title: Gender Differences in Quantitative Electroencephalogram During a Simple Hand Movement Task in Young Adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No consensus has been reached regarding the existence of gender differences during motor tasks in electroencephalography. This could lead to misinterpretation of electroencephalography clinical diagnosis and affect the calibration of brain-computer interfaces.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether there are statistically significant gender differences in electroencephalography recorded during hand movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electroencephalography data were recorded from 18 women and 18 men while performing hand movements and rest. Electroencephalography power was computed for alpha (8-13 Hz), beta (14-30 Hz), and a broader band including alpha and beta (8-30 Hz) using wavelet transform. Statistical analysis was done using a General Linear Model for repeated measurements (α = 0.05). Additionally, topographic maps were computed for each gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant gender differences were found for the rest condition in all analyzed bands. For the hand movement tasks, gender differences were mainly found in the beta band and located in temporoparietal areas. Power decrease observed in topographic maps was located in the centro-parietal areas for females and the centro-frontal areas for males. Additionally, greater power decreases were observed for women in all analyzed frequency bands.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Electroencephalography parameters used for the diagnosis of neuromotor diseases, as well as for brain-computer interface calibration, must take gender into account.
authors.affiliation: Subdirection of Technological Research, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cantillo-Negrete
authors.affiliation: Subdirection of Technological Research, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rubén Isaac
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Carino-Escobar
authors.affiliation: Division of Neuroscience, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Carrillo-Mora
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrodiagnostic Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitacióno, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Teodoro Bernardo
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Flores-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Section of Bioelectronics, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elías-Vinas
authors.affiliation: Subdirection of Technological Research, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Josefina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Martínez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult