title: Use of an Anopheles Salivary Biomarker to Assess Malaria Transmission Risk Along the Thailand-Myanmar Border.
abstract: The modalities of malaria transmission along the Thailand-Myanmar border are poorly understood. Here we address the relevance of using a specific Anopheles salivary biomarker to measure the risk among humans of exposure to Anopheles bites.
  
  
  
  Serologic surveys were conducted from May 2013 to December 2014 in 4 sentinel villages. More than 9400 blood specimens were collected in filter papers from all inhabitants at baseline and then every 3 months thereafter, for up to 18 months, for analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The relationship between the intensity of the human antibody response and entomological indicators of transmission (human biting rates and entomological inoculation rates [EIRs]) was studied using a multivariate 3-level mixed model analysis. Heat maps for human immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses for each village and survey time point were created using QGIS 2.4.
  
  
  
  The levels of IgG response among participants varied significantly according to village, season, and age (P<.001) and were positively associated with the abundance of total Anopheles species and primary malaria vectors and the EIR (P<.001). Spatial clusters of high-IgG responders were identified across space and time within study villages.
  
  
  
  The gSG6-P1 biomarker has great potential to address the risk of transmission along the Thailand-Myanmar border and represents a promising tool to guide malaria interventions.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Montpellier, and.|Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, and.
authors.forename: Phubeth
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ya-Umphan
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, and.|Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand; and.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cerqueira
authors.affiliation: Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand; and.
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cottrell
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Montpellier, and.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poinsignon
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Montpellier, and.
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Remoue
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Montpellier, and.
authors.forename: Cecile
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brengues
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, and.|Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, and.
authors.forename: Theeraphap
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chareonviriyaphap
authors.affiliation: Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand; and.|Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nosten
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Montpellier, and.|Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Corbel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000276:immunology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D008288:Malaria / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D002052:Myanmar; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000276:immunology*; D013785:Thailand; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D019476:Insect Proteins; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides; C000619934:gSG6-P1 peptide, Anopheles gambiae; C552919:gSG6-P1 peptide, human
keywords: Salivary Biomarker; Thailand-Myanmar border; gSG6-P1.; human antibody response; malaria vectors; transmission