title: Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Pediatric Elimination Disorders.
abstract: Pediatric elimination disorders are common in childhood, yet psychosocial correlates are generally unclear. Given the physiological concomitants of both enuresis and encopresis, and the fact that many children with elimination disorders are initially brought to their primary care physician for treatment, medical evaluation and management are crucial and may serve as the first-line treatment approach. Scientific investigation on psychological and behavioral interventions has progressed over the past couple of decades, resulting in the identification of effective treatments for enuresis and encopresis. However, the body of literature has inherent challenges, particularly given the multicomponent nature of many of the treatment packages. This review identified 25 intervention studies-18 for nocturnal enuresis and 7 for encopresis-over the past 15 years and classified them according to the guidelines set forth by the Task Force on the Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures. For nocturnal enuresis, the urine alarm and dry-bed training were identified as well-established treatments, Full Spectrum Home Therapy was probably efficacious, lifting was possibly efficacious, and hypnotherapy and retention control training were classified as treatments of questionable efficacy. For encopresis, only two probably efficacious treatments were identified: biofeedback and enhanced toilet training (ETT). Best practice recommendations and suggestions for future research are provided to address existing limitations, including heterogeneity and the multicomponent nature of many of the interventions for pediatric elimination disorders.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry & Neurobehavioral Sciences , University of Virginia School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Jaclyn A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shepard
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry & Neurobehavioral Sciences , University of Virginia School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Poler
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry & Neurobehavioral Sciences , University of Virginia School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Jesse H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Grabman
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D004688:Encopresis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome