title: Does maternal psychological distress affect neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants at a gestational age of ≤32weeks.
abstract: There is some evidence that maternal psychological status in the prenatal and postnatal periods is associated with infants' cognitive, behavioural, and emotional functions.
  
  
  
  The aim of this study was to examine the relationships of maternal depression and anxiety with neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants with a gestational age of ≤32weeks, examined at a corrected age of 18 to 22months.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  
  In total, 220 preterm infants with a gestational age of ≤32weeks who were born from January 2008 to September 2011 and admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit were prospectively examined.
  
  
  
  Neurodevelopmental evaluation was performed at a corrected age of 18 to 22months by a developmental paediatrician using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID-II). The Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory were used to assess maternal depression and anxiety at the same visit as the neurodevelopmental evaluation.
  
  
  
  The depression scores of mothers of infants with a Mental Development Index (MDI) score of <70 were significantly higher than those of mothers of infants with an MDI score of >70 (16.3±12.8 vs 8.8±7.0, p<0.001). The depression scores of mothers of infants with neurodevelopmental impairment were also significantly higher than those without neurodevelopmental impairment (12.8±10.5 vs 8.8±7.3, p=0.003). There was no relationship between the presence of cerebral palsy or a Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) score of <70 and the mothers' depression scores. Multiple regression analysis revealed that maternal depression and the occurrence of more than two sepsis attacks were associated with an MDI score of <70, and grade III to IV intraventricular haemorrhage was associated with neurodevelopmental impairment and a PDI score of <70.
  
  
  
  Maternal depression is negatively associated with the neurodevelopment of preterm infants at a gestational age of ≤32weeks. Maternal psychological well-being should be taken into consideration during the long-term follow-up of preterm infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Teaching Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: dr_kalyoncu@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ozlem
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bozkurt
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Teaching Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Eras
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Teaching Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatma Nur
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Sari
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Teaching Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Evrim Alyamac
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Dizdar
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Teaching Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nurdan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uras
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Teaching Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fuat Emre
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Canpolat
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Teaching Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serife Suna
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Oguz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D000068097:Maternal Health; D065886:Neurodevelopmental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Maternal depression; Neurodevelopment; Preterm