title: Red Cabbage Microgreens Lower Circulating Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), Liver Cholesterol, and Inflammatory Cytokines in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet.
abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States, and hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor. Population studies, as well as animal and intervention studies, support the consumption of a variety of vegetables as a means to reduce CVD risk through modulation of hypercholesterolemia. Microgreens of a variety of vegetables and herbs have been reported to be more nutrient dense compared to their mature counterparts. However, little is known about the effectiveness of microgreens in affecting lipid and cholesterol levels. The present study used a rodent diet-induced obesity (DIO) model to address this question. C57BL/6NCr mice (n = 60, male, 5 weeks old) were randomly assigned to six feeding groups: (1) low-fat diet; (2) high-fat diet; (3) low-fat diet + 1.09% red cabbage microgreens; (4) low-fat diet + 1.66% mature red cabbage; (5) high-fat diet + 1.09% red cabbage microgreens; (6) high-fat diet + 1.66% mature red cabbage. The animals were on their respective diets for 8 weeks. We found microgreen supplementation attenuated high-fat diet induced weight gain. Moreover, supplementation with microgreens significantly lowered circulating LDL levels in animals fed the high-fat diet and reduced hepatic cholesterol ester, triacylglycerol levels, and expression of inflammatory cytokines in the liver. These data suggest that microgreens can modulate weight gain and cholesterol metabolism and may protect against CVD by preventing hypercholesterolemia.
authors.affiliation: Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States.|Nutrition and Food Science Department, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Haiqiu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Food Science Department, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Xiaojing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Area Research Center, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States.|Department of Agriculture, Culinology and Hospitality Management, Southwest Minnesota State University , Marshall, Minnesota 56258, United States.
authors.forename: Zhenlei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Food Science Department, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States.
authors.forename: Quynhchi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.affiliation: Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States.
authors.forename: Jianghao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Albany, California 94710, United States.
authors.forename: Wallace
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Food Science Department, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Liangli Lucy
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Area Research Center, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States.
authors.forename: Yaguang Sunny
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States.
authors.forename: Thomas T Y
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000737:chemistry; D001937:Brassica; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005961:Glucosinolates / Q000737:chemistry; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000737:chemistry; D011897:Random Allocation; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D016207:Cytokines; D005961:Glucosinolates; D008055:Lipids; D059808:Polyphenols; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: cholesterol; inflammation; microgreen; red cabbage; triacylglycerol