title: Identifying suitable reference genes for gene expression analysis in developing skeletal muscle in pigs.
abstract: The selection of suitable reference genes is crucial to accurately evaluate and normalize the relative expression level of target genes for gene function analysis. However, commonly used reference genes have variable expression levels in developing skeletal muscle. There are few reports that systematically evaluate the expression stability of reference genes across prenatal and postnatal developing skeletal muscle in mammals. Here, we used quantitative PCR to examine the expression levels of 15 candidate reference genes (ACTB,GAPDH,RNF7,RHOA,RPS18,RPL32,PPIA,H3F3,API5,B2M,AP1S1,DRAP1,TBP,WSB, andVAPB) in porcine skeletal muscle at 26 different developmental stages (15 prenatal and 11 postnatal periods). We evaluated gene expression stability using the computer algorithms geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper. Our results indicated thatGAPDHandACTBhad the greatest variability among the candidate genes across prenatal and postnatal stages of skeletal muscle development.RPS18,API5, andVAPBhad stable expression levels in prenatal stages, whereasAPI5,RPS18,RPL32, andH3F3had stable expression levels in postnatal stages.API5andH3F3expression levels had the greatest stability in all tested prenatal and postnatal stages, and were the most appropriate reference genes for gene expression normalization in developing skeletal muscle. Our data provide valuable information for gene expression analysis during different stages of skeletal muscle development in mammals. This information can provide a valuable guide for the analysis of human diseases.
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory for Domestic Animal Genetic Resources and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.|Agricultural Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Guanglin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory for Domestic Animal Genetic Resources and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.|Agricultural Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Yalan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory for Domestic Animal Genetic Resources and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: YuanYuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory for Domestic Animal Genetic Resources and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chaoju
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory for Domestic Animal Genetic Resources and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zishuai
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory for Domestic Animal Genetic Resources and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.|Agricultural Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Zhonglin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: The Key Laboratory for Domestic Animal Genetic Resources and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.|Agricultural Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Kui
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: Development; Expression analysis; Reference gene; Skeletal muscle