title: Adaptation of Propionibacterium freudenreichii to long-term survival under gradual nutritional shortage.
abstract: Propionibacterium freudenreichii is an Actinobacterium widely used in the dairy industry as a ripening culture for Swiss-type cheeses, for vitamin B12 production and some strains display probiotic properties. It is reportedly a hardy bacterium, able to survive the cheese-making process and digestive stresses.
  
  
  
  During this study, P. freudenreichii CIRM-BIA 138 (alias ITG P9), which has a generation time of five hours in Yeast Extract Lactate medium at 30 °C under microaerophilic conditions, was incubated for 11 days (9 days after entry into stationary phase) in a culture medium, without any adjunct during the incubation. The carbon and free amino acids sources available in the medium, and the organic acids produced by the strain, were monitored throughout growth and survival. Although lactate (the preferred carbon source for P. freudenreichii) was exhausted three days after inoculation, the strain sustained a high population level of 9.3 log10CFU/mL. Its physiological adaptation was investigated by RNA-seq analysis and revealed a complete disruption of metabolism at the entry into stationary phase as compared to exponential phase.
  
  
  
  P. freudenreichii adapts its metabolism during entry into stationary phase by down-regulating oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, and the Wood-Werkman cycle by exploiting new nitrogen (glutamate, glycine, alanine) sources, by down-regulating the transcription, translation and secretion of protein. Utilization of polyphosphates was suggested.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.|INRA, UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l' Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France.|AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1253, UMR Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Flavia Figueira
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Aburjaile
authors.affiliation: UMS BioCampus- MGX Montpellier GenomiX, Institut de Génomique Fonctionelle, 141, rue de la Cardonnille, 34094, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: Marine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rohmer
authors.affiliation: UMS BioCampus- MGX Montpellier GenomiX, Institut de Génomique Fonctionelle, 141, rue de la Cardonnille, 34094, Montpellier Cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: Hugues
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Parrinello
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l' Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France.|AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1253, UMR Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Bernadette
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Maillard
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l' Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France.|AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1253, UMR Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beaucher
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l' Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France.|AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1253, UMR Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Gwénaële
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l' Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France.|AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1253, UMR Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicolas
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l' Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France.|AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1253, UMR Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Noëlle
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Madec
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l' Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France.|AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1253, UMR Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thierry
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l' Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France.|AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1253, UMR Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parayre
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l' Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France.|AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1253, UMR Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Stéphanie-Marie
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Deutsch
authors.affiliation: LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 135 avenue de Rangueil, Toulouse, 31077, France.
authors.forename: Muriel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cocaign-Bousquet
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Anderson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miyoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vasco
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l' Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France.|AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1253, UMR Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Le Loir
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l' Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France. helene.falentin@rennes.inra.fr.|AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR1253, UMR Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, 35000, Rennes, France. helene.falentin@rennes.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Falentin
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D015536:Down-Regulation; D006019:Glycolysis / Q000235:genetics; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D055442:Metabolome; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D000070002:Propionibacterium freudenreichii / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D003470:Culture Media; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D002244:Carbon; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Adaptation; Long-term survival; Propionibacterium freudenreichii; RNA-seq; Stationary phase