title: The Impact of an Assistive Pole, Seat Configuration, and Strength in Paralympic Seated Throwing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the influence of the assistive pole, seat configuration, and upper-body and trunk strength on seated-throwing performance in athletes with a spinal-cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten Paralympic athletes competing in wheelchair rugby, basketball, or athletics (seated throws) participated in 2 randomized sessions: seated throwing and strength tests. Participants threw a club from a custom-built throwing chair, with and without a pole. 3D kinematic data were collected (150 Hz) for both conditions using standardized and self-selected seat configurations. Dominant and nondominant grip strength were measured using a dynamometer, and upper-body and trunk strength were measured using isometric contractions against a load cell.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seated throwing with an assistive pole resulted in significantly higher hand speed at release than throwing without a pole (pole = 6.0 ± 1.5 m/s, no pole = 5.3 ± 1.5 m/s; P = .02). There was no significant difference in hand speed at release between standardized and self-selected seating configurations during seated throwing with or without an assistive pole. Grip strength (r = .59-.77), push/pull synergy (r = .81-.84), and trunk-flexion (r = .50-.58) strength measures showed large and significant correlations with hand speed at release during seated throwing with and without an assistive pole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has demonstrated the importance of the pole for SCI athletes in seated throwing and defined the relationship between strength and seated-throwing performance, allowing us to better understand the activity of seated throws and provide measures for assessing strength that may be valid for evidence-based classification.
authors.forename: Alysha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hyde
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hogarth
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sayers
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beckman
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Connick
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tweedy
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Burkett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D054874:Athletic Performance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength; D011187:Posture; D013177:Sports; D019876:Sports Equipment; D064846:Sports for Persons with Disabilities; D060726:Torso; D014910:Wheelchairs; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: biomechanics; classification; physical impairment; spinal-cord injury; track and field