title: Cardiovascular disease in inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
abstract: Chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD), including rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriatic arthritis, are prevalent conditions worldwide, with a considerable burden on healthcare systems. They are associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. In this review, we focused on the epidemiology, traditional CV risk factors, genetics, and the link between chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis, and CV disease. Remarkably, patients with IRD have higher vulnerability to atheromatous plaques. The risk of unstable plaques is higher in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than in controls. Active disease is a characteristic ascribed to vulnerability and rupture of plaques and a cause of thrombosis in IRD. Management of CV risk in patients with IRD includes optimal control of disease activity. CV risk stratification by applying risk charts is also essential. Imaging techniques might be useful to determine the actual CV risk of patients with IRD who are included in the category of intermediate or moderate CV risk.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Division, Hospital de La Princesa, IIS-IP, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), c/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Santos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Castañeda
authors.affiliation: Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, VU University Medical Center, Reade P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Nurmohamed
authors.affiliation: University of Cantabria, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, IDIVAL, Rheumatology Division, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Avda. de Valdecilla, s/n, 39008 Santander, Spain. Electronic address: miguelaggay@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: González-Gay
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000150:complications*
keywords: Ankylosing spondylitis; Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular risk assessment; Cardiovascular risk factors; Psoriatic arthritis; Rheumatoid arthritis; Spondyloarthritis