title: Immune Responses to Influenza Virus and Its Correlation to Age and Inherited Factors.
abstract: Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae of enveloped viruses and are an important cause of respiratory infections worldwide. The influenza virus is able to infect a wide variety species as diverse as poultry, marine, pigs, horses, and humans. Upon infection with influenza virus the innate immunity plays a critical role in efficient and rapid control of viral infections as well as in adaptive immunity initiation. The humoral immune system produces antibodies against different influenza antigens, of which the HA-specific antibody is the most important for neutralization of the virus and thus prevention of illness. Cell mediated immunity including CD4+helper T cells and CD8+cytotoxic T cells are the other arms of adaptive immunity induced upon influenza virus infection. The complex inherited factors and age related changes are associated with the host immune responses. Here, we review the different components of immune responses against influenza virus. Additionally, the correlation of the immune response to age and inherited factors has been discussed. These determinations lead to a better understanding of the limitations of immune responses for developing improved vaccines to control influenza virus infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Azadeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bahadoran
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sau H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, MARA University of Technology Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Seok M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Emergency Medicine, University Malaya Medical Centre Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Rishya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manikam
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Jayakumar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rajarajeswaran
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Chandramathi S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Raju
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Shamala D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Sekaran
keywords: T cells; age associated factors; antibodies; immune responses; influenza virus; inherited factors