title: Parents in prevention: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of parenting interventions to prevent internalizing problems in children from birth to age 18.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Burgeoning evidence that modifiable parental factors can influence children's and adolescents' risk for depression and anxiety indicates that parents can play a crucial role in prevention of these disorders in their children. However, it remains unclear whether preventive interventions that are directed primarily at the parent (i.e. where the parent receives more than half of the intervention) are effective in reducing child internalizing (including both depression and anxiety) problems in the longer term.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to a range of comparison conditions, parenting interventions reduced child internalizing problems, at a minimum of 6months after the intervention was delivered. Mean effects were very small for measures of internalizing and depressive symptoms, and small for measures of anxiety symptoms. Pooled effects for anxiety diagnoses were significant and indicated a number needed to treat (NNT) of 10. Pooled effects for depression diagnoses approached significance but suggested a NNT of 11. These results were based on effects reported at the longest follow-up interval for each included study, which ranged from 6months up to 15years for internalizing measures, 5.5years for depressive measures, and 11years for anxiety measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings underscore the likely benefits of increasing parental involvement in preventing internalizing problems, particularly anxiety problems, in young people.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychological Sciences, Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: marie.yap@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Marie B H
authors.initials: MBH
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cairns
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Anthony F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Jorm
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hetrick
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Merry
keywords: Emotional problems; Family; Mental disorders; Systematic review; Young people