title: Brainstem dysfunction in patients with late-onset Lennox-Gastaut syndrome: Voxel-based morphometry and tract-based spatial statistics study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There have been a few reports of patients who developed Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) in the second decades of their life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate electroclinical presentation in patients with late-onset LGS. In addition, we evaluated structural abnormalities of the brain, which may give some clue about the common pathogenic pathway in LGS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled the patients with late-onset LGS. We collected electroclinical characteristics of the patients and evaluated structural abnormalities using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three subjects were diagnosed with late-onset LGS. The patients have no mental retardation and normal background activities on electroencephalography (EEG), and they had generalized paroxysmal fast activities on EEG, especially during sleep. The TBSS analysis revealed that fractional anisotropy values in the patients were significantly reduced in the white matter of brainstem compared with normal controls. However, VBM analysis did not show any significant difference between the patients and normal controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with late-onset LGS have different clinical and EEG characteristics from those with early-onset LGS. In addition, we demonstrated that brainstem dysfunction might contribute to the pathogenesis of late-onset LGS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Haeundae-gu, Busan 612-896, India.
authors.forename: Kang Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Haeundae-gu, Busan 612-896, India.
authors.forename: Yun Jung
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Hur
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Haeundae-gu, Busan 612-896, India.
authors.forename: Sung Eun
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Brain stem; Lennox–Gastaut syndrome; magnetic resonance imaging