title: Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-septic potential of phenolic acids and flavonoid fractions isolated from Lolium multiflorum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interest has recently renewed in using Lolium multiflorum Lam. (Poaceae) (called Italian ryegrass; IRG) silage as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory diet.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-septic potential of IRG silage and identified the primary components in IRG active fractions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total 16 fractions were separated from the chloroform-soluble extract of IRG aerial part using Sephadex LH-20 column before HPLC analysis. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the fractions at doses of 0-100 μg/mL were investigated using various cell-free and cell-mediated assay systems. To explore anti-septic effect of IRG fractions, female ICR and BALB/c mice orally received 40 mg/kg of phenolic acid and flavonoid-rich active fractions F7and F8every other day for 10 days, respectively, followed by LPS challenge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The active fractions showed greater antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential compared with other fractions. IC50values of F7and F8to reduce LPS-stimulated NO and TNF-α production were around 15 and 30 μg/mL, respectively. Comparison of retention times with authentic compounds through HPLC analysis revealed the presence of caffeic acid, ferulic acid, myricetin and kaempferol in the fractions as primary components. These fractions inhibited LPS-stimulated MAPK and NF-κB activation. Supplementation with F7or F8improved the survival rates of mice to 70 and 60%, respectively, in LPS-injected mice and reduced near completely serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlights antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-septic activities of IRG active fractions, eventually suggesting their usefulness in preventing oxidative damage and inflammatory disorders.
authors.affiliation: a Grassland and Forages Research Center , National Institute of Animal Science , Cheonan , South Korea.
authors.forename: Ki-Choon
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: b Cell Dynamics Research Center and School of Life Sciences , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , Gwangju , South Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Ok
authors.initials: YO
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: c Research Center of Bioactive Materials , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , South Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: c Research Center of Bioactive Materials , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , South Korea.
authors.forename: Beom-Tae
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: c Research Center of Bioactive Materials , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , South Korea.
authors.forename: Minseon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chae
authors.affiliation: c Research Center of Bioactive Materials , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , South Korea.|d Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , South Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong-Chae
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008129:Lolium / Q000737:chemistry*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D018805:Sepsis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012820:Silage; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C577686:interleukin-6, mouse; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C017616:phenolic acid
keywords: Italian ryegrass; bioactive compounds; lipopolysaccharide; reactive oxygen species; sepsis