title: Discordant inflammation and pain in early and established rheumatoid arthritis: Latent Class Analysis of Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Network and British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register data.
abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity is often measured using the 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28). We aimed to identify and independently verify subgroups of people with RA that may be discordant with respect to self-reported and objective disease state, with potentially different clinical needs.
  
  
  
  Data were derived from three cohorts: (1) the Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Network (ERAN) and the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register (BSRBR), (2) those commencing tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors and (3) those using non-biologic drugs. In latent class analysis, we used variables related to pain, central pain mechanisms or inflammation (pain, vitality, mental health, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, swollen joint count, tender joint count, visual analogue scale of general health). Clinically relevant outcomes were examined.
  
  
  
  Five, four and four latent classes were found in the ERAN, BSRBR TNF inhibitor and non-biologic cohorts, respectively. The proportions of people assigned with >80% probability into latent classes were 76%, 58% and 72% in the ERAN, TNF inhibitor and non-biologic cohorts, respectively. The latent classes displayed either concordance between measures indicative of mild, moderate or severe disease activity; discordantly worse patient-reported measures despite less markedly elevated inflammation; or discordantly less severe patient-reported measures despite elevated inflammation. Latent classes with discordantly worse patient-reported measures represented 12%, 40% and 21% of the ERAN, TNF inhibitor and non-biologic cohorts, respectively; contained more females; and showed worse function. In those latent classes with worse scores at baseline, DAS28 and function improved over 1 year (p < 0.001 for all comparisons), and scores differed less at follow-up than at baseline.
  
  
  
  Discordant latent classes can be identified in people with RA, and these findings are robust across three cohorts with varying disease duration and activity. These findings could be used to identify a sizeable subgroup of people with RA who might gain added benefit from pain management strategies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK. dan.mcwilliams@nottingham.ac.uk.|Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. dan.mcwilliams@nottingham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: McWilliams
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.|School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Eamonn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.affiliation: West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, St. Albans, UK.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: St. George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Patrick D W
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Kiely
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.|Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D012042:Registries; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents
keywords: Inflammation; Latent class analysis; Pain; Rheumatoid arthritis