title: Effects of controlled doses of Oxyelite Pro on physical performance in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  OxyElite Pro (OEP) is a dietary supplement to increase metabolism which contains as key stimulant the ingredient 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA). Serious adverse effects have been reported after OEP consumption however, these effects are related to poisoning or overdose. To our knowledge, no one studied the effects of OEP at controlled doses. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate acute and chronic OEP affects, at controlled doses in Wistar rats, on physical performance, metabolic parameters, liver injury markers and oxidative stress markers and mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were divided in control, 4.3 mg OEP/kg, 12.9 mg OEP/kg and 25.8 mg OEP/kg. All groups were submitted to supplementation with OEP for 4 weeks and the experimental protocols were performed 30 min after the first OEP administration (acute response) and 30 min after the last OEP administration at the end of the forth week (chronic response).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Running distance and running time increased after acute administration of 12.9 mg OEP/kg (2.6-fold) and 25.8 mg OEP/kg (2.8-fold). Since no effect on the exercise tolerance test was observed at the lower OEP dose (4.3 mg OEP/kg), this group was removed from further analyzes. On other hand, running distance and running time decreased after daily supplementation for 4 weeks also in both groups (64% in 12.9 mg OEP/kg and 72% in 25.8 mg OEP/kg). Chronic supplementation at both 12.9 and 25.8 mg OEP/kg decreased TBARS levels in soleus muscle (36 and 31%) and liver (43 and 25%). AOPP was also decreased by both doses in the liver (39 and 45%). Chronic administration of the highest dose, 25.8 mg OEP/kg, was able to reduce mRNA expression of PGC-1α in soleus muscle (25%). No effect was found in other analyses such as spontaneous physical activity, body weight, food and water intake, hepatic toxicity, cardiac oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA amount.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maximum and not recommended doses of OEP ingested acutely presented stimulating effect on the ability to exercise. However, its daily consumption for 4 weeks showed antioxidant effects in soleus muscle and liver which may have decreased the PGC-1α mRNA expression on soleus muscle and contributed to the impaired performance in the exercise tolerance test.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Vinicios Camuzi
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Zovico
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil.
authors.forename: Victor Magalhães
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Curty
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos André Soares
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Leal
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo Frizzera
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Meira
authors.affiliation: UNIPAMPA, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniel Ventura
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil.
authors.forename: Lívia Carla de Melo
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvana Dos Santos
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Meyrelles
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edilamar Menezes
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: De Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil.
authors.forename: Paula Frizera
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Vassallo
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil.
authors.forename: Valério Garrone
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Barauna
keywords: Dietary supplements; Liver; Mitochondrial biogenesis; Oxidative stress; Performance