title: [Centrally and non-centrally designed exams in nursing: Comparisons of the final exams in 2008 to 2013 in Berlin focusing on different concepts of professional nursing education].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Germany, nursing education ends with a final written, oral and practical exam. In the federal state of Berlin, Germany, all nursing students take centrally standardized written exams, while the practical and oral exams are developed by each individual nursing school or university and conducted without standardized protocols (non-central). Comparability might be seriously limited by this procedure. Since there is no official statistics available, the objective of this study is to compare the results of the final written, oral and practical exams of different nursing education institutions with an additional focus on different educational concepts.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a secondary data analysis, the final grades (written, oral, practical) of 4,342 nursing students in all 16 educational institutions in Berlin from 2008 to 2013 were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean (SD) of all written, oral and practical exams taken was 2.9 (0.7), 2.6 (1.1) and 2.2 (1.0), respectively. In each type of exam, the trend in grades was stable over the observation period. There was a statistically significant increase in the prevalence of initially failed exams from 2008 (7.9 %) to 2013 (12.0 %). In institutions following a traditional concept of education, the difference in grades between oral/practical exams on the one hand and written exams on the other ranged from 0.1 to 0.9, while in generalist (academic) institutions it ranged between -0.1 and 0.3 (-0.1 to 0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In nursing schools with a traditional approach to education, there was a big difference in grades between written and oral/practical exams. Standardization of oral and practical exams should be initiated to ensure greater comparability between different educational institutions.
authors.affiliation: Wannsee-Schule e.V. Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland. Electronic address: sandra.strube.berlin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Strube-Lahmann
authors.affiliation: Wannsee-Schule e.V. Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vogler
authors.affiliation: Landesamt für Gesundheit und Soziales Berlin (LAGeSo), Berlin, Deutschland.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Friedrich
authors.affiliation: Institut für Gesundheits- und Pflegewissenschaft, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland.
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dassen
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kottner
mesh_terms: D001604:Berlin; D004506:Education, Nursing; D004521:Educational Measurement; D006801:Humans
keywords: Ausbildungskonzepte; Pflegeausbildung; Prüfverfahren; Qualität; Vergleichbarkeit; comparability; educational concepts; nursing education; nursing examination; quality