title: Anticholinergic Exposure in a Cohort of Adults Aged 80 years and Over: Associations of the MARANTE Scale with Mortality and Hospitalization.
abstract: Anticholinergics are frequently prescribed for older adults and can lead to adverse drug events. The novel MARANTE (Muscarinic Acetylcholinergic Receptor ANTagonist Exposure) scale measures the anticholinergic exposure by incorporating potency and dosages of each medication into its calculations. The aims were to assess prevalence and intensity of the anticholinergic exposure in a longitudinal cohort study of community-dwelling patients aged 80 years and over (n = 503) and to study the impact on mortality and hospitalization. Chronic medication use at baseline (November 2008-September 2009) was entered and codified with the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification. Time-to-event analysis until first hospitalization or death was performed at 18 months after inclusion, using Kaplan-Meier curves. Cox regression was performed to control for covariates. Mean age was 84 years (range 80-102), and mean number of medications was 5 (range 0-16). Prevalence of anticholinergic use was 31.8%, with 9% taking ≥2 anticholinergics (range 0-4). Main indications for anticholinergics were depression, pain and gastric dysfunction. Female gender, the level of multi-morbidity and the number of medications were associated with anticholinergic use. Mortality and hospitalization rate were 8.9% and 31.0%, respectively. After adjustment for the level of multi-morbidity and medication intake, multi-variable analysis showed increased risks of mortality (HR 2.3, 95% CI: 1.07-4.78) and hospitalization (HR 1.7; 95% CI: 1.13-2.59) in those with high anticholinergic exposure. The longitudinal study among Belgian community-dwelling oldest old demonstrated great anticholinergic exposure, which was associated with increased risk of mortality and hospitalization after 18 months.
authors.affiliation: Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology Research Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wauters
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klamer
authors.affiliation: Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology Research Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.|Centre For Research and Innovation in Care (CRIC), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elseviers
authors.affiliation: Department of Public and Primary Health Care, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.|Institute of Health and Society, Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain-le-Neuve, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vaes
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain-le-Neuve, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dalleur
authors.affiliation: Department of Public and Primary Health Care, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.|Institute of Health and Society, Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain-le-Neuve, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Degryse
authors.affiliation: Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology Research Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.|Ecuadorian Center for Clinical Research, Health Information and Assessment (CIEC), Yachay Public Company, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Durán
authors.affiliation: Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology Research Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Christiaens
authors.affiliation: Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology Research Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Majda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azermai
authors.affiliation: Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology Research Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vander Stichele
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models
chemical_list: D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists