title: Movement disorders and cerebrovascular diseases: from pathophysiology to treatment.
abstract: Cerebrovascular diseases are one of the most common causes of secondary movement disorders. Hypokinetic or hyperkinetic movement disorders may occur after an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, either immediately or thereafter. Such disorders are also known to be caused by diffuse leukoaraiosis, vascular malformations and dural fistulas in the basal ganglia or other brain regions. Area covered: The aim of this review was to describe movement disorders secondary to cerebrovascular diseases, and highlight their pivotal pathophysiological aspects, clinical features, diagnostic criteria and therapeutic options. Expert commentary: Movement disorders secondary to cerebrovascular diseases remain a challenge for neurologists. These conditions share some therapeutic options with idiopathic forms, though tailored treatment may be required in certain cases. Innovative neuroimaging techniques may play a pivotal role in the early diagnosis of vascular movement disorders. Further natural history studies and good-quality clinical trials are warranted to achieve a better management of these complex disorders.
authors.affiliation: a Dipartimento di Neuroscienze , Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Santa Maria , Terni , Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caproni
authors.affiliation: a Dipartimento di Neuroscienze , Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Santa Maria , Terni , Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Colosimo
mesh_terms: D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D059906:Neuroimaging
keywords: Vascular parkinsonism; basal ganglia; hemiballism; hemichorea; levodopa; nigrostriatal pathway