title: Implantation of Stereoelectroencephalography Electrodes: A Systematic Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) was developed by Talairach and Bancaud in Paris in the late 1950s. Subsequently, the Talairach methodology was adopted at a number of additional centers in Europe and Canada. Technical aspects remained essentially unchanged for the following 30 years. Only in the last two decades, because of advancements in image-guided surgery systems, robotics, and computer-aided planning, use of SEEG has become more widespread, and reports describing these new developments have been published.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This systematic review was designed to assess published reports of SEEG surgical techniques and safety profile.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic search was performed of Medline, Embase, and Scopus databases. In addition, the content pages of several standard epilepsy surgery textbooks were searched. Full-text English studies describing SEEG surgical technique or pertinent epidemiological data were included. Conference abstracts, reviews, posters, editorials, comments, and letters were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred fifty-nine of 2,903 potentially eligible studies published by 32 centers were reviewed. Thirty-one of these primarily discussed the surgical technique. Thirty-five major complications (including 4 fatalities) were reported among 4,000 patients (0.8%) implanted with 33,000 electrodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The number of SEEG patients is likely to be underestimated because only a few groups have exhaustively reported their experience. Moreover, it is possible that a number of teams performing SEEG have not published studies on the topic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rigorous SEEG, thanks to its basic principles and updated technologies, is a safe and accurate method to define the epileptogenic zone by means of stereotactically implanted intracerebral electrodes.
authors.affiliation: *"Claudio Munari" Center for Epilepsy Surgery, Niguarda Hospital, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, Milan, Italy; and †Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cardinale
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Casaceli
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raneri
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lo Russo
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted