title: Spatial Distribution of Elemental Concentrations in Street Dust of Hanoi, Vietnam.
abstract: Street dust samples were collected at 163 locations across four different zones of Hanoi, Vietnam, covering different traffic and population densities. Samples were sieved into three fractions of different particle sizes and analyzed for elemental concentrations (K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, Pb) using an X-ray fluorescence (XRF) instrument. The metal concentrations in street dust were compared among different sampling zones and with samples from background to evaluate the degree of pollution. The smallest size particle fraction (diameter <75 μm) contained higher concentrations of metals than the coarser ones (diameters = 75-180 and >180 μm). While concentrations of metals like Ca and Fe are spatially similar, concentrations of Pb and Zn in street dust varied between different zones, with the highest concentrations observed in dust from the downtown area, and lowest levels in the new suburb areas. Overall, compared to studies from cities in other countries, the mean concentration of Pb in street dust in Hanoi was relatively low, suggesting a lower risk to human health due to inhalation or ingestion of Pb-containing dust particles than in cities where Pb concentrations were several times higher.
authors.affiliation: University of Transport and Communications, Hanoi, Vietnam. thaihaphigtvt@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Thai Ha
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0042-3057
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Phi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Pham Minh
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Chinh
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Environmental Sciences, VNU University of Science, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Nguyen The
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Environmental Sciences, VNU University of Science, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Luong Thi Mai
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Ly
authors.affiliation: International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia. phong.thai@qut.edu.au.
authors.forename: Phong K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Thai
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002947:Cities; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis; D008345:Manganese / Q000032:analysis; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry*; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis; D014744:Vietnam; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D008670:Metals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D007854:Lead; D008345:Manganese; D007501:Iron; D015032:Zinc; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Lead; Metals; Urban pollution; Vietnam; X-ray fluorescence spectrometry