title: Nonmotor symptoms in patients with Parkinson disease: A cross-sectional observational study.
abstract: Parkinson disease (PD) is usually accompanied by numerous nonmotor symptoms (NMS), such as neuropsychiatric symptoms, sleep disorders, autonomic dysfunctions, and sensory disturbances. However, it is not clear that the factors influencing the occurrence of NMS and its sequence with motor symptoms (MS).We conducted comprehensive assessments of NMS by using 13 scales in 1119 PD patients.A total of 70.8% PD patients present NMS. Olfactory dysfunction tends to occur in PD patients with older age, more severe depression, sleep problems, and autonomic dysfunctions. Older patients are more likely to have olfactory dysfunction before MS than younger patients. Rapid eye movement behavior disorder is more prone to happen in patients with older age, older onset age, more severe depression, sleep problems, and autonomic dysfunctions. Patients with rapid eye movement behavior disorder before MS are older in onset age than after group.Olfactory dysfunction, constipation, rapid eye movement behavior disorder, and depression, as early warning NMSs of PD, connected to each other. There is a clinical heterogeneity that older patients are more likely to have NMS before MS, while younger patients are opposite.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases; Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson Disease, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Tie-Mei
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shu-Yang
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Ying-Shan
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Piao
authors.forename: Li-Jun
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.forename: Teng-Hong
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.forename: Rui-Dan
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qiu-Jin
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Zhao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*