title: Factors influencing job preferences of health workers providing obstetric care: results from discrete choice experiments in Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania.
abstract: Task shifting from established health professionals to mid-level providers (MLPs) (professionals who undergo shorter training in specific procedures) is one key strategy for reducing maternal and neonatal deaths. This has resulted in a growth in cadre types providing obstetric care in low and middle-income countries. Little is known about the relative importance of the different factors in determining motivation and retention amongst these cadres.
  
  
  
  This paper presents findings from large sample (1972 respondents) discrete choice experiments to examine the employment preferences of obstetric care workers across three east African countries.
  
  
  
  The strongest predictors of job choice were access to continuing professional development and the presence of functioning human resources management (transparent, accountable and consistent systems for staff support, supervision and appraisal). Consistent with similar works we find pay and allowances significantly positively related to utility, but financial rewards are not as fundamental a factor underlying employment preferences as many may have previously believed. Location (urban vs rural) had the smallest average effect on utility for job choice in all three countries.
  
  
  
  These findings are important in the context where efforts to address the human resources crisis have focused primarily on increasing salaries and incentives, as well as providing allowances to work in rural areas.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Eilish.mcauliffe@ucd.ie.
authors.forename: Eilish
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McAuliffe
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galligan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Revill
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reproductive Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kamwendo
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.
authors.forename: Mohsin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sidat
authors.affiliation: Ifakara Health Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Honorati
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Masanja
authors.affiliation: Averting Maternal Death and Disability Program (AMDD), Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: de Pinho
authors.affiliation: Health, Nutrition and Population Programme, World Bank, Washington DC, USA.
authors.forename: Edson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Araujo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002755:Choice Behavior; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008295:Malawi; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D009073:Mozambique; D009774:Obstetrics; D011247:Pregnancy; D012456:Salaries and Fringe Benefits; D013636:Tanzania; D000078329:Workforce
keywords: Discrete choice experiments; Human resources; Job preferences; Malawi; Mozambique; Non-physician clinicians; Obstetric care providers; Retention; Tanzania