title: Infliximab for ipilimumab-induced colitis: A series of 13 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the outcomes of metastatic melanoma patients treated with infliximab for severe steroid-refractory colitis secondary to ipilimumab therapy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Immune-related colitis is a known potential adverse effect of ipilimumab, that causes significant morbidity and extended hospital stays. There are limited outcome data for patients treated with infliximab for ipilimumab-induced colitis refractory to corticosteroids. Management guidelines have been developed based on case study evidence only.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of all patients administered infliximab for ipilimumab-induced colitis at South Australian public hospitals between October 2011 and April 2015.
  
  
  METHODS
  Resolution of colitis/diarrhea, duration of hospital stay, dosage regimen of infliximab used (single dose vs multiple dose) and surgical intervention if required.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between October 2011 and April 2015, 106 patients were dispensed ipilimumab from South Australian public hospitals for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Thirteen were administered infliximab for severe, steroid-refractory colitis secondary to ipilimumab. Sixty-two percent received a single dose of infliximab only. Four patients achieved resolution of colitis symptoms at 1 month postinfliximab. Thirty-three percent required surgical intervention despite treatment with infliximab. One patient declined surgery and subsequently died due to bowel perforation. The average number of overnight bed days due to colitis was 27.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This series of patients with severe ipilimumab-induced colitis suggests that despite treatment with infliximab a high proportion of patients do not achieve resolution of symptoms. Review of these cases has highlighted the absence of evidence-based guidelines to treat severe, steroid refractory colitis secondary to ipilimumab. Further prospective studies may clarify the role of infliximab for the treatment of ipilimumab-induced colitis.
authors.affiliation: South Australian Medicines Evaluation Panel, SA Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Nadine T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Hillock
authors.affiliation: Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Sharryn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heard
authors.affiliation: Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Ganessan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kichenadasse
authors.affiliation: South Australian Medicines Evaluation Panel, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Catherine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andrews
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D000069285:Infliximab / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000074324:Ipilimumab / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D000074324:Ipilimumab; D000069285:Infliximab
keywords: Immune-mediated colitis; colitis; infliximab; ipilimumab; melanoma