title: Rapid Karyotype Evolution in Lasiopodomys Involved at Least Two Autosome - Sex Chromosome Translocations.
abstract: The generic status of Lasiopodomys and its division into subgenera Lasiopodomys (L. mandarinus, L. brandtii) and Stenocranius (L. gregalis, L. raddei) are not generally accepted because of contradictions between the morphological and molecular data. To obtain cytogenetic evidence for the Lasiopodomys genus and its subgenera and to test the autosome to sex chromosome translocation hypothesis of sex chromosome complex origin in L. mandarinus proposed previously, we hybridized chromosome painting probes from the field vole (Microtus agrestis, MAG) and the Arctic lemming (Dicrostonyx torquatus, DTO) onto the metaphases of a female Mandarin vole (L. mandarinus, 2n = 47) and a male Brandt's vole (L. brandtii, 2n = 34). In addition, we hybridized Arctic lemming painting probes onto chromosomes of a female narrow-headed vole (L. gregalis, 2n = 36). Cross-species painting revealed three cytogenetic signatures (MAG12/18, 17a/19, and 22/24) that could validate the genus Lasiopodomys and indicate the evolutionary affinity of L. gregalis to the genus. Moreover, all three species retained the associations MAG1bc/17b and 2/8a detected previously in karyotypes of all arvicolins studied. The associations MAG2a/8a/19b, 8b/21, 9b/23, 11/13b, 12b/18, 17a/19a, and 5 fissions of ancestral segments appear to be characteristic for the subgenus Lasiopodomys. We also validated the autosome to sex chromosome translocation hypothesis on the origin of complex sex chromosomes in L. mandarinus. Two translocations of autosomes onto the ancestral X chromosome in L. mandarinus led to a complex of neo-X1, neo-X2, and neo-X3 elements. Our results demonstrate that genus Lasiopodomys represents a striking example of rapid chromosome evolution involving both autosomes and sex chromosomes. Multiple reshuffling events including Robertsonian fusions, chromosomal fissions, inversions and heterochromatin expansion have led to the formation of modern species karyotypes in a very short time, about 2.4 MY.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Olga L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Gladkikh
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.|Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Svetlana A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0951-5209
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Romanenko
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Natalya A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Lemskaya
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Natalya A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Serdyukova
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Patricia C M
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.affiliation: Severtzov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Julia M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kovalskaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Antonina V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Smorkatcheva
authors.affiliation: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Feodor N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Golenishchev
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.|Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Polina L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Perelman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.|Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Vladimir A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Trifonov
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Malcolm A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ferguson-Smith
authors.affiliation: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Fengtang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.|Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Graphodatsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003411:Arvicolinae / Q000235:genetics*; D003582:Cytogenetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D059785:Karyotype; D007621:Karyotyping; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny; D012730:Sex Chromosomes / Q000235:genetics*; D014178:Translocation, Genetic