title: Osteogain® loaded onto an absorbable collagen sponge induces attachment and osteoblast differentiation of ST2 cells in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dimensional changes of the alveolar bone following tooth extraction are a major challenge in daily dental practice. To limit bone loss, a variety of biomaterials including bone grafts, barrier membranes, and growth factors have been utilized either alone or in combination therapies to increase the speed and quality of new bone formation. The aim of the present in vitro study was to investigate the regenerative potential of Osteogain®, a new liquid carrier system of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) in combination with an absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) specifically designed for extraction socket healing.
  
  
  METHODS
  The potential of ACS was first investigated using ELISA to quantify total amelogenin adsorption and release from 0 to 10 days. Thereafter, the cellular effects of ST2 pre-osteoblasts were investigated for cellular attachment at 8 h and cell proliferation at 1, 3, and 5 days as well as osteoblast differentiation by real-time PCR and alizarin red staining for cells seeded on (1) tissue culture plastic, (2) ACS alone, and (3) ACS + Osteogain®.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ACS efficiently loaded nearly 100% of the amelogenin proteins found in Osteogain® which were gradually released up to a 10-day period. Osteogain® also significantly induced a 1.5-fold increase in cell attachment and resulted in a 2-6-fold increase in mRNA levels of osteoblast differentiation markers including runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), collagen1a2, alkaline phosphatase, and bone sialoprotein as well as induced alizarin red staining when combined with ACS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, these findings suggest that Osteogain® is capable of inducing osteoblast attachment and differentiation when combined with ACS. Future animal studies and randomized human clinical trials are necessary to further support these findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of Osteogain® in combination with ACS may provide a valuable means to limit dimensional changes following tooth extraction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA. rmiron@nova.edu.|Cell Therapy Institute, Center for Collaborative Research, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA. rmiron@nova.edu.|Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. rmiron@nova.edu.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Miron
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.|Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland.|Department of Oral Surgery, Clinical Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujioka-Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Implantology, University of Wuhan, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sculean
authors.affiliation: Research Department, Institut Straumann AG, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pippenger
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shirakata
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, USA.
authors.forename: Umadevi
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kandalam
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hernandez
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003094:Collagen; D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014081:Tooth Extraction; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D003746:Dental Enamel Proteins; C000621568:Osteogain; D003094:Collagen
keywords: Absorbable collagen sponge; Bone regeneration; Enamel matrix derivative; Enamel matrix proteins; Growth factor; Regenerative therapy; Tooth extraction; Tooth loss