title: Low-Molecular-Weight Hydrogels as New Supramolecular Materials for Bioelectrochemical Interfaces.
abstract: Controlling the interface between biological tissues and electrodes remains an important challenge for the development of implantable devices in terms of electroactivity, biocompatibility, and long-term stability. To engineer such a biocompatible interface a low molecular weight gel (LMWG) based on a glycosylated nucleoside fluorocarbon amphiphile (GNF) was employed for the first time to wrap gold electrodes via a noncovalent anchoring strategy, that is, self-assembly of GNF at the electrode surface. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies indicate that the gold surface is coated with the GNF hydrogels. Electrochemical measurements using cyclic voltammetry (CV) clearly show that the electrode properties are not affected by the presence of the hydrogel. This coating layer of 1 to 2 μm does not significantly slow down the mass transport through the hydrogel. Voltammetry experiments with gel coated macroporous enzyme electrodes reveal that during continuous use their current is improved by 100% compared to the noncoated electrode. This demonstrates that the supramolecular hydrogel dramatically increases the stability of the bioelectrochemical interface. Therefore, such hybrid electrodes are promising candidates that will both offer the biocompatibility and stability needed for the development of more efficient biosensors and biofuel cells.
authors.affiliation: Inserm U1212 , F-33076 Bordeaux, France.|CNRS 5320 , F-33076 Bordeaux, France.|Université de Bordeaux , 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux , 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.|CNRS, CRPP, UPR 8641, 33600 Pessac, France.|Bordeaux INP-UMR 5255, CNRS-ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac, France.
authors.forename: Aleksandar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karajic
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux , 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.|CNRS, CRPP, UPR 8641, 33600 Pessac, France.|Bordeaux INP-UMR 5255, CNRS-ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac, France.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murawska
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux , 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.|Bordeaux INP-UMR 5255, CNRS-ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac, France.
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goudeau
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux , 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.|CNRS, CRPP, UPR 8641, 33600 Pessac, France.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bichon
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux , 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.|CNRS, CRPP, UPR 8641, 33600 Pessac, France.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gounel
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux , 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.|CNRS, CRPP, UPR 8641, 33600 Pessac, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mano
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux , 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.|Bordeaux INP-UMR 5255, CNRS-ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac, France.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.affiliation: Inserm U1212 , F-33076 Bordeaux, France.|CNRS 5320 , F-33076 Bordeaux, France.|Université de Bordeaux , 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3917-0579
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barthélémy
keywords: bioelectrochemistry; enzyme electrodes; fluorocarbon amphiphile; glycosyl; low molecular weight gel; nucleoside; porous electrodes; supramolecular assembly