title: Timelines of the "free-particle" and "fixed-particle" models of stone-formation: theoretical and experimental investigations.
abstract: Two major theories on renal stone formation will be reviewed, the "free-particle" and "fixed-particle" mechanisms. These theories combine data on intrinsic factors (inborn metabolic errors), extrinsic factors (diet), renal cell responses and the physico-chemistry and biochemistry of urine into mechanisms of stone formation. This paper describes the specific role of time in both mechanisms. The timeline of crystal- and stone formation was deducted from literature data and was measured for two stones using radioisotope decay analysis. The stones of similar size and composition showed, respectively, a timeline of a few years and a development that took decades. In combination with data on stone architecture and patient characteristics these timelines are explained using the free-particle and fixed-particle mechanisms. Consideration of the timeline of stone formation has clinical implications. We conclude that the fixed-particle mechanism can be a slow process where decades pass between the first formation of a precipitate in the renal interstitium and the clinical presentation of the stone. Added to the fact that the mechanism of this initial precipitation is still ill defined, the conditions that started fixed-particle stone formation in an individual patient can be obscure. Blood and urine analysis in such patients does not necessarily reveal the individual's risk for recurrence as lifestyle may have changed over time. This is in fact what defines the so-called idiopathic stoneformers. For these patients, prevention of outgrowth of previously formed precipitates, papillary plaques, may be more relevant than prevention of new plaque formation. In contrast, a patient who has formed a stone in a relatively short time through the free-particle mechanism is more likely to show abnormal values in blood and urine that explain the starting event of stone formation. In these patients, measurement of such values provides useful information to guide preventive measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. d.kok@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kok
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Boellaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ridwan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Accelerator Science, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Kirrawee, Australia.
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Levchenko
mesh_terms: D003460:Crystallization; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000209:etiology*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Age; Calcium oxalate; Calcium phosphate; Isotope; Stone formation; Urolithiasis