title: Restricted transfer of learning between unimanual and bimanual finger sequences.
abstract: When training bimanual skills, such as playing piano, people sometimes practice each hand separately and at a later stage combine the movements of the two hands. This poses the critical question of whether motor skills can be acquired by separately practicing each subcomponent or should be trained as a whole. In the present study, we addressed this question by training human subjects for 4 days in a unimanual or bimanual version of the discrete sequence production task. Both groups were then tested on trained and untrained sequences on both unimanual and bimanual versions of the task. Surprisingly, we found no evidence of transfer from trained unimanual to bimanual or from trained bimanual to unimanual sequences. In half the participants, we also investigated whether cuing the sequences on the left and right hand with unique letters would change transfer. With these cues, untrained sequences that shared some components with the trained sequences were performed more quickly than sequences that did not. However, the amount of this transfer was limited to ∼10% of the overall sequence-specific learning gains. These results suggest that unimanual and bimanual sequences are learned in separate representations. Making participants aware of the interrelationship between sequences can induce some transferrable component, although the main component of the skill remains unique to unimanual or bimanual execution.NEW & NOTEWORTHYStudies in reaching movement demonstrated that approximately half of motor learning can transfer across unimanual and bimanual contexts, suggesting that neural representations for unimanual and bimanual movements are fairly overlapping at the level of elementary movement. In this study, we show that little or no transfer occurred across unimanual and bimanual sequential finger movements. This result suggests that bimanual sequences are represented at a level of the motor hierarchy that integrates movements of both hands.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and at.yokoi.work@gmail.com.|The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7428-3344
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yokoi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and.
authors.forename: Wenjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and.|The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Jörn
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0264-8532
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Diedrichsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers; D005793:Generalization, Psychological; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D014163:Transfer, Psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: bimanual movement; explicit cues; sequence learning; transfer