title: Novel neuroprotective and hepatoprotective effects of citric acid in acute malathion intoxication.
abstract: To study the effect of citric acid given alone or combined with atropine on brain oxidative stress, neuronal injury, liver damage, and DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes induced in the rat by acute malathion exposure.
  
  
  
  Rats were received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of malathion 150 mg/kg along with citric acid (200 or 400 mg/kg, orally), atropine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or citric acid 200 mg/kg + atropine 1 mg/kg and euthanized 4 h later.
  
  
  
  Malathion resulted in increased lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) and nitric oxide concentrations accompanied with a decrease in brain reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and glucose concentrations. Paraoxonase-1, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase activities decreased in brain as well. Liver aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities were raised. The comet assay showed increased DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Histological damage and increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were observed in brain and liver. Citric acid resulted in decreased brain lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide. Meanwhile, glutathione, GPx activity, TAC capacity and brain glucose level increased. Brain AChE increased but PON1 and butyrylcholinesterase activities decreased by citric acid. Liver enzymes, the percentage of damaged blood lymphocytes, histopathological alterations and iNOS expression in brain and liver was decreased by citric acid. Meanwhile, rats treated with atropine showed decreased brain MDA, nitrite but increased GPx activity, TAC, AChE and glucose. The drug also decreased DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes, histopathological alterations and iNOS expression in brain and liver.
  
  
  
  The study demonstrates a beneficial effect for citric acid upon brain oxidative stress, neuronal injury, liver and DNA damage due to acute malathion exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Narcotics, National Research Centre, Tahrir St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. Electronic address: omasalam@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Omar M E
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Abdel-Salam
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Tahrir St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Eman R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Youness
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Tahrir St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Nadia A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, National Research Centre, Tahrir St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Noha N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Yassen
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, National Research Centre, Tahrir St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Yasser A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Khadrawy
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Research Centre, Tahrir St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Safinaz Ebrahim
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: El-Toukhy
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, National Research Centre, Tahrir St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Amany A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sleem
keywords: Cholinesterase; Citric acid; Comet assay; Malathion; Oxidative stress; Paraoxonase 1