title: Serro 2 Virus Highlights the Fundamental Genomic and Biological Features of a Natural Vaccinia Virus Infecting Humans.
abstract: Vaccinia virus (VACV) has been implicated in infections of dairy cattle and humans, and outbreaks have substantially impacted local economies and public health in Brazil. During a 2005 outbreak, a VACV strain designated Serro 2 virus (S2V) was collected from a 30-year old male milker. Our aim was to phenotypically and genetically characterize this VACV Brazilian isolate. S2V produced small round plaques without associated comets when grown in BSC40 cells. Furthermore, S2V was less virulent than the prototype strain VACV-Western Reserve (WR) in a murine model of intradermal infection, producing a tiny lesion with virtually no surrounding inflammation. The genome of S2V was sequenced by primer walking. The coding region spans 184,572 bp and contains 211 predicted genes. Mutations in envelope genes specifically associated with small plaque phenotypes were not found in S2V; however, other alterations in amino acid sequences within these genes were identified. In addition, some immunomodulatory genes were truncated in S2V. Phylogenetic analysis using immune regulatory-related genes, besides thehemagglutiningene, segregated the Brazilian viruses into two clusters, grouping the S2V into Brazilian VACV group 1. S2V is the first naturally-circulating human-associated VACV, with a low passage history, to be extensively genetically and phenotypically characterized.
authors.affiliation: Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CCID/CDC), Atlanta, 30329-4027 GA, USA. gitrindade@yahoo.com.br.|Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil. gitrindade@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Giliane de Souza
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Trindade
authors.affiliation: Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CCID/CDC), Atlanta, 30329-4027 GA, USA. dtt4@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Ginny L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Emerson
authors.affiliation: Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CCID/CDC), Atlanta, 30329-4027 GA, USA. ssammons@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sammons
authors.affiliation: Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CCID/CDC), Atlanta, 30329-4027 GA, USA. mfrace@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frace
authors.affiliation: Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CCID/CDC), Atlanta, 30329-4027 GA, USA. dgovil@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Dhwani
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Govil
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil. brunofmota@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bruno Eduardo
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Fernandes Mota
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil. jonatas.abrahao@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jônatas Santos
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Abrahão
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil. felipelopesassis@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Felipe Lopes
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: de Assis
authors.affiliation: Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CCID/CDC), Atlanta, 30329-4027 GA, USA. mOlsen-Rasmussen@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olsen-Rasmussen
authors.affiliation: Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CCID/CDC), Atlanta, 30329-4027 GA, USA. cgoldsmith@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Cynthia S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Goldsmith
authors.affiliation: Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CCID/CDC), Atlanta, 30329-4027 GA, USA. lay4@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CCID/CDC), Atlanta, 30329-4027 GA, USA. dcarroll@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Darin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil. fdafonseca@icb.ufmg.br.
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guimarães da Fonseca
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31270-901, Brazil. kroone@icb.ufmg.br.
authors.forename: Erna
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kroon
authors.affiliation: Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CCID/CDC), Atlanta, 30329-4027 GA, USA. giliane@icb.ufmg.br.
authors.forename: Inger K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Damon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D002460:Cell Line; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005814:Genes, Viral; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology; D014615:Vaccinia / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay; D014774:Virulence; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D037521:Virulence Factors
keywords: genome; outbreak; poxvirus; public health; vaccinia virus; virulence