title: Radical Cystectomy and Cutaneous Ureterostomy in 4 Dogs with Trigonal Transitional Cell Carcinoma: Description of Technique and Case Series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe radical cystectomy followed by cutaneous ureterostomy as a treatment of invasive bladder neoplasia in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Client-owned dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder trigone (n=4).
  
  
  METHODS
  Perioperative complications and long-term outcomes of dogs that underwent cutaneous ureterostomy following radical cystectomy and lymphadenectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder trigone were reviewed. Both ureters were transected and anastomosed to the ventral abdominal skin. Polyvinyl chloride catheters were placed in the ureteral stomas and maintained for 5 days. After catheter removal, dogs were managed with an absorbent diaper over the stomas. Long-term outcome and survival were documented by follow-up visits or phone contact.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age at the time of surgery was 10.3 years (range, 8-12). Average procedural time was ∼4.7 hours (range, 3.8-6.1). Minor complications occurred in all dogs, including bleeding and edema of the ureterostomy site during the first 2-3 days after surgery. One dog developed urine scald that resolved with improved stoma care and hygiene. Median survival time after surgery was 278.6 days (range, 47-498). Distant metastases were documented in 2 dogs at 47 days (bone) and 369 days (lung) after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radical cystectomy with cutaneous ureterostomy is a viable salvage procedure for urinary diversion after cystectomy in dogs with invasive bladder neoplasia. Postoperative management and quality of life were considered acceptable by most owners. Future studies are warranted to evaluate survival time in a larger number of animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Faculdade Uningá, Maringá, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ricardo Huppes
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Franca University (UNIFRAN), Franca, Brazil.|Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leandro Z
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Crivellenti
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andrigo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barboza De Nardi
authors.affiliation: Veterinary College, Universidade Unimontes, Santos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roque Lima
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Franca University (UNIFRAN), Franca, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristiane
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alves Cintra
authors.affiliation: Veterinary College, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luiz Costa Castro
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Adin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D015653:Cystectomy / Q000662:veterinary; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014519:Ureterostomy / Q000662:veterinary; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*