title: A Review of Available Techniques for Cardiac Output Monitoring.
abstract: The main objective of fluid therapy is to increase cardiac output (CO). Large, rapidly administered volumes of fluids are the cornerstone of treating patients in shock to restore circulating volume and improve tissue perfusion. However, determining exactly how much fluid a given patient requires can be challenging. If enough fluid is not given, poor tissue perfusion can lead to ischemia, anaerobic metabolism, and ultimately cell and patient death. Conversely, increased morbidity and mortality associated with excessive intravenous fluid administration has been reported in the human literature in a wide variety of conditions. This review focuses on types of available CO monitoring, their application in veterinary medicine as well as current research trends in noninvasive evaluation of CO.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA. Electronic address: marsha80@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thomovsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Aimee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brooks
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002302:Cardiac Output; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002415:Cats; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004285:Dogs; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000662:veterinary; D014730:Veterinary Medicine
keywords: cardiac index; cardiac output; central venous pressure; lithium dilution; pulse contour analysis; ultrasound