title: Behavior of tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole and their corresponding resistance genes in three-dimensional biofilm-electrode reactors with low current.
abstract: Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have become major health concerns. In this study, three-dimensional biofilm-electrode reactors (3D-BERs) under low current were designed to assess their performance in removing tetracycline (TC) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) from synthetic wastewater. In addition, the fates of the corresponding ARGs in microbial communities were investigated. The mass removal ratios of TC and SMX by the 3D-BERs were 82.6-97.3% and 72.2-93.2%, respectively. There were obvious increases in the relative abundances of all target genes after ∼2 months. The tet and sul genes were significantly upregulated by high concentrations of antibiotics in the cathode layer, and higher ARG levels were evident in the cathodes than in the anodes. High-throughput sequencing identified Methylotenera, Candidatus Accumulibacter, Limnohabitans, Dechloromonas, Crenothrix, and Caldilinea as the dominant genera in the samples at the end of the experiment, after ∼8 months, and these bacteria potentially exhibited antibiotic resistance. The relative abundances and compositions of the dominant microbial populations changed throughout the course of antibiotic removal in the 3D-BERs.
authors.affiliation: a School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University , Nanjing , China.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: a School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University , Nanjing , China.
authors.forename: Hai L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: b School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing , China.
authors.forename: Xiao L
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: a School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University , Nanjing , China.
authors.forename: Xi Z
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: b School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing , China.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: b School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing , China.
authors.forename: Tong Q
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002681:China; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000382:microbiology*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole; D013752:Tetracycline; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Antibiotic; antibiotic resistance genes; high-throughput sequencing; microbial communities; three-dimensional biofilm-electrode reactor