title: A SNP Based Linkage Map of the Arctic Charr (Salvelinus alpinus) Genome Provides Insights into the Diploidization Process After Whole Genome Duplication.
abstract: Diploidization, which follows whole genome duplication events, does not occur evenly across the genome. In salmonid fishes, certain pairs of homeologous chromosomes preserve tetraploid loci in higher frequencies toward the telomeres due to residual tetrasomic inheritance. Research suggests this occurs only in homeologous pairs where one chromosome arm has undergone a fusion event. We present a linkage map for Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), a salmonid species with relatively fewer chromosome fusions. Genotype by sequencing identified 19,418 SNPs, and a linkage map consisting of 4508 markers was constructed from a subset of high quality SNPs and microsatellite markers that were used to anchor the new map to previous versions. Both male- and female-specific linkage maps contained the expected number of 39 linkage groups. The chromosome type associated with each linkage group was determined, and 10 stable metacentric chromosomes were identified, along with a chromosome polymorphism involving the sex chromosome AC04. Two instances of a weak form of pseudolinkage were detected in the telomeric regions of homeologous chromosome arms in both female and male linkage maps. Chromosome arm homologies within the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) genomes were determined. Paralogous sequence variants (PSVs) were identified, and their comparative BLASTn hit locations showed that duplicate markers exist in higher numbers on seven pairs of homeologous arms, previously identified as preserving tetrasomy in salmonid species. Homeologous arm pairs where neither arm has been part of a fusion event in Arctic charr had fewer PSVs, suggesting faster diploidization rates in these regions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada nugentc@uoguelph.ca rdanzman@uoguelph.ca.
authors.forename: Cameron M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Nugent
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: Anne A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Easton
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
authors.forename: Moira M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada nugentc@uoguelph.ca rdanzman@uoguelph.ca.
authors.forename: Roy G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Danzmann
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D004171:Diploidy; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020440:Gene Duplication; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D016678:Genome; D005838:Genotype; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D012474:Salmon / Q000235:genetics*
keywords: diploidization; duplicated genes; epigenetic modification; linkage map; salmonid fishes; transmission genetics; transposition