title: Achilles tendon morphology, plantar flexors torque and passive ankle stiffness in spastic hemiparetic stroke survivors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The present study compared the Achilles tendon morphological characteristics, plantar flexor toque and passive ankle stiffness between hemiparetic spastic stroke survivors and healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Achilles tendon length was measured at the affected and contralateral limbs of twelve hemiparetic stroke survivors with ankle spasticity and twelve healthy subjects. The ankle was held at three different angles (20° plantar flexion, 0° and maximum dorsiflexion) while an ultrasound system was used to capture images from the Achilles tendon. Active and passive plantar flexor torque production was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in tendon length and Achilles tendon complacency between stroke survivors [affected limb: 20.8 (1.59) cm at 0° and 0.11 (0.09) cm/N; contralateral limb: 20.8 (1.7) cm at 0° and 0.12 (0.08) cm/N] and healthy subjects [20 (2.78) cm at 0° and 0.15 (0.1) cm/N]. The contralateral limb was stronger than the affected limb, while healthy participants presented larger active torque in relation to stroke survivors. There was no significant difference in passive ankle stiffness between the affected [0.43 (0.08) N/°] and the contralateral limb [0.40 (0.11) N/°], but affected limb was significantly stiffer than the healthy subjects [0.32 (0.07) N/°].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The larger passive torque and ankle joint stiffness from stroke survivors with similar Achilles tendon length compared to healthy subjects seem to be unrelated to tendon extensibility.
authors.affiliation: Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Exercise Research Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: freire.brunobolla@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Freire
authors.affiliation: Exercise Research Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Physical Education Course, Faculty of Serra Gaúcha, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Caroline Pieta
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: Exercise Research Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Natália Batista Albuquerque
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Goulart
authors.affiliation: Exercise Research Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila Dias
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: de Castro
authors.affiliation: Neurology Service, São Lucas Hospital, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jefferson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Biomedical Gerontology and Neurology Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Irênio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Exercise Research Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marco Aurélio
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vaz
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000842:Ankle / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010291:Paresis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications*; D017741:Survivors; D019415:Torque; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Dynamometer; Muscle spasticity; Muscle strength; Tendons; Ultrasonography