title: Vitamin D concentrations in fortified foods and dietary supplements intended for infants: Implications for vitamin D intake.
abstract: Due to potential overages to cover losses during shelf life, the actual vitamin D concentration of fortified foods and dietary supplements may deviate from the label. In this pilot study the vitamin D concentrations of fortified foods (n=29; follow-on formula, baby porridge, curd cheese dessert) and dietary supplements (n=15), both specifically intended for infants, were analytically determined. Compared to the declared values, the vitamin D content ranged from 50% to 153% for fortified foods and from 8% to 177% for supplements. In general, both instant follow-on formula and oil-based supplements had a measured vitamin D content similar to or higher than the labelled value. Ready-to-eat baby porridge was the only category in which all measured vitamin D concentrations were below the declared value (74-81%). The use of label information for fortified foods and dietary supplements may result in invalid estimations of vitamin D intake distributions of infants; both under- and overestimation may occur.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Janneke.Verkaik@rivm.nl.
authors.forename: Janneke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verkaik-Kloosterman
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S Marije
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Seves
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marga C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ocké
mesh_terms: D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: Analytical measurement; Dietary supplements; Fortified foods; Infant; Vitamin D