title: Effects of Insecticides and Fungicides Commonly Used in Tomato Production on Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phtyoseiidae).
abstract: The twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is an important pest of tomatoes in North Carolina. Resident populations of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis have recently been detected on field-grown tomatoes in central North Carolina, and potentially can be a useful biological control agent against T. urticae Laboratory bioassays were used to assess lethal and reproductive effects of 10 insecticides and five fungicides commonly used in commercial tomato production (chlorantraniliprole, spinetoram, permethrin, imidacloprid, dimethoate, dinotefuran, thiamethoxam, bifenthrin, fenpropathrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, boscalid, cyazofamid, and mancozeb) on P. persimilis adult females and eggs. Insecticides were tested using concentrations equivalent to 1×, 0.5×, and 0.1× of the recommended field rates. Fungicides were tested at the 1× rate only. Dimethoate strongly impacted P. persimilis with high adult mortality, reduced fecundity, and reduced hatch of eggs laid by treated adults, particularly at high concentrations. The pyrethroids lambda-cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, and fenpropathrin were associated with repellency and reproductive effects at high concentrations. Bifenthrin additionally caused increased mortality at high concentrations. Chlorantraniliprole, dinotefuran, and permethrin did not significantly affect mortality or reproduction. Imidacloprid significantly reduced fecundity and egg viability, but was not lethal to adult P. persimilis Thiamethoxam negatively impacted fecundity at the 1× rate. There were no negative effects associated with fungicide exposure with the exception of mancozeb, which impacted fecundity. Field trials were conducted to explore the in vivo impacts of screened insecticides on P. persimilis populations in the field. Field trials supported the incompatibility of dimethoate with P. persimilis populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 (jlditillo@gmail.com; george_kennedy@ncsu.edu).
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ditillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 (jlditillo@gmail.com; george_kennedy@ncsu.edu).
authors.forename: G G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research & Extension Center, Mills River, NC 28759 (jim_walgenbach@ncsu.edu), jim_walgenbach@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Walgenbach
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000254:growth & development; D008925:Mites / Q000187:drug effects*; D009657:North Carolina; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects; D010572:Pest Control, Biological
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007306:Insecticides
keywords: Tetranychus urticae; biological control; pesticide; twospotted spider mite