title: Comparative Study of Green Sub- and Supercritical Processes to Obtain Carnosic Acid and Carnosol-Enriched Rosemary Extracts with in Vitro Anti-Proliferative Activity on Colon Cancer Cells.
abstract: In the present work, four green processes have been compared to evaluate their potential to obtain rosemary extracts with in vitro anti-proliferative activity against two colon cancer cell lines (HT-29 and HCT116). The processes, carried out under optimal conditions, were: (1) pressurized liquid extraction (PLE, using an hydroalcoholic mixture as solvent) at lab-scale; (2) Single-step supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) at pilot scale; (3) Intensified two-step sequential SFE at pilot scale; (4) Integrated PLE plus supercritical antisolvent fractionation (SAF) at pilot scale. Although higher extraction yields were achieved by using PLE (38.46% dry weight), this extract provided the lowest anti-proliferative activity with no observed cytotoxic effects at the assayed concentrations. On the other hand, extracts obtained using the PLE + SAF process provided the most active rosemary extracts against both colon cancer cell lines, with LC50ranging from 11.2 to 12.4 µg/mL and from 21.8 to 31.9 µg/mL for HCT116 and HT-29, respectively. In general, active rosemary extracts were characterized by containing carnosic acid (CA) and carnosol (CS) at concentrations above 263.7 and 33.9 mg/g extract, respectively. Some distinct compounds have been identified in the SAF extracts (rosmaridiphenol and safficinolide), suggesting their possible role as additional contributors to the observed strong anti-proliferative activity of CA and CS in SAF extracts.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain. andreap.sanchez@csic.es.
authors.forename: Andrea Del Pilar
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Camargo
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain. virginia.garcia@csic.es.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: García-Cañas
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain. m.herrero@csic.es.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herrero
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain. a.cifuentes@csic.es.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cifuentes
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain. elena.ibanez@csic.es.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ibáñez
mesh_terms: D045784:Abietanes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010851:Picrates / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027542:Rosmarinus / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D045784:Abietanes; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; C068623:carnosol; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; C018381:salvin
keywords: HCT116; HT-29; anti-proliferative; colon cancer cell; process intensification; rosemary; subcritical fluids; supercritical fluid extraction (SFE); supercritical fluids