title: Urinary incontinence and its management in patients aged 65 and older in orthopaedic care - what nursing and rehabilitation staff know and do.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe what nursing and rehabilitation staff know and do with regard to urinary incontinence and risk of urinary incontinence in patients 65 years or older undergoing hip surgery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Urinary incontinence is a common but often neglected issue for older people. Despite the existence of evidence-based guidelines on how to assess, manage and prevent urinary incontinence, there are indications that these guidelines are not applied in hospital care.
  
  
  METHODS
  A qualitative study with descriptive design was conducted in two orthopaedic units.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-six interviews and 36 observations of care were conducted from January-October 2014 and analysed with qualitative content analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Enrolled nurses performed most of the care related to bladder function, with focus on urinary catheterisation and preventing urinary tract infection and urinary retention. Registered nurses' role in urinary matters mainly comprised documentation, while the rehabilitation staff focused on making it possible for the patient to be independent in toileting. The nursing staff considered urinary incontinence a common condition for older people and that it was convenient for the patients to have an indwelling catheter or incontinence pad/pant, although they acknowledged some of the risks associated with these procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urinary incontinence is not a priority in orthopaedic care, and urinary incontinence guidelines are not applied. Further, attitudes and actions are mainly characterised by a lack of urinary incontinence knowledge and the nursing and rehabilitation staff do not take a team approach to preventing and managing urinary incontinence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increased focus on knowledge on urinary incontinence and evidence-based guidelines is needed. To secure evidence-based practice, the team of nursing and rehabilitation staff and managers must be aligned and work actively together, also including the patient in the team.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0460-3864
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hälleberg Nyman
authors.affiliation: School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden.
authors.forename: Henrietta
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Forsman
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ostaszkiewicz
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Society, Department of Care Science, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.|Department of Orthopaedics, Skaane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ami
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hommel
authors.affiliation: School of Education, Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden.|Division of Nursing, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ann Catrine
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Eldh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024802:Nurse's Role; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000451:nursing*; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration; D036301:Qualitative Research; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000451:nursing; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000150:complications / Q000451:nursing*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000517:prevention & control
keywords: evidence-based practice; hip surgery; knowledge implementation; older people; orthopaedic care; urinary incontinence