title: Situating stigma in stratified reproduction: Abortion stigma and miscarriage stigma as barriers to reproductive healthcare.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether race and reported history of abortion are associated with abortion stigma and miscarriage stigma, both independently and comparatively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-administered surveys with 306 new mothers in Boston and Cincinnati, United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Abortion stigma perception (ASP); miscarriage stigma perception (MSP); and comparative stigma perception (CSP: abortion stigma perception net of miscarriage stigma perception).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regardless of whether or not they reported having an abortion, white women perceived abortion (ASP) to be more stigmatizing than Black and Latina women. Perceptions of miscarriage stigma (MSP), on the other hand, were dependent on reporting an abortion. Among those who reported an abortion, Black women perceived more stigma from miscarriage than white women, but these responses were flipped for women who did not report abortion. Reporting abortion also influenced our comparative measure (CSP). Among those who did report an abortion, white women perceived more stigma from abortion than miscarriage, while Black and Latina women perceived more stigma from miscarriage than abortion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By measuring abortion stigma in comparison to miscarriage stigma, we can reach a more nuanced understanding of how perceptions of reproductive stigmas are stratified by race and reported reproductive history. Clinicians should be aware that reproductive stigmas do not similarly affect all groups. Stigma from specific reproductive outcomes is more or less salient dependent upon a woman's social position and lived experience.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Aalap
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bommaraju
authors.affiliation: Guttmacher Institute, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Megan L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kavanaugh
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California-Davis Medical Center, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Melody Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA. Electronic address: danielle.bessett@uc.edu.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bessett
mesh_terms: D000028:Abortion, Induced / Q000523:psychology*; D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology*; D034121:Reproductive Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D012649:Self Concept; D057545:Social Stigma; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Abortion; Miscarriage; Pregnancy; Race; Stigma