title: The association of cognitive impairment with gray matter atrophy and cortical lesion load in clinically isolated syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple sclerosis can impair cognition from the early stages and has been shown to be associated with gray matter damage in addition to white matter pathology.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the profile of cognitive impairment in clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), and the contribution of cortical inflammation, cortical and deep gray matter atrophy, and white matter lesions to cognitive decline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients with clinically isolated syndrome and twenty demographically- matched healthy controls underwent neuropsychologic assessment through the Rao Brief Repeatable Battery, and brain magnetic resonance imaging with double inversion recovery using a 3T scanner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with clinically isolated syndrome performed significantly worse than healthy controls on tests that evaluated verbal memory, visuospatial learning and memory, and verbal fluency. Significant deep gray matter atrophy was found in the patients but cortical volume was not lower than the controls. Visual memory tests correlated with the volume of the hippocampus, cerebral white matter and deep gray matter structures and with cerebellar cortical atrophy. Cortical or white matter lesion load did not affect cognitive test results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our patients with CIS, it was shown that cognitive impairment was mainly related to cerebral white matter, cerebellar cortical and deep gray matter atrophy, but not with cortical inflammation, at least in the early stage of disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus. Electronic address: sevdaomrumdiker@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sevda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Diker
authors.affiliation: Bilkent University, National Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: arzuceylanhas@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Arzu Ceylan
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Has
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: maslituncer@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Aslı
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurne
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: gocmentr@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Rahşan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Göçmen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: karlioguz@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Kader Karlı
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Oğuz
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: rkbudak@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karabudak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001284:Atrophy; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003711:Demyelinating Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009929:Organ Size; D013067:Speech Perception; D014796:Visual Perception; D066127:White Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Clinically isolated syndrome; Cognitive functions; Cortical lesion; Gray matter; Multiple sclerosis