title: Memory trace reactivation and behavioral response during retrieval are differentially modulated by amygdalar glutamate receptors activity: interaction between amygdala and insular cortex.
abstract: The insular cortex (IC) is required for conditioned taste aversion (CTA) retrieval. However, it remains unknown which cortical neurotransmitters levels are modified upon CTA retrieval. Using in vivo microdialysis, we observed that there were clear elevations in extracellular glutamate, norepinephrine, and dopamine in and around the center of the gustatory zone of the IC during CTA retrieval. Additionally, it has been reported that the amygdala-IC interaction is highly involved in CTA memory establishment. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of infusions of an AMPA receptor antagonist (CNQX) and a NMDA receptor antagonist (APV) into the amygdala on CTA retrieval and IC neurotransmitter levels. Infusion of APV into the amygdala impaired glutamate augmentation within the IC, whereas dopamine and norepinephrine levels augmentation persisted and a reliable CTA expression was observed. Conversely, CNQX infusion into the amygdala impaired the aversion response, as well as norepinephrine and dopamine augmentations in the IC. Interestingly, CNQX infusion did not affect glutamate elevation in the IC. To evaluate the functional meaning of neurotransmitters elevations within the IC on CTA response, we infused specific antagonists for the AMPA, NMDA, D1, and β-adrenergic receptor before retrieval. Results showed that activation of AMPA, D1, and β-adrenergic receptors is necessary for CTA expression, whereas NMDA receptors are not involved in the aversion response.
authors.affiliation: División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 México City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Osorio-Gómez
authors.affiliation: División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 México City, Mexico.|Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Lerma, Av. Hidalgo poniente 46 Col. La estación, 52006 Lerma de Villada, Mexico.
authors.forename: Kioko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Guzmán-Ramos
authors.affiliation: División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 México City, Mexico fbermude@ifc.unam.mx.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bermúdez-Rattoni
mesh_terms: D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione / Q000494:pharmacology; D000679:Amygdala / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate / Q000378:metabolism*; D013649:Taste / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014633:Valine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D017470:Receptors, Glutamate; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; C056639:2-amino-5-phosphopentanoic acid; D014633:Valine; D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine