title: Role of Neurotrophic Factors in Parkinson's Disease.
abstract: Parkinson's disease is an age-associated progressive neurodegenerative disorder that has gained crescent social and economic impact due to the aging of the western society. All current therapies are symptomatic and fail to reverse or halt the progression of dopaminergic neurons loss. The discovery of the capability of neurotrophic factors to protect these neurons lead numerous research groups to focus their efforts in developing therapies aiming at promoting the control of Parkinson´s disease through the delivery of neurotrophic factors to the brain or by boosting their endogenous levels. Both strategies were successful in inducing protection of dopaminergic neurons and motor recovery in preclinical models of the disease. Contrariwise, very limited success was obtained in clinical studies, where glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and neurturin were the neurotrophic factors of choice for Parkinson's disease therapy. These drawbacks motivate the development of novel forms of delivery or the modification of the injected molecules aiming at providing a more stable and effective administration with improved diffusion in the target tissue, and without the immune responses observed in the earliest clinical studies. Although promising results were obtained with some of these new approaches performed in experimental models of the disease, they were not yet tested in human studies. In this review, we present the current knowledge on neurotrophic factors and their role in Parkinson's disease, focusing on the strategies that have been developed to increase their levels in target areas of the brain to achieve protection of dopaminergic neurons and motor behaviour recovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences & Institute for Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Diogo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tome
authors.affiliation: CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal.
authors.forename: Carla Pais
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Development, BIAL - Portela & Cª, S.A., 4745-457 S. Mamede do Coronado, Portugal.
authors.forename: Filipa Lopes
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal.
authors.forename: Graca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baltazar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents
keywords: BDNF; GDNF; Parkinson's disease; dopaminergic neurons; neuroprotection; neurotrophic factors; therapy