title: Robust image hashing using ring partition-PGNMF and local features.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Image authentication is one of the challenging research areas in the multimedia technology due to the availability of image editing tools. Image hash may be used for image authentication which should be invariant to perceptually similar image and sensitive to content changes. The challenging issue in image hashing is to design a system which simultaneously provides rotation robustness, desirable discrimination, sensitivity and localization of forged area with minimum hash length.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this paper, a perceptually robust image hashing technique based on global and local features has been proposed. The Global feature was extracted using ring partition and projected gradient nonnegative matrix factorization (PGNMF). The ring partitioning technique converts a square image into a secondary image that makes the system rotation invariant. The PGNMF which is usually faster than the other NMFs has been used to reduce the dimension of the secondary image to generate the shorter hash sequence. The local features extracted from the salient regions of the image help to localize the forged region in the maliciously manipulated images. The image hashing techniques that use only global features are limited in discrimination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The experimental results reveal that the proposed image hashing method based on global and local features provides better discrimination capability. The proposed hashing method is tested on large image sets collected from the different standard database. It is observed from the experimental results that the proposed system is robust to content-preserving operations and is capable of localizing the counterfeit area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of global and local features is robust against the content-preserving operations, which has a desirable discriminative capability. The proposed system may be used in image authentication, forensic evidence, and image retrieval, etc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NIT Silchar, Silchar, Assam 788010 India.
authors.forename: Ram Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Karsh
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NIT Silchar, Silchar, Assam 788010 India.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Laskar
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NIT Mizoram, Aizawl, Mizoram 796012 India.
authors.forename: Bhanu Bhai
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Richhariya
keywords: Image hashing; Multimedia security; PGNMF; Ring partition; Saliency detection