title: Sleep disturbance among people with major depressive disorders (MDD) in Singapore.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep problems are common with major depressive disorder (MDD), which has been identified as the most pervasive mental disorder in Singapore.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to establish the prevalence of sleep disturbance among adults with lifetime and 12-month MDD, as well as its socio-demographic and clinical correlates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected from the Singapore Mental Health Study, a cross-sectional epidemiological survey of the local residential population aged ≥18 years. Using the CIDI 3.0, 417 and 181 respondents with lifetime and 12-month MDD were included in the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of insomnia-related sleep disturbance among those with lifetime and 12-month MDD was 90.9% and 91.4%, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed ethnicity, education and the number of depressive episodes as well as clinical comorbidities such as obsessive compulsive disorder, diabetes and hypertension to be significantly associated with sleep disturbance among those with lifetime MDD. However, only 28.6% of those with sleep disturbance sought help from a professional.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proportion of Singaporeans with MDD who have sleep disturbance is high, with increased risk for mental and physical health problems. Given the low rate of treatment contact, individuals with MDD must be screened and treated for sleep disturbance.
authors.affiliation: a Research Division, Institute of Mental Health , Singapore.
authors.forename: Lee Seng Esmond
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Seow
authors.affiliation: a Research Division, Institute of Mental Health , Singapore.
authors.forename: Mythily
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Subramaniam
authors.affiliation: a Research Division, Institute of Mental Health , Singapore.
authors.forename: Edimansyah
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abdin
authors.affiliation: a Research Division, Institute of Mental Health , Singapore.
authors.forename: Janhavi Ajit
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vaingankar
authors.affiliation: a Research Division, Institute of Mental Health , Singapore.
authors.forename: Siow Ann
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Chong
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Epidemiology; major depressive disorder; sleep disturbance