title: Three-dimensional image fusion guidance of percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation to reduce radiation exposure and contrast dose: A comparison with traditional two-dimensional and three-dimensional rotational angiographic guidance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Three-dimensional rotational angiography (3DRA) has been used in the guidance of various transcatheter therapies including percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation (PPVI). The most recently available 3D image fusion software (VesselNavigator, Philips) extends this technology to use pre-registered computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging datasets, promising reductions in contrast and radiation exposure along with shorter procedural times.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective review, patients were assigned to three groups according to the mode of imaging guidance: two-dimensional angiography (2DA), 3DRA and VesselNavigator (VN) assisted valve implantation. Patient characteristics and catheterisation data were reviewed with a focus on contrast and radiation exposure, fluoroscopy, and procedural times.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between July 2012 and June 2016, 21 patients underwent PPVI: 8 with 2D guidance, 6 patients with 3DRA and most recently 7 patients with VN assistance. Patents in the VN group received significantly less absolute and weight indexed contrast when compared with those with 2DA or 3DRA guided PPVI. Patients in the 2DA group received a significantly higher total dose area product radiation dose and air kerma in comparison with patients with 3DRA and VN guided intervention. Application of VN resulted in the shortest fluoroscopy time, although not statistically significant, and a significantly shorter study time when compared with 2DA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Utilisation of pre-intervention image manipulation with VesselNavigator for 3D guidance of PPVI results in a reduction in contrast and radiation exposure and study time as compared with traditional 2D guidance, and contrast usage as compared with 3DRA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland. sebastiangoreczny@yahoo.pl.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goreczny
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moszura
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dryzek
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lukaszewski
authors.affiliation: Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krawczuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Colorado Children's Hospital & Department of Adult Congenital Cardiology, University of Colorado Hospital, Denver, CO, USA.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Morgan
keywords: 3D guidance; 3DRA; PPVI; VesselNavigator