title: Prevalence and predictors of placental malaria in human immunodeficiency virus-positive women in Nigeria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected pregnant women have alterations in cellular and humoral immunity that increase the risks to placental malaria infection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed at determining the prevalence and predictors of placental malaria among HIV-positive women in Nigeria.
  
  
  METHODS
  It was a longitudinal cohort study of pregnant women receiving antenatal care at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Peripheral blood sample for packed cell volume estimation and placental blood sample for malaria parasite estimation were collected from each participant at a presentation in labor and upon delivery, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Prevalence of placenta malaria (68.6%) and anemia (66.7%) in HIV-positive women were significantly higher than the prevalence of placental malaria (35.3%) and anemia (44.1%) in HIV-negative control (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001 respectively). The employment status was the only sociodemographic factor significantly associated with the development of placental malaria in HIV-positive women (odds ratio: 21.60; 95% confidence interval: 7.1-66.2; P< 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of placental malaria is very high among HIV-positive women in Nigeria. Scaling up free distribution of insecticide treated nets in the short term and employment opportunities of HIV-positive women, in the long run, may reduce the prevalence of placental malaria in our population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria.
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Izuka
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria.
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Ugwu
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Obi
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Ozumba
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu; Department of Haematology and Immunology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria.
authors.forename: T U
authors.initials: TU
authors.lastname: Nwagha
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Obiora-Izuka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018023:HIV Seronegativity; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D010920:Placenta / Q000469:parasitology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015597:Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D055815:Young Adult