title: Eating at restaurants, at work or at home. Is there a difference? A study among adults of 11 European countries in the context of the HECTOR* project.
abstract: To compare macronutrient intakes out of home-by location-to those at home and to investigate differences in total daily intakes between individuals consuming more than half of their daily energy out of home and those eating only at home.
  
  
  
  Data collected through 24-h recalls or diaries among 23 766 European adults. Participants were grouped as 'non-substantial', 'intermediate' and 'very substantial out-of-home' eaters based on energy intake out of home. Mean macronutrient intakes were estimated at home and out of home (overall, at restaurants, at work). Study/cohort-specific mean differences in total intakes between the 'very substantial out-of-home' and the 'at-home' eaters were estimated through linear regression and pooled estimates were derived.
  
  
  
  At restaurants, men consumed 29% of their energy as fat, 15% as protein, 45% as carbohydrates and 11% as alcohol. Among women, fat contributed 33% of energy intake at restaurants, protein 16%, carbohydrates 45% and alcohol 6%. When eating at work, both sexes reported 30% of energy from fat and 55% from carbohydrates. Intakes at home were higher in fat and lower in carbohydrates and alcohol. Total daily intakes of the 'very substantial out-of-home' eaters were generally similar to those of individuals eating only at home, apart from lower carbohydrate and higher alcohol intakes among individuals eating at restaurants.
  
  
  
  In a large population of adults from 11 European countries, eating at work was generally similar to eating at home. Alcoholic drinks were the primary contributors of higher daily energy intakes among individuals eating substantially at restaurants.
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Orfanos
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naska
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, and Institute of Public Health, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School/Institute of Public Health, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Freisling
authors.affiliation: Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rohrmann
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sieri
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Elmadfa
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.|Nutrition and Child Health Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lachat
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Physiology, TUM Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gedrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boeing
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Katzke
authors.affiliation: Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Center for Food and Nutrition (CREA-Alimenti e Nutrizione), Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turrini
authors.affiliation: Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, 'Civic M.P.Arezzo' Hospital, ASP Ragusa, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tumino
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics and Statistics, 'Cognetti de Martiis' University of Turin, Turin, Italy.|Unit of Epidemiology, Regional Health Service ASL TO3, Turin, Italy.|Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ricceri
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mattiello
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palli
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ocké
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Engeset
authors.affiliation: National Food and Nutrition Institute, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oltarzewski
authors.affiliation: Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.|Arcum, Arctic Research Centre at Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Key
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.|Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trichopoulou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D005060:Europe; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D012147:Restaurants; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins