title: The eco-evolutionary impacts of domestication and agricultural practices on wild species.
abstract: Agriculture is a dominant evolutionary force that drives the evolution of both domesticated and wild species. However, the various mechanisms of agriculture-induced evolution and their socio-ecological consequences are not often synthetically discussed. Here, we explore how agricultural practices and evolutionary changes in domesticated species cause evolution in wild species. We do so by examining three processes by which agriculture drives evolution. First, differences in the traits of domesticated species, compared with their wild ancestors, alter the selective environment and create opportunities for wild species to specialize. Second, selection caused by agricultural practices, including both those meant to maximize productivity and those meant to control pest species, can lead to pest adaptation. Third, agriculture can cause non-selective changes in patterns of gene flow in wild species. We review evidence for these processes and then discuss their ecological and sociological impacts. We finish by identifying important knowledge gaps and future directions related to the eco-evolutionary impacts of agriculture including their extent, how to prevent the detrimental evolution of wild species, and finally, how to use evolution to minimize the ecological impacts of agriculture.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human influences on evolution, and the ecological and societal consequences'.
authors.affiliation: Center for Adaptation to a Changing Environment, CHN G35.1, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, Zürich 8092, Switzerland mart.turcotte@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Martin M
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3949-6958
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Turcotte
authors.affiliation: Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 0608589, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.affiliation: Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T1Z4.
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Karp
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall 4117, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Poveda
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall 4117, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7089-4594
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Whitehead
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological; D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D005075:Biological Evolution; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D000071278:Domestication; D051456:Gene Flow
keywords: agricultural sustainability; contemporary evolution; eco-evolutionary impacts; evolutionary agroecology; resistance evolution; spillover effects