title: Who is at risk of chronic disease? Associations between risk profiles of physical activity, sitting and cardio-metabolic disease in Australian adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the associations of physical activity (PA) and sitting time (sit) with cardio-metabolic diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data from the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2011-2012 (n=9,435) were used to classify adults into low and high risk groups based on their physical activity and sitting behaviour profiles. Logistic regression models examined associations between low and high risk classifications (high PA-low sit; high PA-high sit; low PA-low sit; low PA-high sit;) and socio-demographic factors, and associations between low and high risk classifications and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These results characterise chronic disease risk based on both physical activity and sitting behaviour. Adults with the highest risk lifestyle behaviour pattern (low PA-high sit) tended to be middle aged, male, at greater social disadvantage, smoke, report fair health, be abdominally obese and employed in administrative and driver occupations. These individuals had a substantially greater risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome (OR=1.41, 95% CI 1.13, 1.75; OR= 2.37, 95% CI 1.63, 3.45, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings highlight the importance of both sufficient physical activity and low sitting time for cardio-metabolic health. Implications for public health: Primary prevention focus should consider physical activity and reduced sitting time as well as provision of relevant advice for cardio-metabolic health.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales.|Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, New South Wales.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Engelen
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales.|Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, New South Wales.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gale
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales.|Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, New South Wales.
authors.forename: Josephine Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales.|Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, New South Wales.
authors.forename: Louise L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mackey
authors.affiliation: Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales.|Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, University of Sydney, New South Wales.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales.
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shirley
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales.|Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, New South Wales.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bauman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D009790:Occupations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: cardiovascular disease; metabolic syndrome; physical activity; population surveys; prevention; sitting time