title: Does Remote Ischaemic Preconditioning Protect Kidney and Cardiomyocytes After Coronary Revascularization? A Double Blind Controlled Clinical Trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate efficacy of remote ischaemic preconditioning on reducing kidney injury and myocardial damage after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Ischaemic preconditioning of a remote organ reduces ischaemia-reperfusion injury of kidney and myocardium after CABG.
  
  
  METHODS
  To reduce myocardial damage and kidney injury by applying Remote Ischaemic Preconditioning we recruited 100 consecutive patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. We applied three cycles of lower limb tourniquet, inflated its cuff for 5 minutes in study group or left un-inflated (sham or control group) before the procedure. The primary outcome was serum creatinine, creatinine clearance and troponin-I Levels at time 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. Secondary outcomes were serum C-reactive protein, inotrope score, ventilation time and ICU stay. Data's were analyzed by MedCalc (MedCalc Software bvba, Acacialaan, Belgium). We compared the two group by student t test, chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two groups were not statistically different in terms of age, gender, smoking habits, drug use, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus. This study showed a higher CRP level in study group comparing with control group (P=0.003), creatinine clearance was slightly higher in study group specially 24 h after procedure but was not statistically significant (p=0.11). Troponin-I level was significantly lower in study group (p=0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed a lower Troponin-I level in study group which suggest a cardio-myocyte protective function of RIPC. It also showed slightly lower Creatinine clearance in control group, gap between two group increases significantly 24 hours after procedure which may suggest a potential kidney protection by RIPC. Serum CRP level was higher in study group. A multi-center randomized controlled trial with a longer time for creatinine clearance measurement may show the potential effectiveness of this non-invasive inexpensive intervention on reducing kidney injury after CABG.
authors.affiliation: Thoracic and cardiovascular surgery department, Mazandran University of Medical sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Mahmoud
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nouraei
authors.affiliation: Anaesthesia department, Mazandran University of Medical sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Afshin Gholipour
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Baradari
authors.affiliation: Student Research Committee, Mazandran University of Medical sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Asieh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jazayeri
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000368:Aged; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000502:physiology*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Complications; Coronary artery bypass grafting surgery; Ischaemic preconditioning