title: Wilms' tumour 1 gene mutations in south Indian children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinically, nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a diverse group of symptoms; about 20 per cent of NS cases are resistant to steroid treatment, and within ten years they progress to end-stage renal disease. The present study was undertaken to identify the mutations of Wilms' tumour 1 (WT1) gene in steroid-resistant NS (SRNS) children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 173 children with SRNS and 100 children in the control group were enrolled in the study. DNA extraction was done, screened for WT1 (exons 8 and 9) gene amplified by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. Karyotype analyses were done for WT1 mutation cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WT1 mutations were found in three of 173 SRNS cases (2 girls, 1 boy). All of them had intron 9 (IVS 9 + 4 C>T, 2; IVS + 5 G>A, 1) mutation. Of these three cases, one had familial and another two had sporadic history. Renal histology analysis showed two cases with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and they had external female genitalia but 46,XY karyotype. Both of them had streak gonads. Of the three cases, one expired.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of the present study indicate that all females with SRNS-FSGS should be screened for WT1 gene mutation to diagnose whether they have FS for possible gonadectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Aravind Selvin
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Guindy, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Srilakshmi
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Smk
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karthickeyan
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Balakrishnan
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Padmaraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Prabha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Senguttuvan
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005923:Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D006066:Gonads / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D009404:Nephrotic Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D013256:Steroids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D025721:WT1 Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids; D025721:WT1 Proteins; C583751:WT1 protein, human