title: Compared in vivo efficiency of nanoemulsions unloaded and loaded with calixarene and soapy water in the treatment of superficial wounds contaminated by uranium.
abstract: No emergency decontamination treatment is currently available in the case of radiological skin contamination by uranium compounds. First responders in the workplace or during an industrial nuclear accident must be able to treat internal contamination through skin. For this purpose, a calixarene nanoemulsion was developed for the treatment of intact skin or superficial wounds contaminated by uranium, and the decontamination efficiency of this nanoemulsion was investigated in vitro and ex vivo. The present work addresses the in vivo decontamination efficiency of this nanoemulsion, using a rat model. This efficiency is compared to the radio-decontaminant soapy water currently used in France (Trait rouge®) in the workplace. The results showed that both calixarene-loaded nanoemulsion and non-loaded nanoemulsion allowed a significant decontamination efficiency compared to the treatment with soapy water. Early application of the nanoemulsions on contaminated excoriated rat skin allowed decreasing the uranium content by around 85% in femurs, 95% in kidneys and 93% in urines. For skin wounded by microneedles, mimicking wounds by microstings, nanoemulsions allowed approximately a 94% decrease in the uranium retention in kidneys. However, specific chelation of uranium by calixarene molecules within the nanoemulsion was not statistically significant, probably because of the limited calixarene-to-uranium molar ratio in these experiment conditions. Moreover, these studies showed that the soapy water treatment potentiates the transcutaneous passage of uranium, thus making it bioavailable, in particular when the skin is superficially wounded.
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de pharmacie, Institut Galien Paris-Sud, LabEx LERMIT, 5 rue JB Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France; CNRS, UMR 8612, 5 rue JB Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France; Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-Hom, SDI, Laboratoire de RadioChimie, 31 Avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grivès
authors.affiliation: Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-Hom, SDI, Laboratoire de RadioChimie, 31 Avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France. Electronic address: guillaume.phan@irsn.fr.
authors.forename: Guillaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.affiliation: Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-Hom, SDI, Laboratoire de RadioChimie, 31 Avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bouvier-Capely
authors.affiliation: Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-Hom, SDI, Laboratoire de RadioChimie, 31 Avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Suhard
authors.affiliation: Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-Hom, SDI, Laboratoire de RadioChimie, 31 Avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rebière
authors.affiliation: Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PRP-Hom, SDI, Laboratoire de RadioChimie, 31 Avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agarande
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de pharmacie, Institut Galien Paris-Sud, LabEx LERMIT, 5 rue JB Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France; CNRS, UMR 8612, 5 rue JB Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fattal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D047250:Calixarenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003666:Decontamination; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D012915:Soaps / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018629:Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion; D014501:Uranium / Q000633:toxicity*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D020011:Protective Agents; D012915:Soaps; D014867:Water; D047250:Calixarenes; D014501:Uranium
keywords: Calixarene; Decontamination; Nanoemulsion; Soapy water; Uranium; Wounded skin