title: Incident and long-term opioid therapy among patients with psychiatric conditions and medications: a national study of commercial health care claims.
abstract: There is growing evidence that opioid prescribing in the United States follows a pattern in which patients who are at the highest risk of adverse outcomes from opioids are more likely to receive long-term opioid therapy. These patients include, in particular, those with substance use disorders (SUDs) and other psychiatric conditions. This study examined health insurance claims among 10,311,961 patients who filled prescriptions for opioids. Specifically, we evaluated how opioid receipt differed among patients with and without a wide range of preexisting psychiatric and behavioral conditions (ie, opioid and nonopioid SUDs, suicide attempts or other self-injury, motor vehicle crashes, and depressive, anxiety, and sleep disorders) and psychoactive medications (ie, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, hypnotics, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and medications used for SUD, tobacco cessation, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder). Relative to those without, patients with all assessed psychiatric conditions and medications had modestly greater odds of subsequently filling prescriptions for opioids and, in particular, substantially greater risk of long-term opioid receipt. Increases in risk for long-term opioid receipt in adjusted Cox regressions ranged from approximately 1.5-fold for prior attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication prescriptions (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.48-1.58) to approximately 3-fold for prior nonopioid SUD diagnoses (HR = 3.15; 95% CI, 3.06-3.24) and nearly 9-fold for prior opioid use disorder diagnoses (HR = 8.70; 95% CI, 8.20-9.24). In sum, we found evidence of greater opioid receipt among commercially insured patients with a breadth of psychiatric conditions. Future studies assessing behavioral outcomes associated with opioid prescribing should consider preexisting psychiatric conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, MN, USA.|Center for Health Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Kwan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hur
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.|Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: VA HSR&D Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.|University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Krebs
authors.affiliation: VA HSR&D Center for Health Information and Communication, Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.|Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.|Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bair
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Martin E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rickert
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.affiliation: VA HSR&D Center for Health Information and Communication, Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.|Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.|Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kroenke
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: D'Onofrio
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid