title: Cost of informal care for patients with cardiovascular disease or diabetes: current evidence and research challenges.
abstract: Patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) or diabetes often require informal care. The burden of informal care, however, was not fully integrated into economic evaluation. We conducted a literature review to summarize the current evidence on economic burden associated with informal care imposed by CVD or diabetes.
  
  
  
  We searched EconLit, EMBASE, and PubMed for publications in English during the period of 1995-2015. Keywords for the search were informal care cost, costs of informal care, informal care, and economic burden. We excluded studies that (1) did not estimate monetary values, (2) examined methods or factors affecting informal care, or (3) did not address CVD or diabetes.
  
  
  
  Our search identified 141 potential abstracts, and 10 of the articles met our criteria. Although little research has been conducted, studies used different methods without much consensus, estimates suffered from recall bias, and study samples were small, the costs of informal care have been found high. In 2014 US dollars, estimated additional annual costs of informal care per patient ranged from $1563 to $7532 for stroke, $860 for heart failure, and $1162 to $5082 for diabetes. The total cost of informal care ranged from $5560 to $143,033 for stoke, $12,270 to $20,319 for heart failure, and $1192 to $1321 for diabetes.
  
  
  
  The costs of informal care are substantial, and excluding them from economic evaluation would underestimate economic benefits of interventions for the prevention of CVD and diabetes.
authors.affiliation: IHRC Inc., 1600 Clifton Road NE MS E-03, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA. hjoo@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: Heesoo
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1342-6428
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.affiliation: Division of Diabetes Translation, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA.
authors.forename: Guijing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D005791:Patient Care / Q000191:economics*; D011788:Quality of Life; D012106:Research; D020521:Stroke / Q000191:economics
keywords: Chronic illness; Diabetes; Economics; Heart disease; Informal caregiving; Stroke