title: Quaternized cashew gum: An anti-staphylococcal and biocompatible cationic polymer for biotechnological applications.
abstract: Chemical modifications to cashew gum (CG) structure have been previously reported to obtain new physicochemical characteristics, however until now there were no reports of modifications by introduction of new functional groups to add cationic character. This study presents a quaternization route for CG using a quaternary ammonium reagent. The chemical features of the quaternized cashew gum derivatives (QCG) were analyzed by: FTIR, elemental analysis, degree of substitution, Zeta potential,1H NMR and1H-13C correlation (HSQC). QCG were evaluated for their anti-staphylococcal activity by determining minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations against pathogenic Staphylococcus spp. and by imaging using atomic force microscopy. Moreover, the mammalian cell biocompatibility were also assessed through hemolytic and cell toxicity assays. QCG presented promising antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus and biocompatibility on tested cells. These results show that QCG could be a promising tool in the development of biomaterials with an anti-septic action.
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Biotec, Universidade Federal do Piauí, UFPI, 64202020 Parnaíba, PI, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patrick V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Quelemes
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Biotec, Universidade Federal do Piauí, UFPI, 64202020 Parnaíba, PI, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alyne R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: de Araújo
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plácido
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delerue-Matos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Orgânica e inorgânica, Universidade Federal do Ceará, UFC, Campus do Pici, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jeanny S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Maciel
authors.affiliation: UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Lucinda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Bessa
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, UnB, 70910-900 Brasília, Distrito Federal, DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alicia S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ombredane
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, UnB, 70910-900 Brasília, Distrito Federal, DF, Brazil.
authors.forename: Graziella A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Joanitti
authors.affiliation: Departmento de Morfofisiologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Paiuí, 64049550 Teresina, PI, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria José Dos S
authors.initials: MJDS
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Biotec, Universidade Federal do Piauí, UFPI, 64202020 Parnaíba, PI, Brazil; UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Biotec, Universidade Federal do Piauí, UFPI, 64202020 Parnaíba, PI, Brazil.
authors.forename: Durcilene A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Pesquisa em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Biotec, Universidade Federal do Piauí, UFPI, 64202020 Parnaíba, PI, Brazil; UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Área de Morfologia, Faculdade de Medicina, FM, Universidade de Brasília, UnB, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, Distrito Federal, DF 70910-900, Brazil. Electronic address: jrsaleite@gmail.com.
authors.forename: José Roberto S A
authors.initials: JRSA
authors.lastname: Leite
mesh_terms: D031021:Anacardium / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D002460:Cell Line; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D053149:Plant Gums / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D053149:Plant Gums; D011108:Polymers
keywords: (3-Chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)trimethylammonium chloride solution (PubChem CID: 18732); Acetone (PubChem CID: 180); Antibacterial; Biocompatibility; Cashew gum; Hydrochloric acid (PubChem CID: 313); Quaternization; Sodium hydroxide (PubChem CID: 14798); Staphylococcus spp.