title: Low kidney uptake of GLP-1R-targeting, beta cell-specific PET tracer,18F-labeled [Nle14,Lys40]exendin-4 analog, shows promise for clinical imaging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several radiometal-labeled, exendin-based tracers that target glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors (GLP-1R) have been intensively explored for β cell imaging. The main obstacle has been the high uptake of tracer in the kidneys. This study aimed to develop a novel GLP1-R-specific tracer, with fluorine-18 attached to exendin-4, to label β cells for clinical imaging with PET (positron emission tomography). We hypothesized that this tracer would undergo reduced kidney uptake.18F-labeled [Nle14,Lys40]exendin-4 analog ([18F]exendin-4) was produced via Cu-catalyzed click chemistry. The biodistribution of [18F]exendin-4 was assessed with ex vivo organ γ-counting and in vivo PET imaging. We also tested the in vivo stability of the radiotracer. The localization of18F radioactivity in rat and human pancreatic tissue sections was investigated with autoradiography. Receptor specificity was assessed with unlabeled exendin-3. Islet labeling was confirmed with immunohistochemistry. The doses of radiation in humans were estimated based on biodistribution results in rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  [18F]exendin-4 was synthesized with high yield and high specific activity. Results showed specific, sustained [18F]exendin-4 uptake in pancreatic islets. In contrast to previous studies that tested radiometal-labeled exendin-based tracers, we observed rapid renal clearance of [18F]exendin-4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  [18F]exendin-4 showed promise as a tracer for clinical imaging of pancreatic β cells, due to its high specific uptake in native β cells and its concomitant low kidney radioactivity uptake.
authors.affiliation: Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. kkmikk@utu.fi.|MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. kkmikk@utu.fi.
authors.forename: Kirsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mikkola
authors.affiliation: Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.|Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Cheng-Bin
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Yim
authors.affiliation: Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lehtiniemi
authors.affiliation: Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.|Division of Digestive Surgery and Urology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Saila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kauhanen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Miikka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tarkia
authors.affiliation: Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.|Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Tuula
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tolvanen
authors.affiliation: Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.|Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Pirjo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nuutila
authors.affiliation: Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.|Accelerator Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.|Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Olof
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Solin
keywords: 18F; Exendin; PET; Pancreas; β cell