title: Radiology response in the emergency department during a mass casualty incident: a retrospective study of the two terrorist attacks on 22 July 2011 in Norway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the use of radiology in the emergency department (ED) in a trauma centre during a mass casualty incident, using a minimum acceptable care (MAC) strategy in which CT was restricted to potentially severe head injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively studied the initial use of imaging on patients triaged to the trauma centre following the twin terrorist attacks in Norway on 22 July 2011.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine patients from the explosion and 15 from the shooting were included. Fourteen patients had an Injury Severity Score >15. During the first 15 h, 22/24 patients underwent imaging in the ED. All 15 gunshot patients had plain films taken in the ED, compared to three from the explosion. A CT was performed in 18/24 patients; ten of these were completed in the ED and included five non-head CTs, the latter representing deviations from the MAC strategy. No CT referrals were delayed or declined. Mobilisation of radiology personnel resulted in a tripling of the staff.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plain film and CT capacity was never exceeded despite deviations from the MAC strategy. An updated disaster management plan will require the radiologist to cancel non-head CTs performed in the ED until no additional MCI patients are expected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • Minimum acceptable care (MAC) should replace normal routines in mass casualty incidents. • MAC implied reduced use of imaging in the emergency department (ED). • CT in ED was restricted to suspected severe head injuries during MAC. • The radiologist should cancel all non-head CTs in the ED during MAC.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway. solyoung@online.no.
authors.forename: Victoria Solveig
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0388-350X
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Heidi B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Eggesbø
authors.affiliation: Department of Traumatology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gaarder
authors.affiliation: Department of Traumatology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Paediatric Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171, Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Pål Aksel
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Næss
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Tone
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Enden
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004189:Disaster Planning / Q000379:methods*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D054527:Mass Casualty Incidents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D023481:Terrorism / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014193:Trauma Centers; D014218:Triage / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Disaster planning; Emergency radiology; Mass casualty incident; Radiology department; Trauma