title: Estimation of the daily soil/dust (SD) ingestion rate of children from Gansu Province, China via hand-to-mouth contact using tracer elements.
abstract: A total of 60 children (31 males and 29 females) between the ages of 3 and 12 years were randomly selected from Lanzhou City in Gansu Province, northwest China. Hand (soil/dust) SD samples from these children were collected using hand wipes. We determined the approximate amounts of hand SD and the concentrations of three tracer soil elements (Ce, Y, and V) in these samples. The approximate amounts of hand SD ranged from 42.28 to 173.76 mg, with a median value of 85.42 mg. In addition, the mean amounts of hand SD estimated using the concentrations of Ce, Y, and V in the samples were 4.63, 3.43, and 3.42 mg, respectively. The amount of hand SD varied greatly among the age groups: primary school children had more hand SD than kindergarten children, males had more hand SD than females, and children from rural areas had more hand SD than those from urban areas. The rates of daily ingestion of hand SD for kindergarten and primary school children were estimated to be 7.73 and 6.61 mg/day, respectively.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China. majin@craes.org.cn.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
authors.forename: Li-Bo
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environment Health and Related Product Safety, China CDC, Beijing, 100021, China.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
authors.forename: Chun-Ye
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Li
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hou
mesh_terms: D002563:Cerium / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D009055:Mouth; D012737:Sex Factors; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D014639:Vanadium / Q000032:analysis*; D015019:Yttrium / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D012987:Soil; D014639:Vanadium; D002563:Cerium; D015019:Yttrium
keywords: Children; Hand-to-mouth contact; SD ingestion; Tracer element