title: Stimulation of Suicidal Erythrocyte Death by Ceritinib-Treatment of Human Erythrocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor ceritinib is utilized for the treatment of ALK positive non-small cell lung carcinoma. Side effects of the drug include decrease of blood hemoglobin concentration. Possible causes of anemia include stimulation of suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, which is characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Signaling of eryptosis includes increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i), oxidative stress, ceramide, staurosporine sensitive protein kinase C, SB203580 sensitive p38 kinase, D4476 sensitive casein kinase 1, and zVAD sensitive caspases. The present study explored, whether ceritinib induces eryptosis and, if so, to shed light on the cellular mechanisms involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface was estimated from annexin-V-binding, cell volume from forward scatter, [Ca2+]i from Fluo3-fluorescence, ROS formation from DCFDA dependent fluorescence, and ceramide abundance utilizing specific antibodies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 48 hours exposure of human erythrocytes to ceritinib (1 µg/ml) significantly increased the percentage of annexin-V-binding cells, significantly decreased forward scatter, significantly increased Fluo3-fluorescence, but did not significantly modify DCFDA fluorescence or ceramide abundance. The effect of ceritinib on annexin-V-binding was significantly blunted but not abolished by removal of extracellular Ca2+, by the kinase inhibitors staurosporine (1 µM), SB203580 (2 µM) and D4476 (10 µM), as well as by caspase inhibitor zVAD (10 µM).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ceritinib triggers cell shrinkage and phospholipid scrambling of the erythrocyte cell membrane, an effect at least in part due to Ca2+ entry, as well as activation of kinases and Caspases.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Medicine and Physiology, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Abdulla
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al Mamun Bhuyan
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Signoretto
authors.forename: Rosi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bissinger
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lang
mesh_terms: D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D003600:Cytosol / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000072817:Eryptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000378:metabolism; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D019311:Staurosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C493177:4-(4-(2,3-dihydrobenzo(1,4)dioxin-6-yl)-5-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide; D001549:Benzamides; D007093:Imidazoles; D009842:Oligopeptides; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D011725:Pyridines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D013450:Sulfones; C517629:benzyloxycarbonyl-valyl-alanyl-aspartic acid; D019311:Staurosporine; C586847:ceritinib; C093642:SB 203580; D002118:Calcium