title: Preliminary assessment of midazolam, fentanyl and fluanisone combination for the sedation of rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta).
abstract: This study was undertaken to assess the suitability of fentanyl/fluanisone ('Hypnorm', VetaPharma; 0.315 mg/mL of fentanyl citrate and 10 mg/mL of fluanisone) alone or combined with midazolam in rhesus macaques. Fifteen rhesus macaques requiring sedation for veterinary procedures received an intramuscular (IM) dose range of Hypnorm from 0.01 mL/kg to 0.3 mL/kg either alone or combined with 0.5 mg/kg of midazolam. To reverse the sedation, flumazenil in combination with either naloxone, buprenorphine or butorphanol was administered intravenously (IV) or IM. Rhesus macaques were successfully sedated with 0.1 mL/kg of Hypnorm and 0.5 mg/kg of midazolam, and sedation was partially reversed by the administration of flumazenil and either naloxone or buprenorphine. However the primates remained slightly sedated and were only released into their home cage several hours post recovery. Butorphanol failed to induce recovery and caused marked respiratory depression. The neuroleptanalgesic combination, Hypnorm and midazolam, effectively immobilized rhesus macaques and was reversible with a combination of flumazenil and either naloxone or buprenorphine.
authors.affiliation: 1 Comparative Biology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.|2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
authors.forename: Henri G M J
authors.initials: HGMJ
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Companion Animals and Equids, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
authors.forename: Charlotte F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Sandersen
authors.affiliation: 1 Comparative Biology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.|4 Institute of Neurosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Flecknell
mesh_terms: D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000818:Animals; D002090:Butyrophenones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000502:physiology; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002090:Butyrophenones; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; C005014:fluanisone; D008874:Midazolam; D005283:Fentanyl
keywords: Hypnorm; neuroleptanalgesia; primate; sedation