title: Peroxide dental bleaching via laser microchannels and tooth color measurements.
abstract: The aim of this study was to use microchannels drilled by an Er:YAG laser into a human tooth through the enamel into the dentin for direct injection of hydrogen peroxide (HP) to produce a minimally invasive, rapid, tooth bleaching effect. The experiments were conducted in vitro. Five microchannels with a diameter of ?200???m and a depth of ?2??mm were drilled through the palatal side of a human tooth crown using the microbeam of an Er:YAG-laser with a wavelength of 2.94???m. After injection of an aqueous solution of 31%-HP through the microchannels, the tooth color was evaluated using a VITA shade guide and International Commission on Illumination L*ab color parameters. A tooth model used for the evaluation of the distribution of HP concentration was created and the amount of HP which can be injected into tooth dentin to bleach it safely was estimated. Injection of 1.5±0.1??mm3 of 31%-HP into the tooth led to noticeable bleaching within 3 h and significant improvement of tooth color within 24 h.
authors.affiliation: IPG Medical Corporation, 377 Simarano Drive, Marlborough, Massachusetts 01752, United States.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Altshuler
authors.affiliation: Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, Faculty of Laser and Light Engineering, Department of Laser Technologies and Systems, 49 Kronverksky Avenue, Saint-Petersburg 197101, Russia.
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belikov
authors.affiliation: Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, Faculty of Laser and Light Engineering, Department of Laser Technologies and Systems, 49 Kronverksky Avenue, Saint-Petersburg 197101, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skrypnik
authors.affiliation: Medical Device Consultant, 28 Lebeaux Drive, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts 01545, United States.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Feldchtein
authors.affiliation: Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, Faculty of Laser and Light Engineering, Department of Laser Technologies and Systems, 49 Kronverksky Avenue, Saint-Petersburg 197101, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pushkareva
authors.affiliation: Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, Faculty of Laser and Light Engineering, Department of Laser Technologies and Systems, 49 Kronverksky Avenue, Saint-Petersburg 197101, Russia.
authors.forename: Ksenia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shatilova
authors.affiliation: University of Melbourne, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, 42 The Eyrie, Eaglemont, Victoria 3084, Australia.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cernavin
authors.affiliation: Saratov National Research State University, Research-Education Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov 410012, RussiafInstitute of Precision Mechanics and Control of Russian Academy of Sciences, 24 Rabochaya Street, Saratov 410028, RussiagNational Research Tomsk State University, Laboratory of Biophotonics, 36 Lenin's Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia.
authors.forename: Valery
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tuchin
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008954:Models, Biological; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000187:drug effects*; D014070:Tooth / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects*; D014073:Tooth Bleaching / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D058205:Tooth Bleaching Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D058205:Tooth Bleaching Agents; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide