title: The development, validation, and feasibility of the Experienced Coercion Scale.
abstract: Existing scales for experienced coercion have limitations. We developed and validated a short self-report form for experienced coercion for use across care settings, care phases, and care measures. In Stage 1, we developed an item pool, based on the literature, patient accounts, interviews, and expert feedback. Stages 2 and 3 consisted of 2 cross-sectional studies, with patients from acute and nonacute inpatient wards, outpatient care, and supported housing. In Stage 2, patients (N = 212) responded to the Coercion Ladder and the experienced coercion items from Stage 1. We selected 20 items for Stage 3 based on item performance in typically coercive versus voluntary care settings, each items' relation to the Coercion Ladder score, and with regard to the component structure from principal component analysis (PCA). In Stage 3, we collected and examined item responses and clinical and coercion data from a new sample of patients (N = 219). We selected 15 items based on factor loadings to form part of the final Experienced Coercion Scale (ECS). The internal consistency was high and score distribution approached the normal curve. ECS sum scores correlated strongly with scores on the Coercion Ladder. In a regression analysis, demographic variables, diagnosis, duration of treatment, and care setting did not predict ECS scores, while legal status and continuing involuntary medication significantly predicted scores. In this initial study, the ECS scores showed promising psychometric properties, suggesting it can be used across care settings and is suitable for research and service evaluation. (PsycINFO Database Record
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Department, Division of Mental Health Services, Akershus University Hospital.
authors.forename: Olav
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nyttingnes
authors.affiliation: Health Services Research Unit, Akershus University Hospital.
authors.forename: Jorun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rugkåsa
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Department, Division of Mental Health Services, Akershus University Hospital.
authors.forename: Aina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holmén
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Department, Division of Mental Health Services, Akershus University Hospital.
authors.forename: Torleif
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ruud
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003068:Coercion; D003134:Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report / Q000592:standards*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*