title: Epidemiology of two human protoparvoviruses, bufavirus and tusavirus.
abstract: Two human parvoviruses were recently discovered by metagenomics in Africa, bufavirus (BuV) in 2012 and tusavirus (TuV) in 2014. These viruses have been studied exclusively by PCR in stool and detected only in patients with diarrhoea, although at low prevalence. Three genotypes of BuV have been identified. We detected, by in-house EIA, BuV1-3 IgG antibodies in 7/228 children (3.1%) and 10/180 adults (5.6%), whereas TuV IgG was found in one child (0.4%). All children and 91% of the adults were Finnish, yet interestingly 3/6 adults of Indian origin were BuV-IgG positive. By competition EIA, no cross-reactivity between the BuVs was detected, indicating that the BuV genotypes represent distinct serotypes. Furthermore, we analysed by BuV qPCR stool and nasal swab samples from 955 children with gastroenteritis, respiratory illness, or both, and found BuV DNA in three stools (0.3%) and for the first time in a nasal swab (0.1%). This is the first study documenting the presence of BuV and TuV antibodies in humans. Although the seroprevalences of both viruses were low in Finland, our results indicate that BuV infections might be widespread in Asia. The BuV-specific humoral immune responses appeared to be strong and long-lasting, pointing to systemic infection in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.
authors.forename: Elina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Väisänen
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland.|Fimlab laboratories ltd, Tampere 33520, Finland.
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paloniemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.
authors.forename: Inka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kuisma
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.
authors.forename: Väinö
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lithovius
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.|Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON P3E 5J1, Canada.
authors.forename: Arun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.
authors.forename: Rauli
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Franssila
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kamruddin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.|Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Delwart
authors.affiliation: Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Tampere 33520, Finland.
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vesikari
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.|Helsinki University Hospital, HUSLAB, Helsinki 00290, Finland.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hedman
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Söderlund-Venermo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009666:Nose / Q000382:microbiology; D017992:Parvovirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial