title: Cortical excitability after pediatric mild traumatic brain injury.
abstract: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) outcomes are variable, and 10-15% may suffer from prolonged symptoms beyond 3 months that impair the child's return to normal activities. Neurophysiological mechanisms of mTBI are incompletely understood, particularly in children, but alterations in cortical excitability have been proposed to underlie post-concussion syndrome. Improved understanding is required to advance interventions and improve outcomes.
  
  
  
  To determine if cortical excitability is altered in children with mTBI, and its association with clinical symptoms.
  
  
  
  This was a cross-sectional controlled cohort study. School-aged children (8-18 years) with mTBI were compared to healthy controls. Cortical excitability was measured using multiple TMS paradigms in children with (symptomatic) and without (recovered) persistent symptoms one-month post-injury. Primary outcome was the cortical silent period (cSP), a potential neurophysiological biomarker of GABAergic inhibition. Secondary outcomes included additional TMS neurophysiology, safety and tolerability. Associations between neurophysiology parameters and clinical symptoms were evaluated.
  
  
  
  Fifty-three children with mTBI (55% male; mean age 14.1 SD: 2.4 years; 35 symptomatic and 27 asymptomatic participants) and 28 controls (46% male; mean age 14.3 SD: 3.1 years) were enrolled. cSP duration was similar between groups (F (2, 73) = 0.55, p = 0.582). Log10long interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) was reduced in symptomatic participants compared to healthy controls (F (2, 59) = 3.83, p = 0.027). Procedures were well tolerated with no serious adverse events.
  
  
  
  TMS measures of cortical excitability are altered at one month in children with mTBI. Long interval cortical inhibition is decreased in children who remain symptomatic at one month post-injury.
authors.affiliation: Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Trevor A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Seeger
authors.affiliation: Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kirton
authors.affiliation: Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Esser
authors.affiliation: Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.affiliation: Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.affiliation: Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Ephrem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zewdie
authors.affiliation: Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Damji
authors.affiliation: Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ciechanski
authors.affiliation: Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Canada. Electronic address: karen.barlow@albertahealthservices.ca.
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Barlow
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000071080:Cortical Excitability / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Cortical silent period; Long interval intracortical inhibition; Mild traumatic brain injury; Pediatrics; Transcranial magnetic stimulus