title: NOURISH, Nutritional OUtcomes from a Randomised Investigation of Intradialytic oral nutritional Supplements in patients receiving Haemodialysis: a pilot randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study was done to assess the feasibility of conducting a trial evaluating the use of an intradialytic oral nutritional supplement (ONS) on nutritional status.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study design is a single centre, parallel group, external pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT). The setting was at a haemodialysis unit in Sheffield, UK. The aim was to recruit 30 trial participants to allow at least 12 evaluable patients per arm, but the actual study sample consisted of 10 adults with a body mass index (BMI) ≤22 kg/m2, receiving thrice weekly haemodialysis. All participants received nutritional advice from a renal dietitian as per usual practice. The intervention included the provision of an intradialytic ONS. Feasibility outcomes included recruitment to time and retention of participants along with palatability of ONS. Secondary outcomes were clinical parameters to obtain variance and estimates of effect size to inform the sample size calculation for a definitive trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recruitment was undertaken for a fixed period of 6 weeks. Rates were lower than expected mainly due to ineligibility with only 7% of screened patients (19/265) being eligible and 4% (10/265) of these being recruited. Due to the small proportion of patients eligible for the trial, all haemodialysis patients at the specified unit were assessed for eligibility. Data completion rates were low for session questionnaires (23%). Sample sizes derived from variance in secondary outcome measure of handgrip strength and adjusted for a dropout rate of 20% indicate that 189 patients would be required for a definitive RCT, requiring 19 UK haemodialysis units to participate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A definitive RCT is feasible with some adaptation to exclusion criteria and methodology. The exclusion criteria could be adapted to include an increase in upper limit for BMI. The use of questionnaires at each dialysis session may not be feasible but the inclusion of appetite and supplement consumption data collection at the main assessments would provide similar outcome data. Quality of life assessment using SF-12 would be acceptable.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ISRCTN37431579.
authors.affiliation: Dietetic Department, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Northern General Hospital, Herries Road, Sheffield, S5 7 AU UK.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S4 4DA UK.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S4 4DA UK.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sully
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, S4 4DA UK.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Julious
keywords: Haemodialysis; Handgrip; Nutritional supplements; Quality of life