title: Risk of gestational diabetes mellitus in relation to maternal dietary calcium intake.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study sought to examine the association between dietary Ca intake and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed periconceptional (i.e. before conception and early pregnancy) Ca intake and consumption of foods rich in Ca using an FFQ among 3414 participants in a prospective cohort study. Diagnoses of GDM were abstracted from medical records. We used multivariable generalized linear regression models to derive estimates of relative risk (RR) for GDM and 95 % confidence intervals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort of women in Seattle and Tacoma, WA, USA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women (n 3414).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 169 GDM incident cases were identified in the cohort (4·96 %). Higher dietary Ca intake was inversely, although not statistically significantly, associated with GDM risk. After adjusting for confounders, the RR (95 % CI) for GDM according to successive increasing quartile of Ca intake was 1·00, 0·63 (0·41, 0·98), 0·66 (0·39, 1·11) and 0·57 (0·27, 1·21), respectively, with the lowest quartile as the reference (P trend=0·131). Compared with women in the first quartile for Ca intake, women in the higher three quartiles (≥795 v. <795 mg/d) had a 42 % (RR=0·58; 95 % CI 0·38, 0·90; P=0·015) lower GDM risk. GDM risk was inversely associated with low-fat dairy (P trend=0·032) and whole grains (P trend=0·019) consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that higher levels of periconceptional Ca intake, particularly intake of Ca-rich low-fat dairy products and whole grains, are associated with lower GDM risk.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Epidemiology,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health,Kresge 500,677 Huntington Avenue,Boston,MA 02446,USA.
authors.forename: Citlalli
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Osorio-Yáñez
authors.affiliation: 2Center for Perinatal Studies,Swedish Medical Center,Seattle,WA,USA.
authors.forename: Chunfang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Epidemiology,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health,Kresge 500,677 Huntington Avenue,Boston,MA 02446,USA.
authors.forename: Bizu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gelaye
authors.affiliation: 2Center for Perinatal Studies,Swedish Medical Center,Seattle,WA,USA.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Enquobahrie
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Epidemiology,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health,Kresge 500,677 Huntington Avenue,Boston,MA 02446,USA.
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary
keywords: Dietary calcium; Gestational diabetes; Low-fat dairy; Whole grains