title: Open surgery versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy for renal tuberculosis: a retrospective study of 120 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic renal surgery has been widely used in the treatment of renal diseases. However, there is still little research about its application in addressing renal tuberculosis. The purpose of this study is to retrospectively investigate the surgical results of laparoscopic and open surgery for nonfunctional tuberculous kidneys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 2011 and June 2016, 120 nephrectomies were performed in patients with a nonfunctional tuberculous kidney. Of these, 69 patients underwent retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy, and 51 patients underwent open nephrectomy. Data about the patients' characteristics and surgical outcomes were collected from their electronic medical records. Outcomes were compared between these two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that a number of renal tuberculosis patients presented no significant symptoms during their disease. Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) were the most common at a rate of 73/120, followed by flank pain or accidently discovery (66/120), urine abnormality (30/120) and fever (27/120). Patients who underwent open surgery were similar to laparoscopic patients with regard to sex, BMI, location, previous tuberculous history, grade, anemia, adhesion, hypertension, diabetes and preoperative serum creatinine level, but were generally older than laparoscopic patients. There were no significant differences between open and laparoscopic surgery in estimated blood loss, transfusion, postoperative hospital days and perioperative complication rate. However, the median operation time of laparoscopic operation was much longer than open surgery (180 [150-225] vs 135 [120-165] minutes,P< 0.01). Seven of the 69 laparoscopic operations were converted to open surgery because of severe adhesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic nephrectomy is as an effective treatment as open surgery for a nonfunctional tuberculous kidney, although it requires more time during the surgical procedure. No significant differences in other surgical outcomes were observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lan Zhou, China.
authors.forename: Su
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lan Zhou, China.
authors.forename: You
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lan Zhou, China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lan Zhou, China.
authors.forename: Hu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lan Zhou, China.
authors.forename: Sheng-Jun
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lan Zhou, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
keywords: Laparoscopy; Minimally invasive surgical procedures; Nephrectomy; Renal; Tuberculosis