title: Edaravone reduces astrogliosis and apoptosis in young rats with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the possible neuroprotective effects of the free radical scavenger edaravone in experimental hydrocephalus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven-day-old Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control group (C), untreated hydrocephalic (H), and hydrocephalic treated with edaravone (EH). The H and EH groups were subjected to hydrocephalus induction by 20% kaolin intracisternal injection. The edaravone (20 mg/kg) was administered daily for 14 days from the induction of hydrocephalus. All animals were daily weighed and submitted to behavioral test and assessment by magnetic resonance imaging. After 14 days, the animals were sacrificed and the brain was removed for histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gain weight was similar between groups from the ninth post-induction day. The open field test performance of EH group was better (p < 0.05) as compared to untreated hydrocephalic animals. Hydrocephalic animals (H and EH) showed ventricular ratio values were higher (p < 0.05), whereas magnetization transfer values were lower (p < 0.05), as compared to control animals. Astrocyte activity (glial fibrillary acidic protein) and apoptotic cells (caspase-3) of EH group were decreased on the corpus callosum (p > 0.01), germinal matrix (p > 0.05), and cerebral cortex (p > 0.05), as compared to H group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have demonstrated that administration of edaravone for 14 consecutive days after induction of hydrocephalus reduced astrocyte activity and that it has some beneficial effects over apoptotic cell death.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Division of Anatomy, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, 3900 Av. dos Bandeirantes, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila Araújo Bernardino
authors.initials: CAB
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Henrique Rocha
authors.initials: CHR
authors.lastname: Catalão
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Division of Anatomy, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, 3900 Av. dos Bandeirantes, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hélio Rubens
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Division of Anatomy, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, 3900 Av. dos Bandeirantes, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ivair Matias
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Júnior
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Division of Anatomy, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, 3900 Av. dos Bandeirantes, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thais Helena
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Romeiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Eduardo
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Peixoto-Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Division of Anatomy, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, 3900 Av. dos Bandeirantes, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo Volpon
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Division of Anatomy, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, 3900 Av. dos Bandeirantes, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil. luslopes@fmrp.usp.br.
authors.forename: Luiza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: da Silva Lopes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000930:Antidiarrheals / Q000633:toxicity; D000983:Antipyrine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000077553:Edaravone; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D005911:Gliosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007616:Kaolin / Q000633:toxicity; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D000930:Antidiarrheals; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D007616:Kaolin; D053148:Caspase 3; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; D000077553:Edaravone; D000983:Antipyrine
keywords: Edaravone; Hydrocephalus; Neuroprotection; Young rats