title: Analgesic Effects of Alcohol: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Experimental Studies in Healthy Participants.
abstract: Despite the long-standing belief in the analgesic properties of alcohol, experimental studies have produced mixed results. This meta-analysis aimed to clarify whether alcohol produces a decrease in experimentally-induced pain and to determine the magnitude of any such effect. PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase databases were searched from inception until April 21, 2016 for controlled studies examining the effect of quantified dosages of alcohol on pain response to noxious stimulation. Eighteen studies involving 404 participants were identified providing alcohol versus no-alcohol comparisons for 13 tests of pain threshold (n = 212) and 9 tests of pain intensity ratings (n = 192). Random effects meta-analysis of standardized mean difference (SMD) provided robust support for analgesic effects of alcohol. A mean blood alcohol content (BAC) of approximately .08% (3-4 standard drinks) produced a small elevation of pain threshold (SMD [95% CI] = .35 [.17-.54], P = .002), and a moderate to large reduction in pain intensity ratings (SMD [95% CI] = .64 [.37-.91], P < .0001), or equivalently, a mean reduction of 1.25 points on a 0- to 10-point pain rating scale. Furthermore, increasing BAC resulted in increasing analgesia, with each .02% BAC increment producing an increase of SMD = .11 for pain threshold and SMD = .20 for reduced pain intensity. Some evidence of publication bias emerged, but statistical correction methods suggested minimal impact on effect size. Taken together, findings suggest that alcohol is an effective analgesic that delivers clinically-relevant reductions in ratings of pain intensity, which could explain alcohol misuse in those with persistent pain despite its potential consequences for long-term health. Further research is needed to corroborate these findings for clinical pain states.
  
  
  
  This meta-analysis provides robust evidence for the analgesic properties of alcohol, which could potentially contribute to alcohol misuse in pain patients. Strongest analgesia occurs for alcohol levels exceeding World Health Organization guidelines for low-risk drinking and suggests raising awareness of alternative, less harmful pain interventions to vulnerable patients may be beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Education and Health, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: t.thompson@gre.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Education and Health, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oram
authors.affiliation: Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, New York; Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York.
authors.forename: Christoph U
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Correll
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Education and Health, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsermentseli
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Brendon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stubbs
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000431:Ethanol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000431:Ethanol
keywords: Pain; alcohol; analgesia; ethanol; meta-analysis; review