title: Changes in cytokines, leptin, and IGF-1 levels in overtrained athletes during a prolonged recovery phase: A case-control study.
abstract: We investigated how cytokines are implicated with overtraining syndrome (OTS) in athletes during a prolonged period of recovery. Plasma IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-1β, adipokine leptin, and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations were measured in overtrained (OA: 5 men, 2 women) and healthy control athletes (CA: 5 men, 5 women) before and after exercise to volitional exhaustion. Measurements were conducted at baseline and after 6 and 12 months. Inflammatory cytokines did not differ between groups at rest. However, resting leptin concentration was lower in OA than CA at every measurement (P < 0.050) but was not affected by acute exercise. Although IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations increased with exercise in both groups (P < 0.050), pro-inflammatory IL-1β concentration increased only in OA (P < 0.050) and anti-inflammatory IL-10 was greater in CA (P < 0.001). In OA, exercise-related IL-6 and TNF-α induction was enhanced during the follow-up (P < 0.050). IGF-1 decreased with exercise in OA (P < 0.050); however, no differences in resting IGF-1 were observed. In conclusion, low leptin level at rest and a pro-inflammatory cytokine response to acute exercise may reflect a chronic maladaptation state in overtrained athletes. In contrast, the accentuation of IL-6 and TNF-α responses to acute exercise seemed to associate with the progression of recovery from overtraining.
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland.
authors.forename: Raimo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Joro
authors.affiliation: b HUS Medical Imaging Center, Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Arja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uusitalo
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland.|c Department of Exercise Science , Syracuse University , Syracuse , NY , USA.
authors.forename: Keith C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: DeRuisseau
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Atalay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D064797:Physical Conditioning, Human / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013577:Syndrome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D020738:Leptin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I
keywords: Overtraining; cytokine; exercise; recovery