title: Porous magnesium-based scaffolds for tissue engineering.
abstract: Significant amount of research efforts have been dedicated to the development of scaffolds for tissue engineering. Although at present most of the studies are focused on non-load bearing scaffolds, many scaffolds have also been investigated for hard tissue repair. In particular, metallic scaffolds are being studied for hard tissue engineering due to their suitable mechanical properties. Several biocompatible metallic materials such as stainless steels, cobalt alloys, titanium alloys, tantalum, nitinol and magnesium alloys have been commonly employed as implants in orthopedic and dental treatments. They are often used to replace and regenerate the damaged bones or to provide structural support for healing bone defects. Among the common metallic biomaterials, magnesium (Mg) and a number of its alloys are effective because of their mechanical properties close to those of human bone, their natural ionic content that may have important functional roles in physiological systems, and their in vivo biodegradation characteristics in body fluids. Due to such collective properties, Mg based alloys can be employed as biocompatible, bioactive, and biodegradable scaffolds for load-bearing applications. Recently, porous Mg and Mg alloys have been specially suggested as metallic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. With further optimization of the fabrication techniques, porous Mg is expected to make a promising hard substitute scaffold. The present review covers research conducted on the fabrication techniques, surface modifications, properties and biological characteristics of Mg alloys based scaffolds. Furthermore, the potential applications, challenges and future trends of such degradable metallic scaffolds are discussed in detail.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yazdimamaghani
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Razavi
authors.affiliation: Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
authors.forename: Daryoosh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vashaee
authors.affiliation: School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, UK; Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA.
authors.forename: Keyvan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moharamzadeh
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Aldo R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Boccaccini
authors.affiliation: Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA. Electronic address: lobat.tayebi@marquette.edu.
authors.forename: Lobat
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tayebi
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001842:Bone and Bones; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016062:Porosity; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D008274:Magnesium
keywords: Biodegradation; Bone; Cartilage; Magnesium; Porous scaffolds