title: Medial Malleolar Fractures and Associated Deltoid Ligament Disruptions: Current Management Controversies.
abstract: Operative fixation of medial malleolar fractures, whether isolated or in the setting of bi- or trimalleolar fractures, remains controversial. Increasingly, anatomic reduction and internal fixation is used to treat medial malleolar fractures to avoid long-term sequelae of symptomatic nonunion and posttraumatic osteoarthritis. However, outcomes have not been significantly different between operative and nonoperative cohorts. Repair of associated deltoid ligament disruption is not common because of reportedly poor outcomes. This review provides an overview of the literature on medial malleolar fracture fixation and current treatment options. [Orthopedics. 2017; 40(2):e216-e222.].
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Kusnezov
authors.forename: Emmanuel D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Eisenstein
authors.forename: Nabih
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Diab
authors.forename: Ahmed M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Thabet
authors.forename: Amr
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdelgawad
mesh_terms: D064386:Ankle Fractures / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D057645:Deltoid Muscle / Q000601:surgery; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000601:surgery; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000209:etiology