title: Past, present, and future of laparoscopic renal surgery.
abstract: Although laparoscopic renal surgery dates to almost 30 years ago, in which the first laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed in 1990, the history of laparoscopy extends back over 100 years, when laparoscopy was first performed on dogs. Over the last 30 years, laparoscopic renal surgery has seen many advancements in technology and technique. With the introduction of robotics and new instruments, renal surgery is becoming increasingly less invasive, and patients are having improved operative outcomes. As new technology develops, the envelope will continue to be pushed by urologists with the hope of improvement of patient outcomes and satisfaction.
authors.affiliation: The Smith Institute for Urology, New Hyde Park, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cwach
authors.affiliation: The Smith Institute for Urology, New Hyde Park, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kavoussi
keywords: History; Laparoscopy; Natural orifice endoscopic surgery; Nephrectomy