title: Apium graveolens Extract Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Induces Apoptosis in the Human Prostatic Carcinoma Cell Line LNCaP.
abstract: Apium graveolens has been shown to inhibit the growth of a variety of cancer tissues. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effect of A. graveolens on the human prostatic carcinoma cell line LNCaP. LNCaP cells were treated with increasing concentrations of an ethanolic extract of A. graveolens ranging from 1000 to 3000 μg/mL, and viability was determined after 24 and 48 h using the XTT cell proliferation assay. The levels of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), one of the best biomarkers of apoptosis, were analyzed. Finally, quantitative gene expression analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a critical mediator of angiogenesis, was performed using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. A. graveolens extract inhibited cell viability in both a time- and dose-dependent manner. Data from cleaved PARP assays suggested that A. graveolens caused induction of apoptosis in these cells. Treatment of cells with A. graveolens also resulted in downregulation of VEGF expression. This study showed that the antiproliferative effect exerted by an ethanolic extract of A. graveolens is triggered by induction of apoptosis. We also demonstrated that VEGF expression was downregulated by treatment with A. graveolens extract.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University , Afyon, Turkey .
authors.forename: Tülay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Köken
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University , Afyon, Turkey .
authors.forename: Buğra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koca
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Osmangazi University , Eskişehir, Turkey .
authors.forename: Mete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Özkurt
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Osmangazi University , Eskişehir, Turkey .
authors.forename: Nilüfer
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Erkasap
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Osmangazi University , Eskişehir, Turkey .
authors.forename: Gökhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kuş
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University , Afyon, Turkey .
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karalar
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000077102:Apium / Q000737:chemistry*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D000431:Ethanol; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D010936:Plant Extracts; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D000431:Ethanol
keywords: Apium graveolens; angiogenesis; apoptosis; prostatic carcinoma; vascular endothelial growth factor