title: Maternal Smoking Status in Successive Pregnancies and Risk of Having a Small for Gestational Age Infant.
abstract: Smoking during pregnancy is linked to having a small for gestational age (SGA) baby. We estimated SGA risk among women who smoked persistently, quit smoking or started smoking during their first two pregnancies.
  
  
  
  Data from the population-based Medical Birth Registry of Norway was used to evaluate self-reported smoking at the beginning and end of two successive pregnancies among 118 355 Nordic women giving birth 1999-2014. Relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of SGA in the second pregnancy were estimated using adjusted generalised linear models with non-smokers during both pregnancies serving as referent category.
  
  
  
  Daily smokers throughout both pregnancies had almost threefold increased SGA risk in the second pregnancy (RR 2.9, 95% CI 2.7, 3.1). Daily smokers in the first pregnancy, who abstained in the second, had a 1.3-fold increased risk (95% CI 1.1, 1.5). Intermediate risks were found among persistent daily smokers who quit by the end of the second pregnancy (RR 2.0, 95% CI 1.6, 2.4) and non-smokers in first pregnancy who smoked daily throughout their second (RR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4, 2.3). Persistently smoking women without SGA in first pregnancy, had a 2.7-fold increased risk of SGA in second pregnancy (95% CI 2.5, 3.0).
  
  
  
  Smoking throughout two successive pregnancies was associated with the greatest increased SGA risk compared with non-smokers, while cessation before or during the second pregnancy reduced this risk. Women who smoked in the first pregnancy without experiencing SGA are not protected against SGA in second pregnancy if they continue smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Liv G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Kvalvik
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haug
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.|The Medical Birth Registry of Norway, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klungsøyr
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.|The Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Nils-Halvdan
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Morken
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: DeRoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.|The Medical Birth Registry of Norway, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Rolv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Skjaerven
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D008425:Maternal Behavior; D009035:Mothers; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: infant small for gestational age; perinatal; pregnancy; risk factors; smoking