title: Implications of analgesics use in osteoporotic-related pain treatment: focus on opioids.
abstract: Bone loss is asymptomatic and will progress without pain and other symptoms until the occurrence of a fracture. The occurrence of a breaking bone induce acute pain determined and supported by a mechanical, inflammatory and neuropathic component. Very often the acute component evolves in a chronic musculoskeletal component. Overall objectives of the analgesic therapy can be summarized in pain relief, improving sleep, improve mobility, reduce anxiety, emotional component and depression. Osteoporosis is predominantly a condition of the elderly, more likely to have coexisting cardiovascular disease and age-related decline in renal function, receiving treatment for one or more comorbid conditions, taking multiple medications. Analgesic treatment with NSAIDs has negative effects on skeletal health and healing of the injured skeleton and increase risk of adverse events especially in older patients. Despite all opioids therapy represents a mainstay in the treatment of patients with moderate to severe pain, it can induce an endocrinopathy, which may affect bone metabolism. The negative effects of opioids on hormonal axis are not the same for all molecule and the choice of drug can be crucial in the treatment of patients with chronic pain.
authors.affiliation: Palliative Care and Pain Therapy Unit, University Hospital of Careggi, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vellucci
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Anesthesiology, Intensive care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, "Polo Pontino", "Sapienza" University of Rome, Latina, Italy.
authors.forename: Consalvo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mattia
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Unit of Anesthesiology, Intensive care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, "Polo Pontino", "Sapienza" University of Rome, Latina, Italy.
authors.forename: Ludovica
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Celidonio
authors.affiliation: Palliative Care and Pain Therapy Unit, University Hospital of Careggi, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Rocco Domenico
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Mediati
keywords: chronic pain; opioids; osteoporosis; osteoporosis fractures; osteoporotic pain; pain; pain treatment