title: Experimental Infection of Mink Enforces the Role of Arcanobacterium phocae as Causative Agent of Fur Animal Epidemic Necrotic Pyoderma (FENP).
abstract: Fur Animal Epidemic Necrotic Pyoderma (FENP) is a severe, often lethal infectious disease affecting all three fur animal species: mink (Neovision vision), foxes (Vulpes lagopus) and finnraccoons (Nyctereutes procyonoides). Previous studies showed an association between Arcanobacterium phocae and FENP. An experimental infection was conducted to confirm the ability of A. phocae to infect mink either alone or concurrently with a novel Streptococcus sp. found together with A. phocae in many cases of FENP. Different inoculation methods were tested to study possible routes of transmission. Typical signs, and gross- and histopathological findings for FENP were detected when naïve mink were infected with the tissue extract of mink with FENP, using a subcutaneous/ intradermal infection route. Edema, hemorrhage, necrosis and pus formation were detected in the infection site. A pure culture preparation of A. phocae alone or concurrently with the novel Streptococcus sp. caused severe acute signs of lethargy, apathy and anorexia and even mortality. The histopathological findings were similar to those found in naturally occurring cases of FENP. In contrast, the perorally infected mink presented no clinical signs nor any gross- or histopathological lesions. This study showed that A. phocae is able to cause FENP. The study also indicated that predisposing factors such as the environment, the general condition of the animals, temperature and skin trauma contribute to the development of the disease.
authors.affiliation: FFBA Finnish Fur Breeders Association, Vantaa, Finland.|Fin Furlab (FFBA), Vaasa, Finland.|University of Helsinki, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Heli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nordgren
authors.affiliation: University of Helsinki, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland.|University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Kirsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aaltonen
authors.affiliation: Evira, Finnish Food Safety Authority, Seinäjoki, Finland.
authors.forename: Mirja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raunio-Saarnisto
authors.affiliation: University of Helsinki, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sukura
authors.affiliation: University of Helsinki, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland.|University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Virology and Immunology, HUSLAB, Hospital district of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Vapalahti
authors.affiliation: University of Helsinki, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland.|University of Helsinki, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tarja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sironen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055667:Arcanobacterium; D004487:Edema; D004777:Environment; D005589:Foxes; D006470:Hemorrhage; D008907:Mink / Q000382:microbiology*; D009336:Necrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000662:veterinary*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011711:Pyoderma / Q000209:etiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000662:veterinary*; D046031:Raccoon Dogs; D011821:Raccoons; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology; D013696:Temperature