title: Solid dispersions enhance solubility, dissolution, and permeability of thalidomide.
abstract: Thalidomide (THD) is a BCS class II drug with renewed and growing therapeutic applicability. Along with the low aqueous solubility, additional poor biopharmaceutical properties of the drug, i.e. chemical instability, high crystallinity, and polymorphism, lead to a slow and variable oral absorption. In this view, we developed solid dispersions (SDs) containing THD dispersed in different self-emulsifying carriers aiming at an enhanced absorption profile for the drug. THD was dispersed in lauroyl macrogol-32 glycerides (Gelucire®44/14) and α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate (Kolliphor®TPGS), in the presence or absence of the precipitation inhibitor polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30), by means of the solvent method. Physicochemical analysis revealed the formation of semicrystalline SDs. X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy analyses suggest that the remaining crystalline fraction of the drug in the SDs did not undergo polymorphic transition. The impact of the solubility-enhancing formulations on the THD biopharmaceutical properties was evaluated by several in vitro techniques. The developed SDs were able to increase the apparent solubility of the drug (up to 2-3x the equilibrium solubility) for a least 4 h. Dissolution experiments (paddle method, 75 rpm) in different pHs showed that around 80% of drug dissolved after 120 min (versus 40% of pure crystalline drug). Additionally, we demonstrated the enhanced solubility obtained via SDs could be translated into increased flux in a parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA). In summary, the results demonstrate that SDs could be considered an interesting and unexplored strategy to improve the biopharmaceutical properties of THD, since SDs of this important drug have yet to be reported.
authors.affiliation: a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvana A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Barea
authors.affiliation: a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristiane B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Mattos
authors.affiliation: b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil.
authors.forename: Ariadne C C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil.
authors.forename: Vitor C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.affiliation: b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudia M O
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Simões
authors.affiliation: b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil.
authors.forename: Jadel M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kratz
authors.affiliation: a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , Brazil.
authors.forename: Letícia S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Koester
mesh_terms: D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D012995:Solubility; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D013792:Thalidomide
keywords: Thalidomide; permeability; self-emulsifying; solid dispersion; solubility