title: Coronary Artery Anomalies: Diagnosis and Classification based on Cardiac CT and MRI (CMR) - from ALCAPA to Anomalies of Termination.
abstract: BackgroundCoronary artery anomalies encompass a clinically and anatomically variable spectrum including physiological variants and pathophysiologically relevant anomalies. The majority of the variants has no hemodynamic relevance and is often detected accidentally. The recognition of the rare and relevant anomalies that cause either relevant shunt volumes leading to myocardial ischemia or ventricular tachyarrhythmias with the risk of sudden cardiac death is of major importance.MethodsThis review is based on a literature search in PubMed conducted using the key words "coronary artery" and/or "anomaly" and/or "anomalous origin" and/or "myocardial bridging" and/or "coronary artery fistula" and/or "Bland-White-Garland" and/or "ALCAPA".Results and ConclusionCoronary artery anomalies can be anatomically subdivided into anomalies of origin, course and termination. The method of choice for anatomical imaging is ECG-triggered or gated multislice CT (MSCT) that provides high spatial resolution and the capability of multiplanar reconstructions. It facilitates the delineation of the precise course of all three coronary arteries and thus allows for correct classification in the anatomical classification system of coronary artery anomalies. The strengths of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) are the evaluation of cardiac morphology, myocardial tissue properties and myocardial function. Basic methods are the analysis of myocardial contraction and perfusion with and without pharmacologic stress. Furthermore, potential shunt volumes could be quantified by phase contrast imaging or volumetry.Key points· Coronary artery anomalies are subdivided into anomalies of origin, course and termination.. · The main imaging task is the differentiation of hemodynamically relevant anomalies from anatomic variants.. · The method of choice for anatomical imaging is MSCT, whereas structural and functional information is obtained by CMR.Citation Format· Heermann P, Heindel W, Schülke C. Coronary Artery Anomalies: Diagnosis and Classification based on Cardiac CT and MRI (CMR) - from ALCAPA to Anomalies of Termination. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2017; 189: 29 - 38.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heermann
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heindel
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schülke
mesh_terms: D000072226:Computed Tomography Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D003330:Coronary Vessel Anomalies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*