title: A 10-year evaluation on adolescents with anxiety disorders: are they at risk of bipolarity?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Anxiety disorders are the most frequent disorders comorbid with bipolar disorder (BD) often preceding the BD onset. The presence of comorbid anxiety in patients diagnosed with BD is associated with worsening of their BD symptoms, increased risky behaviour, decreased response to pharmacological treatment and deterioration in their quality of life and global functioning. The aim of this study was to investigate if anxiety disorders in adolescence could be considered as predictors of BD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents with a primary anxiety disorder were recruited consecutively from the Mood and Anxiety Disorders Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin. Subjects were evaluated for Axis I psychiatric disorders, family history and global functioning, and followed up on average 10 years later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 29 patients (59.2%) were male and the mean age at the onset of anxiety disorder was 16.3 (±0.8). Ten years following recruitment, 11 (22.4%) patients fulfilled the criteria for BD. Of them, 10 (90.9%) had a family history of BD and four (36.4%) presented a comorbid substance use disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study shows that both family history of BD and substance use disorder, in adolescent patients with a primary anxiety disorder, should be considered as potential predictors of BD onset.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Unit , S Luigi Gonzaga Hospital Orbassano (Turin), University of Turin , Turin , Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aguglia
authors.affiliation: b Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Unit , AOU Policlinico Hospital, University of Catania , Catania , Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Stefano
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Unit , S Luigi Gonzaga Hospital Orbassano (Turin), University of Turin , Turin , Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maina
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Bipolar disorder; adolescence; anxiety disorder; familiarity; follow up