title: Identification of Novel and Noninvasive Biomarkers of Acute Cellular Rejection After Liver Transplantation by Protein Microarray.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute cellular rejection (ACR) is one of the main factors in transplanted organ failure in liver transplantation. A precise marker for diagnosing or predicting rejection is not currently available; therefore, invasive liver biopsy is standard procedure. To develop a noninvasive method for precise diagnosis of ACR, we evaluated autoantibodies from patient sera as potential biomarkers using protein microarrays (seromics).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sera from hepatitis C virus-positive ACR patients were compared to three hepatitis C virus cirrhosis control groups and healthy volunteers. The control groups consisted of 2 no-ACR groups obtained on postoperative day 28 and 1 year after transplantation and a preoperative group obtained 1 day before transplantation. For validation, we evaluated whether the candidate antibodies can distinguish ACR from other types of liver dysfunction after liver transplantation using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seromic analysis by weighted average difference (WAD) ranking and Mann-WhitneyUtest revealed a significant increase of 57 autoantibodies in the sera of ACR patients with liver dysfunction. Among the 57 candidates, autoantibodies to charged multivesicular body protein 2B, potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 14, voltage gated subfamily A regulatory beta subunit 3, and triosephosphate isomerase 1 were regarded as potential biomarkers of ACR after liver transplantation. Using 20 ACR patients with variable backgrounds for validation, the autoantibodies to charged multivesicular body protein 2B and triosephosphate isomerase 1 were significantly increased in ACR patients compared to other control groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A panel of autoantibodies identified by seromics as potential noninvasive biomarkers was clinically useful for diagnosing ACR after liver transplantation.
authors.forename: Keita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidetoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahide
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomokuni
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tomimaru
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Asaoka
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hama
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marubashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagano
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakaguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Doki
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Shimon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakaguchi