title: Blood Pressure and LV Remodeling Among American-Style Football Players.
abstract: This study sought to determine the relationships among American-style football (ASF) participation, acquired left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, and LV systolic function as assessed using contemporary echocardiographic parameters.
  
  
  
  Participation in ASF has been associated with development of hypertension and LV hypertrophy. To what degree these processes impact LV function is unknown.
  
  
  
  This was a prospective, longitudinal cohort study evaluating National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football athletes stratified by field position (linemen: n = 30; vs. nonlinemen, n = 57) before and after a single competitive season, using transthoracic echocardiography. LV systolic function was measured using complementary parameters of global longitudinal strain (GLS) (using 2-dimensional speckle-tracking) and ejection fraction (EF) (2-dimensional biplane).
  
  
  
  ASF participation was associated with field position-specific increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP) (a Δ SBP of 10 ± 8 mm Hg in linemen vs. a Δ SBP of 3 ± 7 mm Hg in nonlinemen; p < 0.001) and an overall increase in incident LV hypertrophy (pre-season = 8% vs. post-season = 25%, p < 0.05). Linemen who developed LV hypertrophy had concentric geometry (9 of 11 [82%]) with decreased GLS (Δ = -1.1%; p < 0.001), whereas nonlinemen demonstrated eccentric LV hypertrophy (8 of 10 [80%]) with increased GLS (Δ = +1.4%; p < 0.001). In contrast, LV ejection fraction in the total cohort, stratified by field position, was not significantly affected by ASF participation. Among the total cohort, lineman field position, post-season weight, SBP, average LV wall thickness, and relative wall thickness were all independent predictors of post-season GLS.
  
  
  
  ASF participation at a lineman field position may lead to a form of sport-related myocardial remodeling that is pathologic rather than adaptive. Future study will be required to determine if targeted efforts to control blood pressure, minimize weight gain, and to include an element of aerobic conditioning in this subset of athletes may attenuate this process and translate into tangible downstream health benefits.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Harvard University Health Services, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard University Health Services, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Rory B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: DeLuca
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Meagan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wasfy
authors.affiliation: Harvard University Health Services, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Brant
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berkstresser
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Adolph M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hutter
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Picard
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard University Health Services, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Electronic address: abaggish@partners.org.
authors.forename: Aaron L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Baggish
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000293:Adolescent; D001794:Blood Pressure; D004452:Echocardiography; D005538:Football; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013599:Systole; D013997:Time Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling
keywords: athlete’s heart syndrome; hypertension; left ventricular function; left ventricular hypertrophy