title: Occurrence of Triclocarban and Triclosan in an Agro-ecosystem Following Application of Biosolids.
abstract: Triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS), two of the most commonly used antimicrobial compounds, can be introduced into ecosystems by applying wastewater treatment plant biosolids to agricultural fields. Concentrations of TCC and TCS were measured in different trophic levels within a terrestrial food web encompassing land-applied biosolids, soil, earthworms (Lumbricus), deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), and eggs of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and American kestrels (Falco sparverius) at an experimental site amended with biosolids for the previous 7 years. The samples from this site were compared to the same types of samples from a reference (biosolids-free) agricultural site. Inter-site comparisons showed that concentrations of both antimicrobials were higher on the experimental site in the soil, earthworms, mice (livers), and European starling eggs, but not American kestrel eggs, compared to the control site. Inter-species comparisons on the experimental site indicated significantly higher TCC concentrations in mice (TCC: 12.6-33.3 ng/g) and in starling eggs (TCC: 15.4-31.4 ng/g) than in kestrel eggs (TCC: 3.6 ng/g). Nesting success of kestrels only was significantly lower on the experimental site compared to the reference site due to nest abandonment. This study demonstrates that biosolids-derived TCC and TCS are present throughout the terrestrial food web, including secondary (e.g., starlings) and tertiary (i.e., kestrels) consumers, after repeated, long-term biosolids application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University , 1900 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States.
authors.forename: Jessica J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sherburne
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University-Pueblo , 2200 Bonforte Boulevard, Pueblo, Colorado 81001, United States.
authors.forename: Amanda M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Anaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University , 1900 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States.|Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada , 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada.
authors.forename: Kim J
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3073-3208
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Fernie
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University , 1900 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States.
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Forbey
authors.affiliation: National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver Federal Center, U.S. Geological Survey , Building 95, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States.
authors.forename: Edward T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Furlong
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey , 400 South Clinton Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States.
authors.forename: Dana W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kolpin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University , 1900 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States.
authors.forename: Alfred M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dufty
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University-Pueblo , 2200 Bonforte Boulevard, Pueblo, Colorado 81001, United States.
authors.forename: Chad A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Kinney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002224:Carbanilides; D017753:Ecosystem; D051379:Mice; D009835:Oligochaeta; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014260:Triclosan
chemical_list: D002224:Carbanilides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014260:Triclosan