title: Correlation of Nasal Mucosal Temperature With Subjective Nasal Patency in Healthy Individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Historically, otolaryngologists have focused on nasal resistance to airflow and minimum airspace cross-sectional area as objective measures of nasal obstruction using methods such as rhinomanometry and acoustic rhinometry. However, subjective sensation of nasal patency may be more associated with activation of cold receptors by inspired air than with respiratory effort.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether subjective nasal patency correlates with nasal mucosal temperature in healthy individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy adult volunteers first completed the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) and a unilateral visual analog scale to quantify subjective nasal patency. A miniaturized thermocouple sensor was then used to record nasal mucosal temperature bilaterally in 2 locations along the nasal septum: at the vestibule and across from the inferior turbinate head.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasal mucosal temperature and subjective patency scores in healthy individuals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 22 healthy adult volunteers (12 [55%] male; mean [SD] age, 28.3 [7.0] years) had a mean (SD) NOSE score of 5.9 (8.4) (range, 0-30) and unilateral VAS score of 1.2 (1.4) (range, 0-5). The range of temperature oscillations during the breathing cycle, defined as the difference between end-expiratory and end-inspiratory temperatures, was greater during deep breaths (mean [SD] change in temperature, 6.2°C [2.6°C]) than during resting breathing (mean [SD] change in temperature, 4.2°C [2.3°C]) in both locations (P < .001). Mucosal temperature measured at the right vestibule had a statistically significant correlation with both right-side visual analog scale score (Pearson r = -0.55; 95% CI, -0.79 to -0.17; P = .008) and NOSE score (Pearson r = -0.47; 95% CI, -0.74 to -0.06; P = .03). No other statistically significant correlations were found between mucosal temperature and subjective nasal patency scores. Nasal mucosal temperature was lower (mean of 1.5°C lower) in the first cavity to be measured, which was the right cavity in all participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The greater mucosal temperature oscillations during deep breathing are consistent with the common experience that airflow sensation is enhanced during deep breaths, thus supporting the hypothesis that mucosal cooling plays a central role in nasal airflow sensation. A possible correlation was found between subjective nasal patency scores and nasal mucosal temperature, but our results were inconsistent. The higher temperature in the left cavity suggests that the sensor irritated the nasal mucosa, affecting the correlation between patency scores and mucosal temperature. Future studies should consider noncontact temperature sensors to prevent mucosa irritation.
  
  
  METHODS
  NA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee2Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
authors.forename: Ryan S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
authors.forename: Sachin S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Pawar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee2Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
authors.forename: Guilherme J M
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Garcia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012016:Reference Values; D013223:Statistics as Topic