title: Diaphragm Dysfunction: Diagnostic Approaches and Management Strategies.
abstract: The diaphragm is the main inspiratory muscle, and its dysfunction can lead to significant adverse clinical consequences. The aim of this review is to provide clinicians with an overview of the main causes of uni- and bi-lateral diaphragm dysfunction, explore the clinical and physiological consequences of the disease on lung function, exercise physiology and sleep and review the available diagnostic tools used in the evaluation of diaphragm function. A particular emphasis is placed on the clinical significance of diaphragm weakness in the intensive care unit setting and the use of ultrasound to evaluate diaphragmatic action.
authors.affiliation: Département de Médecine, Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu du Centre Hospitalier de I'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, QC H2W 1T8, Canada. bruno-pierre.dube@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: Bruno-Pierre
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Dubé
authors.affiliation: AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Médicale (Département "R3S"), F-75013 Paris, France. martin.dres@aphp.fr.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dres
keywords: diaphragm; diaphragm dysfunction; diaphragm ultrasound; phrenic nerve stimulation