title: Effects of statewide health promotion in primary schools on children's sick days, visits to a physician and parental absence from work: a cluster-randomized trial.
abstract: Based on the World Health Organization's global school health initiative we investigate intervention effects of statewide health promotion in schools on the numbers of children's sick days and visits to a physician, and parental days off work due to child illness.
  
  
  
  Cluster-randomized trial with 1-year follow-up in primary schools in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Anthropometric measurements of first and second grade school children were taken by trained staff. Parents filled in questionnaires for information about socio-demographics, health-related variables, numbers of children's sick days, visits to a physician, and days parents had to stay off work to care for a sick child. Longitudinal differences in the outcome variables were calculated between baseline and follow-up. Intraclass correlation coefficients were determined to quantify a possible clustering of data in schools. Accordingly, linear models and linear mixed models were applied to identify relationships and ascertain significances.
  
  
  
  Data from 1943 children (1stgrade n = 1024, 6.6 ± 0.4 years old; 2ndgrade n = 919, 7.6 ± 0.4 years old) were available at baseline. Unadjusted differences regarding both grades were found between mean longitudinal changes in intervention and control group in children's sick days (-3.2 ± 7.1 vs. -2.3 ± 5.6, p = 0.013), and maternal days off work (-0.9 ± 2.4 vs. -0.5 ± 2.8, p = 0.019). The intervention effect on sick days was adjusted in a linear regression for baseline values, gender and migration background and confirmed for first grade children (B = -0.83, p = 0.003). The intervention effect on maternal days off work lost its significance after adjusting for baseline values. No significant differences were detected in the numbers of children's visits to a physician and paternal days off work.
  
  
  
  School-based health promotion slightly reduces sick days in first grade children. Subsequently, parents may not need to stay off work themselves. Small individual effects add up to larger benefits in a statewide implementation of health promotion. Additionally, health promotion may also positively contribute to school success.
  
  
  
  The study was registered on the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS), Freiburg University, Germany, under the DRKS-ID: DRKS00000494 . Registered: 25 August 2010.
authors.affiliation: Division of Sport and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075, Ulm, Germany. dorothea.kesztyues@uni-ulm.de.|Ulm University, Institute of General Medicine, Helmholtzstraße 20, D-89081, Ulm, Germany. dorothea.kesztyues@uni-ulm.de.
authors.forename: Dorothea
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2166-846X
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kesztyüs
authors.affiliation: Division of Sport and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Romy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lauer
authors.affiliation: Division of Sport and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Meike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Traub
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Tibor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kesztyüs
authors.affiliation: Division of Sport and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Steinacker
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D010820:Physicians; D012572:School Health Services; D012574:Schools; D018582:Sick Leave; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014937:Work
keywords: Child; Health promotion; Parents; Physicians; Schools; Sick leave; Utilization