title: Nurse practitioner prescribing in Australia: A comprehensive literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Australia, the nurse practitioner (NP) obtained prescriptive authority in some jurisdictions in 2001. One of the key aspects in which the scope of NPs differs from Registered Nurses (RNs) relates to the legal privilege to prescribe medications. Although NPs have had prescriptive authority in Australia since 2001, with access to the Commonwealth subsidy scheme (PBS) since 2010, little is known about NPs prescriptive patterns or outcomes of prescriptive practice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this scoping review was to examine the extent, range and nature of research conducted in relation to NP prescribing in the Australian health context as well as identify gaps in the existing literature. Whilst considerable research has been undertaken on medical prescribing, to date there is no published review of studies regarding NP prescribing in the Australian context.
  
  
  METHODS
  A structured search of the literature was undertaken using permutations of the following key words 'nurse practitioner prescribing Australia', 'nurse practitioner and prescribing', 'advanced practice nurse and prescribing', 'nurse practitioner and Australia'. Databases where searched from January 2000 to January 2016. Databases searched include PsycInfo, Pubmed, CINAHL and Medline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are a number of distinguishing features of NP prescribing practices in the Australian context. Little is known about the prescribing behaviours of critical care NPs in both the international and Australian context. Key themes identified were: barriers to prescribing, attitudes to NP prescribing, frequency of prescribing, types of medications prescribed, prescribing practice behaviours and confidence in prescribing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The impact of legislative changes on Australian NPs clinical practice and service delivery is still evolving. This review should create impetus for further research to determine the outcomes of NP prescribing on both patient and health service outcomes in the Australian healthcare context including critical care settings.
authors.affiliation: Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney, Australia. Electronic address: jacqui.fong@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.affiliation: Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney, Australia. Electronic address: tom.buckley@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Australia. Electronic address: andrew.cashin@scu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cashin
authors.affiliation: Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia. Electronic address: lisa.pont@mq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pont
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D002983:Clinical Competence; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D006801:Humans; D009722:Nurse Practitioners; D057184:Practice Patterns, Nurses'
keywords: Advanced practice nurse; Australia; Nurse practitioner; Prescribing