title: Simulation based teaching in interventional radiology training: is it effective?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish the educational effectiveness of simulation teaching in interventional radiology training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electronic databases (MEDLINE, ERIC, Embase, OvidSP, and Cochrane Library) were searched (January 2000 to May 2015). Studies specifically with educational outcomes conducted on radiologists were eligible. All forms of simulation in interventional training were included. Data were extracted based on the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO) model. Kirkpatrick's hierarchy was used to establish educational intervention effectiveness. The quality of studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Search resulted in 377 articles, of which 15 met the inclusion criteria. Thirteen of the 15 studies achieved level 2 of Kirkpatrick's hierarchy with only one reaching level 4. Statistically significant improvements in performance metrics as objective measures, demonstrating trainee competence were seen in 12/15 studies. Subjective improvements in confidence were noted in 13/15. Only one study demonstrated skills transferability and improvements in patient outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results demonstrate the relevance of simulated training to current education models in improving trainee competence; however, this is limited to the simulated environment as there is a lack of literature investigating its predictive validity and the effect on patient outcomes. The requirement for further research in this field is highlighted. Simulation is thus currently only deemed useful as an adjunct to current training models with the potential to play an influential role in the future of the interventional radiology training curriculum.
authors.affiliation: Nottingham University Hospitals, Queens Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK. Electronic address: romapatel@doctors.org.uk.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: University of Nottingham, Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dennick
mesh_terms: D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003479:Curriculum / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017145:Models, Educational; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015642:Radiology, Interventional / Q000193:education*; D000066908:Simulation Training / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006113:United Kingdom