title: Tale of Twisted Molecules. Atropselective Photoreactions: Taming Light Induced Asymmetric Transformations through Non-biaryl Atropisomers.
abstract: Photochemical transformations are a powerful tool in organic synthesis to access structurally complex and diverse synthetic building blocks. However, this great potential remains untapped in the mainstream synthetic community due to the challenges associated with stereocontrol originating from excited state(s). The finite lifetime of an excited state and nearly barrierless subsequent processes present significant challenges in manipulating the stereochemical outcome of a photochemical reaction. Several methodologies were developed to address this bottleneck including photoreactions in confined media and preorganization through noncovalent interactions resulting in stereoenhancement. Yet, stereocontrol in photochemical reactions that happen in solution in the absence of organized assemblies remained largely unaddressed. In an effort to develop a general and reliable methodology, our lab has been exploring non-biaryl atropisomers as an avenue to perform asymmetric phototransformations. Atropisomers are chiral molecules that arise due to the restricted rotation around a single bond (chiral axis) whose energy barrier to rotation is determined by nonbonding interactions (most often by steric hindrance) with appropriate substituents. Thus, atropisomeric substrates are chirally preorganized during the photochemical transformation and translate their chiral information to the expected photoproducts. This strategy, where "axial to point chirality transfer" occurs during the photochemical reaction, is a hybrid of the successful Curran's prochiral auxiliary approach involving atropisomers in thermal reactions and the Havinga's NEER principle (nonequilibrating excited-state rotamers) for photochemical transformations. We have investigated this strategy in order to probe various aspects such as regio-, enantio-, diastereo-, and chemoselectivity in several synthetically useful phototransformations including 6π-photocyclization, 4π-ring closure, Norrish-Yang photoreactions, Paternò-Büchi reaction, and [2 + 2]- and [5 + 2]-photocycloaddition. The investigations detailed in this Account clearly signify the scope of our strategy in accessing chirally enriched products during phototransformations. Simple design modifications such as tailoring the steric handle in atropisomers to hold reactive units resulted in permanently locked/traceless axial chirality in addition to incorporating multiple stereocenters in already complex scaffolds obtained from phototransformation. Further improvements allowed us to employ low energy visible light rather than high energy UV light without compromising the stereoenrichment in the photoproducts. Continued investigations on atropisomeric scaffolds have unraveled new design features, with outcomes that are unique and unprecedented for excited state reactivity. For example, we have established that reactive spin states (singlet or triplet excited state) profoundly influence the stereochemical outcome of an atropselective phototransformation. In general, the photochemistry and photophysics of atropisomeric substrates differ significantly from their achiral counterparts irrespective of having the same chromophore initiating the excited state reactivity. The ability of axially chiral chromophores to impart stereoenrichment in the intramolecular photoreactions appears to be promising. A challenging endeavor for the "axial to point chirality transfer" strategy is to enhance stereoenrichment or alter chemical reactivity in intermolecular photoreactions. Insights gained from our investigations will serve as a platform to venture into more complicated yet fruitful research in terms of broad synthetic utility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.
authors.forename: Elango
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kumarasamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.
authors.forename: Anoklase Jean-Luc
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ayitou
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.
authors.forename: Nandini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vallavoju
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.
authors.forename: Ramya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raghunathan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.
authors.forename: Akila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Clay
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.
authors.forename: Sunil Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kandappa
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States.
authors.forename: Jayaraman
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sivaguru