title: Winter flooding of California rice fields reduces immature populations of Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the spring.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In California, rice fields are flooded over the winter months (November to March) to facilitate degradation of post-harvest rice straw and to provide temporary habitat for migratory waterfowl. Prior research showed that winter flood rice fields had fewer rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus), larvae and pupae during the rice production season than fields that were left unflooded in the winter. A series of experiments were conducted to provide further support for these trends under controlled conditions and to find a mechanism for this phenomenon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under winter flooded conditions there was a 50% reduction in populations of weevil immatures compared with the untreated control (no straw or winter flood). These same conditions corresponded to a 20% increase in the amount of silicon found in plant tissues in 2014 and a 39 to 90% decrease in methane production in the soil from 2013 to 2014, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Evidence from previous field research and these controlled studies supports winter flooding as an appropriate tactic for controlling L. oryzophilus populations in the spring. However, the mechanism that would explain why winter flooding adversely affects L. oryzophilus immatures remains unclear. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammad-Amir
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9842-7525
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Aghaee
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Larry D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Godfrey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002140:California; D000069599:Crop Production / Q000379:methods; D055868:Floods; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods*; D008697:Methane / Q000032:analysis; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry / Q000469:parasitology*; D012621:Seasons; D012825:Silicon / Q000032:analysis; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D048889:Weevils / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D008697:Methane; D012825:Silicon
keywords: cultural control; integrated pest management; methane; silicon; weevil