title: Forensic 3D documentation of skin injuries.
abstract: An accurate and precise documentation of injuries is fundamental in a forensic pathological context. Photographs and manual measurements are taken of all injuries during autopsies, but ordinary photography projects a 3D wound on a 2D space. Using technologies such as photogrammetry, it is possible to create 3D detailed, to-scale, true-color documentation of skin injuries from 2D pictures. A comparison between the measurements of 165 lesions taken during autopsies and on photogrammetrically processed pictures was performed. Different types of lesions were considered: 38 blunt force injuries, 58 sharp force injuries, and 69 gunshot injuries. In all cases, very low differences were found with mean ≤ 0.06 cm and median ≤ 0.04 cm; a mean difference of 0.13 cm was found for the blunt force injuries. Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed no statistically significant differences between the two measurement methods (p > 0.05). The results of intra- and inter-observer tests indicated perfect agreement between the observers with mean value differences of ≤ 0.02 cm. This study demonstrated the validity of using photogrammetry for documentation of injuries in a forensic pathological context. Importantly, photogrammetry provides a permanent 3D documentation of the injuries that can be reassessed with great accuracy at any time. Such 3D models may also be combined with 3D reconstruction obtained from post-mortem CT scans for a comprehensive documentation of the lesion (internal and external information) and ultimately used for virtual reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. chiara.villa@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9967-8131
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Villa
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D015588:Observer Variation; D010780:Photogrammetry; D010781:Photography; D012867:Skin / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: 3D models; Autopsy; Injuries; Photogrammetry