title: Cryptorchidism and pesticides: Is there a connection?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of our study was to compare the level of the most common organophosphate metabolite, dimethyl phosphate, in urine of women giving birth to both boys with cryptorchidism (study group), and healthy boys (control group), as well as to compare the level of dimethyl phosphate in our population with the results obtained in other populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  After the ethical approval we included thirty women in both study and control groups. All newborns were born between 38 and 42weeks' gestation. Urine samples were taken on 3rd postpartal day. Gas chromatography with flame photometric detection was used to analyze dimethyl phosphate in urine following the method of Wu et al. Statistical analysis was done using Mann-Whitney test to compare the results in the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Geometric mean of dimethyl phosphate in the study group was 7.18±8.26μg/L and the creatinine-corrected level was 5.63±5.95μg/L, and in the control group, the values are 7.98±6.75μg/L and 6.15±7.01μg/L, respectively. There was not a statistically significant difference in levels of dimethyl phosphate between these two groups (p=0.72786). Dimethyl phosphate levels obtained in similar studies are: 14.4μg/L in Israel, 3.7μg/L in Palestine, 10.3μg/L in Jerusalem, 1.60μg/L in Caribbean islands and 2.60μg/L in Canada.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pregnant women in our country are exposed to organophosphate pesticides, but a correlation between the exposure to organophosphate pesticides and cryptorchidism was not found.
  
  
  METHODS
  I.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prognostic study, prospective study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Institute for Children and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 10, Novi Sad, Serbia. Electronic address: ivana.fratric@mf.uns.ac.rs.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fratrić
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Pediatric Surgery, Department of Urology, Institute for Children and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varga
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
authors.forename: Saša
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vukmirović
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational Health, Futoška 121, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sudji
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Department of Urology, Institute for Children and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia.
authors.forename: Dragana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Živković
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003456:Cryptorchidism / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000652:urine*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000652:urine*; D036801:Parturition; D010575:Pesticides / Q000652:urine*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055771:Serbia
chemical_list: D010755:Organophosphates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010575:Pesticides; C007477:dimethyl phosphate
keywords: Cryptorchidism; Dimethyl phosphate; Organophosphate pesticides