title: Repair Potential of Matrix-Induced Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate and Matrix-Induced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation for Talar Osteochondral Repair: Patterns of Some Catabolic, Inflammatory, and Pain Mediators.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The low regenerative potential of cartilage contributed to the development of different cell therapies aimed to improve the clinical outcome in young patients with Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus (OLT). This study is designed to assess the regenerative potential of autologous matrix-induced Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate (mBMAC) and matrix-induced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (mACI) evaluating, on a small number of osteochondral biopsies, the expression of some catabolic, inflammatory, and pain mediators.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two patients with OLT were analyzed in this study; 7 were treated with mACI and 15 with mBMAC. Informed consent was obtained from all the patients. Clinical assessments were performed pre-operatively and at 12, 24, and 36 months after surgery using the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS). Histology and immunohistochemistry were used to assess cartilage repair at 24 months. Data were analyzed using non-parametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney and Spearman tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A remarkable improvement in AOFAS score was noticed for both treatments up to 36 months; however, patients treated with mACI reported the best AOFAS score. Various degrees of tissue remodeling were observed by histological analysis for both cell strategies. However, mBMAC treatment showed a higher expression of some fibrous and hypertrophic markers compared to mACI group. A mild positivity for nerve growth factor, as pain mediator, was noticed for both treatments.M.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrated the best histological and clinical results following mACI treatment since different fibrotic and hypertrophic features were evident in the mBMAC group at 24-month follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory RAMSES, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Desando
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bartolotti
authors.affiliation: 1Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vannini
authors.affiliation: Laboratory RAMSES, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cavallo
authors.affiliation: 1Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Castagnini
authors.affiliation: 1Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buda
authors.affiliation: 1Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giannini
authors.affiliation: 1Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mosca
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Erminia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mariani
authors.affiliation: Laboratory RAMSES, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy; Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Brunella
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grigolo
keywords: ankle; cartilage repair; chondrocytes; scoring systems; stromal cells