title: Management of chronic constipation in patients with diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the clinical assessment and evidence-based treatment options for managing diabetes-associated chronic constipation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search of published medical reports in English language was performed using the OVID Portal, from PUBMED and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, from inception to October 2015. A total of 145 abstracts were identified; duplicate publications were removed and 95 relevant full-text articles were retrieved for potential inclusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with diabetes, and occurs more frequently than in healthy individuals. Treatment goals include improving symptoms and restoring bowel function by accelerating colonic transit and facilitating defecation. Based on guidelines and data from published literature, food and dietary change with exercise and lifestyle change should be the first step in management. For patients recalcitrant to these changes, laxatives should be the next step of treatment. Treatment should begin with bulking agents such as psyllium, bran or methylcellulose followed by osmotic laxatives if response is poor. Lactulose, polyethylene glycol and lactitol are the most frequently prescribed osmotic agents. Lactulose has a prebiotic effect and a carry-over effect (continued laxative effect for at least 6 to 7 days, post cessation of treatment). Stimulants such as bisacodyl, sodium picosulphate and senna are indicated if osmotic laxatives are not effective. Newer agents such as chloride-channel activators and 5-HT4 agonist can be considered for severe or resistant cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The primary aim of intervention in diabetic patients with chronic constipation is to better manage the diabetes along with management of constipation. The physician should explain the rationale for prescribing laxatives and educate patients about the potential drawbacks of long-term use of laxatives. They should contact their physician if short-term use of prescribed laxative fails to provide relief.
authors.affiliation: VGM Hospital, 2100, Trichy Road, Coimbatore, 641 005, India. drvgm@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: V G M
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.affiliation: P D Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Veer Savarkar Marg, Mahim, Mumbai, 400 016, India.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abraham
mesh_terms: D001726:Bisacodyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D065101:Chloride Channel Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002951:Citrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003248:Constipation / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000150:complications*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D000070497:Healthy Lifestyle; D006801:Humans; D054368:Laxatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008747:Methylcellulose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010847:Picolines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011620:Psyllium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012676:Senna Extract / Q000008:administration & dosage; D058828:Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D065101:Chloride Channel Agonists; D002951:Citrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D054368:Laxatives; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D010847:Picolines; D058828:Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Agonists; D001726:Bisacodyl; D012676:Senna Extract; D011620:Psyllium; D008747:Methylcellulose; C005701:picosulfate sodium
keywords: Chronic constipation; Diabetes mellitus; Laxatives