title: Sustained drug release and electrochemical performance of ethyl cellulose-magnesium hydrogen phosphate composite.
abstract: In this, a sol-gel method was applied to prepare ethyl cellulose-magnesium hydrogen phosphate (EC-MgHPO4) composite that can have potential applications in the sensory, pharmaceutical, and biomedical sectors. The formed composite was thoroughly characterized by making use of the instrumental analysis such as UV-Vis, FT-IR, HRTEM, EDAX, SEM and XRD. For the composite, the other parameters determined includes the water uptake, porosity, thickness, bulk and tapped densities, angle of repose, Carr's index and Hausner ratio. From the results, the material found to exhibit good flowing properties with a Carr's index of 11.11%, Hausner ratio of 1.125, and angle of response of 33°. The EDAX spectrum and HRTEM analysis confirmed for the composite formation and the particles size is investigated to be around 52nm. The surface porosity due to the EC matrices was confirmed by the SEM analysis, which further used for the loading of drug, Proguanil. In addition, the material's conductivity was studied by taking uni-univalent electrolyte solution (KCl and NaCl) indicated that the conductivity follows the order of KCl>NaCl, while the activation energy obtained from Arrhenius method resembled that the conductivity is strongly influenced by the electrolyte type used. We found from the analysis that, with a decrease in the size of hydrated radii of ions, the conductivity of EC-MgHPO4material also observed to be decreased in the order K+>Na+and the material proved to be mechanically stable and can be operated over a range of pHs, temperatures, and electrolyte solutions. Further, the drug loading and efficiency studies indicated that the material can trap up to 80% of Proguanil (antimalarial drug) applied for its loading. The Proguanil drug release profiles confirmed for the controlled and sustained release from the EC-MgHPO4matrix, as the material can release up to 87% of its total loaded drug over a 90min period. Finally, the cell viability and proliferation studies tested against two different cell cultures of BRL-3A rat liver and H9c2 cardiomyoblasts indicated the non-toxic nature and safer applicability of the EC-MgHPO4(25-500μg/mL, 24h). Overall, the results of the study confirm for the safer applicability of the composite towards biosensor, drug delivery, scaffolding, and bioanalytical (quality control) applications.
authors.affiliation: Surfactant Research chair, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: fmohammad@ksu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Faruq
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mohammad
authors.affiliation: Environmental Materials Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440020, India. Electronic address: t_arfin@neeri.res.in.
authors.forename: Tanvir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arfin
authors.affiliation: Surfactant Research chair, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hamad A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Al-Lohedan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002482:Cellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D065546:Drug Liberation; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D017616:Magnesium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D002727:Proguanil / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013607:Tablets; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D017616:Magnesium Compounds; D010710:Phosphates; D013607:Tablets; C030781:magnesium phosphate; C013517:ethyl cellulose; D002482:Cellulose; D002727:Proguanil
keywords: Conductivity; Drug delivery; Ethyl cellulose; MgHPO(4); Organic-inorganic composites; Proguanil drug