title: Comparison of Hospital Mortality and Readmission Rates for Medicare Patients Treated by Male vs Female Physicians.
abstract: Studies have found differences in practice patterns between male and female physicians, with female physicians more likely to adhere to clinical guidelines and evidence-based practice. However, whether patient outcomes differ between male and female physicians is largely unknown.
  
  
  
  To determine whether mortality and readmission rates differ between patients treated by male or female physicians.
  
  
  
  We analyzed a 20% random sample of Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries 65 years or older hospitalized with a medical condition and treated by general internists from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2014. We examined the association between physician sex and 30-day mortality and readmission rates, adjusted for patient and physician characteristics and hospital fixed effects (effectively comparing female and male physicians within the same hospital). As a sensitivity analysis, we examined only physicians focusing on hospital care (hospitalists), among whom patients are plausibly quasi-randomized to physicians based on the physician's specific work schedules. We also investigated whether differences in patient outcomes varied by specific condition or by underlying severity of illness.
  
  
  
  Patients' 30-day mortality and readmission rates.
  
  
  
  A total of 1 583 028 hospitalizations were used for analyses of 30-day mortality (mean [SD] patient age, 80.2 [8.5] years; 621 412 men and 961 616 women) and 1 540 797 were used for analyses of readmission (mean [SD] patient age, 80.1 [8.5] years; 602 115 men and 938 682 women). Patients treated by female physicians had lower 30-day mortality (adjusted mortality, 11.07% vs 11.49%; adjusted risk difference, -0.43%; 95% CI, -0.57% to -0.28%; P < .001; number needed to treat to prevent 1 death, 233) and lower 30-day readmissions (adjusted readmissions, 15.02% vs 15.57%; adjusted risk difference, -0.55%; 95% CI, -0.71% to -0.39%; P < .001; number needed to treat to prevent 1 readmission, 182) than patients cared for by male physicians, after accounting for potential confounders. Our findings were unaffected when restricting analyses to patients treated by hospitalists. Differences persisted across 8 common medical conditions and across patients' severity of illness.
  
  
  
  Elderly hospitalized patients treated by female internists have lower mortality and readmissions compared with those cared for by male internists. These findings suggest that the differences in practice patterns between male and female physicians, as suggested in previous studies, may have important clinical implications for patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts2Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsugawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts4Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston5National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Anupam B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Jena
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts2Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Jose F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Figueroa
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts6Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: E John
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Orav
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts2Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts8Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Ashish K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Jha
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006302:Health Services Research; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007388:Internal Medicine; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010820:Physicians / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010822:Physicians, Women; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology