title: Toe-in Landing Increases the Ankle Inversion Angle and Moment During Single-Leg Landing: Implications in the Prevention of Lateral Ankle Sprains.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identifying the foot positions that are vulnerable to lateral ankle sprains is important for injury prevention. The effects of foot position in the transverse plane on ankle biomechanics during landing are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of toe-in or toe-out positioning on ankle inversion motion and moment during single-leg landing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Motion analysis laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  18 healthy participants (9 men and 9 women).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants performed single-leg landing trials from a 30-cm high box under 3 conditions: natural landing, foot internally rotated (toe-in), and foot externally rotated (toe-out).
  
  
  METHODS
  4 toe-in or toe-out angles were calculated against 4 reference coordinates (laboratory, pelvis, thigh, and shank) in the transverse plane. Ankle inversion angle, angular velocity, and external moment in the 200 ms after initial foot-to-ground contact were compared between the 3 landing conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All toe-in or toe-out angles other than those calculated against the shank were significantly different between each of the 3 landing conditions (P < .001). Ankle inversion angle, angular velocity, and moment were highest during toe-in landings (P < .01), while eversion angle and moment were highest during toe-out landings (P < .001). The effect sizes of these differences were large. Vertical ground reaction forces were not different between the 3 landing conditions (P = .290).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Toe-in or toe-out positioning during single-leg landings impacts on ankle inversion and eversion motion and moment. Athletes could train not to land with the toe-in positioning to prevent lateral ankle sprains.
authors.forename: Yuta
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Koshino
authors.forename: Tomoya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
authors.forename: Mina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samukawa
authors.forename: Takumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Harukazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tohyama
mesh_terms: D000842:Ankle; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012399:Rotation; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ankle injury; kinematics; kinetics; toe-in position; toe-out position