title: On the benefits of living in clumps: a case study on Polytrichastrum formosum.
abstract: The study concerns the mechanics and water relationships of clumps of a species of endohydric moss, Polytrichastrum formosum. Anatomical and morphological studies were done using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Experiments on waterdrop capture and their distribution to adjacent shoots within a moss clump were performed with the experimental set-up for the droplet collision phenomena and ultra-high speed camera. The mechanical strength of the moss clump was tested on an electromechanical testing machine. During the process of moss clump wetting, the falling water drops were captured by the apical stem part or leaves, then flowed down while adhering to the gametophore and never lost their surface continuity. In places of contact with another leaf, the water drop stops there and joins the leaves, enabling their hydration. Mathematical analysis of anatomical images showed that moss stems have different zones with varying cell lumen and cell wall/cell radius ratios, suggesting the occurrence of a periodic component structure. Our study provides evidence that the reaction of mosses to mechanical forces depends on the size of the clump, and that small groups are clearly stronger than larger groups. The clump structure of mosses acts as a net for falling rain droplets. Clumps of Polytrichastrum having overlapping leaves, at the time of loading formed a structure similar to a lattice. The observed reaction of mosses to mechanical forces indicates that this phenomenon appears to be analogous to the 'size effect on structural strength' that is of great importance for various fields of engineering.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Zajączkowska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Aeronautics and Applied Mechanics, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Grabowska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Computational Mechanics and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kokot
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Informatics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kruk
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D044002:Bryophyta / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D004463:Ecology; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D014867:Water / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: 
  Polytrichastrum
  ; Adaptations; biomechanics; clumps; drop impact; ecophysiology; moss; wetting