title: Migration of Parabens, Bisphenols, Benzophenone-Type UV Filters, Triclosan, and Triclocarban from Teethers and Its Implications for Infant Exposure.
abstract: Parabens (p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters), bisphenols, benzophenone-type UV filters, triclosan, and triclocarban are used in a variety of consumer products, including baby teethers. Nevertheless, the exposure of infants to these chemicals through the use of teethers is still unknown. In this study, 59 teethers, encompassing three types, namely solid plastic, gel-filled, and water-filled (most labeled "bisphenol A-free"), were collected from the U.S. market and analyzed for 26 potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) from intact surfaces through migration/leaching tests performed with Milli-Q water and methanol. The total amount of the sum of six parent parabens (Σ6Parabens) leached from teethers ranged from 2.0 to 1990 ng, whereas that of their four transformation products (Σ4Parabens) ranged from 0.47 to 839 ng. The total amount of the sum of nine bisphenols (Σ9bisphenols) and 5 benzophenones (Σ5benzophenones) leached from teethers ranged from 1.93 to 213 ng and 0.59 to 297 ng, respectively. Triclosan and triclocarban were found in the extracts of teethers at approximately 10-fold less amounts than were bisphenols and benzophenones. Based on the amount leached into Milli-Q water, daily intake of these chemicals was estimated from the use of teethers by infants at 12 months of age. This is the first study to document the occurrence and migration of a wide range EDCs from intact surfaces of baby teethers.
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States.
authors.forename: Alexandros G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Asimakopoulos
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States.
authors.forename: Madhavan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elangovan
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States.|Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Kurunthachalam
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1926-7456
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kannan
mesh_terms: D001577:Benzophenones; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D010226:Parabens; D010969:Plastics; D014260:Triclosan
chemical_list: D001577:Benzophenones; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D010226:Parabens; D010969:Plastics; D014260:Triclosan