title: Fabrication, Testing, and Simulation of All-Solid-State Three-Dimensional Li-Ion Batteries.
abstract: Demonstration of three-dimensional all-solid-state Li-ion batteries (3D SSLIBs) has been a long-standing goal for numerous researchers in the battery community interested in developing high power and high areal energy density storage solutions for a variety of applications. Ideally, the 3D geometry maximizes the volume of active material per unit area, while keeping its thickness small to allow for fast Li diffusion. In this paper, we describe experimental testing and simulation of 3D SSLIBs fabricated using materials and thin-film deposition methods compatible with semiconductor device processing. These 3D SSLIBs consist of Si microcolumns onto which the battery layers are sequentially deposited using physical vapor deposition. The power performance of the 3D SSLIBs lags significantly behind that of similarly prepared planar SSLIBs. Analysis of the experimental results using finite element modeling indicates that the origin of the poor power performance is the structural inhomogeneity of the 3D SSLIB, coupled with low electrolyte ionic conductivity and diffusion rate in the cathode, which lead to highly nonuniform internal current density distribution and poor cathode utilization.
authors.affiliation: Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore, California 94551, United States.
authors.forename: A Alec
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Talin
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States.
authors.forename: Dmitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ruzmetov
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States.
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kolmakov
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McKelvey
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ware
authors.affiliation: Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore, California 94551, United States.
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: El Gabaly
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States.
authors.forename: Henry S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: White
keywords: experiment and modeling; inhomogeneity; solid-state battery; thin film; three-dimensional