title: Defense Responses in Aspen with Altered Pectin Methylesterase Activity Reveal the Hormonal Inducers of Tyloses.
abstract: Tyloses are ingrowths of parenchyma cells into the lumen of embolized xylem vessels, thereby protecting the remaining xylem from pathogens. They are found in heartwood, sapwood, and in abscission zones and can be induced by various stresses, but their molecular triggers are unknown. Here, we report that down-regulation of PECTIN METHYLESTERASE1 (PtxtPME1) in aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides) triggers the formation of tyloses and activation of oxidative stress. We tested whether any of the oxidative stress-related hormones could induce tyloses in intact plantlets grown in sterile culture. Jasmonates, including jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate, induced the formation of tyloses, whereas treatments with salicylic acid (SA) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) were ineffective. SA abolished the induction of tyloses by JA, whereas ACC was synergistic with JA. The ability of ACC to stimulate tyloses formation when combined with JA depended on ethylene (ET) signaling, as shown by a decrease in the response in ET-insensitive plants. Measurements of internal ACC and JA concentrations in wild-type and ET-insensitive plants treated simultaneously with these two compounds indicated that ACC and JA regulate each other's concentration in an ET-dependent manner. The findings indicate that jasmonates acting synergistically with ethylene are the key molecular triggers of tyloses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umeå, Sweden (J.L., D.Ö., M.K., S.K., M.B.-P., B.S., T.M., E.J.M.); and Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, S901-87 Umeå, Sweden (L.A.K.).
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leśniewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umeå, Sweden (J.L., D.Ö., M.K., S.K., M.B.-P., B.S., T.M., E.J.M.); and Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, S901-87 Umeå, Sweden (L.A.K.).
authors.forename: David
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6006-8494
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Öhman
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umeå, Sweden (J.L., D.Ö., M.K., S.K., M.B.-P., B.S., T.M., E.J.M.); and Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, S901-87 Umeå, Sweden (L.A.K.).
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krzesłowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umeå, Sweden (J.L., D.Ö., M.K., S.K., M.B.-P., B.S., T.M., E.J.M.); and Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, S901-87 Umeå, Sweden (L.A.K.).
authors.forename: Sunita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kushwah
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umeå, Sweden (J.L., D.Ö., M.K., S.K., M.B.-P., B.S., T.M., E.J.M.); and Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, S901-87 Umeå, Sweden (L.A.K.).
authors.forename: Maria
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3483-4479
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barciszewska-Pacak
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umeå, Sweden (J.L., D.Ö., M.K., S.K., M.B.-P., B.S., T.M., E.J.M.); and Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, S901-87 Umeå, Sweden (L.A.K.).
authors.forename: Leszek A
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8685-9665
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kleczkowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umeå, Sweden (J.L., D.Ö., M.K., S.K., M.B.-P., B.S., T.M., E.J.M.); and Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, S901-87 Umeå, Sweden (L.A.K.).
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sundberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umeå, Sweden (J.L., D.Ö., M.K., S.K., M.B.-P., B.S., T.M., E.J.M.); and Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, S901-87 Umeå, Sweden (L.A.K.).
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moritz
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S901-83 Umeå, Sweden (J.L., D.Ö., M.K., S.K., M.B.-P., B.S., T.M., E.J.M.); and Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Center, Umeå University, S901-87 Umeå, Sweden (L.A.K.) ewa.mellerowicz@genfys.slu.se.
authors.forename: Ewa J
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6817-1031
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mellerowicz
mesh_terms: D000598:Amino Acids, Cyclic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002482:Cellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000378:metabolism; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000378:metabolism; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D032107:Populus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000598:Amino Acids, Cyclic; D003517:Cyclopentanes; D005030:Ethylenes; D054883:Oxylipins; D010940:Plant Proteins; C017962:Tyloses; C023863:1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; C011006:jasmonic acid; D002482:Cellulose; C036216:ethylene; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; C022323:pectinesterase; D020156:Salicylic Acid