title: Adulthood behavioral and neurodevelopmental effects of being raised byan ambivalent mother in rats: what does not kill you makes you stronger.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the effects of early adverse life events and being raised by an ambivalent mother on rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rats were separated into four groups: 1) the control group (n = 12), which was raised under standard care; 2) the early handling (EH) group, which was raised using an EH model (n = 16); 3) the early deprivation (ED) group, which was raised using an ED model (n = 13), and 4) the ambivalent mother (AM) group, which spent 3 h/day with a "fake mother" (n = 17). When they became adults, their anxiety levels, depressive-like behaviors, and memory functions were measured using the elevated plus maze test, the forced swim test, and the novel object recognition test, respectively. Their neurodevelopment was evaluated by measuring the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the prefrontal cortex, the dentate gyrus, and the cerebellum via ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rats in the ED and AM groups exhibited less anxiety and depressive-like behavior than those in the control and EH groups, particularly in females. There was no significant difference between the groups in memory function or brain BDNF levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe and ambivalent early adverse life events may decrease anxiety and depressive-like behavior in adult rats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Üsküdar University, İstanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Refia Aslıhan
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Dönmez
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Selçuk
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Candansayar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Emergency, Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Okşan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Derinöz
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Özlem
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Gülbahar
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hayrunnisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bolay
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D005260:Female; D008568:Memory; D009035:Mothers; D051381:Rats; D013315:Stress, Psychological
keywords: Ambivalent mother; anxiety; behavioral analysis; depression; early adverse life events; memory; neurodevelopment; rats