title: Carotenoids and carotenoid esters of orange- and yellow-fleshed mamey sapote (Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn) fruit and their post-prandial absorption in humans.
abstract: Although different genotypes of mamey sapote with distinct pulp colors are consumed in countries from Central to South America, in-depth knowledge on genotype-related differences of their carotenoid profile is lacking. Since the fruit was found to contain the potentially vitamin A-active keto-carotenoids sapotexanthin and cryptocapsin, we sought to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the carotenoid profile of different genotypes by HPLC-DAD-MSn. Sapotexanthin and cryptocapsin were present in all genotypes. Keto-carotenoids such as cryptocapsin, capsoneoxanthin, and their esters were most abundant in orange-fleshed fruit, whereas several carotenoid epoxides prevailed in yellow-fleshed fruit. Differing carotenoid profiles were associated with different color hues of the fruit pulp, while the widely variable carotenoid content (3.7-8.0mg/100gFW) was mainly reflected by differences in color intensity (chroma C∗). Furthermore, the post-prandial absorption of sapotexanthin to human plasma was proven for the first time. Besides sapotexanthin, cryptocapsin was found to be resorbed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany. Electronic address: tania.chacon@uni-hohenheim.de.
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chacón-Ordóñez
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany. Electronic address: ralf.schweiggert@uni-hohenheim.de.
authors.forename: Ralf M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Schweiggert
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany. Electronic address: Anja.Bosy-Westphal@uni-hohenheim.de.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bosy-Westphal
authors.affiliation: CIGRAS, University of Costa Rica, 2060, San Pedro, Costa Rica; Food Security Center, University of Hohenheim, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany. Electronic address: victor.jimenez@ucr.ac.cr.
authors.forename: Víctor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chair Plant Foodstuff Technology and Analysis, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany; Biological Science Department, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80257, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: reinhold.carle@uni-hohenheim.de.
authors.forename: Reinhold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carle
authors.affiliation: School of Food Technology, University of Costa Rica, 2060 San Pedro, Costa Rica. Electronic address: patricia.esquivel@ucr.ac.cr.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Esquivel
mesh_terms: D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D032132:Pouteria / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D002338:Carotenoids
keywords: Bioavailability; Capsanthin-5,6-epoxide (PubChem CID: 25244605); Capsoneoxanthin (PubChem CID: 101078504); Carotenoids; Cryptocapsin; Cryptocapsin (PubChem CID: 14515709); Cryptoxanthin-5,6,5′,6′-diepoxide (PubChem CID: 21587178); Cryptoxanthin-5,6-epoxide (PubChem CID: 23256985); Keto-carotenoids; Luteoxanthin (PubChem CID: 12112747); Mamey sapote; Neoxanthin (PubChem CID: 5281247); Provitamin A; Sapotexanthin; Sapotexanthin (PubChem CID: 51042208); Violaxanthin (PubChem CID: 448438); β-carotene-5,6-epoxide (PubChem CID: 5281231)