title: Additive Manufacturing of Vascular Grafts and Vascularized Tissue Constructs.
abstract: There is a great need for engineered vascular grafts among patients with cardiovascular diseases who are in need of bypass therapy and lack autologous healthy blood vessels. In addition, because of the severe worldwide shortage of organ donors, there is an increasing need for engineered vascularized tissue constructs as an alternative to organ transplants. Additive manufacturing (AM) offers great advantages and flexibility of fabrication of cell-laden, multimaterial, and anatomically shaped vascular grafts and vascularized tissue constructs. Various inkjet-, extrusion-, and photocrosslinking-based AM techniques have been applied to the fabrication of both self-standing vascular grafts and porous, vascularized tissue constructs. This review discusses the state-of-the-art research on the use of AM for vascular applications and the key criteria for biomaterials in the AM of both acellular and cellular constructs. We envision that new smart printing materials that can adapt to their environment and encourage rapid endothelialization and remodeling will be the key factor in the future for the successful AM of personalized and dynamic vascular tissue applications.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Elomaa
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California.|2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University School of Engineering , Stanford, California.|3 Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Engineering , Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Yunzhi Peter
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology; D062028:Bioprinting; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials
keywords: 3D printing; additive manufacturing; bioink; endothelial cells; vascular graft; vascularized tissue construct