title: Effects of Exercise on the Structure and Circulation of Choroid in Normal Eyes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of dynamic exercise on the circulation and the luminal and stromal areas of the choroid in normal eyes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective interventional study of 38 eyes of 38 normal subjects enrolled by invitation. The systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate, intraocularpressure, mean ocular perfusion pressure (MOPP), choroidal blood velocity, and enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomographic (EDI-OCT) images were recorded before, and immediately after mild dynamic exercise. The same measurements were recorded after 10 min of rest. The choroidal blood velocity was measured bylaser speckle flowgraphy, and the mean blur rate was used for the evaluations. The horizontal EDI-OCT images of the subfoveal choroid were converted to binary images. The central choroidal thickness (CCT), total cross sectional choroidal area, luminal areas, stromal areas, and the ratio of luminal area to total choroidal area (L/C ratio) were determined from these images.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate, MOPP, and the mean blur rate were significantly increased immediately after the exercise and significantly decreased 10 minutes after the exercise. There wereno significant changes in the mean CCT, the mean total choroidal area, the mean luminal and stromal areas, and the mean L/C ratio after the exercise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that a rest period is needed before measurements of blood flow velocity but not necessary for the EDI-OCT imaging to determine the choroidal thickness and area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.|Department of Ophthalmology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takamasa
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0465-2140
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Junya
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Natsuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imaizumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Sapporo City General Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirotomo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akaiwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Semba
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Shozo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sonoda
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Taiji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mitamura
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002829:Choroid / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000098:blood supply*; D015862:Choroid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003971:Diastole; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006339:Heart Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010477:Perfusion; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012030:Refractive Errors; D013599:Systole; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence