title: A cluster-randomized controlled knowledge translation feasibility study in Alberta community pharmacies using the PARiHS framework: study protocol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite evidence of benefit for pharmacist involvement in chronic disease management, the provision of these services in community pharmacy has been suboptimal. The Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARiHS) framework suggests that for knowledge translation to be effective, there must be evidence of benefit, a context conducive to implementation, and facilitation to support uptake. We hypothesize that while the evidence and context components of this framework are satisfied, that uptake into practice has been insufficient because of a lack of facilitation. This protocol describes the rationale and methods of a feasibility study to test a facilitated pharmacy practice intervention based on the PARiHS framework, to assist community pharmacists in increasing the number of formal and documented medication management services completed for patients with diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cluster-randomized before-after design will compare ten pharmacies from within a single organization, with the unit of randomization being the pharmacy. Pharmacies will be randomized to facilitated intervention based on the PARiHS framework or usual practice. The Alberta Context Tool will be used to establish the context of practice in each pharmacy. Pharmacies randomized to the intervention will receive task-focused facilitation from an external facilitator, with the goal of developing alternative team processes to allow the greater provision of medication management services for patients with diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. The primary outcome will be a process evaluation of the needs of community pharmacies to provide more clinical services, the acceptability and uptake of modifications made, and the willingness of pharmacies to participate. Secondary outcomes will include the change in the number of formal and documented medication management services in the aforementioned chronic conditions provided 6 months before, versus after, the intervention between the two groups, and identification of feasible quantitative outcomes for evaluating the effect of the intervention on patient care outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To date, the study has identified and enrolled the ten pharmacies required and initiated the intervention process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study will be the first to examine the role of facilitation in pharmacy practice, with the goal of scalable and sustainable practice change.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT02191111.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Administration, University of Mississippi, 223 Faser Hall, Post Office Box 1848, Mississippi, MS 38677-1848 USA.
authors.forename: Meagen M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.affiliation: University of Alberta, 3rd Floor, Brain and Aging Research Building, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M8 Canada.
authors.forename: Ross T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Tsuyuki
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada.
authors.forename: Sherilyn Kd
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Houle
keywords: Facilitation; Knowledge implementation; Knowledge translation; Pharmacy