title: Aphids transform and detoxify the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol via a type II biotransformation mechanism yet unknown in animals.
abstract: Biotransformation of mycotoxins in animals comprises phase I and phase II metabolisation reactions. For the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON), several phase II biotransformation reactions have been described resulting in DON-glutathiones, DON-glucuronides and DON-sulfates made by glutathione-S-transferases, uridine-diphosphoglucuronyl transferases and sulfotransferases, respectively. These metabolites can be easily excreted and are less toxic than their free compounds. Here, we demonstrate for the first time in the animal kingdom the conversion of DON to DON-3-glucoside (DON-3G) via a model system with plant pathogenic aphids. This phase II biotransformation mechanism has only been reported in plants. As the DON-3G metabolite was less toxic for aphids than DON, this conversion is considered a detoxification reaction. Remarkably, English grain aphids (Sitobion avenae) which co-occur with the DON producer Fusarium graminearum on wheat during the development of fusarium symptoms, tolerate DON much better and convert DON to DON-3G more efficiently than pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), the latter being known to feed on legumes which are no host for F. graminearum. Using a non-targeted high resolution mass spectrometric approach, we detected DON-diglucosides in aphids probably as a result of sequential glucosylation reactions. Data are discussed in the light of an eventual co-evolutionary adaptation of S. avenae to DON.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Agrozoology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.|Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: De Zutter
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Audenaert
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arroyo-Manzanares
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Boevre
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van Poucke
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Saeger
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haesaert
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Agrozoology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smagghe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000378:metabolism*; D001711:Biotransformation; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D000090822:Ribosomal Protein L3; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins; D000090822:Ribosomal Protein L3; D012269:Ribosomal Proteins; D014255:Trichothecenes; C007262:deoxynivalenol