title: Helminths, hygiene hypothesis and type 2 diabetes.
abstract: Worldwide, there is little overlap between the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Helminth-induced type 2 immune responses and immune regulatory network might modulate the obesity-induced activation of inflammatory pathways that are associated with the development of insulin resistance, a strong predictor of the development of T2D. However, other factors such as helminth-associated changes in adiposity and gut microbiome might also contribute to improved metabolic outcomes. In this review, we summarize epidemiological evidence for the link between helminths and T2D and discuss the potential mechanisms, based on findings from experimental studies as well as the limited number of studies in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: de Ruiter
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.|Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Tahapary
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sartono
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Soewondo
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Supali
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J W A
authors.initials: JWA
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yazdanbakhsh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000469:parasitology*; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D006376:Helminths / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D061148:Hygiene Hypothesis
keywords: helminths; human; hygiene hypothesis; insulin resistance; metabolic disease; type 2 diabetes