title: Which DSM validated tools for diagnosing depression are usable in primary care research? A systematic literature review.
abstract: Depression occurs frequently in primary care. Its broad clinical variability makes it difficult to diagnose. This makes it essential that family practitioner (FP) researchers have validated tools to minimize bias in studies of everyday practice. Which tools validated against psychiatric examination, according to the major depression criteria of DSM-IV or 5, can be used for research purposes?
  
  
  
  An international FP team conducted a systematic review using the following databases: Pubmed, Cochrane and Embase, from 2000/01/01 to 2015/10/01.
  
  
  
  The three databases search identified 770 abstracts: 546 abstracts were analyzed after duplicates had been removed (224 duplicates); 50 of the validity studies were eligible and 4 studies were included. In 4 studies, the following tools were found: GDS-5, GDS-15, GDS-30, CESD-R, HADS, PSC-51 and HSCL-25. Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value, Negative Predictive Value were collected. The Youden index was calculated.
  
  
  
  Using efficiency data alone to compare these studies could be misleading. Additional reliability, reproducibility and ergonomic data will be essential for making comparisons.
  
  
  
  This study selected seven tools, usable in primary care research, for the diagnosis of depression. In order to define the best tools in terms of efficiency, reproducibility, reliability and ergonomics for research in primary care, and for care itself, further research will be essential.
authors.affiliation: Department of general practice, université de Bretagne Occidentale, ERCR SPURBO, Brest, France. Electronic address: patrice.nabbe@univ-brest.fr.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nabbe
authors.affiliation: Department of general practice, université de Bretagne Occidentale, ERCR SPURBO, Brest, France. Electronic address: lereste@univ.brest.fr.
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Le Reste
authors.affiliation: Department of addictology, université de Bretagne Occidentale, ERCR SPURBO, Brest, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guillou-Landreat
authors.affiliation: IDIAP jordi GOL unitat de support a la recerca, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Munoz Perez
authors.affiliation: The Greek Association of General Practitioners (ELEGEIA), Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Argyriadou
authors.affiliation: Galician National Health Service, Universidad de Vigo, Rúa Oporta, 1, 36201 Vigo, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Claveria
authors.affiliation: IDIAP jordi GOL unitat de support a la recerca, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Fernández San Martín
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Doctor, University Nicolaus Copernicus, Torun, Poland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Czachowski
authors.affiliation: Centre for public health and healthcare, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lingner
authors.affiliation: Associazione Italiana Medici di Famiglia (AIMEF), Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lygidakis
authors.affiliation: Department of English, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sowinska
authors.affiliation: Department of general practice, université de Bretagne Occidentale, ERCR SPURBO, Brest, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chiron
authors.affiliation: Department of general practice, université de Bretagne Occidentale, ERCR SPURBO, Brest, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Derriennic
authors.affiliation: Department of general practice, université de Bretagne Occidentale, ERCR SPURBO, Brest, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Le Prielec
authors.affiliation: Department of general practice, université de Bretagne Occidentale, ERCR SPURBO, Brest, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Le Floch
authors.affiliation: Unite Inserm 1078, SFR 148 ScInBioS, faculté de médecine, université de Bretagne Occidentale, université européenne de Bretagne, 22, avenue Camille-Desmoulins, 29238 Brest cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Montier
authors.affiliation: Primary care research center, Williamson building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Marwijk
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary and Interdisciplinary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Royen
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Depression; Diagnostic tool; Primary Care Research; Systematic review of literature