title: Transcatheter Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Extremely Premature Newborns: Early Results and Midterm Follow-Up.
abstract: The goal of this study was to describe early and midterm outcomes of extremely premature newborns (EPNs) who underwent transcatheter echocardiographically guided patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) closure.
  
  
  
  Surgical ligation of PDA in EPNs confers significant risk for procedural morbidity and adverse long-term outcomes.
  
  
  
  The Amplatzer Vascular Plug II was used in all cases. Post-ligation syndrome was defined using previously published parameters. Patients were followed at pre-specified intervals, and prospectively collected data were reviewed.
  
  
  
  Transcatheter closure was attempted in 24 EPNs (mean procedural age 30 days [range 5 to 80 days], mean procedural weight 1,249 g [range 755 to 2,380 g]) and was successful in 88%. The 3 procedural failures were related to the development of left pulmonary artery (LPA) stenosis caused by the device, and all devices were removed uneventfully. Complications included 2 instances of device malposition, resolved with device repositioning, and 1 instance of LPA stenosis, requiring an LPA stent. There were no procedural deaths, cases of post-ligation syndrome, residual PDA, or device embolization. Survival to discharge was 96% (23 of 24), with a single late death unrelated to the procedure. After a median follow-up period of 11.1 months, all patients were alive and well, with no residual PDA or evidence of LPA or aortic coarctation.
  
  
  
  This newly described technique can be performed safely with a high success rate and minimal procedural morbidity in EPNs. Early and midterm follow-up is encouraging. Future efforts should be directed toward developing specific devices for this unique application.
authors.affiliation: The Guerin Family Congenital Heart Program, The Heart Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. Electronic address: evan.zahn@cshs.org.
authors.forename: Evan M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Zahn
authors.affiliation: The Guerin Family Congenital Heart Program, The Heart Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peck
authors.affiliation: The Guerin Family Congenital Heart Program, The Heart Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Alistair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: The Guerin Family Congenital Heart Program, The Heart Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nevin
authors.affiliation: The Guerin Family Congenital Heart Program, The Heart Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Kaylan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Basaker
authors.affiliation: The Guerin Family Congenital Heart Program, The Heart Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.affiliation: The Guerin Family Congenital Heart Program, The Heart Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Marion E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: McRae
authors.affiliation: The Guerin Family Congenital Heart Program, The Heart Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Early
authors.affiliation: The Guerin Family Congenital Heart Program, The Heart Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Ruchira
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garg
mesh_terms: D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000401:mortality; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D018619:Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D062071:Infant, Extremely Premature; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: device occlusion; patent ductus arteriosus; premature newborn