title: Basis of ACCase and ALS inhibitor resistance in Hordeum glaucum Steud.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acetyl coenzyme-A carboxylase (ACCase) and/or acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor resistance has been identified by herbicide resistance screening in eight populations obtained from cropping regions of South Australia. This study aimed to quantify the level of resistance and characterise the molecular basis of resistance to ACCase and ALS inhibitors in these H. glaucum populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  H. glaucum populations from the Upper-North region were highly resistant (resistance index RI > 12) to the aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP) herbicides quizalofop and haloxyfop and less resistant (RI = 2-12) to cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicide clethodim, and some Mid-North populations had a low level of resistance (RI = 2-6) to the sulfonylurea (SU) herbicide mesosulfuron. Gene sequencing confirmed the presence of Ile-1781-Leu, Ile-2041-Asn and Gly-2096-Ala mutations in the ACCase gene, with no mutation found in the ALS gene. The use of the known metabolic inhibitor malathion in combination with mesosulfuron enhanced the activity of this herbicide. These populations were also susceptible to SU herbicide sulfometuron.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has documented APP-to-CHD herbicide cross-resistance, the first case of ACCase inhibitor resistance due to Ile-2041-Asn mutation, and characterised the resistance to ALS inhibitors in H. glaucum. Resistance to ACCase inhibitors is due to a target-site mutation. The reversal of SU resistance by malathion and susceptibility to sulfometuron suggests that non-target-site mechanisms confer resistance to ALS inhibitors. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Lovreet S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Shergill
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Jenna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boutsalis
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Preston
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Gurjeet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gill
mesh_terms: D000095:Acetolactate Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000103:Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001467:Hordeum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006540:Herbicides; D000095:Acetolactate Synthase; D000103:Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
keywords: ACCase gene; ACCase mutation; ALS gene; barley grass; malathion; non-target site; smooth barley; target site