title: Identification and characterization of severe familial hypercholesterolemia in patients presenting for cardiac catheterization.
abstract: Patients with severe familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) are often unrecognized despite typical presentation. The introduction of PCSK9 inhibitors opens new therapeutic options and emphasizes the need for identification of severe FH patients.
  
  
  
  The objective was identification, characterization, and management of severe FH patients by screening of cardiac catheterization (CC) database.
  
  
  
  Retrospective analysis of CC database from 2002 to mid-2015 was performed for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ≥130 mg/dL (n = 2383). Severe FH was diagnosed if any prior LDL-C was ≥280 mg/dL, excluding secondary causes. Peak/current LDL-C levels and lipid-lowering therapies were evaluated. Initial attempt was made to detect relatives with FH according to identifying data and age-dependent LDL-C cutoffs.
  
  
  
  Severe FH was identified in 54 of initial 2382 patients with CC LDL-C ≥130 mg/dL. Mean age at cardiovascular disease diagnosis was 45 years. Peak LDL-C was 280 to 464 mg/dL (median, 322). Coronary artery bypass graft surgery was performed in 26 patients (48%) and redo coronary artery bypass graft surgery in 5 patients (9%). Risk factors included obesity (33%), hypertension (59%), smoking (33%), and diabetes (24%). LDL-C reduction ≥50% of peak value was achieved in 56%, LDL-C <130 mg/dL in 32%, and LDL-C <100 mg/dL in 17% of patients. High-intensity statin plus ezetimibe was prescribed for 67%, high-intensity statin alone for 24%, and other lipid-lowering therapies for 9% of patients. Treatment intensity was directly associated with attainment of LDL-C goals. Matching probands' surnames and place of residency with district health maintenance organization database has identified 161 additional individuals with possible FH; 58% were not treated with lipid-lowering drugs.
  
  
  
  A simple algorithm for identification of patients with severe FH was implemented based on large catheterization and health maintenance organization databases and revealed patients with severe FH and coronary disease at a young age, with low attainment of cholesterol treatment goals. Screening existing cardiovascular databases of populations at risk will promote identification and management of severe FH patients and their affected family members.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. Electronic address: barakzmd@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Barak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zafrir
authors.affiliation: Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Clalit Health Services, Haifa and Western Galilee District, Israel.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shapira
authors.affiliation: Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lavie
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Halon
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Moshe Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Flugelman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D000069438:Ezetimibe / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006938:Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D000069438:Ezetimibe
keywords: Cardiac catheterization; Coronary heart disease; Familial hypercholesterolemia; Lipid-lowering therapy