title: Reference Standards for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Measured With Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Using Cycle Ergometry: Data From the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database (FRIEND) Registry.
abstract: The importance of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is well established. This report provides newly developed standards for CRF reference values derived from cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) using cycle ergometry in the United States. Ten laboratories in the United States experienced in CPX administration with established quality control procedures contributed to the "Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise: A National Database" (FRIEND) Registry from April 2014 through May 2016. Data from 4494 maximal (respiratory exchange ratio, ≥1.1) cycle ergometer tests from men and women (20-79 years) from 27 states, without cardiovascular disease, were used to develop these references values. Percentiles of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) for men and women were determined for each decade from age 20 years through age 79 years. Comparisons of VO2maxwere made to reference data established with CPX data from treadmill data in the FRIEND Registry and previously published reports. As expected, there were significant differences between sex and age groups for VO2max(P<.01). For cycle tests within the FRIEND Registry, the 50th percentile VO2maxof men and women aged 20 to 29 years declined from 41.9 and 31.0 mLO2/kg/min to 19.5 and 14.8 mLO2/kg/min for ages 70 to 79 years, respectively. The rate of decline in this cohort was approximately 10% per decade. The FRIEND Registry reference data will be useful in providing more accurate interpretations for the US population of CPX-measured VO2maxfrom exercise tests using cycle ergometry compared with previous approaches based on estimations of standard differences from treadmill testing reference values.
authors.affiliation: Fisher Institute of Health and Well-Being and Clinical Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN. Electronic address: kaminskyla@bsu.edu.
authors.forename: Leonard A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kaminsky
authors.affiliation: Human Bioenergetics Program, Clinical Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN.
authors.forename: Mary T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Imboden
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Science, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arena
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, and Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Myers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D000072599:Cardiorespiratory Fitness; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult