title: Music's Relevance for People Affected by Cancer: A Meta-Ethnography and Implications for Music Therapists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence supports music-based oncologic support interventions including music therapy. By comparison, little is understood about music-based self-care. This meta-ethnography examined five published qualitative studies to extend understanding of music's relevance, including helpfulness, for people affected by cancer; including children, adolescents, and adults with cancer, carers, and the bereaved.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To improve understanding of music's broad relevance for those affected by cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-ethnography strategies informed the analysis. Five studies were synthesized that included 138 participants: 26 children and 28 parents of children with cancer; 12 adolescents and young adults with cancer; 52 adults with cancer; 12 carers; and 8 bereaved. Studies' category and thematic findings were compared and integrated into third-order interpretations, and a line of argument. Perspectives from the five studies that illuminated the line of argument were developed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Music usage can remain incidental, continue normally, and/or change because of cancer's harsh effects. Music can be a lifeline, support biopsychosocial and spiritual well-being, or become elusive, that is, difficult to experience. Music helps or intrudes because it extends self-awareness and social connections, and prompts play, memories, imageries, and legacies. Music therapists may help patients and carers to recover or extend music's helpful effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cancer care can be improved through offering music-based resources/services, which give cancer patients and carers opportunities to extend music usage for personal support and, for carers, to support patients. Music therapists can advocate for such resources and educate health professionals about assessing/recognizing when patients' and carers' changed music behaviors signify additional support needs.
authors.affiliation: Caritas Christi Hospice and Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne and Cabrini Health, Melbourne clare.ocallaghan@svha.org.au.|Monash University clare.ocallaghan@svha.org.au.|Department of Education and Training, Melbourne clare.ocallaghan@svha.org.au.|Notre Dame University, Sydney, and Monash University, Melbourne clare.ocallaghan@svha.org.au.|Centre for Palliative Care Education and Research, St Vincent's & University of Melbourne, and Queens University, Belfast clare.ocallaghan@svha.org.au.|Monash University clare.ocallaghan@svha.org.au.|Deakin University clare.ocallaghan@svha.org.au.
authors.forename: Clare C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: O'Callaghan
authors.affiliation: Caritas Christi Hospice and Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne and Cabrini Health, Melbourne.|Monash University.|Department of Education and Training, Melbourne.|Notre Dame University, Sydney, and Monash University, Melbourne.|Centre for Palliative Care Education and Research, St Vincent's & University of Melbourne, and Queens University, Belfast.|Monash University.|Deakin University.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.affiliation: Caritas Christi Hospice and Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne and Cabrini Health, Melbourne.|Monash University.|Department of Education and Training, Melbourne.|Notre Dame University, Sydney, and Monash University, Melbourne.|Centre for Palliative Care Education and Research, St Vincent's & University of Melbourne, and Queens University, Belfast.|Monash University.|Deakin University.
authors.forename: Philippa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: Caritas Christi Hospice and Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne and Cabrini Health, Melbourne.|Monash University.|Department of Education and Training, Melbourne.|Notre Dame University, Sydney, and Monash University, Melbourne.|Centre for Palliative Care Education and Research, St Vincent's & University of Melbourne, and Queens University, Belfast.|Monash University.|Deakin University.
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.affiliation: Caritas Christi Hospice and Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne and Cabrini Health, Melbourne.|Monash University.|Department of Education and Training, Melbourne.|Notre Dame University, Sydney, and Monash University, Melbourne.|Centre for Palliative Care Education and Research, St Vincent's & University of Melbourne, and Queens University, Belfast.|Monash University.|Deakin University.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.affiliation: Caritas Christi Hospice and Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne and Cabrini Health, Melbourne.|Monash University.|Department of Education and Training, Melbourne.|Notre Dame University, Sydney, and Monash University, Melbourne.|Centre for Palliative Care Education and Research, St Vincent's & University of Melbourne, and Queens University, Belfast.|Monash University.|Deakin University.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Zalcberg
authors.affiliation: Caritas Christi Hospice and Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne and Cabrini Health, Melbourne.|Monash University.|Department of Education and Training, Melbourne.|Notre Dame University, Sydney, and Monash University, Melbourne.|Centre for Palliative Care Education and Research, St Vincent's & University of Melbourne, and Queens University, Belfast.|Monash University.|Deakin University.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000884:Anthropology, Cultural / Q000379:methods*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D008495:Medical Oncology; D009146:Music / Q000523:psychology; D009147:Music Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D010465:Perception; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012648:Self Care; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000517:prevention & control; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: cancer; meta-ethnography; music; music therapy; self-care