title: [Laparoscopic Heller myotomy after failed POEM and multiple balloon dilatations : Better late than never].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the lack of long-term results, peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has been increasingly propagated as a feasible alternative to pneumatic balloon dilatation (BD) and laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) in patients with achalasia. After a long-term follow-up, a large percentage of patients reported recurrence of dysphagia. It is unclear which kind of procedure (redo POEM or LHM) should be utilized in these patients with failed POEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report the case of a 37-year-old female patient with type I achalasia who was successfully treated with LHM after a failed POEM procedure. After the manometric diagnosis of type I achalasia, the patient was treated with six balloon dilatations within a period of 5 months. Because of the persistence of symptoms a POEM procedure was performed with no relief and the patient was referred for surgical treatment. An esophagography showed a pronounced widening of the middle and the distal esophagus with a persistent narrowing of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and because of these indications LHM was performed. The intraoperative examination revealed extensive scarring of the submucosal layer with the muscularis mucosae of the distal esophagus; nevertheless, it was possible to carry out a 5 cm long cardiomyotomy without mucosal injury. The operation was completed with a Dor fundoplication. There were no postoperative complications. After surgery the patient reported an immediate and complete relief of dysphagia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The published experiences with POEM seem to show promising short-term results in terms of dysphagia relief; however, the few available mid-term analyses demonstrated no essential advantages when compared to LHM; therefore, the LHM must still be considered the gold standard procedure for definitive treatment of achalasia. According to our case report, LHM was shown to be a safe and effective although laborious treatment option due to scarring even after failed treatment by POEM.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Thoraxchirurgie, Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität Nürnberg, Klinikum Nürnberg, Prof. Ernst-Nathan Straße 1, 90419, Nürnberg, Deutschland. luca.giulini@klinikum-nuernberg.de.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giulini
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Thoraxchirurgie, Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität Nürnberg, Klinikum Nürnberg, Prof. Ernst-Nathan Straße 1, 90419, Nürnberg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dubecz
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Thoraxchirurgie, Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität Nürnberg, Klinikum Nürnberg, Prof. Ernst-Nathan Straße 1, 90419, Nürnberg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000071087:Balloon Enteroscopy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004931:Esophageal Achalasia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D004945:Esophagoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D018662:Fundoplication / Q000379:methods; D000074434:Heller Myotomy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation
keywords: Achalasia; Laparoscopic Heller myotomy; POEM; Redo Heller myotomy; Redo POEM