title: A Whole Exome Study Identifies Novel Candidate Genes for Vertebral Bone Marrow Signal Changes (Modic Changes).
abstract: METHODS
  A family-based study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to identify rare genetic factors predisposing to Modic changes (MCs).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Lumbar disc degeneration (LDD) is one of the contributing factors behind low back pain (LBP). Lumbar MC visualized as bone marrow signal intensity changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represent a specific phenotype of LDD, which has a stronger association with LBP than LDD without MC.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study set consisted of two Finnish families: Family I included seven affected and four unaffected individuals and Family II eight affected and seven unaffected individuals. MCs were evaluated in 26 individuals using MRI. Whole exome sequencing was used to identify alleles cosegregating with MC. Annotate variation was used to carry out functional annotation of alleles and their frequencies were evaluated using 1000Genomes, Sequencing Initiative Suomi (SISu), and the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) databases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified predisposing genetic alleles for MC in two Finnish families. In each family, only single allele cosegregated with MC. In Family I, the observed allele was an insertion and deletion in the HSPG2 gene, resulting in a premature termination codon. In Family II, a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs61753465) in the MAML1 gene was identified in all affected family members.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have identified two novel candidate genes, MAML1 and HSPG2, associating with MC. These genes are important in cartilage structure and joint cartilage maintenance. Our findings are novel among lumbar spine degenerative phenotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
authors.affiliation: Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Center for Cell - Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kraatari
authors.affiliation: Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Center for Cell - Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Sini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skarp
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland.|Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Niinimäki
authors.affiliation: Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland.|Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Jaro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karppinen
authors.affiliation: Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Center for Cell - Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Männikkö
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000483:Alleles; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology*; D059472:Exome / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology; D008161:Lumbosacral Region / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013131:Spine / Q000473:pathology