title: Transdermal reverse iontophoresis: A novel technique for therapeutic drug monitoring.
abstract: Application of transdermal reverse iontophoresis for diagnostic purpose is a relatively new concept but its short span of research is full of ups and downs. In early nineties, when the idea was floated, it received a dubious welcome by the scientific community. Yet to the disbelief of many, 2001 saw the launching of GlucoWatch® G2 Biographer, the first device that could measure the blood sugar level noninvasively. Unfortunately, the device failed to match the expectation and was withdrawn in 2007. However, the concept stayed on. Research on reverse iontophoresis has diversified in many fields. Numerous in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed the prospect of reverse iontophoresis as a noninvasive tool in therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical chemistry. This review provides an overview about the recent developments in reverse iontophoresis in the field of therapeutic drug monitoring.
authors.affiliation: NSHM College of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata Group of Institutions, 124 BL Saha Road, Kolkata-700053, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Tapan Kumar
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Giri
authors.affiliation: NSHM College of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata Group of Institutions, 124 BL Saha Road, Kolkata-700053, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Subhasis
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chakrabarty
authors.affiliation: NSHM College of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata Group of Institutions, 124 BL Saha Road, Kolkata-700053, West Bengal, India. Electronic address: bijaya.ghosh@nshm.com.
authors.forename: Bijaya
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ghosh
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism
keywords: Electromigration; Electroosmosis; Human skin; Noninvasive monitoring; Reverse iontophoresis