title: Effects of β-caryophyllene and Murraya paniculata essential oil in the murine hepatoma cells and in the bacteria and fungi 24-h time-kill curve studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Orange Jessamine [Murraya paniculata L. (Rutaceae)] has been used worldwide in folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory, antibiotic and analgesic.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to investigate the in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic, antibacterial and antifungal activity and the time-kill curve studies of orange jessamine essential oil and β-caryophyllene, as well as the chemical composition of the essential oil.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cytotoxic activity of M. paniculata and β-caryophyllene (7.8-500 μg/mL) was evaluated using the MTT assay on normal fibroblasts and hepatoma cells. The minimal inhibitory concentration and time-kill curves (24 h) were evaluated against those of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterococcus faecallis, Aspergillus (niger, fumigates and parasiticum) and F. solani by the broth microdilution method. The antioxidant activity was measured by the DPPH and ABTS assays. Chemical composition was evaluated by GC/MS analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GC/MS analyses identified 13 compounds, with β-caryophyllene as the major compound. The oil exhibited moderate antibacterial activity (MIC <1.0 mg/mL) and strong antifungal activity. Time-kill curve studies showed that either the essential oil or β-caryophyllene presented rapid bacterial killing (4 h for S. aureus) and fungicidal effect (2-4 h for F. solani); however, both displayed weak free radical scavenger capacity. The cytotoxic activity exhibited a prominent selective effect against hepatoma cancer cells (IC50value =63.7 μg/mL) compared with normal fibroblasts (IC50value =195.0 μg/mL), whereas the β-caryophyllene showed low cytotoxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimental data suggest that the activities of M. paniculata essential oil are due to the synergistic action among its components.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , Post-Graduated Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences University Vila Velha , Espírito Santo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Cipriano
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Selestino Neta
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , Post-Graduated Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences University Vila Velha , Espírito Santo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Catia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vittorazzi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , Post-Graduated Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences University Vila Velha , Espírito Santo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Cristina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , Post-Graduated Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences University Vila Velha , Espírito Santo , Brazil.
authors.forename: João Damasceno Lopes
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , Post-Graduated Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences University Vila Velha , Espírito Santo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fronza
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , Post-Graduated Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences University Vila Velha , Espírito Santo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise Coutinho
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Endringer
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacy , Post-Graduated Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences University Vila Velha , Espírito Santo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scherer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D005670:Fusarium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D032101:Murraya / Q000737:chemistry*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D000081223:Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D041701:Swiss 3T3 Cells; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000975:Antioxidants; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils; D000081223:Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C024714:caryophyllene
keywords: Orange Jessamine; bactericidal; cytotoxicity; fungicidal