title: Social modulation of cognition: Lessons from rhesus macaques relevant to education.
abstract: Any animal, human or non-human, lives in a world where there are others like itself. Individuals' behaviors are thus inevitably influenced by others, and cognition is no exception. Long acknowledged in psychology, social modulations of cognition have been neglected in cognitive neuroscience. Yet, infusing this classic topic in psychology with brain science methodologies could yield valuable educational insights. In recent studies, we used a non-human primate model, the rhesus macaque, to identify social influences representing ancient biases rooted in evolution, and neuroimaging to shed light on underlying mechanisms. The behavioral and neural data garnered in humans and macaques are summarized, with a focus on two findings relevant to human education. First, peers' mistakes stand out as exceptional professors and seem to have devoted areas and neurons in the primates' brain. Second, peers' mere presence suffices to enhance performance in well-learned tasks, possibly by boosting activity in the brain network involved in the task at hand. These findings could be translated into concrete pedagogical interventions in the classroom.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, Lyon, F-69000, France; University Lyon, F-69000, France; Institut de Médecine Environnementale, Paris, France. Electronic address: elisabetta.monfardini@inserm.fr.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Monfardini
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, Lyon, F-69000, France; University Lyon, F-69000, France.
authors.forename: Amélie J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Reynaud
authors.affiliation: University Lyon, F-69000, France; CNRS, UMR5304, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Lyon, F-69000, France.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prado
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, Lyon, F-69000, France; University Lyon, F-69000, France. Electronic address: martine.meunier@inserm.fr.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meunier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000502:physiology*; D012919:Social Behavior
keywords: Learning from mistakes; Monkeys; Neuroeducation; Observational learning; Peers’ presence; Social cognition; Social facilitation