title: Extraction of Plant-based Capsules for Microencapsulation Applications.
abstract: Microcapsules derived from plant-based spores or pollen provide a robust platform for a diverse range of microencapsulation applications. Sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs) are obtained when spores or pollen are processed so as to remove the internal sporoplasmic contents. The resulting hollow microcapsules exhibit a high degree of micromeritic uniformity and retain intricate microstructural features related to the particular plant species. Herein, we demonstrate a streamlined process for the production of SECs from Lycopodium clavatum spores and for the loading of hydrophilic compounds into these SECs. The current SEC isolation procedure has been recently optimized to significantly reduce the processing requirements which are conventionally used in SEC isolation, and to ensure the production of intact microcapsules. Natural L. clavatum spores are defatted with acetone, treated with phosphoric acid, and extensively washed to remove sporoplasmic contents. After acetone defatting, a single processing step using 85% phosphoric acid has been shown to remove all sporoplasmic contents. By limiting the acid processing time to 30 hr, it is possible to isolate clean SECs and avoid SEC fracturing, which has been shown to occur with prolonged processing time. Extensive washing with water, dilute acids, dilute bases, and solvents ensures that all sporoplasmic material and chemical residues are adequately removed. The vacuum loading technique is utilized to load a model protein (Bovine Serum Albumin) as a representative hydrophilic compound. Vacuum loading provides a simple technique to load various compounds without the need for harsh solvents or undesirable chemicals which are often required in other microencapsulation protocols. Based on these isolation and loading protocols, SECs provide a promising material for use in a diverse range of microencapsulation applications, such as, therapeutics, foods, cosmetics, and personal care products.
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Potroz
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University.
authors.forename: Raghavendra C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Mundargi
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University.
authors.forename: Jae Hyeon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University.
authors.forename: Ee-Lin
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University; School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; namjoon.cho@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nam-Joon
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D001704:Biopolymers; D002214:Capsules; D002338:Carotenoids; D004339:Drug Compounding; D011058:Pollen; D012997:Solvents
chemical_list: D001704:Biopolymers; D002214:Capsules; D012997:Solvents; C009800:sporopollenin; D002338:Carotenoids