title: Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation Without Radiation Exposure Using A 3D Mapping System.
abstract: Transcatheter ablation procedures have been traditionally performed under fluoroscopic guidance. However, x-ray exposure is afflicted by the risk of developing malignancies as well as other deterministic effects of radiation. For this reason, radiation doses in the interventional laboratory should be reduced "As Low As Reasonably Achievable", with respect to the safety of the patients and the medical staff. This is of utmost importance in atrial fibrillation (AF) ablations, which are usually lengthy procedures. With the improvement of technology, the development of additional imaging tools and the widespread of 3D electroanatomic mapping systems (EAM), near-zero fluoroscopy AF ablation procedure is becoming a reality, limiting fluoroscopy use mainly to guide transseptal puncture. In the present paper we reviewed the risks to health related to x-ray exposure and we discussed the current state of knowledge of catheter ablation of AF without fluoroscopy in the 3D EAM system era.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Cardinal Massaia Hospital, Asti, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scaglione
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ebrille
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Cardinal Massaia Hospital, Asti, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca Di
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Clemente
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Fiorenzo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gaita
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Jason S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bradfield