title: Targeting the AKT/cyclin D1 pathway to overcome intrinsic and acquired radioresistance of tumors for effective radiotherapy.
abstract: Radiotherapy (RT) is a powerful tool in the treatment of cancer, having the advantage of preserving normal tissues. Clinical outcomes of RT are significantly improved by technological advances, enabling increased radiation doses directed very specifically to a tumor. However, tumor radioresistance remains a major impediment to effective RT. We have shown that human tumor cells surviving after repeated exposure to fractionated radiation (FR) of X-rays for 1 month have acquired radioresistance through constitutive activation of AKT and downstream cyclin D1 nuclear retention. Tumor radioresistance is also proposed to be an intrinsic characteristic of cancer stem cells (CSC), whose efficient DNA repair is thought to confer this phenotype. We have isolated radioresistant CD133-positive cells following exposure to long-term FR. These cells exhibited the CSC phenotype with activation of the AKT/cyclin D1 pathway. In this review, I summarize our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor radioresistance and propose a strategy for overcoming radioresistance by targeting the AKT/cyclin D1 pathway.
  
  
  
  Two different mechanisms: acquired radioresistance of surviving tumor cells after RT and intrinsic radioresistance of CSC are associated with tumor radioresistance. Inhibition of the AKT pathway results in radiosensitization of both types of tumor radioresistance.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental Health , National Institute of Public Health , Minami, Wako , Saitama , Japan.
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D059248:Chemoradiotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D019938:Cyclin D1; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
keywords: AKT; acquired radioresistance; cancer stem cells; cyclin D1; radiotherapy