title: FlexPro MD, a Mixture of Krill Oil, Astaxanthin, and Hyaluronic Acid, Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Cytokine Production Through Inhibition of NF-κB.
abstract: FlexPro MD®(FP-MD), a novel multi-ingredient dietary supplement formulation, has been demonstrated to relieve knee joint pain in humans. However, the mechanisms of action responsible for the activity of FP-MD have not been elucidated. In this study, we show the anti-inflammatory effects of FP-MD in RAW264.7 macrophage cells and mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). FP-MD significantly inhibited the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-1β. In contrast, it elevated the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. FP-MD markedly reduced LPS-induced phosphorylation levels of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 and inhibitor of κB-α (IκB-α). Importantly, the anti-inflammatory effects of FP-MD were demonstrated in mice with LPS-induced inflammatory arthritis in which FP-MD significantly reduced the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory markers. Thus, this study suggests that FP-MD has anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB that may offer a molecular basis for its pain relief property.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, Korea.|2 The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Doo Ri
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, Korea.|2 The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ryeojin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: 3 Novarex Co., Ltd. , Cheongju, Korea.
authors.forename: Suk Hyung
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: 3 Novarex Co., Ltd. , Cheongju, Korea.
authors.forename: Bokkee
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Min
authors.affiliation: 3 Novarex Co., Ltd. , Cheongju, Korea.
authors.forename: Seong Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.affiliation: 3 Novarex Co., Ltd. , Cheongju, Korea.
authors.forename: Manh Heun
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 4 US Nutraceuticals, L.L.C. d/b/a Valensa International, Eustis, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Minatelli
authors.affiliation: 4 US Nutraceuticals, L.L.C. d/b/a Valensa International, Eustis, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, Korea.|2 The Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Soo Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D033201:Euphausiacea / Q000737:chemistry*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000235:genetics; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics; D009821:Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009821:Oils; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D024341:Xanthophylls; C005948:astaxanthine; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1
keywords: NF-κB; astaxanthin; cytokines