title: Cyto- and genotoxic profile of groundwater used as drinking water supply before and after disinfection.
abstract: The assessment of the toxicological properties of raw groundwater may be useful to predict the type and quality of tap water. Contaminants in groundwater are known to be able to affect the disinfection process, resulting in the formation of substances that are cytotoxic and/or genotoxic. Though the European directive (98/83/EC, which establishes maximum levels for contaminants in raw water (RW)) provides threshold levels for acute exposure to toxic compounds, the law does not take into account chronic exposure at low doses of pollutants present in complex mixture. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cyto- and genotoxic load in the groundwater of two water treatment plants in Northern Italy. Water samples induced cytotoxic effects, mainly observed when human cells were treated with RW. Moreover, results indicated that the disinfection process reduced cell toxicity, independent of the biocidal used. The induction of genotoxic effects was found, in particular, when the micronucleus assay was carried out on raw groundwater. These results suggest that it is important to include bio-toxicological assays as additional parameters in water quality monitoring programs, as their use would allow the evaluation of the potential risk of groundwater for humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy E-mail: claudia.pellacani@unipr.it; Arpae Emilia-Romagna, Sezione Provinciale di Parma, Parma, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pellacani
authors.affiliation: Arpae Emilia-Romagna, Sezione Provinciale di Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cassoni
authors.affiliation: Arpae Emilia-Romagna, Sezione Provinciale di Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bocchi
authors.affiliation: Arpae Emilia-Romagna, Sezione Provinciale di Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martino
authors.affiliation: Arpae Emilia-Romagna, Sezione Provinciale di Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Arpae Emilia-Romagna, Sezione Provinciale di Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Furlini
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buschini
mesh_terms: D004203:Disinfection; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000592:standards; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical