title: The Safety of available immunotherapy for the treatment of glioblastoma.
abstract: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Current standard of care involves maximal surgical resection combined with adjuvant chemoradiation. Growing support exists for a role of immunotherapy in treating these tumors with the goal of targeted cytotoxicity. Here we review data on the safety for current immunotherapies being tested in GBM. Areas covered: Safety data from published clinical trials, including ongoing clinical trials were reviewed. Immunotherapeutic classes currently under investigation in GBM include various vaccination strategies, adoptive T cell immunotherapy, immune checkpoint blockade, monoclonal antibodies, and cytokine therapies. Trials include children, adolescents, and adults with either primary or recurrent GBM. Expert opinion: Based on the reviewed clinical trials, the current immunotherapies targeting GBM are safe and well-tolerated with minimal toxicities which should be noted. However, the gains in patient survival have been modest. A safe and well-tolerated combinatory immunotherapeutic approach may be essential for optimal efficacy towards GBM.
authors.affiliation: a Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.|b The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.
authors.forename: S Harrison
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Farber
authors.affiliation: a Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.|b The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.
authors.forename: Aladine A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Elsamadicy
authors.affiliation: a Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.|b The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.
authors.forename: Ahmet Fatih
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Atik
authors.affiliation: a Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.|b The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.|c Department of Pathology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.
authors.forename: Carter M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Suryadevara
authors.affiliation: a Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.|b The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.|c Department of Pathology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.
authors.forename: Pakawat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chongsathidkiet
authors.affiliation: a Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.|b The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.|c Department of Pathology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Fecci
authors.affiliation: a Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.|b The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.|c Department of Pathology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , NC , USA.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Sampson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D016207:Cytokines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Glioblastoma; adverse events; clinical trials; immunotherapy; safety