title: Characterisation of food contact non-stick coatings containing TiO2nanoparticles and study of their possible release into food.
abstract: Novel nanoparticles containing non-stick coatings have been developed for food contact applications such as frying pans. Possible release of nanoparticles from such coatings into food is not known. In this paper, the characterisation of commercially available non-stick coatings was performed by use of FTIR, electron and optical microscopy, EDXS and XRD analysis. Characterisation revealed that the coatings contained micron- and nanosized rutile TiO2particles, and quartz SiO2embedded in a silicone polymer matrix. In order to estimate possible migration of TiO2nanoparticles from coatings into food, migration tests into simulants (deionised water, 3% acetic acid and 5 g l-1citric acid) were performed (2 h at 100°C), and thermal and mechanical degradation of the matrix was studied. Simulants were analysed by ICP-MS after ultrafiltration and by microwave-assisted digestion. The concentration of titanium-containing particles that migrated into simulants was up to 861 µg l-1(147 µg dm-2). Titanium was present in simulants in ionic form as well. The presence of TiO2nanoparticles in 3% acetic acid was confirmed by SEM-EDXS analysis. Thermal stability study (TG/DSC MS analysis) did not show degradation of the matrix under foreseeable conditions of use, but mechanical degradation studies (scratch and tribological testing) showed possible release (microgram quantities per punched sample) of titanium-containing nanoparticles. The matrix degradation results were confirmed by observations of the morphology of the same type of coatings actually used for food preparation. Dissolution from the surface and matrix degradation can both contribute to nanoparticles release from this type of non-stick food contact coatings.
authors.affiliation: a Environmental Health , National Institute of Public Health , Ljubljana , Slovenia.|b Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School , Ljubljana , Slovenia.
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Golja
authors.affiliation: b Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School , Ljubljana , Slovenia.|c Laboratory for Materials Chemistry , National Institute of Chemistry , Ljubljana , Slovenia.
authors.forename: Goran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dražić
authors.affiliation: d Department of Nanostructured Materials , Jožef Stefan Institute , Ljubljana , Slovenia.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lorenzetti
authors.affiliation: b Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School , Ljubljana , Slovenia.|e Department of Environmental Sciences , Jožef Stefan Institute , Ljubljana , Slovenia.
authors.forename: Janja
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vidmar
authors.affiliation: b Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School , Ljubljana , Slovenia.|e Department of Environmental Sciences , Jožef Stefan Institute , Ljubljana , Slovenia.
authors.forename: Janez
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ščančar
authors.affiliation: f Laboratory for Tribology and Interface Nanotechnology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering , University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia.
authors.forename: Maša
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zalaznik
authors.affiliation: f Laboratory for Tribology and Interface Nanotechnology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering , University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana , Slovenia.
authors.forename: Mitjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalin
authors.affiliation: b Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School , Ljubljana , Slovenia.|d Department of Nanostructured Materials , Jožef Stefan Institute , Ljubljana , Slovenia.
authors.forename: Saša
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Novak
mesh_terms: D065546:Drug Liberation; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D018857:Food Packaging; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis*; D013696:Temperature; D014025:Titanium / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Food contact; TiO2 nanoparticles; characterisation; matrix degradation; migration