title: Depression in Individuals With Traumatic and Nontraumatic Spinal Cord Injury Living in the Community.
abstract: To assess depression in a sample of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) living in the community, and to determine the prevalence of probable major depressive disorder (PMDD) among those with traumatic spinal cord injury (T-SCI) and those with nontraumatic spinal cord injury (NT-SCI).
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  
  Data were collected on individuals with SCI now living in the community, who completed a comprehensive follow-up assessment at the hospital.
  
  
  
  Individuals with T-SCI or NT-SCI (N=831) completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and were included.
  
  
  
  Not applicable.
  
  
  
  The PHQ-9 was used to detect the presence of PMDD and to measure the severity of the depression.
  
  
  
  The most frequent etiology of SCI was T-SCI (66.9%). Overall, 16.2% of participants met the criteria for PMDD; however, a higher prevalence was noted for individuals with NT-SCI (21.1%) than for individuals with T-SCI (13.8%). Risk factors between T-SCI and NT-SCI did not differ greatly. Female sex, chronic pain, and lower levels of/difficulties in participation were associated with the presence of PMDD.
  
  
  
  PMDD appears to occur at a higher rate in individuals with NT-SCI, with greater symptom severity. The finding that problems with participation are directly associated with depression raises the need for specific treatment goals, with the aim of empowering individuals with SCI to reintegrate into the community. Potential stress factors (eg, environmental barriers, limited participation options) should be addressed accordingly.
authors.affiliation: Institut Guttmann Neurorehabilitation Hospital (University Institute attached to the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [UAB]), Badalona (Barcelona), Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; The Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona (Barcelona), Spain. Electronic address: jsauri@guttmann.com.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saurí
authors.affiliation: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; Faculty of Psychology, Department of Basic Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain; Serra Hunter Program, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chamarro
authors.affiliation: Institut Guttmann Neurorehabilitation Hospital (University Institute attached to the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [UAB]), Badalona (Barcelona), Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; The Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona (Barcelona), Spain.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gilabert
authors.affiliation: Institut Guttmann Neurorehabilitation Hospital (University Institute attached to the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [UAB]), Badalona (Barcelona), Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; The Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona (Barcelona), Spain.
authors.forename: Mariona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gifre
authors.affiliation: Institut Guttmann Neurorehabilitation Hospital (University Institute attached to the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [UAB]), Badalona (Barcelona), Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; The Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona (Barcelona), Spain.
authors.forename: Neus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Institut Guttmann Neurorehabilitation Hospital (University Institute attached to the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [UAB]), Badalona (Barcelona), Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; The Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona (Barcelona), Spain.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lopez-Blazquez
authors.affiliation: Institut Guttmann Neurorehabilitation Hospital (University Institute attached to the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [UAB]), Badalona (Barcelona), Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; The Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona (Barcelona), Spain.
authors.forename: Lluïsa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Curcoll
authors.affiliation: Institut Guttmann Neurorehabilitation Hospital (University Institute attached to the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [UAB]), Badalona (Barcelona), Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; The Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona (Barcelona), Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benito-Penalva
authors.affiliation: Institut Guttmann Neurorehabilitation Hospital (University Institute attached to the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [UAB]), Badalona (Barcelona), Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain; The Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona (Barcelona), Spain.
authors.forename: Dolors
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Soler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012737:Sex Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Depression; Rehabilitation; Spinal cord injuries