title: Interfacial kinetics in a model emulsion polymerisation system using microelectrochemical measurements at expanding droplets (MEMED) and time lapse microscopy.
abstract: Physicochemical processes that take place at the oil-water interface of an epoxy-amine emulsion polymerisation system influence the properties and structural morphology of the polymeric microparticles formed. Investigating these processes, such as the transport of monomers across the liquid/liquid interface brings new understanding which can be used to tune polymeric morphology. Two different approaches are used to provide new insights on these processes. Microelectrochemical measurements at expanding droplets (MEMED) is used to measure the transfer of amine from an organic phase comprised of epoxide and amine into an aqueous receptor phase. The rate of amine transfer across the liquid/liquid interface is characterised using MEMED and finite element method modelling and kinetic values are reported. Time lapse microscopy of epoxide droplets held in deionised water or an aqueous amine solution heated to different temperatures is further used to characterise epoxide dissolution into the aqueous phase. Mass-transport of epoxide into the aqueous phase is shown to be temperature-dependent. Epoxide homopolymerisation at the droplet-water interface is found to influence the rate of epoxide droplet dissolution. The rate of the epoxy-amine cure reaction is shown to be faster than the rate of the epoxide homopolymerisation reaction. The combination of methods used here is not limited to emulsion polymerisation and should find application in a myriad of processes at liquid/liquid interfaces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Elizabeth E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Oseland
authors.affiliation: Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rea
authors.affiliation: Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Martine I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: de Heer
authors.affiliation: Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom. Electronic address: p.r.unwin@warwick.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Patrick R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Unwin
keywords: Dissolution kinetics; Epoxide-amine; Finite element method modelling (FEM); Interfacial polymerisation; Interfacial transfer; Liquid/liquid interface; Microelectrochemical measurements at expanding droplets (MEMED); Time-lapse microscopy