title: The Mobile Phone Affinity Scale: Enhancement and Refinement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Existing instruments that assess individuals' relationships with mobile phones tend to focus on negative constructs such as addiction or dependence, and appear to assume that high mobile phone use reflects pathology. Mobile phones can be beneficial for health behavior change, disease management, work productivity, and social connections, so there is a need for an instrument that provides a more balanced assessment of the various aspects of individuals' relationships with mobile phones.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this research was to develop, revise, and validate the Mobile Phone Affinity Scale, a multi-scale instrument designed to assess key factors associated with mobile phone use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N=1058, mean age 33) were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk between March and April of 2016 to complete a survey that assessed participants' mobile phone attitudes and use, anxious and depressive symptoms, and resilience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confirmatory factor analysis supported a 6-factor model. The final measure consisted of 24 items, with 4 items on each of 6 factors: Connectedness, Productivity, Empowerment, Anxious Attachment, Addiction, and Continuous Use. The subscales demonstrated strong internal consistency (Cronbach alpha range=0.76-0.88, mean 0.83), and high item factor loadings (range=0.57-0.87, mean 0.75). Tests for validity further demonstrated support for the individual subscales.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mobile phone affinity may have an important impact in the development and effectiveness of mobile health interventions, and continued research is needed to assess its predictive ability in health behavior change interventions delivered via mobile phones.
authors.affiliation: Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, United States.|Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.|Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
authors.forename: Beth C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4530-7618
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Bock
authors.affiliation: Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, United States.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2436-5664
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lantini
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States.
authors.forename: Herpreet
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8878-4927
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thind
authors.affiliation: Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, United States.
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1315-5370
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Walaska
authors.affiliation: Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, United States.|Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
authors.forename: Rochelle K
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1598-667X
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.affiliation: Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, United States.
authors.forename: Joseph L
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7129-7903
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fava
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
authors.forename: Nancy P
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9634-8287
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.affiliation: Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, United States.|Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.|Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
authors.forename: Lori Aj
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1524-3374
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Scott-Sheldon
keywords: assessment; measure; mobile phone; psychometrics