title: Stretchable multichannel antennas in soft wireless optoelectronic implants for optogenetics.
abstract: Optogenetic methods to modulate cells and signaling pathways via targeted expression and activation of light-sensitive proteins have greatly accelerated the process of mapping complex neural circuits and defining their roles in physiological and pathological contexts. Recently demonstrated technologies based on injectable, microscale inorganic light-emitting diodes (μ-ILEDs) with wireless control and power delivery strategies offer important functionality in such experiments, by eliminating the external tethers associated with traditional fiber optic approaches. Existing wireless μ-ILED embodiments allow, however, illumination only at a single targeted region of the brain with a single optical wavelength and over spatial ranges of operation that are constrained by the radio frequency power transmission hardware. Here we report stretchable, multiresonance antennas and battery-free schemes for multichannel wireless operation of independently addressable, multicolor μ-ILEDs with fully implantable, miniaturized platforms. This advance, as demonstrated through in vitro and in vivo studies using thin, mechanically soft systems that separately control as many as three different μ-ILEDs, relies on specially designed stretchable antennas in which parallel capacitive coupling circuits yield several independent, well-separated operating frequencies, as verified through experimental and modeling results. When used in combination with active motion-tracking antenna arrays, these devices enable multichannel optogenetic research on complex behavioral responses in groups of animals over large areas at low levels of radio frequency power (<1 W). Studies of the regions of the brain that are involved in sleep arousal (locus coeruleus) and preference/aversion (nucleus accumbens) demonstrate the unique capabilities of these technologies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843.|Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.|Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.
authors.forename: Sung Il
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.|Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.
authors.forename: Gunchul
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130.|Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130.
authors.forename: Jordan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: McCall
authors.affiliation: Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130.|Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130.
authors.forename: Ream
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Al-Hasani
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130.|Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130.
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Brenner
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.|Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.
authors.forename: Kyung Nim
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Noh
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.|Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.
authors.forename: Sang Yun
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Bang
authors.affiliation: Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130.|Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130.
authors.forename: Dionnet L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bhatti
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.|Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.
authors.forename: Kyung-In
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.|Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.
authors.forename: Seung-Kyun
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130.|Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130.
authors.forename: Aaron D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Mickle
authors.affiliation: School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dussor
authors.affiliation: School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080.
authors.forename: Theodore J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Price
authors.affiliation: Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130.|Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130.|Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Gereau
authors.affiliation: Washington University Pain Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130; jrogers@illinois.edu bruchasm@wustl.edu.|Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130.|Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63130.|Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bruchas
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; jrogers@illinois.edu bruchasm@wustl.edu.|Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D059331:Adrenergic Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D004867:Equipment Design; D008125:Locus Coeruleus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D062308:Optogenetics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012201:Reward; D059015:Wireless Technology / Q000295:instrumentation
keywords: antenna; deep brain stimulation; stretchable electronics; wireless optogenetics; wireless power transmission