title: Psychophysiological effects of music on acute recovery from high-intensity interval training.
abstract: Numerous studies have examined the multifarious effects of music applied during exercise but few have assessed the efficacy of music as an aid to recovery. Music might facilitate physiological recovery via the entrainment of respiratory rhythms with music tempo. High-intensity exercise training is not typically associated with positive affective responses, and thus ways of assuaging negative affect warrant further exploration. This study assessed the psychophysiological effects of music on acute recovery and prevalence of entrainment in between bouts of high-intensity exercise. Thirteen male runners (Mage=20.2±1.9years; BMI=21.7±1.7; V̇O2max=61.6±6.1mL·kg·min-1) completed three exercise sessions comprising 5×5-min bouts of high-intensity intervals interspersed with 3-min periods of passive recovery. During recovery, participants were administered positively-valenced music of a slow-tempo (55-65bpm), fast-tempo (125-135bpm), or a no-music control. A range of measures including affective responses, RPE, cardiorespiratory indices (gas exchange and pulmonary ventilation), and music tempo-respiratory entrainment were recorded during exercise and recovery. Fast-tempo, positively-valenced music resulted in higher Feeling Scale scores throughout recovery periods (p<0.01, ηp2=0.38). There were significant differences in HR during initial recovery periods (p<0.05, ηp2=0.16), but no other music-moderated differences in cardiorespiratory responses. In conclusion, fast-tempo, positively-valenced music applied during recovery periods engenders a more pleasant experience. However, there is limited evidence that music expedites cardiorespiratory recovery in between bouts of high-intensity exercise. These findings have implications for athletic training strategies and individuals seeking to make high-intensity exercise sessions more pleasant.
authors.affiliation: Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2BP, England, UK. Electronic address: leighton.jones@shu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Leighton
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, S10 2BP, England, UK. Electronic address: n.tiller@shu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Nicholas B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Tiller
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, England, UK. Electronic address: costas.karageorghis@brunel.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Costas I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Karageorghis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D006339:Heart Rate; D000072696:High-Intensity Interval Training / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009146:Music / Q000523:psychology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011603:Psychophysiology; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D013990:Tidal Volume; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid
keywords: Affect; Entrainment; Exercise; HIIT; Tempo