title: Evaluating role of immobilized periphyton in bioremediation of azo dye amaranth.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioremediation capabilities of three kinds of periphyton (i.e. epiphyton, metaphyton and epilithon) immobilized in bioreactors to decolorize and biodegrade the sulphonated azo dye, amaranth. Results showed that periphyton dominated by phyla including Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Complete removal of dye was shown by all the biofilms periphyton (epiphyton showed highest removal efficacy) over a range of initial concentrations (50-500mgL-1) within 84h at pH 7 and 30°C. Biodegradation of amaranth was confirmed through FTIR and HPLC and the biodegradation pathways were detected by GC-MS/MS analysis. The azo bonds in the amaranth were successfully broken by periphyton and amaranth was converted to non-toxic, aliphatic compounds including isobutene, acetyl acetate and ethyl acetate. The results showed the potential application of immobilized periphyton at industrial scale for the removal of azo dyes from wastewater containing azo dye amaranth.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, 3rd Avenue, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sadaf
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shabbir
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faheem
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, 3rd Avenue, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Naeem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma St, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71, East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: yhwu@issas.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Yonghong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000548:Amaranth Dye / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D041963:Bacteroidetes / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors / Q000382:microbiology*; D018914:Cells, Immobilized; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D059013:Microbial Consortia / Q000502:physiology*; D020560:Proteobacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000548:Amaranth Dye
keywords: Amaranth (mono-azo); Azo bonds broken; Azo dyes; Immobilized periphyton; Periphyton bioreactor