title: The dysregulated brain: consequences of spatial and temporal brain complexity for bipolar disorder pathophysiology and diagnosis.
abstract: Increasingly, evidence has been accumulating emphasizing the importance of looking at bipolar disorder (BD) from a neurodevelopmental and transdimensional perspective to better understand its origins and its course. In this overview article, the problems facing pathophysiological psychiatric research in BD are addressed and interpreted in the light of brain complexity. Brain complexity can be split into spatial complexity, which constitutes the physiological levels of the central nervous system (i.e., the genetic, molecular, cellular, neuronal circuit and phenomenological levels), and temporal complexity, that is, neurodevelopment. The consequences of this consideration are discussed and suggestions for clinical practice and pathophysiological psychiatric research are made.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.|Radiology Morphological Solutions, Berkel en Rodenrijs, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bartholomeus Cm 'Benno'
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9006-8863
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Haarman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rixt F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Riemersma-Van der Lek
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.|Department of General Practice, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Huibert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Burger
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hemmo A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Drexhage
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Willem A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Nolen
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D011599:Psychopathology
keywords: biomarker; bipolar disorder; brain complexity; diagnostic system; glia; immune system