title: In vitro and ex vivo approach for anti-urolithiatic potential of bioactive fractions of gokhru with simultaneous HPLC analysis of six major metabolites and their exploration in rat plasma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae) fruits have long been used in traditional systems of medicine for the treatment of various urinary diseases including urolithiasis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore the anti-urolithiatic potential of gokhru and to develop an analytical method for quantitative estimation of metabolites for its quality control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aqueous extract of gokhru fruit was prepared through maceration followed by decoction to produce a mother extract, which was further used for polarity-based fractionations. In vitro and ex vivo anti-urolithiatic activity of mother extract and fractions at different concentration (100-1000 μg/mL) were carried out using aggregation assay in synthetic urine and in rat plasma, however, nucleation assay for 30 min was done using confocal microscopy. A simultaneous HPLC method has been developed for quantification of diosgenin, catechin, rutin, gallic acid, tannic acid and quercetin in mother extract and in fractions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The extraction resulted in 14.5% of w/w mother extract, however, polarity-based fractionation yielded 2.1, 2.6, 1.5, 1.3 and 6.1% w/w of hexane, toluene, dichloromethane (DCM), n-butanol and water fractions, respectively. In vitro and ex vivo studies showed a significant anti-urolithiatic potential of n-butanol fraction. Further, HPLC analysis revealed significantly (p < 0.01) higher content of quercetin (1.95 ± 0.41% w/w), diosgenin (12.75 ± 0.18% w/w) and tannic acid (9.81 ± 0.47% w/w) in n-butanol fraction as compared to others fractions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vitro and ex vivo studies demonstrated potent anti-urolithiatic activity of n-butanol fraction which can be developed as new phytopharmaceuticals for urolithiasis. HPLC method can be used for quality control and pharmacokinetic studies of gokhru.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Ikshit
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Washim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Sayeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmad
mesh_terms: D020001:1-Butanol / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000652:urine; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003460:Crystallization; D005638:Fruit; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D019815:Oxalic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D051381:Rats; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D032444:Tribulus / Q000737:chemistry*; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000652:urine; D064804:Urological Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D064804:Urological Agents; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D020001:1-Butanol; D019815:Oxalic Acid
keywords: HPLC quantification; Tribulus terrestris; aggregation; fractionations; nucleation; turbidity