title: The impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the bacterial microbiome of activated sludge systems.
abstract: The expected growth in nanomaterial applications could result in increased amounts of nanoparticles entering municipal sewer systems, eventually ending up in wastewater treatment plants and therefore negatively affecting microbial populations and biological nutrient removal. The aim of this study was to ascertain the impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO) on the bacterial microbiome of an activated sludge system. A metagenomic approach combined with the latest generation Illumina MiSeq platform and RDP pipeline tools were used to identify and classify the bacterial microbiome of the sludge. Results revealed a drastic decrease in the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from 27 737 recovered in the nZnO-free sample to 23 743, 17 733, and 13 324 OTUs in wastewater samples exposed to various concentrations of nZnO (5, 10 and 100 mg/L nZnO, respectively). These represented 12 phyla, 21 classes, 30 orders, 54 families and 51 genera, completely identified at each taxonomic level in the control samples; 7-15-25-28-20 for wastewater samples exposed to 5 mg/L nZnO; 9-15-24-31-23 for those exposed to 10 mg/L and 7-11-19-26-17 for those exposed 100 mg/L nZnO. A large number of sequences could not be assigned to specific taxa, suggesting a possibility of novel species to be discovered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Meli
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kamika
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Keshri
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
authors.forename: M N B
authors.initials: MNB
authors.lastname: Momba
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D056186:Metagenomics; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000382:microbiology; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater; D015034:Zinc Oxide