title: Cotargeting of CYP-19 (aromatase) and emerging, pivotal signalling pathways in metastatic breast cancer.
abstract: Aromatase inhibition is one of the cornerstones of modern endocrine therapy of oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC). The nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors anastrozole and letrozole, as well as the steroidal aromatase inactivator exemestane, are the preferred drugs and established worldwide in all clinical phases of the disease. However, although many patients suffering from MBC experience an initial stabilisation of their metastatic burden, drug resistance and disease progression occur frequently, following in general only a few months on treatment. Extensive translational research during the past two decades has elucidated the major pathways contributing to endocrine resistance and paved the way for clinical studies investigating the efficacy of novel drug combinations involving aromatase inhibitors and emerging drugable targets like mTOR, PI3K and CDK4/6. The present review summarises the basic research that provided the rationale for new drug combinations involving aromatase inhibitors and the main findings of pivotal clinical trials that have already started to change our way to treat hormone-sensitive MBC. The challenging situation of oestrogen receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) MBC is also shortly reviewed to underline the complexity of the clinical scenario in the heterogeneous subgroups of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer patients and the increasing need for personalised medicine. Finally, we summarise some of the promising findings made with the combination of aromatase inhibitors with other potent endocrine treatment options like fulvestrant, a selective oestrogen receptor downregulator.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), Lørenskog N-1478, Norway.
authors.forename: Stine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Daldorff
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), Lørenskog N-1478, Norway.
authors.forename: Randi Margit Ruud
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Mathiesen
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), Lørenskog N-1478, Norway.
authors.forename: Olav Erich
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Yri
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), Lørenskog N-1478, Norway.
authors.forename: Hilde Presterud
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Ødegård
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Akershus University Hospital (AHUS), Lørenskog N-1478, Norway.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Campus AHUS, Oslo N-0313, Norway.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Geisler
mesh_terms: D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001141:Aromatase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D015507:Drugs, Investigational / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D047072:Aromatase Inhibitors; D015507:Drugs, Investigational; D001141:Aromatase; C561410:CYP19A1 protein, human