title: Advances in Prostate Cancer Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography for Staging and Radiotherapy Treatment Planning.
abstract: Conventional prostate cancer staging strategies have limited accuracy to define the location, grade, and burden of disease. Evaluations have historically relied upon prostate-specific antigen levels, digital rectal examinations, random systematic biopsies, computed tomography, pelvic lymphadenectomy, or99mtechnetium methylene diphosphonate bone scans. Today, risk-stratification tools incorporate these data in a weighted format to guide management. However, the limitations and potential consequences of their uncertainties are well known. Inaccurate information may contribute to understaging and undertreatment, or overstaging and overtreatment. Meanwhile, advances in multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), whole-body MRI, lymphotropic nanoparticle-enhanced MRI, and positron emission tomography are now available to improve the accuracy of risk stratification to facilitate more informed medical decisions. They also guide radiation oncologists to develop more accurate treatment plans. This review provides a primer to incorporate these advances into routine clinical workflow.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Service, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA. Electronic address: drew.moghanaki@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Drew
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moghanaki
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Baris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Turkbey
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vapiwala
authors.affiliation: Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Behfar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ehdaie
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
authors.forename: Patrick W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Mukesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harisinghani
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D000072078:Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided