title: Seasonality in mood and behaviours of Japanese residents in high-latitude regions: transnational cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Daylight hours in high-latitude regions tend to be longer than those in Japan in summer, and shorter than those in Japan in winter. For example, daylight hours in London in winter are one-third those of Tokyo. Therefore, this study investigated and compared seasonal changes in mood and behaviours of Japanese individuals living in and outside Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveys were conducted with Japanese residents in summer and winter in the UK (n= 106), Nordic countries (n= 40), Southeast Asia (n= 50), and Japan (n= 96). First, summer and winter General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ28) scores of each regional group were analysed. Subsequently, month-wise differences in mood and behaviours were compared across the four geographical regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Summer and winter GHQ28 scores of participants living in the UK and Nordic countries differed significantly, while no seasonal differences were observed for residents in Japan and Southeast Asia. Further, in the UK and Nordic countries, summer was associated with better mood and more activity, while winter was linked to lowered mood and reduced activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that Japanese living in the UK and Nordic countries (high-latitude regions) experience seasonal fluctuations in depressive symptoms that may be linked to drastic seasonal environmental changes. Observed over a 12-month period, their mood and behaviour declined in winter and improved in summer. Therefore, considering the prevalence of overseas stressors that differ from those in their home country, it is necessary to investigate the effectiveness of support systems that help migrants adapt to seasonal changes in high-latitude regions.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Research Center for Human Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192 Japan.
authors.forename: Yumiko
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3365-2024
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kurata
authors.affiliation: Occupational Stress Research Group, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 6-21-1 Nagao, Tama-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 214-8585 Japan.
authors.forename: Shuhei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Izawa
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192 Japan.
authors.forename: Shinobu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nomura
keywords: Depression; Japanese resident; Migration; Seasonal affective disorder; Seasonal changes