title: Oral administration of Saccharomyces boulardii alters duodenal morphology, enzymatic activity and cytokine production response in broiler chickens.
abstract: The present study evaluated the effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on duodenal digestive enzymes, morphology and cytokine induction response in broiler chicken. A total of 200 birds were allotted into two groups (n = 100) and each group divided into five replications (n = 20). The control group was fed basal diet in addition to antibiotic (virginiamycin 20 mg/kg), and treatment group received (1 × 108colony-forming units/kg feed) S. boulardii in addition to basal diet lasting for 72 days. The results compared to control group revealed that adenosine triphosphatase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, lipase and trypsin activities were higher, while, no significant improvement was observed in amylase activities in the duodenum of the treatment group. Moreover, morphological findings showed that villus height, width and number of goblet cells markedly increased. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy visualized that villus height, width and structural condensation significantly increased in the treatment group. The immunohistological observations showed increased numbers of immunoglobulin A (IgA)-positive cells in the duodenum of the treatment group. Meanwhile, cytokine production levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor-β and secretory IgA markedly increased, and IL-6 statistically remained unchanged as compared to the control group. These findings illustrated that initial contact of S. boulardii to the duodenum has significant impact in improving enzymatic activity, intestinal morphology and cytokine response in broiler chicken.
authors.affiliation: College of Sciences, Shantou University, China.
authors.forename: Yajing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: College of Sciences, Shantou University, China.|College of Animal Sciences and Technology, North West Agriculture and Forestry University, China.
authors.forename: Imran Rashid
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Rajput
authors.affiliation: College of Sciences, Shantou University, China.|Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Asif
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Arain
authors.affiliation: College of Sciences, Shantou University, China.
authors.forename: Yanfei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Dost Muhammad
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Baloch
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004386:Duodenum / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000378:metabolism; D008049:Lipase / Q000378:metabolism; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D019936:Probiotics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000069983:Saccharomyces boulardii; D014357:Trypsin / Q000378:metabolism; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase; D008049:Lipase; D014357:Trypsin; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases
keywords: S. boulardii; broiler; cytokines; duodenum; intestine