title: Impact of a Text-Messaging Program on Adolescent Reproductive Health: A Cluster-Randomized Trial in Ghana.
abstract: To evaluate whether text-messaging programs can improve reproductive health among adolescent girls in low- and middle-income countries.
  
  
  
  We conducted a cluster-randomized controlled trial among 756 female students aged 14 to 24 years in Accra, Ghana, in 2014. We randomized 38 schools to unidirectional intervention (n = 12), interactive intervention (n = 12), and control (n = 14). The unidirectional intervention sent participants text messages with reproductive health information. The interactive intervention engaged adolescents in text-messaging reproductive health quizzes. The primary study outcome was reproductive health knowledge at 3 and 15 months. Additional outcomes included self-reported pregnancy and sexual behavior. Analysis was by intent-to-treat.
  
  
  
  From baseline to 3 months, the unidirectional intervention increased knowledge by 11 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI] = 7, 15) and the interactive intervention by 24 percentage points (95% CI = 19, 28), from a control baseline of 26%. Although we found no changes in reproductive health outcomes overall, both unidirectional (odds ratio [OR] = 0.14; 95% CI = 0.03, 0.71) and interactive interventions (OR = 0.15; 95% CI = 0.03, 0.86) lowered odds of self-reported pregnancy for sexually active participants.
  
  
  
  Text-messaging programs can lead to large improvements in reproductive health knowledge and have the potential to lower pregnancy risk for sexually active adolescent girls.
authors.affiliation: Slawa Rokicki is with the Interfaculty Initiative in Health Policy, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and the Geary Institute for Public Policy, University College Dublin, Ireland. Jessica Cohen, Joshua A. Salomon, and Günther Fink are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Slawa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rokicki
authors.affiliation: Slawa Rokicki is with the Interfaculty Initiative in Health Policy, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and the Geary Institute for Public Policy, University College Dublin, Ireland. Jessica Cohen, Joshua A. Salomon, and Günther Fink are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Slawa Rokicki is with the Interfaculty Initiative in Health Policy, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and the Geary Institute for Public Policy, University College Dublin, Ireland. Jessica Cohen, Joshua A. Salomon, and Günther Fink are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Joshua A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Salomon
authors.affiliation: Slawa Rokicki is with the Interfaculty Initiative in Health Policy, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and the Geary Institute for Public Policy, University College Dublin, Ireland. Jessica Cohen, Joshua A. Salomon, and Günther Fink are with the Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Günther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fink
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence / Q000517:prevention & control*; D060728:Reproductive Health; D012736:Sex Education / Q000379:methods*; D060145:Text Messaging; D055815:Young Adult