title: Clinical Cancer Genetics Disparities among Latinos.
abstract: The three major hereditary cancer syndromes in Latinos (Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Familial Adenomatous Polyposis and Lynch Syndrome) have been shown to exhibit geographic disparities by country of origin suggesting admixture-based disparities. A solid infrastructure of clinical genetics geared towards diagnosis and prevention could aid in reducing the mortality of these cancer syndromes in Latinos. Currently, clinical cancer genetic services in Latin America are scarce. Moreover, limited studies have investigated the mutational spectrum of these cancer syndromes in Latinos resulting in gaps in personalized medicine affecting diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The following commentary discusses available genotype and clinical information on hereditary cancer in Latinos and highlights the limited access for cancer genetic services in Latin America including barriers to genetic testing and alternatives for providing better access to genetic services. In this review, we discuss the status of clinical genetic cancer services for both US Latinos and those Latinos living in Latin America.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Biology, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, PMB711 Ave. De Diego 89 Ste. 105, San Juan, PR, 00927-6346, USA. marcia.cruz1@upr.edu.|Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, PR, USA. marcia.cruz1@upr.edu.
authors.forename: Marcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cruz-Correa
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Biology, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, PMB711 Ave. De Diego 89 Ste. 105, San Juan, PR, 00927-6346, USA.|Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, PR, USA.
authors.forename: Julyann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pérez-Mayoral
authors.affiliation: Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dutil
authors.affiliation: Cancer Center, Auxilio Mutuo Hospital, San Juan, PR, USA.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Echenique
authors.affiliation: Puerto Rico Gastroenterology Association, San Juan, PR, USA.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mosquera
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, PR, USA.
authors.forename: Keila
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rivera-Román
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Biology, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, PMB711 Ave. De Diego 89 Ste. 105, San Juan, PR, 00927-6346, USA.
authors.forename: Sharee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Umpierre
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Biology, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, PMB711 Ave. De Diego 89 Ste. 105, San Juan, PR, 00927-6346, USA.
authors.forename: Segundo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Quilichini
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Biology, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, PMB711 Ave. De Diego 89 Ste. 105, San Juan, PR, 00927-6346, USA.|Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, PR, USA.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Pons
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Biology, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, PMB711 Ave. De Diego 89 Ste. 105, San Juan, PR, 00927-6346, USA.|Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, PR, USA.
authors.forename: Myrta I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Olivera
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, PR, USA.
authors.forename: Sherly
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pardo
mesh_terms: D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000208:ethnology*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007843:Latin America; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D009386:Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics; D014481:United States
keywords: Genetic counseling; Genetic testing; Health disparities; Hereditary cancer; Hispanics