title: Temporal variability of blood lead, mercury, and cadmium levels in elderly panel study (2008-2014).
abstract: Biological measurements have been employed as useful biomarkers for exposure. Because of its property of reflecting toxicokinetic differences, however, within-subject variability leads to biased results in epidemiologic studies.
  
  
  
  We examined the variability of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) levels in blood samples from 1429 participants among 1677 elderly individuals aged over 60 years who lived in an urban area from August 2008 to April 2015.
  
  
  
  The geometric means of blood Pb, Hg, Cd were 1.92μg/dL, 2.48μg/L, and 1.33μg/L, and the intra-class correlations (ICCs) were 0.81, 0.71, and 0.83, respectively. The mean values of Pb and Hg levels in this study were lower than the results from single spot samples in other national biomonitoring surveys in Korea, with the exception of Cd was higher than those in other studies. Moreover, the predicted exceedances over the guidance levels for Pb, Hg, and Cd were 1.9%, 4.2%, and 0.3%, respectively.
  
  
  
  Korean elderly were exposed to high levels of Pb, Hg and Cd. Especially, those who had high levels of Cd were continuously exposed to Cd during study period with the 6 collection intervals. Therefore, factors affecting environmental Cd exposure should be further studied in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seungho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Miyeon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yun-Chul
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: jhkim777@sejong.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jin Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood* / Q000592:standards; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000592:standards; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood* / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D008628:Mercury / Q000097:blood* / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D056910:Republic of Korea
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D008628:Mercury
keywords: Cadmium; Exceedance; Intra-class correlation (ICC); Lead; Mercury