title: Morningness-eveningness in a large sample of German adolescents and adults.
abstract: People differ in their sleep-wake behavior. This individual difference is conceptualized in different aspects, such as wake up times, bed times, times of peak performance, as well as in morning affect. A total of 14,987 visitors of an exhibition in the LWL State Museum of Natural History, Münster (Germany), did the survey on chronotype and gave their consent that these data can be used for a scientific study. Age groups were coded into 5-year bins. Mean age (mean ± SD) was 28.2 ± 17.5 years. There were 8075 females (54%) and 6912 males in the sample. The German version of the rMEQ (reduced Morningness-Eveningness-Questionnaire) was used for data collection. The data showed clear age effects. Younger children are more morning oriented and become rapidly evening oriented during puberty, while the more attenuated turn towards morningness occurs from the age of 20 years. Then between the ages 25 to 30 morningness-eveningness remained rather stable. Significant gender differences existed in the reproductive age, i.e., the age groups 20 to 50 (corresponding to the age 16-50 years). In other age groups, no gender differences could be detected. Seasonal effects were also found. Chronotype score was lowest during the summer months (and more evening oriented). Based on the single item analysis of the five questions of the rMEQ, we found age group differences in all items. Gender differences occurred in all items except item 1, which deals with the preferred wake-up time. Men always scored significantly lower (i.e. more evening oriented) than women except in item 2 (tiredness after awakening). Seasonal effects were only significant in item 3, which is related to preferred bed times. People showed a later bed time preference during summer. The classification of chronotypes according to the cut-off scores provided by Adan and Almirall (1991) and by using the 20/80 percentile provided identical cut-off scores (values of 11 and below for evening types and 18 and above for morning types).
authors.affiliation: University of Tuebingen, Department of Biology, Auf der Morgenstelle 24, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Randler
authors.affiliation: LWL-Museum für Naturkunde (LWL State Museum of Natural History), Münster, Sentruper Str. 285, D-48161 Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Freyth-Weber
authors.affiliation: University of Tuebingen, Department of Biology, Auf der Morgenstelle 24, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahafar
authors.affiliation: LWL-Museum für Naturkunde (LWL State Museum of Natural History), Münster, Sentruper Str. 285, D-48161 Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Florez Jurado
authors.affiliation: LWL-Museum für Naturkunde (LWL State Museum of Natural History), Münster, Sentruper Str. 285, D-48161 Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan Ole
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Kriegs
keywords: Developmental Biology; Psychology