title: Socioeconomic inequalities in health-related quality of life between men and women, 5 years after a coronary angiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study is to measure gender differences in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among men and women patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and to assess the impact of socioeconomic factors on HRQOL between men and women, 5 years after a coronary angiography.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 1,289 out of 4,391 patients who had undergone an angiography in the National Institute for Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology, Luxembourg in 2008/2009. Four indicators of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire (Self-rated health, Quality of life, Physical health, and Psychological health) were used in this study as interest variables. To assess the socioeconomic inequalities in HRQOL between men and women, general linear models were constructed for every indicator, with educational level and living conditions as predictors, and demographic variables, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular events as covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women were older than men (71.5 versus 68.1, p <0.0001) and less likely to be married. HRQOL was significantly different between men and women despite the fact they had the same socioeconomic status. The average score for overall health was 3.7/5 for men versus 3.5/5 for women; similarly, the life quality score was 3.8/5 for men versus 3.6/5 for women. Education level and living conditions were associated with lower HRQOL scores in men and women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings showed that women have lower HRQOL than men regarding self-rated health, quality of life, and the WHOQOL-BREF physical and psychological domains 5 years after a coronary angiography. Socioeconomic inequalities affect HRQOL, and their influence was similar in both men and women. Socioeconomic inequalities in HRQOL in women and men with CVD are strong 5 years after a coronary angiography. Taking into account differences in gender and socioeconomic status in intervention strategies to substantially reduce the differences observed between women and men could help improve the effectiveness of secondary prevention.
authors.affiliation: LISER- Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research, LISER, 11 Porte des Sciences, L4366, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg. anastase.tchicaya@liser.lu.
authors.forename: Anastase
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tchicaya
authors.affiliation: LISER- Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research, LISER, 11 Porte des Sciences, L4366, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lorentz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008189:Luxembourg / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Cardiovascular diseases; Gender; Health-related quality of life; Luxembourg; Socioeconomic status; WHOQOL-BREF