title: Experimental toxicology: Issues of statistics, experimental design, and replication.
abstract: The difficulty of replicating experiments has drawn considerable attention. Issues with replication occur for a variety of reasons ranging from experimental design to laboratory errors to inappropriate statistical analysis. Here we review a variety of guidelines for statistical analysis, design, and execution of experiments in toxicology. In general, replication can be improved by using hypothesis driven experiments with adequate sample sizes, randomization, and blind data collection techniques.
authors.affiliation: Ashford University, College of Health, Human Services, and Science, 8620 Spectrum Center Blvd, San Diego, CA 92123, United States. Electronic address: Wayne.Briner@Ashford.edu.
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Briner
authors.affiliation: Ashford University, College of Health, Human Services, and Science, 8620 Spectrum Center Blvd, San Diego, CA 92123, United States. Electronic address: Jeral.Kirwan@ashford.edu.
authors.forename: Jeral
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kirwan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design / Q000592:standards*; D013223:Statistics as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D014116:Toxicology / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*
keywords: Experimentation; Replication; Statistics; Toxicology