title: Increased Urinary Phthalate Levels in Women with Uterine Leiomyoma: A Case-Control Study.
abstract: We assessed the urinary concentration of 16 phthalate metabolites in 57 women with and without uterine leiomyoma (n= 30 and 27; respectively) to determine the association between phthalate exposure and uterine leiomyoma. To evaluate exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP); we calculated the molar sum of DEHP metabolites; ∑3-DEHP (combining mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP); mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP); and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate); ∑4-DEHP (∑3-DEHP plus mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate); and ∑5-DEHP (∑4-DEHP plus mono (2-(carboxylmethyl)hexyl) phthalate (2cx-MMHP)). The log transformed urinary levels of MEHP; MEHHP; 2cx-MMHP; ∑3-DEHP; ∑4-DEHP; and ∑5-DEHP in the leiomyoma group were significantly higher than those of controls. When we adjusted for age; waist circumference; and parity using multiple logistic regression analyses; we found log ∑3-DEHP (OR = 10.82; 95% CI = 1.25; 93.46) and ∑4-DEHP (OR = 8.78; 95% CI = 1.03; 75.29) were significantly associated with uterine leiomyoma. Our findings suggest an association between phthalate exposure and uterine leiomyoma. However; larger studies are needed to investigate potential interactions between phthalate exposure and uterine leiomyoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University, 170 Joohwa-ro, Goyang-si, Kyeogi-do 10380, Korea. camanbal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Young Ah
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, Environment and Safety, School of Human & Environmental Service, Eulji University, 553 Sansung-daero, Seongnam-si, Kyeogi-do 13135, Korea. ylkho@eulji.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Younglim
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kho
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University, 170 Joohwa-ro, Goyang-si, Kyeogi-do 10380, Korea. kcchun@paik.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kyoung Chul
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University, 170 Joohwa-ro, Goyang-si, Kyeogi-do 10380, Korea. J1985@paik.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jae Whoan
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University, 170 Joohwa-ro, Goyang-si, Kyeogi-do 10380, Korea. jwparkmd@paik.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jeong Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Skaggs 283, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. Melisa.Schelvan@mso.umt.edu.
authors.forename: Melisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bunderson-Schelvan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Skaggs 283, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. yoonhee.cho@umontana.edu.
authors.forename: Yoon Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007889:Leiomyoma / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D011247:Pregnancy; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D010795:Phthalic Acids; C032279:phthalic acid; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate
keywords: phthalates; uterine leiomyoma; ∑3-DEHP; ∑4-DEHP