title: Labour Trafficking among Men and Boys in the Greater Mekong Subregion: Exploitation, Violence, Occupational Health Risks and Injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Men comprise nearly two-thirds of trafficked and forced labourers in common low-skilled labour sectors including fishing, agriculture and factory work. Yet, most evidence on human trafficking has focused on women and girls trafficked for sex work, with scant research on trafficked men and boys.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyse survey data from the largest systematic consecutive sample of trafficked people collected to date to describe the prevalence of violence, occupational health risks and injuries and associated factors. Participants were labour-trafficked men and boys using post-trafficking support services in Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data are presented on 446 males aged 10-58. Men and boys were mainly trafficked for fishing (61.7%), manufacturing (19.1%) and begging (5.2%). Fishermen worked extensive hours (mean 18.8 hours/day, SD 5.9) and factory workers worked on average 11.9 hours/day (SD 2.9). 35.5% of male survivors had been injured while trafficked; 29.4% received no personal protective equipment (e.g. gloves). The most commonly reported injuries among all males were deep cuts (61.8%) and skin injuries (36.7%), injuries for which fewer than one-quarter reported receiving medical care. Six fishermen lost body parts, none of whom received medical care. Most males (80.5%) had no or very few rest breaks. One-third (37.8%) experienced severe violence. Work-related injuries were associated with severe violence (AOR 3.44, CI:1.63-7.26), being in the fishing sector, (AOR 4.12, CI:2.39-7.09) and threats (AOR 2.77, CI:1.62-4.75). Experiencing any violence was associated with threats (AOR 26.86, CI:14.0-51.23), being in the fishing sector (AOR 18.53, CI:8.74-39.28) and fluency in language of destination country (AOR 0.39, CI:0.20-0.75).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlights the abuse and extreme occupational hazards suffered by trafficked men and boys. Occupational health and safety interventions are urgently needed to protect male migrant labourers working in high-risk sectors, particularly fishing.
authors.affiliation: Gender Violence and Health Centre, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nicola S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Pocock
authors.affiliation: Gender Violence and Health Centre, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ligia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kiss
authors.affiliation: Section of Women's Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oram
authors.affiliation: Gender Violence and Health Centre, Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001210:Asia, Southeastern; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D064410:Human Trafficking / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D060051:Occupational Injuries / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D064450:Workplace Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult