title: Biomonitoring Human Albumin Adducts: The Past, the Present, and the Future.
abstract: Serum albumin (Alb) is the most abundant protein in blood plasma. Alb reacts with many carcinogens and/or their electrophilic metabolites. Studies conducted over 20 years ago showed that Alb forms adducts with the human carcinogens aflatoxin B1and benzene, which were successfully used as biomarkers in molecular epidemiology studies designed to address the role of these chemicals in cancer risk. Alb forms adducts with many therapeutic drugs or their reactive metabolites such as β-lactam antibiotics, acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, chemotherapeutic agents, and antiretroviral therapy drugs. The identification and characterization of the adduct structures formed with Alb have served to understand the generation of reactive metabolites and to predict idiosyncratic drug reactions and toxicities. The reaction of candidate drugs with Alb is now exploited as part of the battery of screening tools to assess the potential toxicities of drugs. The use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) enabled the identification and quantification of multiple types of Alb xenobiotic adducts in animals and humans during the past three decades. In this perspective, we highlight the history of Alb as a target protein for adduction to environmental and dietary genotoxicants, pesticides, and herbicides, common classes of medicinal drugs, and endogenous electrophiles, and the emerging analytical mass spectrometry technologies to identify Alb-toxicant adducts in humans.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology , CH-6780 Airolo, Switzerland.|Alpine Institute of Chemistry and Toxicology , CH-6718 Olivone, Switzerland.|Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , D-80336 München, Germany.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sabbioni
authors.affiliation: Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 2231 Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Turesky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism*; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D002273:Carcinogens; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012709:Serum Albumin; D015262:Xenobiotics