title: Electrotactile Feedback Improves Performance and Facilitates Learning in the Routine Grasping Task.
abstract: Aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of electrotactile feedback in closed loop training of force control during the routine grasping task. The feedback was provided using an array electrode and a simple six-level spatial coding, and the experiment was conducted in three amputee subjects. The psychometric tests confirmed that the subjects could perceive and interpret the electrotactile feedback with a high success rate. The subjects performed the routine grasping task comprising 4 blocks of 60 grasping trials. In each trial, the subjects employed feedforward control to close the hand and produce the desired grasping force (four levels). First (baseline) and the last (validation) session were performed in open loop, while the second and the third session (training) included electrotactile feedback. The obtained results confirmed that using the feedback improved the accuracy and precision of the force control. In addition, the subjects performed significantly better in the validation vs. baseline session, therefore suggesting that electrotactile feedback can be used for learning and training of myoelectric control.
authors.affiliation: Tecnalia Serbia Ltd., Belgrade, Serbia; University of Belgrade - School of Electrical Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Milica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Isaković
authors.affiliation: Tecnalia Serbia Ltd., Belgrade, Serbia; University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Minja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belić
authors.affiliation: Tecnalia Serbia Ltd., Belgrade, Serbia; University of Belgrade - School of Electrical Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Matija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Štrbac
authors.affiliation: Specialized Hospital for Rehabilitation and Orthopedic Prostetics , Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Popović
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurorehabilitation Systems, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August University , Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Strahinja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Došen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurorehabilitation Systems, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August University , Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Farina
authors.affiliation: Tecnalia Research & Innovation - Health Division, San Sebastián , Spain.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Keller
keywords: amputees; electrotactile stimulation; force feedback; myoelectric prosthesis; routine grasping