title: Normative data for cutaneous threshold and spatial discrimination in the feet.
abstract: No data are available for normative values of cutaneous threshold and spatial discrimination in the feet. We developed clinically applicable reference values in relation to the nerve distributions of the feet.
  
  
  
  We determined foot sensation in 196 healthy individuals. Cutaneous threshold (1-point static discrimination, S1PD) was tested with monofilaments (0.008 to 300 gram) and spatial discrimination (2-point static [S2PD] and moving [M2PD] discrimination) on five locations per foot.
  
  
  
  There was a significant age-dependent increase in S1PD, S2PD, and M2PD values (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between both feet. S1PD values differed up to 0.8 g between genders. There were no significant differences between genders for S2PD and M2PD measurements. M2PD values were generally lower than S2PD values.
  
  
  
  This study provides age-related normative values for foot sensation to help clinicians assess sensory deficits in relation to aging and identify patients with underlying nerve problems. Muscle Nerve 56: 399-407, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Room Ee 15.93, Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Franciscus Gasthuis, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Willem D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Rinkel
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Room Ee 15.93, Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: M Hosein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Room Ee 15.93, Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Meike J M
authors.initials: MJM
authors.lastname: Van Deelen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sten P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Willemsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine/Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Franciscus Gasthuis, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castro Cabezas
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Room Ee 15.93, Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Van Neck
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Room Ee 15.93, Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Franciscus Gasthuis, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Hand Surgery, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: J Henk
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Coert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology*; D014110:Touch / Q000502:physiology*; D014732:Vibration; D055815:Young Adult