title: Health concerns associated with unconventional gas mining in rural Australia.
abstract: Many governments globally are investigating the benefits and risks associated with unconventional gas mining for shale, tight and coal seam gas (coalbed methane) to determine whether the industry should proceed in their jurisdiction. Most locations likely to be developed are in rural areas, with potential impact on farmers and small communities. Despite significant health concerns, public health knowledge and growing evidence are often overlooked in decision-making. It is difficult to gain a broad but accurate understanding of the health concerns for rural communities because the evidence has grown very recently and rapidly, is complex and largely based in the USA, where the industry is advanced. In 2016, a concerned South Australian beef and lamb farmer in an area targeted for potential unconventional gas development organised visits to homes in developed unconventional gas areas of Pennsylvania and forums with leading researchers and lawyers in Pennsylvania and New York. Guided by priorities identified during this trip, this communication concisely distils the research evidence on these key concerns, highlighting the Australian situation where evidence exists. It summarises key information of particular concern to rural regions, using Australia as an example, to assist rural health professionals to be better prepared to engage in decision-making and address the challenges associated with this new industry.
  
  
  
  Discussions with communities and experts, supported by the expanding research from the USA and Australia, revealed increasing health concerns in six key areas. These are absence of a safe solution to the toxic wastewater management problems, air pollution, land and water competition, mental health and psychosocial wellbeing risks, fugitive methane emissions and lack of proven regulatory regimes. Emerging epidemiological studies suggesting interference with foetal development and birth outcomes, and exacerbation of asthma conditions, are particularly concerning to rural families and livestock.
  
  
  
  Rural residents in potentially affected areas should be supported to access and interpret the best current evidence regarding the multiple health concerns associated with unconventional gas mining. This knowledge should be part of wider discourse and decision-making processes driving local economic development and national and global energy choices.
authors.affiliation: UNSW, New South Wales, Australia. m.haswell@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Melissa R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Haswell
authors.affiliation: Samuels Building, UNSW Campus. annabethmont@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bethmont
mesh_terms: D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019652:Extraction and Processing Industry / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D008297:Male; D059206:Natural Gas; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000592:standards*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013021:South Australia; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D059206:Natural Gas
keywords: Australia/Pacific; Environmental Health; Maternal and Child Health; Mental Health; Respiratory