title: Modulatory effects of Cassia fistula fruits against free radicals and genotoxicity of mutagens.
abstract: Cassia fistula L. (Fabaceae) fruits are highly recommended in folklore medicine for curing various ailments. In the current study, methanol (CaFM), hexane (CaFH), chloroform (CaFCl), ethyl acetate (CaFE), butanol (CaFB) and aqueous (CaFA) fractions of C. fistula fruits were investigated for their potential to inhibit the genotoxicity of mutagens and free radicals. The antimutagenicity of fractions was evaluated against the reactive carcinogenic ester generating mutagen, 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) and frame-shift mutation inducing mutagen, 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NPD) in Ames Salmonella typhimurium TA98 tester strain. Among the fractions, CaFE showed strongest protective effect against the mutagenicity of both S9-dependent and direct-acting mutagen with an inhibitory percentage of 81% and 64% at the concentration of 1 × 103and 2.5 × 103respectively. All the fractions were analyzed for free radical scavenging activity using DPPH, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation and superoxide anion assays. CaFE fraction showed maximum antioxidant activity in comparison to other fractions with an IC50of 97.01, 172.36, 144 and 264.79 μg/ml respectively. High performance liquid chromatography showed the presence of catechin, epicatechin and umbelliferone in appreciable amount which may account for its efficacy in combating free radicals and also showed protective effect against the mutagenicity of S9-dependent mutagen, 2-AF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Paramjeet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Varinder
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India. Electronic address: sjkaur2011@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Satwinderjeet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaur
mesh_terms: D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002366:Cassia / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010655:Phenylenediamines / Q000633:toxicity; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D009153:Mutagens; D010655:Phenylenediamines; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013481:Superoxides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C012277:1,2-diamino-4-nitrobenzene
keywords: Ames assay; Antimutagenic; Antioxidant; Cassia fistula; Salmonella typhimurium