title: Bioactive secondary metabolites with multiple activities from a fungal endophyte.
abstract: In order to replace particularly biohazardous nematocides, there is a strong drive to finding natural product-based alternatives with the aim of containing nematode pests in agriculture. The metabolites produced by the fungal endophyte Fusarium oxysporum 162 when cultivated on rice media were isolated and their structures elucidated. Eleven compounds were obtained, of which six were isolated from a Fusarium spp. for the first time. The three most potent nematode-antagonistic compounds, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibepyrone D had LC50values of 104, 117 and 134 μg ml-1, respectively, after 72 h. IAA is a well-known phytohormone that plays a role in triggering plant resistance, thus suggesting a dual activity, either directly, by killing or compromising nematodes, or indirectly, by inducing defence mechanisms against pathogens (nematodes) in plants. Such compounds may serve as important leads in the development of novel, environmental friendly, nematocides.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Department of Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten Str. 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Catherine W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Bogner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitäts Str. 1. Building. 26.23, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Ramsay S T
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kamdem
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Department of Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten Str. 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Gisela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sichtermann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Photonic Technology, Workgroup Spectroscopy/Imaging, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.|Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Matthäus
authors.affiliation: Research Group Biosynthesis/NMR, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hölscher
authors.affiliation: Institute of Photonic Technology, Workgroup Spectroscopy/Imaging, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.|Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Popp
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitäts Str. 1. Building. 26.23, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Proksch
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Department of Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten Str. 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian M W
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Grundler
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Department of Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten Str. 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schouten
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D001688:Biological Products / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D060026:Endophytes / Q000737:chemistry*; D005670:Fusarium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008853:Microscopy; D015394:Molecular Structure; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014431:Tylenchoidea / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000969:Antinematodal Agents; D001688:Biological Products; D003470:Culture Media