title: Preparation and structural determination of four metabolites of senkyunolide I in rats using ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Senkyunolide I (SEI) is one of the most important bioactive phthalides of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Umbelliferae), a Traditional Chinese Medicine. Our previous studies suggested that it might be developed as a potential treatment for migraine.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this paper, we aimed to isolate and characterize the main metabolites of SEI after gavage feeding in rats. Their structures were identified precisely on the basis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and UPLC/Q-TOF-MS spectrometry. We also established the main metabolic pathways of SEI in rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four metabolites (M1-M4) were isolated, for the first time, from bile samples of rats by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. Their structures were determined as SEI-6S-O-β-D-glucuronide (M1), SEI-7S-O-β-D-glucuronide (M2), SEI-7S-S-glutathione (M3) and SEI-7R-S-glutathione (M4) on the basis of the molecular mass of the analytes, using ultra performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and 1D and 2D NMR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrated that glucuronide and glutathione conjugation were the major pathways of SEI metabolism in vivo, and the configuration at the 7th-position could be inverted during glutathione conjugation.
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Room 5117, No. 1200 Cai Lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Room 5117, No. 1200 Cai Lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Room 5117, No. 1200 Cai Lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yao-Kun
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Room 5117, No. 1200 Cai Lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China. fyi_shutcm@163.com.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Room 5117, No. 1200 Cai Lun Road, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China. ls7312@163.com.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000737:chemistry*; D030004:Ligusticum / Q000737:chemistry*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D015394:Molecular Structure; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; C576743:senkyunolide I
keywords: In vivo; Metabolites; NMR; Senkyunolide I; UPLC/Q-TOF-MS