title: Judging arrival times of incoming traffic vehicles is not a prerequisite for safely crossing an intersection: Differential effects of vehicle size and type in passive judgment and active driving tasks.
abstract: Using a fixed-base driving simulator we compared the effects of the size and type of traffic vehicles (i.e., normal-sized or double-sized cars or motorcycles) approaching an intersection in two different tasks. In the perceptual judgment task, passively moving participants estimated when a traffic vehicle would reach the intersection for actual arrival times (ATs) of 1, 2, or 3s. In line with earlier findings, ATs were generally underestimated, the more so the longer the actual AT. Results revealed that vehicle size affected judgments in particular for the larger actual ATs (2 and 3s), with double-sized vehicles then being judged as arriving earlier than normal-sized vehicles. Vehicle type, on the other hand, affected judgments at the smaller actual ATs (1 and 2s), with cars then being judged as arriving earlier than motorcycles. In the behavioral task participants actively drove the simulator to cross the intersection by passing through a gap in a train of traffic. Analyses of the speed variations observed during the active intersection-crossing task revealed that the size and type of vehicles in the traffic train did not affect driving behavior in the same way as in the AT judgment task. First, effects were considerably smaller, affecting driving behavior only marginally. Second, effects were opposite to expectations based on AT judgments: driver approach speeds were smaller (rather than larger) when confronted with double-sized vehicles as compared to their normal-sized counterparts and when confronted with cars as compared to motorcycles. Finally, the temporality of the effects was different on the two tasks: vehicle size affected driver approach speed in the final stages of approach rather than early on, while vehicle type affected driver approach speed early on rather than later. Overall, we conclude that the active control of approach to the intersection is not based on successive judgments of traffic vehicle arrival times. These results thereby question the general belief that arrival time estimates are crucial for safe interaction with traffic.
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, Marseille, France; Laboratoire Mécanismes d'Accidents, Département Transport-Santé-Sécurité, Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux, Salon-de-Provence, France.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mathieu
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Reinoud J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bootsma
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Mécanismes d'Accidents, Département Transport-Santé-Sécurité, Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux, Salon-de-Provence, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berthelon
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, Marseille, France. Electronic address: gilles.montagne@univ-amu.fr.
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Montagne
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment / Q000502:physiology*; D012449:Safety; D012858:Size Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D013998:Time Perception / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Arrival time; Control; Driving; Judgment; Perception; Speed