title: AMERICAN INDIAN AND ALASKA NATIVE BOYS: EARLY CHILDHOOD RISK AND RESILIENCE AMIDST CONTEXT AND CULTURE.
abstract: American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) adolescent and adult men experience a range of health disparities relative to their non-AIAN counterparts and AIAN women. Given the relatively limited literature on early development in tribal contexts, however, indicators of risk during early childhood specific to AIAN boys are not well-known. The current article reviews sources of strength and challenge within AIAN communities for AIAN children in general, including cultural beliefs and practices that support development, and contextual challenges related to socioeconomic and health disparities and historical trauma affecting the AIAN population as a whole. The research literature on early development is reviewed, highlighting what this literature reveals about early gender differences. The article concludes with calls to action on behalf of AIAN boys that align with each of the five tiers of R. Frieden's (2010) Public Health Pyramid.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sarche
authors.affiliation: University of New Mexico School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tafoya
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus.
authors.forename: Calvin D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Croy
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for American Indian Health.
authors.forename: Kyle
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000072957:Alaska Natives / Q000523:psychology*; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003469:Culture; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000523:psychology*; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012306:Risk
keywords: Entwicklung; Jungen; Kultur; Native American; Populations autochtones nord-américaines; amerikanischer Ureinwohner; boys; cultura; culture; desarrollo; development; développement; garçons; indígena americano; niños varones; アメリカ原住民; 文化; 男児; 男孩; 発達; 發展; 美洲原住民