title: A 3D map of the hindlimb motor representation in the lumbar spinal cord in Sprague Dawley rats.
abstract: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological trauma with a prevalence of about 282 000 people living with an SCI in the United States in 2016. Advances in neuromodulatory devices hold promise for restoring function by incorporating the delivery of electrical current directly into the spinal cord grey matter via intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS). In such designs, detailed topographic maps of spinal cord outputs are needed to determine ISMS locations for eliciting hindlimb movements. The primary goal of the present study was to derive a topographic map of functional motor outputs in the lumbar spinal cord to hindlimb skeletal muscles as defined by ISMS in a rat model.
  
  
  
  Experiments were carried out in nine healthy, adult, male, Sprague Dawley rats. After a laminectomy of the T13-L1 vertebrae and removal of the dura mater, a four-shank, 16-channel microelectrode array was inserted along a 3D (200 µm) stimulation grid. Trains of three biphasic current pulses were used to determine evoked movements and electromyographic (EMG) activity. Via fine wire EMG electrodes, stimulus-triggered averaging (StTA) was used on rectified EMG data to determine response latency.
  
  
  
  Hindlimb movements were elicited at a median current intensity of 6 µA, and thresholds were significantly lower in ventrolateral sites. Movements typically consisted of whole leg, hip, knee, ankle, toe, and trunk movements. Hip movements dominated rostral to the T13 vertebral segment, knee movements were evoked at the T13-L1 vertebral junction, while ankle and digit movements were found near the rostral L1 vertebra. Whole leg movements spanned the entire rostrocaudal region explored, while trunk movements dominated medially. StTAs of EMG activity demonstrated a latency of ~4 ms.
  
  
  
  The derived motor map provides insight into the parameters needed for future neuromodulatory devices.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA. Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Jordan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Borrell
authors.forename: Shawn B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Randolph J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Nudo
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation* / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013116:Spinal Cord; D062187:Spinal Cord Stimulation / Q000379:methods