title: Comparative Evaluation of Drug Deposition in Hair Samples Collected from Different Anatomical Body Sites.
abstract: In this study, we focused on the validation of a method for the simultaneous detection and quantification of cannabinoids, cocaine and opiates in hair as well as on the distribution of the drugs deposition in hair collected from different anatomical body sites. The proposed analytical procedure was validated for various parameters such as selectivity, linearity, limit of quantification, precision, accuracy, matrix effect and recovery. Four hundred and eighty-one samples were collected during 2010-2015 from 231 drug abusers. A 6-h ultrasonic-assisted methanolic extraction was applied for the isolation of the drugs. The analysis was performed in an liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system for the opiates and cocaine and in a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system for the cannabinoids. Cocaine was the most frequent detected drug (68.8-80.5%) followed by cannabinoids (47.6-63.3%) and opiates (34.7-46.7%) depending on the body site that the samples were collected. The mean concentrations of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were 0.63 ± 2.11 for head, 0.54 ± 1.03 for pubic, 0.34 ± 0.51 for axillary and 0.18 ± 0.18 ng/mg for chest hair samples. The values of cocaine were 6.52 ± 15.98, 4.64 ± 10.77, 6.96 ± 38.21 and 3.94 ± 6.35 ng/mg, while the values of 6-monoacetylmorphine (MAM) were 3.33 ± 5.89, 3.06 ± 9.33, 1.37 ± 1.37 and 16.4 ± 1.77 ng/mg for head, pubic, axillary and chest samples, respectively. Differences between the detected concentrations of cocaine and opiates between the hair samples of different anatomical sites, as well as the ratio of drug metabolites to the parent compounds were observed in some cases. Statistically significant differences in the mean detected levels were noticed for morphine and heroin between head and pubic hair and also for cocaine and benzoylecgonine, between head and axillary hair samples. Moreover, the ratio of MAM to morphine and THC to cannabinol seems to correlate statistically with the total opiate or cannabinoid detected concentrations. The above differences could be attributed to several parameters associated with the structure, morphology, growth rate and other characteristics of the collected hair.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Manolis N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Tzatzarakis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Athanasios K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Alegakis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Matthaios P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Kavvalakis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vakonaki
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Polychronis D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Stivaktakis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanaki
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Alexander I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Vardavas
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece.|N.Asteriadis S.A., Metamorfosi, 14451 Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Emmanouil G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Barbounis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Aristidis M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tsatsakis
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000032:analysis; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000032:analysis; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003042:Cocaine / Q000032:analysis; D053593:Forensic Toxicology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D057230:Limit of Detection; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002186:Cannabinoids; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D003042:Cocaine