title: Uniqueness of action monitoring in children with autism spectrum disorder: Response types and temporal aspects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Action monitoring, the process for evaluating the appropriateness of one's own actions, is reported to be atypical in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the characteristics of action monitoring in 11 children with ASD and 12 children with typical development (TD), analyzing stimulus-locked and response-locked event-related potential components (i.e., N2; error-related negativity, ERN; and error positivity, Pe) related to execution of a flanker task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a smaller N2 amplitude in children with ASD than in those with TD. Children with ASD also had a larger amplitude of ERN for partial error responses (electromyographic activity corresponding to the inappropriate hand side before response execution) than did children with TD. Additionally, the ERN amplitude for the partial error response was correlated with the Autistic Mannerisms of the Social Responsiveness Scale. There were no significant differences in Pe amplitudes between children with ASD and those with TD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that action monitoring in children with ASD is significantly different both before and after response execution. We hypothesized that the detail-focused processing style of ASD reduces the demands of action monitoring before response execution; however, autistic mannerisms evoke excessive concern regarding trivial mistakes after response execution.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Developmental Disorders , National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP) , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Kota
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: a Department of Developmental Disorders , National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP) , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kita
authors.affiliation: a Department of Developmental Disorders , National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP) , Tokyo , Japan.|b Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology , Teikyo University , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Kotoe
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakihara
authors.affiliation: c Department of Elementary Education , Ibaraki Christian University , Ibaraki , Japan.
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.affiliation: a Department of Developmental Disorders , National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP) , Tokyo , Japan.|d Graduate School of Liberal Arts , Shirayuri College , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Ryusuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sakuma
authors.affiliation: e Department of Special Needs Education , Faculty of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okuzumi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Developmental Disorders , National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP) , Tokyo , Japan.
authors.forename: Masumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inagaki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D004585:Electrooculography; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012649:Self Concept; D012919:Social Behavior
keywords: Action monitoring; Autism spectrum disorder; Electromyogram; Error negativity; Event-related potential.