title: Influence of attention alternation on movement-related cortical potentials in healthy individuals and stroke patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we analyzed the influence of artificially imposed attention variations using the auditory oddball paradigm on the cortical activity associated to motor preparation/execution.
  
  
  METHODS
  EEG signals from Cz and its surrounding channels were recorded during three sets of ankle dorsiflexion movements. Each set was interspersed with either a complex or a simple auditory oddball task for healthy participants and a complex auditory oddball task for stroke patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The amplitude of the movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) decreased with the complex oddball paradigm, while MRCP variability increased. Both oddball paradigms increased the detection latency significantly (p<0.05) and the complex paradigm decreased the true positive rate (TPR) (p=0.04). In patients, the negativity of the MRCP decreased while pre-phase variability increased, and the detection latency and accuracy deteriorated with attention diversion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Attention diversion has a significant influence on MRCP features and detection parameters, although these changes were counteracted by the application of the laplacian method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brain-computer interfaces for neuromodulation that use the MRCP as the control signal are robust to changes in attention. However, attention must be monitored since it plays a key role in plasticity induction. Here we demonstrate that this can be achieved using the single channel Cz.
authors.affiliation: Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark. Electronic address: sal@hst.aau.dk.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aliakbaryhosseinabadi
authors.affiliation: Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: Vladimir.s.kostic@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kostic
authors.affiliation: Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: aleksandra3003@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pavlovic
authors.affiliation: Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, Serbia. Electronic address: sasar@imi.bg.ac.rs.
authors.forename: Sasa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Radovanovic
authors.affiliation: Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark. Electronic address: enk@hst.aau.dk.
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nlandu Kamavuako
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Design Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada. Electronic address: ning.jiang@uwaterloo.ca.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Communication and Psychology, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience (CCN), Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark. Electronic address: lap@hst.aau.dk.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Petrini
authors.affiliation: Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark. Electronic address: kdn@hst.aau.dk.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dremstrup
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, UK. Electronic address: d.farina@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Farina
authors.affiliation: Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark. Electronic address: nm@hst.aau.dk.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mrachacz-Kersting
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Attention; Brain–computer interface; Movement detection; Movement-related cortical potential