title: The role of drugs in bone pain.
abstract: Painful symptomatology in the skeletal system can be found in various pathological conditions and can be either localised or diffused. Bone tenderness is common in those who are of an elderly age.
  Patients should be informed of the possible causes of their pain and the different therapies that could alleviate it; furthermore they should be encouraged to have an active role in their therapy. It is necessary to prevent the onset of the pain (by the clock) by considering the biological half-life, the bioavailability and the duration of action of the therapy. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), pain treatment is based on a three-step ladder.
  Adjuvant therapies are often associated with the drugs in the WHO three step ladder. This heterogeneous group of non-analgesic drugs is used in the treatment of bone pain by bettering the analgesia or reducing the side effects brought on by analgesics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the daily struggle that doctors face to treat their patients, pain management should not be disregarded. Among the various types of pain, bone pain, must not be underestimated but be fought against by using all means available. Patients need to be treated depending on the severity of their pain, NSAIDs should be the preferred choice of treatment for acute pain but not for that of chronic pain. In the case of chronic pain opioids should be used in their most recent fomulations as they can guarantee fewer side effects. Patients should also be prescribed adjuvant drugs as well as being given psychological support in order to ensure successful treatment.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Clinic, AOU Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marras
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Clinic, AOU Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo Tranquilli
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Leali
keywords: bone pain; drug therapy