title: Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Glenoid Bone Loss Is Equivalent to 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography Quantification: Cadaveric Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the ability of 3-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, 1.5 and 3 tesla [T]) to quantify glenoid bone loss in a cadaveric model compared with the current gold standard, 3D computed tomography (CT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Six cadaveric shoulders were used to create a bone loss model, leaving the surrounding soft tissues intact. The anteroposterior (AP) dimension of the glenoid was measured at the glenoid equator and after soft tissue layer closure the specimen underwent scanning (CT, 1.5-T MRI, and 3-T MRI) with the following methods (0%, 10%, and 25% defect by area). Raw axial data from the scans were segmented using manual mask manipulation for bone and reconstructed using Mimics software to obtain a 3D en face glenoid view. Using calibrated Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine images, the diameter of the glenoid at the equator and the area of the glenoid defect was measured on all imaging modalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In specimens with 10% or 25% defects, no difference was detected between imaging modalities when comparing the measured defect size (10% defect P = .27, 25% defect P = .73). All 3 modalities demonstrated a strong correlation with the actual defect size (CT, ρ = .97; 1.5-T MRI, ρ = .93; 3-T MRI, ρ = .92, P < .0001). When looking at the absolute difference between the actual and measured defect area, no significance was noted between imaging modalities (10% defect P = .34, 25% defect P = .47). The error of 3-T 3D MRI increased with increasing defect size (P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both 1.5- and 3-T-based 3D MRI reconstructions of glenoid bone loss correlate with measurements from 3D CT scan data and actual defect size in a cadaveric model. Regardless of imaging modality, the error in bone loss measurement tends to increase with increased defect size. Use of 3D MRI in the setting of shoulder instability could obviate the need for CT scans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The goal of our work was to develop a reproducible method of determining glenoid bone loss from 3D MRI data and hence eliminate the need for CT scans in this setting. This will lead to decreased cost of care as well as decreased radiation exposure to patients. The long-term goal is a fully automated system that is as approachable for clinicians as current 3D CT technology.
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine Division, Department of Orthopaedics, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.. Electronic address: Adam.Yanke@RushOrtho.com.
authors.forename: Adam B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Yanke
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Royal University Hospital, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
authors.forename: Jason J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Rush University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine Division, Department of Orthopaedics, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Bernard R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Bach
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine Division, Department of Orthopaedics, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Anthony A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Romeo
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine Division, Department of Orthopaedics, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine Division, Department of Orthopaedics, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Nikhil N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Verma
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010014:Osteolysis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed