title: Cardiac oxidative stress in diabetes: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential.
abstract: Macrovascular complications of diabetes, including diabetic cardiovascular disease (CVD), occur through a number of hyperglycaemia-induced mechanisms that include generation of oxidative stress, accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) and activation of protein kinase C (PKC). Cardiac oxidative stress is associated with increased cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy, and reduced cardiac performance and contractility, leading to severe cardiac dysfunction and potentially fatal cardiac events. It occurs under conditions of excessive synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ensuing activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor-κB produces inflammation, fibrosis, hypertrophy and further oxidative stress, which itself causes DNA and membrane damage. This review summarises the mechanisms that generate ROS in the diabetic heart: mitochondrial electron leakage, activity of ROS-generating enzymes such as NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase and 12/15 lipoxygenase, uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase, accumulation of AGEs and activation of PKC. There is interaction between many of these ROS-generating pathways, with data from a range of published studies indicating that a common upstream pathway is the interaction of AGEs with their receptor (RAGE), which further promotes ROS synthesis. Therefore, agents targeted at decreasing ROS production have been investigated for prevention or treatment of diabetic CVD through reducing oxidative stress, and this review considers some of the studies carried out with anti-oxidant therapies and the feasibility of this approach for protecting against diabetic cardiomyopathy.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alyssa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faria
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom. Electronic address: shanta.persaud@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Shanta J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Persaud
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000503:physiopathology; D058065:Diabetic Cardiomyopathies / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011493:Protein Kinase C
keywords: Diabetic cardiomyopathy; Hyperglycaemia; Oxidative stress; Reactive oxygen species