title: Pre-discharge factors predicting readmissions of psychiatric patients: a systematic review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Readmission rate is considered an indicator of the mental health care quality. Previous studies have examined a number of factors that are likely to influence readmission. The main objective of this systematic review is to identify the studied pre-discharge variables and describe their relevance to readmission among psychiatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies on the association between pre-discharge variables and readmission after discharge with a main psychiatric diagnosis were searched in the bibliographic databases Ovid Medline, PsycINFO, ProQuest Health Management and OpenGrey. Relevant publications published between January 1990 and June 2014 were included. For each variable, the number of papers that considered it as a predictor of readmission and that found a significant association was recorded, together with the association direction and whether it was found respectively in bivariate and in multivariate analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 734 articles identified in the search, 58 papers were included in this review, mainly from the USA and concerning patients with severe mental disorders. Analysed variables were classified according to the following categories: patients' demographic, social and economic characteristics; patients' clinical characteristics; patients' clinical history; patients' attitude and perception; environmental, social and hospital characteristics; and admission and discharge characteristics. The most consistently significant predictor of readmission was previous hospitalisations. Many socio-demographic variables resulted as influencing readmission, but the results were not always homogeneous. Among other patients' clinical characteristics, diagnosis and measures of functional status were the most often used variables. Among admission characteristics, length of stay was the main factor studied; however, the results were not very consistent. Other relevant aspects resulted associated with readmission, including the presence of social support, but they have been considered only in few papers. Results of quality assessment are also reported in the review. The majority of papers were not representative of the general psychiatric population discharged from an inpatient service. Almost all studies used multivariate analytical methods, i.e., confounders were controlled for, but only around 60% adjusted for previous hospitalisation, the variable most consistently considered associated to readmission in the literature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results contribute to increase knowledge on pre-discharge factors that could be considered by researchers as well as by clinicians to predict and prevent readmissions of psychiatric patients. Associations are not always straightforward and interactions between factors have to be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy. valeria.donisi@univr.it.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Donisi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tedeschi
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mental Health Unit, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wahlbeck
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health and Welfare, Mental Health Unit, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Haaramo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale L.A. Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amaddeo
mesh_terms: D003266:Continuity of Patient Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011379:Prognosis; D011567:Psychiatric Department, Hospital; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Length of stay; Pre-discharge factors; Previous hospitalisations; Readmission; Socio-demographic factors; Systematic review