title: Avoiding Pitfalls in the Interpretation of Gadoxetic Acid-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
abstract: Gadoxetic acid is extensively used in the following 3 main clinical situations: characterization of small nodules in patients with cirrhosis, preoperative staging of liver metastases, and characterization of incidentally discovered focal liver lesions. Owing to the rapid entry of gadoxetic acid into hepatocytes, the traditional features of liver tumors are modified on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, especially during delayed phase sequences. Thus, although the added value of gadoxetic acid for the detection and characterization of focal liver lesions is now clear, its unique pharmacokinetics as well as the presence of mimicking and atypical lesions may lead to misdiagnoses. The goal of this article is to illustrate common and uncommon pitfalls associated with the use of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging. Moreover, additional MR imaging features that can help establish a correct diagnosis are described.
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department, Beaujon Hospital, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, APHP, Clichy, France.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dioguardi Burgio
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department, Beaujon Hospital, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, APHP, Clichy, France; University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR 1149, Paris, France. Electronic address: maxime.ronot@aphp.fr.
authors.forename: Maxime
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ronot
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paulatto
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Terraz
authors.affiliation: Radiology Department, Beaujon Hospital, University Hospitals Paris Nord Val de Seine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, APHP, Clichy, France; University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR 1149, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vilgrain
authors.affiliation: Section of Radiological Sciences, Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies (Di.Bi.Med.) University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brancatelli
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; C073590:gadolinium ethoxybenzyl DTPA; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA