title: The 20-Year Longitudinal Trajectories of Social Functioning in Individuals With Psychotic Disorders.
abstract: Social impairment is a long-recognized core feature of schizophrenia and is common in other psychotic disorders. Still, to date the long-term trajectories of social impairment in psychotic disorders have rarely been studied systematically.
  
  
  
  Data came from the Suffolk County Mental Health Project, a 20-year prospective study of first-admission patients with psychotic disorders. A never-psychotic comparison group was also assessed. Latent class growth analysis was applied to longitudinal data on social functioning from 485 respondents with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and psychotic mood disorders, and associations of the empirically derived trajectories with premorbid social adjustment, diagnosis, and 20-year outcomes were examined.
  
  
  
  Four mostly stable trajectories of preserved (N=82; 59th percentile of comparison group sample distribution), moderately impaired (N=148; 17th percentile), severely impaired (N=181; 3rd percentile), and profoundly impaired (N=74; 1st percentile) functioning best described the 20-year course of social functioning across diagnoses. The outcome in the group with preserved functioning did not differ from that of never-psychotic individuals at 20 years, but the other groups functioned significantly worse. Differences among trajectories were already evident in childhood. The two most impaired trajectories started to diverge in early adolescence. Poorer social functioning trajectories were strongly associated with other real-world outcomes at 20 years. Multiple trajectories were represented within each disorder. However, more participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders had impaired trajectories, and more with mood disorders had better functioning trajectories.
  
  
  
  The results highlight substantial variability of social outcomes within diagnoses-albeit overall worse social outcomes in schizophrenia spectrum disorders-and show remarkably stable long-term impairments in social functioning after illness onset across all diagnoses.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Educational Neuroscience and Research Institute LEARN! Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.; and the Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Velthorst
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Educational Neuroscience and Research Institute LEARN! Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.; and the Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anne-Kathrin J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fett
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Educational Neuroscience and Research Institute LEARN! Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.; and the Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Avraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reichenberg
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Educational Neuroscience and Research Institute LEARN! Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.; and the Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perlman
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Educational Neuroscience and Research Institute LEARN! Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.; and the Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van Os
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Educational Neuroscience and Research Institute LEARN! Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.; and the Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Evelyn J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Bromet
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Educational Neuroscience and Research Institute LEARN! Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; the Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.; and the Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kotov
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D012559:Schizophrenia; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D058992:Social Participation; D066107:Social Skills; D012944:Social Support; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Mood Disorders-Bipolar; Mood Disorders-Unipolar; Outcome Studies; Psychosis; Schizophrenia; Social Functioning