title: Identification of candidate genes in osteoporosis by integrated microarray analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In order to screen the altered gene expression profile in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with osteoporosis, we performed an integrated analysis of the online microarray studies of osteoporosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database for microarray studies of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with osteoporosis. Subsequently, we integrated gene expression data sets from multiple microarray studies to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between patients with osteoporosis and normal controls. Gene function analysis was performed to uncover the functions of identified DEGs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of three microarray studies were selected for integrated analysis. In all, 1125 genes were found to be signiﬁcantly differentially expressed between osteoporosis patients and normal controls, with 373 upregulated and 752 downregulated genes. Positive regulation of the cellular amino metabolic process (gene ontology (GO): 0033240, false discovery rate (FDR) = 1.00E + 00) was significantly enriched under the GO category for biological processes, while for molecular functions, flavin adenine dinucleotide binding (GO: 0050660, FDR = 3.66E-01) and androgen receptor binding (GO: 0050681, FDR = 6.35E-01) were significantly enriched. DEGs were enriched in many osteoporosis-related signalling pathways, including those of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and calcium. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis showed that the significant hub proteins contained ubiquitin specific peptidase 9, X-linked (Degree = 99), ubiquitin specific peptidase 19 (Degree = 57) and ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 B (Degree = 57).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of gene function of identified differentially expressed genes may expand our understanding of fundamental mechanisms leading to osteoporosis. Moreover, significantly enriched pathways, such as MAPK and calcium, may involve in osteoporosis through osteoblastic differentiation and bone formation.Cite this article: J. J. Li, B. Q. Wang, Q. Fei, Y. Yang, D. Li. Identification of candidate genes in osteoporosis by integrated microarray analysis. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:594-601. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.512.BJR-2016-0073.R1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Yongan Road 95, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Yongan Road 95, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: B Q
authors.initials: BQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Yongan Road 95, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China spinefei@126.com.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fei
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Yongan Road 95, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Yongan Road 95, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: Differentially expressed genes; Integrated analysis; Microarray; Osteoporosis; Peripheral blood mononuclear cells