title: The Late Electrophysiological Consequences Of Posterior Wall Isolation In Patients With Atrial Fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are many different lesion sets that are used for the surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). One such pattern is the 'box set', a single ring of scar delivered anterior to the pulmonary veins, which aims to electrically isolate the posterior wall from the rest of the heart. However it remains unclear whether posterior wall isolation (PWI) is an effective lesion set for maintenance of sinus rhythm and whether it is necessary to achieve complete bidirectional block. We investigated the long-term integrity of the 'box set' lesion created during surgical AF ablation by epicardial High Intensity Focussed Ultrasound (HIFU). All patients had documented persistent or recurrent paroxysmal AF prior to surgery. We correlated this with subsequent success or failure in the abolition of atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  METHODS
  With regional ethical and R&D approval, 101 patients who had previously undergone HIFU AF ablation greater than 4 years ago were screened for inclusion in the study. 17 patients agreed to late electrophysiological study: 11 with on-going AF and 6 in normal sinus rhythm. Clinical history and 7-day holters were used to define the NSR group. We performed a diagnostic EP study using a transseptal approach in fully anticoagulated patients (INR>2.0 and ACT maintained at >300s). A catheter was placed in the coronary sinus (CS) and a circular multipolar mapping catheter was used to map the left atrium and pulmonary veins. Patients in atrial fibrillation were cardioverted. We recorded whether posterior wall (PW) and pulmonary vein (PV) isolation had been achieved at the surgical procedure. In selected cases we recorded a voltage map using either CARTO (Biosense- Webster) or NavX (St Jude Medical) to identify areas of ablation scar.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 11 patients with AF had absence of PW+PV isolation with fractionated electrograms recorded across the PW. In the 6 patients with long-term freedom from AF, PW+PV isolation was confirmed in 4 (67%) and in 1 there was prolonged conduction across the box-set lesion with CS to PW activation time of around 200ms versus 45ms from mid-CS to left atrial appendage. Of the 4 patients with confirmed PW+PV isolation, 1 had dissociated spontaneous atrial potentials within the box set area and the other 3 had electrical silence throughout with inability to capture the posterior wall pacing at 10mA at multiple sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There appears to be a clear correlation between the successful restoration of long-term sinus rhythm and isolation / delayed conduction from the pulmonary veins and posterior wall. Given the advent of hybrid atrial fibrillation ablation techniques designed to deliver this lesion set, these findings are timely and highly relevant.
authors.affiliation: South West Cardiothoracic Centre, Plymouth, PL6 8DH. UK.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: South West Cardiothoracic Centre, Plymouth, PL6 8DH. UK.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lines
authors.affiliation: South West Cardiothoracic Centre, Plymouth, PL6 8DH. UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dalrymple Hay
authors.affiliation: South West Cardiothoracic Centre, Plymouth, PL6 8DH. UK.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Haywood
keywords: Atrial Fibrillation,; Electrophysiology; High Intensity Focussed Ultrasound; Persistent Atrial Fibrillation; Surgical Ablation; Transseptal