title: Monitoring sanitation and hygiene in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: A review through the lens of human rights.
abstract: International monitoring of drinking water and sanitation has been jointly carried out by WHO and UNICEF through their Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP). With the end of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) era in 2015, the JMP has proposed a post-2015 framework for integrated monitoring of water and sanitation targets included in the Sustainable Development Goal no. 6. This article discusses how each element of the proposed sanitation target and corresponding indicators can be understood from a human rights perspective. Building on the MDGs, and although some of the weaknesses and gaps persist, the discussion suggests that the post-2015 proposal is a step forward towards a monitoring framework where human rights elements related to sanitation are effectively promoted. In addition, to support the interpretation and implementation of the normative content of human rights obligations related to sanitation, the study proposes a reduced set of easy-to-assess indicators to measure the normative criteria of this right, which are then grouped in a multidimensional framework to describe increasing levels of sanitation service. To do this, the study combines literature review and specific local experience from three case studies. It is shown that the proposed monitoring tools, namely the indicators and the multidimensional indicator framework, provide guidance on monitoring the human right to sanitation. In doing so, they might ultimately help sector stakeholders in the realization of this right.
authors.affiliation: Engineering Sciences and Global Development (ESc&GD), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Barcelona School of Civil Engineering (ETSECCPB), Universtiat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Spain. Electronic address: ricard.gine@upc.edu.
authors.forename: Ricard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giné-Garriga
authors.affiliation: Engineering Sciences and Global Development (ESc&GD), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Barcelona School of Civil Engineering (ETSECCPB), Universtiat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Spain. Electronic address: oscarfloresbaquero@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Óscar
authors.initials: Ó
authors.lastname: Flores-Baquero
authors.affiliation: Engineering Sciences and Global Development (ESc&GD), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI), Sweden. Electronic address: Alejandro.Jimenez@siwi.org.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Fdez de Palencia
authors.affiliation: Engineering Sciences and Global Development (ESc&GD), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Barcelona School of Civil Engineering (ETSECCPB), Universtiat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Spain. Electronic address: agusti.perez@upc.edu.
authors.forename: Agustí
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pérez-Foguet
mesh_terms: D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000592:standards; D006806:Human Rights; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene; D012499:Sanitation / Q000592:standards*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water
keywords: Human right to sanitation; Hygiene; Indicator; Monitoring; Normative content; Sanitation; Sustainable development goals