title: Overlapping HIV and sex-work stigma among female sex workers recruited to 14 respondent-driven sampling surveys across Zimbabwe, 2013.
abstract: HIV stigma can inhibit uptake of HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy as well as negatively affect mental health. Efforts to reduce discrimination against people living with HIV (LWH) have contributed to greater acceptance of the infection. Female sex workers (FSW) LWH may experience overlapping stigma due to both their work and HIV status, although this is poorly understood. We examined HIV and sex-work stigma experienced by FSW LWH in Zimbabwe. Using the SAPPH-IRe cluster-randomised trial baseline survey, we analysed the data from 1039 FSW self-reporting HIV. The women were recruited in 14 sites using respondent-driven sampling. We asked five questions to assess internalised and experienced stigma related to working as a sex worker, and the same questions were asked in reference to HIV. Among all FSW, 91% reported some form of sex-work stigma. This was not associated with sociodemographic or sex-work characteristics. Rates of sex-work stigma were higher than those of HIV-related stigma. For example, 38% reported being "talked badly about" for LWH compared with 77% for their involvement in sex work. Those who reported any sex-work stigma also reported experiencing more HIV stigma compared to those who did not report sex-work stigma, suggesting a layering effect. FSW in Zimbabwe experience stigma for their role as "immoral" women and this appears more prevalent than HIV stigma. As HIV stigma attenuates, other forms of social stigma associated with the disease may persist and continue to pose barriers to effective care.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Social and Environmental Health Research , London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hargreaves
authors.affiliation: b Department of Population Health , London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Busza
authors.affiliation: c Centre for Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS Research Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mushati
authors.affiliation: a Department of Social and Environmental Health Research , London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fearon
authors.affiliation: c Centre for Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS Research Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe.|d Department of Infection and Population Health , University College London , London , UK.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Cowan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012494:Sampling Studies; D011477:Sex Work / Q000523:psychology*; D060386:Sex Workers / Q000523:psychology*; D057545:Social Stigma; D055815:Young Adult; D015030:Zimbabwe
keywords: HIV; Zimbabwe; sex work; stigma