title: Effects of initial moisture content of Korean traditional wheat-based fermentation starter nuruk on microbial abundance and diversity.
abstract: The brewing of makgeolli, one of Korea's most popular alcoholic beverages that is gaining popularity globally, is facilitated by nuruk, a traditional Korean cereal starter. The nuruk microbiome greatly influences the fermentation process as well as the nutritional, hygienic, and aromatic qualities of the product. This study is a continuation of our efforts to examine nuruk biodiversity at a depth previously unattainable. In this study, microfloral dynamics in wheat-based nuruk C, composed of traditional ingredients such as barley, green gram, and wheat and fermented under various internal moisture contents of 20% (C20), 26% (C26), and 30% (C30), was evaluated using 454 pyrosequencing during the 30-day fermentation process. Rarefaction analysis and alpha diversity parameters indicated adequate sampling. C20 showed the greatest fungal richness and diversity, C20 and C26 exhibited similar bacterial richness and diversity, while C30 had low fungal and bacterial richness. Fungal taxonomic assignments revealed that the initial moisture content caused selective enrichment of Aspergillus candidus with a decreasing trend during fermentation, whereas Saccharomycetales sp. exhibited increasing relative abundance with increasing moisture content from day 6 of the fermentation process. Depending on initial moisture level, changes in bacterial communities were also observed in the genera Streptomyces, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus, with decreasing trends whereas Saccharopolyspora exhibited a sigmoidal trend with the highest abundance in C26. These findings demonstrate the possible impact of initial moisture content of nuruk on microfloral richness, diversity, and dynamics; this study is thus a step toward our ultimate goal of enhancing the quality of nuruk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 561-756, Korea.
authors.forename: Jyotiranjan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bal
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 561-756, Korea.
authors.forename: Suk-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.affiliation: Fermented Food Science Division, Department of Agrofood Resource, NAAS, RDA, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 565-851, Korea.
authors.forename: Soo-Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeollabuk-do, 570-749, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Mi
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 561-756, Korea.
authors.forename: Beom-Tae
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 561-756, Korea. dhkim@jbnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Dae-Hyuk
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000382:microbiology*; D001230:Aspergillus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001407:Bacillus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D044822:Biodiversity; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000382:microbiology*; D005285:Fermentation / Q000502:physiology*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D001467:Hordeum / Q000382:microbiology*; D056910:Republic of Korea; D004718:Saccharomycetales / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016930:Saccharopolyspora / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014908:Triticum / Q000382:microbiology*; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: 454 pyrosequencing; Aspergillus; Cereal starter; Moisture; Nuruk; Saccharopolyspora