title: Screening for Dyslexia Using Eye Tracking during Reading.
abstract: Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental reading disability estimated to affect 5-10% of the population. While there is yet no full understanding of the cause of dyslexia, or agreement on its precise definition, it is certain that many individuals suffer persistent problems in learning to read for no apparent reason. Although it is generally agreed that early intervention is the best form of support for children with dyslexia, there is still a lack of efficient and objective means to help identify those at risk during the early years of school. Here we show that it is possible to identify 9-10 year old individuals at risk of persistent reading difficulties by using eye tracking during reading to probe the processes that underlie reading ability. In contrast to current screening methods, which rely on oral or written tests, eye tracking does not depend on the subject to produce some overt verbal response and thus provides a natural means to objectively assess the reading process as it unfolds in real-time. Our study is based on a sample of 97 high-risk subjects with early identified word decoding difficulties and a control group of 88 low-risk subjects. These subjects were selected from a larger population of 2165 school children attending second grade. Using predictive modeling and statistical resampling techniques, we develop classification models from eye tracking records less than one minute in duration and show that the models are able to differentiate high-risk subjects from low-risk subjects with high accuracy. Although dyslexia is fundamentally a language-based learning disability, our results suggest that eye movements in reading can be highly predictive of individual reading ability and that eye tracking can be an efficient means to identify children at risk of long-term reading difficulties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Ophthalmology and Vision, Marianne Bernadotte Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8616-5273
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nilsson Benfatto
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Ophthalmology and Vision, Marianne Bernadotte Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gustaf
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Öqvist Seimyr
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Ophthalmology and Vision, Marianne Bernadotte Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ygge
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Ophthalmology and Vision, Marianne Bernadotte Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pansell
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Ophthalmology and Vision, Marianne Bernadotte Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rydberg
authors.affiliation: Department of pedagogy, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jacobson
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D053483:Eye Movement Measurements / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011932:Reading; D012574:Schools; D013334:Students