title: Factors Associated with Adherence to the HEDIS Quality Measure in Medicaid Patients with Schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment continuity is a major challenge in the long-term management of patients with schizophrenia; poor patient adherence to antipsychotic drugs has been associated with negative clinical outcomes. Long-acting injectable therapies may improve adherence and lessen the risk for psychiatric-related relapse, often leading to rehospitalization and higher healthcare costs. Therefore, understanding the determinants of adherence to antipsychotics is critical in the management of patients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the impact of baseline patient characteristics on adherence as measured by the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) measure of continuity of antipsychotic medications among patients with Medicaid coverage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medicaid healthcare claims data between 2008 and 2011 from 5 states were used to identify patients who were diagnosed with schizophrenia (aged 25-64 years) and received ≥1 antipsychotic prescriptions in baseline year 2010 and in measurement year 2011. The HEDIS continuity of antipsychotic medications (ie, adherence) measure was defined as the proportion of days covered with any antipsychotic medication ≥80% during the measurement year. The 2 cohorts compared paliperidone palmitate with any other antipsychotics, including quetiapine, risperidone, and haloperidol. The baseline-year characteristics were evaluated as potential predictive factors of adherence in the measurement year using multivariate logistic regressions. The regression models incorporated the inverse probability of treatment weights to control for differences in baseline characteristics between the paliperidone palmitate and the other antipsychotics cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 12,990 patients who received an antipsychotic during the study period, 48.6% successfully achieved the continuity criteria in the measurement year. After controlling for other covariates, the odds of adherence were improved by adherence at baseline (odds ratio [OR], 9.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.55-10.39). The use of paliperidone palmitate was associated with a 26% increase in the odds of achieving adherence compared with the use of the other antipsychotics studied (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.14-1.39). In addition, female sex (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.01-1.22), age 55 to 64 years (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.09-1.46) versus age 25 to 34 years, Hispanic race (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.05-1.81) versus white race, and an increase of $10,000 in baseline inpatient costs (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.08-1.15) were associated with greater odds of treatment continuity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to sex, age, and race, the baseline characteristics that were associated with achieving the HEDIS continuity of antipsychotic medication measure included previous-year adherence, inpatient costs, and the use of paliperidone palmitate. These findings offer insight to healthcare plans that cover Medicaid populations on the effects that patient characteristics and treatment types may have on adherence among patients with schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Senior Economist, Groupe d'analyse, Ltée, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Marie-Hélène
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lafeuille
authors.affiliation: Vice President, Analysis Group, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frois
authors.affiliation: Economist, Groupe d'analyse, Ltée.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cloutier
authors.affiliation: Managing Principal, Analysis Group.
authors.forename: Mei Sheng
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Duh
authors.affiliation: Vice President, Groupe d'analyse, Ltée.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lefebvre
authors.affiliation: Associate Director, Janssen Scientific Affairs, Titusville, NJ.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pesa
authors.affiliation: Fellow with Janssen Scientific Affairs at the time of the study.
authors.forename: Zoe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Clancy
authors.affiliation: Senior Director, Janssen Scientific Affairs.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fastenau
authors.affiliation: Director, Janssen Scientific Affairs.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Durkin
keywords: HEDIS; Medicaid; NCQA; adherence; antipsychotics; paliperidone palmitate; persistence; schizophrenia