title: Photoprotective effects of cranberry juice and its various fractions against blue light-induced impairment in human retinal pigment epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cranberry has numerous biological activities, including antioxidation, anticancer, cardioprotection, as well as treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI), attributed to abundant phenolic contents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study focused on the effect of cranberry juice (CJ) on blue light exposed human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells which mimic age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Preliminary phytochemical and HPLC analysis, as well as total antioxidant capacity and scavenging activity of cranberry ethyl acetate extract and different CJ fractions (condensed tannins containing fraction), were evaluated. In cell line model, ARPE-19 were irradiated with blue light at 450 nm wavelength for 10 h (mimic AMD) and treated with different fractions of CJ extract at different doses (5-50 μg/mL) by assessing the cell viability or proliferation rate using MTT assay (repairing efficacy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phytochemical and HPLC analysis reveals the presence of several phenolic compounds (flavonoids, proanthocyanidin, quercetin) in ethyl acetate extract and different fractions of CJ. However, the condensed tannin containing fraction of ethyl acetate extract of CJ displayed the greater (p < 0.05) scavenging activity especially at the dose of 1 mg/mL. Similarly, the condensed tannin containing fraction at 50 μg/mL presented better (p < 0.05) repairing ability (increased cell viability). Furthermore, the oligomeric condensed tannin containing fraction display the best (p < 0.05) repairing efficiency at 50 μg/mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, this study distinctly proved that condensed tannin containing fraction of CJ probably exhibits better free radicals scavenging activity and thereby effectively protected the ARPE-19 cells and thus, hampers the progress of AMD.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan , ROC.
authors.forename: Chi-Huang
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: b Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Well-being , Taichung , Taiwan , ROC.
authors.forename: Hui-Fang
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: c School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan , ROC.
authors.forename: Yi-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: c School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan , ROC.
authors.forename: I-Hsien
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: d School of Health Diet and Industry Management, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan , ROC.
authors.forename: You-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: c School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan , ROC.
authors.forename: Kamesh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Venkatakrishnan
authors.affiliation: c School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan , ROC.
authors.forename: Chin-Kun
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000067030:Fruit and Vegetable Juices; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D029799:Vaccinium macrocarpon / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D044945:Proanthocyanidins
keywords: ARPE-19 cell; Condensed tannin; antioxidation; macular degeneration