title: Technical and Clinical Considerations for Facial Feminization Surgery With Rhinoplasty and Related Procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Together with the forehead reconstruction, feminization of the nose is one of the most common procedures in facial feminization surgery. Rhinoplasty surgical techniques, which provide correct support and stability in the midterm to long term, are essential for obtaining a predictable result.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report on the technical and clinical considerations of rhinoplasty and related procedures to feminize the nose, harmonize the nose in relation to the other modified structures (mainly the forehead and maxillomandibular complex), and achieve an aesthetic result beyond gender differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series study of feminization rhinoplasties, in combination with lip-lift techniques, forehead reconstruction, and other procedures, were performed at a private practice between January 11, 2010, and May 29, 2015, in 200 consecutive male-to-female transgender patients. The mean (SD) medical follow-up for patients was 32 (18.84) months (range, 12-77 months). Frontonasal angles were objectively measured. Postoperative and long-term patient satisfaction were assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical analysis and evaluation using the 5-point Nose Feminization Scale, with 1 indicating very masculine or nose is worse and 5 indicating very feminine or exceptional result.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In these 200 patients, the mean (SD) age was 40.2 (12.2) years (range, 18-70 years). The mean (SE) frontonasal angle changed from 133.64° (0.63°) to 149.08° (0.57°) (difference in means, -15.44; 95% CI, -17.12 to -13.76; P < .001). Most patients considered their nose to appear more feminine after the surgery, and the degree of satisfaction after the rhinoplasty was 4 (much better) of 5 points on the Nose Feminization Scale. During the evaluation of feminization rhinoplasties, special attention was given to how the nose relates to other features essential to the identification of facial gender: the forehead and maxillomandibular complex. Emphasis was placed on the midterm to long-term stability of the results by reinforcing the internal structure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this case series of feminization rhinoplasties in combination with lip-lift techniques and forehead reconstruction, frontonasal angles were changed, and patient satisfaction with outcomes was high. The main goal of rhinoplasty in facial feminization surgery is to obtain feminine nasal features and the harmonization of the nose with the rest of the face. Lip-lifts and frontonasal recontouring can complement rhinoplasties associated with facial feminization surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  4.
authors.affiliation: FACIALTEAM Surgical Group, Marbella High Care International Hospital, Marbella, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Raúl J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bellinga
authors.affiliation: FACIALTEAM Surgical Group, Marbella High Care International Hospital, Marbella, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Capitán
authors.affiliation: FACIALTEAM Surgical Group, Marbella High Care International Hospital, Marbella, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: FACIALTEAM Surgical Group, Marbella High Care International Hospital, Marbella, Málaga, Spain.
authors.forename: Thiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tenório
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004954:Esthetics; D005262:Feminization; D005546:Forehead / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000379:methods*; D063106:Transgender Persons; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D005260:Female