title: Lung artefacts and their use.
abstract: The science of lung ultrasound has grown tremendously over the last two decades and lung ultrasound has not only entered the mainstream of point of care ultrasound but has become a dominant topic. Understanding lung ultrasound signs and artifacts is critical to being able to correlate findings with actual pathology and normal anatomy and physiology. Investigators have described multiple lung ultrasound artifacts and findings and it is important to understand both the physics and anatomic basis behind them. Additionally, ultrasound machine use and transducer selection can significantly affect results obtained on patient during an examination and the provider must carefully choose the correct settings. This manuscript describes the state of the art in ultrasound artifact recognition and correlation as well as management of ultrasound technology to optimize diagnostic success.
authors.affiliation: Sino-German Research Center of Ultrasound in Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China, Department of Internal Medicine, Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim, Germany. christoph.dietrich@ckbm.de.
authors.forename: Christoph F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Dietrich
authors.affiliation: Praxis for Internal Medicine, Rankweil, Austria.
authors.forename: Gebhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mathis
authors.affiliation: University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Piedmont Hospital, Newnan Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blaivas
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Volpicelli
authors.affiliation: Diakonie Klinikum Jung-Stilling, Abteilung für Anästhesiologie, Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin, Siegen, Germany.
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seibel
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdome.
authors.forename: Nathan S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.affiliation: Sino-German Research Center of Ultrasound in Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Xin Wu
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Sino-German Research Center of Ultrasound in Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Caritas Hospital, Bad Mergentheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Dagmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schreiber-Dietrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yi
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*