title: Isolation, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile and Detection ofSul1,blaTEM, andblaSHV in Amoxicillin-Clavulanate-Resistant Bacteria Isolated From Retail Sausages in Kampar, Malaysia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to the overuse of antibiotics in livestock as a growth-promoting agent, the emergence of multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria is becoming a concern.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we aimed to detect the presence and discover the molecular determinants of foodborne bacteria in retail sausages resistant towards the antibacterial agent amoxicillin-clavulanate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two grams of sausages were chopped into small pieces and transferred into sterile Luria-Bertani (LB) enrichment broths overnight before they were plated on MacConkey agar petri dishes. The bacteria isolated were then screened for amoxicillin-clavulanate resistance, and an antimicrobial susceptibility test of each isolate was performed by using the disc diffusion method. Double synergy and phenotypic tests were carried out to detect the presence of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). API 20E kit was used to identify theEnterobacteriaceae. All isolates were further examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for resistant genesblaOXA-1,blaOXA-10, plasmid-mediated AmpC (blaCMY andblaDHA), and the chromosome-mediated AmpC,Sul1,blaTEM, andblaSHV genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 18 amoxicillin-clavulanate resistant isolates were obtained from seven different types of retail sausages. Only half of them were identified asEnterobacteriaceae, but none were ESBL-producers. All the 18 isolated strains demonstrated resistance towards amoxicillin-clavulanate, penicillin and oxacillin (100%), cefotaxime (71.4%), cefpodoxime (66.7%), and ampicillin (83.3%).blaTEM was the most frequently detected β-lactamase gene. Both plasmid- and chromosomal-boundblaTEM genes were detected in all of the isolatedEnterobacteriaceae.blaSHV andSul1 accounted for 22.2% and 11.1% of the amoxicillin-clavulanate resistant isolates, respectively, whereasblaAMPC,blaCMY,blaDHA,blaOXA-1, andblaOXA-10 were not found in any of the isolates. The only one ESBL-producing bacteria detected in this study wasChryseobacterium meningosepticum, which harbored theblaTEM gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The multidrug resistant bacteria that carry antibiotic resistant genes from retail sausages may increase the risk of transmission to humans via the consumption of contaminated sausages. Stricter measures must be taken to address the use of antibiotics in animal agriculture and to consider their potential impact on human health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar Perak, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Lih-Shin
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Tew
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar Perak, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Li-Yen
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: She
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar Perak, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Choy-Hoong
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chew
keywords: Amoxicillin-Clavulanate; Antibiotic Resistance; Beta-Lactamase; Foodborne Diseases; Multidrug Resistance; PCR