title: Morphine Antidependence ofErythroxylum cuneatum(Miq.) Kurz in Neurotransmission ProcessesIn Vitro.
abstract: Opiate abuse has been studied to cause adaptive changes observed in the presynaptic release and the mediated-synaptic plasticity proteins. The involvement of neuronal SNARE proteins reveals the role of the neurotransmitter release in expressing the opioid actions. The present study was designed to determine the effect of the alkaloid extract ofErythroxylum cuneatum(E. cuneatum) against chronic morphine and the influences ofE. cuneatumon neurotransmission processes observedin vitro. The human neuroblastoma cell line, SK-N-SH, was treated with the morphine, methadone, orE. cuneatum. The cell lysates were collected and tested forα-synuclein, calmodulin, vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP 2), and synaptotagmin 1. The extract ofE. cuneatumwas observed to upregulate the decreased expression of dependence proteins, namely,α-synuclein and calmodulin. The effects were comparable to methadone and control. The expressions of VAMP 2 and synaptotagmin 1 were normalised by the plant and methadone. The extract ofE. cuneatumwas postulated to treat dependence symptoms after chronic morphine and improve the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor activating protein receptor (SNARE) protein involved in synaptic vesicle after.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Noor Azuin
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0296-3313
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Suliman
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohamad Aris
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9282-129X
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mohd Moklas
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Che Norma
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4534-5614
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Mat Taib
authors.affiliation: Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery, Aras 9 Bangunan FF3, UiTM Puncak Alam, Bandar Baru Puncak Alam, 42300 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohd Ilham
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Adenan
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohamad Taufik
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4773-8531
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Hidayat Baharuldin
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Rusliza
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3363-6630
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Basir
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kampus Puncak Alam, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Zulkhairi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Amom