title: Population-based assessment of prevalence and causes of visual impairment in the state of Telangana, India: a cross-sectional study using the Rapid Assessment of Visual Impairment (RAVI) methodology.
abstract: To assess the prevalence and causes of visual impairment (VI) among a rural population aged 40 years and older in the state of Telangana in India.
  
  
  
  Population-based cross-sectional study.
  
  
  
  Districts of Adilabad and Mahbubnagar in south Indian state of Telangana, India.
  
  
  
  A sample of 6150 people was selected using cluster random sampling methodology. A team comprising a trained vision technician and a field worker visited the households and conducted the eye examination. Presenting, pinhole and aided visual acuity were assessed. Anterior segment was examined using a torchlight. Lens was examined using distant direct ophthalmoscopy in a semidark room. In all, 5881 (95.6%) participants were examined from 123 study clusters. Among those examined, 2723 (46.3%) were men, 4824 (82%) had no education, 2974 (50.6%) were from Adilabad district and 1694 (28.8%) of them were using spectacles at the time of eye examination.
  
  
  
  VI was defined as presenting visual acuity <6/18 in the better eye and it included moderate VI (<6/18 to 6/60) and blindness (<6/60).
  
  
  
  The age-adjusted and gender-adjusted prevalence of VI was 15.0% (95% CI 14.1% to 15.9%). On applying binary logistic regression analysis, VI was associated with older age groups. The odds of having VI were higher among women (OR 1.2; 95% CI 1.0 to 1.4). Having any education (OR 0.4; 95% CI 0.3 to 0.6) and current use of glasses (OR 0.19; 95% CI 0.1 to 0.2) were protective. VI was also higher in Mahbubnagar (OR 1.0 to 1.5) district. Cataract (54.7%) was the leading cause of VI followed by uncorrected refractive errors (38.6%).
  
  
  
  VI continues to remain a challenge in rural Telangana. As over 90% of the VI is avoidable, massive eye care programmes are required to address the burden of VI in Telangana.
authors.affiliation: Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao-International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye Care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.|Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.|Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.|Wellcome Trust/Department of Biotechnology India Alliance Research Fellow, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marmamula
authors.affiliation: Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao-International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye Care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.|Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Rohit C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.affiliation: Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao-International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye Care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.|Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Eswararao
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kunkunu
authors.affiliation: Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao-International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye Care, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.|Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.|Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Gullapalli N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002386:Cataract / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005139:Eyeglasses; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012424:Rural Population; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014792:Visual Acuity
keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY; PRIMARY CARE