title: Effect of shallow angles on compressive strength of biaxial and triaxial laminates.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biaxial (BX) and triaxial (TX) composite laminates with ±45° angled plies have been widely used in wind turbine blades. As the scale of blades increases, BX and TX laminates with shallow-angled plies (i.e. off-axis ply angle <45°) might be utilized for reducing mass and/or improving performance. The compressive properties of shallow-angled BX and TX laminates are critical considering their locations in a wind turbine blade, and therefore in this study, the uniaxial static compression tests were conducted using BX and TX laminates with angled-plies of ±45°, ±35°, and ±25°, for the purpose of evaluation. On the other hand, Mori-Tanaka mean field homogenization method was employed to predict elastic constants of plies in BX and TX laminates involved in tests; linear regression analyses of experimentally measured ply strengths collected from various sources were then performed to estimate strengths of plies in BX and TX laminates; finally, Tsai-Wu, Hashin, and Puck failure criteria were chosen to predict compressive strengths of BX and TX laminates. Comparison between theoretical predictions and test results were carried out to illustrate the effectiveness of each criterion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The compressive strength of BX laminate decreases as ply angle increases, and the trend was successfully predicted by all three failure criteria. For TX laminates, ±35° angled plies rather than ±45° angled plies led to the lowest laminate compressive strength. Hashin and Puck criteria gave good predictions at certain ply angles for TX laminates, but Tsai-Wu criterion was able to capture the unexpected strength variation of TX laminates with ply angle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that the transverse tensile stress in 0° plies of TX laminates, which attains its maximum when the off-axis ply angle is 35°, is the dominant factor in failure determination if using Tsai-Wu criterion. This explains the unexpected strength variation of TX laminates with ply angle, and also indicates that proper selection of ply angle is the key to fully utilizing the advantages of shallow-angled laminates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Room 224, Engineering Building 5, 55 Hanyangdeahak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hongli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Room 224, Engineering Building 5, 55 Hanyangdeahak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Ik
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Yang
keywords: Compression; Failure criterion; Shallow-angled laminate; Strength