title: The causal link among militarization, economic growth, CO2emission, and energy consumption.
abstract: This paper examines the long-run and the causal relationship among CO2emissions, militarization, economic growth, and energy consumption for USA for the period 1960-2013. Using the bound test approach to cointegration, a short-run as well as a long-run relationship among the variables with a positive and a statistically significant relationship between CO2emissions and militarization was found. To determine the causal link, MWALD and Rao's F tests were applied. According to Rao's F tests, the evidence of a unidirectional causality running from militarization to CO2emissions, from energy consumption to CO2emissions, and from militarization to energy consumption all without a feedback was found. Further, the results determined that 26% of the forecast-error variance of CO2emissions was explained by the forecast error variance of militarization and 60% by energy consumption.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Economics and Administrative Science, Department of Economics, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpaşa Campus/Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey. melikebildirici@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Melike E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bildirici
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis* / Q000191:economics; D057217:Economic Development
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: Bounds test; CO2 emissions; Causality; Economic growth; Energy consumption; Militarization; Rao’s F test