title: Fine and ultrafine atmospheric particulate matter at a multi-influenced urban site: Physicochemical characterization, mutagenicity and cytotoxicity.
abstract: Particulate Matter (PM) air pollution is one of the major concerns for environment and health. Understanding the heterogeneity and complexity of fine and ultrafine PM is a fundamental issue notably for the assessment of PM toxicological effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of a multi-influenced urban site PM, with or without the ultrafine fraction. For this purpose, PM2.5-0.3(PM with aerodynamic diameter ranging from 0.3 to 2.5 μm) and PM2.5were collected in Dunkerque, a French coastal industrial city and were extensively characterized for their physico-chemical properties, including inorganic and organic species. In order to identify the possible sources of atmospheric pollution, specific criteria like Carbon Preference Index (CPI) and PAH characteristic ratios were investigated. Mutagenicity assays using Ames test with TA98, TA102 and YG1041 Salmonella strains with or without S9 activation were performed on native PM sample and PM organic extracts and water-soluble fractions. BEAS-2B cell viability and cell proliferation were evaluated measuring lactate dehydrogenase release and mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity after exposure to PM and their extracts. Several contributing sources were identified in PM: soil resuspension, marine emissions including sea-salt or shipping, road traffic and industrial activities, mainly related to steelmaking or petro-chemistry. Mutagenicity of PM was evidenced, especially for PM2.5, including ultrafine fraction, in relation to PAHs content and possibly nitro-aromatics compounds. PM induced cytotoxic effects at relatively high doses, while alteration of proliferation with low PM doses could be related to underlying mechanisms such as genotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, F-59140, Dunkerque, France.
authors.forename: Yann
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Landkocz
authors.affiliation: Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, F-59140, Dunkerque, France. Electronic address: frederic.ledoux@univ-littoral.fr.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ledoux
authors.affiliation: Univ. Caen-Normandie, Aliments, Bioprocédés, Toxicologie, Environnements, EA 4651, Centre François Baclesse, F-14032, Caen, France.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: André
authors.affiliation: Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, CCM - Centre Commun de Mesures, F-59140, Dunkerque, France.
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cazier
authors.affiliation: Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, CCM - Centre Commun de Mesures, F-59140, Dunkerque, France.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Genevray
authors.affiliation: Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, CCM - Centre Commun de Mesures, F-59140, Dunkerque, France.
authors.forename: Dorothée
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dewaele
authors.affiliation: Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, F-59140, Dunkerque, France.
authors.forename: Perrine J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, F-59140, Dunkerque, France.
authors.forename: Capucine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lepers
authors.affiliation: Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, F-59140, Dunkerque, France.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verdin
authors.affiliation: Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, CNRS UMR8187 - LOG - Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences, F-62930, Wimereux, France.
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Courcot
authors.affiliation: Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, F-59140, Dunkerque, France.
authors.forename: Saâd
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boushina
authors.affiliation: Univ. Caen-Normandie, Aliments, Bioprocédés, Toxicologie, Environnements, EA 4651, Centre François Baclesse, F-14032, Caen, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sichel
authors.affiliation: Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, F-59140, Dunkerque, France.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gualtieri
authors.affiliation: Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, F-59140, Dunkerque, France.
authors.forename: Pirouz
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shirali
authors.affiliation: Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, F-59140, Dunkerque, France.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Courcot
authors.affiliation: Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, F-59140, Dunkerque, France.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Billet
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis; D002947:Cities; D004249:DNA Damage; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007221:Industry; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D012828:Silicones
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D009153:Mutagens; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D012828:Silicones
keywords: Air pollution; Ames test; Cytotoxicity; Mutagenicity; PM(2.5); Physicochemical characterization