title: Synthesis and neuroprotective effects of the complex nanoparticles of iron and sapogenin isolated from the defatted seeds of Camellia oleifera.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The defatted seeds of Camellia oleifera var. monosperma Hung T. Chang (Theaceae) are currently discarded without effective utilization. However, sapogenin has been isolated and shows antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities suggestive of its neuroprotective function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In order to improve the activities of sapogenin, the nanoparticles of iron-sapogenin have been synthesized, and the neuroprotective effects are evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structural characters of the nanoparticles were analyzed, and the antioxidant effect was assessed by DPPH method, and the neuroprotective effect was evaluated by rotenone-induced neurodegeneration in Kunming mice injected subcutaneously into the back of neck with rotenone (50 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks and then treated by tail intravenous injection with the iron-sapogenin at the dose of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg for 7 days. Mice behaviour and neurotransmitters were tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The product had an average size of 162 nm with spherical shape, and scavenged more than 90% DPPH radicals at 0.8 mg/mL concentration. It decreased behavioural disorder and malondialdehyde content in mice brain, and increased superoxide dismutase activity, tyrosine hydroxylase expression, dopamine and acetylcholine levels in brain in dose dependence, and their maximum changes were respectively up to 60.83%, 25.17%, 22.13%, 105.26%, 42.17% and 22.89% as compared to vehicle group. Iron-sapogenin nanoparticle shows significantly better effects than the sapogenin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iron-sapogenin alleviates neurodegeneration of mice injured by neurotoxicity of rotenone, it is a superior candidate of drugs for neuroprotection.
authors.affiliation: a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , PR China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , PR China.
authors.forename: Chuang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , PR China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , PR China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D028244:Camellia / Q000737:chemistry*; D002712:Chlorides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004339:Drug Compounding; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D012402:Rotenone; D012502:Sapogenins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002712:Chlorides; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010851:Picrates; D012502:Sapogenins; D012402:Rotenone; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000109:Acetylcholine; C024555:ferric chloride; D004298:Dopamine
keywords: Nanomedicine; metallic chelate; neuroprotection; structural analysis; utilization waste products