title: An Epidemiological Analysis of Summer Influenza Epidemics in Okinawa.
abstract: Objective This study evaluates the difference between winter influenza and summer influenza in Okinawa. Methods From January 2007 to June 2014, weekly rapid antigen test (RAT) results performed in four acute care hospitals were collected for the surveillance of regional influenza prevalence in the Naha region of the Okinawa Islands. Results An antigenic data analysis revealed that multiple H1N1 and H3N2 viruses consistently co-circulate in Okinawa, creating synchronized seasonal patterns and a high genetic diversity of influenza A. Additionally, influenza B viruses play a significant role in summer epidemics, almost every year. To further understand influenza epidemics during the summer in Okinawa, we evaluated the full genome sequences of some representative human influenza A and influenza B viruses isolated in Okinawa. Phylogenetic data analysis also revealed that multiple H1N1 and H3N2 viruses consistently co-circulate in Okinawa. Conclusion This surveillance revealed a distinct epidemic pattern of seasonal and pandemic influenza in this subtropical region.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Respiratory, and Digestive Medicine, Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sunagawa
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iha
authors.forename: Katsuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taira
authors.forename: Sho
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okano
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kinjo
authors.forename: Futoshi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Higa
authors.forename: Kazufumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kuba
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tateyama
authors.forename: Katsunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Shota
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Motooka
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horii
authors.forename: Gretchen L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Parrott
authors.forename: Jiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fujita
mesh_terms: D002980:Climate; D058872:Epidemics / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012621:Seasons