title: Electro-activation of sweet defatted whey: Impact on the induced Maillard reaction products and bioactive peptides.
abstract: Electro-activation was used to add value to sweet defatted whey. This study aimed to investigate and to characterize the bioactive compounds formed under different electro-activation conditions by molecular and proteomic approaches. The effects of electric current intensity (400, 500 or 600mA) and whey concentration (7, 14 or 21% (w/v)) as a function of the electro-activation time (0, 15, 30 or 45min) were evaluated. The targeted dependent variables were the formation of Maillard reaction products (MRPs), protein hydrolysates and glycated compounds. It was shown that the MRPs derived from electro-activated whey at a concentration of 14% had the highest potential of biological activity. SDS-PAGE analyses indicated the formation of hydrolysates and glycated compounds with different molecular weight distributions. FTIR indicated the predominance of intermediate MRPs, such as the Schiff base compounds. LC-MS/MS and proteomics analysis showed the production of multi-functional bioactive peptides due to the hydrolysis of whey proteins.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Qc G1V 0A6, Canada; Department of Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec, Qc G1V 0A6, Canada.
authors.forename: Ourdia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kareb
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Qc G1V 0A6, Canada; Department of Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec, Qc G1V 0A6, Canada; Food Science and Nutrition Department, National Research Center, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gomaa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Qc G1V 0A6, Canada; Food R&D Centre, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, 3600 Casavant, St. Hyacinthe, Qc J2S 8E3, Canada.
authors.forename: Claude P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Champagne
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Qc G1V 0A6, Canada; Department of Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebec, Qc G1V 0A6, Canada.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jean
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, Qc G1V 0A6, Canada; Department of Soil Sciences and Agri-Food Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, Qc G1V 0A6, Canada. Electronic address: mohammed.aider@fsaa.ulaval.ca.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aïder
mesh_terms: D015416:Maillard Reaction; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry*; D000067796:Whey / Q000737:chemistry*; D000067816:Whey Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D000067816:Whey Proteins
keywords: Bioactive peptides; Electro-activation; Glycation; Maillard reaction; Whey