title: Hypoxia and Inflammation in Prostate Cancer Progression. Cross-talk with Androgen and Estrogen Receptors and Cancer Stem Cells.
abstract: Tumors are complex tissues in which transformed cells communicate with the surrounding microenvironment and evolve traits promoting their own survival and malignancy. Hypoxia and inflammation are constant characteristics of prostate tumor microenvironment influencing both cancer stem cells and differentiated tumor cells. HIFs and NF-kB are the key regulators of the transcriptional response to hypoxic and inflammatory stresses, respectively, and a crosstalk between HIFs and NF-kB pathways has been widely documented. Similarly, androgen and estrogen signaling, that play important roles in the growth and function of normal prostate gland, when deregulated, have a significant part in the acquisition of hallmarks of malignant diseases. Moreover, androgen and estrogen receptors have been shown to intersect with the HIF/NF-kB signaling in prostate cancer. Aim of this review is to present the current knowledge regarding the crucial role, in prostate cancer progression, of a molecular network linking hypoxia, pro-inflammatory response and steroid receptors.
authors.affiliation: Consortium MEBIC, San Raffaele University, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo Antonio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ravenna
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pellegrini
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Petrangeli
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salvatori
authors.forename: Thea
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Magrone
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fini
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tafani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D020239:Receptor Cross-Talk / Q000502:physiology*; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000502:physiology*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen
keywords: Androgen and estrogen receptors; cancer stem cells; hypoxia; inflammation; molecular
  rehabilitation.; prostate cancer