title: Effect of Smoking on Reversing Neuromuscular Block.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rocuronium is a non-depolarising, intermediate-acting, monoquaternary amino steroid and was brought into clinical use as a potentially ideal muscle relaxant. Post-operative residual curarisation (PORC) results from the prolonged effects of non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agents. This is a common problem and seriously affects patient safety. No recent study has investigated the effects of sugammadex on smokers, which is often used to restore neuromuscular block and avoid PORC. This study compares the severity of the effects of sugammadex used for antagonising rocuronium bromide and antagonism durations in smokers and non-smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomised, prospective study included 40 patients scheduled for elective surgery and belonging to classes I and II based the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, who were either smokers for at least 10 years or non-smokers. Patients underwent routine and neuromuscular monitoring. At induction, 2 mg kg-1propofol and 1 mcg kg-1intravenous fentanyl were applied. After the loss of eyelash reflex, 0.6 mg kg-1intravenous rocuronium was administered. Patients were intubated at train of four (TOF) 2. Anaesthesia was continued with 50% O2+50% air and 2% sevoflurane. Rocuronium, 0.15 mg kg-1, was administered at TOF 2 during the operation. At the end of the operation, 2 mg kg-1sugammadex was administered. The times until TOF 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intubation time was 132.8±46.4 s for smokers and 127.6±32.7 s for non-smokers. After sugammadex administration, the time to TOF 0.7 was 153.3±54.7 s in smokers and 125±67.2 s in non-smokers. The times were 178.4±58.8 and 146.6±72.6 s for TOF 0.8 and 200.8±55.8 s and 170.4±77.8 s for TOF 0.9 in smokers and non-smokers, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although not statistically significant, the time to reach each TOF was longer for smokers. Larger populations and different perspectives are needed to find if sugammadex use is affected by smoking, which has negative effects on the body.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Kafkas University School of Medicine, Kars, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ömür
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Öztürk
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Düzce University School of Medicine, Düzce, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gülbin Yalçın
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Sezen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Düzce University School of Medicine, Düzce, Turkey.
authors.forename: Handan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ankaralı
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Düzce University School of Medicine, Düzce, Turkey.
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Özlü
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Düzce University School of Medicine, Düzce, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yavuz
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Demiraran
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Düzce University School of Medicine, Düzce, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ateş
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Düzce University School of Medicine, Düzce, Turkey.
authors.forename: Burhan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dost
keywords: General anaesthesia; smoking; sugammadex