title: Personalized Drug Dosage - Closing the Loop.
abstract: A brief account is given of various approaches to the individualization of drug dosage, including the use of pharmacodynamic markers, therapeutic monitoring of plasma drug concentrations, genotyping, computer-guided dosage using 'dashboards', and automatic closed-loop control of pharmacological action. The potential for linking the real patient to his or her 'virtual twin' through the application of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling is also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Metabolism, Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. g.t.tucker@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Geoffrey T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Tucker
mesh_terms: D054316:Biomarkers, Pharmacological; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D054796:Drug Dosage Calculations; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D000071185:Pharmacogenomic Testing; D057285:Precision Medicine
chemical_list: D054316:Biomarkers, Pharmacological; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: drug dosage; personalized medicine; pharmacogenetics; physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling; therapeutic drug monitoring