title: Fluorescent nanodiamonds engage innate immune effector cells: A potential vehicle for targeted anti-tumor immunotherapy.
abstract: Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) are nontoxic, infinitely photostable, and emit fluorescence in the near infrared region. Natural killer (NK) cells and monocytes are part of the innate immune system and are crucial to the control of carcinogenesis. FND-mediated stimulation of these cells may serve as a strategy to enhance anti-tumor activity. FNDs were fabricated with a diameter of 70±28 nm. Innate immune cell FND uptake, viability, surface marker expression, and cytokine production were evaluated in vitro. Evaluation of fluorescence emission from the FNDs was conducted in an animal model. In vitro results demonstrated that treatment of immune cells with FNDs resulted in significant dose-dependent FND uptake, no compromise in cell viability, and immune cell activation. FNDs were visualized in an animal model. Hence, FNDs may serve as novel agents with "track and trace" capabilities to stimulate innate immune cell anti-tumor responses, especially as FNDs are amenable to surface-conjugation with immunomodulatory molecules.
authors.affiliation: The Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. Electronic address: lorena.suarez-kelly@osumc.edu.
authors.forename: Lorena P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Suarez-Kelly
authors.affiliation: The Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. Electronic address: amanda.harper@osumc.edu.
authors.forename: Amanda R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Columbus NanoWorks, Inc., Columbus, OH, USA. Electronic address: isaacvcr@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Isaac V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Rampersaud
authors.affiliation: Bikanta Inc., Molecular Foundry, Berkeley, CA, USA. Electronic address: ambika_bumb@bikanta.com.
authors.forename: Ambika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bumb
authors.affiliation: Bikanta Inc., Molecular Foundry, Berkeley, CA, USA. Electronic address: min_wang@bikanta.com.
authors.forename: Min S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. Electronic address: jon.butchar@osumc.edu.
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Butchar
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. Electronic address: susheela.tridandapani@osumc.edu.
authors.forename: Susheela
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tridandapani
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. Electronic address: lianbo.yu@osumc.edu.
authors.forename: Lianbo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Columbus NanoWorks, Inc., Columbus, OH, USA. Electronic address: arfaan@columbusnanoworks.com.
authors.forename: Arfaan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rampersaud
authors.affiliation: The Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. Electronic address: william.carson@osumc.edu.
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Carson
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects*; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D007167:Immunotherapy; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D058612:Nanodiamonds / Q000032:analysis / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D058612:Nanodiamonds
keywords: Fluorescence; Immunotherapy; Monocytes; Nanodiamonds; Natural killer cells