title: The pursuit of normal reference values of pancreas stiffness by using Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) elastography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to evaluate pancreatic stiffness by ARFI abdominal elastography. In the current literature, there are relatively few studies that have assessed the clinical utility of this technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  A number of 37 healthy subjects were included. The data were collected in a prospective manner and afterwards included in an observational, analytical and longitudinal study. Subsequently viewing the pancreatic parenchyma in bidimensional mode (2D-US) mode, 10 shear wave velocity (SWV) measurements for each segment: head, body and tail were performed. Statistical analysis by regression models targeted also the possible influence of other factors in assessing SWV. A comparative analysis was performed regarding the statistical significance of 5 versus 10 SWV measurements for each segment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pancreas was entirely evaluated in all subjects. The mean SWV from the entire parenchyma was 1.216 m/s±0.36 and between the three segments SWV were similar (head: 1.224 m/s, body: 1.227 m/s and tail: 1.191 m/s). A ratio of the IQR/Median >0.4 was interpreted as statistically invalid, relevant data being highlighted in the percentage of 83.78% for the head of the pancreas, 78.37% for the body, and 67.56% at the caudal level. Significant correlations were observed between the data (mean and median SWV) provided by the group with 5 measurements of the SWV versus the standard group: 93.9% for the head, 96.6% for the body, and 98.7% accordingly to the tail.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SWV determination by percutaneous approach represents a useful imaging method for evaluating pancreatic stiffness, of course within these limitations. Because we did not observe statistically significant differences between the results obtained by 5 or 10 measurements, we suggest that it would be sufficient to perform only five measurements of the SWV per pancreatic segment. The data obtained in the normal pancreas could be used in future comparative assessments regarding the inflammatory or tumoral pathology of the pancreas.
authors.affiliation: Gastroenterology Department, Department of Imaging and Radiology, 3rd Medical Clinic, "Octavian Fodor" Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Razvan.Zaro@umfcluj.ro.
authors.forename: Razvan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging and Radiology, 3rd Medical Clinic, "Octavian Fodor" Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lupsor-Platon
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging and Radiology, 3rd Medical Clinic, "Octavian Fodor" Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cheviet
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging and Radiology, 3rd Medical Clinic, "Octavian Fodor" Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
authors.forename: Radu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Badea
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055119:Elastic Modulus / Q000502:physiology*; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000592:standards*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010179:Pancreas / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012383:Romania; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult