title: Cost-Effectiveness of Quadrivalent versus Trivalent Influenza Vaccine in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Designed to overcome influenza B mismatch, new quadrivalent influenza vaccines (QIVs) contain one additional B strain compared with trivalent influenza vaccines (TIVs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the expected public health impact, budget impact, and incremental cost-effectiveness of QIV versus TIV in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  A dynamic transmission model was used to predict the annual incidence of influenza over the 20-year-period of 2014 to 2034 under either a TIV program or a QIV program. A decision tree model was interfaced with the transmission model to estimate the public health impact and the cost-effectiveness of replacing TIV with QIV from a societal perspective. Our models were informed by published data from the United States on influenza complication probabilities and relevant costs. The incremental vaccine price of QIV as compared with that of TIV was set at US $5.40 per dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the next 20 years, replacing TIV with QIV may reduce the number of influenza B cases by 27.2% (16.0 million cases), resulting in the prevention of 137,600 hospitalizations and 16,100 deaths and a gain of 212,000 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). The net societal budget impact would be US $5.8 billion and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio US $27,411/QALY gained. In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, 100% and 96.5% of the simulations fell below US $100,000/QALY and US $50,000/QALY, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Introducing QIV into the US immunization program may prevent a substantial number of hospitalizations and deaths. QIV is also expected to be a cost-effective alternative option to TIV.
authors.affiliation: Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology & -Economics (PTE2), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: p.t.de.boer@rug.nl.
authors.forename: Pieter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.affiliation: EHESP Rennes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France; Aix-Marseille Univ, UMR EPV 190, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Crépey
authors.affiliation: ICON Health Economics, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Pitman
authors.affiliation: Sanofi Pasteur, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Bérengère
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Macabeo
authors.affiliation: Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA, USA; Lesli Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ayman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chit
authors.affiliation: Unit of PharmacoTherapy, -Epidemiology & -Economics (PTE2), Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Institute of Science in Healthy Aging & healthcaRE (SHARE), University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maarten J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Postma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006304:Health Status; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000191:economics*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines
keywords: cost-effectiveness; influenza; quadrivalent influenza vaccine; vaccination