title: Multiple geophysical surveys for old landfill monitoring in Singapore.
abstract: One-dimensional boring presents limitations on mapping the refuse profile in old landfills owning to waste heterogeneity. Electrical imaging (EI) and multiple-analysis of surface wave (MASW) were hereby deployed at an old dumping ground in Singapore to explore the subsurface in relation to geotechnical analysis. MASW estimated the refuse boundary with a higher precision as compared to EI, due to its endurance for moisture variation. EI and MASW transection profiles suggested spots of interest, e.g., refuse pockets and leachate mounds. 3D inversion of EI and MASW data further illustrated the transformation dynamics derived by natural attenuation, for instance the preferential infiltration pathway. Comparison of geophysical surveys at different years uncovered the subterranean landfill conditions, indicating strong impacts induced by aging, precipitation, and settlement. This study may shed light on a characterization framework of old landfills via combined geophysical models, thriving landfill knowledge with a higher creditability.
authors.affiliation: Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore. yinke@ntu.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
authors.forename: Huanhuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore.
authors.forename: Apostolos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giannis
authors.affiliation: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jing-Yuan
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore.|School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
authors.forename: Victor W-C
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D004560:Electricity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005735:Garbage; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D012846:Singapore; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D064091:Waste Disposal Facilities
keywords: EI; Geophysical method; Geotechnical analysis; Landfill monitoring; MASW