title: Characterization of microbiome in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with lung cancer comparing with benign mass like lesions.
abstract: Disruption in the stability of respiratory microbiota is known to be associated with many chronic respiratory diseases. However, only few studies have examined microbiomes in lung cancer. Therefore, we characterized and compared the microbiomes of patients with lung cancer and those with benign mass-like lesions.
  
  
  
  Bronchoalveolar fluid was collected prospectively to evaluate lung masses in patients who had undergone bronchoscopies from May to September 2015. Twenty-eight patients (20 male, 8 female) were enrolled: 20 diagnosed with lung cancer and 8 diagnosed with benign diseases. Samples were analysed by 16S rRNA-based next-generation sequencing.
  
  
  
  The participants' mean age was 64±11years. Bacterial operational taxonomic units were classified into 26 phyla, 44 classes, 81 orders, 153 families, 288 genera, and 797 species. The relative abundance of two phyla (Firmicutes and TM7) was significantly increased in patients with lung cancer (p=0.037 and 0.035, respectively). Furthermore, two genera (Veillonella and Megasphaera) were relatively more abundant in lung cancer patients (p=0.003 and 0.022, respectively). The area under the curve of a combination of these two genera used to predict lung cancer was 0.888 (sensitivity=95.0%, specificity=75.0% and sensitivity=70.0%, specificity=100.0%; p=0.002).
  
  
  
  The results indicate that differences exist in the bacterial communities of patients with lung cancer and those with benign mass-like lesions. The genera Veillonella and Megasphaera showed the potential to serve as biomarkers to predict lung cancer. Thus, the lung microbiota may change the environment in patients with lung cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 166, Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, 463-707 Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
authors.forename: Dongeun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea; Chunlab Inc., Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jongsik
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chun
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
authors.forename: Song Yee
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
authors.forename: Joo Han
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Young
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Ye
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
authors.forename: Young Ae
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
authors.forename: Young Sam
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
authors.forename: Se Kyu
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
authors.forename: Joon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Chest Diseases, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea. Electronic address: pms70@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Moo Suk
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000382:microbiology*; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D045851:Megasphaera / Q000302:isolation & purification; D064307:Microbiota; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000382:microbiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D014678:Veillonella / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: Benign mass; Bronchoalveolar fluid; Lung cancer; Microbiome; New generation sequencing