title: The control of flowering time by environmental factors.
abstract: The timing of flowering is determined by endogenous genetic components as well as various environmental factors, such as day length, temperature, and stress. The genetic elements and molecular mechanisms that rule this process have been examined in the long-day-flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana and short-day-flowering rice (Oryza sativa). However, reviews of research on the role of those factors are limited. Here, we focused on how flowering time is influenced by nutrients, ambient temperature, drought, salinity, exogenously applied hormones and chemicals, and pathogenic microbes. In response to such stresses or stimuli, plants either begin flowering to produce seeds for the next generation or else delay flowering by slowing their metabolism. These responses vary depending upon the dose of the stimulus, the plant developmental stage, or even the cultivar that is used. Our review provides insight into how crops might be managed to increase productivity under various environmental challenges.
authors.affiliation: Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea.
authors.forename: Lae-Hyeon
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea.
authors.forename: Jinmi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea.
authors.forename: Gynheung
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: An
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055864:Droughts; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D012275:Oryza / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins
keywords: ambient temperature; biotic stresses; drought; environmental factors; exogenous hormones; flowering time; nutrient; salinity