title: Depression with inflammation: longitudinal analysis of a proposed depressive subtype in community dwelling older adults.
abstract: It has been proposed that inflammation may be causally related to depression. If this is the case, it may be possible to distinguish an inflammatory depressive subtype according to illness course, pattern of co-morbidity and symptom profile.
  
  
  
  Eight hundred and eleven community dwelling older adults with depression (8 item Center for Epidemiologic Studies scale ≥ 4) from the English Longitudinal study of Ageing (ELSA) were followed for a median of 47 months. Participants with depression and inflammation (C Reactive Protein > 3 mg/l) were compared to those with depression alone.
  
  
  
  In a longitudinal analysis, depression with associated inflammation was more likely to persist over time. This association was independent of baseline depression severity and medical co-morbidity (OR 1.47 95% CI 1.03 - 2.10, p = 0.034) but was no longer significant following further adjustment for body mass index (OR 1.37 95% CI 0.94 - 2.01, p = 0.106). Inflammation either partially or completely mediated the association between medical co-morbidity, body mass index and depression at follow-up. Depression with inflammation was associated with more amotivation, less sadness, greater medical co-morbidity and higher body mass index.
  
  
  
  Our findings provide some support for an inflammatory contribution to depression. This subgroup has a worse prognosis and may benefit from interventions targeting co-morbidity, body mass index and associated inflammation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.affiliation: Sunnybrook Research Institute and Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Krista
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lanctot
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Herrmann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D015897:Comorbidity; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: depression; inflammation; older adults