title: Fluoride/vitamin D tablet supplementation in infants-effects on dental health after 10 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined whether fluoride/vitamin D supplementation in the first year of life is associated with caries or molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) at 10 years of age.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 406 children for whom information on fluoride/vitamin D supplementation during the first year of life was available. Dental examination at the age of 10 included caries and MIH registration. The results of logistic regression models were adjusted for gender, age, BMI, parental education, and equivalent income.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children receiving supplementation during the entire first year of life had a significantly lower probability of having caries-related restorations in primary teeth in comparison to those who received supplementation for less than 6 months (fluoride supplementation: odds ratio (OR) for d3-4mfs 2.47 (1.32-4.63), for fs 2.70 (1.43-5.10); vitamin D supplementation: OR for d3-4mfs 2.08 (1.00-4.32), fs 2.50 (1.19-5.25)). The majority of logistic regression analyses indicated no association between supplementation and MIH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was found a consistent significant caries-preventive effect in the primary dentition of children who received fluoride (256/372)/vitamin D supplementation (274/376) in all 12 months over the first year of life; no effects were observed for permanent dentition. The high parental interest in supplementation is linked to an imbalance of the study groups. Furthermore, tooth brushing frequency, use of fluoride toothpastes and/or other oral hygiene products were not recorded during the observation period which may also confound the results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluoride/vitamin D supplementation can be used in children for preventing caries in the primary dentition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestraße70, 80336, Munich, Germany. jkuehn@dent.med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kühnisch
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.|Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thiering
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Roswitha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heinrich-Weltzien
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Elmar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hellwig
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestraße70, 80336, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hickel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinrich
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003744:Dental Enamel Hypoplasia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005459:Fluorides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D013607:Tablets; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D013607:Tablets; D014807:Vitamin D; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Birth cohort study; Caries prevention; Epidemiology; Fluoride lozenges; Fluoride supplementation; Fluoride tablets; Prevention; Vitamin D supplementation; Vitamin D tablet