title: Effect of rhizobacterial consortia from undisturbed arid- and agro-ecosystems on wheat growth under different conditions.
abstract: Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are studied as complements/alternatives to chemical fertilizers used in agriculture. However, poor information exists on the potential of PGPR from undisturbed ecosystems. Here, we have evaluated the plant growth-promoting (PGP) effect of rhizobacterial consortia from undisturbed Chilean arid ecosystems (Consortium C1) and agro-ecosystems (Consortium C2) on plant biomass production. The PGP effects of C1 and C2 were assayed in wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in pots under growth chamber conditions and in pots placed in an open greenhouse under natural conditions, using two different Chilean Andisols (Piedras Negras and Freire series) kept either at 30 or 60% of their maximum water holding capacity (MWHC). PGP effects depended on the soil type, MWHC and the growth conditions tested. Although both consortia showed PGB effects in artificial soils relative to controls in growth chambers, only C1 provoked a PGP effect at 60% MWHC in phosphorus-poor soil of the 'Piedras Negras' series. At natural conditions, however, only C1 exhibited statistically significant PGP effects at 30% MWHC in 'Piedras Negras', yet and most importantly allowed to maintain similar plant biomass as at 60% MWHC. Our results support possible applications of rhizobacterial consortia from arid ecosystems to improve wheat growth in Chilean Andisols under water shortage conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Wheat seedling inoculated with rhizobacterial consortia obtained from an undisturbed Chilean arid ecosystem showed improved growth in phosphorus-poor and partly dry soil. Arid ecosystems should be considered in further studies as an alternative source of microbial inoculants for agro-ecosystems subjected to stressful conditions by low nutrients and/or adverse climate events.
authors.affiliation: Center of Plant, Soil interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Inostroza
authors.affiliation: Center of Plant, Soil interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Barra
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: L Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Wick
authors.affiliation: Center of Plant, Soil interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Mora
authors.affiliation: Center of Plant, Soil interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jorquera
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D055864:Droughts; D017753:Ecosystem; D059013:Microbial Consortia; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis*; D063245:Plant Development / Q000502:physiology; D012231:Rhizobium / Q000378:metabolism*; D036226:Seedlings / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D014908:Triticum / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D010758:Phosphorus
keywords: arid ecosystems; biofertilizers; microbial inoculants; rhizosphere; wheat