title: Sweet Solutions to Reduce Procedural Pain in Neonates: A Meta-analysis.
abstract: Abundant evidence of sweet taste analgesia in neonates exists, yet placebo-controlled trials continue to be conducted.
  
  
  
  To review all trials evaluating sweet solutions for analgesia in neonates and to conduct cumulative meta-analyses (CMAs) on behavioral pain outcomes.
  
  
  
  (1) Data from 2 systematic reviews of sweet solutions for newborns; (2) searches ending 2015 of CINAHL, Medline, Embase, and psychINFO.
  
  
  
  Two authors screened studies for inclusion, conducted risk-of-bias ratings, and extracted behavioral outcome data for CMAs. CMA was performed using random effects meta-analysis.
  
  
  
  One hundred and sixty-eight studies were included; 148 (88%) included placebo/no-treatment arms. CMA for crying time included 29 trials (1175 infants). From the fifth trial in 2002, there was a statistically significant reduction in mean cry time for sweet solutions compared with placebo (-27 seconds, 95% confidence interval [CI] -51 to -4). By the final trial, CMA was -23 seconds in favor of sweet solutions (95% CI -29 to -18). CMA for pain scores included 50 trials (3341 infants). Results were in favor of sweet solutions from the second trial (0.5, 95% CI -1 to -0.1). Final results showed a standardized mean difference of -0.9 (95% CI -1.1 to -0.7).
  
  
  
  We were unable to use or obtain data from many studies to include in the CMA.
  
  
  
  Evidence of sweet taste analgesia in neonates has existed since the first published trials, yet placebo/no-treatment, controlled trials have continued to be conducted. Future neonatal pain studies need to select more ethically responsible control groups.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; dharrison@cheo.on.ca.|School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.|School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larocque
authors.affiliation: Departamento Enfermagem Materno-Infantil e Psiquiátrica (ENP), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bueno
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.|School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Yehudis
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Stokes
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Economics, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hutton
authors.affiliation: The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and.|Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stevens
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D003448:Crying; D005950:Glucose Solution, Hypertonic; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012996:Solutions; D013395:Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013649:Taste
chemical_list: D005950:Glucose Solution, Hypertonic; D012996:Solutions; D013395:Sucrose