title: Recurrent Nephrotic Syndrome After Renal Transplant in Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recurrent disease occurs in around 30% of children transplanted for steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Its precipitating risk factors have rarely been studied in the Middle East. The aim of our study was to determine what characterizes posttransplant recurrence of nephrotic syndrome in Syrian children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective analysis of 12 nephrotic children who received 1 renal allograft at the Kidney Hospital in Damascus from 2002 to 2013.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Native kidney biopsy results showed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in 9 of 10 patients. Four patients had 1 or more sibling affected with nephrotic syndrome, and the remaining patients were labeled as having sporadic disease. Genetic screening for NPHS2, NPHS1, and Wilms tumor gene (WT1) mutations were done for 6 patients, and 1 novel homozygous NPHS2 mutation was identified in 1 patient. All patients received transplants from living donors. Four patients had recurrence of initial disease after transplant (overall recurrence rate of 33%). However, 1 patient showed complete and spontaneous remission 20 months after transplant; As expected, the patient with NPSH2 mutation had no recurrence. Patients with sporadic disease showed risk of recurrence 5 times higher than patients with familial disease (P = .24). Interestingly, all recurrent cases had received a kidney from a related donor and were initially classified as having sporadic disease. Although not statistically significant, the risk of recurrence from related donor grafts was 6.75 times higher than from unrelated donors (P = .16). To the best of our knowledge, this observation, the first of its kind, has never been investigated or pointed out in the literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further research is needed to confidently determine whether living related donor grafts are associated with increased incidence of recurrence of nephrotic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: From the Pediatric Nephrology Department, Kidney Hospital, Damascus, Syria.
authors.forename: Bassam
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.forename: Huda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mazloum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D016162:Genes, Wilms Tumor; D005820:Genetic Testing; D005923:Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D019520:Living Donors; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012008:Recurrence; D012075:Remission, Spontaneous; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C407223:NPHS2 protein; C113267:nephrin