title: Nanostructured fusiform hydroxyapatite particles precipitated from aquaculture wastewater.
abstract: The present work represents a new approach for the isolation of uniform nano particulate hydroxyapatite (HAp). The chemical characterization of a calcium phosphate product obtained from industrial trout farm aquaculture wastewater by two different routes, washing either with a basic aqueous medium (washNaOH) or followed by a further washing with ethanol (washEtOH), is explored. Characterization of the isolated materials includes morphology studies (SEM and TEM), structural (XRD, electron diffraction), compositional (EDX) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The obtained products are a mixture of different compounds, with hydroxyapatite the predominant phase. The morphology is unusually nanometric size with fusiform shaped particles, such characteristics are ordinarily only obtained by synthetic routes. This process of phosphate precipitation represents a unique self-sufficient process to be compared to conventional chemical or biological practices for precipitating phosphate.
authors.affiliation: Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8QQ Wales, UK.
authors.forename: Covadonga
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Correas
authors.affiliation: College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8QQ Wales, UK.
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gerardo
authors.affiliation: Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, SA2 8PP Wales, UK.
authors.forename: Alexander M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.affiliation: Leeds Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy Centre, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT England, UK.
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8QQ Wales, UK. Electronic address: e.andreoli@swansea.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Andreoli
authors.affiliation: Energy Safety Research Institute, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8QQ Wales, UK; Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA. Electronic address: arb@rice.edu.
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Barron
mesh_terms: D017756:Aquaculture; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry*; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D017886:Durapatite; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Calcium phosphate; Fusiform; Hydroxyapatite; Morphology; Nano; Trout