title: Fabricating a Shell-Core Delayed Release Tablet Using Dual FDM 3D Printing for Patient-Centred Therapy.
abstract: Individualizing gastric-resistant tablets is associated with major challenges for clinical staff in hospitals and healthcare centres. This work aims to fabricate gastric-resistant 3D printed tablets using dual FDM 3D printing.
  
  
  
  The gastric-resistant tablets were engineered by employing a range of shell-core designs using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and methacrylic acid co-polymer for core and shell structures respectively. Filaments for both core and shell were compounded using a twin-screw hot-melt extruder (HME). CAD software was utilized to design a capsule-shaped core with a complementary shell of increasing thicknesses (0.17, 0.35, 0.52, 0.70 or 0.87 mm). The physical form of the drug and its integrity following an FDM 3D printing were assessed using x-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD), thermal analysis and HPLC.
  
  
  
  A shell thickness ≥0.52 mm was deemed necessary in order to achieve sufficient core protection in the acid medium. The technology proved viable for incorporating different drug candidates; theophylline, budesonide and diclofenac sodium. XRPD indicated the presence of theophylline crystals whilst budesonide and diclofenac sodium remained amorphous in the PVP matrix of the filaments and 3D printed tablets. Fabricated tablets demonstrated gastric resistant properties and a pH responsive drug release pattern in both phosphate and bicarbonate buffers.
  
  
  
  Despite its relatively limited resolution, FDM 3D printing proved to be a suitable platform for a single-process fabrication of delayed release tablets. This work reveals the potential of dual FDM 3D printing as a unique platform for personalising delayed release tablets to suit an individual patient's needs.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK.
authors.forename: Tochukwu C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Okwuosa
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK.
authors.forename: Beatriz C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK.
authors.forename: Basel
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arafat
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK.
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cieszynska
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK.
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Isreb
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, UK. MAlbedAlhnan@uclan.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Alhnan
mesh_terms: D019819:Budesonide / Q000737:chemistry; D002214:Capsules / Q000737:chemistry; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000737:chemistry; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods; D065546:Drug Liberation; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D018802:Patient-Centered Care; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011205:Povidone / Q000737:chemistry; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D013607:Tablets / Q000737:chemistry*; D013806:Theophylline / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D011108:Polymers; D013607:Tablets; D004008:Diclofenac; D019819:Budesonide; D013806:Theophylline; D011205:Povidone
keywords: additive manufacturing; delayed release; gastric resistant; modified-release; patient-specific; personalised