title: How do text-messaging smoking cessation interventions confer benefit? A multiple mediation analysis of Text2Quit.
abstract: To determine the degree to which the observed benefit of Text2Quit was accounted for by psychosocial mechanisms derived from its quit smoking messaging versus from the use of extra-programmatic smoking cessation treatments and services.
  
  
  
  Prospective, multiple mediation model of a randomized controlled trial (RCT).
  
  
  
  United States nation-wide.
  
  
  
  A total of 409 adult daily smokers participated. Participants were, on average, 35 years of age, predominantly female (68%), white (79%), lacked a college degree (70%), had medium nicotine dependence (average Fagerström Nicotine Dependence Score score of 5.2) and more than half (62%) had made a previous quit attempt.
  
  
  
  Adult daily smokers browsing the web for smoking cessation support (n = 409; recruited 19 May2011-10 July 2012) were randomized to receive smoking cessation support via Text2Quit versus a smoking cessation material.
  
  
  
  Mediators (i.e. changes in psychosocial constructs of health behavior change, use of extra-programmatic treatment) were assessed at 1 month using single-item measures and outcome (i.e. self-reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence) at 6-month follow-up.
  
  
  
  Mediators accounted for 35% of the effect of Text2Quit on smoking cessation. Only psychosocial mechanisms had complete mediational paths, with increases in self-efficacy [b = 0.10 (0.06-0.15)], quitting know-how [b = 0.07 (0.03-0.11)] and the sense that someone cared [b = 0.06 (0.01-0.11)], partially explaining the conferred benefit of Text2Quit. Use of outside resources, including treatments promoted explicitly by Text2Quit, i.e. medication [b = 0.001 (-0.01 to 0.01), quitline [b = -0.002 (-0.01 to 0.04)], treatments and resources not promoted by Text2Quit, i.e. online forums [b = 0.01 (-0.01 to 0.04)] and self-help materials [b = -0.01 (-0.04 to 0.02)], did not have complete mediational paths. An interaction effect existed for medication use that suggested that for participants not using medication, Text2Quit conferred substantial benefit, but not for participants using medication.
  
  
  
  Text-messaging programs for smoking cessation appear primarily to confer benefit by promoting improvements in the psychosocial processes related to quitting rather than through the use of extra-programmatic smoking cessation treatments and services.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Bettina B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Hoeppner
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Susanne S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hoeppner
authors.affiliation: Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Lorien C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Abroms
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D060145:Text Messaging; D000073869:Tobacco Smoking / Q000628:therapy*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D014481:United States
keywords: Mechanisms of change; mediation; mhealth; mobile health; smoking cessation; text-messaging