title: Detecting lane departures from steering wheel signal.
abstract: Current lane departure warning systems are video-based and lose data when road- and weather conditions are bad. This study sought to develop a lane departure warning algorithm based on the signal drawn from the steering wheel. The rationale is that a car-based lane departure warning system should be robust regardless of road- and weather conditions. N=34 professional driver students drove in a high-fidelity driving simulator at 80km/h for 55min every third hour during 36h of sustained wakefulness. During each driving session we logged the steering wheel- and lane position signals at 60Hz. To derive the lane position signal, we quantified the transfer function of the simulated vehicle and used it to derive the absolute lane position signal from the steering wheel signal. The Pearson correlation between the derived- and actual lane position signals was r=0.48 (based on 12,000km). Next we designed an algorithm that alerted, up to three seconds before they occurred, about upcoming lane deviations that exceeded 0.2m. The sensitivity of the algorithm was 47% and the specificity was 71%. To our knowledge this exceeds the performance of the current video-based systems.
authors.affiliation: Electronics Research Unit, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandström
authors.affiliation: Electronics Research Unit, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Eetu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lampsijärvi
authors.affiliation: Electronics Research Unit, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Axi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holmström
authors.affiliation: Electronics Research Unit, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maconi
authors.affiliation: Electronics Research Unit, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Shabana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmadzai
authors.affiliation: Electronics Research Unit, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meriläinen
authors.affiliation: Electronics Research Unit, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hæggström
authors.affiliation: Electronics Research Unit, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: Pia.Forsman@ttl.fi.
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Forsman
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001334:Automobile Driving; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012449:Safety
keywords: Forecasting driving performance; High-fidelity driving simulator; Lateral lane deviation; Psychomotor vigilance; Transfer function