title: Multiple and Variable NHEJ-Like Genes Are Involved in Resistance to DNA Damage inStreptomyces ambofaciens.
abstract: Non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) is a double strand break (DSB) repair pathway which does not require any homologous template and can ligate two DNA ends together. The basic bacterial NHEJ machinery involves two partners: the Ku protein, a DNA end binding protein for DSB recognition and the multifunctional LigD protein composed a ligase, a nuclease and a polymerase domain, for end processing and ligation of the broken ends.In silicoanalyses performed in the 38 sequenced genomes ofStreptomycesspecies revealed the existence of a large panel of NHEJ-like genes. Indeed,kugenes orligDdomain homologues are scattered throughout the genome in multiple copies and can be distinguished in two categories: the "core" NHEJ gene set constituted of conserved loci and the "variable" NHEJ gene set constituted of NHEJ-like genes present in only a part of the species. InStreptomyces ambofaciensATCC23877, not only the deletion of "core" genes but also that of "variable" genes led to an increased sensitivity to DNA damage induced by electron beam irradiation. Multiple mutants ofku, ligase or polymerase encoding genes showed an aggravated phenotype compared to single mutants. Biochemical assays revealed the ability of Ku-like proteins to protect and to stimulate ligation of DNA ends. RT-qPCR and GFP fusion experiments suggested thatku-like genes show a growth phase dependent expression profile consistent with their involvement in DNA repair during spores formation and/or germination.
authors.affiliation: UMR 1128, Dynamique des Génomes et Adaptation Microbienne, Université de LorraineVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; UMR 1128, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Dynamique des Génomes et Adaptation MicrobienneVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Grégory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.affiliation: UMR 1128, Dynamique des Génomes et Adaptation Microbienne, Université de LorraineVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; UMR 1128, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Dynamique des Génomes et Adaptation MicrobienneVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.affiliation: UMR 1128, Dynamique des Génomes et Adaptation Microbienne, Université de LorraineVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; UMR 1128, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Dynamique des Génomes et Adaptation MicrobienneVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Lingli
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: UMR 1128, Dynamique des Génomes et Adaptation Microbienne, Université de LorraineVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; UMR 1128, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Dynamique des Génomes et Adaptation MicrobienneVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Piotrowski
authors.affiliation: UMR 1128, Dynamique des Génomes et Adaptation Microbienne, Université de LorraineVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; UMR 1128, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Dynamique des Génomes et Adaptation MicrobienneVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Ludovic
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chipot
authors.affiliation: UMR 1128, Dynamique des Génomes et Adaptation Microbienne, Université de LorraineVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; UMR 1128, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Dynamique des Génomes et Adaptation MicrobienneVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bontemps
authors.affiliation: Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud Orsay, France.
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Confalonieri
authors.affiliation: Institut Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay Jouy-en-Josas, France.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McGovern
authors.affiliation: Institut Micalis, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay Jouy-en-Josas, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lecointe
authors.affiliation: UMR 1128, Dynamique des Génomes et Adaptation Microbienne, Université de LorraineVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; UMR 1128, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Dynamique des Génomes et Adaptation MicrobienneVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Annabelle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thibessard
authors.affiliation: UMR 1128, Dynamique des Génomes et Adaptation Microbienne, Université de LorraineVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; UMR 1128, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Dynamique des Génomes et Adaptation MicrobienneVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leblond
keywords: DNA damage; DNA repair; Ku protein; Streptomyces; double strand breaks (DSBs); ligases; non-homologous end joining