title: Combination effects of sorafenib with PI3K inhibitors under hypoxia in colorectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study reports the influence of hypoxia on response of colorectal cancer cells to anticancer effects of sorafenib in combination with PI3K inhibitors GDC-0941 and BEZ-235.
  
  
  METHODS
  All hypoxic exposures were carried out at 1% O2/5% CO2. Antiproliferation activity was evaluated by 48 hours propidium iodide and 14 days clonogenic assay. Protein levels were evaluated by fluorescence ELISA. Metabolites lactate and glucose were evaluated biochemically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 48-hour proliferation assay, sorafenib acted synergistically with GDC-0941 but not with BEZ-235. In long-term colony-forming assays, both GDC-0941 and BEZ-235 were shown to potentiate the antiproliferative activity of sorafenib. At the molecular level, the synergism is mediated through inhibition of pAKT, pS6, p4EBP1, pERK, cyclin D1, and Bcl-2. No change in hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) levels was observed in cells treated with the combination of compounds under hypoxia. A significant reduction in glucose uptake and lactate release was observed in cells treated with the combination of compounds under normoxia and hypoxia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combinations of sorafenib with PI3K inhibitors BEZ-235 and GDC-0941 are efficacious under hypoxia. Thus, these anticancer combinations have a potential to overcome the hypoxia-mediated resistance mechanisms to antiproliferative agents in cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Dimple R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Padma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thiagarajan
keywords: BEZ-235; GDC-0941; anticancer; antiproliferation