title: Correlation between type of alkali rinsing, cytotoxicity of bio-nanocellulose and presence of metabolites within cellulose membranes.
abstract: The study aimed at evaluation of various types of alkali rinsing with regard to their efficacy in terms of removal, not only of bacteria but also bacterial metabolites, from cellulose matrices formed by three Komagataeibacter xylinus strains. Moreover, we tested the type of alkali rinsing on membrane cytotoxicity in vitro in fibroblast and osteoblast cells and we compared matrices' ability to induce oxidative stress in macrophages. We identified 11 metabolites of bacterial origin that remained in cellulose after rinsing. Moreover, our results indicated that the type of alkali rinsing should be adjusted to specific K. xylinus strains that are used as cellulose producers to obtain safe biomaterials in the context of low cytotoxicity and macrophage induction. The findings have translational importance and may be of direct significance to cellulose dressing manufacturers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland. Electronic address: adam.junka@umed.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Junka
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Physiological Chemistry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastów 45, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland. Electronic address: karol.fijalkowski@zut.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Karol
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fijałkowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-534, Wrocław, Poland. Electronic address: adam.zabek@pwr.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ząbek
authors.affiliation: Confocal Microscopy Laboratory, Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wrocław, Poland. Electronic address: katarzyna.mikolajewicz@eitplus.pl.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mikołajewicz
authors.affiliation: Confocal Microscopy Laboratory, Wroclaw Research Centre EIT+, Stabłowicka 147, 54-066 Wrocław, Poland. Electronic address: grzegorz.chodaczek@eitplus.pl.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chodaczek
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (CAMT/FPC), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Technology, Łukasiewicza 5, 50-371 Wrocław, Poland. Electronic address: patrycja.e.szymczyk@pwr.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Patrycja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Szymczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland. Electronic address: danuta.smutnicka@umed.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smutnicka
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Physiological Chemistry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastów 45, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland. Electronic address: anna.zywicka@zut.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Żywicka
authors.affiliation: Center for Biofilms and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States. Electronic address: sedghiza@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Parish Paymon
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Sedghizadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Bromatology and Dietetics, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland. Electronic address: mariusz.dziadas@umed.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Mariusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dziadas
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-534, Wrocław, Poland. Electronic address: piotr.mlynarz@pwr.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Młynarz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland. Electronic address: marzenna.bartoszewicz@umed.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Marzenna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bartoszewicz
mesh_terms: D000468:Alkalies; D000818:Animals; D001458:Bandages; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002460:Cell Line; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D041822:Gluconacetobacter xylinus / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000468:Alkalies; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002482:Cellulose
keywords: Alkali rinsing; Bacterial nanocellulose; Cytotoxicity; Macrophage; Metabolite