title: Subtyping Non-treatment-seeking Problem Gamblers Using the Pathways Model.
abstract: This study examined whether distinct subgroups could be identified among a sample of non-treatment-seeking problem and pathological/disordered gamblers (PG) using Blaszczynski and Nower's (Addiction 97:487-499, 2002) pathways model (N = 150, 50% female). We examined coping motives for gambling, childhood trauma, boredom proneness, risk-taking, impulsivity, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and antisocial personality disorder as defining variables in a hierarchical cluster analysis to identify subgroups. Subgroup differences in gambling, psychiatric, and demographic variables were also assessed to establish concurrent validity. Consistent with the pathways model, our analyses identified three gambling subgroups: (1) behaviorally conditioned (BC), (2) emotionally vulnerable (EV), and (3) antisocial-impulsivist (AI) gamblers. BC gamblers (n = 47) reported the lowest levels of lifetime depression, anxiety, gambling severity, and interest in problem gambling treatment. EV gamblers (n = 53) reported the highest levels of childhood trauma, motivation to gamble to cope with negative emotions, gambling-related suicidal ideation, and family history of gambling problems. AI gamblers (n = 50) reported the highest levels of antisocial personality disorder and ADHD symptoms, as well as higher rates of impulsivity and risk-taking than EV gamblers. The findings provide evidence for the validity of the pathways model as a framework for conceptualizing PG subtypes in a non-treatment-seeking sample, and underscore the importance of tailoring treatment approaches to meet the respective clinical needs of these subtypes.
authors.affiliation: Substance Abuse Research Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Tolan Park Medical Building, 3901 Chrysler Service Drive, Suite 2A, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.|Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Miea
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Substance Abuse Research Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Tolan Park Medical Building, 3901 Chrysler Service Drive, Suite 2A, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. jlister@wayne.edu.|Wayne State University, School of Social Work, 5447 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. jlister@wayne.edu.
authors.forename: Jamey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lister
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.|Centre for Interpersonal Relationships, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Aleks
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Milosevic
authors.affiliation: Substance Abuse Research Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Tolan Park Medical Building, 3901 Chrysler Service Drive, Suite 2A, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. dledgerw@med.wayne.edu.|Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada. dledgerw@med.wayne.edu.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ledgerwood
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012649:Self Concept; D000068356:Self-Control; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Gambling disorder; Pathways model; Problem gambling; Psychiatric; Subtyping