title: Mutagenic Azo Dyes, Rather Than Flame Retardants, Are the Predominant Brominated Compounds in House Dust.
abstract: Characterization of toxicological profiles by use of traditional targeted strategies might underestimate the risk of environmental mixtures. Unbiased identification of prioritized compounds provides a promising strategy for meeting regulatory needs. In this study, untargeted screening of brominated compounds in house dust was conducted using a data-independent precursor isolation and characteristic fragment (DIPIC-Frag) approach, which used data-independent acquisition (DIA) and a chemometric strategy to detect peaks and align precursor ions. A total of 1008 brominated compound peaks were identified in 23 house dust samples. Precursor ions and formulas were identified for 738 (73%) of the brominated compounds. A correlation matrix was used to cluster brominated compounds; three large groups were found for the 140 high-abundance brominated compounds, and only 24 (17%) of these compounds were previously known flame retardants. The predominant class of unknown brominated compounds was predicted to consist of nitrogen-containing compounds. Following further validation by authentic standards, these compounds (56%) were determined to be novel brominated azo dyes. The mutagenicity of one major component was investigated, and mutagenicity was observed at environmentally relevant concentrations. Results of this study demonstrated the existence of numerous unknown brominated compounds in house dust, with mutagenic azo dyes unexpectedly being identified as the predominant compounds.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada.
authors.forename: David M V
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada.
authors.forename: Jianxian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada.|School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan , 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C8, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Chris K C
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hongling
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada.|State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, People's Republic of China.|Center for Integrative Toxicology, Zoology Department, Michigan State University , 1129 Farm Lane Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.|School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.|Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B3.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Giesy
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds; D004391:Dust; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D009153:Mutagens
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D004391:Dust; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D009153:Mutagens