title: Association Between Age of Beginning Primary School and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
abstract: In April 2012, the Turkish national education system was modified, and the compulsory school age of entry (first grade) was redefined as a minimum of 60 months and a maximum of 66 months (replacing the former minimum criterion of 72 months). In this study, we hypothesized that students starting school before 72 months (the previous age standard for the first grade) may experience (1) a greater number of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and (2) lower functioning in social, behavioral, and academic domains.
  
  
  
  We performed a cross-sectional community-based study in the first and second grades of all primary schools (4356 students) located in the Kadıköy county of Istanbul, Turkey. Teachers completed Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham version IV and Conners' Teacher's report forms for symptoms of ADHD, the Perceived Competence Scale for functioning, and a sociodemographic questionnaire.
  
  
  
  Among first graders, the group that began primary school before the age of 72 months had a higher ADHD prevalence than both of the groups that began primary school between the ages of 72 to 77 months and 78 to 83 months (p < .001 for both groups). ADHD symptoms diminished and academic, social, and behavioral functioning improved with age for the first and second grade students.
  
  
  
  The probability of displaying ADHD symptoms (and caseness) is greater among the "earlier" beginners, whereas the "conventional" classmates exhibited better academic, social, and behavioral functioning.
authors.affiliation: *Maltepe University Medical School, Child and Adolescent, Maltepe University Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; †Department of Child and Adolescent, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; ‡Department of Psychology, Guzel Gunler Health Services, Istanbul, Turkey; §Marmara University Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; ‖Medical Park Gaziosmanpaşa Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; ¶Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Erenkoy Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey, for Psychiatry and Neurology; **Department of Neurology and Child Adolescent, Muş State Hospital, Muş, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sebla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gökçe
authors.forename: Yanki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yazgan
authors.forename: Ayşe Burcu
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Ayaz
authors.forename: Esengül
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kayan
authors.forename: Canan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yusufoğlu
authors.forename: Gresa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carkaxhiu Bulut
authors.forename: Herdem
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aslan Genç
authors.forename: Ceyda
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dedeoğlu
authors.forename: Seçil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Demirhan
authors.forename: Arzu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sancak
authors.forename: Gökçe Elif
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Saridoğan
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012574:Schools / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology