title: Delineation of the mechanisms of tendon gliding resistance within the carpal tunnel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Forceful, high-velocity, and repetitive manual hand tasks contribute to the onset of carpal tunnel syndrome. This study aimed to isolate and identify mechanisms that contribute to tendon gliding resistance in the carpal tunnel.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight human cadaver hands (four pairs) were used. Tendon gliding resistance (force, energy, and stiffness) was measured under different conditions: with intact and with divided subsynovial connective tissue, at 2mm/s and 60mm/s tendon excursion velocity, and with and without relaxation time before tendon excursion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subsynovial connective tissue stretching substantially contributed to increased gliding resistance force and energy during higher tendon excursion velocities, and subsynovial connective tissue stiffening was observed. Poroelastic properties of the tendon (and possibly the subsynovial connective tissue) also appear to be involved because relaxation time significantly increased gliding resistance force and energy (P<0.01), and the difference in energy and force between high- and low-velocity tendon excursions increased with relaxation time (P=0.01 and P<0.01). Lastly, without relaxation time, no difference in force and energy was observed (P=0.06 and P=0.60), suggesting contact friction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the mechanics of tendon motion within the carpal tunnel are affected by the integrity of the subsynovial connective tissue. While not tested here, in carpal tunnel syndrome this tissue is known to be the fibrotic, thickened, and less-fluid-permeable. An extrapolation of our findings suggests that these changes in the subsynovial connective tissue of carpal tunnel syndrome patients could increase contact friction and carpal tunnel pressure.
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Erasmus MC, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Filius
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Thoreson
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ozasa
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Kai-Nan
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Chunfeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address: pamadio@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Amadio
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D002349:Carpal Tunnel Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000502:physiology; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D017276:Friction; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D011312:Pressure; D013710:Tendons / Q000502:physiology*; D014953:Wrist / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Biomechanics; Carpal tunnel syndrome; Gliding resistance; SSCT; Tendon