title: Carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-product formation from algal organic matter.
abstract: Seasonal algal blooms in drinking water sources release intracellular and extracellular algal organic matter (AOM) in significant concentrations into the water. This organic matter provides precursors for disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed when the water is subsequently chlorinated at the final disinfection stage of the potable water treatment process. This paper presents results of AOM characterisation from five algal species (three cyanobacteria, one diatom and one green) alongside the measurement of the DBP formation potential from the AOM of six algal species (an additional diatom). The character was explored in terms of hydrophilicity, charge and protein and carbohydrate content. 18 DBPs were measured following chlorination of the AOM samples: the four trihalomethanes (THMs), nine haloacetic acids (HAAs), four haloacetonitriles (HANs) and one halonitromethane (HNM). The AOM was found to be mainly hydrophilic (52 and 81%) in nature. Yields of up to 92.4 μg mg-1C carbonaceous DBPs were measured, with few consistent trends between DBP formation propensity and either the specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) or the chemical characteristics. The AOM from diatomaceous algae formed significant amounts of nitrogenous DBPs (up to 1.7 μg mg-1C). The weak trends in DBPFP may be attributable to the hydrophilic nature of AOM, which also makes it more challenging to remove by conventional water treatment processes.
authors.affiliation: Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds, MK43 0AL, UK. Electronic address: e.h.goslan@cranfield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Emma H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Goslan
authors.affiliation: EGIS Environnement, 15 Avenue du Centre, CS 20538, Guyancourt, 78286, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seigle
authors.affiliation: Australian Institute of Marine Science, North Australian Marine Research Alliance, PO Box 41775, Casuarina MC, Casuarina, 0811, Northern Territory, Australia.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Purcell
authors.affiliation: University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.affiliation: Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds, MK43 0AL, UK.
authors.forename: Simon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.affiliation: Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds, MK43 0AL, UK.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jefferson
authors.affiliation: Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds, MK43 0AL, UK; Gas Processing Center, Qatar University, Qatar.
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Judd
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry; D017377:Diatoms / Q000378:metabolism*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry; D054879:Halogenation; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D046931:Microcystis / Q000378:metabolism; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D044444:Scenedesmus / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000032:analysis*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D060766:Drinking Water; D022882:Trihalomethanes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002713:Chlorine; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Algae; Characterisation; Haloacetic acids; Haloacetonitriles; Trihalomethanes