title: Diurnal and Reproductive Stage-Dependent Variation of Parental Behaviour in Captive Zebra Finches.
abstract: Parental care plays a key role in ontogeny, life-history trade-offs, sexual selection and intra-familial conflict. Studies focusing on understanding causes and consequences of variation in parental effort need to quantify parental behaviour accurately. The applied methods are, however, diverse even for a given species and type of parental effort, and rarely validated for accuracy. Here we focus on variability of parental behaviour from a methodological perspective to investigate the effect of different samplings on various estimates of parental effort. We used nest box cameras in a captive breeding population of zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata, a widely used model system of sexual selection, intra-familial dynamics and parental care. We investigated diurnal and reproductive stage-dependent variation in parental effort (including incubation, brooding, nest attendance and number of feedings) based on 12h and 3h continuous video-recordings taken at various reproductive stages. We then investigated whether shorter (1h) sampling periods provided comparable estimates of overall parental effort and division of labour to those of longer (3h) sampling periods. Our study confirmed female-biased division of labour during incubation, and showed that the difference between female and male effort diminishes with advancing reproductive stage. We found individually consistent parental behaviours within given days of incubation and nestling provisioning. Furthermore, parental behaviour was consistent over the different stages of incubation, however, only female brooding was consistent over nestling provisioning. Parental effort during incubation did not predict parental effort during nestling provisioning. Our analyses revealed that 1h sampling may be influenced heavily by stochastic and diurnal variation. We suggest using a single longer sampling period (3h) may provide a consistent and accurate estimate for overall parental effort during incubation in zebra finches. Due to the large within-individual variation, we suggest repeated longer sampling over the reproductive stage may be necessary for accurate estimates of parental effort post-hatching.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Boglárka
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Morvai
authors.affiliation: Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nanuru
authors.affiliation: Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Douwe
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mul
authors.affiliation: Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kusche
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Milne
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tamás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Székely
authors.affiliation: Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Komdeur
authors.affiliation: Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Ádám
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Miklósi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Ákos
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9498-0158
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Pogány
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D005260:Female; D046369:Finches / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009425:Nesting Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors