title: Trends in Weight-for-Length Among Infants in WIC From 2000 to 2014.
abstract: To describe the prevalence and secular trends of high weight-for-length among infants (ages, 3-23 months) in the biennial US Department of Agriculture Women, Infants, and Children Program and Participants Characteristic (WIC-PC) Survey from 2000 through 2014 (n = 16 927 120).
  
  
  
  Weight-for-length was considered to be "high" if it was ≥2 SDs above the sex- and age-specific median in the World Health Organization growth standards. Poisson regression was used to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios.
  
  
  
  The overall prevalence of high weight-for-length increased from 13.4% in 2000 to 14.5% in 2004, remained constant until 2010, and then decreased by >2 percentage points (to 12.3%) through 2014. The prevalence of high weight-for-length was associated with sex (higher among boys), race-ethnicity (highest among American Indians/Alaskan Natives), and with both age (positive) and family income (inverse). The secular trends, however, were fairly similar within categories of these variables. From 2010 to 2014, the prevalence of high weight-for-length decreased in 40 states and 3 (of 5) US territories, with the largest decreases seen in Puerto Rico (-9 percentage points) and Kentucky (-7 percentage points), and the largest increase (+2 percentage points) seen in West Virginia.
  
  
  
  Although the current results cannot be considered representative of infants in the populations, the prevalence of a high weight-for-length has decreased among infants in WIC-PC since 2010. These decreases were similar across categories of most characteristics, but there were substantial differences across jurisdictions, possibly reflecting differences in policy and local programs that target maternal and infant health.
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, and dxf1@cdc.gov.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.|US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Atlanta, Georgia; and.
authors.forename: Andrea J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, and.
authors.forename: Heather C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Hamner
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, and.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Office of Policy Support, Food and Nutrition Services, US Department of Agriculture, Alexandria, Virginia.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Panzera
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, and.
authors.forename: Ray B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Divisions of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, and.|US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Atlanta, Georgia; and.
authors.forename: Heidi M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Blanck
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height; D001835:Body Weight; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D063105:Food Assistance; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014481:United States; D015430:Weight Gain