title: Allergen quantification in surface dust samples from German day care centers.
abstract: Indoor allergens are among the main causes of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Allergen exposure is not limited to private homes. Mite, cat, and dog allergens were measured in day care centers to determine whether these concentrations detected might exert significant influence on human health. In 20 day care centers across North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, the surfaces of 171 rooms were vacuumed 4 times a year to collect dust (1340 samples in total). In all samples, domestic mite antigens (DM) and the main allergens of cats (Fel d 1) and dogs (Can f 1) were quantified using enzyme immunoassays. Provisional threshold limits (PTL) for increased risks of sensitization and allergic symptoms were estimated according to published values and conversion factors. The influence of room characteristics on allergen concentrations was analyzed in mixed linear models, also considering values below the limit of detection (LOD). Nearly all samples contained allergens (99% DM, 96% Fel d 1, and 96% Can f 1). The concentrations rarely exceeded levels that were previously found to induce symptoms in home environments, but were frequently higher than estimates for enhanced sensitization risk (13% DM, 43% Fel d 1, and 27% Can f 1). Upholstered furnishings had the highest dust and allergen loads, followed by carpets and smooth floors. Allergen concentrations on different surface types that were sampled in the same room at the same time were significantly correlated and analyzed in separate models. The highest DM concentrations were present in bedrooms and in autumn. Further, DM loads on floors decreased significantly in rooms that were renovated within the last 5 years. If there were no records that furnishings were vacuumed, there were then significantly higher Can f 1 loads. Sweeping floors elevated DM and cat allergen concentrations. In addition to mite allergens, cat and dog allergens were detected in nearly all samples from day care centers. Overall, the present results indicate that allergen concentrations may be reduced by renovation and appropriate cleaning procedures.
authors.affiliation: a Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung , Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA) , Bochum , Germany.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.affiliation: b Unfallkasse Nordrhein-Westfalen , Düsseldorf , Germany.
authors.forename: Heinz-Dieter
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.affiliation: a Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung , Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA) , Bochum , Germany.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lotz
authors.affiliation: a Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung , Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA) , Bochum , Germany.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Czibor
authors.affiliation: a Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung , Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA) , Bochum , Germany.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zahradnik
authors.affiliation: a Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung , Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA) , Bochum , Germany.
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flagge
authors.affiliation: a Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung , Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA) , Bochum , Germany.
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Faller
authors.affiliation: b Unfallkasse Nordrhein-Westfalen , Düsseldorf , Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buxtrup
authors.affiliation: a Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung , Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA) , Bochum , Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brüning
authors.affiliation: a Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung , Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA) , Bochum , Germany.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raulf
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D000485:Allergens / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D002648:Child; D002656:Child Day Care Centers; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004285:Dogs; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005430:Floors and Floorcoverings; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007374:Interior Design and Furnishings; D008925:Mites; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D004391:Dust