title: Acoustic Measures of Voice and Physiologic Measures of Autonomic Arousal during Speech as a Function of Cognitive Load.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to determine the relationship among cognitive load condition and measures of autonomic arousal and voice production in healthy adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study design was conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen healthy young adults (eight men, eight women) produced a sentence containing an embedded Stroop task in each of two cognitive load conditions: congruent and incongruent. In both conditions, participants said the font color of the color words instead of the word text. In the incongruent condition, font color differed from the word text, creating an increase in cognitive load relative to the congruent condition in which font color and word text matched. Three physiologic measures of autonomic arousal (pulse volume amplitude, pulse period, and skin conductance response amplitude) and four acoustic measures of voice (sound pressure level, fundamental frequency, cepstral peak prominence, and low-to-high spectral energy ratio) were analyzed for eight sentence productions in each cognitive load condition per participant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A logistic regression model was constructed to predict the cognitive load condition (congruent or incongruent) using subject as a categorical predictor and the three autonomic measures and four acoustic measures as continuous predictors. It revealed that skin conductance response amplitude, cepstral peak prominence, and low-to-high spectral energy ratio were significantly associated with cognitive load condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During speech produced under increased cognitive load, healthy young adults show changes in physiologic markers of heightened autonomic arousal and acoustic measures of voice quality. Future work is necessary to examine these measures in older adults and individuals with voice disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Science and Disorders, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. Electronic address: mmacpherson@fsu.edu.
authors.forename: Megan K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: MacPherson
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Defne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abur
authors.affiliation: Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Cara E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Stepp
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D014831:Voice; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Autonomic arousal; Autonomic nervous system; Cepstral; Spectral