title: Modulation of urinary siderophores by the diet, gut microbiota and inflammation in mice.
abstract: Mammalian siderophores are believed to play a critical role in maintaining iron homeostasis. However, the properties and functions of mammalian siderophores have not been fully clarified. In this study, we have employed Chrome Azurol S (CAS) assay which is a well-established method for bacterial siderophores study, to detect and quantify mammalian siderophores in urine samples. Our study demonstrates that siderophores in urine can be altered by diet, gut microbiota and inflammation. C57BL/6 mice, fed on plant-based chow diets which contain numerous phytochemicals, have more siderophores in the urine compared to those fed on purified diets. Urinary siderophores were up-regulated in iron overload conditions, but not altered by other tested nutrients status. Further, germ-free mice displayed 50% reduced urinary siderophores, in comparison to conventional mice, indicating microbiota biotransformation is critical in generating or stimulating host metabolism to create more siderophores. Altered urinary siderophores levels during inflammation suggest that host health conditions influence systemic siderophores level. This is the first report to measure urinary siderophores as a whole, describing how siderophores levels are modulated under different physiological conditions. We believe that our study opens up a new field in mammalian siderophores research and the technique we used in a novel manner has the potential to be applied to clinical purpose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
authors.forename: Beng San
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Yeoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
authors.forename: Piu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
authors.forename: Vishal
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033. Electronic address: mvk13@psu.edu.
authors.forename: Matam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vijay-Kumar
mesh_terms: D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000652:urine*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000652:urine*; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D005856:Germ-Free Life; D000071020:Hemochromatosis Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019190:Iron Overload / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000652:urine*; D000071068:Lipocalin-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000652:urine; D012643:Selenium / Q000172:deficiency / Q000276:immunology / Q000506:poisoning; D017262:Siderophores / Q000652:urine*; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000071020:Hemochromatosis Protein; C499535:Hfe protein, mouse; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D017262:Siderophores; C071332:Lcn2 protein, mouse; D012643:Selenium
keywords: Antibiotics; Gut bacteria; Hypoferremia; Iron chelation; Iron toxicity; Purified diets