title: Kinship Testing Based on SNPs Using Microarray System.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kinship testing using biallelic SNP markers has been demonstrated to be a promising approach as a supplement to standard STR typing, and several systems, such as pyrosequencing and microarray, have been introduced and utilized in real forensic cases. The Affymetrix microarray containing 169 autosomal SNPs developed for forensic application was applied to our practical case for kinship analysis that had remained inconclusive due to partial STR profiles of degraded DNA and possibility of inbreeding within the population.
  
  
  METHODS
  169 autosomal SNPs were typed on array with severely degraded DNA of two bone samples, and the kinship compared to genotypes in a reference database of their putative family members.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two bone samples remained unidentified through traditional STR typing with partial profiles of 10 or 14 of 16 alleles. Because these samples originated from a geographically isolated population, a cautious approach was required when analyzing and declaring true paternity only based on PI values. In a supplementary SNP typing, 106 and 78 SNPs were obtained, and the match candidates were found in each case with improved PI values than using only STRs and with no discrepant SNPs in comparison.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our case showed that the utility of multiple SNPs on array is expected in practical forensic caseworks with an establishment of reference database.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sohee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hee Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jihyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: DNA Link, Seoul, South Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyung Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Forensic Science, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Soong Deok
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Kinship testing; Microarray; Reference database; SNP