title: Association between the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and the Level of Coffee Consumption among Korean Women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As coffee consumption is increasing remarkably over the past decade, the health effects concerning the coffee drinking has gained a wide attention across the nation. However, there is not a true consensus regarding the effects of coffee on metabolic disease. Therefore, this study aims to examine the association between coffee intake and the risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used publicly accessible datasets collected through Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Among 20,435 individuals from five consecutive years' worth of data from 2007 to 2011, only 15,691 subjects qualified for statistical analysis upon applying the exclusion criteria. We carried out the statistical analysis utilizing SPSS Statistics version 13.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY.) and STATA statistical software release 13.0 (STATA Corp., College Station, TX).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the frequency of coffee intake inversely correlates with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in women. Upon adjusting for life-style factors, socioeconomic status, and nutritional profile, the subjects from the highest coffee consumption quartile exhibited 40% lower odds of suffering from metabolic syndrome compared to those in the control (OR = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.67-0.84; P for trend < 0.001). Also, we observed that age- and BMI-adjusted HOMA-IR decreased as the coffee consumption increased (P for trend < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of our study suggest that coffee consumption might be associated with reduction of metabolic syndrome in Korean women. To elucidate this cross-sectional association between coffee consumption and metabolic syndrome in women, cohort studies are warranted to confirm this relationship.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Yunkeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Keyhoon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Biomedical Science Building, Daehakro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyuwoong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Yunkeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul, South Korea.|Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Biomedical Science Building, Daehakro, Jongro-gu, Seoul, South Korea.|Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003069:Coffee; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee