title: Toxicity of nine insecticides on four natural enemies of Spodoptera exigua.
abstract: Spodoptera exigua, which feeds on various crops worldwide, has natural enemies that are susceptible to the insecticides used against S. exigua. We investigate the toxicity and residue risk of 9 insecticides on the development of H. axyridis, C. sinica, S. manilae and T. remus. S. manilae and T. remus adults were sensitive to all 9 insecticides (LC50less than 2.75 mg a.i. liter-1), while H. axyridis and C. sinica adults were less sensitive (LC50between 6 × 10-5mg a.i. liter-1and 78.95 mg a.i. liter-1). Emamectin benzoate, spinosad, indoxacarb, alpha-cypermethrin, chlorfenapyr and chlorantraniliprole showed no toxicity on H. axyridis, C. sinica, S. manilae and T. remus pupae with the recommended field concentrations. The risk analysis indicated that chlorantraniliprole is harmless to larvae of four natural enemies and adult of H. axyridis, C. sinica and S. manilae. Emamectin benzoate and spinosad had higher safety to the development of H. axyridis, C. sinica, S. manilae and T. remus with the risk duration less than 4d. Indoxacarb, tebufenozide, chlorfenapyr, methomyl, alpha-cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos showed dangerously toxic and long risk duration on S. manilae and T. remus adults.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Yongqiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of pesticide Toxicology &Application technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.|Foshan Center for Environmental Health and Safety Assessment, Foshan 528000, China.
authors.forename: Xiangying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of pesticide Toxicology &Application technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.|Taian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tai'an 271000, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of pesticide Toxicology &Application technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of pesticide Toxicology &Application technique, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D004338:Drug Combinations; D000074748:Holometabola / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D006927:Hymenoptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D018942:Macrolides / Q000633:toxicity; D010078:Oxazines / Q000633:toxicity; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity; D018411:Spodoptera / Q000187:drug effects; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; D010078:Oxazines; D011722:Pyrethrins; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates; C017160:cypermethrin; C401104:indoxacarb; C517733:chlorantranilipole; D007559:Ivermectin; C108024:emamectin benzoate; C436643:chlorfenapyr; C415329:spinosad