title: A review of the clinical utility of serum S100B protein levels in the assessment of traumatic brain injury.
abstract: In order to improve injury assessment of brain injuries, protein markers of pathophysiological processes and tissue fate have been introduced in the clinic. The most studied protein "biomarker" of cerebral damage in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the protein S100B. The aim of this narrative review is to thoroughly analyze the properties and capabilities of this biomarker with focus on clinical utility in the assessment of patients suffering from TBI.
  
  
  
  S100B has successfully been implemented in the clinic regionally (1) to screen mild TBI patients evaluating the need to perform a head computerized tomography, (2) to predict outcome in moderate-to-severe TBI patients, (3) to detect secondary injury development in brain-injured patients and (4) to evaluate treatment efficacy. The potential opportunities and pitfalls of S100B in the different areas usually refer to its specificity and sensitivity to detect and assess intracranial injury.
  
  
  
  Given some shortcomings that should be realized, S100B can be used as a versatile screening, monitoring and prediction tool in the management of TBI patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK. eric.thelin@ki.se.|Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. eric.thelin@ki.se.|Neurosurgical Research Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Building R2:02, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden. eric.thelin@ki.se.
authors.forename: Eric Peter
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Thelin
authors.affiliation: Division of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care (PMI), Section Neuro, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bo-Michael
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Bellander
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009418:S100 Proteins
keywords: Biomarker; Humans; Monitoring; Outcome; S100B; Screening; Serum; Traumatic brain injury