title: Immunization with Protein D from Non-TypeableHaemophilus influenzae(NTHi) Induced Cytokine Responses and Bioactive Antibody Production.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Outer membrane protein D (PD) is a highly conserved and stable protein in the outer membrane of both encapsulated (typeable) and non-capsulated (non-typeable) strains ofHaemophilus influenzae. As an immunogen, PD is a potential candidate vaccine against non-typeableH. influenzae(NTHi) strains.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the cytokine pattern and the opsonic antibody response in a BALB/c mouse model versus PD from NTHi as a vaccine candidate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Protein D was formulated with Freund's and outer membrane vesicle (OMV) adjuvants and injected into experimental mice. Sera from all groups were collected. The bioactivity of the anti-PD antibody was determined by opsonophagocytic killing test. To evaluate the cytokine responses, the spleens were assembled, suspension of splenocytes was recalled with antigen, and culture supernatants were analyzed by ELISA for IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ cytokines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anti-PD antibodies promoted phagocytosis of NTHi in both immunized mice groups (those administered PD + Freund's and those administered PD + OMV adjuvants, 92.8% and 83.5%, respectively, compared to the control group). In addition, the concentrations of three cytokines were increased markedly in immunized mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that immunization with PD protects mice against NTHi. It is associated with improvements in both cellular and humoral immune responses and opsonic antibody activity.
authors.affiliation: Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Atefeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Davoudi Vijeh Motlagh
authors.affiliation: Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran; Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Davar
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Siadat
authors.affiliation: Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Saeid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abedian Kenari
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahdavi
authors.affiliation: Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran; Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Ava
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Behrouzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Asgarian-Omran
keywords: Freund’s Adjuvant; Non-Typeable Haemophilus influenzae; OMV Adjuvant; Protein D