title: 1H NMR and PCA-based analysis revealed variety dependent changes in phenolic contents of apple fruit after drying.
abstract: Dry and fresh apples have been studied monitoring their polyphenolic profiles through1H NMR, antioxidant capacity and total polyphenol content. Six ancient and underutilized apple varieties (Mantovana, Mora, Nesta, Cipolla, Ruggina, Sassola) and a commercial one (Golden Delicious) were dried with an air-drying system at 45°C for 19h. Although some of their polyphenol constituents were lost during drying, the antioxidant capacity of some apple varieties remained higher compared to Golden Delicious. This result is very important for ancient and underutilized varieties that are not consumed on large scale as fresh product since they have low attractiveness, due to their ugly appearance. Combining quantitative NMR spectroscopy with principal component analysis we have identified and quantified several polyphenols (such as catechin, epicathechin, and chlorogenic acid) that are important to establish the nutraceutical value of the different investigated apple varieties.
authors.affiliation: Biolabs-Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Francini
authors.affiliation: Biolabs-Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Romeo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi, 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cifelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi, 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gori
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via Moruzzi, 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Domenici
authors.affiliation: Biolabs-Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. Electronic address: luca.sebastiani@sssup.it.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sebastiani
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D003890:Desiccation; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010636:Phenols
keywords: Metabolomics; ORAC; Polyphenols; Quantitative (1)H NMR spectroscopy; Total antioxidant capacity