title: Empathy, and its relationship with cognitive and emotional functions in alcohol dependency.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Empathy can be defined as the ability to understand the other's thoughts and feelings. It contains both cognitive and emotional components.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the empathy ability of patients with alcohol dependency in association with cognitive and emotional functions, after acute detoxification and during long-term abstinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three alcohol dependent inpatients that completed a detoxification process and stayed abstinent throughout the study, and 33 healthy comparison subjects that matched the patients for age, gender, and education level were included in the study. All the participants were administered the Facial Emotion Identification Test (FEIT), Facial Emotion Discrimination Test (FEDT), Trail Making Test (TMT), Digit Span Test (DST), Auditory Consonant Trigram Test (ACT), and Empathy Quotient Scale (EQS). All the tests were repeated after 3 months of abstinence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the first evaluation conducted after detoxification, patients performed significantly worse than healthy comparisons in almost all tests. At the second evaluation, which was conducted after 3 months of abstinence, the patients improved significantly in all measures, and no significant differences were detected between the patient and comparison groups. There were significant correlations between the test scores and EQS score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol dependency has deleterious effects on empathy ability, and cognitive and emotional functions. Those impairments can improve with abstinence. Empathy ability has strong relationships with cognitive and emotional functions.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Ataturk Education and Research Hospital , Izmir , Turkey.
authors.forename: Almila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erol
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Ataturk Education and Research Hospital , Izmir , Turkey.
authors.forename: Asusinem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akyalcin Kirdok
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Ataturk Education and Research Hospital , Izmir , Turkey.
authors.forename: Nabi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zorlu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Ataturk Education and Research Hospital , Izmir , Turkey.
authors.forename: Serap
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Polat
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , Ataturk Education and Research Hospital , Izmir , Turkey.
authors.forename: Levent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mete
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D004645:Empathy / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol dependence; alcohol abstinence; cognitive functions; emotional functions; empathy