title: Identification and validation of microRNAs as endogenous controls for quantitative polymerase chain reaction in plasma for stable coronary artery disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been proved to serve as biomarkers for diagnosis and assessment of prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a widely-used technique to estimate expression levels of circulating miRNAs. Selection of optimal endogenous control (EC) remains critical to obtain reliable qPCR data of miRNAs expression. However, reference controls for normalization of circulating miRNA in CAD are still lacking. The purpose of this study was to identify stably expressed miRNAs to normalize RT-qPCR data derived from plasma in stable CAD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 10 stably expressed candidate ECs by combining miRNA microarray screening and literature screening. These 10 candidate ECs were estimated by RT-qPCR and the data were analyzed by NormFinder and BestKeeper algorithm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two most stable ECs were identified as EC candidates and they were subsequently validated in another larger cohort. The 2 candidates were also validated by normalizing the expression levels of miR-21. In general, they were superior to the commonly used reference gene RNU6 in quantification cycle (Cq) value, stability value and normalization effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrated that miR-6090 and miR-4516 can be used as reference genes for plasma miRNA analysis in stable CAD.
authors.forename: Yuejuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wenxian
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Jinqiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of TCM Diagnosis, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China. yzk20151@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhaokai
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D035683:MicroRNAs
keywords: circulating microRNA; normalization; reference genes; reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR); stable coronary artery disease