title: Anorectal manometry: Should it be performed in a seated position?
abstract: Anorectal manometry (ARM) is typically preformed in a lateral position. This non-physiological testing position has produced an unexpected negative rectoanal pressure gradient (RAPG, i.e. difference between rectal and anal pressure) with normal defecation. This study was designed (i) to study differences in ARM parameters between water-perfused and solid-state sensors and between lateral and seated positions and (ii) to investigate the roles of ARM parameters in predicting balloon expulsion.
  
  
  
  ARM was performed in 18 healthy volunteers (HV) and 60 patients with functional constipation (FC) under three randomized conditions: water-perfused in lateral position, solid-state in lateral position, and solid-state in seated position, followed by a balloon expulsion test in seated position.
  
  
  
  i) Under the same lateral position, solid-state sensors produced higher rectal resting pressure and RAPG than water-perfused sensors. ii) Using the solid-state sensors, ARM in the seated position revealed higher resting rectal pressure (34.9 vs 10.9 mmHg in HV, 30.9 vs 10.6 mmHg in FC, both P<.001) and higher RAPG (22.6 vs -6.2 mmHg in HV, 17.1 vs -8.1 mmHg in FC, both P<.001) than the lateral position. iii) When ARM was performed using solid-state sensors in seated position, RAPG was predictive of balloon expulsion; using 10 mmHg as a threshold, RAPG could predict balloon expulsion with specificity of 82% and sensitivity 77%.
  
  
  
  ARM performed in a seated position using solid-state sensors seems more accurate in assessing rectal pressure, and the RAPG measured under these conditions is predictive of balloon expulsion in FC patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.|Division of Gastroenterology, Wuxi No.2 Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China.|Ningbo Pace Translational Medical Research Center, Ningbo, China.
authors.forename: G-J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Ningbo Yinzhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, China.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Pasricha
authors.affiliation: Ningbo Pace Translational Medical Research Center, Ningbo, China.|Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: J D Z
authors.initials: JDZ
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000502:physiology*; D003248:Constipation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011187:Posture; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012007:Rectum / Q000502:physiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: anorectal manometry; anorectal motility; balloon expulsion test; functional constipation; rectoanal pressure gradient