title: The effect of sleep apnea on all-cause mortality in nondialyzed chronic kidney disease patients.
abstract: The prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is high. Studies on the effects of sleep apnea (SA) on treatment outcomes have been mostly focused on dialyzed CKD or renal transplant patients. Studies on the effects of SA on all-cause mortality in nondialyzed CKD patients are scarce.
  
  
  
  We enrolled and followed up all adults who were referred for diagnostic testing for sleep apnea between March 2007 and July 2014, had undergone polysomnography, and whose records of serum creatinine levels were available. The outcomes were all-cause mortality and renal outcome.
  
  
  
  A total of 1454 participants were included in the study. Of these, 103 patients (7.08%) had CKD and 38 patients (2.61%) died. CKD was associated with central sleep apnea (CSA) (odds ratio [OR] = 5.158 [95% confidence interval {CI} = 1.992-13.355], p = 0.001) and severe SDB (OR = 1.737 [1.119-2.695], p = 0.014). CSA was a risk factor for all-cause mortality in nondialyzed subjects (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]= <4.250 [CI = 1.560-11.573], p = 0.005), whereas CSA was found to be a stronger risk factor for all-cause mortality in subjects with CKD (adjusted HR = 40.728 [CI = 4.765-348.117], p = 0.001). Mixed sleep apnea was related to rapid decline of renal function in nondialyzed subjects (adjusted HR = 1.932 [CI = 1.183-3.155], p = 0.009), whereas, OSA was (adjusted HR = 3.315 [CI = 1.188-9.248], p = 0.022) in CKD subjects.
  
  
  
  In nondialyzed patients, CKD was each associated with central sleep apnea (CSA) and severe SDB. CSA was an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality, and was a more evident mortality risk in CKD patients than in non-CKD participants. Rapid decline of renal function may play a role in the mortality of CKD patients associated with SA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jianwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: In Young
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: mednep@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Ho Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Chin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015897:Comorbidity; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine
keywords: All-cause mortality; Chronic kidney disease; Nondialyzed population; Sleep apnea; Sleep disordered breathing