title: Drug-induced liver injury.
abstract: Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains the most common cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in the western world. Excluding paracetamol overdose, nearly all DILI encountered in the clinical setting is idiosyncratic in nature because affected individuals represent only a small proportion of those treated with such drugs. In many cases, the mechanism for idiosyncrasy is immune-mediation and is often identified by genetic risk determined by human leukocyte antigen variants. In the absence of diagnostic tests and/or biomarkers, the diagnosis of DILI requires a high index of suspicion after diligently excluding other causes of abnormal liver tests. Antibiotics are the class of drugs most frequently associated with idiosyncratic DILI, although recent studies indicate that herbal and dietary supplements are an increasingly recognised cause. It is imperative that upon development of DILI the culprit drug be discontinued, especially in the presence of elevated transaminases (aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio ≥5 times the upper limit of normal) and/or jaundice. Risk factors for the development ALF include hepatocellular DILI and female gender, the treatment being supportive with some benefit of N-acetylcysteine in the early stages. In view of the poor transplant-free survival in idiosyncratic DILI, early consideration for liver transplant is mandatory.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Brighton and University Hospital, Brighton, UK.
authors.forename: Dev
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Katarey
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Brighton and University Hospital, Brighton, UK.
authors.forename: Sumita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
keywords: Autoimmune hepatitis; cholestasis; drug-induced acute liver failure; hepatocellular DILI; hepatotoxicity; herbal and dietary supplements