title: Pattern of chemotherapy-related adverse effects among adult cancer patients treated at Gondar University Referral Hospital, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a global problem and constitute a major clinical problem in terms of human suffering. The high toxicity and narrow therapeutic index of chemotherapeutic agents makes oncology pharmacovigilance essential. The objective of the present study was to assess the pattern of ADRs occurring in cancer patients treated with chemotherapy in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Ethiopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study over a 2-year period from September 2013 to August 2015 was conducted on cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy at Gondar University Referral Hospital Oncology Center. Data were collected directly from patients and their medical case files. The reported ADRs were assessed for causality using the World Health Organization's causality assessment scale and Naranjo's algorithm. The severities of the reported reactions were also assessed using National Cancer Institute Common Terminology CTCAE version 4.0. The Pear-son's chi-square test was employed to examine the association between two categorical variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 815 ADRs were identified per 203 patients included in the study. The most commonly occurring ADRs were nausea and vomiting (18.9%), infections (16.7%), neutropenia (14.7%), fever and/or chills (11.3%), and anemia (9.3%). Platinum compounds (31.4%) were the most common group of drugs causing ADRs. Of the reported ADRs, 65.8% were grades 3-4 (severe level), 29.9% were grades 1-2 (mild level), and 4.3% were grade 5 (toxic level). Significant association was found between age, number of chemotherapeutic agents, as well as dose of chemotherapy with the occurrence of grades 3-5 toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high incidence of chemotherapy-related ADRs among cancer patients is of concern. Setting up an effective ADR monitoring and reporting system (onco-pharmacovigilance) and creating awareness among health care professionals regarding the importance of ADR reporting may help prevent the problem.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy.
authors.forename: Sewunet Admasu
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Belachew
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences.
authors.forename: Daniel Asfaw
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Erku
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Abebe Basazn
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Mekuria
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy.
authors.forename: Begashaw Melaku
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Gebresillassie
keywords: Ethiopia; adverse drug reactions; causality; chemotherapy; pharmacovigilance