title: Analog Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) information can be more effective than binary marks.
abstract: In socially important visual search tasks, such as baggage screening and diagnostic radiology, experts miss more targets than is desirable. Computer-aided detection (CAD) programs have been developed specifically to improve performance in these professional search tasks. For example, in breast cancer screening, many CAD systems are capable of detecting approximately 90% of breast cancer, with approximately 0.5 false-positive detections per image. Nevertheless, benefits of CAD in clinical settings tend to be small (Birdwell, 2009) or even absent (Meziane et al., 2011; Philpotts, 2009). The marks made by a CAD system can be "binary," giving the same signal to any location where the signal is above some threshold. Alternatively, a CAD system presents an analog signal that reflects strength of the signal at a location. In the experiments reported, we compare analog and binary CAD presentations using nonexpert observers and artificial stimuli defined by two noisy signals: a visible color signal and an "invisible" signal that informed our simulated CAD system. We found that analog CAD generally yielded better overall performance than binary CAD. The analog benefit is similar at high and low target prevalence. Our data suggest that the form of the CAD signal can directly influence performance. Analog CAD may allow the computer to be more helpful to the searcher.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. cunningham@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: Corbin A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Trafton
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Drew
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.|Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wolfe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003202:Computers, Analog / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Attention; CADe; Computer-aided detection; Medical image perception; Visual search