title: Polymer-based oral rehydration solution for treating acute watery diarrhoea.
abstract: Acute diarrhoea is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among children in low-income countries. Glucose-based oral rehydration solution (ORS) helps replace fluid and prevent further dehydration from acute diarrhoea. Since 2004, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended the osmolarity of less than 270 mOsm/L (ORS ≤ 270) versus greater than 310 mOsm/L formulation (ORS ≥ 310). Polymer-based ORS (for example, prepared using rice or wheat) slowly releases glucose and may be superior to glucose-based ORS.
  
  
  
  To compare polymer-based oral rehydration solution (polymer-based ORS) with glucose-based oral rehydration solution (glucose-based ORS) for treating acute watery diarrhoea.
  
  
  
  We searched the following sources up to 5 September 2016: the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group (CIDG) Specialized Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (the Cochrane Library 2016, Issue 9), MEDLINE (1966 to 5 September 2016), EMBASE (1974 to 5 September 2016), LILACS (1982 to 5 September 2016), and mRCT (2007 to 5 September 2016). We also contacted researchers, organizations, and pharmaceutical companies, and searched reference lists.
  
  
  
  We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of people with acute watery diarrhoea (cholera and non-cholera associated) that compared polymer-based and glucose-based ORS (with identical electrolyte contents).
  
  
  
  Two review authors independently assessed the search results and risk of bias, and extracted data. In multiple-treatment arms with two or more treatment groups, we combined outcomes as appropriate and compared collectively with the control group.
  
  
  
  Thirty-five trials that included 4284 participants met the inclusion criteria: 28 trials exclusively included children, five included adults, and two included both adults and children. Polymer-based ORS versus glucose-based ORS (osmolarity ≤ 270) Eight trials (752 participants) evaluated this comparison, and seven trials used rice as a polymer source. Polymer-based ORS may decrease mean stool output in the first 24 hours by 24 mL/kg (mean difference (MD) -24.60 mL/kg, 95% CI -40.69 to -8.51; one trial, 99 participants, low quality evidence). The average duration of diarrhoea may be reduced by eight hours (MD -8.24 hours, 95% CI -13.17 to -3.30; I² statistic = 86%, five trials, 364 participants, low quality evidence) with polymer ORS but results are heterogeneous. Limited trials showed no observed difference in the risk of unscheduled use of intravenous fluid (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.02; I² statistic = 30%; four trials, 376 participants, very low quality evidence), vomiting (very low quality evidence), and hyponatraemia (very low quality evidence). Polymer-based ORS versus glucose-based ORS (osmolarity ≥ 310) Twenty-seven trials (3532 participants) evaluated this comparison using a variety of polymers. On average, polymer ORS may reduce the total stool output in the first 24 hours by around 65 mL/kg (MD -65.47 mL/kg, 95% CI -83.92 to -47.03; 16 trials, 1483 participants, low quality evidence), and may reduce the duration of diarrhoea by around eight hours (MD -8.57 hours; SD -13.17 to -4.03; 16 trials, 1137 participants, low quality evidence) with substantial heterogeneity. The proportion of participants that required intravenous hydration was low in most trials with fewer in the polymer ORS group (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.98; 19 trials, 1877 participant, low quality evidence) . Subgroup analysis by type of pathogen suggested an effect on unscheduled intravenous fluid in those infected with mixed pathogens (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.96; 11 trials, 928 participants, low quality evidence), but not in participants positive for Vibrio cholerae (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.34; 7 trials, 535 participants, low quality evidence). No difference was observed in the number of patients who developed vomiting (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.14; 10 trials, 584 participants, very low quality evidence), hyponatraemia (RR 1.82, 95% CI 0.52 to 6.44; 4 trials, 385 participants, very low quality evidence), hypokalaemia (RR 1.29, 95% CI 0.74 to 2.25; 2 trials, 260 participants, low quality evidence), or persistent diarrhoea (RR 1.28, 95% CI 0.68 to 2.41; 2 trials, 885 participants, very low quality evidence).
  
  
  
  Polymer-based ORS shows advantages compared to glucose-based ORS (at ≥ 310 mOsm/L). Comparisons favoured polymer-based ORS over ORS ≤ 270 but analysis was underpowered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of the Philippines Manila College of Medicine-Philippine General Hospital, Taft Avenue, Manila, National Capital Region, Philippines, 1000.
authors.forename: Germana V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Gregorio
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of the Philippines Manila College of Medicine-Philippine General Hospital, Taft Avenue, Manila, National Capital Region, Philippines, 1000.
authors.forename: Maria Liza M
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of the Philippines Manila College of Medicine-Philippine General Hospital, Taft Avenue, Manila, National Capital Region, Philippines, 1000.
authors.forename: Leonila F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Dans
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of the Philippines Manila College of Medicine-Philippine General Hospital, Taft Avenue, Manila, National Capital Region, Philippines, 1000.
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Martinez
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002771:Cholera / Q000150:complications; D003681:Dehydration / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D012275:Oryza; D011108:Polymers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015532:Rehydration Solutions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D015532:Rehydration Solutions