title: Skull Anatomy and Ontogeny of Legless Lizard Pseudopus apodus (Pallas, 1775): Heterochronic Influences on Form.
abstract: Pseudopus apodus (Pallas, 1775) is the largest extant legless species of the subfamily Anguinae (Anguimorpha, Anguidae) living mostly in the sub-arid territories ranging from the Balkan area in Europe to Kazakhstan in Asia. The species of other two genera live in North America, South-East Asia and North Africa (Ophisaurus) and Europe and South-West Asia (Anguis). The interrelationships of Anguinae are unresolved; this is in part the consequence of the insufficient knowledge of the cranial, postcranial and integumentary anatomy of the individual anguine species. The aim of this article is to fulfill this gap in our knowledge of the anguine anatomy. Now, in the first part of the project, the individual bones of the exocranium and visceral endocranium of the anguine legless lizard P. apodus are described in detail. In the present study, P. apodus is revealed to have autoapomorphic features of the skull which clearly distinguish it from Anguis and Ophisaurus. In addition, the study of posthatchling ontogeny of exocranium of P. apodus revealed some features, such as a nasal process of premaxilla being slightly widened in about its mid-length, that are also typical for adults of the Ophisaurus and Anguis species as well as extinct species of Pseudopus. This strongly indicates that peramorphic heterochronic process played role in the evolution of the P. apodus skull. Anat Rec, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 300:460-502, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Ecology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Jozef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klembara
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Ecology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Karolína
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dobiašová
authors.affiliation: Institute of Measurement Science, Department of Optoelectronic Measuring Methods, Academy of Sciences, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Miroslav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hain
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.|Faculty of Biology Department of Zoology, Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University, Lutsk, Volyns'ka oblast', Ukraine.
authors.forename: Oleksandr
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0363-2057
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yaryhin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D008116:Lizards / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: heterochrony; legless lizards; morphology; skull; squamata