title: The protective effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of mangrove (Avicennia marinaL.) leaves on kidney injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in male rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Materials can cause liver and kidney damage which carbon tetrachloride is one of these substances. Medicinal plants and their essential oils and extracts have been used to a large extent as drugs to better control and management of kidney diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hydro-alcoholic extract ofAvicennia marinaleaves in the treatment of renal toxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two male rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 7): control (taking normal saline, 0.5 ml/day, intraperitoneally; i.p.), sham (taking olive oil, 0.5 ml/day, i.p., single dose), injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) 1:1 with olive oil, 0.5 ml single dose, i.p.), treated groups 1, 2 and 3: by carbon tetrachloride 1:1 with olive oil, 0.5 ml single dose and 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg or 800 mg/kgAvicennia marinaextract (AME)/ day for 96 hours, i.p.). By direct blood sampling from the heart, the plasma concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and liver enzymes including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured. Kidney sections were prepared from all groups and the histological examinations were performed. The results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated the significant (P< 0.05) increase of serum level of lactate dehydrogenase and liver enzymes of AST, ALT and ALP in the group receiving CCl4compared with the control group, whereas the treatment with hydro-alcoholic extract of mangrove leaves caused a significant (P< 0.05) decrease in serum levels of these enzymes in rats treated with carbon tetrachloride compared to the control group. Histological investigation of renal tissue sections showed that the treatment with mangrove leaves extract reduced the necrosis, inflammation and also improved the renal tubules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carbon tetrachloride has kidney, liver and cardiac toxicities and mangrove extract is able to inhibit the toxicities of carbon tetrachloride.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali-Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Naser
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mirazi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Bu-Ali-Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyedeh-Nahid
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Movassagh
authors.affiliation: Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rafieian-Kopaei
keywords: Avicennia marina; Carbon tetrachloride; Kidney; Mangrove