title: An assessment of efficient water heating options for an all-electric single family residence in a mixed-humid climate.
abstract: An evaluation of a variety of efficient water heating strategies for an all-electric single family home located in a mixed-humid climate is conducted using numerical modeling. The strategies considered include various combinations of solar thermal, heat pump, and electric resistance water heaters. The numerical model used in the study is first validated against a year of field data obtained on a dual-tank system with a solar thermal preheat tank feeding a heat pump water heater that serves as a backup. Modeling results show that this configuration is the most efficient of the systems studied over the course of a year, with a system coefficient of performance (COPsys) of 2.87. The heat pump water heater alone results in a COPsysof 1.9, while the baseline resistance water heater has a COPsysof 0.95. Impacts on space conditioning are also investigated by considering the extra energy consumption required of the air source heat pump to remove or add heat from the conditioned space by the water heating system. A modified COPsysthat incorporates the heat pump energy consumption shows a significant drop in efficiency for the dual tank configuration since the heat pump water heater draws the most heat from the space in the heating season while the high temperatures in the solar storage tank during the cooling season result in an added heat load to the space. Despite this degradation in the COPsys, the combination of the solar thermal preheat tank and the heat pump water heater is the most efficient option even when considering the impacts on space conditioning.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Balke
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Healy
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ullah
keywords: Electric water heating; Heat pump water heater; Residential; Solar; Water heating