title: Geometric morphometric analysis of craniofacial growth between the ages of 12 and 14 in normal humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is great variation of growth among individuals. The question whether patients with different skeletal discrepancies grow differently is biologically interesting but also important in designing clinical trials. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether growth direction depends on the initial craniofacial pattern.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 350 lateral cephalograms of 175 subjects (91 females and 84 males) followed during normal growth without any orthodontic treatment. The examined ages were 12 (T1) and 14 (T2) years. The cephalograms were obtained from the American Association of Orthodontists Foundation (AAOF) Craniofacial Growth Legacy Collection (Burlington, Fels, Iowa, and Oregon growth studies). We digitally traced 15 curves on each cephalogram, comprehensively covering the craniofacial skeleton, and located 127 points on the curves, 117 of which were sliding semilandmarks and 10 fixed. Procrustes alignment, principal component analysis and two-block partial least squares analysis were performed, after sliding the semilandmarks to minimize bending energy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first 10 principal components (PCs) described approximately 71 per cent of the total shape variance. PC1 was related to shape variance in the vertical direction (low/high angle skeletal pattern) and PC2 was mainly related to shape variance in the anteroposterior direction (Class II/Class III pattern). PC3 was mainly related to the shape variance of the mandibular angle. All subjects shared a similar growth trajectory in shape space. We did not find any correlation between the initial shape and the magnitude of shape change between T1 and T2, but males showed a greater shape change than females. The direction of shape change was moderately correlated to the initial shape (RV coefficient: 0.14, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The initial shape of the craniofacial complex covaried weakly with the direction of shape change during growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katsadouris
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Demetrios J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Halazonetis
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development; D008445:Maxillofacial Development / Q000502:physiology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011859:Radiography; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development*