title: Overview of Cotinine Cutoff Values for Smoking Status Classification.
abstract: While cotinine is commonly used as a biomarker to validate self-reported smoking status, the selection of an optimal cotinine cutoff value for distinguishing true smokers from true nonsmokers shows a lack of standardization among studies. This review describes how the cutoff values have been derived, and explains the issues involved in the generalization of a cutoff value. In this study, we conducted an English-language literature search in PubMed using the keywords "cotinine" and "cutoff" or "self-reported" and "smoking status" and "validation" for the years 1985-2014. We obtained 104 articles, 32 of which provided (1) sensitivity and specificity of a cutoff value and (2) determination methods for the given cutoff value. We found that the saliva cotinine cutoff value range of 10-25 ng/mL, serum and urine cotinine cutoff of 10-20 ng/mL and 50-200 ng/mL, respectively, have been commonly used to validate self-reported smoking status using a 2 × 2 table or a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve. We also found that recent large population-based studies in the U.S. and UK reported lower cutoff values for cotinine in serum (3 ng/mL) and saliva (12 ng/mL), compared to the traditionally accepted ones (15 and 14 ng/mg, respectively).
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea. sungroul.kim@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sungroul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers; D003367:Cotinine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012372:ROC Curve; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003367:Cotinine
keywords: biomarker; cotinine; cutoff value; smoking status