title: Association between maternal circulating 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentration and placental volume in the first trimester.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to assess placental volume and placental mean gray value in vitamin D deficiency and healthy placentas in the first trimester of pregnancy using three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography (USG) and Virtual Organ Computer-aided Analysis (VOCAL).
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective cross sectional study comprised 274 patients, divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/ml deficient, n = 153, >20 ng/ml not deficient, n= 121) in the first trimester of pregnancy. Placental volume and placental volumetric mean gray values were evaluated. Placental volume (cm3) was analyzed using the VOCAL imaging program and a 3D histogram was used to calculate the volumetric mean gray value (%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Placental volume was significantly less in the vitamin D deficiency group (p = 0.017) Volumetric mean gray value of the placenta was significantly higher in the vitamin D deficiency group (p= 0.003). Maternal serum PAPP-A (MoM) and f-β Hcg (MoM) were significantly lower in the vitamin D deficiency group (p= 0.008, p = 0.003, respectively). In linear regression analyses, serum vitamin D concentration was significantly associated with the plasental volume (β = 0.16; p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Placental configuration and development were associated with vitamin D even in the first trimester of pregnancy. To ensure healthy pregnancy outcomes, vitamin D screening applied in the early stages of pregnancy or even before pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Çiğdem
authors.initials: Ç
authors.lastname: Yayla Abide
authors.affiliation: b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Adnan Menderes University , Aydin , Turkey.
authors.forename: Meryem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurek Eken
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Işıl
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Turan
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Enis
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Özkaya
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Oya
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pekin
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Zeynep Kamil Maternity and Children Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Ateş
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karateke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009929:Organ Size; D010920:Placenta / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: 25OH Dvit; 3D ultrasonography; VOCAL analysis; deficiency; placenta; placental mean gray value