title: Use of electric field sensors for recording respiration, heart rate, and stereotyped motor behaviors in the rodent home cage.
abstract: Numerous environmental and genetic factors can contribute significantly to behavioral and cardiorespiratory variability observed experimentally. Affordable technologies that allow for noninvasive home cage capture of physio-behavioral variables should enhance understanding of inter-animal variability including after experimental interventions.
  
  
  
  We assessed whether EPIC electric field sensors (Plessey Semiconductors) embedded within or attached externally to a rodent's home cage could accurately record respiration, heart rate, and motor behaviors.
  
  
  
  Current systems for quantification of behavioral variables require expensive specialty equipment, while measures of respiratory and heart rate are often provided by surgically implanted or chronically affixed devices.
  
  
  
  Sensors accurately encoded imposed sinusoidal changes in electric field tested at frequencies ranging from 0.5-100Hz. Mini-metronome arm movements were easily detected, but response magnitude was highly distance dependent. Sensors accurately reported respiration during whole-body plethysmography. In anesthetized rodents, PVC tube-embedded sensors provided accurate mechanical detection of both respiratory and heart rate. Comparable success was seen in naturally behaving animals at rest or sleeping when sensors were attached externally. Video-verified motor behaviors (sniffing, grooming, chewing, and rearing) were detectable and largely separable by their characteristic voltage fluctuations. Larger movement-related events had comparably larger voltage dynamics that easily allowed for a broad approximation of overall motor activity. Spectrograms were used to quickly depict characteristic frequencies in long-lasting recordings, while filtering and thresholding software allowed for detection and quantification of movement-related physio-behavioral events.
  
  
  
  EPIC electric field sensors provide a means for affordable non-contact home cage detection of physio-behavioral variables.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 30322 Atlanta, GA, United States.
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 30322 Atlanta, GA, United States.
authors.forename: Camden J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: MacDowell
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 30322 Atlanta, GA, United States.
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McKinnon
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 30322 Atlanta, GA, United States.
authors.forename: Tamra I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Neblett
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 30322 Atlanta, GA, United States.
authors.forename: William N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Goolsby
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 30322 Atlanta, GA, United States. Electronic address: shochm2@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Shawn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hochman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012119:Respiration; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013239:Stereotyped Behavior / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Activity levels; Behavioral monitoring; Electric field sensors; Heart rate; Respiration