title: The Effect of Head Positioning and Head Tilting on the Incidence of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Very Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review.
abstract: Despite advances in neonatal intensive care, germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) remains a frequent, serious complication of premature birth. Neutral head position and head tilting have been suggested to reduce the risk of GMH-IVH in preterm infants during the first 72 h of life.
  
  
  
  The aim of this study was to provide a systematic review of the effect of neutral head positioning and head tilting on the incidence of GMH-IVH in very preterm infants (gestational age ≤30 weeks). In addition, we reviewed their effect on cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation.
  
  
  
  Literature was searched (June 2016) in the following electronic databases: CINAHL, Embase, Medline, SCOPUS, and several trial registers.
  
  
  
  One underpowered trial studied the effect of head positioning on the incidence of GMH-IVH. This randomized controlled trial enrolled 48 preterm infants and found no effect on the occurrence of GMH-IVH. Three observational studies investigated the effect of head rotation and/or tilting on cerebral oxygenation in 68 preterm infants in total. Their results suggest that cerebral oxygenation is not significantly affected by changes in head positioning. The effect of head positioning and/or tilting on cerebral hemodynamics was described in 2 observational studies of 28 preterm infants and found no significant effect.
  
  
  
  There is insufficient evidence regarding the effect of head positioning and tilting on the incidence of GMH-IVH and cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation in preterm infants. We recommend further research in this field, especially in extremely preterm and clinically unstable infants during the first postnatal days.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: de Bijl-Marcus
authors.forename: Annemieke J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.forename: Gerda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van Wezel-Meijler
mesh_terms: D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000451:nursing; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000098:blood supply*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006257:Head; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic