title: Effect of sensor location on regional cerebral oxygen saturation measured by INVOS 5100 in on-pump cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Near-infrared spectroscopy sensors often cannot be attached at the commercially recommended locations because combined use of neurological monitoring systems is common during on-pump cardiac surgery. The primary purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of regional cerebral oxygen desaturation and regional cerebral oxygen saturation values detected using near-infrared spectroscopy between the upper and lower forehead during on-pump cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study was conducted with 25 adult patients scheduled for elective on-pump cardiac surgery. Regional cerebral oxygen saturations at the left upper and lower forehead and other clinical measurements were monitored intraoperatively. McNemar's test was used to analyze differences in the incidence of cerebral regional oxygen desaturation between the left upper and lower forehead. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni correction was used to compare the regional cerebral oxygen saturation at each time point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significantly higher incidence of regional cerebral oxygen desaturation at the upper than lower forehead only at 1 h after initiation of aortic cross-clamping. There were significant differences between the left upper and lower regional cerebral oxygen saturation values throughout the observation period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regional cerebral oxygen saturation was significantly lower at the upper than lower forehead during on-pump cardiac surgery. However, disagreements in detection of cerebral regional oxygen desaturation were only significant at 1 h after initiation of aortic cross-clamping.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  WHO-ICTRP, Clinical Research Information Service (CRiS). ID: KCT0000971. URL: https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/search/search_result_st01_en.jsp?seq=3678&type=my .
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Hospital 179 Gudeok-Ro, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-739, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ah-Reum
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Hospital 179 Gudeok-Ro, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-739, Republic of Korea. jykwon@pusan.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jae-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Choongrak
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Hospital 179 Gudeok-Ro, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-739, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Hospital 179 Gudeok-Ro, Seo-Gu, Busan, 602-739, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001011:Aorta; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D010092:Oximetry / Q000379:methods; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Cardiopulmonary bypass; Near-infrared spectroscopy; Oximetry