title: Perturbations and 3R in carbon management.
abstract: Perturbations in various carbon pools like biological, geological, oceanic, and missing carbon sink affect its global data, which are generally neglected or ignored in routine calculations. These natural and anthropogenic events need to be considered before projecting a sustainable carbon management plan. These plans have both general and experimental aspects. General plans should focus on (a) minimizing emission; (b) maximizing environmentally sound reuse, reduce, and recycling; (c) effective treatment; and (d) converting carbon into valuable products with atom economy. Experimental carbon management plans involving various biological and chemical techniques with limitation in terms of research level and economic feasibility. Chemical options have benefits of higher productivity and wider product range, but it suffers from its higher-energy requirements and environmental unfriendliness. In contrast to this, biological options are more selective and less energy intensive, but their productivity is very low. Hence, there is a requirement of hybrid process where the benefits of both the options, i.e., biological and chemical, can be reaped. In view of above, the proposed review targets to highlight the various perturbations in the global carbon cycle and their effects; study the currently practiced options of carbon management, specifically in light of 3R principle; and propose various new hybrid methods by compatible combinations of chemical and biological processes to develop better and safer carbon management. These methods are hypothetical so they may require further research and validations but may provide a comprehensive base for developing such management methods.
authors.affiliation: School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, 176215, India. deepakpant1@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pant
authors.affiliation: School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, 176215, India.
authors.forename: Virbala
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, 176215, India.
authors.forename: Pooja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., R&D Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India.
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, 176215, India.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giri
authors.affiliation: Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., R&D Centre, Sector-13, Faridabad, Haryana, 121007, India.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D059027:Recycling
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon
keywords: 3R; Biological; Carbon management; Chemical; Hybrid; Perturbation