title: Operational Assessment of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets by Using an Anopheles Salivary Biomarker of Human-Vector Contact.
abstract: The widespread implementation of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) is a major intervention method for malaria control. Although the LLINs coverage increases, information available on the physical integrity (PI) of implemented LLINs is incomplete. This study aimed to validate human IgG antibody (Ab) response to Anopheles gSG6-P1 salivary peptide antigen, previously demonstrated as a pertinent biomarker of human exposure to Anopheles bites, for evaluating the PI of LLINs in field conditions. We analyzed data from 262 randomly selected children (< 5 years of age) in health districts of Benin. Anti-gSG6-P1 IgG responses were assessed and compared with the PI of LLINs that these same children slept under, and evaluated by the hole index (HI). Specific IgG levels were positively correlated to LLINs HI (r = 0.342; P < 0.0001). According to antipeptide IgG level (i.e., intensity of vector exposure), two categories of LLINs PI were defined: 1) group "HI: [0, 100]" corresponding to LLINs with "good" PI and 2) "HI > 100" corresponding to LLINs with "bad" PI. These results suggest that human Ab response to salivary peptide could be a complementary tool to help defining a standardized threshold of efficacy for LLINs under field use.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Bénin.|UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Universités Montpellier Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Cotonou, Bénin.
authors.forename: Mahoutin H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Noukpo
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Bénin.|UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Universités Montpellier Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Cotonou, Bénin.
authors.forename: Georgia B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Damien
authors.affiliation: UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Universités Montpellier Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Cotonou, Bénin.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Elanga-N'Dille
authors.affiliation: Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut Nationale de la Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.
authors.forename: André B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Sagna
authors.affiliation: UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Universités Montpellier Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Cotonou, Bénin.
authors.forename: Papa M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Drame
authors.affiliation: Programme National de Lutte Contre le Paludisme (PNLP), Ministère de la Santé, Cotonou, Bénin.
authors.forename: Evelyne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chaffa
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Bénin.|UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Universités Montpellier Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Cotonou, Bénin.
authors.forename: Olayidé
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Boussari
authors.affiliation: UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Universités Montpellier Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Cotonou, Bénin.|Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Corbel
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Bénin.|Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d'Abomey Calavi (UAC), Abomey, Bénin.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akogbéto
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Bénin. franck.remoue@ird.fr.|UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Universités Montpellier Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Cotonou, Bénin.|Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut Nationale de la Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Remoue
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D001541:Benin / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000737:chemistry*; D057148:Insecticide-Treated Bednets; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007074:Immunoglobulin G