title: Microwave as skin permeation enhancer for transdermal drug delivery of chitosan-5-fluorouracil nanoparticles.
abstract: This study investigated transdermal drug delivery mechanisms of chitosan nanoparticles with the synergistic action of microwave in skin modification. Chitosan nanoparticles, with free or conjugated 5-fluorouracil, were prepared by nanospray-drying technique. Their transdermal drug delivery profiles across untreated and microwave-treated skins (2450MHz 5min, 5+5min; 3985MHz 5min) were examined. Both constituent materials of nanoparticles and drug encapsulation were required to succeed transdermal drug delivery. The drug transport was mediated via nanoparticles carrying drug across the skin and/or diffusion of earlier released drug molecules from skin surfaces. The drug/nanoparticles transport was facilitated through constituent nanoparticles and microwave fluidizing protein/lipid domains of epidermis and dermis (OH, NH, CH, CN) and dermal trans-to-gauche lipid conformational changes. The microwave induced marked changes to the skin ceramide content homogeneity. The chitosan nanoparticles largely affected the palmitic acid and keratin domains. Combined microwave and nanotechnologies synergize transdermal drug delivery.
authors.affiliation: Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia; Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Asif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nawaz
authors.affiliation: Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia; Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: wongtinwui@salam.uitm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Tin Wui
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008872:Microwaves; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012867:Skin; D012869:Skin Absorption
chemical_list: D048271:Chitosan; D005472:Fluorouracil
keywords: Chitosan; Microwave; Nanoparticles; Transdermal drug delivery