title: Characterization of antibiotic resistance genes in representative organic solid wastes: Food waste-recycling wastewater, manure, and sewage sludge.
abstract: In this research, the distribution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) was characterized in representative organic solid waste (OSW) in Korea: food waste-recycling wastewater (FRW), manure, and sewage sludge. The amounts of total ARG (gene copies/16S rRNA gene copies) was greatest in manure followed by sewage sludge and FRW. Interestingly, there were significantly different patterns in the diversity and mechanisms of ARGs. For example, a significant proportion of ARGs were tetracycline resistant genes in all the OSW (40.4-78.2%). β-lactam antibiotics resistant genes were higher in the FRW samples than in other types of OSW but sulfonamides resistant genes represented the greatest proportion in sludge. Regarding the characteristics of antibiotic resistance mechanisms, there was a relatively higher proportion of the ribosomal protection mechanism to tetracycline observed in the FRW and manure samples. However, tetracycline resistant genes with direct interaction were relatively higher in the sewage sludge samples. sul1 was the dominant subtype in all the OSW types and detection of ermB was observed although there was no ermC detected in sewage sludge. There were significant correlations between the occurrences of ARG subtypes: tetB and tetG in all OSW (P<0.01); tetE and tetQ only in sludge (P<0.01). The Class 1 integron-integrase gene (intI1) was significantly correlated with total ARGs only in manure and sludge (P<0.05), revealing potential horizontal gene transfer in these OSW.
authors.affiliation: School of Earth Science and Environmental Engineering, Gwang-ju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwang-ju 61005, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jangwoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Gu
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: School of Earth Science and Environmental Engineering, Gwang-ju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwang-ju 61005, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: School of Earth Science and Environmental Engineering, Gwang-ju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwang-ju 61005, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Beom
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77, Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Joonyeob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Earth Science and Environmental Engineering, Gwang-ju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 123, Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwang-ju 61005, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: youngmo@gist.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Young Mo
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019649:Food Industry; D007220:Industrial Waste; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Antibiotic resistance gene (ARG); Food waste-recycling wastewater (FRW); Manure; Organic solid waste (OSW); Sewage sludge