title: Neuromodulation in refractory epilepsy: Brazilian specialists consensus.
abstract: Epilepsy is a potentially devastating brain disorder characterized by a predisposition to spontaneous epileptic seizures. In patients with medically refractory epilepsy, new non-pharmacological therapeutic approaches may be considered. In this scenario, palliative surgery such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) or deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be indicated in a subset of patients. In this paper we make recommendations for the use of VNS and DBS in patients in Brazil with refractory epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Liga Brasileira de Epilepsia, Comissão de Neuromodulação, São Paulo SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Vera Cristina
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Terra
authors.affiliation: Liga Brasileira de Epilepsia, Comissão de Neuromodulação, São Paulo SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: D'Andrea-Meira
authors.affiliation: Academia Brasileira de Neurologia, Departamento Científico de Epilepsia, São Paulo SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Amorim
authors.affiliation: Liga Brasileira de Epilepsia, Comissão de Neuromodulação, São Paulo SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arruda
authors.affiliation: Liga Brasileira de Epilepsia, Comissão de Neuromodulação, São Paulo SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Andrea Julião de
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Liga Brasileira de Epilepsia, Comissão de Neuromodulação, São Paulo SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Luciano De
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paola
authors.affiliation: Liga Brasileira de Epilepsia, Comissão de Neuromodulação, São Paulo SP, Brasil.|Academia Brasileira de Neurologia, Departamento Científico de Epilepsia, São Paulo SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Adélia Maria de Miranda
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Henriques-Souza
mesh_terms: D001938:Brazil; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000592:standards*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D055536:Vagus Nerve Stimulation / Q000592:standards*