title: Healing effect of Dillenia indica fruit extracts standardized to betulinic acid on ultraviolet radiation-induced psoriasis-like wounds in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dillenia indica Linn. (Dilleniaceae) is traditionally used to treat skin inflammation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the healing effect of Dillenia indica fruit extracts on induced psoriasis-like wounds in Wistar rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Extracts were standardized to betulinic acid, including an aqueous ethanolic extract (AEE), ethyl acetate extract (EAE) and petroleum ether extract. Effects against lipid peroxidation were assessed in vitro. Wounds were created at rat tails (n = 12). Topical treatments were applied once daily for 7 days (1 mL of AEE or EAE at 5 or 50 mg/mL). Maximal dose was defined by the extract solubility. A 10-fold lower dose was also tested. Positive and negative controls were treated with clobetasol (0.5 mg/mL) or excipient. Half of each group was euthanized for histology. The remaining animals were observed for 20 days for wound measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Yields of AEE and EAE were 4.3 and 0.7%, respectively. Betulinic acid concentrations in AEE and EAE were 4.6 and 107.6 mg/g. Extracts neutralized lipid peroxidation in vitro at 0.02 μg/mL, accelerating healing at 50 mg/mL. Complete healing in mice treated with AEE occurred 16 days after wound induction. This time was 14 and 12 days in mice treated with EAE and clobetasol. Compared to orthokeratosis, parakeratosis was reduced by AEE (25%), EAE (45%) and clobetasol (55%). EAE caused superior protection against biomolecules oxidation of skin compared to AEE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EAE exhibited activity closer to that of clobetasol. Betulinic acid may be an active constituent, which should be assessed in future studies.
authors.affiliation: a Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences , Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina , Palhoça , Brazil.|b Pharmacy School , Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina , Tubarão , Brazil.
authors.forename: Maicon Roberto
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kviecinski
authors.affiliation: a Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences , Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina , Palhoça , Brazil.
authors.forename: Isabela Machado Barbosa
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: David
authors.affiliation: a Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences , Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina , Palhoça , Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávia de Souza
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: b Pharmacy School , Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina , Tubarão , Brazil.
authors.forename: Marina Dos Reis
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.affiliation: b Pharmacy School , Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina , Tubarão , Brazil.
authors.forename: Morgana Miranda
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Clarinda
authors.affiliation: b Pharmacy School , Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina , Tubarão , Brazil.
authors.forename: Amanda Fernandes
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: a Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences , Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina , Palhoça , Brazil.
authors.forename: Jane da
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: c Veterinary School , Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina , Tubarão , Brazil.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gava
authors.affiliation: b Pharmacy School , Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina , Tubarão , Brazil.
authors.forename: Simony Davet
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: a Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences , Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina , Palhoça , Brazil.
authors.forename: Drielly
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Florentino
authors.affiliation: a Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences , Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina , Palhoça , Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabrícia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petronilho
authors.affiliation: a Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences , Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina , Palhoça , Brazil.|b Pharmacy School , Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina , Tubarão , Brazil.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moterle
authors.affiliation: a Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences , Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina , Palhoça , Brazil.|b Pharmacy School , Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina , Tubarão , Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Alberto
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kanis
authors.affiliation: d Department of Biochemistry , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina , Florianópolis , Brazil.
authors.forename: Rozangela Curi
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Pedrosa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000592:standards; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000592:standards; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002990:Clobetasol / Q000494:pharmacology; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000592:standards; D045466:Dilleniaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000592:standards; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011565:Psoriasis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000592:standards; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*; D000094062:Betulinic Acid
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D003879:Dermatologic Agents; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D014315:Triterpenes; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002990:Clobetasol; D000094062:Betulinic Acid
keywords: Plant; anti-inflammatory; antioxidant; skin; topical treatment