title: Parental warmth and psychiatric disorders among Puerto Rican children in two different socio-cultural contexts.
abstract: Parental warmth (PW) has a strong influence on child development and may precede the onset of psychiatric disorders in children. PW is interconnected with other family processes (e.g., coercive discipline) that may also influence the development of psychiatric disorders in children. We prospectively examined the association between PW and child psychiatric disorders (anxiety, major depression disorder, ADHD, disruptive behavior disorders) over the course of three years among Puerto Rican youth, above and beyond the influence of other family factors.
  
  
  
  Boricua Youth Study participants, Puerto Rican children 5 to 13 years of age at Wave 1 living in the South Bronx (New York) (SB) and San Juan and Canguas (PR) (n = 2,491), were followed for three consecutive years. Youth psychiatric disorders were measured by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-IV (DISC-IV). Generalized Linear Mixed models tested the association between PW (Wave 1) and psychiatric disorders in the next two years adjusting for demographic characteristics and family processes.
  
  
  
  Higher levels of PW were related to lower odds of child anxiety and major depressive disorder over time (OR = 0.69[0.60; 0.79]; 0.49[0.41; 0.58], respectively). The strength of the association between PW and ADHD and disruptive behavior disorder declined over time, although it was still significant in the last assessment (OR = 0.44[0.37; 0.52]; 0.46[0.39; 0.54], respectively). PW had a unique influence on psychiatric disorders beyond the influence of other parenting and family processes. Stronger associations were observed among girls for depression and ADHD.
  
  
  
  Incorporating PW behaviors such as acceptance, support, and comforting into interventions focused on parenting skills may help prevent child psychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University - New York State Psychiatric Institute, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA; Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación y Psicología, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Santesteban-Echarri
authors.affiliation: Columbia University - New York State Psychiatric Institute, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: María A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ramos-Olazagasti
authors.affiliation: Columbia University - New York State Psychiatric Institute, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.affiliation: Columbia University - New York State Psychiatric Institute, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Chiaying
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Columbia University - New York State Psychiatric Institute, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Héctor R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Sciences Research Institute, Univerity of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: Glorisa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Canino
authors.affiliation: Columbia University - New York State Psychiatric Institute, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: duartec@nyspi.columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Cristiane S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Duarte
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D065886:Neurodevelopmental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011647:Puerto Rico / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support; D013223:Statistics as Topic
keywords: ADHD; Anxiety; Disruptive behavior disorder; Major depression disorder; Parental warmth