title: Node Deployment with k-Connectivity in Sensor Networks for Crop Information Full Coverage Monitoring.
abstract: Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are suitable for the continuous monitoring of crop information in large-scale farmland. The information obtained is great for regulation of crop growth and achieving high yields in precision agriculture (PA). In order to realize full coverage andk-connectivity WSN deployment for monitoring crop growth information of farmland on a large scale and to ensure the accuracy of the monitored data, a new WSN deployment method using a genetic algorithm (GA) is here proposed. The fitness function of GA was constructed based on the following WSN deployment criteria: (1) nodes must be located in the corresponding plots; (2) WSN must havek-connectivity; (3) WSN must have no communication silos; (4) the minimum distance between node and plot boundary must be greater than a specific value to prevent each node from being affected by the farmland edge effect. The deployment experiments were performed on natural farmland and on irregular farmland divided based on spatial differences of soil nutrients. Results showed that both WSNs gave full coverage, there were no communication silos, and the minimum connectivity of nodes was equal tok. The deployment was tested for different values ofkand transmission distance (d) to the node. The results showed that, whendwas set to 200 m, askincreased from 2 to 4 the minimum connectivity of nodes increases and is equal tok. Whenkwas set to 2, the average connectivity of all nodes increased in a linear manner with the increase ofdfrom 140 m to 250 m, and the minimum connectivity does not change.
authors.affiliation: National Engineering and Technology Center for Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China. boomzip@163.com.|Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China. boomzip@163.com.
authors.forename: Naisen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: National Engineering and Technology Center for Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China. caow@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Weixing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: National Engineering and Technology Center for Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China. yanzhu@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization of National Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China. zhangjc9@163.com.
authors.forename: Jingchao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering and Technology Center for Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China. pangfangrong@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Fangrong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering and Technology Center for Agriculture, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for the Technology and Application of Internet of Things, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China. nijun@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ni
keywords: communications silos; crop information; farmland scale; full coverage; genetic algorithm; k-connectivity; node deployment