title: Bactericidal mechanism of glutaraldehyde-didecyldimethylammonium bromide as a disinfectant against Escherichia coli.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study focuses on the bactericidal mechanism of the new combination of disinfectant glutaraldehyde-didecyldimethylammonium bromide (GA-DDAB) against Escherichia coli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Escherichia coli were exposed to GA-DDAB, and assays for cell morphology, K+and Ca2+leakage, H+-ATPase activity and DNA degradation were performed. GA-DDAB damaged the cell wall and disrupted cell-membrane integrity. Leakage of K+and Ca2+increased, resulting in significantly lower intracellular concentrations within 60 min of treatment. In addition, H+-ATPase was inactivated and DNA was degraded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leakage of intracellular components indicated that GA-DDAB damaged the cell membrane of E. coli. This may have caused the observed disruption in equilibria of metal ions, inactivation of H+-ATPase, and DNA damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a low concentration of GA and DDAB, a new combination disinfectant was developed. GA-DDAB displayed higher antimicrobial activity than treatment with GA or DDAB alone. Therefore, GA-DDAB may be a more cost-effective and efficient antimicrobial agent than others in use today. Furthermore, this study provided a paradigm for developing high-efficiency disinfectant to help address the growing problem of bacterial resistance.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005976:Glutaral / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004202:Disinfectants; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D005976:Glutaral; C027118:didecyldimethylammonium
keywords: DNA-damaging; H+-ATPase inactivation; bactericidal mechanism; flow cytometry; leakage of intracellular components; membrane permeability