title: Effect of silver nanoparticles on the metabolic rate, hematological response, and survival of juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.
abstract: White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is highly lethal and contagious in shrimps; its outbreaks causes an economic crisis for aquaculture. Several attempts have been made to treat this disease; however, to date, there is no effective cure. Because of their antimicrobial activities, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the most studied nanomaterial. Although the antiviral properties of AgNPs have been studied, their antiviral effect against viral infection in aquaculture has not been reported. The AgNPs tested herein are coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and possess multiple international certifications for their use in veterinary and human applications. The aim of this work was to evaluate the survival rate of juvenile white shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) after the intramuscular administration of AgNPs. For this, different concentrations of metallic AgNPs and PVP alone were injected into the organisms. After 96 h of administration, shrimp survival was more than 90% for all treatments. The oxygen consumption routine rate and total hemocyte count remained unaltered after AgNP injection, reflecting no stress caused. We evaluated whether AgNPs had an antiviral effect in shrimps infected with WSSV. The results revealed that the survival rate of WSSV-infected shrimps after AgNP administration was 80%, whereas the survival rate of untreated organisms was only 10% 96 h after infection. These results open up the possibility to explore the potential use of AgNPs as antiviral agents for the treatment of diseases in aquaculture organisms, particularly the WSSV in shrimp culture.
authors.affiliation: Center of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, C.P. 22860, Mexico; CONACYT Research Fellow at Center Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, C.P. 22860, Mexico. Electronic address: kjuarez@cnyn.unam.mx.
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Juarez-Moreno
authors.affiliation: The Northwestern Center of Biological Research (CIBNOR; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C.), Mar Bermejo No. 195 Colonia Playa Palo de Santa Rita, C.P. 23090, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
authors.forename: Claudio Humberto
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Mejía-Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Marine Biotechnology Department, Ensenada Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.affiliation: Instituto Tecnológico del Valle del Yaqui, Block 611, Municipio Bacum, Sonora, Mexico.
authors.forename: Horacio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reyna-Verdugo
authors.affiliation: Marine Biotechnology Department, Ensenada Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ana Denisse
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Re
authors.affiliation: The Northwestern Center of Biological Research (CIBNOR; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C.), Mar Bermejo No. 195 Colonia Playa Palo de Santa Rita, C.P. 23090, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
authors.forename: Edgar F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Vazquez-Felix
authors.affiliation: Marine Biotechnology Department, Ensenada Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
authors.forename: Edna
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Castrejón
authors.affiliation: Center of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, C.P. 22860, Mexico; CONACYT Research Fellow at Center Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, C.P. 22860, Mexico.
authors.forename: Josué D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Mota-Morales
authors.affiliation: Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634050, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pestryakov
authors.affiliation: Center of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, C.P. 22860, Mexico.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bogdanchikova
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D017756:Aquaculture / Q000379:methods; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D010316:Particle Size; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D012834:Silver / Q000633:toxicity*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D046848:White spot syndrome virus 1 / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D012834:Silver
keywords: Antiviral effect; Litopenaeus vannamei; Nanobiotechnology; Silver nanoparticles; White spot syndrome virus