title: A conceptual framework for a long-term economic model for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Models incorporating long-term outcomes (LTOs) are not available to assess the health economic impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Develop a conceptual modelling framework capable of assessing long-term economic impact of ADHD therapies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature was reviewed; a conceptual structure for the long-term model was outlined with attention to disease characteristics and potential impact of treatment strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proposed model has four layers: i) multi-state short-term framework to differentiate between ADHD treatments; ii) multiple states being merged into three core health states associated with LTOs; iii) series of sub-models in which particular LTOs are depicted; iv) outcomes collected to be either used directly for economic analyses or translated into other relevant measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This conceptual model provides a framework to assess relationships between short- and long-term outcomes of the disease and its treatment, and to estimate the economic impact of ADHD treatments throughout the course of the disease.
authors.affiliation: a Syreon Research Institute , Budapest , Hungary.|b Department of Health Policy and Health Economics , Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) , Budapest , Hungary.
authors.forename: Balázs
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.affiliation: c Global HEOR & Epidemiology, Shire , Wayne , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Setyawan
authors.affiliation: d Division of Neuroscience , Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School , Dundee , UK.|e Departments of Paediatrics and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences , University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coghill
authors.affiliation: a Syreon Research Institute , Budapest , Hungary.
authors.forename: Tamás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Soroncz-Szabó
authors.affiliation: a Syreon Research Institute , Budapest , Hungary.|b Department of Health Policy and Health Economics , Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) , Budapest , Hungary.
authors.forename: Zoltán
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7762-2607
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kaló
authors.affiliation: f Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA.|g Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Jalpa A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Doshi
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000191:economics* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D018803:Models, Economic; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: ADHD; ADHD therapy; conceptual model framework; long-term disease outcomes; long-term model