title: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Effects on Athletes' Cognitive Performance: An Exploratory Proof of Concept Trial.
abstract: Among the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games' unforgettable moments, one could not overlook performances by Phelps and Bolt, which challenge old premises about the maximum extension of individual supremacism in ultracompetitive modalities and the doping scandals. Different media channels resonated these two trends, with an unseen rise on discussions about traits and practices that may set ultrahigh performance athletes apart from the more ordinary ones. Yet, some key issues remain undebated. This paper aims to add to this debate, with a proof of concept trial, which investigates whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may serve as an aid for professional athletes. Ten professional athletes of three different modalities (judo,N= 4 athletes, swimming,N= 3 athletes, and rhythmic gymnastics,N= 3 athletes) received anodal stimulation (2 mA) for 20 min on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for ten consecutive weekdays. We observed a positive effect of tDCS in their cognitive performance, including a significant improvement in alternated, sustained, and divided attention and in memory scores. We also observed a decrease in Beck Depression Inventory scores (4.50 points) in this non-clinical population. These preliminary results suggest that tDCS sessions may translate into competitive advantages for professional athletes and recommend the deepening of the discussion on its ethical use in sports, which is ultimately tied to the wider debate around the risks and opportunities that neuromodulation brings to the table.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Davimar M M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Borducchi
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: July Silveira
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Henrique
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akiba
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuromodulation Laboratory, Santa Casa of São Paulo Medical Science College , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Quirino
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cordeiro
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: José Henrique M
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Borducchi
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Lívia Stocco Sanches
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Valentin
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabrielle M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Borducchi
authors.affiliation: Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Álvaro Machado
authors.initials: ÁM
authors.lastname: Dias
keywords: athletes; cognitive performance; doping; ethics; tDCS