title: Heat Shock Proteins: Therapeutic Perspectives in Inflammatory Disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are highly conserved proteins present in all kingdoms of organisms. These are expressed under stress conditions in order to protect the cells from injuries. The stress induced protein denaturation is rectified by refolding and remodelling. These are intracellular proteins but can be present in extracellular fluid like serum of the patients suffering from trauma, autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Virtually in most inflammatory diseases, immune response towards HSPs is developed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present review expedites the role of HSPs in inflammatory process and associated disorders, mainly in context to HSP70 and HSP90.
  
  
  METHODS
  Commencing a thorough survey of the literature and patents available on HSPs and their role in the process of inflammation, from the authentic published resources available on Medline, Pubmed, Pubmed Central, Science Direct and other scientific databases; the information retrieved has been compiled and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HSPs modulate the process of inflammation by producing anti-inflammatory cytokines in chronic inflammatory disease. HSPs mediated expression of IL10 contributes in anti-inflammatory role via TLR2 and TLR4-dependent mechanisms. Necroptosis, a caspase independent programmed apoptosis plays an important role in progression of several inflammatory disorders and its major components MLKL and RIPK-1 are the clients of HSP. Necroptosis is also involved in exposure of several damageassociated molecular patterns (DAMPs) including HSPs in extracellular environment leading to inflammation. Endocytosed or intracellular HSP70, is presented by MHC-II molecules and in absence of proper co stimulation, it lead to expansion of tolerogenic or regulatory T cells (Tregs) responses, which have inflammation suppressive activity by virtue of production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, suppression or killing of effector T cells or bringing the APC into tolerogenic state. HSP induced Tregs play an important role in combating autoimmunity and inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Present review gives an insight towards the cause of inflammation and an account of different HSPs contributing various inflammatory disorders viz. inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), intestinal inflammation, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis etc. The importance of HSPs in handling inflammatory disorders has been depicted in recent patents also.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal-462 026, Madhya Pradesh. India.
authors.forename: Rekha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khandia
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal-462 026, Madhya Pradesh. India.
authors.forename: Ashok K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Munjal
authors.affiliation: ENCIT - Science, Engineering and Technology School, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., CP 64849. Mexico.
authors.forename: Hafiz M N
authors.initials: HMN
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.affiliation: Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly- 243 122, Uttar Pradesh. India.
authors.forename: Kuldeep
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dhama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018450:Disease Progression; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010330:Patents as Topic; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins
keywords: Heat shock proteins (HSPs); IL-10; NF-kB pathway; TLR; Tregs; inflammation; molecular chaperon; necroptosis