title: Life Satisfaction and Hemodynamic Reactivity to Mental Stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Satisfaction with life has been considered a health-protective variable, which could impact cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, few studies have examined the physiological pathways involved in the potentially salutary effect of life satisfaction. It was hypothesized that life satisfaction should be associated with a cardiovascular response profile that signals challenge (i.e., higher cardiac output, lower peripheral resistance), rather than threat during a mental stress task.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 75 healthy, medication-free men without clinical signs of psychological disorders who worked full-time and occupied highly demanding positions participated in this study. They performed two mental stress tasks (n-back) with varying degrees of difficulty. The tasks were embedded between a baseline and a recovery period. Cardiovascular and hemodynamic variables (heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance) were recorded by means of impedance cardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals who were more satisfied with their life displayed higher cardiac output and lower peripheral resistance levels during the stress tasks, indicating a challenge rather than a threat profile. Findings were robust when controlled for physical activity, smoking, age, and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Life satisfaction could be positively correlated with beneficial hemodynamic stress reactivity, indicating that individuals with higher levels of life satisfaction can more adaptively cope with stress. Increased cardiac output and decreased peripheral resistance during stress may constitute one route through which life satisfaction can benefit health.
authors.affiliation: Health Psychology and Applied Diagnostics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119, Wuppertal, Germany. anschwerdtfeger@uni-wuppertal.de.|Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria. anschwerdtfeger@uni-wuppertal.de.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schwerdtfeger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gaisbachgrabner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Traunmüller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Biopsychosocial model; Cardiovascular reactivity; Hemodynamic reactivity; Life satisfaction; Mental stress