title: Antimicrobial activity and safety evaluation of peptides isolated from the hemoglobin of chickens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemoglobin is a rich source of biological peptides. As a byproduct and even wastewater of poultry-slaughtering facilities, chicken blood is one of the most abundant source of hemoglobin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, the chicken hemoglobin antimicrobial peptides (CHAP) were isolated and the antimicrobial and bactericidal activities were tested by the agarose diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) analysis, minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) analysis, and time-dependent inhibitory and bactericidal assays. The results demonstrated that CHAP had potent and rapid antimicrobial activity against 19 bacterial strains, including 9 multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. Bacterial biofilm and NaCl permeability assays, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were further performed to detect the mechanism of its antimicrobial effect. Additionally, CHAP showed low hemolytic activity, embryo toxicity, and high stability in different temperatures and animal plasma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CHAP may have great potential for expanding production and development value in animal medication, the breeding industry and environment protection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Fengjiao
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Qiaoxing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China. sheruiping@126.com.
authors.forename: Ruiping
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7604-1680
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: She
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Yifei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Huadu Broiler Corporations, Beijing, 102211, China.
authors.forename: Meikun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Majid Hussain
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Soomro
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
authors.forename: Ruihan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D001433:Bacteriolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D001770:Blood Bactericidal Activity; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D002645:Chickens; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053878:Hemolytic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055550:Protein Stability; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D006454:Hemoglobins; D053878:Hemolytic Agents; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D012965:Sodium Chloride
keywords: Antimicrobial activity; Antimicrobial peptides; Bactericidal activity; Hemoglobin; Hydrolysis