title: Lower insulin sensitivity is related to lower relative muscle cross-sectional area, lower muscle density and lower handgrip force in young and middle aged non-diabetic men.
abstract: This study investigated whether an association between insulin resistance (IR) and muscle parameters is appreciable in young healthy men, independent of obesity. Furthermore, markers of muscle metabolism and hormones/possible determinants, were explored.
  
  
  
  358 healthy young men were divided into a less and more insulin sensitive (LIS [age=33.2±5.4, BMI=23.4±2.3] and MIS [age=35.5±5.3, BMI=28.1±3.7]) group based on upper and lower quartile of HOMA-IR. Muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), -density, handgrip force, serum testosterone, estradiol, SHBG, Vitamin 25(OH)D, creatinine, IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and leptin levels were compared between these groups, correcting for differences in age, physical activity and fat mass. Correlations between HOMA-IR and these parameters, and between muscle measures and biochemical parameters, were calculated.
  
  
  
  LIS is related to lower relative muscle CSA, muscle density, muscle/fat CSA ratio, relative handgrip force and level of physical activity. Furthermore, lower levels in SHBG, testosterone, Vitamin 25(OH)D and higher leptin, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels were observed in LIS. Bio available T, FT, TE2, FE2, bioavailable E2, serum and urinary creatinine levels did not differ between groups.
  
  
  
  Differences in muscle performance are already present in healthy men with lower insulin sensitivity and could be possibly modifiable risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 1B3, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gysel
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tonoli
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pardaens
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cambier
authors.forename: J-M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: H-G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Zmierczak
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goemaere
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lapauw
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Calders
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology*