title: Extraction of bioactives from Orthosiphon stamineus using microwave and ultrasound-assisted techniques: Process optimization and scale up.
abstract: This work demonstrated the optimization and scale up of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from Orthosiphon stamineus using energy-based parameters such as absorbed power density and absorbed energy density (APD-AED) and response surface methodology (RSM). The intensive optimum conditions of MAE obtained at 80% EtOH, 50mL/g, APD of 0.35W/mL, AED of 250J/mL can be used to determine the optimum conditions of the scale-dependent parameters i.e. microwave power and treatment time at various extraction scales (100-300mL solvent loading). The yields of the up scaled conditions were consistent with less than 8% discrepancy and they were about 91-98% of the Soxhlet extraction yield. By adapting APD-AED method in the case of UAE, the intensive optimum conditions of the extraction, i.e. 70% EtOH, 30mL/g, APD of 0.22W/mL, AED of 450J/mL are able to achieve similar scale up results.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: chan@mpob.gov.my.
authors.forename: Chung-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Separation Science and Technology (CSST), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Tiam-You
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: See
authors.affiliation: Centre for Separation Science and Technology (CSST), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: ryusoff@um.edu.my.
authors.forename: Rozita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yusoff
authors.affiliation: Centre for Separation Science and Technology (CSST), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Gek-Cheng
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Ngoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technology & Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kien-Woh
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kow
mesh_terms: D008872:Microwaves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D031342:Orthosiphon / Q000378:metabolism*; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Bioactive compounds; Microwave extraction; Orthosiphon stamineus; Scale up; Ultrasonic extraction