title: EffectS of non-nutritive sWeetened beverages on appetITe during aCtive weigHt loss (SWITCH): Protocol for a randomized, controlled trial assessing the effects of non-nutritive sweetened beverages compared to water during a 12-week weight loss period and a follow up weight maintenance period.
abstract: Acute and medium-term intervention studies suggest that non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are beneficial for weight loss, however there is limited human data on the long-term effects of consuming NNS on weight loss, maintenance, and appetite. Further research is therefore required to elucidate the prolonged impact of NNS consumption on these outcome measures.
  
  
  
  A randomized parallel groups design will be used to assess whether regular NNS beverage intake is equivalent to a water control in promoting weight loss over 12-weeks (weekly weight loss sessions; Phase I), then supporting weight maintenance over 40-weeks (monthly sessions; Phase II) and subsequently independent weight maintenance over 52-weeks (Phase III) in 432 participants. A subset of these participants (n=116) will complete laboratory-based appetite probe days (15 sessions; 3 sessions each at baseline, at the start of phase I and the end of each phase). A separate subset (n=50) will complete body composition scans (DXA) at baseline and at the end of each phase. All participants will regularly be weighed and will complete questionnaires and cognitive tasks to assess changes in body weight and appetitive behaviours. Measures of physical activity and biochemical markers will also be taken.
  
  
  
  The trial will assess the efficacy of NNS beverages compared to water during a behavioural weight loss and maintenance programme. We aim to understand whether the impact of NNS on weight, dietary adherence and well-being are beneficial or transient and effects on prolonged successful weight loss and weight maintenance through sustained changes in appetite and eating behaviour.
  
  
  
  Clinical Trials: NCT02591134; registered: 23.10.2015.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Masic
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Harrold
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cuthbertson
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hardman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: J C G
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Halford
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001628:Beverages; D001823:Body Composition; D060766:Drinking Water; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064306:Non-Nutritive Sweeteners / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009765:Obesity / Q000628:therapy*; D061217:Weight Reduction Programs; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D064306:Non-Nutritive Sweeteners
keywords: Body weight; Low calorie sweeteners (LCS); Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS); Obesity; Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB); Weight loss