title: Design of a model observer to evaluate calcification detectability in breast tomosynthesis and application to smoothing prior optimization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this work, the authors design and validate a model observer that can detect groups of microcalcifications in a four-alternative forced choice experiment and use it to optimize a smoothing prior for detectability of microcalcifications.
  
  
  METHODS
  A channelized Hotelling observer (CHO) with eight Laguerre-Gauss channels was designed to detect groups of five microcalcifications in a background of acrylic spheres by adding the CHO log-likelihood ratios calculated at the expected locations of the five calcifications. This model observer is then applied to optimize the detectability of the microcalcifications as a function of the smoothing prior. The authors examine the quadratic and total variation (TV) priors, and a combination of both. A selection of these reconstructions was then evaluated by human observers to validate the correct working of the model observer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors found a clear maximum for the detectability of microcalcification when using the total variation prior with weight βTV= 35. Detectability only varied over a small range for the quadratic and combined quadratic-TV priors when weight βQof the quadratic prior was changed by two orders of magnitude. Spearman correlation with human observers was good except for the highest value of β for the quadratic and TV priors. Excluding those, the authors found ρ = 0.93 when comparing detection fractions, and ρ = 0.86 for the fitted detection threshold diameter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors successfully designed a model observer that was able to predict human performance over a large range of settings of the smoothing prior, except for the highest values of β which were outside the useful range for good image quality. Since detectability only depends weakly on the strength of the combined prior, it is not possible to pick an optimal smoothness based only on this criterion. On the other hand, such choice can now be made based on other criteria without worrying about calcification detectability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging and Pathology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium and Medical Imaging Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Michielsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging and Pathology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium and Medical Imaging Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nuyts
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium and Medical Imaging Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cockmartin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium and Medical Imaging Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium and Medical Imaging Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bosmans
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001940:Breast / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008327:Mammography; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results