title: Self-Reported Dietary Restrictions and Dietary Patterns in Polish Girls: A Short Research Report (GEBaHealth Study).
abstract: Dietary restraint is a commonly reported practice observed among young females. The practice remains controversial and can be interpreted as a beneficial self-regulating behavior or the opposite, an eating disorder that may have a detrimental effect on health. The aim of this short report was to investigate if dietary restrictions are associated with dietary patterns in a representative sample of Polish girls. Analyses were carried out on data from the Girls' Eating Behavior and Health (GEBaHealth) study. The sample included 1107 girls, ranging in age from 13 to 21 years old. Restrictions regarding food quantities and selected food groups were assessed using a standardized interview. Dietary patterns were identified with Principal Component Analysis (PCA), based on dietary data collected with Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs). Logistic regression analysis was used to study the associations between self-reported restrictions and each dietary pattern. In the total sample, 30.5% of girls reported following some food restrictions. The most common restrictions regarded consumption of sugar and/or sweets (23.7%), high-fat foods (22.4%), and fats (21.3%). Girls who declared following any restrictions, restrictions in food quantity and restrictions in the consumption of sugar and/or sweets, high-fat foods, fats, cereals and/or bread and/or potatoes were more likely to adhere to the "fruit and vegetables" (considered pro-healthy) dietary pattern (adjusted odds ratios (ORs): 1.55, 95% CI: 1.14-2.12; 1.61, 95% CI: 1.17-2.21; 1.81, 95% CI: 1.30-2.52; 1.46, 95% CI: 1.04-2.06; 1.96, 95% CI: 1.38-2.80 and 3.25, 95% CI: 1.97-5.37, respectively), and less likely to adhere to the "fast foods and sweets" (unhealthy) and "traditional Polish" (rather unhealthy) patterns, compared to girls who declared no restrictions. Declared restrictions in the consumption of foods high in sugar, fat, and starch were observed in girls in the "fruit and vegetables" pattern and were uncommon in girls with unhealthy dietary patterns. Although cautious interpretation is needed when considering restrictions in the overall quantity of food consumed, the results indicate that dietary restrictions of sugar, high-fat foods, fats, and starch may be considered predictors of both pro-healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns in the population of Polish girls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland. gregoryg@up.poznan.pl.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Galinski
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 45F, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland. marta.lonnie@uwm.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lonnie
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 45F, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland. joanna.kowalkowska@uwm.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kowalkowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 45F, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland. lidia.wadolowska@uwm.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wadolowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition and Hygiene, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland. jotcezet@up.poznan.pl.
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Czarnocinska
authors.affiliation: Department of Organisation and Consumption Economics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland. marzena_jezewska_zychowicz@sggw.pl.
authors.forename: Marzena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jezewska-Zychowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Trade and Services, Gdynia Maritime University, Morska 81-87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland. zielarz@am.gdynia.pl.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Babicz-Zielinska
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D017195:Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000367:Age Factors; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009752:Nutritional Status; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011044:Poland; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: adolescents; dietary patterns; dietary restrictions; girls; principal component analysis