title: Roles of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α in Bitter Melon Seed Oil-Corrected Lipid Disorders and Conversion of α-Eleostearic Acid into Rumenic Acid in C57BL/6J Mice.
abstract: We previously reported that bitter melon seed oil (BMSO) was an effective anti-steatosis and antiobesity agent. Since the major fatty acid α-eleostearic acid (α-ESA) in BMSO is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) activator, the objective was to investigate the role of PPARα in BMSO-modulated lipid disorders and α-ESA metabolism. C57BL/6J wild (WD) and PPARα knockout (KO) mice were fed a high-fat diet containing BMSO (15% soybean oil + 15% BMSO, HB) or not (30% soybean oil, HS) for 5 weeks. The HB diet significantly reduced hepatic triglyceride concentrations and increased acyl-CoA oxidase activity in WD, but not in KO mice. However, regardless of genotype, body fat percentage was lowered along with upregulated protein levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and tyrosine hydroxylase, as well as signaling pathway of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and AMP-activated protein kinase in the white adipose tissue of HB-treated groups compared to HS cohorts. In WD-HB and KO-HB groups, white adipose tissue had autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation, and browning characteristics. Without PPARα, in vivo reduction of α-ESA into rumenic acid was slightly but significantly lowered, along with remarkable reduction of hepatic retinol saturase (RetSat) expression. We concluded that BMSO-mediated anti-steatosis depended on PPARα, whereas the anti-adiposity effect was PPARα-independent. In addition, PPARα-dependent enzymes may participate in α-ESA conversion, but only have a minor role.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan. i30489@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ya-Yuan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan. hmsu1203@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Hui-Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan. jasminne1117@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Szu-Han
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan. wthsieh@mail.cmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Wen-Tsong
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.affiliation: Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Hualien 973, Taiwan. jonghoc@mail.hdais.gov.tw.
authors.forename: Jong-Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chyuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan. pmchao@mail.cmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Pei-Min
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Chao
mesh_terms: D042962:Acyl-CoA Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D052436:Adipose Tissue, White / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D050154:Adiposity / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000188:drug therapy; D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated / Q000378:metabolism*; D008042:Linolenic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D029777:Momordica charantia / Q000737:chemistry*; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors / Q000378:metabolism; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D000071256:Uncoupling Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; D008042:Linolenic Acids; D047493:PPAR alpha; D010938:Plant Oils; D014280:Triglycerides; C000604372:Ucp1 protein, mouse; D000071256:Uncoupling Protein 1; C004934:eleostearic acid; C046938:9,11-linoleic acid; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; C531869:retinol saturase (all trans retinol 13,14 reductase), mouse; D042962:Acyl-CoA Oxidase; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases
keywords: PPARα; bitter melon seed oil; hepatic steatosis; obesity; α-eleostearic acid