title: Evaluating spatial distribution and seasonal variation of phthalates using passive air sampling in southern India.
abstract: Usage of phthalates as plasticizers has resulted in worldwide occurrence and is becoming a serious concern to human health and environment. However, studies on phthalates in Indian atmosphere are lacking. Therefore, we studied the spatio-temporal trends of six major phthalates in Tamil Nadu, southern India, using passive air samplers. Phthalates were ubiquitously detected in all the samples and the average total phthalates found in decreasing order is pre-monsoon (61 ng m-3) > summer (52 ng m-3) > monsoon (17 ng m-3). Largely used phthalates, dibutylphthalate (DBP) and diethylhexlphthalate (DEHP) were predominantly found in all the seasons with contribution of 11-31% and 59-68%, respectively. The highest total phthalates was observed in summer at an urban location (836 ng m-3). Furthermore, through principal component analysis, potential sources were identified as emissions from additives of plasticizers in the polymer industry and the productions of adhesives, building materials and vinyl flooring. Although inhalation exposure of infants was higher than other population segments (toddlers, children and adults), exposure levels were found to be safe for people belonging to all ages based on reference dose (RfD) and tolerable daily intake (TDI) values. This study first attempted to report seasonal trend based on atmospheric monitoring using passive air sampling technique and exposure risk together.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India; SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Srimurali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sampath
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Krishna Kumar
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Selvaraj
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Govindaraj
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shanmugam
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Vimalkumar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krishnamoorthy
authors.affiliation: SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Paromita
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: ramaswamybr@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Babu Rajendran
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Ramaswamy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D010968:Plasticizers / Q000032:analysis; D012621:Seasons
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D010795:Phthalic Acids; D010968:Plasticizers; C032279:phthalic acid
keywords: Air pollution; GC-MS; Human exposure assessment; India; Passive air sampling; Phthalates