title: Vocal Fry Use in Adult Female Speakers Exposed to Two Languages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have identified the widespread use of vocal fry among American women. Popular explanations for this phenomenon appeal to sociolinguistic purposes that likely take significant time for second language users to learn. The objective of this study was to determine if mere exposure to this vocal register, as opposed to nuanced sociolinguistic motivations, might explain its widespread use.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used multigroup within- and between-subjects design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-eight women from one of three language background groups (functionally monolingual in English, functionally monolingual in Spanish, and Spanish-English bilinguals) living in El Paso, Texas, repeated a list of nonwords conforming to the sound rules of English and another list of nonwords conforming to the sound rules of Spanish. Perceptual analysis identified each episode of vocal fry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no statistically significant differences between groups in their frequency of vocal fry use despite large differences in their amount of English-language exposure. All groups produced more vocal fry when repeating English than when repeating Spanish nonwords.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because the human perceptual system encodes for vocal qualities even after minimal language experience, the widespread use of vocal fry among female residents in the United States likely is owing to mere exposure to English rather than nuanced sociolinguistic motivations.
authors.affiliation: Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Electronic address: toddandrewgibson@lsu.edu.
authors.forename: Todd A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.affiliation: University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas.
authors.forename: Connie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Summers
authors.affiliation: Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Sydney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walls
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008875:Middle Aged; D010699:Phonation; D012737:Sex Factors; D066252:Sociological Factors; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adult women; Bilingual; Perceptual judgmentss; Sociolinguistic factors; Vocal fry