title: Red and Green Fluorescence from Oral Biofilms.
abstract: Red and green autofluorescence have been observed from dental plaque after excitation by blue light. It has been suggested that this red fluorescence is related to caries and the cariogenic potential of dental plaque. Recently, it was suggested that red fluorescence may be related to gingivitis. Little is known about green fluorescence from biofilms. Therefore, we assessed the dynamics of red and green fluorescence in real-time during biofilm formation. In addition, the fluorescence patterns of biofilm formed from saliva of eight different donors are described under simulated gingivitis and caries conditions. Biofilm formation was analysed for 12 hours under flow conditions in a microfluidic BioFlux flow system with high performance microscopy using a camera to allow live cell imaging. For fluorescence images dedicated excitation and emission filters were used. Both green and red fluorescence were linearly related with the total biomass of the biofilms. All biofilms displayed to some extent green and red fluorescence, with higher red and green fluorescence intensities from biofilms grown in the presence of serum (gingivitis simulation) as compared to the sucrose grown biofilms (cariogenic simulation). Remarkably, cocci with long chain lengths, presumably streptococci, were observed in the biofilms. Green and red fluorescence were not found homogeneously distributed within the biofilms: highly fluorescent spots (both green and red) were visible throughout the biomass. An increase in red fluorescence from the in vitro biofilms appeared to be related to the clinical inflammatory response of the respective saliva donors, which was previously assessed during an in vivo period of performing no-oral hygiene. The BioFlux model proved to be a reliable model to assess biofilm fluorescence. With this model, a prediction can be made whether a patient will be prone to the development of gingivitis or caries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Catherine M C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4049-2914
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Volgenant
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hoogenkamp
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.|Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bastiaan P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Krom
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.|Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marleen M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Janus
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jacob M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ten Cate
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johannes J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de Soet
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.|Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Crielaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Monique H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: van der Veen
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000382:microbiology*; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D018715:Microscopy, Video; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology*; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology