title: Genome-wide analyses for personality traits identify six genomic loci and show correlations with psychiatric disorders.
abstract: Personality is influenced by genetic and environmental factors and associated with mental health. However, the underlying genetic determinants are largely unknown. We identified six genetic loci, including five novel loci, significantly associated with personality traits in a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (N = 123,132-260,861). Of these genome-wide significant loci, extraversion was associated with variants in WSCD2 and near PCDH15, and neuroticism with variants on chromosome 8p23.1 and in L3MBTL2. We performed a principal component analysis to extract major dimensions underlying genetic variations among five personality traits and six psychiatric disorders (N = 5,422-18,759). The first genetic dimension separated personality traits and psychiatric disorders, except that neuroticism and openness to experience were clustered with the disorders. High genetic correlations were found between extraversion and attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and between openness and schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The second genetic dimension was closely aligned with extraversion-introversion and grouped neuroticism with internalizing psychopathology (e.g., depression or anxiety).
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Min-Tzu
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hinds
authors.affiliation: 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California, USA.
authors.forename: Joyce Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Tung
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Franz
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.|Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Chun-Chieh
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.|NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Yunpeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Olav B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Smeland
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.|Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schork
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.|Department of Radiation Sciences, Umea University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karolina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kauppi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Nilotpal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sanyal
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Escott-Price
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7073-2379
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Donovan
authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Hreinn
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stefansson
authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Gyda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bjornsdottir
authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Thorgeir E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Thorgeirsson
authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stefansson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Linda K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: McEvoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.|Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Anders M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.affiliation: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ole A
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4461-3568
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Andreassen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Chi-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D056426:Genetic Loci / Q000235:genetics*; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D008875:Middle Aged; D010551:Personality / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers