title: Real-time electromagnetic seed drop detection for permanent implants brachytherapy: Technology overview and performance assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the principles and report on the performance of a novel real-time electromagnetic (EM) seed drop detection technology for permanent implants brachytherapy procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  A novel EM hollow needle prototype was recently developed by Philips. It possesses standard 3D tracking capability as well as a seed drop detection mechanism, both performed from a single custom built EM sensor. The detection mechanism is based on the magnetic permeability changes in the sensor as the seeds pass through. Drop position estimates are generated by the tracking information at the dropping instants. Three validation experiments were carried out in this study. First, the robustness of the detection mechanism was tested in free air with four different seed types. Detection waveforms were measured and commented. The accuracy of the seed drop position estimates was then evaluated using both 2D and 3D experiments. The procedures consisted of dropping seeds in phantoms, recording the drop position estimates, and finally registering the resulting spatial distributions on reference ones obtained by accurate modalities. Seeds were dropped on a specially designed plastic support adapted to brachytherapy template dimensions for 2D experiments, and true seed positions (reference distribution) were obtained by optical detection. In 3D experiments, seeds were dropped in edible gelatin and reference distributions were obtained by localizing the implants from CT scans of the phantoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All four seed types were correctly detected by the needle prototype. In total, 250 seeds were dropped on the plastic support, and 96 were dropped in gelatin phantoms. The detection rate was 100% in both cases. The minimum, maximum, and average drop position errors were, respectively, 0.1(+1.6/ - 0.1), 2.9(+1.4/ - 1.5), and 0.9(+1.4/ - 0.7) mm for 2D, and 0.1(+1.0/ - 0.1), 2.1(+1.1/ - 0.8), and 0.6(+1.2/ - 0.5) mm for 3D experiments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hollow needle prototype combines both EM tracking and automatic seed drop detection in a compact and convenient form. The EM detection mechanism is robust, and the seed drop position estimates appear sufficiently accurate for potential integration of the technology to current brachytherapy treatment planning systems. In that context, it would serve as a valuable tool for rapid dosimetry validation in real-time treatment delivery.
authors.affiliation: Département de Radio-Oncologie et Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, CHU de Québec, 11 Côte du Palais, Québec, Québec G1R 2J6, Canada and Département de Physique, de Génie Physique et d'Optique, et Centre de recherche sur le cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Racine
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Systems, Philips Group Innovation, High Tech Campus 34 (HTC 34), Eindhoven 5656 AE, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hautvast
authors.affiliation: Integrated Clinical Solutions & Marketing, Philips Healthcare, Veenpluis 4-6, Best 5680 DA, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Binnekamp
authors.affiliation: Département de Radio-Oncologie et Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, CHU de Québec, 11 Côte du Palais, Québec, Québec G1R 2J6, Canada and Département de Physique, de Génie Physique et d'Optique, et Centre de recherche sur le cancer, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beaulieu
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D010539:Permeability; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013997:Time Factors