title: Working principle and application of magnetic separation for biomedical diagnostic at high- and low-field gradients.
abstract: Magnetic separation is a versatile technique used in sample preparation for diagnostic purpose. For such application, an external magnetic field is applied to drive the separation of target entity (e.g. bacteria, viruses, parasites and cancer cells) from a complex raw sample in order to ease the subsequent task(s) for disease diagnosis. This separation process not only can be achieved via the utilization of high magnetic field gradient, but also, in most cases, low magnetic field gradient with magnitude less than 100 T m-1is equally feasible. It is the aim of this review paper to summarize the usage of both high gradient magnetic separation and low gradient magnetic separation (LGMS) techniques in this area of research. It is noteworthy that effectiveness of the magnetic separation process not only determines the outcome of a diagnosis but also directly influences its accuracy as well as sensing time involved. Therefore, understanding the factors that simultaneously influence the efficiency of both magnetic separation process and target detection is necessary. Moreover, for LGMS, there are several important considerations that should be taken into account in order to ensure its successful implementation. Hence, this review paper aims to provide an overview to relate all this crucial information by linking the magnetic separation theory to biomedical diagnostic applications.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering , Universiti Sains Malaysia , Nibong Tebal, Penang 14300 , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sim Siong
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8247-0169
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang 14300, Malaysia; Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University, 56000 Cheras Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Swee Pin
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Yeap
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang 14300, Malaysia; Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: JitKang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lim
keywords: biomedical diagnostic; disease detection; high gradient magnetic separation; low gradient magnetic separation; magnetic particles; magnetophoresis