title: Association between dietary inflammatory index and inflammatory markers in the HELENA study.
abstract: Previous research has shown that diet is associated with low-grade systemic inflammation among adults. However, no study has yet been conducted to explore the association between inflammatory potential of diet and low-grade systemic inflammation among adolescents whose dietary behavior may be different from adults.
  
  
  
  We examine the predictive ability of 24-h recall-derived dietary inflammatory index (DII) scores on inflammation among 532 European adolescents in the HELENA cross-sectional study. The DII is a literature-derived dietary index developed to predict inflammation. The DII was calculated per 1000 calories and was tested against C-reactive protein, ILs-1,2,4,10, TNF-α, ICAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), and IFN-γ. All inflammatory markers had nonnormal distributions and therefore were log transformed. Analyses were performed using multivariable linear regression, adjusting for age, sex, city, BMI, smoking, and physical activity. Pro-inflammatory diet (higher DII scores) was associated with increased levels of various inflammatory markers: TNF-α, IL-1, 2, IFN-γ,  and vascular cell adhesion molecule (bDIIt3vs1= 0.13, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.25; 0.13, 95% CI 0.001, 0.25; 0.40, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.77; 0.53, 95% CI: 0.05, 1.01; 0.07, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.13, respectively).
  
  
  
  These results reinforce the fact that diet, as a whole, plays an important role in modifying inflammation in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shivappa
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hebert
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ascensión
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marcos
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ligia-Esperanza
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nova
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Michels
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Aline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arouca
authors.affiliation: GENUD "Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development" Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Faculty of Health Sciences Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: González-Gil
authors.affiliation: Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, CIC 1403, Centre d'investigation Clinique, Lille, France.
authors.forename: Gottrand
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frederic
authors.affiliation: ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: González-Gross
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Yannis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Manios
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Child Nutrition Dortmund, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Mathilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kersting
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Section, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Marc J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gunter
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Stefaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Henauw
authors.affiliation: Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Unit, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Kafatos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Antonios
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Widhalm
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
authors.forename: Denes
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Molnar
authors.affiliation: GENUD "Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development" Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Faculty of Health Sciences Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: International Agency for Research on Cancer, Nutrition and Metabolism Section, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Huybrechts
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D016014:Linear Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D000073893:Sugars / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D005227:Fatty Acids; D000073893:Sugars; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Adolescents; Cross-sectional; Diet; HELENA; Inflammation