title: Lipid Emulsion Inhibits Apoptosis Induced by a Toxic Dose of Verapamil via the Delta-Opioid Receptor in H9c2 Rat Cardiomyoblasts.
abstract: The goals of this study were to investigate the effects of lipid emulsion (LE) on apoptosis induced by a toxic dose of verapamil in H9c2 cells and to elucidate the associated cellular mechanism. The effects of LE alone and combined with an inhibitor on the decreases in cell counts and viability induced by verapamil and diltiazem were examined using the MTT assay. The effects of verapamil alone, combined LE and verapamil treatment, and combined inhibitor, LE and verapamil treatment on cleaved caspase-3, caspase-8 and Bax expression, were examined using Western blotting. The effects of verapamil alone and combined with LE on the number of TUNEL-positive H9c2 cells were also examined. LE attenuated the decreases in cell counts and viability induced by verapamil and diltiazem. However, the magnitude of the LE-mediated attenuation of decreased cell viability was enhanced by verapamil compared with diltiazem treatment. Naloxone, naltrindole hydrochloride, LY294002 and MK-2206 inhibited the LE-mediated attenuation of increased cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-8 expression induced by verapamil. LE attenuated the increase in the number of TUNEL-positive cell induced by verapamil. These results suggest that LE attenuates apoptosis induced by verapamil via activation of the delta-opioid receptor, phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Akt.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, 79 Gangnam-ro, Jinju-si, 52727, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seong-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ok
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, 79 Gangnam-ro, Jinju-si, 52727, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Mun Hwan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, 79 Gangnam-ro, Jinju-si, 52727, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Il-Woo
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju-si, 52727, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soo Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju-si, 52727, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sebin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju-si, 52727, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jiah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Changwon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong Yeol
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, 79 Gangnam-ro, Jinju-si, 52727, Republic of Korea. jtsohn@nongae.gsnu.ac.kr.|Institutes of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Republic of Korea. jtsohn@nongae.gsnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Ju-Tae
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Sohn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004655:Emulsions / Q000494:pharmacology; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous / Q000494:pharmacology*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000819:agonists* / Q000502:physiology; D013024:Soybean Oil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014700:Verapamil / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D005217:Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; D010743:Phospholipids; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; C545823:soybean oil, phospholipid emulsion; D013024:Soybean Oil; D014700:Verapamil
keywords: Apoptosis; Delta-opioid receptor; H9c2 cells; Lipid emulsion; Verapamil