title: Stability of Single-Parent Gene Expression Complementation in Maize Hybrids upon Water Deficit Stress.
abstract: Heterosis is the superior performance of F1 hybrids compared with their homozygous, genetically distinct parents. In this study, we monitored the transcriptomic divergence of the maize (Zea mays) inbred lines B73 and Mo17 and their reciprocal F1 hybrid progeny in primary roots under control and water deficit conditions simulated by polyethylene glycol treatment. Single-parent expression (SPE) of genes is an extreme instance of gene expression complementation, in which genes are active in only one of two parents but are expressed in both reciprocal hybrids. In this study, 1,997 genes only expressed in B73 and 2,024 genes only expressed in Mo17 displayed SPE complementation under control and water deficit conditions. As a consequence, the number of active genes in hybrids exceeded the number of active genes in the parental inbred lines significantly independent of treatment. SPE patterns were substantially more stable to expression changes by water deficit treatment than other genotype-specific expression profiles. While, on average, 75% of all SPE patterns were not altered in response to polyethylene glycol treatment, only 17% of the remaining genotype-specific expression patterns were not changed by water deficit. Nonsyntenic genes that lack syntenic orthologs in other grass species, and thus evolved late in the grass lineage, were significantly overrepresented among SPE genes. Hence, the significant overrepresentation of nonsyntenic genes among SPE patterns and their stability under water limitation might suggest a function of these genes during the early developmental manifestation of heterosis under fluctuating environmental conditions in hybrid progeny of the inbred lines B73 and Mo17.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Functional Genomics (C.M., A.P., J.A.B., N.O., F.H.) and Crop Bioinformatics (L.A., H.S.), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany.|Institute for Crop Science, Biostatistics Unit, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany (W.A.M., H.-P.P.).|Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1210 (A.L., D.N.); and.|Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (C.L.).
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6699-9441
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marcon
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Functional Genomics (C.M., A.P., J.A.B., N.O., F.H.) and Crop Bioinformatics (L.A., H.S.), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany.|Institute for Crop Science, Biostatistics Unit, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany (W.A.M., H.-P.P.).|Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1210 (A.L., D.N.); and.|Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (C.L.).
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paschold
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Functional Genomics (C.M., A.P., J.A.B., N.O., F.H.) and Crop Bioinformatics (L.A., H.S.), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany.|Institute for Crop Science, Biostatistics Unit, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany (W.A.M., H.-P.P.).|Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1210 (A.L., D.N.); and.|Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (C.L.).
authors.forename: Waqas Ahmed
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Functional Genomics (C.M., A.P., J.A.B., N.O., F.H.) and Crop Bioinformatics (L.A., H.S.), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany.|Institute for Crop Science, Biostatistics Unit, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany (W.A.M., H.-P.P.).|Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1210 (A.L., D.N.); and.|Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (C.L.).
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lithio
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Functional Genomics (C.M., A.P., J.A.B., N.O., F.H.) and Crop Bioinformatics (L.A., H.S.), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany.|Institute for Crop Science, Biostatistics Unit, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany (W.A.M., H.-P.P.).|Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1210 (A.L., D.N.); and.|Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (C.L.).
authors.forename: Jutta A
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7286-0558
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baldauf
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Functional Genomics (C.M., A.P., J.A.B., N.O., F.H.) and Crop Bioinformatics (L.A., H.S.), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany.|Institute for Crop Science, Biostatistics Unit, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany (W.A.M., H.-P.P.).|Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1210 (A.L., D.N.); and.|Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (C.L.).
authors.forename: Lena
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6871-235X
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Altrogge
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Functional Genomics (C.M., A.P., J.A.B., N.O., F.H.) and Crop Bioinformatics (L.A., H.S.), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany.|Institute for Crop Science, Biostatistics Unit, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany (W.A.M., H.-P.P.).|Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1210 (A.L., D.N.); and.|Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (C.L.).
authors.forename: Nina
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0776-4890
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Opitz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Functional Genomics (C.M., A.P., J.A.B., N.O., F.H.) and Crop Bioinformatics (L.A., H.S.), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany.|Institute for Crop Science, Biostatistics Unit, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany (W.A.M., H.-P.P.).|Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1210 (A.L., D.N.); and.|Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (C.L.).
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lanz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Functional Genomics (C.M., A.P., J.A.B., N.O., F.H.) and Crop Bioinformatics (L.A., H.S.), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany.|Institute for Crop Science, Biostatistics Unit, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany (W.A.M., H.-P.P.).|Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1210 (A.L., D.N.); and.|Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (C.L.).
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1527-3752
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schoof
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Functional Genomics (C.M., A.P., J.A.B., N.O., F.H.) and Crop Bioinformatics (L.A., H.S.), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany.|Institute for Crop Science, Biostatistics Unit, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany (W.A.M., H.-P.P.).|Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1210 (A.L., D.N.); and.|Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (C.L.).
authors.forename: Dan
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6045-1036
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nettleton
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Functional Genomics (C.M., A.P., J.A.B., N.O., F.H.) and Crop Bioinformatics (L.A., H.S.), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany.|Institute for Crop Science, Biostatistics Unit, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany (W.A.M., H.-P.P.).|Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1210 (A.L., D.N.); and.|Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (C.L.).
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7813-2992
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Piepho
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Functional Genomics (C.M., A.P., J.A.B., N.O., F.H.) and Crop Bioinformatics (L.A., H.S.), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany; hochholdinger@uni-bonn.de.|Institute for Crop Science, Biostatistics Unit, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany (W.A.M., H.-P.P.); hochholdinger@uni-bonn.de.|Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1210 (A.L., D.N.); and hochholdinger@uni-bonn.de.|Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany (C.L.) hochholdinger@uni-bonn.de.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5155-0884
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hochholdinger
mesh_terms: D002678:Chimera; D003681:Dehydration / Q000235:genetics*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D005816:Genetic Complementation Test; D005838:Genotype; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*