title: Social Influence and Different Types of Red-Light Behaviors among Cyclists.
abstract: Accident analysis and studies on traffic revealed that cyclists' violation of red-light regulation is one typical infringement committed by cyclists. Furthermore, an association between cyclists' crash involvement and red-light violations has been found across different countries. The literature on cyclists' psychosocial determinants of red-light violation is still scarce. The present study, based on the classification of cyclists' red-light behavior in risk-taking (ignoring the red-light and traveling through the junction without stopping), opportunistic (waiting at red-lights but being too impatient to wait for green signal and subsequently crossing the junction), and law-obeying (stopping to obey the red-light), adopted an eye-observational methodology to investigate differences in cyclists' crossing behavior at intersections, in relation to traffic light violations and the presence of other cyclists. Based on the social influence explanatory framework, which states that people tend to behave differently in a given situation taking into consideration similar people's behaviors, and that the effect of social influence is related to the group size, we hypothesized that the number of cyclists at the intersection will have an influence on the cyclists' behavior. Furthermore, cyclists will be more likely to violate in an opportunistic way when other cyclists are already committing a violation. Two researchers at a time registered unobtrusively at four different intersections during morning and late afternoon peak hour traffic, 1381 cyclists approaching the traffic light during the red phase. The 62.9% violated the traffic control. Results showed that a higher number of cyclists waiting at the intersection is associated with fewer risk-taking violations. Nevertheless, the percentage of opportunistic violation remained high. For the condition of no cyclist present, risk-taking behaviors were significantly higher, whereas, they were significantly lower for conditions of two to four and five or more cyclists present. The percentage of cyclists committing a red-light violation without following any other was higher for those committing a risk-taking violation, whereas those following tended to commit opportunistic violations more often.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Bologna Bologna Italy.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fraboni
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Bologna Bologna Italy.
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Marín Puchades
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Bologna Bologna Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Angelis
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Bologna Bologna Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Prati
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Bologna Bologna Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pietrantoni
keywords: cycling behaviors; group pressure; red-light violations; road safety; social influence; social validation