title: New EOS Imaging Protocol Allows a Substantial Reduction in Radiation Exposure for Scoliosis Patients.
abstract: Prospective.
  
  
  
  To evaluate the reliability of three-dimensional (3D) spinal models from Micro Dose EOS x-rays compared to standard, Low Dose EOS x-rays utilized for evaluating patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).
  
  
  
  There is a strong suggestion that radiation exposure to scoliosis patients can be further reduced.
  
  
  
  Sixty AIS patients who received biplanar, posteroanterior, and lateral standard Low Dose spine x-rays in our EOS imaging unit (∼0.33 mGy) as part of routine care also underwent an additional set of new reduced "Micro Dose" EOS x-rays (∼0.05 mGy) using a recently developed protocol. Two measurers created 3D models of the images using sterEOS software (Low Dose x2, Micro Dose x2). From this 3D modeling software, coronal Cobb angles, sagittal (T1-T12, T4-T12, L1-L5, L1-S1), and apical axial rotation measurements were obtained. Intraclass correlations (ICCs) and standard error of measurement (upper bound of 95% confidence interval) for the differences between Low Dose and Micro Dose measurements were compared. Interrater reliability was assessed on standard two-dimensional (2D) radiographic measurements.
  
  
  
  The ICCs were rated as "substantial" to "almost perfect" for Low Dose 3D, Micro Dose 3D, and 2D measures (range 0.78-0.99). The calculated measurement error was not significantly different between groups except for intrarater error on 3D L1-L5 lordosis (2.9° Micro Dose vs. 2.2°, p = .04), interrater 3D rotation of the lumbar apex (2.6° Micro Dose vs. 1.7°, p = .03), and 2D T12-sacrum lordosis (4.6° Micro Dose vs. 3.4°, p = .04).
  
  
  
  Although statistically significant differences in average measurement error were observed in lordosis and lumbar apex rotation, these differences are not believed to be clinically significant. The Micro Dose images have slightly less clarity qualitatively, yet the critical 2D and 3D measures of the curvature were reliably measured with error of measurement comparable to standard radiologic techniques.
  
  
  
  Level I, Diagnostic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Rady Children's Hospital, 3030 Children's Way, San Diego, CA 92123, USA. Electronic address: pnewton@rchsd.org.
authors.forename: Peter O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92023, USA.
authors.forename: Yash
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Khandwala
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Rady Children's Hospital, 3030 Children's Way, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
authors.forename: Carrie E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bartley
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Rady Children's Hospital, 3030 Children's Way, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
authors.forename: Fredrick G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Reighard
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Rady Children's Hospital, 3030 Children's Way, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
authors.forename: Tracey P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Bastrom
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, Rady Children's Hospital, 3030 Children's Way, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
authors.forename: Burt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yaszay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000069079:Radiation Exposure; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: EOS; Low dose; Micro dose; Radiation; Radiographs; Scoliosis