title: Mainland Chinese Implicit Theory of Wisdom: Generational and Cultural Differences.
abstract: This is the first study on the Mainland Chinese implicit theory of wisdom. To understand the role of culture and social changes in the implicit theory of wisdom, cultural and generational differences were explored.
  
  
  
  Two generations of Mainland Chinese, 50 older adults (age 60-80 years) and 50 younger adults (age 20-30 years), were interviewed individually. Participants first nominated personal acquaintances and historical figures as wisdom exemplars and then gave their own definition of wisdom.
  
  
  
  Compared with the older generation, the younger generation nominated both acquaintance scholars and historical scholars more frequently, but acquaintance classmates & colleagues and historical leaders less frequently. Common themes of all participants' definition of wisdom partially resembled those of Western studies, yet with components that related to Chinese traditions: "Spirituality of disengagement" and "Positive mindset." Moreover, older generation emphasized "Cognitive engagement" more, but "Positive mindset" and "Spirituality of disengagement" less, than the younger generation.
  
  
  
  Wisdom aspects of cognitive, practical, and social engagement may be more universal and intergenerational, whereas wisdom aspects of "spirituality" and "mindset" may be more culturally specific and sensitive to social change.
authors.affiliation: Institutes of Psychological Sciences, China.|Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, China.|Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Chao S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Applied Psychology and Human Development Department, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China.
authors.forename: Ru-De
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Sociology, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of History, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ethan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weare
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002681:China; D003071:Cognition; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019359:Knowledge; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010551:Personality; D011582:Psychological Theory; D029181:Spirituality; D055815:Young Adult