title: Studies on phytochemical, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic and antiproliferative activities of Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea angustifolia extracts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Echinacea (Asteraceae) is used because of its pharmacological properties. However, there are few studies that integrate phytochemical analyses with pharmacological effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate the chemical profile and biological activity of hydroalcoholic Echinacea extracts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Density, dry matter, phenols (Folin-Ciocalteu method), flavonoids (AlCl3method), alkylamides (GC-MS analysis), antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS methods), antiproliferative effect (SRB assay), anti-inflammatory effect (paw oedema assay, 11 days/Wistar rats; 0.4 mL/kg) and hypoglycaemic effect (33 days/Wistar rats; 0.4 mL/kg) were determined in three Echinacea extracts which were labelled as A, B and C (A, roots of Echinacea purpurea L. Moench; B, roots, leaves, flowers and seeds of Echinacea purpurea; C, aerial parts and roots of Echinacea purpurea and roots of Echinacea angustifolia DC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Extract C showed higher density (0.97 g/mL), dry matter (0.23 g/mL), phenols (137.5 ± 2.3 mEAG/mL), flavonoids (0.62 ± 0.02 mEQ/mL), and caffeic acid (0.048 mg/L) compared to A and B. A, B presented 11 alkylamides, whereas C presented those 11 and three more. B decreased the oedema (40%) on day 2 similar to indomethacin. A and C showed hypoglycaemic activity similar to glibenclamide. Antiproliferative effect was only detected for C (IC50270 μg/mL; 8171 μg/mL; 9338 μg/mL in HeLa, MCF-7, HCT-15, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The difference in the chemical and pharmacological properties among extracts highlights the need to consider strategies and policies for standardization of commercial herbal extracts in order to guarantee the safety and identity of this type of products.
authors.affiliation: a Postgraduate Program in Experimental Biology , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México , México.
authors.forename: Rayn Clarenc
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Aarland
authors.affiliation: b Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud DCBS , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa , Ciudad de México , México.
authors.forename: Angel Ernesto
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Bañuelos-Hernández
authors.affiliation: c Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México.
authors.forename: Mabel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fragoso-Serrano
authors.affiliation: d Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades , Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México , Ciudad de México , México.
authors.forename: Edgar Del Carmen
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Sierra-Palacios
authors.affiliation: b Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud DCBS , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa , Ciudad de México , México.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Díaz de León-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: b Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud DCBS , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa , Ciudad de México , México.
authors.forename: Laura Josefina
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Pérez-Flores
authors.affiliation: b Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud DCBS , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa , Ciudad de México , México.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rivera-Cabrera
authors.affiliation: d Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades , Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México , Ciudad de México , México.
authors.forename: José Alberto
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mendoza-Espinoza
mesh_terms: D000496:Alloxan; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002351:Carrageenan; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020900:Echinacea / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D061986:MCF-7 Cells; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000975:Antioxidants; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D015415:Biomarkers; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; C002502:2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid; D000496:Alloxan; D002351:Carrageenan; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
keywords: Herbal; fingerprints; standardization