title: Comparing Dislodgeable 2,4-D Residues across Athletic Field Turfgrass Species and Time.
abstract: 2,4-dimethylamine salt (2,4-D) is an herbicide commonly applied on athletic fields for broadleaf weed control that can dislodge from treated turfgrass. Dislodge potential is affected by numerous factors, including turfgrass canopy conditions. Building on previous research confirming herbicide-turfgrass dynamics can vary widely between species, field research was initiated in 2014 and 2015 in Raleigh, NC, USA to quantify dislodgeable 2,4-D residues from dormant hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. x C. transvaalensis) and hybrid bermudagrass overseeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), which are common athletic field playing surfaces in subtropical climates. Additionally, dislodgeable 2,4-D was compared at AM (7:00 eastern standard time) and PM (14:00) sample timings within a day. Samples collected from perennial ryegrass consistently resulted in greater 2,4-D dislodgment immediately after application (9.4 to 9.9% of applied) compared to dormant hybrid bermudagrass (2.3 to 2.9%), as well as at all AM compared to PM timings from 1 to 3 d after treatment (DAT; 0.4 to 6.3% compared to 0.1 to 0.8%). Dislodgeable 2,4-D did not differ across turfgrass species at PM sample collections, with ≤ 0.1% of the 2,4-D applied dislodged from 1 to 6 DAT, and 2,4-D detection did not occur at 12 and 24 DAT. In conclusion, dislodgeable 2,4-D from treated turfgrass can vary between species and over short time-scales within a day. This information should be taken into account in human exposure risk assessments, as well as by turfgrass managers and athletic field event coordinators to minimize 2,4-D exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Jeffries
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Travis W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Gannon
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America.
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Brosnan
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America.
authors.forename: Gregory K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Breeden
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D006109:Poaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid