title: Evidence of correlated evolution and adaptive differentiation of stem and leaf functional traits in the herbaceous genus, Helianthus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Patterns of plant stem traits are expected to align with a "fast-slow" plant economic spectrum across taxa. Although broad patterns support such tradeoffs in field studies, tests of hypothesized correlated trait evolution and adaptive differentiation are more robust when taxa relatedness and environment are taken into consideration. Here we test for correlated evolution of stem and leaf traits and their adaptive differentiation across environments in the herbaceous genus, Helianthus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stem and leaf traits of 14 species of Helianthus (28 populations) were assessed in a common garden greenhouse study. Phylogenetically independent contrasts were used to test for evidence of correlated evolution of stem hydraulic and biomechanical properties, correlated evolution of stem and leaf traits, and adaptive differentiation associated with source habitat environments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among stem traits, there was evidence for correlated evolution of some hydraulic and biomechanical properties, supporting an expected tradeoff between stem theoretical hydraulic efficiency and resistance to bending stress. Population differentiation for suites of stem and leaf traits was found to be consistent with a "fast-slow" resource-use axis for traits related to water transport and use. Associations of population traits with source habitat characteristics supported repeated evolution of a resource-acquisitive "drought-escape" strategy in arid environments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence of correlated evolution of stem and leaf traits consistent with the fast-slow spectrum of trait combinations related to water transport and use along the stem-to-leaf pathway. Correlations of traits with source habitat characteristics further indicate that the correlated evolution is associated, at least in part, with adaptive differentiation of Helianthus populations among native habitats differing in climate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA apilote@uga.edu.
authors.forename: Alex J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pilote
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA.
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Donovan
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002980:Climate; D017753:Ecosystem; D006368:Helianthus / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Hydraulic anatomy; correlated evolution; functional traits; leaf economics spectrum; phylogenetic comparison