title: Prevalence, clinical characteristics and echocardiography parameters of non-resistant, resistant and refractory hypertension in Chinese.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Refractory and resistant hypertension is defined as hypertension that is uncontrolled despite the use of multiple antihypertensives. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the prevalence, both in young and elderly, and the pattern of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in South-Eastern Chinese patients with refractory, resistant and non-resistant hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1455 patients (age 60.3 ± 13.9, male 55.7%) with essential hypertension were recruited. Refractory hypertension was defined as uncontrolled blood pressure (systolic/diastolic, ≥140/90 mm Hg) on ≥5 antihypertensive drug classes. Resistant hypertension was defined as uncontrolled blood pressure (systolic/diastolic, ≥140/90 mm Hg) on 3 or <140/90 mm Hg on ≥4 antihypertensive classes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the total population, 1273 (87.4%) patients were considered non-resistant hypertension; 170 (11.7%) with resistant hypertension and 12 (0.8%) with refractory hypertension. The prevalence of the three groups of hypertension were similar between patients age <60 or ≥60. Patients with refractory hypertension had the most dilated LV dimension, greatest left ventricular mass index and highest prevalence of diastolic dysfunction than patients with resistant and non-resistant hypertension. In particular, all patients with refractory hypertension had either concentric or eccentric LVH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In South-Eastern Chinese patients, the prevalence of refractory and resistant hypertension was 0.8% and 11.7%, respectively. Furthermore, no difference was observed in the hypertensive patterns between patients age <60 and ≥60. Importantly, patients with refractory hypertension had the worst LV remodeling with all suffering from either concentric or eccentric hypertrophy.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital , Shenzhen , China.
authors.forename: Gaozhen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: a Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital , Shenzhen , China.
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: b Division of Radiology, Department of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital , Shenzhen , China.
authors.forename: Qingshan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: c Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital , Hong Kong , China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: c Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital , Hong Kong , China.
authors.forename: Zhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhen
authors.affiliation: c Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital , Hong Kong , China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: c Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital , Hong Kong , China.
authors.forename: Juhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: a Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital , Shenzhen , China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: a Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital , Shenzhen , China.
authors.forename: Run
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital , Shenzhen , China.
authors.forename: Mingya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: a Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital , Shenzhen , China.
authors.forename: Chunting
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: b Division of Radiology, Department of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital , Shenzhen , China.
authors.forename: Shukun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: b Division of Radiology, Department of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital , Shenzhen , China.
authors.forename: Ming-Yen
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: a Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital , Shenzhen , China.|c Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital , Hong Kong , China.
authors.forename: Hung-Fat
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.affiliation: a Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Hospital , Shenzhen , China.|c Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine , The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital , Hong Kong , China.
authors.forename: Kai-Hang
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yiu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents
keywords: Resistant hypertension; echocardiography parameters; prevalence in South-Eastern Chinese; refractory hypertension