title: Impacts of femoral artery and vein excision versus femoral artery excision on the hindlimb ischemic model in CD-1 mice.
abstract: Although femoral artery ligation-induced ischemia is commonly used in C57BL/6 or Balb/c mice, direct comparisons between femoral artery/vein (FAV) versus femoral artery (FA) excisions have not been reported. The goal of the present study is to investigate the effects of FAV versus FA excisions on hindlimb models using adult CD-1 mice.
  
  
  
  Two groups (n=10/group) of adult, mixed gender CD-1 mice were used to generate hindlimb ischemic models by excising either the FAV or FA. Laser Doppler Imaging was used to evaluate blood flow before surgery, immediately after surgery (Day 0), and then on Days 14 and 28. Toe necrosis was checked every 14days while skeletal muscle cellular remodeling and vascular networks were analyzed at the end of the experiment using pathohistological, Dil-vessel painting, and immunohistochemical approaches.
  
  
  
  During the 4-week period, no statistical differences were found between FAV and FA excision-induced ischemia in terms of reduction of limb blood flow, paw size, number of necrotic toes, or skeletal muscle cell sizes. However, significant increases in centrally-located nuclei cells, adipose cells, diameters of Dil-stained arterioles, and CD31+capillary densities, but decreases in arteriole densities/lengths were observed in ischemic limbs of both FAV and FA groups compared to control limbs.
  
  
  
  We conclude that FAV and FA excision in CD-1 mice generate a comparable degree of hindlimb ischemia, suggesting that, as expected, FAV is no more severe than FA. These findings may provide important information for researchers when selecting ligation methods for their hindlimb models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors.forename: Huimin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Ledford
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Zayd
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Farah
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barron
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhongmin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. Electronic address: jiahe@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Jia-Qiang
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002196:Capillaries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004564:Electrocoagulation; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005268:Femoral Vein / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006614:Hindlimb; D007511:Ischemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D055420:Perfusion Imaging / Q000379:methods; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1
keywords: CD-1 mouse; Femoral artery/vein/nerve; Ligation/excision; Mouse hindlimb ischemia; Peripheral arterial disease