title: Egg Hatch Rate and Nymphal Survival of the Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) After Exposure to Insecticide Sprays.
abstract: Few studies have addressed the efficacy of insecticides used against eggs and first-instar nymphs of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Insect eggs are often resistant to insecticides; therefore, information on which products are effective is important. We evaluated the efficacy of four commonly used insecticide sprays applied directly to bed bug eggs. We also evaluated the efficacy of these insecticides to first-instar nymphs exposed to residuals resulting from directly spraying eggs. Temprid SC (beta-cyfluthrin, imidacloprid) was the most effective insecticide at preventing egg hatch (13% hatch rate) for pyrethroid-resistant, field-strain (Jersey City) bed bugs compared with a control (water [99% hatch rate]), Bedlam (MGK-264, sumithrin [84% hatch rate]), Demand CS (lambda-cyhalothrin [91% hatch rate]), and Phantom SC (chlorfenapyr [95% hatch rate]). Demand CS and Temprid SC were most effective at preventing egg hatch (0%) for an insecticide-susceptible (Harold Harlan) strain, followed by Bedlam (28%). Phantom SC produced a hatch rate similar to the control (97% and 96%, respectively). Harold Harlan-strain nymphs showed 100% survival for the control but 0% survival for Bedlam and Phantom SC. Jersey City-strain nymphs showed 100% survival for the control, 99% survival for Bedlam, 0% survival for Demand CS, 4% survival for Phantom SC, and 38% survival for Temprid SC. Demand CS was less effective at preventing hatch (91% hatch rate) of Jersey City-strain nymphs but was the only product to kill all nymphs (0% survival). One of the least effective products for preventing Jersey City-strain egg hatch (Phantom SC, 95% hatch rate) was the second most effective at killing nymphs, leaving only six of 141 alive. These findings indicate that survival of directly sprayed eggs and residually exposed, first-instar nymphs varies by strain, life stage, and product used.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0310 (krhinso@g.clemson.edu; ebenson@clemson.edu; pzngl@clemson.edu; brittar@g.clemson.edu).
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Hinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0310 (krhinso@g.clemson.edu; ebenson@clemson.edu; pzngl@clemson.edu; brittar@g.clemson.edu) ebenson@clemson.edu.
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0310 (krhinso@g.clemson.edu; ebenson@clemson.edu; pzngl@clemson.edu; brittar@g.clemson.edu).
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Zungoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0310 (wbrdgs@clemson.edu).
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Bridges
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0310 (krhinso@g.clemson.edu; ebenson@clemson.edu; pzngl@clemson.edu; brittar@g.clemson.edu).
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Ellis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001511:Bedbugs; D007093:Imidazoles; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides; D008136:Longevity / Q000187:drug effects; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D009758:Nymph; D010063:Ovum; D011722:Pyrethrins
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D011722:Pyrethrins; C082359:imidacloprid; C436643:chlorfenapyr
keywords: Cimex; Cimicidae; urban pest