title: Microbiota metabolite short-chain fatty acid acetate promotes intestinal IgA response to microbiota which is mediated by GPR43.
abstract: Intestinal IgA, which is regulated by gut microbiota, has a crucial role in maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and in protecting the intestines from inflammation. However, the means by which microbiota promotes intestinal IgA responses remain unclear. Emerging evidence suggests that the host can sense gut bacterial metabolites in addition to pathogen-associated molecular patterns and that recognition of these small molecules influences host immune response in the intestines and beyond. We reported here that microbiota metabolite short-chain fatty acid acetate promoted intestinal IgA responses, which was mediated by "metabolite-sensing" GPR43. GPR43-/-mice demonstrated lower levels of intestinal IgA and IgA+gut bacteria compared with those in wild type (WT) mice. Feeding WT but not GPR43-/-mice acetate but not butyrate promoted intestinal IgA response independent of T cells. Acetate promoted B-cell IgA class switching and IgA production in vitro in the presence of WT but not GPR43-/-dendritic cells (DCs). Mechanistically, acetate-induced DC expression of Aldh1a2, which converts Vitamin A into its metabolite retinoic acid (RA). Moreover, blockade of RA signaling inhibited the acetate induction of B-cell IgA production. Our studies thus identified a new pathway by which microbiota promotes intestinal IgA response through its metabolites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.|Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.|Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.|Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cong
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000080924:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family; D000818:Animals; D002087:Butyrates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D064307:Microbiota / Q000276:immunology*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D050697:Retinal Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000378:metabolism; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D002087:Butyrates; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; C506481:Ffar2 protein, mouse; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D014801:Vitamin A; D014212:Tretinoin; D000080924:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family; C545372:ALDH1A2 protein, human; D050697:Retinal Dehydrogenase