title: Application of the Rat Grimace Scale as a Marker of Supraspinal Pain Sensation after Cervical Spinal Cord Injury.
abstract: Experimental models of neuropathic pain (NP) typically rely on withdrawal responses to assess the presence of pain. Reflexive withdrawal responses to a stimulus are used to evaluate evoked pain and, as such, do not include the assessment of spontaneous NP nor evaluation of the affective and emotional consequences of pain in animal models. Additionally, withdrawal responses can be mediated by spinal cord reflexes and may not accurately indicate supraspinal pain sensation. This is especially true in models of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), wherein spastic syndrome, a motor disorder characterized by exaggeration of the stretch reflex that is secondary to hyperexcitability of the spinal reflex, can cause paroxysmal withdrawals not associated with NP sensation. Consequently, the aim of this study was to utilize an assessment of supraspinal pain sensation, the Rat Grimace Scale (RGS), to measure both spontaneous and evoked NP after a contusion SCI at cervical level 5 in adult male rats. Spontaneous and evoked pain were assessed using the RGS to score facial action units before and after the application of a stimulus, respectively. Rodents exhibited significantly higher RGS scores at week 5 post-injury as compared to baseline and laminectomy controls before the application of the stimulus, suggesting the presence of spontaneous NP. Additionally, there was a significant increase in RGS scores after the application of the acetone. These data suggest that the RGS can be used to assess spontaneous NP and determine the presence of evoked supraspinal pain sensation after experimental cervical SCI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Lonnie E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Kathryn Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Henley
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Omari A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pat
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Niedzielko
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.
authors.forename: Candace L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Floyd
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D005149:Facial Expression; D008297:Male; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications*
keywords: cold allodynia; cold hypersensitivity; neuropathic pain; pain sensation