title: Concurrent administration of diethylhexyl phthalate reduces the threshold dose at which bisphenol A disrupts blastocyst implantation and cadherins in mice.
abstract: Many people are repeatedly exposed to both bisphenol A (BPA) and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), but there has been little research concerning their effects in combination. Both can disrupt blastocyst implantation in inseminated females, albeit at high doses. We exposed mice on gestation days (GD) 1-4 to combinations of BPA and DEHP in doses below the threshold necessary to disrupt implantation on their own. On GD 6, there were fewer normally-developed implantation sites and more underdeveloped implantation sites in females given the combined subthreshold doses. Uterine epithelial cadherin (e-cadherin), a protein that assists in blastocyst adhesion to the uterine epithelium, was significantly reduced by these combined doses, but not by the individual doses. A similar trend was seen in integrin αvβ3, another uterine adhesion molecule. Cadherin-11 was disrupted by BPA but not DEHP. These data are consistent with competition of BPA and DEHP for conjugating enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.
authors.forename: Evan D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Borman
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.
authors.forename: Warren G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada. Electronic address: decatanz@mcmaster.ca.
authors.forename: Denys
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: deCatanzaro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate / Q000633:toxicity*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D014599:Uterus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D015820:Cadherins; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3; D010636:Phenols; C000611838:Cdh1 protein, mouse; C086960:osteoblast cadherin; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: BPA; Blastocyst; Cadherins; DEHP; Implantation; Uterus