title: Cortical Morphology Characteristics of Young Offspring of Patients With Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorder.
abstract: Cortical surface area and thickness abnormalities have been observed in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders; however, no study thus far has examined cortical morphologic measurements in children and adolescents at genetic risk for the disorders comparatively.
  
  
  
  One hundred thirty-seven participants, including 36 offspring of patients with schizophrenia (SzO), 54 offspring of patients with bipolar disorder (BpO), and 47 offspring of community controls (CcO), 6 to 17 years old, were assessed with clinical and neuroimaging methods. Sixty-nine percent of the sample was reassessed at a 27.6-month (mean) follow-up. Cortical surface reconstruction was applied to measure cortical area and thickness using FreeSurfer; mixed-effects models were used to investigate cross-sectional and longitudinal differences in global and lobar morphologic measurements.
  
  
  
  The SzO group exhibited a cross-sectional decrease in global, parietal, and occipital lobe surface area compared with the CcO group, and in the occipital lobe compared with the BpO group. In the SzO group, global and parietal surface area values were inversely associated with attenuated positive and negative prodromal symptom scores. No cross-sectional differences in cortical thickness were observed. Division of the sample by pubertal status showed group-by-time interactions in the pubertal and postpubertal SzO subgroup, with less longitudinal decrease in cortical surface area and thickness than in the CcO and BpO subgroups, respectively.
  
  
  
  The SzO, but not the BpO, group was characterized by cross-sectional decreases in surface area, and this was associated with prodromal symptoms. Longitudinal changes in cortical morphology associated with risk for schizophrenia may be expressed differently according to developmental stage.
authors.affiliation: August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona; Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Biomedical Research Networking Center Consortium. Electronic address: gernest@clinic.cat.
authors.forename: Gisela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sugranyes
authors.affiliation: August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Solé-Padullés
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Biomedical Research Networking Center Consortium.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de la Serna
authors.affiliation: August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borras
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Biomedical Research Networking Center Consortium.
authors.forename: Soledad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona; Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Biomedical Research Networking Center Consortium.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Gistau
authors.affiliation: August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona; Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Biomedical Research Networking Center Consortium.
authors.forename: Clemente
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garcia-Rizo
authors.affiliation: August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona; Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Biomedical Research Networking Center Consortium.
authors.forename: Jose Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Goikolea
authors.affiliation: August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona; Biomedical Research Networking Center Consortium; Image Diagnosis Center, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona.
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bargallo
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Networking Center Consortium; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón and School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid.
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona; Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Biomedical Research Networking Center Consortium.
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baeza
authors.affiliation: August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona; Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona; Biomedical Research Networking Center Consortium; University of Barcelona.
authors.forename: Josefina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castro-Fornieles
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: bipolar disorder; gray matter; neuroimaging; schizophrenia