title: Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Electronic Cigarette Liquids on Human Mucosal Tissue Cultures of the Oropharynx.
abstract: The popularity of electronic cigarettes (ECs) is rapidly growing and ECs are claimed to be an uncritically regarded alternative to conventional cigarettes. The mucosal tissue of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) is the first contact organ for xenobiotics such as liquids of ECs. The aim of this study is to investigate the bimolecular effects of e-liquids on human pharyngeal tissue cultures to evaluate whether e-liquids and their components present a risk factor for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Fresh tissue samples of healthy oropharyngeal mucosa were assembled into mucosal tissue cultures. Two fruit-flavored liquids (FLs), one tobacco-flavored liquid (TL) (all containing nicotine), and the corresponding base mixtures (free of nicotine and flavor) were used in three different dilutions. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the water-soluble tetrazolium-8 assay. DNA fragmentation was quantified using alkaline microgel electrophoresis. All liquids caused a significant reduction in cell viability. FLs especially showed a higher toxicity than TL. DNA fragmentation significantly increased by incubation with FL, whereas treatment with TL did not show serious DNA damage. E-liquids are cytotoxic to oropharyngeal tissue, and some liquids can induce relevant DNA damage. Thus, mutagenicity for mucosa of the UADT and e-liquids as risk factors for head and neck cancer cannot entirely be ruled out. Only the implementation of standards and regulations for liquid production and distribution can ensure a valid scientific investigation and assessment of carcinogenic potential of long-term EC use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Welz
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Georg-August-University, Gottingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Canis
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwenk-Zieger
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stucke
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Georg-August-University, Gottingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Friedrich
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ihler
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baumeister
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000187:drug effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D000077195:Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003603:Cytotoxins; D009153:Mutagens