title: Changes in Host Cytokine Patterns of TB Patients with Different Bacterial Loads Detected Using 16S rRNA Analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tuberculosis (TB) has overtaken HIV as the biggest infectious disease killer, with the majority of deaths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. However it is unknown how differences in bacterial load alter host immune profiles in the sputum and blood of TB patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  16S ribosomal RNA analysis was used to determine bacterial load in sputum samples obtained from 173 patients with active TB (57 pre-treatment and 116 post-treatment). Host analyte concentrations in sputum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigen stimulated whole blood assay supernatants were analysed using multiplex cytokine arrays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multiple logistic regression adjusting for age, sex and HIV status showed highly significant correlation of bacterial load with IL1β, IL2, IL1RA, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL9, IL15, IL17, EOTAX, FGF, IFN-γ, GCSF, MCP1, M1P1α, M1P1β, PDGF, TNFα, VEGF in sputum. With increasing time on treatment, FGF levels in sputum displayed the most significant inverse correlation with reduction in bacterial load.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show that differences in bacterial load correlates with changes in several host biomarkers. These findings have implications for development of tests for TB diagnosis and treatment response.
authors.affiliation: Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, Banjul, The Gambia.|The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Rhiannon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heslop
authors.affiliation: Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, Banjul, The Gambia.
authors.forename: Adama L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Bojang
authors.affiliation: Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, Banjul, The Gambia.
authors.forename: Sheikh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jarju
authors.affiliation: Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, Banjul, The Gambia.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mendy
authors.affiliation: Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, Banjul, The Gambia.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mulwa
authors.affiliation: Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, Banjul, The Gambia.
authors.forename: Ousman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Secka
authors.affiliation: Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, Banjul, The Gambia.
authors.forename: Francis S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Mendy
authors.affiliation: Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, Banjul, The Gambia.
authors.forename: Olumuyiwa
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Owolabi
authors.affiliation: Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, Banjul, The Gambia.
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kampmann
authors.affiliation: Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit, Banjul, The Gambia.
authors.forename: Jayne S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sutherland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000235:genetics / Q000379:methods*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005714:Gambia; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000235:genetics*; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis*; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S