title: Prediction of serum theophylline concentrations and cytochrome P450 1A2 activity by analyzing urinary metabolites in preterm infants.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore clinical markers reflecting developmental changes in drug clearance by preterm infants.
  
  
  
  Preterm infants administered aminophylline or theophylline to treat apnoea of prematurity were enrolled in this study. Trough and one of 2 h, 4 h or 6 h post-dose blood samples and urine samples were collected during steady state, to determine the concentrations of theophylline and its targeted metabolites. CYP1A2*1C and CYP1A2*1F genotypes were analyzed. Total, renal and nonrenal clearances of theophylline were calculated, and cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) activity was obtained from the ratio of 1-methyluric acid and 3-methylxanthine to theophylline in urine. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationships between theophylline clearance and the clinical characteristics of preterm infants.
  
  
  
  A total of 152 samples from 104 preterm infants were analyzed. A strong association between the serum trough and urine theophylline concentrations was found (P < 0.001). Total, renal and nonrenal clearances of theophylline were 0.50 ± 0.29 ml kg-1min-1, 0.16 ± 0.06 ml kg-1min-1and 0.34 ± 0.28 ml kg-1min-1, respectively. CYP1A2 activity correlated positively with the postnatal age and postmenstrual age. However, CYP1A2 genotype was not associated with CYP1A2 activity, which was significantly associated with nonrenal clearance. CYP1A2 activity, postnatal age , weight and 24-h urine output were significantly associated with total theophylline clearance.
  
  
  
  CYP1A2 activity can be monitored using noninvasive random urine samples, and it can be used to assess developmental changes in theophylline clearance by preterm infants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jin A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Han-Suk
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jaeseong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Joo-Youn
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Sang
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Juyoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Han
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jin A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Chang Won
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ee-Kyung
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Beyong Il
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Ae
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D001049:Apnea / Q000188:drug therapy; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000652:urine*; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D013806:Theophylline / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000652:urine*; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D014970:Xanthines / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D014970:Xanthines; D014527:Uric Acid; C030530:1-methyluric acid; D013806:Theophylline; C504573:CYP1A2 protein, human; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; C029703:3-methylxanthine
keywords: cytochrome P450 1A2; drug monitoring; pharmacokinetics; premature infants; theophylline