title: Adipose-derived human stem/stromal cells: comparative organ specific mitochondrial bioenergy profiles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (ASCs) isolated from the stromal vascular fraction are a source of mesenchymal stem cells that have been shown to be beneficial in many regenerative medicine applications. ASCs are an attractive source of stem cells in particular, due to their lack of immunogenicity. This study examines differences between mitochondrial bioenergetic profiles of ASCs isolated from adipose tissue of five peri-organ regions: pericardial, thymic, knee, shoulder, and abdomen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flow cytometry showed that the majority of each ASC population isolated from the adipose tissue of 12 donors, with an n = 3 for each tissue type, were positive for MSC markers CD90, CD73, and CD105, and negative for hematopoietic markers CD34, CD11B, CD19, and CD45. Bioenergetic profiles were obtained for ASCs with an n = 4 for each tissue type and graphed together for comparison. Mitochondrial stress tests provided the following measurements: basal respiration rate (measured as oxygen consumption rate [pmol O2/min], ATP production, proton leak, maximal respiration, respiratory control ratio, coupling efficiency, and non-mitochondrial respiration. Glycolytic stress tests provided the following measurements: basal glycolysis rate (measured as extracellular acidification rate [mpH/min]), glycolytic capacity, glycolytic reserve, and non-glycolytic acidification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main goal of this manuscript was to provide baseline reference values for future experiments and to compare bioenergetic potentials of ASCs isolated from adipose tissue harvested from different anatomical locations. Through an investigation of mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis, it was demonstrated that bioenergetic profiles do not significantly differ by region due to depot-dependent and donor-dependent variability. Thus, although the physiological function, microenvironment and anatomical harvest site may directly affect the characteristics of ASCs isolated from different organ regions, the ultimate utility of ASCs remains independent of the anatomical harvest site.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA ; Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ USA ; University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ USA ; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ USA.
authors.forename: Alice S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ferng
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA ; University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ USA.
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.affiliation: University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ USA ; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ USA ; University of Massachusetts Medical School, UMass Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA USA.
authors.forename: Jamie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ USA.
authors.forename: Renee F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schipper
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA.
authors.forename: Naing
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bajaj
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA.
authors.forename: Alana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Connell
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA.
authors.forename: Tia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pilikian
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA.
authors.forename: Kitsie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ USA.
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Runyan
authors.affiliation: University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ USA.
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Black
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ USA.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Szivek
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA ; Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ USA ; University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ USA ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ USA ; Banner-University Medical Center, Tucson, AZ USA.
authors.forename: Zain
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Khalpey
keywords: Adipose-derived stem/stromal cells; Bioenergetic profiling; Extracellular flux; Human adipose tissue; Mesenchymal stem cells; Mitochondrial bioenergetics; Stromal vascular fraction; Tissue engineering