title: Lung Adenocarcinoma in Never Smokers: Problems of Primary Prevention from Aspects of Susceptible Genes and Carcinogens.
abstract: Global statistics estimate that approximately 25% of patients with lung cancer are never smokers. We suggest that genes related to susceptibility to metabolic syndrome were present among those related to susceptibility to lung adenocarcinoma (AC) in never smokers. There are many questions concerning lung AC in never smokers, which is increasing in incidence, with female predominance, good prognosis, unique genes related to susceptibility and good response to treatment with specific agents. The purpose of this review was to investigate the carcinogenesis of lung AC in never smokers focusing on genes related to susceptibility to lung AC and carcinogens, including environmental factors. In order to clarify the carcinogenesis of lung AC in never smokers, the definition of never smokers, survey of environmental tobacco smoke, the presence of the physical characteristics of metabolic syndrome, and other carcinogens should be investigated for primary prevention of lung AC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Sanno Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan iokazaki@iuhw.ac.jp.|Department of Internal Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Nasushiobara, Japan.
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Okazaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Nasushiobara, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigemi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Center for Clinical Pharmacy and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.affiliation: Department of Chest Surgery,Saitama Prefecture Central Hospital, Okegawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sohara
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D003043:Cocarcinogenesis; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics; D012907:Smoking
keywords: Never smoker; environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); lung adenocarcinoma; metabolic syndrome; review; susceptible gene