title: Treating primary dysmenorrhoea with acupuncture: a narrative review of the relationship between acupuncture 'dose' and menstrual pain outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A number of randomised controlled trials have been performed to determine the effectiveness or efficacy of acupuncture in primary dysmenorrhoea. The objective of this review was to explore the relationship between the 'dose' of the acupuncture intervention and menstrual pain outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight databases were systematically searched for trials examining penetrating body acupuncture for primary dysmenorrhoea published in English up to September 2015. Dose components for each trial were extracted, assessed by the two authors and categorised by neurophysiological dose (number of needles, retention time and mode of stimulation), cumulative dose (total number and frequency of treatments), needle location and treatment timing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven trials were included. Components of acupuncture dose were well reported across all trials. The relationship between needle location and menstrual pain demonstrated conflicting results. Treatment before the menses appeared to produce greater reductions in pain than treatment starting at the onset of menses. A single needle during menses may provide greater pain reduction compared to multiple needles. Conversely, multiple needles before menses were superior to a single needle. Electroacupuncture may provide more rapid pain reduction compared to manual acupuncture but may not have a significantly different effect on overall menstrual pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There appear to be relationships between treatment timing and mode of needle stimulation, and menstrual pain outcomes. Needle location, number of needles used and frequency of treatment show clear dose-response relationships with menstrual pain outcomes. Current research is insufficient to make definitive clinical recommendations regarding optimum dose parameters for treating primary dysmenorrhoea.
authors.affiliation: The National Institute of Complementary Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7539-9851
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Armour
authors.affiliation: The National Institute of Complementary Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Caroline A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D015670:Acupuncture Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004412:Dysmenorrhea / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016740:Meridians; D009339:Needles; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ACUPUNCTURE; GYNAECOLOGY