title: Surveillance of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in King Khalid Hospital, Hafr Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia, During 2013.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research to understand and control the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance has become a public health priority.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to study epidemiology and resistant pattern of bacteria causing infection in different King Khalid hospital units.
  
  
  METHODS
  All samples were sent to the lab and routinely processed according to the standard microbiological procedures. Then, the cultures yielding growth were selected for the study. Identification and antibiotic susceptibility test for all clinical isolates were processed by using MicroScan instrumentation. A total of 428 clinical samples were collected within 8 months; out of them, 300 clinical isolates were subjected to validation test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumonia, andPseudomonas aeruginosawere the commonly identified Gram-negative bacteria.Staphylococcus aureuswas the only identified Gram-positive bacterium. The most common infections were taken from the wounds (39.0%), urinary tract (32.3%), and bloodstream (17.8%). The most common antibiotic-resistant bacteria were found on female surgical ward (100%) followed by ICU (90.2%), and male surgical ward (88.2%). The overall results of antibiotic resistance were 100% forS. aureus, 93.3%K. pneumonia, 75.7 %E. coli, and 100% forP. aeruginosa.Staphylococcus aureusshowed high resistance to ampicillin and linezolid (94.1%). High (86.95%) and full resistance (100%) against ampicillin were observed fromE. coliandK. pneumonia, respectively.P. aeruginosawas fully resistant to 4 antibiotics of cefazoline, cefoxitin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study was useful in determining the risk factors and defining different hospital units which should be targeted for measures to prevent infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Medical Applied Science, University of Dammam, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sulaiman Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Al Yousef
keywords: Clinical Wards; Escherichia coli; Klebsiella pneumonia; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Resistance; Staphylococcus aureus