title: The topographical distribution of epileptic spikes in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy with and without photosensitivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Up to 30% of people with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) have photoparoxysmal responses (PPR). Recent studies report on structural and pathophysiological differences between people with JME with (JME+PPR) and without PPR (JME-PPR). We investigated whether electrophysiological features outside photic stimulation differ between these subtypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed EEG recordings of people with JME at a tertiary epilepsy centre and an academic hospital. Photosensitivity was assessed in a drug-naïve condition. We compared the occurrence and involvement of posterior electrodes for focal abnormalities and generalised spike-wave activity in the EEG outside photic stimulation between JME+PPR and JME-PPR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included EEG recordings of 18 people with JME+PPR and 21 with JME-PPR. People with JME-PPR had less focal abnormalities in the posterior brain regions than people with JME+PPR (19% vs 55%, p<0.05). There was no difference in the distribution of generalised spike-wave activity between people with JME+PPR and JME-PPR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates electrophysiological correlates of the previously described structural and physiological differences between JME+PPR and JME-PPR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings support the hypothesis that posterior interictal EEG abnormalities reflect localised cortical hyperexcitability, which makes patients with JME more sensitive to photic stimuli.
authors.affiliation: Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Achterweg 5, 2103 SW Heemstede, The Netherlands; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Dr. Denekampweg 20, 8025 BV Zwolle, The Netherlands; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gorgels
authors.affiliation: Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Achterweg 5, 2103 SW Heemstede, The Netherlands; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Dr. Denekampweg 20, 8025 BV Zwolle, The Netherlands; UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Spetgens
authors.affiliation: UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N E C
authors.initials: NEC
authors.lastname: van Klink
authors.affiliation: UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F S S
authors.initials: FSS
authors.lastname: Leijten
authors.affiliation: Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Achterweg 5, 2103 SW Heemstede, The Netherlands; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Dr. Denekampweg 20, 8025 BV Zwolle, The Netherlands; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter SL9 0RJ, UK.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.affiliation: Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Achterweg 5, 2103 SW Heemstede, The Netherlands; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Dr. Denekampweg 20, 8025 BV Zwolle, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.affiliation: Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Achterweg 5, 2103 SW Heemstede, The Netherlands; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Dr. Denekampweg 20, 8025 BV Zwolle, The Netherlands; UMC Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: G.J.M.Zijlmans@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zijlmans
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D020195:Epilepsy, Reflex / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020190:Myoclonic Epilepsy, Juvenile / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Electroencephalography; Interictal discharges; Intermittent photic stimulation; Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy; Photosensitivity