title: The novel interleukin-1 cytokine family members in inflammatory diseases.
abstract: This review provides an update on the new interleukin-1 (IL-1) cytokine family members in inflammatory diseases with focus on recent findings concerning the family members IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 and their different expression patterns.
  
  
  
  The IL-1 cytokines are known to be involved in many different inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The latest IL-1 family members, IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 have been shown to be differently regulated during course of disease. Studies of patients suffering from inflammatory diseases revealed that those cytokines are upregulated in the serum as well as in inflamed tissue. Both, epithelial cells and infiltrating peripheral mononuclear blood cells serve as source of the cytokines IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 triggering different outcomes. These results could be confirmed in different mouse models and in-vitro and ex-vivo studies.
  
  
  
  IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38 are involved in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory diseases psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, systemic lupus erythematosus as well as Crohn's disease. Thereby IL-36 acts proinflammatory triggering further inflammatory mediators. In contrast, IL-37 and IL-38 are upregulated to counteract. Understanding the imbalance of the IL-1 family is crucial for future therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine 3 and Institute for Clinical Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Madelaine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.forename: Axel J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hueber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000276:immunology; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006073:Gout / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D007378:Interleukins / Q000276:immunology*; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D011565:Psoriasis / Q000276:immunology*; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C571243:IL-38 protein, human; C508587:IL37 protein, human; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007378:Interleukins; C572887:interleukin 36, human