title: Inhibition of Prolyl Oligopeptidase Restores Spontaneous Motor Behavior in the α-Synuclein Virus Vector-Based Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model by Decreasing α-Synuclein Oligomeric Species in Mouse Brain.
abstract: Decreased clearance of α-synuclein (aSyn) and aSyn protein misfolding and aggregation are seen as major factors in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies that leads to disruption in neuronal function and eventually to cell death. Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) can accelerate the aSyn aggregation process, while inhibition of PREP by a small molecule inhibitor decreases aSyn oligomer formation and enhances its clearance via autophagy in different aSyn overexpressing cell types and in transgenic PD animal models. In this study, we investigated the impact of chronic PREP inhibition by a small molecule inhibitor, 4-phenylbutanoyl-l-prolyl-2(S)-cyanopyrrolidine (KYP-2047), on aSyn oligomerization, clearance, and underlying spontaneous motor behavior in a virus vector-based aSyn overexpression mouse model 4 weeks after aSyn microinjections and after the onset of symptomatic forepaw bias. Following 4 weeks of PREP inhibition, we saw an improved spontaneous forelimb use in mice that correlated with a decreased immunoreactivity against oligomer-specific forms of aSyn. Additionally, KYP-2047 had a trend to enhance dopaminergic systems activity. Our results suggest that PREP inhibition exhibits a beneficial effect on the aSyn clearance and aggregation in a virus mediated aSyn overexpression PD mouse model and that PREP inhibitors could be a novel therapeutic strategy for synucleinopathies.
  
  
  
  Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) has been implicated in Parkinson's disease, with aSyn aggregates believed to exert toxic effects on neurons, while prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) has been shown to interact with aSyn both in cells and cell free conditions, thus enhancing its aggregation. We demonstrate the possibility to abolish motor imbalance caused by aSyn viral vector injection with chronic 4 week PREP inhibition by a potent small-molecule PREP inhibitor, 4-phenylbutanoyl-l-prolyl-2(S)-cyanopyrrolidine (KYP-2047). Treatment was initiated postsymptomatically, 4 weeks after aSyn injection. KYP-2047-treated animals had a significantly decreased amount of oligomeric aSyn particles and improved dopamine system activity compared to control animals. To our knowledge, this is the first time viral overexpression of aSyn has been countered and movement impairments abolished after their onset.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Reinis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Svarcbahs
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Ulrika H
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4571-2373
authors.initials: UH
authors.lastname: Julku
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland timo.myohanen@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Timo T
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9277-6687
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Myöhänen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001923:Brain Chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D019286:Endopeptidase K / Q000494:pharmacology; D005552:Forelimb / Q000503:physiopathology; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D011392:Proline / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000085822:Prolyl Oligopeptidases; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D051844:alpha-Synuclein / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: C551540:4-phenylbutanoyl-prolylcyanopyrrolidine; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; C497605:Snca protein, mouse; D051844:alpha-Synuclein; D011392:Proline; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D000085822:Prolyl Oligopeptidases; D019286:Endopeptidase K
keywords: Parkinson's disease; prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor; protein aggregation; serine protease; synuclein; synucleinopathies