title: Prostate cancer diagnostics: Clinical challenges and the ongoing need for disruptive and effective diagnostic tools.
abstract: The increased incidence and the significant health burden associated with carcinoma of the prostate have led to substantial changes in its diagnosis over the past century. Despite technological advancements, the management of prostate cancer has become progressively more complex and controversial for both early and late-stage disease. The limitations and potential harms associated with the use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a diagnostic marker have stimulated significant investigation of numerous novel biomarkers that demonstrate varying capacities to detect prostate cancer and can decrease unnecessary biopsies. However, only a few of these markers have been approved for specific clinical settings while the others have not been adequately validated for use. This review systematically and critically assesses ongoing issues and emerging challenges in the current state of prostate cancer diagnostic tools and the need for disruptive next generation tools based on analysis of combinations of these biomarkers to enhance predictive accuracy which will benefit clinical diagnostics and patient welfare.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Diagnostics Institute (BDI), Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
authors.forename: Shikha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Diagnostics Institute (BDI), Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland; School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zapatero-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Diagnostics Institute (BDI), Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland; School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland. Electronic address: richard.okennedy@dcu.ie.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: O'Kennedy
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D001706:Biopsy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: Biomarkers; Commercialised prostate cancer diagnostic tests; Multiplexing; Point-of-care devices; Prostate carcinoma; Prostate specific antigen history