title: Influence of vessel stenosis on indocyanine green fluorescence intensity assessed by near-infrared fluorescence angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although useful for visualizing blood flow during revascularization surgery, the permeability of near-infrared fluorescence (NIR) angiography using indocyanine green (ICG) does not allow for vessel stenosis visualization. We hypothesized that changes in ICG fluorescence intensity reflect vessel stenosis, and evaluated the influence of stenosis on blood flow by ex vivo experimentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The vessel stenosis model comprised a silicon tube, a graft occluder, and artificial blood. During near-infrared angiography, the fluorescense intensity was calculated during pre- and post-stenosis of an artificial circuit, using a NIR angiography. We measured the maximum fluorescence intensity and the time to maximum fluorescence intensity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Severe stenosis (≥75%) attenuated the increase in ICG fluorescence intensity in the tube significantly, pre- and post-stenosis. The time to maximum fluorescence intensity did not differ between sites pre- and post-stenosis, irrespective of stenosis severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stenosis affected the ICG fluorescence intensity through the vessel. Thus, quantitative analysis using NIR angiography may detect severe vessel stenosis (≥75%), and the extinction curve of indocyanine fluorescence intensity may support the evaluation of blood flow. The absence of differences in the time to maximum fluorescence intensity for degrees of stenosis might suggest a limitation of previous conventional qualitative assessments.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery 2 / Cardiovascular surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan. y-masaki@kochi-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery 2 / Cardiovascular surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishimori
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery 2 / Cardiovascular surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukutomi
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery 2 / Cardiovascular surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Takemi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Handa
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery 2 / Cardiovascular surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kihara
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery 2 / Cardiovascular surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Miwa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tashiro
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiovascular Control, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Departments of Surgery 2 / Cardiovascular surgery, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Orihashi
mesh_terms: D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D047549:Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump / Q000379:methods*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007208:Indocyanine Green
keywords: Coronary artery bypass grafts; Coronary artery disease; Coronary artery imaging; Near-infrared fluorescence angiography