title: Premature Destruction of Microbubbles during Voiding Urosonography in Children and Possible Underlying Mechanisms: Post Hoc Analysis from the Prospective Study.
abstract: The aim of this study is to describe premature microbubbles destruction with contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (ce-VUS) in children using 2nd-generation ultrasound contrast agents (UCA) and to hypothesize about the reason. 141 children (61 females and 80 males) were included in the study, with mean age of 3.3 years (range 4 weeks-16.0 years), who underwent ce-VUS examination between 2011 and 2014. Premature destruction of the microbubbles in the urinary bladder during ce-VUS was observed in 11 children (7.8%). In all these cases the voiding phase of ce-VUS examination could not be performed because of destroyed UCA microbubbles. This was noted in anxious, crying infants and children with restricted voiding. The premature destruction of ultrasound contrast agent during ce-VUS is an underreported, important limitation of ce-VUS, which prevents evaluation of the voiding phase and the establishment of vesicoureteric reflux (VUR). This was particularly noted in crying infants and children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3154-5463
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piskunowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Swieton
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rybczynska
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Arkadiusz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szarmach
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: Edyta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Szurowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Menno
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1027-1851
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pruijm
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003448:Crying; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D045423:Microbubbles / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media