title: Targeting the Hedgehog Pathway for Locally Advanced and Metastatic Basal Cell Carcinoma.
abstract: Basal cell caricnoma (BCC), the most common periocular magliancy, is treated with complete surgical excision. However, in patients not amenable to surgery or when surgical resection means loss of vital organs or disfiguring procedures due to locally advanced or metastatic disease, targeting the hedgehog pathway offers a novel treatment approach for such patients. Mutation in PTCH1 and SMO has been identified in patients with basal cell nevoid syndrome as well as in patients with sporadic BCC. Inhibition of SMO by vismodegib or sonidegib, the two sonic hedgehog inhibitor drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States, has shown overall response rate for locally advanced and metastatic BCC around 50%. The most common side effects were muscle cramps, weight loss, fatigue, and lost appetite. Resistance to vismodegib has been attributed to mutation in SMO or activation of RAS/MAPK pathway. New research into dual inhibition aims to overcome this resistance and provide more lasting response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Canada.
authors.forename: Vivian T
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Orbital Oncology and Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1488, Houston, Texas 77030. United States.
authors.forename: Bita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Esmaeli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D005134:Eye Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins
keywords: Hedgehog pathway; basal cell carcinoma; hedgehog inhibitors; locally advanced BCC; sonidegib; targeted therapy; vismodegib