title: Immunometabolic dysregulation is associated with reduced cortical thickness of the anterior cingulate cortex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immunometabolic dysregulation (low-grade inflammation and metabolic dysregulation) has been associated with the onset and more severe course of multiple psychiatric disorders, partly due to neuroanatomical changes and impaired neuroplasticity. We examined the effect of multiple markers of immunometabolic dysregulation on hippocampal and amygdala volume and anterior cingulate cortex thickness in a large sample of patients with depression and/or anxiety and healthy subjects (N=283).
  
  
  METHODS
  Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), c-reactive protein (CRP), triglyceride levels and HDL-cholesterol and genomic profile risk scores (GPRS) for immunometabolic dysregulation were determined in peripheral blood and T1 MRI scans were acquired at 3T. Regional brain volume and cortical thickness was assessed using FreeSurfer. Covariate-adjusted linear regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between immunometabolic dysregulation and brain volume/thickness across all subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple immunometabolic dysregulation markers (i.e. triglyceride levels and inflammation) were associated with lower rostral ACC thickness across all subjects. IL-6 was inversely associated with hippocampal and amygdala volume in healthy subjects only. GPRS for immunometabolic dysregulation were not associated with brain volume or cortical thickness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple serum, but not genetic immunometabolic dysregulation markers were found to relate to rostral ACC structure, suggesting that inflammation and metabolic dysregulation may impact the ACC through similar mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: l.vanvelzen@ggzingeest.nl.
authors.forename: Laura S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: van Velzen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lianne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schmaal
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Milaneschi
authors.affiliation: University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Neuroscience, Section Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marie-José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van Tol
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nic J A
authors.initials: NJA
authors.lastname: van der Wee
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dick J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Veltman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Brenda W J H
authors.initials: BWJH
authors.lastname: Penninx
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000473:pathology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000473:pathology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000473:pathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology*; D003863:Depression / Q000473:pathology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Body mass index; Brain volume; Immunometabolic dysregulation; Inflammation; Polygenic risk scores