title: Evolutionary origins of abnormally large shoot sodium accumulation in nonsaline environments within the Caryophyllales.
abstract: The prevalence of sodium (Na)-'hyperaccumulator' species, which exhibit abnormally large shoot sodium concentrations ([Na]shoot) when grown in nonsaline environments, was investigated among angiosperms in general and within the Caryophyllales order in particular. Shoot Na concentrations were determined in 334 angiosperm species, representing 35 orders, grown hydroponically in a nonsaline solution. Many Caryophyllales species exhibited abnormally large [Na]shootwhen grown hydroponically in a nonsaline solution. The bimodal distribution of the log-normal [Na]shootof species within the Caryophyllales suggested at least two distinct [Na]shootphenotypes within this order. Mapping the trait of Na-hyperaccumulation onto the phylogenetic relationships between Caryophyllales families, and between subfamilies within the Amaranthaceae, suggested that the trait evolved several times within this order: in an ancestor of the Aizoaceae, but not the Phytolaccaceae or Nyctaginaceae, in ancestors of several lineages formerly classified as Chenopodiaceae, but not in the Amaranthaceae sensu stricto, and in ancestors of species within the Cactaceae, Portulacaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Tamaricaceae and Polygonaceae. In conclusion, a disproportionate number of Caryophyllales species behave as Na-hyperaccumulators, and multiple evolutionary origins of this trait can be identified within this order.
authors.affiliation: The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.|Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV35 9EF, UK.
authors.forename: Helen C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.affiliation: Plant and Crop Sciences Division, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
authors.forename: Martin R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Broadley
authors.affiliation: Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hamed A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: El-Serehy
authors.affiliation: The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.|Plant and Crop Sciences Division, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
authors.forename: Konrad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Neugebauer
authors.affiliation: The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Jacqueline A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.
authors.forename: Gladys
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D018533:Biomass; D000073559:Caryophyllales / Q000378:metabolism*; D004777:Environment; D010802:Phylogeny; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000378:metabolism*; D055051:Salt-Tolerant Plants / Q000378:metabolism; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium
keywords: Aizoaceae; Amaranthaceae; Caryophyllales; halophyte; hyperaccumulation; phylogeny; shoot; sodium (Na)