5 patients. The patients of the first three groups were compared with babies who underwent standard laparoscopic surgery, performed in the two-dimensional (2D) format during the same time period. The groups were organized according to patient demographics, operative report, and postoperative parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were similar in terms of demographics and other preoperative parameters. There were significant differences in mean operative time between 3D and 2D procedures in the groups of patients with hydronephrosis and gastroesophageal reflux, which used manipulation with internal sutures (NF-37.95 minutes versus 48.42 minutes, P = .014; PUA-61.31 minutes versus 78.75 minutes, P = .019), but not in group after IH (15.88 minutes versus 15.57 minutes, P = .681). Postoperative parameters such as length of hospital stay and the number of complications were equivalent between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we demonstrated the success of 3D laparoscopy in small babies with inguinal hernia, gastroesophageal reflux, hydronephrosis, ovarian cyst, and multicystic kidney. Laparoscopy in 3D format lessens the duration of complex procedures, which utilize the use of the suture technique into the abdominal cavity. The perception of depth and the presence of tactile feedback make 3D laparoscopic surgery more acceptable when compared to traditional laparoscopy.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neonatal Surgery, Municipal Pediatric Hospital , Irkutsk, Russia .|2 Department of Pediatric Surgery, Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Continuing Education (IGMAPO) , Irkutsk, Russia .|3 Department of Pediatric Surgery, Irkutsk State Medical University , Irkutsk, Russia .
authors.forename: Yury
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kozlov
authors.affiliation: 4 Kemerovo Clinical Pediatric Hospital , Kemerovo, Russia .
authors.forename: Konstantin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kovalkov
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neonatal Surgery, Municipal Pediatric Hospital , Irkutsk, Russia .|2 Department of Pediatric Surgery, Irkutsk State Medical Academy of Continuing Education (IGMAPO) , Irkutsk, Russia .|3 Department of Pediatric Surgery, Irkutsk State Medical University , Irkutsk, Russia .
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nowogilov
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D005260:Female; D018662:Fundoplication / Q000379:methods*; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000601:surgery*; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery*; D059685:Herniorrhaphy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000601:surgery*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007668:Kidney; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D061646:Operative Time; D010048:Ovarian Cysts / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013537:Sutures; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014513:Ureter; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods
keywords: 3D laparoscopy; children; infants; neonates