title: Increased levels of the oxidative stress biomarker 8-iso-prostaglandin F2αin wastewater associated with tobacco use.
abstract: Wastewater analysis has been demonstrated to be a complementary approach for assessing the overall patterns of drug use by a population while the full potential of wastewater-based epidemiology has yet to be explored. F2-isoprostanes are a prototype wastewater biomarker to study the cumulative oxidative stress at a community level. In this work, 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α(8-iso-PGF2α) was analysed in raw 24 h-composite wastewater samples collected from 4 Norwegian and 7 other European cities in 2014 and 2015. Using the same samples, biomarkers of alcohol (ethyl sulfate) and tobacco (trans-3'-hydroxycotinine) use were also analysed to investigate any possible correlation between 8-iso-PGF2αand the consumption of the two drugs. The estimated per capita daily loads of 8-iso-PGF2αin the 11 cities ranged between 2.5 and 9.9 mg/day/1000 inhabitants with a population-weighted mean of 4.8 mg/day/1000 inhabitants. There were no temporal trends observed in the levels of 8-iso-PGF2α, however, spatial differences were found at the inter-city level correlating to the degree of urbanisation. The 8-iso-PGF2αmass load was found to be strongly associated with that of trans-3'-hydroxycotinine while it showed no correlation with ethyl sulfate. The present study shows the potential for 8-iso-PGF2αas a wastewater biomarker for the assessment of community public health.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway.|Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO box 1078 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Yeonsuk
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.affiliation: IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.|Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gracia-Lor
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bade
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway.|Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO box 1078 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baz-Lomba
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO box 1078 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Jørgen G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bramness
authors.affiliation: IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Castiglioni
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Castrignanò
authors.affiliation: KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Causanilles
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covaci
authors.affiliation: KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.|Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Voogt
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kasprzyk-Hordern
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
authors.forename: Juliet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kinyua
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ann-Kathrin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: McCall
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ort
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej, Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Benedek G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Plósz
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej, Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Pedram
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ramin
authors.affiliation: IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Nikolaos I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Rousis
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Malcolm J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Kevin V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002947:Cities; D003367:Cotinine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D015237:Dinoprost / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D009664:Norway; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters / Q000032:analysis; D064424:Tobacco Use / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014507:Urbanization; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003367:Cotinine; D015237:Dinoprost; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters; D062065:Wastewater; C001381:hydroxycotinine; C075750:8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha; C011612:diethyl sulfate