title: Effects of distractors on upright balance performance in school-aged children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, preliminary study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a common impairing neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in early childhood. Almost half of the children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder also experience a variety of motor-related dysfunctions ranging from fine/gross motor control problems to difficulties in maintaining balance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of distractors two different auditory distractors namely, relaxing music and white noise on upright balance performance in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared upright balance performance and the involvement of different sensory systems in the presence of auditory distractors between school-aged children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (n=26) and typically developing controls (n=20). Neurocom SMART Balance Master Dynamic Posturography device was used for the sensory organization test. Sensory organization test was repeated three times for each participant in three different test environments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The balance scores in the silence environment were lower in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder group but the differences were not statistically significant. In addition to lower balance scores the visual and vestibular ratios were also lower. Auditory distractors affected the general balance performance positively for both groups. More challenging conditions, using an unstable platform with distorted somatosensory signals were more affected. Relaxing music was more effective in the control group, and white noise was more effective in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder group and the positive effects of white noise became more apparent in challenging conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating balance performance in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder under the effects of auditory distractors. Although more studies are needed, our results indicate that auditory distractors may have enhancing effects on upright balance performance in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Speech and Language Department, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: fesen04@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Fatma Esen
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Aydinli
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Department, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Tuna
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Çak
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Speech and Language Department, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Meltem Çiğdem
authors.initials: MÇ
authors.lastname: Kirazli
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Audiology Department, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Betül Çiçek
authors.initials: BÇ
authors.lastname: Çinar
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University Hospital, Ear Nose and Throat Department, Audiology and Speech Pathology Unit, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Alev
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pektaş
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Department, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ebru Kültür
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Çengel
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Speech and Language Department, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Songül
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aksoy
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time; D012678:Sensation Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Balance; Distractor; Distração; Equilíbrio; Sensory organization test; Teste de organização sensorial; Transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade