title: Rapid Fermentable Substance Modulates Interactions between Ruminal Commensals and Toll-Like Receptors in Promotion of Immune Tolerance of Goat Rumen.
abstract: Whether dietary non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC), a rapid fermentable substance, affects immune homeostasis of rumen through the modulation of interactions of ruminal microbiota and epithelial toll-like receptors (TLRs) remains unclear. A combination of 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and quantitative PCRs was applied to study the synergetic responses of ruminal microbiota and epithelialTLRsto the dietary NFC switch from 15 to 31% in the goat model. The results showed that the 31% NFC diet caused the radical increases on the richness and diversity of rumen microbiota. The phylum Verrucomicrobia was most significantly expanded, whereas opportunistic pathogens, namelyRikenella,Anaeroplasma, andOlsenella, were significantly decreased. In rumen epithelium, the significantly increased expressions ofTLR1,6,10were associated with the significantly decreased expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß),IL-6, and anti-inflammatory cytokineIL-10. Constrained correlation analysis indicated that the increased abundance of commensal bacteria in Verrucomicrobia subdivision 5 contributed to the upregulation ofTLR10expression. Finally, the significantly increased concentrations of rumen short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), coupled with the significantly upregulated expressions of epithelial genes related to SCFA absorption were observed in goats fed with 31% NFC diet. Thus, the NFC-induced expansion of rumen microbiota promoted epithelium tolerance by enhancement of the intensity ofTLR10signaling. The newly established equilibrium benefited to the transport of ruminal energy substances into the blood.
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China; Bioinformatics Center, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Zhongyan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China; Bioinformatics Center, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China.
authors.forename: Zhan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics Center, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China; College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China.
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Zanming
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shen
keywords: dietary modulation; epithelium transport; immune tolerance; microbe–host interactions; rumen microbiota; toll-like receptors