title: Estimated economic benefit of increasing 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of Canadians to or above 100 nmol/L.
abstract: Mounting evidence from observational and clinical trials indicates that optimal vitamin D reduces the risk of many diseases. We used observational studies and recent data on 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations of Canadians from Cycle 3 of the Canadian Health Measures Survey to estimate the reduction in disease incidence, mortality rates, and the total economic burden (direct plus indirect) of disease if 25(OH)D concentrations of all Canadians were raised to or above 100 nmol/L. Recently, the mean 25(OH)D concentration of Canadians varied depending on age and season (51-69 nmol/L), with an overall mean of 61 nmol/L. The diseases affected by 25(OH)D concentration included cancer, cardiovascular disease, dementia, diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, respiratory infections, and musculoskeletal disorders. We used 25(OH)D concentration-health outcome relations for breast cancer and cardiovascular disease and results of clinical trials with vitamin D for respiratory infections and musculoskeletal disorders to estimate the reductions in disease burden for increased 25(OH)D concentrations. If all Canadians attained 25(OH)D concentrations>100 nmol/L, the calculated reduction in annual economic burden of disease was $12.5 ± 6 billion on the basis of economic burdens for 2016 and a reduction in annual premature deaths by 23,000 (11,000-34,000) on the basis of rates for 2011. However, the effects on disease incidence, economic burden, and mortality rate would be phased in gradually over several years primarily because once a chronic disease is established, vitamin D affects its progression only modestly. Nevertheless, national policy changes are justified to improve vitamin D status of Canadians through promotion of safe sun exposure messages, vitamin D supplement use, and/or facilitation of food fortification.
authors.affiliation: Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center , San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Canada.
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Whiting
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Gerry K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Schwalfenberg
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine at the University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Genuis
authors.affiliation: Pure North S'Energy Foundation , Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Samantha M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kimball
keywords: cancer; cardiovascular disease; cost; economics; health; infection disease; mortality; pregnancy outcomes; vitamin D