title: Skin regeneration with all accessory organs following ablation with irreversible electroporation.
abstract: Skin scar formation is a complex process that results in the formation of dense extracellular matrix (ECM) without normal skin appendages such as hair and glands. The absence of a scarless healing model in adult mammals prevents the development of successful therapies. We show that irreversible electroporation of skin drives its regeneration with all accessory organs in normal adult rats. Pulsed electric fields at 500 V, with 70 μs pulse duration and 1000 pulses delivered at 3 Hz, applied through two electrodes separated by 2 mm lead to massive cell death. However, the ECM architecture of the skin was preserved. Six months after the ablation, the epidermis, sebaceous glands, panniculus carnosus, hair follicles, microvasculature and arrector pili muscle were altogether re-formed in the entire ablated area. These results suggest a key role of the ECM architecture in the differentiation, migration and signalling of cells during scarless wound healing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and the Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.|Porter School of Environmental Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Golberg
authors.affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine and Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villiger
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Felix Broelsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
authors.forename: Kyle P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Albadawi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Saiqa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Georgakoudi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Austen
authors.affiliation: Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and the Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bei
authors.affiliation: Wellman Center for Photomedicine and Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 50 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.|Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA.
authors.forename: Brett E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Bouma
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Martin C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Mihm
authors.affiliation: Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and the Shriners Burns Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
authors.forename: Martin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Yarmush
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004566:Electrodes; D018274:Electroporation / Q000379:methods*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012038:Regeneration; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology*; D014945:Wound Healing
keywords: electroporation; extracellular matrix; pulsed electric field; regeneration; scar; scarless; skin