title: DARPins Bioengineering and its Theranostic Approaches: Emerging Trends in Protein Engineering.
abstract: The therapeutic significance of bioengineering proteins has increased dramatically as a new generation of pharmacological drug with a great potential in medical treatment. Protein engineering has improved the use of new non immunoglobulin affinity proteins. The designed ankyrin repeat proteins abbreviated as DARPins is a classical example. These molecules have smaller structural size, unlike immunoglobulins, but similar target affinity is of great significance. Such molecules get more binding specificity and greater thermodynamic stability. These attributes made DARPins a favorite player in diagnostics and therapeutics of cancer. How DARPins are improved into vigorous and versatile scaffold for binding protein and selected by ribosome and phage display along with related aspects is discussed in this review.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mahmood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rasool
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Arif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mubashir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Kalsoom A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Haq
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Kiran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Butt
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Abdul Basit
authors.initials: MAB
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Muhammad Imran
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Naseer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asif
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Rozena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.affiliation: CASVAB, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mohammad Zahid
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.affiliation: King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Qamre
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ghulam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rasool
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Waseem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Absarul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.affiliation: Enzymoic, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mohammad Amjad
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kamal
mesh_terms: D017089:Ankyrin Repeat; D057005:Bioengineering; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015202:Protein Engineering; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D000068936:Theranostic Nanomedicine; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D011506:Proteins
keywords: Designed ankyrin repeat proteins; Protein bioengineering; Therapeutics