title: Joint effects of nutrient addition and enemy exclusion on exotic plant success.
abstract: Worldwide, ecosystems are increasingly dominated by exotic plant species, a shift hypothesized to result from numerous ecological factors. Two of these, increased resource availability and enemy release, may act in concert to increase exotic success in plant communities (Resource-Enemy Release Hypothesis, R-ERH). To test this, we manipulated the availability of soil nutrients and access of vertebrate herbivores, insect herbivores, and fungal pathogens to intact grassland communities containing both native and exotic species. Our results supported both conditions necessary for R-ERH. First, exotics were less damaged than natives, experiencing less foliar damage (insect herbivory and fungal disease) than native species, particularly in communities where soil nutrients were added. Second, fertilization increased foliar damage on native species, but not exotic species. As well as fulfilling both conditions for R-ERH, these results demonstrate the importance of considering the effects of resource availability when testing for enemy release. When both conditions are fulfilled, R-ERH predicts that increasing resource availability will increase exotic abundance only in the presence of enemies. Our results fully supported this prediction for vertebrate herbivores: fertilization increased exotic cover only in communities exposed to vertebrate herbivores. Additionally, the prediction was partially supported for insect herbivores and fungal pathogens, excluding these enemies reduced exotic cover as predicted, but inconsistent with R-ERH, this effect occurred only in unfertilized communities. These results highlight the need to consider the influence of multiple enemy guilds on community processes like exotic plant invasions. Moreover, this study experimentally demonstrates that resource availability and natural enemies can jointly influence exotic success in plant communities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2281-3091
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Heckman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Justin P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA.|Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D005308:Fertilizers; D060434:Herbivory; D007313:Insecta; D058865:Introduced Species; D063245:Plant Development; D010944:Plants / Q000145:classification*; D012987:Soil; D014714:Vertebrates
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D012987:Soil
keywords: Nutrient Network; biological invasions; bottom-upinvasion ecology; old fields; top-down