title: Changes in aquatic toxicity of potassium dichromate as a function of water quality parameters.
abstract: Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is used as a general reference toxicant in aquatic toxicity testing, but relatively little is known regarding the effects of water quality parameters on K2Cr2O7toxicity to Daphnia magna. The acute toxicity of K2Cr2O7to D. magna was comparatively examined in one very hard (M4 medium for D. magna assay), four hard, one moderately hard and one soft dilution water samples. The 48-h EC50(50% effective concentration) of K2Cr2O7to D. magna was reproducible (coefficient of variation [CV]: 13%) in tests using the same dilution water sample, but reproducibility was poor (CV: 62%) in tests using seven different dilution water samples. The observed 48-h EC50value increased with increasing water hardness (28-250 mg CaCO3/L) and Na+concentration (4.3-19.7 mg Na/L). The effect of Ca2+and Mg2+on K2Cr2O7toxicity was equivalent in terms of molar concentration. The 48-h EC50for K2Cr2O7was determined according to OECD TG 202 by six contract laboratories using M4 medium and were shown to be reproducible (CV: 15%), indicating that the toxicity level can be determined with high accuracy if holding and dilution water samples are standardized. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the 48-h EC50was strongly correlated (r2= 0.927) with the Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+concentration, and alkalinity of the dilution water samples. Detailed monitoring of water quality characteristics thus facilitates intra- and inter-laboratory comparisons of toxicity data and enables predictions of changes in the susceptibility of test animals.
authors.affiliation: Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0292, Japan. Electronic address: miki.kikuchi2006@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mikio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.affiliation: Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0292, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayaka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Syudo
authors.affiliation: Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0292, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hukumori
authors.affiliation: Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0292, Japan.
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.affiliation: Kanagawa Institute of Technology, 1030 Shimo-Ogino, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0292, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sawai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D008274:Magnesium / Q000032:analysis; D011192:Potassium Dichromate / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D012964:Sodium; D002119:Calcium Carbonate; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium; D011192:Potassium Dichromate
keywords: Acute toxicity; Daphnia magna; Multiple regression analysis; Potassium dichromate