title: Synthesis and factorial design applied to a novel chitosan/sodium polyphosphate nanoparticles via ionotropic gelation as an RGD delivery system.
abstract: Chitosan nanoparticles have been extensively studied for both drug and protein/peptide delivery. The aim of this study was to develop an optimized chitosan nanoparticle, by ionotropic gelation method, using 32full factorial design with a novel polyanion, sodium polyphosphate, well known under the trade name Graham salt. The effects of these parameters on the particle size, zeta potential, and morphology and association efficiency were investigated. The optimized nanoparticles showed an estimated size of 166.20±1.95nm, a zeta potential of 38.7±1.2mV and an efficacy of association of 97.0±2.4%. The Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) revealed spherical nanoparticles with uniform size. Molecular interactions among the components of the nanoparticles and peptide were evaluated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra (FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The obtained results indicated that, the developed nanoparticles demonstrated high biocompatible, revealing no or low toxicity in the human cancer cell line (Caco-2). In conclusion, this work provides parameters that contribute to production of chitosan nanoparticles and sodium polyphosphate with desirable size, biocompatible and enabling successful use for protein/peptides delivery.
authors.affiliation: Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rod. Araraquara-Jau, Km 1, 14802-901, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: char_kiill@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Charlene Priscila
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Kiilll
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biopolímeros e Biomateriais (BioPolMat) - Centro Universitário de Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hernane da Silva
authors.initials: HDS
authors.lastname: Barud
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, 55, 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sílvia Helena
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Santagneli
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, 55, 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sidney José Lima
authors.initials: SJL
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Environment, Centre for Research and Technology of Agro Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB/UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), P.O. Box 1013, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Amélia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Group 'Materials+Technologies' (GMT), Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Engineering College of Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tercjak
authors.affiliation: Group 'Materials+Technologies' (GMT), Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Engineering College of Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
authors.forename: Junkal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gutierrez
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biopolímeros e Biomateriais (BioPolMat) - Centro Universitário de Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andressa Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pironi
authors.affiliation: Univ. Estadual Paulista, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rod. Araraquara-Jau, Km 1, 14802-901, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Palmira Daflon
authors.initials: MPD
authors.lastname: Gremião
mesh_terms: D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D048271:Chitosan; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010316:Particle Size; D011122:Polyphosphates; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D011122:Polyphosphates; D048271:Chitosan
keywords: Chitosan; Experimental factorial design; Graham’s salt; Ionic gelation; Nanoparticles; cRGDfV