title: Does measurement technique explain the mismatch between European head size and WHO charts?
abstract: To test whether different measuring techniques produce systematic differences in head size that could explain the large head circumferences found in Northern European children compared with the WHO standard.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional observational study.
  
  
  
  Scotland, UK.
  
  
  
  Study 1: 68 healthy children aged 0.4-18 months from mother and baby groups and a medical students teaching session. Study 2: 81 children aged 0.4 to 25 months from hospital wards and neonatal follow-up clinics.
  
  
  
  Study 1: heads measured with plastic tape using both the WHO tight and UK loose technique. Study 2: heads measured using WHO research technique and a metal measuring tape and compared with routinely acquired measurements.
  
  
  
  Mean difference in head z-scores using WHO standard between the two methods.
  
  
  
  The tight technique resulted in a mean (95% CI) z-score difference of 0.41 (0.27 to 0.54, p<0.001) in study 1 and 0.44 (0.36 to 0.53, p<0.001) in study 2. However, the mean WHO measurements in the healthy infants still produced a mean z-score that was two-third of a centile space (0.54 SD (0.28 to 0.79) p<0.001) above the 50th centile.
  
  
  
  The WHO measurement techniques produced significantly lower measures of head size, but average healthy Scottish children still had larger heads than the WHO standard using this method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Charlotte M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Morven
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bremner
authors.affiliation: Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lip
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Symonds
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005060:Europe / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D057238:Growth Charts; D006257:Head / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012606:Scotland / Q000208:ethnology
keywords: Growth; Monitoring; Neurodevelopment; Neurosurgery; Screening