title: Jugular venous reflux on magnetic resonance angiography and radionuclide venography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between the signal from retrograde venous flow on magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and retrograde upward flow from the left brachiocephalic vein has not been explored.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To reveal the frequency of jugular venous reflux using MRA and nuclear venography in patients being evaluated for cerebral volume and blood flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 229 patients with cognitive disturbance who had undergone brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) on the same day to evaluate cerebral blood flow were evaluated. Jugular venous reflux was measured on MRA and nuclear venography, which was conducted just after injection of N-isopropyl-123I-p-iodoamphetamine for the SPECT study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MRA showed jugular reflux in seven patients on the right side, and in 22 on the left. Nuclear venography showed jugular reflux in six patients on the right side, and in 20 on the left.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Jugular venous reflux was observed mostly on the left side. Retrograde flow was observed on both MRA and nuclear venography in half of the cases, with the rest only on one of the modalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fushimi
authors.affiliation: Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Sachi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsunori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanagaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Togashi
keywords: Jugular veins; cerebrovascular circulation; magnetic resonance angiography (MRA); radionuclide angiography