title: An appraisal of the taxonomy and nomenclature of trypanosomatids presently classified as Leishmania and Endotrypanum.
abstract: We propose a taxonomic revision of the dixenous trypanosomatids currently classified as Endotrypanum and Leishmania, including parasites that do not fall within the subgenera L. (Leishmania) and L. (Viannia) related to human leishmaniasis or L. (Sauroleishmania) formed by leishmanias of lizards: L. colombiensis, L. equatorensis, L. herreri, L. hertigi, L. deanei, L. enriettii and L. martiniquensis. The comparison of these species with newly characterized isolates from sloths, porcupines and phlebotomines from central and South America unveiled new genera and subgenera supported by past (RNA PolII gene) and present (V7V8 SSU rRNA, Hsp70 and gGAPDH) phylogenetic analyses of the organisms. The genus Endotrypanum is restricted to Central and South America, comprising isolates from sloths and transmitted by phlebotomines that sporadically infect humans. This genus is the closest to the new genus Porcisia proposed to accommodate the Neotropical porcupine parasites originally described as L. hertigi and L. deanei. A new subgenus Leishmania (Mundinia) is created for the L. enriettii complex that includes L. martiniquensis. The new genus Zelonia harbours trypanosomatids from Neotropical hemipterans placed at the edge of the Leishmania-Endotrypanum-Porcisia clade. Finally, attention is drawn to the status of L. siamensis and L. australiensis as nomem nudums.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Parasitologia,Universidade de São Paulo,São Paulo, SP,Brazil.
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Espinosa
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University,Center for the Study of Biological Complexity,Richmond,Virginia,USA.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Parasitologia,Universidade de São Paulo,São Paulo, SP,Brazil.
authors.forename: E P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Parasitologia,Universidade de São Paulo,São Paulo, SP,Brazil.
authors.forename: M M G
authors.initials: MMG
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Parasitologia,Universidade de São Paulo,São Paulo, SP,Brazil.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002489:Central America / Q000453:epidemiology; D017125:Genes, Protozoan; D006801:Humans; D007891:Leishmania / Q000235:genetics*; D007896:Leishmaniasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission; D008116:Lizards / Q000469:parasitology; D058889:Molecular Typing; D010802:Phylogeny; D046328:Porcupines / Q000469:parasitology; D011576:Psychodidae / Q000469:parasitology; D012335:RNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D012896:Sloths / Q000469:parasitology; D013020:South America / Q000453:epidemiology; D014351:Trypanosomatina / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012335:RNA, Ribosomal
keywords: Endotrypanum; HSP70; Leishmania; Leishmaniinae; SSU rRNA; gGAPDH; molecular taxonomy; new genera; new subgenera; phylogeny