title: Cross-sectional, school-based study of 14-19 year olds showed that raised blood pressure was associated with obesity and abdominal obesity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gaining weight has been directly associated with an increased probability of developing high blood pressure (HBP) and metabolic abnormalities. We examined the independent and combined effects of overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity on blood pressure in adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional school-based study evaluated 869 adolescents (53.4% girls) from 14 to 19 years of age, and the data were collected in 2013 in the city of Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brazil. The outcome was HBP. The independent variables were overweight and obesity classified by body mass index, abdominal obesity classified by the waist-to-height ratio and the combination of obesity and overweight and abdominal obesity. The potential confounding variables were age, the socio-economic status of the family, parental education, type of school and physical activity levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence ratios of HBP were higher when male and female adolescents were overweight (1.61-3.11), generally obese (3.20-4.70), had abdominal obesity (2.18-3.02) and were both generally obese and had abdominal obesity (3.28-5.16) compared with normal weight adolescents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Obesity or abdominal obesity increased the risk of HBP in adolescents aged 14-19. However, adolescents who were both generally obese and had abdominal obesity showed an even higher risk of having HBP.
authors.affiliation: YCARE (Youth/Child and cArdiovascular Risk and Environmental) Research Group, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.|Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Marcus Vinícius
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Nascimento-Ferreira
authors.affiliation: YCARE (Youth/Child and cArdiovascular Risk and Environmental) Research Group, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.|Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.|Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: Augusto César Ferreira
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: De Moraes
authors.affiliation: YCARE (Youth/Child and cArdiovascular Risk and Environmental) Research Group, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.|Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rendo-Urteaga
authors.affiliation: YCARE (Youth/Child and cArdiovascular Risk and Environmental) Research Group, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.|Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Elsie Costa
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: de Oliveira Forkert
authors.affiliation: YCARE (Youth/Child and cArdiovascular Risk and Environmental) Research Group, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.|Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Tatiana Sadalla
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Collese
authors.affiliation: YCARE (Youth/Child and cArdiovascular Risk and Environmental) Research Group, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.|Israel Institute of Education and Research, Israelita Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriel Grizzo
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Cucato
authors.affiliation: University of Trás-os-Montes & Alto D'ouro, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Victor M M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Diseases, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group (DOMEN), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauá, Piauá, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisco Leonardo
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Torres-Leal
authors.affiliation: YCARE (Youth/Child and cArdiovascular Risk and Environmental) Research Group, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.|Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: YCARE (Youth/Child and cArdiovascular Risk and Environmental) Research Group, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Heráclito Barbosa
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Carvalho
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Abdominal obesity; Adolescents; High blood pressure; Obesity; Overweight