title: Radiolabeled Rhein as Small-Molecule Necrosis Avid Agents for Imaging of Necrotic Myocardium.
abstract: A rapid and accurate identification of necrotic myocardium is of great importance for diagnosis, risk stratification, clinical decision-making, and prognosis evaluation of myocardial infarction. Here, we explored technetium-99m labeled rhein derivatives for rapid imaging of the necrotic myocardium. Three hydrazinonicotinic acid-linker-rhein (HYNIC-linker-rhein) derivatives were synthesized, and then, these synthetic compounds were labeled with technetium-99m using ethylenediaminediacetic acid (EDDA) and tricine as coligands [99mTc(EDDA)-HYNIC-linker-rhein]. The necrosis avidity of the three99mTc-labeled rhein derivatives was tested in a mouse model of ethanol-induced muscular necrosis by gamma counting, histochemical staining, and autoradiography. A lead tracer for visualization of necrotic myocardium was assessed by single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging in a rat model with reperfused myocardial infarction. The necrosis avidity mechanism of the tracer was explored by DNA binding studies in vitro and blocking experiments in vivo. Results showed that the uptake in necrotic muscles of the three99mTc-compounds was higher than that in viable muscles (P < 0.001). Autoradiography and histochemical staining results were consistent with selective uptake of the radiotracer in the necrotic regions. Among the these tracers,99mTc(EDDA)-HYNIC-ethylenediamine-rhein [99mTc(EDDA)-HYNIC-2C-rhein] displayed the best distribution profiles for imaging. The necrotic myocardium lesions were clearly visualized by SPECT/CT using99mTc(EDDA)-HYNIC-2C-rhein at 1 h after injection. The necrotic-to-viable myocardium and necrotic myocardium-to-blood uptake ratios of99mTc(EDDA)-HYNIC-2C-rhein were 4.79 and 3.02 at 1 h after injection. DNA binding studies suggested HYNIC-linker-rhein bound to DNA through intercalation. The uptake of99mTc(EDDA)-HYNIC-2C-rhein in necrotic muscle was significantly blocked by excessive unlabeled rhein, with 77.61% decline at 1 h after coinjection. These findings suggested99mTc(EDDA)-HYNIC-2C-rhein emerged as a "hot spot" imaging probe that has a potential for rapid imaging of necrotic myocardium. The necrosis avidity mechanism of99mTc(EDDA)-HYNIC-linker-rhein may be due to its interaction with exposed DNA in necrotic tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.|Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.|Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.|Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qiaomei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.|Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.|Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.|Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Dongjian
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.|Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Cuihua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Missouri-St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States.
authors.forename: Anne Folta
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Fish
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.|Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.|Theragnostic Laboratory, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Yuanbo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.|Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.|Theragnostic Laboratory, Campus Gasthuisberg, KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Yicheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.affiliation: Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.|Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210028, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8402-9753
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhiqi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000032:analysis*; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D051379:Mice; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D009336:Necrosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D051381:Rats; D000072098:Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D013667:Technetium / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; D013667:Technetium; C020491:rhein