title: Update on new stents and protection devices for carotid artery stenting: what we know, what we learnt recently and what we need to know.
abstract: Carotid artery stenting (CAS) is considered an alternative option to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for significant carotid stenosis, in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Comparing to CEA, CAS offers significant advantages. The most important arise from the minimally invasive nature of the procedure, which reduces the surgical complications and adds significant comfort to the patient, without compromising the efficacy. Nowadays, CAS can achieve acute and long-term outcome results comparable to CEA, maintaining low rates of periprocedural embolic events. Evolution of the stent design and routine application of protection devices, played an important role to CAS performance. In this review, we aim to present all available new data on stent design and protection devices while we pose a set of unanswered questions that need to be addressed in the future.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Ioannina University Hospital, Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece - dimitrios.nikas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dimitrios N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Nikas
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Ioannina University Hospital, Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Xenofon
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Makos
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Umemoto
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liappas
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Mirano Public Hospital, Mirano, Venice, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pacchioni
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Clinical Hospital.
authors.forename: Narek
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zakarian
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reimers
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000401:mortality; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D057505:Embolic Protection Devices; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome