title: Early Childhood Risk Factors for Mealtime TV Exposure and Engagement in Low-Income Families.
abstract: To identify whether child and mother characteristics in early childhood predict TV exposure and engagement during mealtime in middle childhood.
  
  
  
  A total of 220 low-income mother-child dyads participated. Children were 4.26 years old (SD = 0.51) at baseline and 5.94 years (SD = 0.68) at 2-year follow-up. Mothers completed baseline measures of child negative emotionality and parenting practices. Family mealtimes were video recorded and coded for background TV exposure and child TV engagement. Multinomial logistic regression tested whether child emotionality and parenting practices during early childhood predicted risk of child TV exposure or engagement during mealtime, relative to no TV use, 2 years later.
  
  
  
  Children with greater negative emotionality in early childhood were more likely to engage with TV during mealtime than to have no TV. Similarly, early parenting disciplinary practices characterized by over-reactivity and laxness increased the risk for child TV engagement versus no TV during mealtime approximately 2 years later.
  
  
  
  We identified 2 factors that associated with an increased risk for TV viewing during meals. Helping parents manage child negative emotionality using positive parenting strategies might reduce later child TV engagement and improve the quality of family mealtimes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI; Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Electronic address: domof1se@cmich.edu.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Domoff
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Julie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lumeng
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Niko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kaciroti
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Health and Human Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
authors.forename: Alison L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals; D009035:Mothers; D016487:Parenting; D011203:Poverty; D012307:Risk Factors; D013690:Television / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014741:Video Recording
keywords: emotion regulation; longitudinal studies; mealtime; parenting; pediatric obesity; screen time; television