title: Initiatives to challenge patent barriers and their relationship with the price of medicines procured by the Brazilian Unified National Health System.
abstract: Since 1996, when antiretroviral (ARV) treatments started being guaranteed to people living with HIV in Brazil, the government has faced the challenge of ensuring sustainability of this policy within a context of incorporating patented medicines. This article sought to analyze the historical series of the price of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) in Brazil and in the international market also considering the initiatives to challenge patent barriers between 2001 and 2012. The methods used were mapping initiatives to challenge LPV/r patent barriers and the analysis of historical series of its price in Brazil and in the international market. Results show that, between 2001 and 2003, there were efforts to use compulsory licensing as a threat. From 2005 to 2007, initiatives by different satkeholders were identified: declaration of public interest, pre-grant opposition ("support to examination") and civil action. From 2006 to 2008, compulsory licensing initiatives in other countries resulted in a price reduction in Brazil. Between 2009 and 2012, there was a 30% reduction in the Brazilian purchasing price.
authors.affiliation: Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
authors.forename: Carolinne Thays
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Scopel
authors.affiliation: Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
authors.forename: Gabriela Costa
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Chaves
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D001938:Brazil; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006078:Government Programs; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D061466:Lopinavir / Q000191:economics* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D010330:Patents as Topic / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000191:economics* / Q000600:supply & distribution
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D061466:Lopinavir; D019438:Ritonavir