title: The mass miniature chest radiography programme in Cape Town, South Africa, 1948 - 1994: The impact of active tuberculosis case finding.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tuberculosis (TB) control programmes rely mainly on passive detection of symptomatic individuals. The resurgence of TB has rekindled interest in active case finding. Cape Town (South Africa) had a mass miniature radiography (MMR) screening programme from 1948 to 1994.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate screening coverage, yield and secular trends in TB notifications during the MMR programme.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed an ecological analysis of the MMR programme and TB notification data from the City of Cape Town Medical Officer of Health reports for 1948 - 1994.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1948 and 1962, MMR screening increased to 12% of the population per annum with yields of 14 cases per 1 000 X-rays performed, accounting for &gt;20% of total annual TB notifications. Concurrent with increasing coverage (1948 - 1965), TB case notification decreased in the most heavily TB-burdened non-European population from 844/100 000 population to 415/100 000. After 1966, coverage declined and TB notifications that initially remained stable (1967 - 1978) subsequently increased to 525/100 000. MMR yields remained low in the European population but declined rapidly in the non-European population after 1966, coincidental with forced removals from District 6. An inverse relationship between screening coverage and TB notification rates was observed in the non-European adult population. Similar secular trends occurred in infants and young children who were not part of the MMR screening programme.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MMR of a high-burdened population may have significantly contributed to TB control and was temporally associated with decreased transmission to infants and children. These historical findings emphasise the importance of re-exploring targeted active case finding strategies as part of population TB control.
authors.affiliation: Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda. sabine.hermans@hiv-research.org.za.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hermans
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.forename: L-G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Bekker
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wood