title: Why UV vision and red vision are important for damselfish (Pomacentridae): structural and expression variation in opsin genes.
abstract: Coral reefs belong to the most diverse ecosystems on our planet. The diversity in coloration and lifestyles of coral reef fishes makes them a particularly promising system to study the role of visual communication and adaptation. Here, we investigated the evolution of visual pigment genes (opsins) in damselfish (Pomacentridae) and examined whether structural and expression variation of opsins can be linked to ecology. Using DNA sequence data of a phylogenetically representative set of 31 damselfish species, we show that all but one visual opsin are evolving under positive selection. In addition, selection on opsin tuning sites, including cases of divergent, parallel, convergent and reversed evolution, has been strong throughout the radiation of damselfish, emphasizing the importance of visual tuning for this group. The highest functional variation in opsin protein sequences was observed in the short- followed by the long-wavelength end of the visual spectrum. Comparative gene expression analyses of a subset of the same species revealed that with SWS1, RH2B and RH2A always being expressed, damselfish use an overall short-wavelength shifted expression profile. Interestingly, not only did all species express SWS1 - a UV-sensitive opsin - and possess UV-transmitting lenses, most species also feature UV-reflective body parts. This suggests that damsels might benefit from a close-range UV-based 'private' communication channel, which is likely to be hidden from 'UV-blind' predators. Finally, we found that LWS expression is highly correlated to feeding strategy in damsels with herbivorous feeders having an increased LWS expression, possibly enhancing the detection of benthic algae.
authors.affiliation: Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.|Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Basel, 4051, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Stieb
authors.affiliation: Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.|Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Basel, 4051, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cortesi
authors.affiliation: Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Lorenz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sueess
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Carleton
authors.affiliation: Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Basel, 4051, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Salzburger
authors.affiliation: Sensory Neurobiology Group, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Marshall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D055355:Opsins / Q000235:genetics*; D010473:Perciformes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D014785:Vision, Ocular
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D055355:Opsins
keywords: UV reflectance; gene expression; herbivory; opsin; reef fish; sequence variation