title: The Epidemiological, Morphological, and Clinical Aspects of the Cervical Ribs in Humans.
abstract: A familiarity with the anatomy of some types of bone anomalies is necessary for clinicians involved in many medical areas. The aim of this paper is to review the newest literature concerning the morphology, embryology, clinical image, and therapeutic methods of the cervical ribs in the humans. The incidence of cervical ribs has been found to vary from 0.58% in Malaysian population to 6.2% in Turkish population. Cervical ribs have clinical implications that are generally divided into neurological or vascular. This study is of particular importance for clinicians, as early identification of cervical ribs may prevent life-threatening complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Angiology, Interfaculty Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Łódź, Narutowicza 60, 90-136 Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: Łukasz
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Spadliński
authors.affiliation: Centre for Learning Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cecot
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological and Isotopic Diagnosis and Therapy, Medical University of Łódź, Ul. Żeromskiego, 11390-549 Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Majos
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical University of Łódź, Kopcińskiego 22, 90-153 Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: Ludomir
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stefańczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology, Medical University of Łódź, Kopcińskiego 22, 90-153 Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: Wioletta
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pietruszewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Interfaculty Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Łódź, Narutowicza 60, 90-136 Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wysiadecki
authors.affiliation: Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Interfaculty Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Łódź, Narutowicza 60, 90-136 Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: Mirosław
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Topol
authors.affiliation: Department of Angiology, Interfaculty Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Łódź, Narutowicza 60, 90-136 Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4146-4998
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Polguj
mesh_terms: D001848:Bone Diseases, Developmental / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D057070:Cervical Rib / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution