title: Glutathione sulfotransferase inhibition activity of a self-fermented beverage, Kanji.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kanji, a liquid preparation of roots of Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang. var. vavilovii Mazk. (Apiaceae), may inhibit glutathione sulfotransferase (GST) activity due to ferulic acid content.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  GST inhibition activity and characterization of Kanji and methanol extract of D. carota roots, and oral absorption pattern of ferulic acid from Kanji in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  GST inhibition activity of Kanji and methanol extract of D. carota roots in concentration range 0.001-100.00 mg/mL was determined using Sprague Dawley rat liver cytosolic fraction. Methanol extract upon column chromatography gave ferulic acid, which was used to characterize Kanji and determine its oral absorption pattern in Wistar rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GST inhibition activity of Kanji (100.00 μg/mL), methanol extract of D. carota roots (100.00 μg/mL) and tannic acid (10.00 μg/mL, positive control) was found to be 0.162 ± 0.016, 0.106 ± 0.013 and 0.073 ± 0.004 μM/min/mg, respectively. Different Kanji samples and methanol extract contained ferulic acid (0.222-0.316 mg/g) and 0.77 mg/g, respectively. Ferulic acid did not appear in plasma after oral administration of Kanji.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kanji having solid contents 80.0 μg/mL, equivalent to 0.0025 μg/mL ferulic acid, does not inhibit the activity of GST. The oral administration of Kanji, in human equivalent dose (528 mg/kg, 16.67 μg ferulic acid), to rats indicated poor absorption of ferulic acid.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Kanji having solid contents 14-36 mg/mL does not inhibit GST activity, hence may not interfere with drugs that are the substrates of GST, if taken concomitantly.
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Latif
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Naureen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shehzadi
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Tanveer
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan.|b School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Rukhsana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anwar
authors.affiliation: c Institute of Pharmacy, Lahore College for Women University , Lahore , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Humaira Majeed
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Pharmacy , University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Nadeem Irfan
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Bukhari
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018552:Daucus carota / Q000737:chemistry*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005285:Fermentation; D000067030:Fruit and Vegetable Juices; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D007408:Intestinal Absorption; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D008517:Phytotherapy; D018517:Plant Roots; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D003373:Coumaric Acids; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C004999:ferulic acid; D005982:Glutathione Transferase
keywords: Daucus carota L.; Ferulic acid; HPLC; apiaceae; characterization; pharmacokinetics; standardization