title: Calf Resistivity Values in Chronic Kidney Disease in a Caucasian Population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Continuous intradialytic calf bioimpedance spectroscopy (cBIS) allows assessment of changes in calf extracellular fluid volume (ECV) to determine dry weight (DW) in hemodialysis patients. During dialysis, calf ECV decreases until excessive ECV has been removed and normalized resistivity ρN,5 rises to values comparable to those of a normal population (cBIS-DW). It is not clear whether chronic kidney disease (CKD) itself influences ρN,5 and whether normal values depend on race and ethnicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therefore, we determined ρN,5 in 2 populations consisting of 35 healthy Caucasians and 37 with CKD in KDIGO stages G2-G4. Calf resistivity was determined using a bioimpedance spectrum analyzer (Xitron Technologies, San Diego, CA, USA) and was normalized for body mass index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ρN,5 was significantly higher in healthy subjects than in CKD patients (males: 18.2 ± 2.2 vs. 15.0 ± 2.8 × 10-2·Ωm3kg-1, p < 0.001; females: 19.7 ± 3.2 vs. 16.4 ± 3.3 × 10-2·Ωm3kg-1, p = 0.009). ρN,5 in Caucasians was significantly lower than in previously examined North American healthy subjects with prevailing African American race or Hispanic ethnicity (males: 18.2 ± 2.2 vs. 20.5 ± 2.0 × 10-2·Ωm3kg-1, p < 0.001; females: 19.7 ± 3.2 vs. 21.7 ± 2.6 × 10-2·Ωm3kg-1, p = 0.026).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We present the first determination of ρN,5 values in a Caucasian healthy as well as a non-dialysis dependent CKD population. Both groups differ significantly. Due to higher amounts of extracellular water, subclinical fluid overload already occurs in pre-dialysis stages of CKD. ρN,5 in Caucasians differs significantly from previously established normal ranges in other races/ethnicities. Population-based reference ranges should be established and used in the future to determine DW by means of cBIS.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Seibert
authors.forename: Stephan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pattmöller
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kotanko
authors.forename: Fansan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Nathan W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fiedler
authors.forename: Martin K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kuhlmann
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Girndt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001823:Body Composition; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D058266:Dielectric Spectroscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult