title: In vivo measurements of humeral movement during posterior glenohumeral mobilizations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to quantifyin vivoposterior translational movements occurring in the glenohumeral joint during posterior mobilizations and to determine the intratester reliability of those posterior translational movements.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight individuals (17 females, 11 males) participated in this study. One physical therapist utilized a Kaltenborn approach to apply three grades of posterior humeral mobilization. A hand held dynamometer was used to quantify the force used during each grade of mobilization. Ultrasound imaging was used to visualize and measure posterior humeral movement. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics for force and posterior movement, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for intrarater reliability of force and posterior movement during each grade of mobilization and pairedt-tests to compare movement and force between grades of mobilization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean posterior movement (mm) measurements were 3.0, 8.2 and 10.7 for grade I, grade II and grade III mobilizations, respectively. Mean force (Newtons) measurements used during mobilization were 41.7, 121.5 and 209.4 for grade I, grade II and grade III mobilizations, respectively. The ICCs ranged from 0.849 to 0.905 for movement and from 0.717 to 0.889 for force. Force and measurement values were significantly different between grades of mobilization and between dominant and non-dominant arms. Gender was found to be significantly associated with force.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mean movements and mean forces occurring during posterior mobilization increased with increasing grades. Intratester reliability was high for all grades of manual mobilization supporting the use of subjective feedback to determine appropriate force application. Quantification of forces and movements helps to clarify parameters that can serve as a reference for clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: University of Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Talbott And
authors.affiliation: University of Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Dexter W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Witt
keywords: Force; Manual therapy; Mobilization; Reliability; Shoulder joint; Ultrasound imaging