title: Exploring the Relationship Between Patient Age and Cancer-Specific Survival in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Rethinking Current Staging Systems.
abstract: Purpose Patient age is considered to play a unique prognostic role in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), with a distinct staging dichotomization at 45 years of age. This is based on older, limited data demonstrating a marked rise in mortality around the ages of 40 to 50 years. We hypothesized that age is associated with compromised survival from cancer, with no cutoff denoting survival difference. Patients and Methods Patients with PTC who had surgery were identified from the SEER database (1998 to 2012). Multivariable proportional hazards modeling utilizing several flexible smoothing approaches were used to examine the association between age and cancer-specific survival (CSS) and to determine whether there is an age cut point that is associated with CSS decrement. Results A total of 31,802 patients with PTC were included. Median age was 45 years (range, 2 to 105 years). Ten-year CSS according to age was as follows: 2 to 19 years, 99.8%; 20 to 29 years, 99.9%; 30 to 39 years, 99.8%; 40 to 49 years, 99.5%; 50 to 59 years, 98.1%; 60 to 69 years, 94.8%; 70 to 79 years, 91.5%; 80 to 89 years, 79.2%; and ≥ 90 years, 73.9%. After adjustment for patient demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics, increasing age was associated with increasing mortality from the disease in a dose-dependent fashion, without an apparent cut point. Each of the smoothing approaches demonstrated a similar linearity of risk over all ages and provided close measures of goodness of fit to the data. Conclusion Patient age is significantly associated with death from PTC in a linear fashion, without an apparent age cut point demarcating survival difference. These results challenge the appropriateness of a patient age cut point in current staging systems for PTC and argue for considering a revision in how we anticipate prognosis for patients with PTC.
authors.affiliation: Mohamed Abdelgadir Adam, Randall P. Scheri, Sanziana A. Roman, and Julie A. Sosa, Duke University Medical Center; Samantha Thomas and Terry Hyslop, Duke University; Julie A. Sosa, Duke Clinical Research Institute; and Samantha Thomas, Terry Hyslop, Sanziana A. Roman, and Julie A. Sosa, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Mohamed Abdelgadir
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.affiliation: Mohamed Abdelgadir Adam, Randall P. Scheri, Sanziana A. Roman, and Julie A. Sosa, Duke University Medical Center; Samantha Thomas and Terry Hyslop, Duke University; Julie A. Sosa, Duke Clinical Research Institute; and Samantha Thomas, Terry Hyslop, Sanziana A. Roman, and Julie A. Sosa, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Samantha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Mohamed Abdelgadir Adam, Randall P. Scheri, Sanziana A. Roman, and Julie A. Sosa, Duke University Medical Center; Samantha Thomas and Terry Hyslop, Duke University; Julie A. Sosa, Duke Clinical Research Institute; and Samantha Thomas, Terry Hyslop, Sanziana A. Roman, and Julie A. Sosa, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hyslop
authors.affiliation: Mohamed Abdelgadir Adam, Randall P. Scheri, Sanziana A. Roman, and Julie A. Sosa, Duke University Medical Center; Samantha Thomas and Terry Hyslop, Duke University; Julie A. Sosa, Duke Clinical Research Institute; and Samantha Thomas, Terry Hyslop, Sanziana A. Roman, and Julie A. Sosa, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Randall P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Scheri
authors.affiliation: Mohamed Abdelgadir Adam, Randall P. Scheri, Sanziana A. Roman, and Julie A. Sosa, Duke University Medical Center; Samantha Thomas and Terry Hyslop, Duke University; Julie A. Sosa, Duke Clinical Research Institute; and Samantha Thomas, Terry Hyslop, Sanziana A. Roman, and Julie A. Sosa, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Sanziana A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.affiliation: Mohamed Abdelgadir Adam, Randall P. Scheri, Sanziana A. Roman, and Julie A. Sosa, Duke University Medical Center; Samantha Thomas and Terry Hyslop, Duke University; Julie A. Sosa, Duke Clinical Research Institute; and Samantha Thomas, Terry Hyslop, Sanziana A. Roman, and Julie A. Sosa, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sosa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018426:SEER Program; D016019:Survival Analysis; D000077273:Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013965:Thyroidectomy / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult