title: Sociodemographic characteristics associated with frequency and duration of eating family meals: a cross-sectional analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children who frequently eat family meals are less likely to develop risk- and behavior-related outcomes, such as substance misuse, sexual risk, and obesity. Few studies have examined sociodemographic characteristics associated with both meal frequency (i.e., number of meals) and duration (i.e., number of minutes spent at mealtimes).
  
  
  METHODS
  We examine the association between sociodemographics and family meal frequency and duration among a sample of 85 parents in a large New England city that was recruited through the public-school system. Additionally, we examined differences in family meals by race/ethnicity and parental nativity. Unadjusted ANOVA and adjusted ANCOVA models were used to assess the associations between sociodemographic characteristics and frequency and duration of meals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sociodemographic characteristics were not significantly associated with the frequency of family meals; however, in the adjusted models, differences were associated with duration of meals. Parents who were born outside the U.S. spent an average of 135.0 min eating meals per day with their children compared to 76.2 for parents who were born in the U.S. (p< 0.01). Additionally, parents who reported being single, divorced, or separated on average, spent significantly more time per day eating family meals (126.7 min) compared to parents who reported being married or partnered (84.4;p= 0.02). Differences existed in meal duration by parental nativity and race/ethnicity, ranging from 63.7 min among multi-racial/other parents born in the U.S. to 182.8 min among black parents born outside the U.S.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study builds a foundation for focused research into the mechanisms of family meals. Future longitudinal epidemiologic research on family meals may help to delineate targets for prevention of maladaptive behaviors, which could affect family-based practices, interventions, and policies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
authors.forename: Margie R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Skeer
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
authors.forename: Konstantina E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Yantsides
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
authors.forename: Misha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eliasziw
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
authors.forename: Migdalia R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Tracy
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA.
authors.forename: Allison R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Carlton-Smith
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Box G-BH, Providence, RI 02912 USA.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spirito
keywords: Children; Cultural differences; Family meals; Parents; Sociodemographic characteristics