title: Effect of Mobile Health Interventions on the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
abstract: Despite the strong uptake of mobile health (mhealth) technology targeted at cardiovascular care, it is still unclear if this improves adherence to therapy and patient-related outcomes in those with established cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  
  A systematic search of English and Chinese language studies was conducted to investigate the benefit of mhealth technology for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  
  Twenty-seven studies with 5165 patients were included in the systematic review. Patients in the mhealth group showed increased adherence to medical therapy (odds ratio [OR], 4.51; P < 0.00001), as well as increased adherence to pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapy (OR, 3.86; P < 0.00001). Patients in the mhealth group showed the ability to meet recommended blood pressure targets (OR, 2.80; P < 0.001) with a trend toward the ability to meet exercise goals (OR, 2.55; P = 0.07), however, no significant difference in smoking cessation (OR, 1.42; P = 0.45) and the ability to meet lipid target levels (OR, 1.16; P = 0.29) was found. Patients in the mhealth group did not show a reduction in hospital readmission (OR, 0.93; P = 0.96), with a small number of studies showing a reduction in angina (OR, 0.23; P = 0.005), and a decrease in transient ischemic attack/stroke recurrence in those with cerebrovascular disease (OR, 0.18; P < 0.0001) and a trend toward lower observed mortality rate (OR, 0.19; P = 0.06).
  
  
  
  The mhealth group compared with the usual care group had increased adherence to medical therapy, ability to reach blood pressure targets, exercise goals, and showed less anxiety and increased awareness of diet and exercise. There was no difference in smoking cessation, ability to meet low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets, and hospital readmission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Hamilton Health Sciences, Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Sumeet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gandhi
authors.affiliation: Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Hamilton Health Sciences, Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Louisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Hamilton Health Sciences, Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Enying
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Chaoyun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China. Electronic address: lijing.yan@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Lijing L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Hamilton Health Sciences, Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: schwalj@mcmaster.ca.
authors.forename: Jon-David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Schwalm
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D055502:Secondary Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods*