title: No Time for Family Meals? Parenting Practices Associated with Adolescent Fruit and Vegetable Intake When Family Meals Are Not an Option.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite research linking family meals to healthier diets, some families are unable to have regular meals together. These families need guidance about other ways to promote healthy eating among adolescents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to examine the association between various parenting practices and adolescent fruit and vegetable (F/V) intake at different levels of family meal frequency.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional, population-based survey of influences on adolescent weight-related behaviors using Project EAT (Eating and Activity in Teens) 2010.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 2,491 adolescents recruited from middle/high schools in Minneapolis/St Paul, MN.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescent F/V intake was ascertained with a food frequency questionnaire. Survey items assessed frequency of family meals and F/V parenting practices (availability, accessibility, parent modeling, parent encouragement, and family communication).
  
  
  METHODS
  Linear regression models were used to examine associations with and interactions among family meals and parenting practices. Models were adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and energy intake (kilocalories per day).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Family meals, F/V availability, F/V accessibility, F/V modeling, and encouragement to eat healthy foods were independently associated with higher F/V intake. Of the 949 (34%) adolescents who reported infrequent family meals (≤2 days/wk), mean F/V intake was 3.6 servings/day for those with high home F/V availability vs 3.0 servings/day for those with low home F/V availability. Similar differences in mean F/V intake (0.3 to 0.6 servings/day) were found for high vs low F/V accessibility, parental modeling, and parent encouragement for healthy eating. Frequent family meals in addition to more favorable parenting practices were associated with the highest F/V intakes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Food parenting practices and family meals are associated with greater adolescent F/V intake. Longitudinal and intervention studies are needed to determine which combination of parenting practices will lead to improvements in adolescent diets.
authors.forename: Allison W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Loth
authors.forename: Jerica M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Berge
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Dianne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neumark-Sztainer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D017195:Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D001835:Body Weight; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000523:psychology; D004034:Diet Surveys; D000072001:Diet, Healthy / Q000523:psychology; D002149:Energy Intake; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals / Q000523:psychology; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D014675:Vegetables
keywords: Adolescence; Family meals; Fruit and vegetable intake; Parenting practices