title: Long term effects of carbaryl exposure on antiviral immune responses in Xenopus laevis.
abstract: Water pollutants associated with agriculture may contribute to the increased prevalence of infectious diseases caused by ranaviruses. We have established the amphibian Xenopus laevis and the ranavirus Frog Virus 3 (FV3) as a reliable experimental platform for evaluating the effects of common waterborne pollutants, such as the insecticide carbaryl. Following 3 weeks of exposure to 10 ppb carbaryl, X. laevis tadpoles exhibited a marked increase in mortality and accelerated development. Exposure at lower concentrations (0.1 and 1.0 ppb) was not toxic, but it impaired tadpole innate antiviral immune responses, as evidenced by significantly decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-I, and IFN-III gene expression. The defect in IFN-I and IL-1β gene expression levels persisted after metamorphosis in froglets, whereas only IFN-I gene expression in response to FV3 was attenuated when carbaryl exposure was performed at the adult stage. These findings suggest that the agriculture-associated carbaryl exposure at low but ecologically-relevant concentrations has the potential to induce long term alterations in host-pathogen interactions and antiviral immunity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Jesús Andino
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA.
authors.forename: B Paige
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, USA. Electronic address: Jacques_Robert@urmc.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D012721:Carbaryl / Q000633:toxicity*; D004266:DNA Virus Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D017995:Ranavirus / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D012721:Carbaryl
keywords: Antiviral immunity; Immune toxicant amphibians; Ranavirus; Water pollutants