title: Identification of the Male-Produced Aggregation Pheromone of the Four-Spotted Coconut Weevil, Diocalandra frumenti.
abstract: The four-spotted coconut weevil, Diocalandra frumenti Fabricius (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), is a small weevil found attacking economically important palm species, such as coconut, date, oil, and Canary palms. Given the scarcity of detection and management tools for this pest, the availability of a pheromone to be included in trapping protocols would be a crucial advantage. Previous laboratory experiments showed evidence for aggregation behavior; thus, our main goal was to identify the aggregation pheromone in this species. The volatile profile of D. frumenti individuals was studied by aeration and collection of effluvia in Porapak-Q and also by solid phase microextraction (SPME) techniques. Moreover, solvent extraction of previously frozen crushed individuals was also performed. All resulting extracts and SPME fibers were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The comparison of male and female samples provided the candidate compound, 5-ethyl-2,4-dimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (multistriatin), whose biological activity was evaluated in olfactometer and field assays.
authors.affiliation: CEQA-Instituto Agroforestal del Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València , Camino de Vera s/n, edificio 6C-5a planta, 46022 Valencia (Valencia), Spain.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6911-1647
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vacas
authors.affiliation: Ecología y Protección Agrícola SL , Pol. Ind. Ciutat de Carlet, 46240 Carlet (Valencia), Spain.
authors.forename: Ismael
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.affiliation: Dirección General de Agricultura - Gobierno de Canarias , 38003 Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Tenerife), Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Seris
authors.affiliation: Dirección General de Agricultura - Gobierno de Canarias , 38003 Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Tenerife), Spain.
authors.forename: Carina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: ICIA-Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias , Ctra. de El Boquerón s/n Valle Guerra, 38270 La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain.
authors.forename: Estrella
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.affiliation: CEQA-Instituto Agroforestal del Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València , Camino de Vera s/n, edificio 6C-5a planta, 46022 Valencia (Valencia), Spain.
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Navarro-Llopis
authors.affiliation: CEQA-Instituto Agroforestal del Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València , Camino de Vera s/n, edificio 6C-5a planta, 46022 Valencia (Valencia), Spain.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Primo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D004148:Dioxolanes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008297:Male; D064367:Olfactometry / Q000379:methods; D010675:Pheromones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012724:Sex Attractants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction; D013030:Spain; D048889:Weevils / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004148:Dioxolanes; D010675:Pheromones; D012724:Sex Attractants; C012446:multistriatin
keywords: Coleoptera; Curculionidae; Diocalandra frumenti; Dryophthoridae; aggregation pheromone; attractant; chemical ecology; semiochemical; weevil