title: What next after basal insulin? Treatment intensification with lixisenatide in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: There is increasing evidence that the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Asian patients differs from that in Western patients, with early phase insulin deficiencies, increased postprandial glucose excursions, and increased sensitivity to insulin. Asian patients may also experience higher rates of gastrointestinal adverse events associated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), such as nausea and vomiting, compared with their Western counterparts. These factors should be taken into consideration when selecting therapy for basal insulin treatment intensification in Asian patients. However, the majority of studies to establish various agents for treatment intensification in T2DM have been conducted in predominantly Western populations, and the levels of evidence available in Chinese or Asian patients are limited. This review discusses the different mechanisms of action of short-acting, prandial, and long-acting GLP-1RAs in addressing hyperglycemia, and describes the rationale and available clinical data for basal insulin in combination with the short-acting prandial GLP-1RA lixisenatide, with a focus on treatment of Asian patients with T2DM.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Qualigenics Diabetes Centre, Hong Kong, SAR China.
authors.forename: Wing B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR China.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luk
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR China.
authors.forename: Wing S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Our Lady of Maryknoll Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR China.
authors.forename: Vincent T F
authors.initials: VTF
authors.lastname: Yeung
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002681:China; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010455:Peptides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019518:Postprandial Period; D000067758:Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Receptor
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D010455:Peptides; C479460:lixisenatide; D000067758:Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Receptor
keywords: 2型糖尿病; insulin; lixisenatide; type 2 diabetes mellitus; 利西那肽; 胰岛素