title: Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing and Sequencing Combined with Acid-Fast Staining in Needle Biopsy Lung Tissues for the Diagnosis of Smear-Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is common and difficult to diagnose. In this study, we investigated the diagnostic value of nucleic acid amplification testing and sequencing combined with acid-fast bacteria (AFB) staining of needle biopsy lung tissues for patients with suspected smear-negative PTB.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with suspected smear-negative PTB who underwent percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy between May 1, 2012, and June 30, 2015, were enrolled in this retrospective study. Patients with AFB in sputum smears were excluded. All lung biopsy specimens were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin, and subjected to acid-fast staining and tuberculous polymerase chain reaction (TB-PCR). For patients with positive AFB and negative TB-PCR results in lung tissues, probe assays and 16S rRNA sequencing were used for identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy of PCR and AFB staining were calculated separately and in combination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 220 eligible patients, 133 were diagnosed with TB (men/women: 76/57; age range: 17-80 years, confirmed TB: 9, probable TB: 124). Forty-eight patients who were diagnosed with other specific diseases were assigned as negative controls, and 39 patients with indeterminate final diagnosis were excluded from statistical analysis. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of histological AFB (HAFB) for the diagnosis of smear-negative were 61.7% (82/133), 100% (48/48), 100% (82/82), 48.5% (48/181), and 71.8% (130/181), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of histological PCR were 89.5% (119/133), 95.8% (46/48), 98.3% (119/121), and 76.7% (46/60), respectively, demonstrating that histological PCR had significantly higher accuracy (91.2% [165/181]) than histological acid-fast staining (71.8% [130/181]), P < 0.001. Parallel testing of histological AFB staining and PCR showed the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy to be 94.0% (125/133), 95.8% (46/48), 98.4% (125/127), 85.2% (46/54), and 94.5% (171/181), respectively. Among patients with positive AFB and negative PCR results in lung tissue specimens, two were diagnosed with NTM infections (Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex and Mycobacterium kansasii).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nucleic acid amplification testing combined with acid-fast staining in lung biopsy tissues can lead to early and accurate diagnosis in patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis. For patients with positive histological AFB and negative tuberculous PCR results in lung tissue, NTM infection should be suspected and could be identified by specific probe assays or 16S rRNA sequencing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Medical School and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Faming
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Medical School and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Medical School and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Medical School and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Panwen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Medical School and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Xuerong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Medical School and West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Zongan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019909:Mycobacterium kansasii / Q000235:genetics; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics*; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S