title: Assessment of traditional and improved stove use on household air pollution and personal exposures in rural western Kenya.
abstract: Over 40% of the world's population relies on solid fuels for heating and cooking. Use of improved biomass cookstoves (ICS) has the potential to reduce household air pollution (HAP).
  
  
  
  As part of an evaluation to identify ICS for use in Kenya, we collected indoor air and personal air samples to assess differences between traditional cookstoves (TCS) and ICS.
  
  
  
  We conducted a cross-over study in 2012 in two Kenyan villages; up to six different ICS were installed in 45 households during six two-week periods. Forty-eight hour kitchen measurements of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon monoxide (CO) were collected for the TCS and ICS. Concurrent personal CO measurements were conducted on the mother and one child in each household. We performed descriptive analysis and compared paired measurements between baseline (TCS only) and each ICS.
  
  
  
  The geometric mean of 48-hour baseline PM2.5and CO concentrations in the kitchen was 586μg/m3(95% CI: 460, 747) and 4.9ppm (95% CI: 4.3, 5.5), respectively. For each ICS, the geometric mean kitchen air pollutant concentration was lower than the TCS: median reductions were 38.8% (95% CI: 29.5, 45.2) for PM2.5and 27.1% (95% CI: 17.4, 40.3) for CO, with statistically significant relationships for four ICS. We also observed a reduction in personal exposures to CO with ICS use.
  
  
  
  We observed a reduction in mean 48-hour PM2.5and CO concentrations compared to the TCS; however, concentrations for both pollutants were still consistently higher than WHO air quality guidelines. Our findings illustrate that ICS tested in real-world settings can reduce exposures to HAP, but implementation of cleaner fuels and related stove technologies may also be necessary to optimize public health benefits.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States. Electronic address: fyip@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Fuyuen
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yip
authors.affiliation: National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
authors.forename: Kanta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sircar
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Naeher
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Policy, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.affiliation: Berkeley Air Monitoring Group, Berkeley, CA, United States.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pennise
authors.affiliation: National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lozier
authors.affiliation: National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pilishvili
authors.affiliation: National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Loo Farrar
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Policy, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Debbi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stanistreet
authors.affiliation: Nyando Integrated Child Health and Education Project/Safe Water and AIDS Project, Kisumu, Kenya.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nyagol
authors.affiliation: Berkeley Air Monitoring Group, Berkeley, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Justus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muoki
authors.affiliation: National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
authors.forename: Lindsey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Beer
authors.affiliation: National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sage
authors.affiliation: Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kapil
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003296:Cooking / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006794:Household Articles / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007630:Kenya; D008875:Middle Aged; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D012424:Rural Population; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D002248:Carbon Monoxide
keywords: Carbon monoxide; Cookstove; Household air pollution; Particulate matter