title: Basagran®induces developmental malformations and changes the bacterial community of zebrafish embryos.
abstract: This study aimed to assess the effects of Basagran®on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. The embryos were exposed to Basagran®at concentrations ranging from 120.0 to 480.6 mg/L, and the effects on embryo development (up to 96 h) and bacterial communities of 96 h-larvae were assessed. The embryo development response was time-dependent and concentration-dependent (106.35 < EC50< 421.58 mg/L). The sensitivity of embryo-related endpoints decreased as follows: blood clotting in the head and/or around the yolk sac > delay or anomaly in yolk sac absorption > change in swimming equilibrium > development of pericardial and/or yolk sac oedema > scoliosis. A PCR-DGGE analysis was used to evaluate changes in the structure, richness, evenness and diversity of bacterial communities after herbicide exposure. A herbicide-induced structural adjustment of bacterial community was observed. In this study, it was successfully demonstrated that Basagran®affected zebrafish embryos and associated bacterial communities, showing time-dependent and concentration-dependent embryos' developmental response and structural changes in bacterial community. Thus, this work provides for the first time a complementary approach, which is useful to derive robust toxicity thresholds considering the embryo-microbiota system as a whole. The aquatic hazard assessment will be strengthened by combining current ecotoxicological tests with molecular microbiology tools.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: jacinta.bio@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jacinta M M
authors.initials: JMM
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: vgalhano@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Galhano
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, CESAM & iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: ihenriques@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Henriques
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: asoares@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Amadeu M V M
authors.initials: AMVM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: sloureiro@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loureiro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D001581:Benzothiadiazines / Q000633:toxicity*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva; D013550:Swimming; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology*
chemical_list: D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D006540:Herbicides; C002003:bentazone
keywords: Bacterial communities; Basagran(®); DGGE; Embryotoxicity; Zebrafish