title: Measurement and structural invariance of the US version of the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R) in a large sample.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 10-item Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R) is being increasingly used internationally. The use of the measure and the concept has gathered traction in the United States following the development of a US version of the tool. A limitation of previous studies of the measurement characteristics of the BSS-R is modest sample size. Unplanned pregnancy is recognised as being associated with a range of negative birth outcomes, but the relationship to birth satisfaction has received little attention, despite the importance of birth satisfaction to a range of postnatal outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current investigation sought to evaluate the measurement characteristics of the BSS-R in a large postpartum sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple Groups Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MGCFA) was used to evaluate a series of measurement and structural models of the BSS-R to evaluate fundamental invariance characteristics using planned/unplanned pregnancy status to differentiate groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete data from N=2116 women revealed that the US version of the BSS-R offers an excellent fit to data and demonstrates full measurement and structural invariance. Little difference was observed between women on the basis of planned/unplanned pregnancy stratification on measures of birth satisfaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The established relationship between unplanned pregnancy and negative perinatal outcomes was not found to extend to birth satisfaction in the current study. The BSS-R demonstrated exemplary measurement and structural invariance characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study strongly supports the use of the US version of the BSS-R to compare birth satisfaction across different groups of women with theoretical and measurement confidence.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Society and Health, Buckinghamshire New University, Uxbridge, UB8 1NA, UK. Electronic address: colin.martin@bucks.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Colin R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Social Care, Edinburgh Napier University, Scotland, EH11 4BN, UK. Electronic address: C.HollinsMartin@napier.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Caroline J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hollins Martin
authors.affiliation: Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington State, USA. Electronic address: eburduli@wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Ekaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Burduli
authors.affiliation: Washington State University, College of Nursing, Spokane, Washington State, USA. Electronic address: celestina@wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Celestina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barbosa-Leiker
authors.affiliation: Midwives Alliance of North America, Washington State, USA. Electronic address: colleendb.midwife@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Donovan-Batson
authors.affiliation: Seattle University College of Nursing, Seattle, Washington State, USA. Electronic address: fleminsu@seattleu.edu.
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Fleming
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005193:Family Planning Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D036801:Parturition / Q000523:psychology*; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D049168:Pregnancy, Unplanned / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
keywords: Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R); Childbearing women; Measurement equivalence; Measurement invariance; United States translation