title: Effectiveness of a standardized footbath protocol for prevention of digital dermatitis.
abstract: A footbath is the most common herd-level approach to control digital dermatitis (DD) in intensive dairy farming. However, wide variation in footbath design and protocols suggests a gap between evidence-based management practices and on-farm implementation. The objective was to evaluate effectiveness of a standardized footbath protocol in decreasing prevalence of active DD lesions in lactating dairy cattle. The protocol was based on current scientific literature, including footbath design and management. The M-stage classification system was used to score DD lesions. Scores were also combined into a simplified scoring system: no lesions (M0), active lesions (M1, M2, and M4.1), and chronic lesions (M3 and M4). A controlled intervention trial was conducted on 9 farms over 22 wk. Each farm served as its own control with data collected for 10 wk before and 12 wk after intervention. A total of 1,978 lactating cattle were assessed biweekly for DD lesions and leg cleanliness in the milking parlor. Lactating cattle were also inspected in the trimming chute at 3 time points: start, intervention, and end of trial. Intervention consisted of implementing an automated footbath that measured 3 m long, 0.50 m wide, held a fluid depth of 0.15 m, along with a weekly footbath protocol using 5% CuSO4for 4 consecutive milkings, with footbath content replaced at a maximum of 200 cow passes. Multilevel logistic regression models for repeated measures were used to evaluate effects of the standardized footbath protocol in preventing active DD lesions. For the purpose of analysis, farms' within-herd prevalence of active DD lesions (at baseline) was assessed and categorized as low (<15%) or high (≥15%). Farms with low or high within-herd prevalence of active DD lesions at trial outset had a mean cow-level prevalence of active DD lesions of 8% (range, 2 to 13) and 31% (range, 18 to 43), respectively. At milking parlor inspections, apparent prevalence of active DD lesions decreased from the time of footbath intervention, but this effect interacted with the farms' baseline prevalence of active DD lesions. In that regard, on farms with high prevalence of active DD at baseline, apparent prevalence of active DD lesions decreased after intervention, whereas on farms with low prevalence of active DD at baseline, apparent prevalence of active DD lesions did not change. At the cow level, poor leg cleanliness was associated with higher prevalence of active DD lesions. At trimming chute inspections, prevalence of active DD lesions decreased from start to the end of the trial (22 and 14%, respectively); concurrently, prevalence of feet with no DD lesions (M0) increased (39 and 48%). We concluded that on farms with high DD prevalence, implementation of proper footbath design and improvement of footbathing management will decrease prevalence of active DD lesions and increase prevalence of feet without DD lesions. In addition, improving cow cleanliness will further result in control of active DD lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1. Electronic address: laurasolanoquesada@gmail.com.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Solano
authors.affiliation: Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1.
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Barkema
authors.affiliation: Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pickel
authors.affiliation: Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Orsel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D003612:Dairying; D058066:Digital Dermatitis; D005260:Female; D006724:Hoof and Claw; D007774:Lactation
keywords: automatic footbath; digital dermatitis; intervention study; lameness; prevention