title: Susceptibility of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis to Photodynamic Therapy Using Four Dyes as the Photosensitizer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral candidiasis is the most common opportunistic infection affecting the human oral cavity. Photodynamic therapy, as one of its proposed treatment modalities, needs a distinct dye for achieving the best effect.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate photosensitization effects of four distinct dyes on standard suspension ofCandida albicans(C. albicans) andCandida dubliniensis(C. dubliniensis) and biofilm of C.albicansconsidering the obtained optimum dye concentration and duration of laser irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In thisin vitrostudy, colony forming units (CFU) of two sets of four groups of Laser plus Dye (L+D+), Dye (L-D+), Laser (L+D-) and No Laser, No Dye (L-D-) were assessed individually with different methylene blue concentrations and laser irradiation period. The photodynamic therapy effect on standard suspension of Candida species (using methylene blue, aniline blue, malachite green and crystal violet) were studied based on the obtained results. Similar investigation was performed on biofilm of C. albicans using the spectralabsorbance. Data were imported to SPSS and assessed by statistical tests of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test (α= 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CFU among the different dye concentration and irradiation time decrease in dose- and time-dependent manner (p> 0.05), all of which were significantly lower than the control groups (p< 0.05). Among the examined photosensitizers, there was no statistically significant difference, (p> 0.05) though all of them were significantly decrease CFU compared with the control groups (p< 0.05). In L+D- and L+D+ groups, biofilm was significantly destroyed more than that of L-D- (p< 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Photodynamic therapy might be used as an effective procedure to treat Candida associated mucocutaneous diseases and killing biofilm in the infected surfaces such as dentures.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Bandarabbas University of Medical Sciences, Bandarabbas, Iran.
authors.forename: Nasim
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hosseini
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Samira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yazdanpanah
authors.affiliation: Student Research Committee, Orthodontics Research Center, Dept. of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saki
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Fahimeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rezazadeh
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Janan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ghapanchi
authors.affiliation: Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Dept. of Mycology & Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Kamiar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zomorodian
keywords:  Candida dubliniensis ;  Laser ;  Photodynamic Therapy; Candida albicans 