title: Early kidney damage induced by subchronic exposure to PM2.5in rats.
abstract: Particulate matter exposure is associated with respiratory and cardiovascular system dysfunction. Recently, we demonstrated that fine particles, also named PM2.5, modify the expression of some components of the angiotensin and bradykinin systems, which are involved in lung, cardiac and renal regulation. The endocrine kidney function is associated with the regulation of angiotensin and bradykinin, and it can suffer damage even as a consequence of minor alterations of these systems. We hypothesized that exposure to PM2.5can contribute to early kidney damage as a consequence of an angiotensin/bradykinin system imbalance, oxidative stress and/or inflammation.
  
  
  
  After acute and subchronic exposure to PM2.5, lung damage was confirmed by increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) differential cell counts and a decrease of surfactant protein-A levels. We observed a statistically significant increment in median blood pressure, urine volume and water consumption after PM2.5exposure. Moreover, increases in the levels of early kidney damage markers were observed after subchronic PM2.5exposure: the most sensitive markers, β-2-microglobulin and cystatin-C, increased during the first, second, sixth and eighth weeks of exposure. In addition, a reduction in the levels of specific cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10, INF-γ, IL-17a, MIP-2 and RANTES), and up-regulated angiotensin and bradykinin system markers and indicators of a depleted antioxidant response, were also observed. All of these effects are in concurrence with the presence of renal histological lesions and an early pro-fibrotic state.
  
  
  
  Subchronic exposure to PM2.5induced an early kidney damage response that involved the angiotensin/bradykinin systems as well as antioxidant and immune imbalance. Our study demonstrates that PM2.5can induce a systemic imbalance that not only affects the cardiovascular system, but also affects the kidney, which may also overall contribute to PM-related diseases.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigaciones y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional, No. 2508, Col San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 07360, Mexico.
authors.forename: O G
authors.initials: OG
authors.lastname: Aztatzi-Aguilar
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigaciones y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional, No. 2508, Col San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 07360, Mexico.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uribe-Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigaciones y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional, No. 2508, Col San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 07360, Mexico.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Narváez-Morales
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigaciones y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional, No. 2508, Col San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 07360, Mexico. avizcaya@cinvestav.mx.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Vizcaya-Ruiz
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigaciones y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional, No. 2508, Col San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de Mexico, C.P. 07360, Mexico.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Barbier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D016207:Cytokines / Q000652:urine; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: Angiotensin and bradykinin systems; Antioxidant response; Cardiovascular diseases; Inflammation; Kidney biomarkers