title: A New Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) Model for Predicting Drug-Induced Liver Injury, Based on Statistical and Expert-Based Structural Alerts.
abstract: The prompt identification of chemical molecules with potential effects on liver may help in drug discovery and in raising the levels of protection for human health. Besidesin vitroapproaches, computational methods in toxicology are drawing attention. We built a structure-activity relationship (SAR) model for evaluating hepatotoxicity. After compiling a data set of 950 compounds using data from the literature, we randomly split it into training (80%) and test sets (20%). We also compiled an external validation set (101 compounds) for evaluating the performance of the model. To extract structural alerts (SAs) related to hepatotoxicity and non-hepatotoxicity we used SARpy, a statistical application that automatically identifies and extracts chemical fragments related to a specific activity. We also applied the chemical grouping approach for manually identifying other SAs. We calculated accuracy, specificity, sensitivity and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) on the training, test and external validation sets. Considering the complexity of the endpoint, the model performed well. In the training, test and external validation sets the accuracy was respectively 81, 63, and 68%, specificity 89, 33, and 33%, sensitivity 93, 88, and 80% and MCC 0.63, 0.27, and 0.13. Since it is preferable to overestimate hepatotoxicity rather than not to recognize unsafe compounds, the model's architecture followed a conservative approach. As it was built using human data, it might be applied without any need for extrapolation from other species. This model will be freely available in the VEGA platform.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabiola
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pizzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lombardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manganaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Benfenati
keywords: chemical clustering; drugs; hepatotoxicity; structural alerts; structure-activity relationship