title: Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of new pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several pyrazolopyridines possess promising pharmacological activities, mainly attributed to their antagonistic nature towards the natural purines in many biological processes. Cytotoxicity and anticancer potential of this class of compounds is mainly related to induction of apoptotic cell death and inhibition of protein kinases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This prompted us to design, synthesize and study the antiproliferative activity of a number of new 3,7-disubstituted pyrazolo[3,4-c] pyridines.
  
  
  METHODS
  2-amino-3-nitro-4-picoline was suitably modified and ring closed to provide 7-chloropyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine. Iodination of this derivative was followed by the insertion of 3-aryl substituents via Suzuki coupling and aromatic nucleophilic substitution of the 7-chloro group by the appropriate amines. The antiproliferative activity of the target compounds was evaluated against A2058 melanoma, DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cell lines. Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content for selected compounds was performed, after incubation of exponentially growing PC-3 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen new pyrazolopyridines have been synthesized and fully characterized. Among them, the majority of the 3-(3-fluorophenyl) derivatives exhibit interesting antiproliferative activity, with IC50 values in the range of 3.0-16.0 μM and present reasonable SARs. Cell-cycle perturbations revealed that the most active derivative 12a blocks cells at the S phase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3-(3-Fluorophenyl)-7-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine (12a) and the corresponding 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)- analogue (11a) possess interesting antiproliferative activity against all cell lines tested. Derivatives bearing this substitution pattern can be considered as useful leads for further biological evaluation.
authors.forename: Efthymios-Spyridon
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Gavriil
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lougiakis
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis-Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pouli
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marakos
authors.forename: Alexios-Leandros
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Skaltsounis
authors.forename: Sangkil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jove
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Horne
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gioti
authors.forename: Harris
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pratsinis
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kletsas
authors.forename: Roxane
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tenta