title: Interrupting prolonged sitting in type 2 diabetes: nocturnal persistence of improved glycaemic control.
abstract: We aimed to examine the effect of interrupting 7 h prolonged sitting with brief bouts of walking or resistance activities on 22 h glucose homeostasis (including nocturnal-to-following morning hyperglycaemia) in adults with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  
  This study is an extension of a previously published randomised crossover trial, which included 24 inactive overweight/obese adults with type 2 diabetes (14 men; 62 ± 6 years) who completed three 7 h laboratory conditions, separated by 6-14 day washout periods: SIT: (1) prolonged sitting (control); (2) light-intensity walking (LW): sitting plus 3 min bouts of light-intensity walking at 3.2 km/h every 30 min; (3) simple resistance activities (SRA): sitting plus 3 min bouts of simple resistance activities (alternating half-squats, calf raises, brief gluteal contractions and knee raises) every 30 min. In the present study, continuous glucose monitoring was performed for 22 h, encompassing the 7 h laboratory trial, the evening free-living period after leaving the laboratory and sleeping periods. Meals and meal times were standardised across conditions for all participants.
  
  
  
  Compared with SIT, both LW and SRA reduced 22 h glucose [SIT: 11.6 ± 0.3 mmol/l, LW: 8.9 ± 0.3 mmol/l, SRA: 8.7 ± 0.3 mmol/l; p < 0.001] and nocturnal mean glucose concentrations [SIT: 10.6 ± 0.4 mmol/l, LW: 8.1 ± 0.4 mmol/l, SRA: 8.3 ± 0.4 mmol/l; p < 0.001]. Furthermore, mean glucose concentrations were sustained nocturnally at a lower level until the morning following the intervention for both LW and SRA (waking glucose both -2.7 ± 0.4 mmol/l compared with SIT; p < 0.001).
  
  
  
  Interrupting 7 h prolonged sitting time with either LW or SRA reduced 22 h hyperglycaemia. The glycaemic improvements persisted after these laboratory conditions and nocturnally, until waking the following morning. These findings may have implications for adults with relatively well-controlled type 2 diabetes who engage in prolonged periods of sitting, for example, highly desk-bound workers.
  
  
  
  anzctr.org.au ACTRN12613000576729 FUNDING: : This research was supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) project grant (no. 1081734) and the Victorian Government Operational Infrastructure Support scheme.
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. paddy.dempsey@bakeridi.edu.au.|Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. paddy.dempsey@bakeridi.edu.au.
authors.forename: Paddy C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Dempsey
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Blankenship
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
authors.forename: Robyn N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
authors.forename: Julian W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Sacre
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
authors.forename: Parneet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
authors.forename: Nora E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Straznicky
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
authors.forename: Neale D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.|School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.|Institute for Health and Ageing, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cerin
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.|Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Gavin W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.|Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.|Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.|Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Neville
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.|Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Bronwyn A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Kingwell
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Level 4, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.|Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.|Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.|Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.|School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.|School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dunstan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019518:Postprandial Period; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: Cardiometabolic risk; Diabetes; Glycaemic control; Glycaemic variability; Nocturnal glycaemia; Physical activity; Resistance exercise; Sedentary behaviour; Sitting; Walking