title: [Two cases with generalized intracranial calcification due to hereditary folate malabsorption and literature review].
abstract: Objective:This study aimed to investigate the clinical, biochemical and genetic features of two Chinese children with hereditary folate malabsorption.Method:Clinical features, laboratory examinations, treatment and SLC46A1 gene of two cases were studied. Reports on hereditary folate malabsorption utill September of 2016 were searched and the clinical and genetic characteristics of reported cases were summarized.Result:The two patients presented with megaloblastic anemia from their infant period and seizures, psychomotor retardation and regression. In case1, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was 100 fl. Serum folate was 9.96 nmol/L. Folate and 5-methylenetetrahydrofolate in cerebrospinal fluid were 0 and 0.01 separately. In case 2, MCV was 93.9 fl. Serum folate was 4.49 nmol/L. The concentration of folate and 5-methylenetetrahydrofolate in cerebrospinal fluid were both zero. On their brain CT, progressive bilateral symmetrical calcification was observed. On their SLC46A1 gene, four mutations were identified. Case 1 had one novel mutation, c. 1238T>C (L413P) and c. 194-195insG (p.Cys66LeufsX99). From Case 2, two reported mutations, c. 1A>T (M1L) and c. 194-195insG (p.Cys66LeufsX99) were identified. The administration of folinic acid (60 to 120 mg per day) was initiated after diagnosis. Clinical improvement and normalized hematologic markers were observed after treatment. Totally 37 cases were reported in reviewed English literature, including 30 cases with mutations on SLC46A1 gene (only one Chinese patient). All the cases had the onset in infancy. The ratio of boys to girls was 1 to 1.5. Main manifestations were characterized by megaloblastic anemia (77%), failure to thrive (50%), diarrhea (27%), psychomotor retardation (63.6%), epilepsy (27%), and infection of respiratory system (45.5%). The concentration of folate in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid was decreased (72.7% and 63.6% respectively). Hypoimmunoglobulinemia accounted for 27.3%. Most of mutations in HFM were distributed between p. 65 and p. 68 (c.194-c.204), mainly due to insertion- or deletion-related frame shifts or generation of stop codons. Oral and parenteral folinic acid treatment was effective.Conclusion:Hereditary folate malabsorption often presented with megaloblastic anemia, abnormalities of digestive and nervous system, and hypoimmunoglobulinemia with recurrent infections. Low level of serum and CSF folate and screening SLC46A1 gene are keys to the etiologic study of the patients. Early supplement with folinic acid is beneficial to the prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: D X
authors.initials: DX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Y P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: M Q
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Y P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Y L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000749:Anemia, Megaloblastic / Q000209:etiology*; D044466:Asian People; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002114:Calcinosis; D002648:Child; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000209:etiology; D003967:Diarrhea; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D005494:Folic Acid Deficiency / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008286:Malabsorption Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D058979:Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology; D017384:Sequence Deletion
chemical_list: D058979:Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter; C505058:SLC46A1 protein, human; D005492:Folic Acid; D002955:Leucovorin