title: Molecular characterization and evaluation of the emerging antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes from eastern India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Group A Streptococcus strains causing wide variety of diseases, recently became noticeable in eastern India, are not amenable to standard treatment protocol thus enhancing the possibility of disease morbidity by becoming antibiotic resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  The association of Lancefield group A Streptococcal variation with degree of vir architectural diversity was evaluated using emm typing and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses. The antibiotic sensitivity patterns were examined by modified Kirby-Bauer method of disk diffusion. Percentage calculations, 95% confidence interval and one-way ANOVA were used to assess differences in proportions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our observations revealed 20 different emm types and 13 different HaeIII vir typing patterns. A 1.2 kb fragment was found in all HaeIII typing pattern. Fragments of 1.2 kb and 550 bp were conserved in majority of the isolates. HinfI digestion was found proficient in differentiating the strains of same vir typing patterns. Strong predominance of speC (85%) and speF (80%) genes have been observed encoding exotoxins production. 4 isolates were found to be erythromycin resistant and were of genotype emm49. High degree of tetracycline resistance was shown by 53.57% isolates which belonged to 12 different emm genotypes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggested that in addition to emm typing, sequential application of HaeIII and HinfI restriction enzymes in vir typing analysis is an effective tool for group A streptococcal molecular characterization associated with antibiotic resistance.
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Research Wing, Department of Biochemistry, Dr. B C Roy Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), 244B, A J C Bose Road, Kolkata, 700020, India. rdipanwita8@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dipanwita
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.affiliation: Nil Ratan Sarkar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India.
authors.forename: Somnath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saha
authors.affiliation: The West Bengal University of Health Sciences, Kolkata, India.
authors.forename: Sukanta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.affiliation: Nil Ratan Sarkar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, India.
authors.forename: Nishith Kumar
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Research Wing, Department of Biochemistry, Dr. B C Roy Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), 244B, A J C Bose Road, Kolkata, 700020, India. bbasudev@rediffmail.com.|Health and Family Welfare Department, Directorate of Medical Education, Government of Tripura, 799001, Agartala, Tripura, India. bbasudev@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Basudev
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005098:Exotoxins / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D058889:Molecular Typing; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005098:Exotoxins; C027951:erythrogenic toxin; D004917:Erythromycin
keywords: Antibiotic sensitivity patterns; Exotoxin gene; Restriction enzyme digestion; Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS); Virulence regulon; emm typing; vir typing