title: Dose Uniformity of Scored and Unscored Tablets: Application of the FDA Tablet Scoring Guidance for Industry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) laboratory study examines the impact of tablet splitting, the effect of tablet splitters, and the presence of a tablet score on the dose uniformity of two model drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole tablets were purchased from five manufacturers for amlodipine and six for gabapentin. Two splitters were used for each drug product, and the gabapentin tablets were also split by hand. Whole and split amlodipine tablets were tested for content uniformity following the general chapter of the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Uniformity of Dosage Units <905>, which is a requirement of the new FDA Guidance for Industry on tablet scoring. The USP weight variation method was used for gabapentin split tablets based on the recommendation of the guidance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All whole tablets met the USP acceptance criteria for the Uniformity of Dosage Units. Variation in whole tablet content ranged from 0.5 to 2.1 standard deviation (SD) of the percent label claim. Splitting the unscored amlodipine tablets resulted in a significant increase in dose variability of 6.5-25.4 SD when compared to whole tablets. Split tablets from all amlodipine drug products did not meet the USP acceptance criteria for content uniformity. Variation in the weight for gabapentin split tablets was greater than the whole tablets, ranging from 1.3 to 9.3 SD. All fully scored gabapentin products met the USP acceptance criteria for weight variation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Size, shape, and the presence or absence of a tablet score can affect the content uniformity and weight variation of amlodipine and gabapentin tablets. Tablet splitting produced higher variability. Differences in dose variability and fragmentation were observed between tablet splitters and hand splitting. These results are consistent with the FDA's concerns that tablet splitting can have an effect on the amount of drug present in a split tablet and available for absorption.
  Tablet splitting has become a very common practice in the United States and throughout the world. Tablets are often split to modify dose strength, make swallowing easier, and reduce cost to the consumer. To better address product quality for this widely used practice, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published a Guidance for Industry that addresses tablet splitting. The guidance provides testing criteria for scored tablets, which is a part of the FDA review process for drugs. The model drugs selected for this study were amlodipine and gabapentin, which have different sizes, shapes, and tablet scores. Whole and split amlodipine tablets were tested for drug content because of a concern that the low-dose strength may cause greater variability. Whole and split gabapentin tablets were tested for weight variation because of their higher dosage strength of 600 mg. All whole tablets met the acceptance criteria for the Uniformity of Dosage Units based on the guidance recommendations. When unscored amlodipine tablets were split by a splitter, all formulations did not meet the acceptance criteria. When fully scored gabapentin tablets were split by hand and by splitter, they met the acceptance criteria. The findings of this FDA study indicated physical characteristics such as size, shape, and tablet score can affect the uniformity of split tablets.
authors.affiliation: Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Food and Drug Administration, Life Science Building 64, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Ciavarella
authors.affiliation: Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Food and Drug Administration, Life Science Building 64, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
authors.forename: Mansoor A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Food and Drug Administration, Life Science Building 64, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
authors.forename: Abhay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Food and Drug Administration, Life Science Building 64, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA Patrick.Faustino@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Faustino
mesh_terms: D001835:Body Weight; D004339:Drug Compounding; D007221:Industry; D013607:Tablets; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D013607:Tablets
keywords: Amlodipine; Dose uniformity; Gabapentin; Split tablets; Tablet scoring; Tablet splitters