title: Contextual, Ecological and Organizational Variations in Risk-Adjusted COPD and Asthma Hospitalization Rates of Rural Medicare Beneficiaries.
abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine what factors contributing to the variability in chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) and asthma hospitalization rates when the influence of patient characteristics is being simultaneously considered by applying a risk adjustment method. A longitudinal analysis of COPD and asthma hospitalization of rural Medicare beneficiaries in 427 rural health clinics (RHCs) was conducted utilizing administrative data and inpatient and outpatient claims from Region 4. The repeated measures of risk-adjusted COPD and asthma admission rate were analyzed by growth curve modeling. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) method was used to identify the relevance of selected predictors in accounting for the variability in risk-adjusted admission rates for COPD and asthma. Both adjusted and unadjusted rates of COPD admission showed a slight decline from 2010 to 2013. The growth curve modeling showed the annual rates of change were gradually accentuated through time. GEE revealed that a moderate amount of variance (marginal R2= 0.66) in the risk-adjusted hospital admission rates for COPD and asthma was accounted for by contextual, ecological, and organizational variables. The contextual, ecological, and organizational factors are those associated with RHCs, not hospitals. We cannot infer how the variability in hospital practices in RHC service areas may have contributed to the disparities in admissions. Identification of RHCs with substantially higher rates than an average rate can portray the need for further enhancement of needed ambulatory or primary care services for the specific groups of RHCs. Because the risk-adjusted rates of hospitalization do not very by classification of rural area, future research should address the variation in a specific COPD and asthma condition of RHC patients. Risk-adjusted admission rates for COPD and asthma are influenced by the synergism of multiple contextual, ecological, and organizational factors instead of a single factor.
authors.affiliation: College of Health and Public Affairs, Doctoral Program in Public Affairs, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL.
authors.forename: Thomas T H
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: College of Health and Public Affairs, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, Address: P.O. Box 162369, Orlando, FL 32816, yllin@knights.ucf.edu.
authors.forename: Yi-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: College of Health and Public Affairs, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, Address: P.O. Box 162369, Orlando, FL 32816, Judith.Ortiz@ucf.edu.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ortiz
keywords: Affordable Care Act; COPD and asthma hospitalization; Rural health clinics; rurality