title: 100-million-year-old conifer tissues from the mid-Cretaceous amber of Charente (western France) revealed by synchrotron microtomography.
abstract: Terrestrial plant remains in fossilized tree resin are relatively common. However, histology and preservation of plants entombed in Cretaceous ambers remain poorly known. We report an exquisitely preserved conifer leafy axis from 100-million-year-old opaque amber of western France that is assignable to Glenrosa carentonensis Moreau, Néraudeau, Tafforeau & Dépré. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the taphonomy and the use of microtomography for studies of palaeobotanical remains in amber.
  
  
  
  A leafy axis was examined using propagation phase-contrast X-ray synchrotron microtomography with voxel sizes of 14·9, 1·4, and 0·7 μm.
  
  
  
  The conifer leafy axis described is preserved in three dimensions. Despite desiccation of the specimen within the surrounding amber, the cuticle, as well as most of inner tissues, is preserved in three dimensions down to the cellular level. Epidermis, palisade parenchyma, spongy parenchyma, transfusion tracheids and vascular bundles are clearly distinguished.
  
  
  
  Gross morphology and histology of the specimen were revealed using synchrotron microtomography, allowing an unprecedented resolution for the study of soft-bodied plants entombed in amber. The study reveals a peculiar combination of authigenic and duripartic preservation as well as permineralization, and highlights the complexity of taphonomic processes that can occur in amber inclusions. This fossil demonstrates the difficulty of studying amber-preserved plant remains under certain conditions.
authors.affiliation: CNRS UMR 6118 Géosciences Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu bât. 15, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France jean.david.moreau@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jean-David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Moreau
authors.affiliation: CNRS UMR 6118 Géosciences Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu bât. 15, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Néraudeau
authors.affiliation: CNRS UMR 6118 Géosciences Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu bât. 15, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Perrichot
authors.affiliation: European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tafforeau
mesh_terms: D018647:Amber; D055032:Electron Microscope Tomography; D005580:Fossils / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D005602:France; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017356:Synchrotrons; D064028:Tracheophyta / Q000648:ultrastructure*
chemical_list: D018647:Amber
keywords: Amber; Cretaceous; France; Glenrosa carentonensis; X-ray synchrotron microtomography; conifers; histology