title: Co-infections with liver fluke and Helicobacter species: A paradigm change in pathogenesis of opisthorchiasis and cholangiocarcinoma?
abstract: Infection with the fish-borne liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a Group 1 carcinogen: definitely carcinogenic in humans. Cofactors likely contribute to bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma) caused by this infection. Here we review recent findings that address the role of liver fluke associated H. pylori in hepatobiliary disease and malignancy. We hypothesize that co-infection by O. viverrini and the bacillus Helicobacter pylori is central of liver fluke infection associated cholangiocarcinoma.
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand. Electronic address: banchob@kku.ac.th.
authors.forename: Banchob
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sripa
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Control of Opisthorchiasis (Southeast Asian Liver Fluke Disease), Tropical Disease Research Center, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
authors.forename: Raksawan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deenonpoe
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Brindley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D060085:Coinfection / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000382:microbiology; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009889:Opisthorchiasis / Q000469:parasitology*; D009891:Opisthorchis / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Cholangiocarcinoma; Co-infection; Helicobacter spp.; Hepatobiliary diseases; Liver fluke; Opisthorchis viverrini; Pathogenesis