title: Development of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous measurement of voriconazole, posaconazole and itraconazole.
abstract: Background Azole-based antifungals are the first-line therapy for some of the most common mycoses and are now also being used prophylactically to protect immunocompromised patients. However, due to variability in both their metabolism and bioavailability, therapeutic drug monitoring is essential to avoid toxicity but still gain maximum efficacy. Methods Following protein precipitation of serum with acetonitrile, 20  µL of extract was injected onto a 2.1 × 50 mm Waters Atlantis dC18 3  µm column. Detection was via a Waters Quattro Premier XE tandem mass spectrometer operating in ESI-positive mode. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) detected two product ions for each compound and one for each isotopically labelled internal standard. Ion suppression, linearity, stability, matrix effects, recovery, imprecision, lower limits of measuring interval and detection were all assessed. Results Optimal chromatographic separation was achieved using gradient elution over 8 minutes. Voriconazole, posaconazole and itraconazole eluted at 1.71, 2.73 and 3.41 min, respectively. The lower limits of measuring interval for all three compounds was 0.1 mg/L. The assay was linear to 10 mg/L for voriconazole (R2= 0.995) and 5 mg/L for posaconazole (R2= 0.990) and itraconazole (R2= 0.991). The assay was both highly accurate and precise with % bias of voriconazole, posaconazole and itraconazole, respectively, when compared with previous NEQAS samples. The intra-assay precision (CV%) was 1.6%, 2.5% and 1.9% for voriconazole, posaconazole and itraconazole, respectively, across the linear range. Conclusion A simple and robust method has been validated for azole antifungal therapeutic drug monitoring. This new assay will result in a greatly improved sample turnaround time and will therefore vastly increase the clinical utility of azole antifungal drug monitoring.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals Trust, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wadsworth
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals Trust, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Milan
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Infection and Immunity, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals Trust, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anson
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals Trust, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Davison
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000097:blood*; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D006801:Humans; D017964:Itraconazole / Q000097:blood*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013997:Time Factors; D014230:Triazoles / Q000097:blood*; D065819:Voriconazole / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D014230:Triazoles; D017964:Itraconazole; C101425:posaconazole; D065819:Voriconazole
keywords: Voriconazole; antifungal; azole; itraconazole; posaconazole; tandem mass spectrometry; therapeutic drug monitoring