title: Mortality, fecundity and development among bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) exposed to prolonged, intermediate cold stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) have returned as a nuisance pest worldwide. Their ability to withstand different types of environmental stress should be explored in order potentially to increase the efficiency of control methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immediate and long-term effects of exposure to temperatures from 0 to -10 °C for 1, 2 and 3 weeks are reported. Fifth-instar nymphs and adults were exposed to constant or fluctuating temperatures. Increased cold and extended time yielded higher mortality; nymphs were more resilient than adults at the shorter durations of exposure. At intermediate temperatures, mortality was higher at constant compared with fluctuating temperatures, whereas all individuals died after 3 weeks of exposure to -7 °C. The success among survivors after cold treatment was also affected in terms of reduced egg production, hatching success and the ability of fifth-instar nymphs to advance into the adult stage; however, nymphs produced after cold treatment developed normally.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Detrimental effects of prolonged exposure to low temperatures were seen in bed bugs both during and after cold treatment. The results suggest that temperatures below -7 °C can be applied by laymen to control this pest in small items if available treatment time is of less concern. © 2016 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Bjørn A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Rukke
authors.affiliation: Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hage
authors.affiliation: Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001511:Bedbugs / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D058639:Cold-Shock Response; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality; D009758:Nymph / Q000254:growth & development; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: IPM; bed bug; cold treatment; development; fecundity; mortality