title: Regulation of Cell Division.
abstract: The challenging task of mitotic cell divisions is to generate two genetically identical daughter cells from a single precursor cell. To accomplish this task, a complex regulatory network evolved, which ensures that all events critical for the duplication of cellular contents and their subsequent segregation occur in the correct order, at specific intervals and with the highest possible fidelity. Transitions between cell cycle stages are triggered by changes in the phosphorylation state and levels of components of the cell cycle machinery. Entry into S-phase and M-phase are mediated by cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), serine-threonine kinases that require a regulatory cyclin subunit for their activity. Resetting the system to the interphase state is mediated by protein phosphatases (PPs) that counteract Cdks by dephosphorylating their substrates. To avoid futile cycles of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, Cdks and PPs must be regulated in a manner such that their activities are mutually exclusive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rymarczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany. Thomas.U.Mayer@uni-konstanz.de.
authors.forename: Thomas U
authors.initials: TU
authors.lastname: Mayer
mesh_terms: D064173:Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase / Q000235:genetics*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D008938:Mitosis / Q000235:genetics*; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000235:genetics; D010766:Phosphorylation; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D016196:S Phase / Q000235:genetics; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D064173:Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome; D016203:CDC2 Protein Kinase; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D054648:Protein Phosphatase 2; C584831:ppp2r2a protein, Xenopus laevis
keywords: Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C); Cell cycle regulation; Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1); Type 1 protein phosphatase (PP1); Type 2A protein phosphatase (PP2A)