title: SBRT for centrally localized NSCLC - What is too central?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current guidelines recommend stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in medically inoperable patients. There are excellent outcome and toxicity data for SBRT of peripheral lung tumors. However, the discussion on SBRT for centrally located tumors is controversial. This study evaluated current clinical practice regarding SBRT of centrally located lung tumors, to identify common fractionation schedules and commonly accepted contraindications for SBRT.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire consisting of two parts was introduced at the annual meeting of the DEGRO working group on stereotactic radiotherapy, representing centers in Germany and Switzerland. The first part of the questionnaire covered general information about the centers, whereas the second part specifically addressed SBRT of centrally located lung tumors, using case examples of nine primary NSCLC patients. Reconstructions of a contrast enhanced CT, as well as PET-Imaging for each case were demonstrated to the participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six centers participated in the meeting. The majority was academic (73%), participated in interdisciplinary thoracic oncology tumorboards (88%) and offered SBRT for lung tumors (96%). Two centers questioned the indication of SBRT for central lung tumors because of lack of evidence. The majority of centers had experience in SBRT for central lung tumors (88%) and half of the centers reported more than ten cases treated during a median period of five years. Most fractionation schedules used PTV encompassing doses of 48-60 Gy in eight fractions with maximum doses of 125-150%. A clear indication for SBRT treatment was seen by more than 85% of centers in three of the nine patients in whom tumors were small and not closer than 2 cm to the main bronchus. Prior pneumonectomy or immediate adjacency to hilar/mediastinal structures were not considered as contraindications for SBRT. In cases where the tumor exceeded 4 cm in diameter or was located closer than 4 cm to the carina 50-80% of centers saw an indication for SBRT. One case, with a 7 cm tumor reaching to the carina would have been treated with SBRT only by one center.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within DEGRO working group on stereotactic radiotherapy, SBRT for small (<4 cm) early stage NSCLC is a common indication, if the minimal distance to the main bronchi is at least 2 cm. The controversy on the treatment of larger and more central tumors will hopefully be solved by ongoing prospective clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitässpital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. johannes.roesch@usz.ch.
authors.forename: J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8863-9524
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roesch
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitässpital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Panje
authors.affiliation: Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sterzing
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mantel
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nestle
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitässpital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Andratschke
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitässpital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guckenberger
mesh_terms: D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D016634:Radiosurgery; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Central lung; NSCLC; Pulmonary toxicity; SABR; SBRT