title: The Level of Testosterone, Vitamin D, and Irregular Menstruation More Important than Omega-3 in Non-Symptomatic Women Will Define the Fate of Multiple Scleroses in Future.
abstract: Multiple sclerosis is one of the most salient degenerative disorders of CNS with dysregulated immune process that resulted in axonal damage and demyelination. In the present investigation, the serum level of testosterone was assessed in women who were struggling with multiple sclerosis (MS). Also, the level of omega-3, vitamin D, and the irregular menstruation in women 5 years before the onset MS symptoms were surveyed. Although the levels of omega-3 and vitamin D in women MS patients were non-significant and significantly less than the healthy ones, they were significantly less in the whole population of MS patients. However, the MS patients more experienced more irregular menstruation some years before the onset of MS with the low level of testosterone. Based on the presented findings, it might be said that the vitamin D intake has significant protective role in women and men MS patients unlike the omega-3 that had significant protective role just in men. However, vitamin D metabolism encoding genes of CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 and predicting MS risk gene of HLA-DRB1*15:01 define its fate as well. Besides, vitamin D intake, through the proliferation decrement of pro-inflammatory cells, decreases of pro-inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α, INF-γ) and auto-immune pathways have potential role in recovery of irregular menstruation in women with the low level of testosterone as a red warning factor of MS development. The low level of testosterone and vitamin D consumption increase the neural damage and pro-inflammatory pathways in MS patients, and the difference among the investigations is related to the long-standing history of MS that influences severity of damage to the neural cells and biomolecules and complicate its recovery.
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.|Drug Delivery Research Center (DDRC), Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Shima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tavakol
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sahar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shakibapour
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran. arbabi@iaups.ac.ir.|Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. arbabi@iaups.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Sepideh Arbabi
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bidgoli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008599:Menstruation Disturbances / Q000097:blood*; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000097:blood*; D010048:Ovarian Cysts / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D014807:Vitamin D; D013739:Testosterone
keywords: Genetic; Inflammatory cells; Multiple sclerosis in women; Omega-3; Testosterone; Vitamin D