title: Epidemiology of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Children and Young Adults.
abstract: The epidemiologic characteristics of children and young adults with acute kidney injury have been described in single-center and retrospective studies. We conducted a multinational, prospective study involving patients admitted to pediatric intensive care units to define the incremental risk of death and complications associated with severe acute kidney injury.
  
  
  
  We used the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria to define acute kidney injury. Severe acute kidney injury was defined as stage 2 or 3 acute kidney injury (plasma creatinine level ≥2 times the baseline level or urine output <0.5 ml per kilogram of body weight per hour for ≥12 hours) and was assessed for the first 7 days of intensive care. All patients 3 months to 25 years of age who were admitted to 1 of 32 participating units were screened during 3 consecutive months. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality.
  
  
  
  A total of 4683 patients were evaluated; acute kidney injury developed in 1261 patients (26.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 25.6 to 28.2), and severe acute kidney injury developed in 543 patients (11.6%; 95% CI, 10.7 to 12.5). Severe acute kidney injury conferred an increased risk of death by day 28 after adjustment for 16 covariates (adjusted odds ratio, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.17 to 2.68); death occurred in 60 of the 543 patients (11.0%) with severe acute kidney injury versus 105 of the 4140 patients (2.5%) without severe acute kidney injury (P<0.001). Severe acute kidney injury was associated with increased use of mechanical ventilation and renal-replacement therapy. A stepwise increase in 28-day mortality was associated with worsening severity of acute kidney injury (P<0.001 by log-rank test). Assessment of acute kidney injury according to the plasma creatinine level alone failed to identify acute kidney injury in 67.2% of the patients with low urine output.
  
  
  
  Acute kidney injury is common and is associated with poor outcomes, including increased mortality, among critically ill children and young adults. (Funded by the Pediatric Nephrology Center of Excellence at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and others; AWARE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01987921 .).
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Acute Care Nephrology (A.K., R.K.B., S.L.G.) and the Division of Critical Care (R.K.B.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati; Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (A.K.); and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (S.M.B.).
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaddourah
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Acute Care Nephrology (A.K., R.K.B., S.L.G.) and the Division of Critical Care (R.K.B.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati; Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (A.K.); and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (S.M.B.).
authors.forename: Rajit K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Acute Care Nephrology (A.K., R.K.B., S.L.G.) and the Division of Critical Care (R.K.B.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati; Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (A.K.); and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (S.M.B.).
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bagshaw
authors.affiliation: From the Center for Acute Care Nephrology (A.K., R.K.B., S.L.G.) and the Division of Critical Care (R.K.B.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati; Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar (A.K.); and the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (S.M.B.).
authors.forename: Stuart L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Goldstein
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017582:Renal Replacement Therapy; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine