title: Imaging genetics in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and related neurodevelopmental domains: state of the art.
abstract: Joint analysis of genetic and neuroimaging data, known as Imaging Genetics (IG), offers an opportunity to deepen our knowledge of the biological mechanisms of neurodevelopmental domains. There has been exponential growth in the literature on IG studies, which challenges the standardization of analysis methods in this field. In this review we give a complete up-to-date account of IG studies on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and related neurodevelopmental domains, which serves as a reference catalog for researchers working on this neurological disorder. We searched MEDLINE/Pubmed and identified 37 articles on IG of ADHD that met our eligibility criteria. We carefully cataloged these articles according to imaging technique, genes and brain region, and summarized the main results and characteristics of each study. We found that IG studies on ADHD generally focus on dopaminergic genes and the structure of basal ganglia using structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). We found little research involving multiple genetic factors and brain regions because of the scarce use of multivariate strategies in data analysis. IG of ADHD and related neurodevelopmental domains is still in its early stages, and a lack of replicated findings is one of the most pressing challenges in the field.
authors.affiliation: ISGLOBAL, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain. natalia.vilor@isglobal.org.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain. natalia.vilor@isglobal.org.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain. natalia.vilor@isglobal.org.
authors.forename: Natàlia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vilor-Tejedor
authors.affiliation: ISGLOBAL, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cáceres
authors.affiliation: MRI Research Unit, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM G21, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pujol
authors.affiliation: ISGLOBAL, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.|IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sunyer
authors.affiliation: ISGLOBAL, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: González
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D059906:Neuroimaging
keywords: ADHD; Genetics; Imaging Genetics; Neurodevelopmental domains; Neuroimaging