title: Intraperitoneal administration of apigenin in liver ischemia/reperfusion injury protective effects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatic injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a clinical problem associated with major liver surgery. Among other flavonoids, apigenin has shown a promising effect on I/R cases. In this study, we have investigated the effects of apigenin after liver I/R injury in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty eight rats were randomized into the following eight groups: (1) Control-sham group: rats subjected to the surgical procedure, except for liver I/R; (2) DMSO group: rats subjected to surgery, except for liver I/R given the apigenin solvent dimethyl-sulfoxide intraperitoneally; (3) C60 group; (4) C120 group; (5) C240 group: rats underwent liver ischemia for 45 min followed by reperfusion for 60 min, 120 min, and 240 min; (6) AP60 group; (7) AP120 group; (8) AP240 group: rats underwent liver ischemia for 45 min, and then given apigenin (5 mg) intraperitoneally followed by reperfusion for 60 min, 120 min, and 240 min. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed on liver tissues to measure BCL-2/BAX expression, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure M30/M65 and ICAM-1. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify M30 biomarker in liver tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative variables were tested by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, repeated measures analysis of variance/Friedman test. Gene levels were assessed by Student's t-test/Mann-Whitney U-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BCL-2 levels were significantly higher in I/R apigenin groups than in I/R control groups. BAX levels were lower in the AP240 group than in C240 group. Prolongation of reperfusion resulted in increased activation of M30. ICAM-1 levels were lower in the AP240 group than in C240 group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apigenin seems to inhibit the process of apoptosis and ameliorate the hepatic I/R injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, School of Medicine; Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Alexandra K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Tsaroucha
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsiaousidou
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ouzounidis
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Evanthia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tsalkidou
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Histology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lambropoulou
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplant Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giakoustidis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacology, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
authors.forename: Ekaterini
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chatzaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, School of Medicine; Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Konstantinoupoleos, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Constantinos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simopoulos
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D047310:Apigenin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000293:injuries / Q000378:metabolism; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C494828:Bax protein, rat; C000617196:Bcl2 protein, rat; C000609942:ICAM1 protein, rat; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D047310:Apigenin; D000410:Alanine Transaminase