title: Anti-Inflammatory Properties of the Enaminone E121 in the Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) Colitis Model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enaminones are synthetic compounds with an established role in the prevention of various forms of seizures. Recent evidence suggests potent anti-tussive, bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory properties. Pre-treatment with particularly E121 compound resulted in a decrease in leukocyte recruitment in the ovalbumin induced-model of asthma, immune cell proliferation and cytokine release in vitro. We hypothesize that E121 might serve as a therapeutic potential in intestinal inflammation through modulating immune cell functions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Colitis was induced by daily dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) administration for 5 days, and its severity was determined by gross and histological assessments. The plasma level of various cytokines was measured using flow cytometry-based assay. The colonic expression/ phosphorylation level of various molecules was determined by immunofluorescence and western blotting. The effects of E121 treatment on in vitro neutrophil chemotaxis (under-agarose assay), superoxide release (luminol oxidation assay) and apoptosis (annexin V/7AAD) were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DSS-induced colitis in mice was significantly reduced by daily E121 treatment (30-100 mg/kg) at gross and histological levels. This effect was due to modulated plasma levels of interleukin (IL-2) and colonic expression levels of various signaling molecules and proteins involved in apoptosis. In vitro neutrophil survival, chemotaxis, and superoxide release were also reduced by E121 treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate important anti-inflammatory actions of E121 in the pathogenesis of IBD.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Maitham A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khajah
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Kethireddy V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Ananthalakshmi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Saint Joseph School of Pharmacy, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Edafiogho
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000187:drug effects*; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016264:Dextran Sulfate / Q000633:toxicity*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology*; D013481:Superoxides / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D003509:Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; C483746:E 121 compound; D007376:Interleukin-2; D013481:Superoxides; D016264:Dextran Sulfate