title: Risk factors for urinary incontinence among postmenopausal Mexican women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies of racial/ethnic variation in urinary incontinence (UI) suggest that population-specific studies of UI risk factors are needed to develop appropriate public health recommendations. We assessed UI risk factors among postmenopausal Mexican women enrolled in the Mexican Teachers' Cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional study among 15,296 postmenopausal women who completed the 2008 questionnaire. UI cases were women who reported experiencing UI during menopause. Self-reported potential UI risk factors included age, reproductive variables, smoking status, adiposity, and several health conditions. We estimated multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for UI using multivariable logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among these postmenopausal women, the prevalence of UI was 14 %. Odds of UI were higher among women with ≥4 children vs nulliparous women (OR 1.43, 95 % CI 1.04-1.96) or body mass index (BMI) ≥30 vs <22 kg/m2(OR 2.00, 95 % CI: 1.55-2.57). Age at first birth <20 vs 20-24 years, past or current vs never smoking, larger waist-to-hip ratio, and history of asthma, high blood pressure, or diabetes were also associated with higher odds of UI (OR 1.2-1.3). We found a trend of lower odds of UI with older age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that information about UI and UI prevention strategies might be particularly useful for Mexican postmenopausal women with 4 or more children or higher BMI. Further studies with longitudinal UI data, in addition to data on UI severity and subtype, are needed to provide more specific information about UI risk factors to Mexican women.
authors.affiliation: Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Mary K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.affiliation: Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, 7ª Cerrada Fray Pedro de Gante # 50, Mexico City, Cuernavaca, 14000, Mexico. mlajous@insp.mx.|Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. mlajous@insp.mx.|Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018 Research Unit, Villejuif, France. mlajous@insp.mx.
authors.forename: Martín
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lajous
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Geriatrics, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Raúl Hernán
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Medina-Campos
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Catzin-Kuhlmann
authors.affiliation: Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, 7ª Cerrada Fray Pedro de Gante # 50, Mexico City, Cuernavaca, 14000, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ruy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: López-Ridaura
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Megan S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010298:Parity; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Adult; Cross-sectional studies; Epidemiology; Female; Risk factors; Urinary incontinence