title: Influence ofToxoplasma GondiiInfection on Symptoms and Signs of Premenstrual Syndrome: A Cross-sectional Study.
abstract: Infection withToxoplasma gondiiin brain may cause some symptoms that resemble those in women with premenstrual syndrome. To determine the association ofT.gondiiinfection with symptoms and signs of premenstrual syndrome, we examined 489 women aged 30-40 years old. Sera of participants were analyzed for the presence of anti-ToxoplasmaIgG and IgM antibodies using enzyme-linked immunoassays (EIA) andT. gondiiDNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Anti-T. gondiiIgG antibodies were found in 38 (7.8%) of the women studied. Anti-T. gondiiIgM antibodies were found in 13 (34.2%) of the 38 IgG seropositive women. Logistic regression showed two variables associated with seropositivity toT. gondii:presence of diarrhea (odds ratio [OR] = 6.10; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37-27.85;P= 0.01) and weight gain (OR = 2.89; 95% CI: 1.37-6.07;P= 0.005), and two variables associated with high (>150 IU/ml) levels of IgG againstT. gondii:presence of diarrhea (OR = 7.40; 95% CI: 1.79-30.46;P= 0.006) and abdominal inflammation (OR = 3.38; 95% CI: 1.13-10.10;P= 0.02). Positivity to EIA IgG and PCR was positively associated with obesity and negatively associated with joint pain by bivariate analysis. Our study for the first time reveals a potential association ofT. gondiiinfection with clinical manifestations of premenstrual syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juárez University of Durango State , Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Dgo, Mexico.
authors.forename: Cosme
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alvarado-Esquivel
authors.affiliation: Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm", Juárez University of Durango State. Avenida Universidad S/N , 34000 Durango, Durango, Mexico.
authors.forename: Luis Francisco
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Anguiano
authors.affiliation: Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm", Juárez University of Durango State. Avenida Universidad S/N , 34000 Durango, Durango, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernández-Tinoco
authors.affiliation: Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm", Juárez University of Durango State. Avenida Universidad S/N , 34000 Durango, Durango, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alma Rosa
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Pérez-Álamos
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juárez University of Durango State , Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000 Durango, Dgo, Mexico.
authors.forename: Yazmin Del Rosario
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Rico-Almochantaf
authors.affiliation: Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm", Juárez University of Durango State. Avenida Universidad S/N , 34000 Durango, Durango, Mexico.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Estrada-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Health Center No. 2 "Dr. Carlos Santamaría", Servicios de Salud de Durango , Durango, Mexico, Talpa S/N, 34170 Durango, Mexico.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vaquera-Enriquez
authors.affiliation: Health Center No. 2 "Dr. Carlos Santamaría", Servicios de Salud de Durango , Durango, Mexico, Talpa S/N, 34170 Durango, Mexico.
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Díaz-Herrera
authors.affiliation: Clínica de Medicina Familiar, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado , Predio Canoas S/N, 34079 Durango, Mexico.
authors.forename: Agar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramos-Nevarez
authors.affiliation: Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm", Juárez University of Durango State. Avenida Universidad S/N , 34000 Durango, Durango, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ada Agustina
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sandoval-Carrillo
authors.affiliation: Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm", Juárez University of Durango State. Avenida Universidad S/N , 34000 Durango, Durango, Mexico.
authors.forename: José Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Salas-Pacheco
authors.affiliation: Clínica de Medicina Familiar, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado , Predio Canoas S/N, 34079 Durango, Mexico.
authors.forename: Sandra Margarita
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cerrillo-Soto
authors.affiliation: Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm", Juárez University of Durango State. Avenida Universidad S/N , 34000 Durango, Durango, Mexico.
authors.forename: Elizabeth Irasema
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Antuna-Salcido
authors.affiliation: Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School , Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Liesenfeld
authors.affiliation: Clínica de Medicina Familiar, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado , Predio Canoas S/N, 34079 Durango, Mexico.
authors.forename: Carlos Alberto
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Guido-Arreola
keywords: Toxoplasma gondii; cross-sectional study; premenstrual syndrome; seroprevalence