title: Dietary intake and prospective changes in cardiometabolic risk factors in children and youth.
abstract: Only few studies examined the effect of diet on prospective changes in cardiometabolic (CM) risk factors in children and youth despite its importance for understanding the role of diet early in life for cardiovascular disease in adulthood. To test the hypothesis that dietary intake is associated with prospective changes in CM risk factors, we analyzed longitudinal observations made over a period of 2 years among 448 students (aged 10-17 years) from 14 schools in Canada. We applied mixed effect regression to examine the associations of dietary intake at baseline with changes in body mass index, waist circumference (WC), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and insulin sensitivity score between baseline and follow-up while adjusting for age, sex, and physical activity. Dietary fat at baseline was associated with increases in SBP and DBP z scores (per 10 g increase in dietary fat per day: β = 0.03; p < 0.05) and WC (β = 0.31 cm; p < 0.05) between baseline and follow-up. Every additional gram of sodium intake at baseline was associated with an increase in DBP z score of 0.04 (p < 0.05) between baseline and follow-up. Intake of sugar, vegetables and fruit, and fibre were not associated with changes in CM risk factors in a statistically significant manner. Our findings suggest that a reduction in the consumption of total dietary fat and sodium may contribute to the prevention of excess body weight and hypertension in children and youth, and their cardiometabolic sequelae later in life.
authors.affiliation: a School of Public Health, Population Health Intervention Research Unit, University of Alberta, 3-50 University Terrace, 8303 112 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2T4, Canada.
authors.forename: Solmaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Setayeshgar
authors.affiliation: a School of Public Health, Population Health Intervention Research Unit, University of Alberta, 3-50 University Terrace, 8303 112 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2T4, Canada.
authors.forename: John Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ekwaru
authors.affiliation: b School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 3-268 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada.
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maximova
authors.affiliation: c Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 5-112 Clinical Sciences, 11350-83 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R8, Canada.
authors.forename: Sumit R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Majumdar
authors.affiliation: a School of Public Health, Population Health Intervention Research Unit, University of Alberta, 3-50 University Terrace, 8303 112 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2T4, Canada.
authors.forename: Kate E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Storey
authors.affiliation: d Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 511 JBRC, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McGavock
authors.affiliation: a School of Public Health, Population Health Intervention Research Unit, University of Alberta, 3-50 University Terrace, 8303 112 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2T4, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Veugelers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017195:Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000416:Alberta / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D015930:Diet Records; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D020407:Internet; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012574:Schools
keywords: adolescents; cardiometabolic risks factors; diet; facteurs de risque cardiométabolique; longitudinal study; obesity; obésité; public health; régime alimentaire; santé publique; étude longitudinale