title: Life-history correlations with seasonal cold hardiness in maritime pine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Plants have developed mechanisms to withstand stressful environmental conditions, but the high energetic cost of these mechanisms may involve exchanges with other key functions. While trade-offs between cold hardiness and growth rates are a general assumption, we lack information regarding genetically based trade-offs between cold hardiness and other life-history traits. Such information has strong implications for tree conservation and breeding, especially in the context of ongoing climate change.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a common garden progeny test to examine the relationships between seasonal cold hardiness and life-history traits of growth, reproduction, juvenile ontogeny, and phenology in 75 families of six maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) populations, three of continental and three of coastal origins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a clear differentiation among populations with regard to cold hardiness and life-history traits. Two continental Iberian populations showed high cold tolerance and slower growth, but faster ontogenetic development in relation to both vegetative heteroblastic change in juveniles and the onset of female reproduction. The coastal populations displayed the opposite behavior, while the continental Moroccan population presented a unique combination of traits. We confirmed trade-offs between cold-hardiness and growth at the population level, but not within populations. There were no trade-offs with other life-history traits at either level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relevant local adaptation syndromes were identified in the relationship between cold hardiness and life-history traits. These should be considered in developing tree management guidelines aimed at increasing productivity or adaptability under the expected conditions of climate change.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Forestal de Lourizán, Ctra. de Marín km 3.5, Pontevedra 36080 Spain evapradao@gmail.com.|Department of Natural Resources and Environment Engineering, University of Vigo 36310 Vigo, Spain.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Prada
authors.affiliation: Forest Research Centre (CIFOR)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. A Coruña km 7.5, Madrid 28040 Spain.|Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid-INIA, Avda. de Madrid 44 34071 Palencia, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Climent
authors.affiliation: Forest Research Centre (CIFOR)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. A Coruña km 7.5, Madrid 28040 Spain.|Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid-INIA, Avda. de Madrid 44 34071 Palencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alía
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Forestal de Lourizán, Ctra. de Marín km 3.5, Pontevedra 36080 Spain.|Department of Natural Resources and Environment Engineering, University of Vigo 36310 Vigo, Spain.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Díaz
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D002980:Climate; D057231:Climate Change; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005615:Freezing; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005843:Geography; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010641:Phenotype; D028223:Pinus / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D012098:Reproduction; D012621:Seasons; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014197:Trees
keywords: Pinus pinaster; cold hardiness; families; global warming; life-history traits; local adaptation; phenology; populations; trade-offs