title: Markov Mixed Effects Modeling Using Electronic Adherence Monitoring Records Identifies Influential Covariates to HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis.
abstract: Adherence is a major factor in the effectiveness of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention. Modeling patterns of adherence helps to identify influential covariates of different types of adherence as well as to enable clinical trial simulation so that appropriate interventions can be developed. We developed a Markov mixed-effects model to understand the covariates influencing adherence patterns to daily oral PrEP. Electronic adherence records (date and time of medication bottle cap opening) from the Partners PrEP ancillary adherence study with a total of 1147 subjects were used. This study included once-daily dosing regimens of placebo, oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and TDF in combination with emtricitabine (FTC), administered to HIV-uninfected members of serodiscordant couples. One-coin and first- to third-order Markov models were fit to the data using NONMEM®7.2. Model selection criteria included objective function value (OFV), Akaike information criterion (AIC), visual predictive checks, and posterior predictive checks. Covariates were included based on forward addition (α = 0.05) and backward elimination (α = 0.001). Markov models better described the data than 1-coin models. A third-order Markov model gave the lowest OFV and AIC, but the simpler first-order model was used for covariate model building because no additional benefit on prediction of target measures was observed for higher-order models. Female sex and older age had a positive impact on adherence, whereas Sundays, sexual abstinence, and sex with a partner other than the study partner had a negative impact on adherence. Our findings suggest adherence interventions should consider the role of these factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA.|Orise Fellow, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, CDER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Kumpal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Madrasi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, USA.|Pharmacotherapy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Ayyappa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chaturvedula
authors.affiliation: Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Haberer
authors.affiliation: Nuventra, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sale
authors.affiliation: Quantitative sciences, Trevena Inc, King of Prussia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fossler
authors.affiliation: Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bangsberg
authors.affiliation: Departments of Global Health, Medicine, and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Jared M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Baeten
authors.affiliation: Departments of Global Health, Medicine, and Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Connie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Celum
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Craig W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Hendrix
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000523:psychology; D057286:Electronic Health Records / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000068679:Emtricitabine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D000068698:Tenofovir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000068698:Tenofovir; D000068679:Emtricitabine
keywords: HIV; Markov models; adherence; medication event-monitoring systems; preexposure prophylaxis