title: Palmitoleic Acid Improves Metabolic Functions in Fatty Liver by PPARα-Dependent AMPK Activation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Palmitoleic acid, since described as lipokine, increases glucose uptake by modulation of 5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), as well as increasing lipolysis by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), in adipose tissue. However, in liver, the effects of palmitoleic acid on glucose metabolism and the role of PPARα remain unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether palmitoleic acid improved the hepatic insulin sensitivity of obese mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL6 and PPARα knockout (KO) mice were fed for 12 weeks with a standard diet (SD) or high-fat diet (HF), and in the last 2 weeks were treated with oleic or palmitoleic acid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Palmitoleic acid promoted a faster uptake of glucose in the body, associated with higher insulin concentration; however, even when stimulated with insulin, palmitoleic acid did not modulate the insulin pathway (AKT, IRS). Palmitoleic acid increased the phosphorylation of AMPK, upregulated glucokinase and downregulated SREBP-1. Regarding AMPK downstream, palmitoleic acid increased the production of FGF-21 and stimulated the expression of PPARα. Palmitoleic acid treatment did not increase AMPK phosphorylation, modulate glucokinase or increase FGF-21 in liver of PPARα KO mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In mice fed with a high-fat diet, palmitoleic acid supplementation stimulated the uptake of glucose in liver through activation of AMPK and FGF-21, dependent on PPARα. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2168-2177, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandre A S
authors.initials: AAS
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luana A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Biondo
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edson A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Lima Junior
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Helena A P
authors.initials: HAP
authors.lastname: Batatinha
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jose C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rosa Neto
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005941:Glucokinase / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D010766:Phosphorylation; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D047493:PPAR alpha; C497388:Srebf1 protein, mouse; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; C414620:fibroblast growth factor 21; C008757:palmitoleic acid; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D005941:Glucokinase; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; D005947:Glucose