title: How Does Spinal Release and Ponte Osteotomy Improve Spinal Flexibility? The Law of Diminishing Returns.
abstract: METHODS
  Experimental study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of stepwise resection of posterior spinal ligaments, facet joints, and ribs on thoracic spinal flexibility.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Posterior spinal ligaments, facet joints and ribs are removed to increase spinal flexibility in corrective spinal surgery for deformities such as adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Reported clinical results vary and biomechanical substantiation is lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten fresh-frozen human cadaveric thoracic spinal specimens (T6-T11) were studied. A spinal motion simulator applied a pure moment of ±2.5 Nm in flexion, extension, lateral bending (LB) and axial rotation (AR). Range of motion (ROM) was measured for the intact spine and measured again after stepwise resection of the supra/interspinous ligament (SIL), inferior facet, flaval ligament, superior facet, and rib heads.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SIL resection increased ROM in flexion (10.2%) and AR (3.1%). Successive inferior facetectomy increased ROM in flexion (4.1%), LB (3.8%) and AR (7.7%), and flavectomy in flexion (9.1%) and AR (2.5%). Sequential superior facetectomy only increased ROM in flexion (6.3%). Rib removal provided an additional increase in flexion (6.3%), LB (4.5%) and AR (13.0%). Extension ROM increased by 10.5% after the combined removal of the SIL, inferior facet and flaval ligament.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Posterior spinal releases in these non-scoliotic spines led to an incremental increase in spinal flexibility, but each sequential step had less effect. As compared to SIL resection with inferior facetectomy, additional superior facetectomy did not improve flexibility in AR and LB and only 6.3% in flexion. The data presented from this in vitro study should be interpreted with care, as no representative cadaveric spine model for AIS was available, However, the results presented here at least question the benefits of performing routine complete facetectomies (i.e. Ponte osteotomies) to increase spinal flexibility in scoliosis surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Research Institute MOVE, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roderick M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Holewijn
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tom P C
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Schlösser
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Research Institute MOVE, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arno
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bisschop
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Medical Technology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Albert J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van der Veen
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Research Institute MOVE, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Agnita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stadhouder
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Research Institute MOVE, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Barend J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: van Royen
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: René M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Castelein
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Research Institute MOVE, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.dekleuver@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Marinus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Kleuver
keywords: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis; Ponte osteotomy; Rib head removal; Spinal biomechanics; Spinal deformity correction