title: Cascading effects of predation risk determine how marine predators become terrestrial prey on an oceanic island.
abstract: Apex predators can suppress the foraging activity of mesopredators, which may then result in cascading benefits for the prey of those mesopredators. We studied the interactions between a top predator, the Barn Owl (Tyto alba), and their primary prey, an island endemic deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus elusus), which in turn consumes the eggs of seabirds nesting on Santa Barbara Island in California. Scripps's Murrelets (Synthliboramphus scrippsi), a threatened nocturnal seabird, arrive annually to breed on this island, and whose first egg is particularly vulnerable to predation by mice. We took advantage of naturally occurring extreme variations in the density of mice and owls on the island over 3 years and predicted that (1) mouse foraging would decrease with increasing predation risk from owls and moonlight and (2) these decreases in foraging would reduce predation on murrelet eggs. We measured the giving up densities of mice with experimental foraging stations and found that mice were sensitive to predation risk and foraged less when owls were more abundant and less during the full moon compared to the new moon. We also monitored the fates of 151 murrelet eggs, and found that murrelet egg predation declined as owl abundance increased, and was lower during the full moon compared to the new moon. Moreover, high owl abundance suppressed egg predation even when mice were extremely abundant. We conclude that there is a behaviorally mediated cascade such that owls on the island had a positive indirect effect on murrelet egg survival. Our study adds to the wider recognition of the strength of risk effects to structure food webs, as well as highlighting the complex ways that marine and terrestrial food webs can intersect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5964-7536
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Thomsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D046090:Anseriformes / Q000502:physiology*; D062312:Islands; D009425:Nesting Behavior; D010063:Ovum / Q000502:physiology*; D010542:Peromyscus / Q000502:physiology*; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D020305:Strigiformes / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: apex predators; barn owls; deer mice; giving up densities; indirect interactions; mesopredators; murrelets; predation; risk effects; seabirds; trophic cascade