title: Intracellular Progesterone Receptor Mediates the Increase in Glioblastoma Growth Induced by Progesterone in the Rat Brain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Progesterone (P) is a steroid hormone involved in the development of several types of cancer including astrocytomas, the most common and malignant brain tumors. We undertook this study to investigate the effects of P on the growth and infiltration of a tumor caused by the xenotransplant of U87 cells derived from a human astrocytoma grade IV (glioblastoma) in the cerebral cortex of male rats and the participation of intracellular progesterone receptor (PR) on these effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight weeks after the implantation of U87 cells in the cerebral cortex, we administered phosphorothioated antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) to silence the expression of PR. This treatment lasted 15 days and was administered at the site of glioblastoma cells implantation using Alzet osmotic pumps. Vehicle (propylene glycol) or P4(400 μg/100 g) was subcutaneously injected for 14 days starting 1 day after the beginning of ODN administration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed that P significantly increased glioblastoma tumor area and infiltration length as compared with vehicle, whereas PR antisense ODNs blocked these effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  P, through the interaction with PR, increases the area and infiltration of a brain tumor formed from the xenotransplant of human glioblastoma-derived U87 cells in the cerebral cortex of the rat.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Germán-Castelán
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Fisiología de la Formación Reticular, Unidad de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Joaquín
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manjarrez-Marmolejo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Aliesha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González-Arenas
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: camachoarroyo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Camacho-Arroyo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D064593:Heterografts; D006801:Humans; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense / Q000494:pharmacology; D011374:Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D011374:Progesterone
keywords: Astrocytoma; Glioblastoma; Progesterone; Progesterone receptor; U87 cells