title: Longitudinal study of pesticide residue levels in human milk from Western Australia during 12 months of lactation: Exposure assessment for infants.
abstract: The presence of pesticides in human milk (HM) is of great concern due to the potential health effects for the breastfed infant. To determine the relationships between HM pesticides and infant growth and development, a longitudinal study was conducted. HM samples (n = 99) from 16 mothers were collected at 2, 5, 9 and 12 months of lactation. A validated QuEChERS method and Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) were used for the analysis of 88 pesticides in HM. Only p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT and β-HCH were detected with a mean concentration (±SD) of 52.25 ± 49.88 ng/g fat, 27.67 ± 20.96 ng/g fat and 48.00 ± 22.46 ng/g fat respectively. The concentrations of the detected pesticides decreased significantly throughout the first year of lactation. No significant relationships between HM p,p'-DDE and infant growth outcomes: weight, length, head circumference and percentage fat mass were detected. The actual daily intake (ADI) of total DDTs in this cohort was 14-1000 times lower than the threshold reference and significantly lower than the estimated daily intake (EDI). Further, the ADI decreased significantly throughout the first 12 months of lactation.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Zoya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gridneva
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Melvin C L
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Gay
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Ching T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Separation Science Laboratory, Research and Development, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.|Metabolomics Australia, Murdoch University Node, 90 South St, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Trengove
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Donna T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Geddes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003634:DDT / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014904:Western Australia
chemical_list: D010573:Pesticide Residues; D003633:Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane; D003634:DDT; C023888:beta-hexachlorocyclohexane