title: Neuropathy optic glaucomatosa induced by systemic hypertension through activation endothelin-1 signaling pathway in central retinal artery in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate effect of hypertension on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis, intraocular pressure (IOP), and the activation of endothelin-1 (ET-1) signaling pathway in central retinal artery (CRA) in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experimental study was performed on 20 male Sprague Dawley rats that were divided into control group, and hypertension groups. The hypertension was induced by subcutaneous deoxycorticoacetate (DOCA) 10 mg/kg twice a week and administered 0.9% NaCl solution daily for 2, 6, and 10wk. Blood pressure (BP) was measured using animal BP analyzer. IOP was measured by handheld tonometry. Retinal tissue preparations by paraffin blocks were made after enucleation. The expression of ET-1, eNOS, ET-1 receptor A (ETRA), ET-1 receptor B (ETRB), and phosphorylated myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), and caldesmon (CaD) in CRA and RGC apoptosis were evaluated through immunofluorescent staining method then observed using laser scanning confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BP significantly increased in all of the hypertension groups compared to control (P=0.001). Peak IOP elevation (7.78±4.14 mm Hg) and RGC apoptosis (576.15±33.28 Au) occurred on 2wk of hypertension. ET-1 expression (1238.6±55.1 Au) and eNOS expression (2814.2±70.7 Au) were found highest in 2wk of hypertension, although the ratio of ET-1/eNOS decreased since 2wk. ETRAreached peak expression in 10wk of hypertension (1219.4±6.3 Au), while ETRBsignificantly increased only in 2 weeks group (1069.2±9.6 Au). The highest MLCK expression (1190.09±58.32 Au), CaD (1670.28±18.36 Au) were also found in 2wk of hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypertension effects to activation of ET-1 signaling pathway significantly in CRA, elevation of IOP, and RGC apoptosis. The highest value was achieved at 2wk, which is the development phase of hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Seskoati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prayitnaningsih
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Hidayat
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sujuti
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Maksum
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Effendi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Aulia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Nanda Wahyu
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Anandita
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Febriani
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yohana
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Nur
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Permatasari
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Mohamad Aris
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Widodo
keywords: central retinal artery; endothelin-1 signaling pathway; hypertension; rats