title: Antimicrobial resistance and virulence profile of enterococci isolated from poultry and cattle sources in Nigeria.
abstract: This study investigated the occurrence, antimicrobial resistance and virulence of Enterococcus from poultry and cattle farms. Three hundred and ninety samples: cloacal/rectal swabs (n = 260) and manure (n = 130] were processed for recovery of Enterococcus species. Standard bacteriological methods were used to isolate, identify and characterize Enterococcus species for antimicrobial susceptibility and expression of virulence traits. Detection of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes was carried out by polymerase chain reaction. Enterococcus was recovered from 167 (42.8%) of the 390 samples tested with a predominance of Enterococcus faecium (27.7%). Other species detected were Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus hirae, Enterococcus raffinosus, Enterococcus avium, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Enterococcus mundtii and Enterococcus durans. All the isolates tested were susceptible to vancomycin, but resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, ampicillin and gentamicin was also observed among 61.0, 61.0, 45.1 and 32.7% of the isolates, respectively. Sixty (53.1%) of the isolates were multidrug resistant presenting as 24 different resistance patterns with resistance to gentamicin-erythromycin-streptomycin-tetracycline (CN-ERY-STR-TET) being the most common (n = 11) pattern. In addition to expression of virulence traits (haemolysin, gelatinase, biofilm production), antibiotic resistance (tetK, tetL, tetM, tetO and ermB) and virulence (asa1, gelE, cylA) genes were detected among the isolates. Also, in vitro transfer of resistance determinants was observed among 75% of the isolates tested. Our data revealed poultry, cattle and manure in this area are hosts to varying Enterococcus species harbouring virulence and resistance determinants that can be transferred to other organisms and also are important for causing nosocomial infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, University of Agriculture Makurdi, PMB 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. drngbede@hotmail.com.|Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, PMB 1045, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. drngbede@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Emmanuel Ochefije
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Ngbede
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, PMB 1045, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.|Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Mashood Abiola
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Raji
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, PMB 1045, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Clara Nna
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Kwanashie
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, PMB 1045, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Jacob Kwada Pajhi
authors.initials: JKP
authors.lastname: Kwaga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D018441:Biofilms; D002417:Cattle / Q000382:microbiology*; D003428:Cross Infection; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009549:Nigeria; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011200:Poultry / Q000382:microbiology*; D014774:Virulence; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D037521:Virulence Factors
keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; Cattle; Enterococcus ﻿species﻿; Poultry; Virulence traits