title: Cyanidin-3-glucoside attenuates angiotensin II-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in vascular endothelial cells.
abstract: Angiotensin II (Ang II) causes oxidative stress and vascular inflammation, leading to vascular endothelial cell dysfunction, and is associated with the development of inflammatory cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Therefore, interventions of oxidative stress and inflammation may contribute to the reduction of cardiovascular diseases. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) plays a role in the prevention of oxidative damage in several diseases. Here, we investigated the effect of C3G on Ang II-induced oxidative stress and vascular inflammation in human endothelial cells (EA.hy926). C3G dose-dependently suppressed the free radicals and inhibited the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway by protecting the degradation of inhibitor of kappa B-alpha (IκB-α), inhibiting the expression and translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus through the down-regulation of NF-κB p65 and reducing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Pretreatment with C3G not only prohibited the NF-κB signaling pathway but also promoted the activity of the nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway through the upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Particularly, we observed that C3G significantly enhanced the production of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and induced the expression of heme oxygenase (HO-1). Our findings confirm that C3G can protect against vascular endothelial cell inflammation induced by AngII. C3G may represent a promising dietary supplement for the prevention of inflammation, thereby decreasing the risk for the development of atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Suthep Road, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sivanan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sivasinprasasn
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Suthep Road, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: Rungusa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pantan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Suthep Road, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sarinthorn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thummayot
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Suthep Road, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: Jiraporn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tocharus
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand.
authors.forename: Apichart
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Suksamrarn
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Suthep Road, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. Electronic address: chainarongt@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Chainarong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tocharus
keywords: Angiotensin II; Atherosclerosis; Cyanidin-3-glucoside; Oxidative stress; Vascular inflammation