title: Human Exposure to Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins via Mothers' Milk in Chinese Urban Population.
abstract: Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are high production volume synthetic chemicals, found ubiquitously in various environmental matrices. However, little information is available on CP contamination in mothers' milk. In this study, 1370 urban mothers' milk samples were collected from 12 Chinese provinces in 2007 and 16 provinces in 2011. CP geographical distribution and congener group profiles were studied to assess the CP levels and figure out the source of exposure in humans. Twenty-eight pooled samples were analyzed for 48 short-chain CP (SCCP) and medium-chain CP (MCCP) congener groups using the GC × GC-ECNI-HRTOFMS method. The median concentrations of SCCPs were 681 and 733 ng/g lipid in 2007 and 2011, respectively; median concentrations of MCCPs were 60.4 and 64.3 ng/g lipid in 2007 and 2011, respectively. Variations of more than 2 orders of magnitude in CP exposure levels were found between different provinces. The levels of CPs increased from 2007 to 2011, which indicates that CP production and use may be an important exposure source. This is the first global comprehensive and large-scale investigation of CPs in mothers' milk, and it lays foundations for improving our understanding of the metabolism of CPs in humans. The high CP concentrations found in Chinese mothers' milk should raise concern about potential toxic effects in both mothers and breastfeeding infants.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Lirong
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9477-1206
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Minghui
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center of Food Safety and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.|National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Jingguang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center of Food Safety and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.|National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, China National Center of Food Safety and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China.|National Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Yongning
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Qichang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Huiting
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qiao
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry; D009035:Mothers; D010232:Paraffin; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D006843:Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; D010232:Paraffin