title: Oculogyric crises: Etiology, pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches.
abstract: Oculogyric crisis (OGC) describes the clinical phenomenon of sustained dystonic, conjugate and typically upward deviation of the eyes lasting from seconds to hours. It was initially observed in patients with postencephalitic parkinsonism, but since then a number of conditions have been associated with OGC. These include drug-induced reactions, hereditary and sporadic movement disorders, and focal brain lesions. Here, we systematically review the literature and discuss the spectrum of disorders associated with OGC in order to aid clinicians place this rare but distinctive clinical sign into the appropriate diagnostic context. We also provide a brief synthesis of putative pathophysiological mechanisms, as well as therapeutic recommendations based on the literature and our own experience.
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Department of Neurology, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ewgenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barow
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Queen Square, UCL, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kailash P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Department of Neurology, Hamburg, Germany; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Queen Square, UCL, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: cganos@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ganos
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004421:Dystonia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015835:Ocular Motility Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists
keywords: Acute dystonic reaction; Drug-induced dystonia; Dystonia; Oculogyric crisis