title: Up-Regulation of Follistatin-Like 1 By the Androgen Receptor and Melanoma Antigen-A11 in Prostate Cancer.
abstract: High affinity androgen binding to the androgen receptor (AR) activates genes required for male sex differentiation and promotes the development and progression of prostate cancer. Human AR transcriptional activity involves interactions with coregulatory proteins that include primate-specific melanoma antigen-A11 (MAGE-A11), a coactivator that increases AR transcriptional activity during prostate cancer progression to castration-resistant/recurrent prostate cancer (CRPC).
  
  
  
  Microarray analysis and quantitative RT-PCR were performed to identify androgen-regulated MAGE-A11-dependent genes in LAPC-4 prostate cancer cells after lentivirus shRNA knockdown of MAGE-A11. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to assess androgen-dependent AR recruitment, and immunocytochemistry to localize an androgen-dependent protein in prostate cancer cells and tissue and in the CWR22 human prostate cancer xenograft.
  
  
  
  Microarray analysis of androgen-treated LAPC-4 prostate cancer cells indicated follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) is up-regulated by MAGE-A11. Androgen-dependent up-regulation of FSTL1 was inhibited in LAPC-4 cells by lentivirus shRNA knockdown of AR or MAGE-A11. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated AR recruitment to intron 10 of the FSTL1 gene that contains a classical consensus androgen response element. Increased levels of FSTL1 protein in LAPC-4 cells correlated with higher levels of MAGE-A11 relative to other prostate cancer cells. FSTL1 mRNA levels increased in CRPC and castration-recurrent CWR22 xenografts in association with predominantly nuclear FSTL1. Increased nuclear localization of FSTL1 in prostate cancer was suggested by predominantly cytoplasmic FSTL1 in benign prostate epithelial cells and predominantly nuclear FSTL1 in epithelial cells in CRPC tissue and the castration-recurrent CWR22 xenograft. AR expression studies showed nuclear colocalization of AR and endogenous FSTL1 in response to androgen.
  
  
  
  AR and MAGE-A11 cooperate in the up-regulation of FSTL1 to promote growth and progression of CRPC. Prostate 77:505-516, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.|State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Shifeng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Amanda B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Parris
authors.affiliation: Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.affiliation: Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.|Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.|Department of Urology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.|Department of Urology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mohler
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Zengjun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Laboratories for Reproductive Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.|Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.|Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D019556:COS Cells; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D038702:Follistatin-Related Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D046228:Microarray Analysis / Q000379:methods; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: C410798:AR protein, human; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D038702:Follistatin-Related Proteins; C110882:MAGEA11 protein, human; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; C448799:FSTL1 protein, human
keywords: FSTL1; MAGE-A11; androgen receptor; follistatin-like 1; melanoma antigen-A11; prostate cancer