title: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and the Risk of Ovarian Cancer and Borderline Ovarian Tumors: A Pooled Analysis of 13 Case-Control Studies.
abstract: Inflammation has been implicated in ovarian carcinogenesis. However, studies investigating the association between pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and ovarian cancer risk are few and inconsistent. We investigated the association between PID and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer according to tumor behavior and histotype. We pooled data from 13 case-control studies, conducted between 1989 and 2009, from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC), including 9,162 women with ovarian cancers, 2,354 women with borderline tumors, and 14,736 control participants. Study-specific odds ratios were estimated and subsequently combined into a pooled odds ratio using a random-effects model. A history of PID was associated with an increased risk of borderline tumors (pooled odds ratio (pOR) = 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10, 1.58). Women with at least 2 episodes of PID had a 2-fold increased risk of borderline tumors (pOR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.08, 4.24). No association was observed between PID and ovarian cancer risk overall (pOR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.83, 1.19); however, a statistically nonsignificantly increased risk of low-grade serous tumors (pOR = 1.48, 95% CI: 0.92, 2.38) was noted. In conclusion, PID was associated with an increased risk of borderline ovarian tumors, particularly among women who had had multiple episodes of PID. Although our results indicated a histotype-specific association with PID, the association of PID with ovarian cancer risk is still somewhat uncertain and requires further investigation.
authors.forename: Christina B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: Susanne K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kjaer
authors.forename: Vanna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Albieri
authors.forename: Elisa V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Bandera
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.forename: Estrid
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Høgdall
authors.forename: Penelope M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: Mary Anne
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rossing
authors.forename: Kristine G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Wicklund
authors.forename: Marc T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Francesmary
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Modugno
authors.forename: Kirsten B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Moysich
authors.forename: Roberta B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Ness
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Joellen M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schildkraut
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berchuck
authors.forename: Sara H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Lambertus A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kiemeney
authors.forename: Leon F A G
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Massuger
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Narod
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Phelan
authors.forename: Hoda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Anton-Culver
authors.forename: Argyrios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ziogas
authors.forename: Anna H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Celeste L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: Harvey A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Risch
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000077216:Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy; D009375:Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D000292:Pelvic Inflammatory Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D065840:Protective Factors; D017584:Reproductive History; D012307:Risk Factors; D013246:Sterilization, Tubal; D013627:Talc / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D013627:Talc
keywords: inflammation; neoplasms; histological type; ovarian neoplasms; pelvic inflammatory disease; risk factors