title: Modulation of host plant immunity by Tobamovirus proteins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To establish successful infection, plant viruses produce profound alterations of host physiology, disturbing unrelated endogenous processes and contributing to the development of disease. In tobamoviruses, emerging evidence suggests that viral-encoded proteins display a great variety of functions beyond the canonical roles required for virus structure and replication. Among these, their modulation of host immunity appears to be relevant in infection progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review, some recently described effects on host plant physiology of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-encoded proteins, namely replicase, movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP), are summarized. The discussion is focused on the effects of each viral component on the modulation of host defense responses, through mechanisms involving hormonal imbalance, innate immunity modulation and antiviral RNA silencing. These effects are described taking into consideration the differential spatial distribution and temporality of viral proteins during the dynamic process of replication and spread of the virus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In discussion of these mechanisms, it is shown that both individual and combined effects of viral-encoded proteins contribute to the development of the pathogenesis process, with the host plant's ability to control infection to some extent potentially advantageous to the invading virus.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biotecnologia, CICVyA, INTA, Argentina.|CONICET, Argentina.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biotecnologia, CICVyA, INTA, Argentina.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biotecnologia, CICVyA, INTA, Argentina.|CONICET, Argentina.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Venturuzzi
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biotecnologia, CICVyA, INTA, Argentina.|CONICET, Argentina.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asurmendi
mesh_terms: D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D057865:Plant Immunity; D053830:Plant Viral Movement Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017898:Tobamovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D053830:Plant Viral Movement Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins
keywords: DELLA proteins; RNA silencing; Tobacco mosaic virus; coat protein; immune response; movement protein; reactive oxygen species; replicase; salicylic acid