title: Potential Intervention Targets in Utero and Early Life for Prevention of Hormone Related Cancers.
abstract: Hormone-related cancers have long been thought to be sensitive to exposures during key periods of sexual development, as shown by the vulnerability to such cancers of women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. In addition to evidence from human studies, animal studies using new techniques, such as gene knockout models, suggest that an increasing number of cancers may be hormonally related, including liver, lung, and bladder cancer. Greater understanding of sexual development has also revealed the "mini-puberty" of early infancy as a key period when some sex hormones reach levels similar to those at puberty. Factors driving sex hormones in utero and early infancy have not been systematically identified as potential targets of intervention for cancer prevention. On the basis of sex hormone pathways, we identify common potentially modifiable drivers of sex hormones, including but not limited to factors such as obesity, alcohol, and possibly nitric oxide. We review the evidence for effects of modifiable drivers of sex hormones during the prenatal period and early infancy, including measured hormones as well as proxies, such as the second-to-fourth digit length ratio. We summarize the gaps in the evidence needed to identify new potential targets of early life intervention for lifelong cancer prevention.
authors.affiliation: CUNY School of Public Health and Hunter College, New York, New York; mary.schooling@sph.cuny.edu.|School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China; and.
authors.forename: C Mary
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Schooling
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Lauren C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Houghton
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Mary Beth
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Terry
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones