title: Vitamin B12Deficiency Across Three Generations Adversely Influences Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Status and Cardiometabolic Markers in Rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vitamin B12and omega-3 fatty acid deficiency is prevalent in the vegetarian population and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and cardiometabolic risk. The present study investigates the long-term effects of vitamin B12deficiency/supplementation in the presence of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiometabolic profile and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels (LCPUFA) in the F3generation offspring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three generations of rats were fed the following diets: control; vitamin B12deficient; vitamin B12supplemented; vitamin B12deficient + omega-3 fatty acid supplemented; vitamin B12+ omega-3 fatty acid supplemented. Animals were sacrificed at 3 months of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vitamin B12deficiency lowered (p <0.01 for both) plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), liver DHA (p <0.05), plasma/liver omega-3 fatty acids (p <0.05 for both), increased triglycerides (p <0.05) and systolic BP (p <0.01) and lowered cholesterol levels (p <0.05) as compared to control. Vitamin B12deficiency in the presence of omega-3 fatty acids improved plasma/liver EPA, DHA and omega-3 fatty acid profile and maintained cholesterol, triglyceride and BP levels. Vitamin B12supplementation lowered liver DHA (p <0.05) and cholesterol (p <0.01), whereas BP was similar to control. Combined supplementation of vitamin B12and omega-3 fatty acids improved omega-3 fatty acid profile, lowered cholesterol/triglyceride levels and maintained the BP similar to that of control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin B12deficiency across three generations adversely affects LCPUFA and cardiometabolic profile in the adult offspring. This study provides clues for a combined supplementation of vitamin B12and omega-3 fatty acids to reduce the risk for noncommunicable diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Amrita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khaire
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Richa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rathod
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Anvita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kale
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Medicine, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India. Electronic address: srjoshi62@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sadhana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joshi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012098:Reproduction; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood; D014806:Vitamin B 12 Deficiency / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D014280:Triglycerides; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D002784:Cholesterol; D014805:Vitamin B 12
keywords: Blood pressure; Cardiometabolic; Fatty acids; LCPUFA; Lipid profile; Vitamin B(12)