title: Silver nanoparticles and dissolved silver activate contrasting immune responses and stress-induced heat shock protein expression in sea urchin.
abstract: Using immune cells of sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis in early development as a model, the cellular protective mechanisms against ionic and poly(allylamine)-coated silver nanoparticle (AgNPs; 14 ± 6 nm) treatments at 100 μg L-1were investigated. Oxidative stress, heat shock protein expression, and pigment production by spherulocytes were determined as well as AgNP translocation pathways and their multiple effects on circulating coelomocytes. Sea urchins showed an increasing resilience to Ag over time because ionic Ag is accumulated in a steady way, although nanoAg levels dropped between 48 h and 96 h. A clotting reaction emerged on tissues injured by dissolved Ag (present as chloro-complexes in seawater) between 12 h and 48 h. Silver contamination and nutritional state influenced the production of reactive oxygen species. After passing through coelomic sinuses and gut, AgNPs were found in coelomocytes. Inside blood vessels, apoptosis-like processes appeared in coelomocytes highly contaminated by poly(allylamine)-coated AgNPs. Increasing levels of Ag accumulated by urchins once exposed to AgNPs pointed to a Trojan-horse mechanism operating over 12-d exposure. However, under short-term treatments, physical interactions of poly(allylamine)-coated AgNPs with cell structures might be, at some point, predominant and responsible for the highest levels of stress-related proteins detected. The present study is the first report detailing nano-translocation in a marine organism and multiple mechanisms by which sea urchin cells can deal with toxic AgNPs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1872-1886. © 2016 SETAC.
authors.affiliation: Institut de sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magesky
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ciro A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: de Oliveira Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Département des sciences des aliments, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beaulieu
authors.affiliation: Institut de sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Émilien
authors.initials: É
authors.lastname: Pelletier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010316:Particle Size; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000032:analysis; D011073:Polyamines / Q000737:chemistry; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012617:Sea Urchins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013053:Spectrophotometry
chemical_list: D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D011073:Polyamines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C063994:polyallylamine; D012834:Silver
keywords: Heat shock protein; Ionic silver toxicity; Nano-translocation; Sea urchin immune cell; Silver nanoparticle toxicity