title: Differential cytokine levels between early withdrawal and remission states in patients with alcohol dependence.
abstract: Alcohol dependence (AD) leads to altered innate and adaptive immune responses, and frequently co-occurs with inflammation. Therefore, inflammatory cytokines potentially play a crucial role in the development of alcohol-related illnesses. This study evaluated changes in plasma cytokine concentrations, liver function, cravings, depression severity, and cognitive function in male patients with AD, during the course of an alcohol-detoxification program. A total of 78 male patients with AD were recruited for a conservative detoxification program; and cytokine levels, depressive score, and cognitive impairment applying the Trail Making Test (TMT) were evaluated during early withdrawal (baseline) and after 4 weeks of abstinence from alcohol. Healthy volunteers (86 males) were also recruited as controls. Inflammatory cytokine expression in all participants was assessed by multiplex magnetic bead assay. AD patients during early withdrawal demonstrated higher cytokine levels than the healthy controls (P≤0.001 for all cytokines). However, the levels of cytokine expression were significantly lower after 4 weeks of abstinence from alcohol (P≤0.001, except for IL-1β and IL-5). Higher liver function marker levels, depressive severity, and TMT times were observed in patients at the beginning of the detoxification program than in healthy controls. Fortunately, these functions significantly ameliorated after 4 weeks of abstinence. (P≤0.001). Levels of circulating cytokines, liver function, and cognitive function may markers of alcohol use disorder.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine,Chiayi Yang-Ming Hospital,Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Che-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Pei-Shen
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yi-Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chih-Sung
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Shin-Chang
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Branch, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chang-Chih
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Chun-Yen
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Mei-Chen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Biology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Kuo-Hsing
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Yueh-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavior Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Ru-Band
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. Electronic address: hsy@ndmctsgh.edu.tw.
authors.forename: San-Yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D064829:Alcohol Abstinence; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014145:Trail Making Test; D014166:Transferases / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D014166:Transferases
keywords: Abstinence; Alcohol; Cytokine; Inflammatory response