title: Nutritional modulation of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion: a review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The positive influences of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on blood glucose homeostasis, appetite sensations, and food intake provide a strong rationale for its therapeutic potential in the nutritional management of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To summarize GLP-1 physiology and the nutritional modulation of its secretion in the context of obesity and type 2 diabetes management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GLP-1 is mainly synthesized and secreted by enteroendocrine L-cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Its secretion is partly mediated by the direct nutrient sensing by G-protein coupled receptors which specifically bind to monosaccharides, peptides and amino-acids, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids as well as to short chain fatty acids. Foods rich in these nutrients, such as high-fiber grain products, nuts, avocados and eggs also seem to influence GLP-1 secretion and may thus promote associated beneficial outcomes in healthy individuals as well as individuals with type 2 diabetes or with other metabolic disturbances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The stimulation of endogenous GLP-1 secretion by manipulating the composition of the diet may be a relevant strategy for obesity and type 2 diabetes management. A better understanding of the dose-dependent effects as well as the synergistic effects of nutrients and whole foods is needed in order to develop recommendations to appropriately modify the diet to enhance GLP-1 beneficial effects.
authors.affiliation: School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 35, University Private, Room 050F, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, ON Canada ; Institut de Recherche de l'Hôpital Montfort, Institut du savoir, 745 Montreal Road, Room 202, K1K 0T2 Ottawa, ON Canada ; School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 35 University Private, Room 050F, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, ON Canada.
authors.forename: Alexandra M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bodnaruc
authors.affiliation: School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 35, University Private, Room 050F, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, ON Canada ; Institut de Recherche de l'Hôpital Montfort, Institut du savoir, 745 Montreal Road, Room 202, K1K 0T2 Ottawa, ON Canada.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prud'homme
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 35 University Private, Room 050F, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, ON Canada.
authors.forename: Rosanne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blanchet
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche de l'Hôpital Montfort, Institut du savoir, 745 Montreal Road, Room 202, K1K 0T2 Ottawa, ON Canada ; School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 25 University Private, Room 116, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, ON Canada.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Giroux
keywords: Appetite regulation; Blood glucose; Diet; Enteroendocrine L-cells; G-protein coupled receptors