title: Iodine status of pregnant women in South Australia after mandatory iodine fortification of bread and the recommendation for iodine supplementation.
abstract: Mandatory iodine fortification of bread was introduced in 2009 in Australia in response to the reemergence of iodine deficiency. The aim of this study was to assess iodine intake, urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and their correlation in pregnant women (n = 783) recruited from South Australia 2 years following mandatory iodine fortification. Total iodine intake (food and supplements) and UIC were assessed at study entry (<20 weeks') and at 28 weeks' gestation. Mean (±SD) total iodine intake at study entry and 28 weeks' gestation was 307 ± 128 μg/day and 300 ± 127 μg/day, respectively. Overall, 85.9% of women met the estimated average intake (≥160 μg/day) for iodine in pregnancy, but only 44.5% met the estimated average intake from food alone. The main food sources of iodine were dairy foods and iodine-fortified bread. Median (interquartile range) UIC at study entry and 28 weeks' gestation was 189 μg/L and 172 μg/L, respectively. At study entry, median UIC was higher in women taking supplements containing iodine ≥150 μg/day compared with those containing iodine <150 μg/day (221 μg/L vs. 163 μg/L, p = .003) and those not taking supplements containing iodine (221 μg/L vs. 159 μg/L, p < .001). At 28 weeks' gestation, the median UIC for the groups was 187, 152 and 141 μg/L, respectively (each of the two comparisons yielded p < .001). Total iodine intake (food and supplements) from all women was positively, though weakly, correlated with UIC (r = .23, p < .001). In conclusion, pregnant women in South Australia are iodine sufficient postmandatory iodine fortification of bread. However, without iodine supplementation, it may be difficult to achieve a UIC >150 μg/L.
authors.affiliation: Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.|Deakin University, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Geelong, Australia.|Deakin University, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (I-PAN), Geelong, Australia.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Condo
authors.affiliation: FOOD plus Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Dao
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huyhn
authors.affiliation: Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.|Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skeaff
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.affiliation: Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.|Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.|School of Paediatrics & Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makrides
authors.affiliation: Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.|FOOD plus Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Beverly S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Mühlhaüsler
authors.affiliation: Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.|FOOD plus Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Shao J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001939:Bread; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000652:urine*; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances; D018401:Sample Size; D013021:South Australia; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007455:Iodine
keywords: UIC; iodine fortification; iodine status; pregnancy; supplements