title: A cross-sectional study of cardiorespiratory fitness and gallbladder disease.
abstract: To determine the association of different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), an objective indicator of habitual physical activity, with gallbladder disease.
  
  
  
  In the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (ACLS) database, 41,528 men and 13,206 women aged 20-90 years, with body mass index of 18.5 or more and without history of cardiovascular disease and cancer, received a preventive examination at the Cooper Clinic in Dallas, Texas, between 1970 and 2003. CRF was quantified as maximal metabolic equivalents and classified as low, moderate, and high based on traditional ACLS cut points. Gallbladder disease was defined as physician-diagnosed gallbladder disease.
  
  
  
  When compared with low CRF, adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for gallbladder disease for those with moderate and high CRF were 0.74 (0.55-0.99) and 0.59 (0.42-0.82), respectively when adjusted for all the potential confounders. Each one metabolic equivalent increment of CRF was associated with 10% lower odds of gallbladder disease in all participants (P for trend <.001), 13% lower in women (P for trend <.001), and 8% lower in men (P for trend = .08). The association was consistent across age, history of diabetes mellitus, and physical inactivity subgroups.
  
  
  
  CRF is inversely related to the prevalence of gallbladder disease among relatively healthy men and women in the ACLS cohort.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
authors.forename: Changqing
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mikus
authors.affiliation: Center for Health and Aging, VA Medical Center and Department of Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Chronic Disease Epidemiology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Teaching and Experimental Center, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Kaiyu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Teaching and Experimental Center, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yimin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia. Electronic address: msui@mailbox.sc.edu.
authors.forename: Xuemei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sui
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D000072599:Cardiorespiratory Fitness; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005705:Gallbladder Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Epidemiology; Gallbladder problems; Physical activity; Physical fitness