title: Use of the universal pain assessment tool for evaluating pain associated with TMD in youngsters with an intellectual disability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Universal Pain Assessment Tool (UPAT) was used to assess the level of pain in people with limited communication skills. The UPAT enables clinicians to consult a specialized pain management team more often and lead to earlier interventions. The purpose of this study was to determine, whether the UPAT could be used as an extra tool to collect data on functional TMJ pain and to assess orofacial pain levels related to temporomandibular disorder(s) (TMD) in people with intellectual disabilities (ID).
  
  
  METHODS
  Non-down syndrome ID Athletes were screened during the Special Olympics European games in 2014. The clinical scores of possible functional jaw pain were collected using the UPAT, to indicate pain severity on a visual scale during different jaw movements (opening, closing and lateral).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and four youngsters were screened by calibrated dentists. The majority (65%) of participants were male (133 male and 71 female athletes); age distribution ranged from 15 to 23 years (mean 19.25 ± 2.53). The results of the UPAT have shown the existence of functional TMJ pain in 32% (n=65) of the athletes without significant prevalence (P > 0.05) in this survey group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the results of the present study, the UPAT demonstrated that it could be a useful tool to detect the existence of functional jaw pain possibly associated with TMD and also a valid instrument to score pain intensity associated with TMD in people with ID.
authors.affiliation: Special care in Dentistry - Ghent University, UZ - De Pintelaan 185 P 8, 9000 Gent, Belgium, Luc.marks@ugent.be.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dugashvili
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van den Berghe
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Menabde
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janelidze
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marks
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult