title: Serological and Virological Evidence of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus Circulation in the Human Population of Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria.
abstract: Despite several studies on the seroprevalence of antibodies against Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever virus (CCHFV) from humans and cattle in Nigeria, detailed investigation looking at IgG and IgM have not been reported. Additionally, there have been no confirmed cases of human CCHFV infection reported from Nigeria.
  
  
  
  Samples from sera (n = 1189) collected from four Local Government Areas in Borno State (Askira/Uba, Damboa, Jere and Maiduguri) were assessed for the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies. The positivity rates for IgG and IgM were 10.6% and 3.5%, respectively. Additionally, sera from undiagnosed febrile patients (n = 380) were assessed by RT-PCR assay for the presence of CCHFV RNA. One positive sample was characterised by further by next generation sequencing (NGS) resulting in complete S, M and L segment sequences.
  
  
  
  This article provides evidence for the continued exposure of the human population of Nigeria to CCHFV. The genomic analysis provides the first published evidence of a human case of CCHFV in Nigeria and its phylogenetic context.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Bukbuk
authors.affiliation: National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stuart D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Dowall
authors.affiliation: National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kuiama
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lewandowski
authors.affiliation: National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bosworth
authors.affiliation: Animal Virus Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Saka S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.affiliation: National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anitha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Varghese
authors.affiliation: National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.affiliation: National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.affiliation: National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hewson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D002417:Cattle; D003225:Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006479:Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007075:Immunoglobulin M