title: Combining different types of multifunctional liposomes loaded with ammonium bicarbonate to fabricate microneedle arrays as a vaginal mucosal vaccine adjuvant-dual delivery system (VADDS).
abstract: To develop effective mucosal vaccines, two types of multifunctional liposomes, the mannosylated lipid A-liposomes (MLLs) with a size of 200nm and the stealth lipid A-liposomes (SLLs) of 50nm, both loaded with a model antigen and NH4HCO3, were fabricated together into microneedles, forming the proSLL/MLL-constituted microneedle array (proSMMA), which upon rehydration dissolved rapidly recovering the initial MLLs and SLLs. Mice vaccinated with proSMMAs by vaginal mucosa patching other than conventional intradermal administration established robust antigen-specific humoral and cellular immunity at both systemic and mucosal levels, especially, in the reproductive and intestinal ducts. Further exploration demonstrated that the MLLs reconstituted from the administered proSMMAs were mostly taken up by vaginal mucosal dendritic cells, whereas the recovered SLLs trafficked directly to draining lymph nodes wherein to be picked up by macrophages. Moreover, the antigens delivered by either liposomes were also cross-presented for MHC-I displaying by APCs thanks to lysosome escape and ROS (reactive oxygen species) stimulation, both of which occurred when lysosomal acidifying the liposome-released NH4HCO3into CO2and NH4+/NH3to rupture lysosomes by gas expansion and to cause ROS production by excessive ammonia induction, resulting in a mixed Th1/Th2 type response which was also promoted by liposomal lipid A via activation of TLR4. In addition, vaginal vaccination of the engineered HSV2 antigen gD-loaded proSMMAs successfully protected mice from the virus challenge. Thus, the proSMMAs are in fact a vaccine adjuvant-dual delivery system capable of eliciting robust humoral and cellular immunity against the invading pathogens, especially, the sexually transmitted ones.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tun Brook Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Plum Hill Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China.
authors.forename: Yuanyuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China.
authors.forename: Yiguang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Plum Hill Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China.
authors.forename: Xueting
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Plum Hill Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Plum Hill Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China.
authors.forename: Shaohong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Plum Hill Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China. Electronic address: twangcn@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000282:Administration, Intravaginal; D058956:Administration, Mucosal; D000818:Animals; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D008050:Lipid A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D009339:Needles; D014611:Vaccination / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014621:Vagina / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001639:Bicarbonates; D008050:Lipid A; D008081:Liposomes; C027043:ammonium bicarbonate
keywords: Adjuvant system; C-type lectin receptor; Immune response; Microneedle; Toll-like receptor; Vaginal mucosa