title: Protective Effect of Edaravone on Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity in Spiral Ganglion Neurons.
abstract: Glutamate is an important excitatory neurotransmitter in mammalian brains, but excessive amount of glutamate can cause "excitotoxicity" and lead to neuronal death. As bipolar neurons, spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) function as a "bridge" in transmitting auditory information from the ear to the brain and can be damaged by excessive glutamate which results in sensorineural hearing loss. In this study, edaravone, a free radical scavenger, elicited both preventative and therapeutic effects on SGNs against glutamate-induced cell damage that was tested by MTT assay and trypan blue staining. Ho.33342 and PI double staining revealed that apoptosis as well as necrosis took place during glutamate treatment, and apoptosis was the main type of cell death. Oxidative stress played an important role in glutamate-induced cell damage but pretreatment with edaravone alleviated cell death. Results of western blot demonstrated that mechanisms underlying the toxicity of glutamate and the protection of edaravone were related to the PI3K pathway and Bcl-2 protein family.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan 250022, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan 250022, China.
authors.forename: Chi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan 250022, China.
authors.forename: Aiping
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan 250022, China.
authors.forename: Wenwen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan 250022, China.
authors.forename: Jianfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Human Genetics Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Jinan 250022, China.
authors.forename: Haibo
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0955-9532
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000983:Antipyrine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000077553:Edaravone; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D013136:Spiral Ganglion / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D000077553:Edaravone; D000983:Antipyrine