title: Ventriculostomy-associated hemorrhage: a risk assessment by radiographic simulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE Ventriculostomy entry sites are commonly selected by freehand estimation of Kocher's point or approximations from skull landmarks and a trajectory toward the ipsilateral frontal horn of the lateral ventricles. A recognized ventriculostomy complication is intracranial hemorrhage from cortical vessel damage; reported rates range from 1% to 41%. In this report, the authors assess hemorrhagic risk by simulating traditional ventriculostomy trajectories and using CT angiography (CTA) with venography (CTV) data to identify potential complications, specifically from cortical draining veins. METHODS Radiographic analysis was completed on 50 consecutive dynamic CTA/CTV studies obtained at a tertiary-care academic neurosurgery department. Image sections were 0.5 mm thick, and analysis was performed on a venous phase that demonstrated high-quality opacification of the cortical veins and sagittal sinus. Virtual ventriculostomy trajectories were determined for right and left sides using medical diagnostic imaging software. Entry points were measured along the skull surface, 10 cm posteriorly from the nasion, and 3 cm laterally for both left and right sides. Cannulation was simulated perpendicular to the skull surface. Distances between the software-traced cortical vessels and the virtual catheter were measured. To approximate vessel injury by twist drill and ventricular catheter placement, veins within a 3-mm radius were considered a hemorrhage risk. RESULTS In 100 virtual lines through Kocher's point toward the ipsilateral ventricle, 19% were predicted to cause cortical vein injury and suspected hemorrhage (radius ≤ 3 mm). Little difference existed between cerebral hemispheres (right 18%, left 20%). The average (± SD) distance from the trajectory line and a cortical vein was 7.23 ± 4.52 mm. In all 19 images that predicted vessel injury, a site of entry for an avascular zone near Kocher's point could be achieved by moving the trajectory less than 1.0 cm laterally and less than 1.0 cm along the anterior/posterior axis, suggesting that empirical measures are suboptimal, and that patient-specific coordinates based on preprocedural CTA/CVA imaging may optimize ventriculostomy in the future. CONCLUSIONS In this institutional radiographic imaging analysis, traditional methods of ventriculostomy site selection predicted significant rates of cortical vein injury, matching described rates in the literature. CTA/CTV imaging potentiates identification of patient-specific cannulation sites and custom trajectories that avoid cortical vessels, which may lessen the risk of intracranial hemorrhage during ventriculostomy placement. Further development of this software is underway to facilitate stereotactic ventriculostomy and improve outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School; and.|Cushing Neurosurgical Outcomes Center and.
authors.forename: Faith C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School; and.|Department of Neurological Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Muhammad M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Abd-El-Barr
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School; and.|Department of Neurological Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Srinivasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukundan
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School; and.|Department of Neurological Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Gormley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D000072226:Computed Tomography Angiography; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D010690:Phlebography; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D014696:Ventriculostomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: CTA = CT angiography; CTV = CT venography; Kocher's point; diagnostic technique; external ventricular drainage; intracranial hemorrhage; ventriculostomy