title: Ethical standards for medical research in the Israeli military - review of the changes in the last decade.
abstract: The Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps (IDF MC) institutional review board (IRB) is one of approximately 50 IRBs active in Israel. In addition to routine IRB considerations it must also address in its deliberations specific safeguards in place in the IDF to protect research volunteers in the military environment. In this report, we present the characteristics of the IDF IRB, including the unique circumstances that led to a 2008 change in the pre-IRB advisory and preparatory process (APP). We also present quantitative data on the IRB's throughput and outcomes, in order to provide a benchmark for other IRBs.
  
  
  
  We reviewed all relevant IDF regulations, both historical and current, pertaining to the structure, activity and oversight of the IRB and of medical research conducted in the IDF. Additionally, we analyzed the ethical review process for all research proposals submitted to the IDF APP between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2015.
  
  
  
  In 2008 the IDF implemented several major changes which have had a substantial impact on the ethical regulation of military medical research. The period following these changes has seen a rise in the number of research proposals submitted to the IDF IRB annually. During the years 2013-2015, 377 research proposals entered the APP, of which 329 were deemed appropriate for IRB deliberation. Eight study protocols were granted waivers, 19 were rejected, and the remaining 302 were authorized. Overall, 345 of the 377 research proposals submitted (92 %) were ultimately cleared for execution; 310 of 329 proposals (94 %) deliberated by the IRB were authorized. The IRB required protocol revisions for 47 % of the research proposals, one-third of which were revisions directly associated with military-specific ethical precautions.
  
  
  
  Guided by the principles of protecting personal autonomy in the complex military setting, the IDF has implemented several unique measures aimed at maintaining the highest ethical standards in medical research. By sharing research approval process data similar to those presented here, medical institutions can help build and support a peer-based benchmarking process through which individual IRBs can appraise their own processes and approval rates.
authors.affiliation: Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel.|Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Ayal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hassidim
authors.affiliation: Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel.
authors.forename: Raeed
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kayouf
authors.affiliation: Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel.
authors.forename: Nirit
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yavnai
authors.affiliation: Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Panush
authors.affiliation: Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dagan
authors.affiliation: Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel.|Department of Military Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Tarif
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bader
authors.affiliation: Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat Gan, Israel.|Department of Military Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hartal
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000941:ethics*; D026724:Ethical Review / Q000592:standards; D028744:Ethics Committees, Research / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D008889:Military Personnel; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods
keywords: Ethics committees; Human subject research; IDF; Institutional review board; Military