title: Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Perihemorrhagic Edema and Secondary Hematoma Expansion: From Bench Work to Ongoing Controversies.
abstract: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a medical emergency, which often leads to severe disability and death. ICH-related poor outcomes are due to primary injury causing structural damage and mass effect and secondary injury in the perihemorrhagic region over several days to weeks. Secondary injury after ICH can be due to hematoma expansion (HE) or a consequence of repair pathway along the continuum of neuroinflammation, neuronal death, and perihemorrhagic edema (PHE). This review article is focused on PHE and HE and will cover the animal studies, related human studies, and clinical trials relating to these mechanisms of secondary brain injury in ICH patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS , USA.
authors.forename: Manoj K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS , USA.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: LacKamp
keywords: hematoma expansion; intracerebral hemorrhage; perihemorrhagic edema; secondary brain injury