title: Men's preferences for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a discrete choice experiment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore and quantify men's preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for attributes of medications for lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia using a discrete choice experiment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men in the UK aged ≥45 years with moderate-to-severe lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hyperplasia (based on self-reported International Prostate Symptom Score ≥8) were recruited. An online discrete choice experiment survey was administered. Eligible men were asked to consider different medication scenarios and select their preferred medication according to seven attributes: daytime and nighttime (nocturia) urinary frequency, urinary urgency, sexual and nonsexual side effects, number of tablets/day, and cost/month. A mixed-logit model was used to estimate preferences and WTP for medication attributes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 247 men completed the survey. Men were willing to trade-off symptom improvements and treatment side effects. Men preferred medications that reduced urinary urgency and reduced day- and nighttime urinary frequency. Men preferred medications without side effects (base-case level), but did not care about the number of tablets per day. WTP for symptomatic improvement was £25.33/month for reduced urgency (urge incontinence to mild urgency), and £6.65/month and £1.39/month for each unit reduction in night- and daytime urination frequency, respectively. The sexual and nonsexual side effects reduced WTP by up to £30.07/month. There was significant heterogeneity in preferences for most attributes, except for reduced urinary urgency from urge incontinence to mild urgency and no fluid during ejaculation (dry orgasm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To compensate for side effects, a medicine for lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hyperplasia must provide a combination of benefits, such as reduced urgency of urination plus reduced nighttime and/or reduced daytime urination.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Astellas Pharma Europe Ltd., Chertsey.
authors.forename: Colette
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mankowski
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: Divine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ikenwilo
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heidenreich
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: Mandy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Astellas Pharma Europe Ltd., Chertsey.
authors.forename: Jameel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nazir
authors.affiliation: Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Astellas Pharma Europe Ltd., Chertsey.
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: Verity
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Watson
keywords: benign prostatic hyperplasia; discrete choice experiment; erectile dysfunction; lower urinary tract symptoms; storage symptoms; urge incontinence