title: Occurrence of brominated diphenyl ethers, dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in foam materials in scrapped car seats from 1985 to 2012.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs) in polyurethane foam (PUF) from car seats of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) and compare the concentrations of PBDEs with the stipulated regulations in the POP Directive. The method comprised screening by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and GG-MS analysis. Of 59 tested samples from ELVs, 17 samples showed lines above limit of detection (LOD) levels when screening by XRF. Those samples were selected as replicates and for further analysis by GC-MS. The majority of the studied samples showed low or non-detectable concentrations of PBDEs and PBDD/Fs, but two samples showed concentrations of Σ Te-HpBDEs close to the regulated level for Te-HpBDEs in waste (1000mgkg-1); one was slightly higher (1390mgkg-1) and the other slightly lower (570mgkg-1). It was concluded that brominated pollutants such as Te-HpBDEs occur in low levels in automotive applications in scrapped cars produced in years when brominated flame retardants were used. However, two of the 59 samples tested showed levels close to those stipulated by regulations concerning POPs in waste.
authors.affiliation: Umeå University, Department of Chemistry, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Redin
authors.affiliation: Umeå University, Department of Chemistry, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden; Industrial Doctoral School, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niinipuu
authors.affiliation: Umeå University, Department of Chemistry, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden. Electronic address: stina.jansson@umu.se.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jansson
mesh_terms: D001336:Automobiles; D001966:Bromine / Q000032:analysis; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D062611:Solid Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission
chemical_list: D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D062611:Solid Waste; D001966:Bromine
keywords: Automotive shredder residue; End-of-life vehicles; PBDD; PBDE; PBDF; Persistent organic pollutants