title: Family-Based Smoking Cessation Intervention for Smoking Fathers and Nonsmoking Mothers with a Child: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
abstract: To examine whether a family-based intervention targeting both smoking fathers and nonsmoking mothers in well-child health clinics is effective in increasing fathers' abstinence from cigarette smoking.
  
  
  
  This parallel 2-arm randomized controlled trial recruited a total of 1158 families with a daily-smoking father, a nonsmoking mother, and a child aged 0-18 months from the 22 maternal and child health centers in Hong Kong. The intervention group received the family-based intervention, including 6 nurse-led individual face-to-face and telephone counseling sessions within 1 month after recruitment and a voluntary face-to-face family counseling session (FCS). The control group received a leaflet, a self-help booklet, and brief quitting advice only. Father-reported 7-day and 6-month abstinence, smoking reduction, quit attempts, mother-reported help and support, and child salivary cotinine level were assessed at 12 months. Generalized estimating equation models were used to compare these outcomes between the 2 study groups.
  
  
  
  Compared with the control group, the intervention group reported a greater prevalence of 7-day (13.7% vs 8.0%; OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.16-3.17; P < .01) and 6-month self-reported abstinence (13.4% vs. 7.5%; OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.30-3.40; P < .01). Within the intervention group, compared with receipt of individual counseling only, participation in the FCS was associated with increases in fathers' self-reported abstinence (20.2% vs 12.3%; P = .02), mothers' help (66.1% vs 43.8%; P < .01), and support to the fathers (55.0% vs 45.4%; P < .01).
  
  
  
  The family-based smoking cessation intervention for the families in the well-child healthcare setting was effective in increasing the fathers' self-reported abstinence. Additional participation in the FCS increased mothers' help and support to the fathers.
  
  
  
  Controlled-trials.com: ISRCTN99111655; Hkuctr.com: HKUCTR-465.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Sophia Siu Chee
authors.initials: SSC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. Electronic address: derekcheung@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Yee Tak Derek
authors.initials: YTD
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Daniel Yee Tak
authors.initials: DYT
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Foundation Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Emmons
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Angela Yee Man
authors.initials: AYM
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Doris Yin Ping
authors.initials: DYP
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Tai Hing
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003367:Cotinine / Q000032:analysis*; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods; D005220:Fathers / Q000193:education; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006293:Health Promotion; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000193:education; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine
keywords: child; cotinine; father; secondhand smoke; smoking cessation