title: Breakthrough in 4π ion emission mechanism understanding in plasma focus devices.
abstract: Ion emission angular distribution mechanisms in plasma focus devices (PFD) have not yet been well developed and understood being due to the lack of an efficient wide-angle ion distribution image detection system to characterize a PFD space in detail. Present belief is that the acceleration of ions points from "anode top" upwards in forward direction within a small solid angle. A breakthrough is reported in this study, by mega-size position-sensitive polycarbonate ion image detection systems invented, on discovery of 4π ion emission from the "anode top" in a PFD space after plasma pinch instability and radial run-away of ions from the "anode cathodes array" during axial acceleration of plasma sheaths before the radial phase. These two ion emission source mechanisms behave respectively as a "Point Ion Source" and a "Line Ion Source" forming "Ion Cathode Shadows" on mega-size detectors. We believe that the inventions and discoveries made here will open new horizons for advanced ion emission studies towards better mechanisms understanding and in particular will promote efficient applications of PFDs in medicine, science and technology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy Engineering and Physics, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sohrabi
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy Engineering and Physics, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Arefe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zarinshad
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy Engineering and Physics, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Morteza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Habibi