title: Individual and mixture effects of five agricultural pesticides on zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae.
abstract: In the present study, we evaluated the individual and mixture toxicities of imidacloprid and other four pesticides (atrazine, chlorpyrifos, butachlor, and λ-cyhalothrin) to the zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae in order to clarify the interactive effects of pesticides on aquatic organisms. Results from the 96-h semi-static toxicity test indicated that chlorpyrifos, λ-cyhalothrin, and butachlor had the highest toxicities to D. rerio with an LC50value ranging from 0.28 (0.13∼0.38) to 0.45 (0.31∼0.59) mg AI L-1, followed by atrazine with an LC50value of 15.63 (10.71∼25.76) mg AI L-1, while imidacloprid exhibited the least toxicity to the organisms with an LC50value of 143.7 (99.98∼221.6) mg AI L-1. Seven pesticide mixtures (two binary mixtures of imidacloprid + atrazine and imidacloprid + λ-cyhalothrin, two ternary mixtures of imidacloprid + atrazine + λ-cyhalothrin and imidacloprid + butachlor + λ-cyhalothrin, two quaternary mixtures of imidacloprid + atrazine + chlorpyrifos + λ-cyhalothrin and imidacloprid + chlorpyrifos + butachlor + λ-cyhalothrin, and one quinquenary mixture of imidacloprid + atrazine + chlorpyrifos + butachlor + λ-cyhalothrin) exhibited synergistic effects with equitoxic ratio and equivalent concentration on the zebrafish. Our results highlighted that the simultaneous presence of several pesticides in the aquatic environment might lead to increased toxicity, causing serious damage to the aquatic ecosystems compared with their individual toxicities. Therefore, the toxic effects of both individual pesticides and their mixtures should be incorporated into the environmental risk evaluation of pesticides.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, China.
authors.forename: Yanhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, China.
authors.forename: Guiling
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310020, China.
authors.forename: Dejiang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, China.
authors.forename: Zhenlan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, China.
authors.forename: Leiming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310021, China. wq13575733860@126.com.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Quality Supervision Division, Zhejiang Provincial Department of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310020, China. yuyijun0806@163.com.
authors.forename: Yijun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010575:Pesticides; C082359:imidacloprid
keywords: Aquatic organism; Ecotoxicology; Imidacloprid; Mixture toxicity