title: The efficacy of greater occipital nerve blockade in chronic migraine: A placebo-controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  GON blockade with local anesthetics is an effective treatment for a group of headaches, such as cervicogenic headache, cluster headache, occipital neuralgia, migraine. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of greater occipital nerve (GON) blockade in patients with chronic migraine (CM) by using a control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 44 CM patients and randomly divide the patients into two groups, as group A (bupivacaine) and group B (placebo) to our study. GON blockade was administered four times (once per week) with bupivacaine or saline. After 4 weeks of treatment, patients were followed up for 3 months, and findings were recorded once every month for comparing each month's values with the pretreatment values. The primary endpoint was the difference in the frequency of headache (headache days/month). VAS pain scores were also recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 44 patients had completed the study; no severe adverse effects had occurred. Group A showed a significant decrease in the frequency of headache and VAS scores at the first, second, and third months of follow-up. Similarly, group B showed a significant decrease in the frequency of headache and VAS scores at the first month of follow-up, but second and third months of follow-up showed no significant difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that GON blockade with bupivacaine was superior to placebo, has long-lasting effect than placebo, and was found to be effective for the treatment of CM. More studies are needed to better define the safety and cost-effectiveness of GON blockade in CM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dr. Lutfi Kirdar Kartal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Gul
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Liv Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Ozon
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Gulhane Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Karadas
authors.affiliation: Gaziler Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Koc
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Inan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001340:Autonomic Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013127:Spinal Nerves / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D002045:Bupivacaine
keywords: Migraine; Quality of life; Treatment