title: Morphometric Analysis of the Thoracic Intervertebral Foramen Osseous Anatomy in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Using Low-Dose Computed Tomography.
abstract: The dimensions of the thoracic intervertebral foramen in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) have not previously been quantified. Better understanding of the dimensions of the foramen may be useful in surgical planning. This study describes a reproducible method for measurement of the thoracic foramen in AIS using computed tomography (CT).
  
  
  
  In 23 preoperative female patients with Lenke 1 type AIS with right-side convexity major curves confined to the thoracic spine the foraminal height (FH), foraminal width (FW), pedicle to superior articular process distance (P-SAP), and cross-sectional foraminal area (FA) were measured using multiplanar reconstructed CT. Measurements were made at entrance, midpoint, and exit of the thoracic foramina from T1-T2 to T11-T12. Results were also correlated with dependent variables of major curve Cobb angle measured on X-ray and CT, age, weight, Lenke classification subtype, Risser grade, and number of spinal levels in the major curve.
  
  
  
  The FH, FW, P-SAP, and FA dimensions and ratios are all significantly larger on the convexity of the major curve and maximal at or close to the apex. Mean thoracic foraminal dimensions change in a predictable manner relative to position on the major thoracic curve. There was no statistically significant correlation with the measured foraminal dimensions or ratios and the individual dependent variables. The average ratio of convexity to concavity dimensions at the apex foramina for entrance, midpoint, and exit, respectively, are FH (1.50, 1.38, 1.25), FW (1.28, 1.30, 0.98), FA (2.06, 1.84, 1.32), and P-SAP (1.61, 1.47, 1.30).
  
  
  
  Foraminal dimensions of the thoracic spine are significantly affected by AIS. Foraminal dimensions have a predictable convexity-to-concavity ratio relative to the proximity to the major curve apex. Surgeons should be aware of these anatomical differences during scoliosis correction surgery.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Spine Research Group, Queensland University of Technology and Mater Health Services Brisbane Ltd, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Thorbjorn J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Loch-Wilkinson
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Spine Research Group, Queensland University of Technology and Mater Health Services Brisbane Ltd, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Maree T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Izatt
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Spine Research Group, Queensland University of Technology and Mater Health Services Brisbane Ltd, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Labrom
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Spine Research Group, Queensland University of Technology and Mater Health Services Brisbane Ltd, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Geoffrey N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Askin
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Spine Research Group, Queensland University of Technology and Mater Health Services Brisbane Ltd, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pearcy
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Spine Research Group, Queensland University of Technology and Mater Health Services Brisbane Ltd, Queensland, Australia. Electronic address: c.adam@qut.edu.au.
authors.forename: Clayton J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Adam
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007738:Kyphosis; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013131:Spine / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: AIS; Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis; Computed tomography; Intervertebral foramen; Morphometric