title: Imaging Extracellular Lactate In Vitro and In Vivo Using CEST MRI and a Paramagnetic Shift Reagent.
abstract: Overproduction of lactate is a hallmark of cancer, yet a method to quantitatively measure lactate production by cancer cells is not straight-forward. Chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging (CEST MRI) can potentially be used to image lactate but the small difference in chemical shift of the lactate -OH proton and water proton resonances make it challenging. Like other spectroscopic methods, CEST MRI cannot discriminate intracellular lactate from extracellular lactate. Herein, we demonstrate a relatively simple way to shift the lactate -OH proton resonance far away from water by addition of the paramagnetic shift reagent, EuDO3A, while retaining the CEST properties of lactate itself. The potential of the method was demonstrated by imaging extracellular lactate excreted from lung cancer cells in tissue culture without interference from other components in the culture media and by imaging excess lactate excreted into the bladder of a mouse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
authors.forename: André F
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0171-0261
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
authors.forename: Yuyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
authors.forename: Piyu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Funk
authors.affiliation: Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
authors.forename: M Veronica
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Clavijo Jordan
authors.affiliation: Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Shanrong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Yunkou
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.|Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
authors.forename: A Dean
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Sherry
keywords: CEST MRI; cancer; europium; lactate; shift reagent