title: It takes more than a coating to get nanoparticles through the intestinal barrier in vitro.
abstract: Size and shape are crucial parameters which have impact on the potential of nanoparticles to penetrate cell membranes and epithelial barriers. Current research in nanotoxicology additionally focuses on particle coating. To distinguish between core- and coating-related effects in nanoparticle uptake and translocation, two nanoparticles equal in size, coating and charge but different in core material were investigated. Silver and iron oxide nanoparticles coated with poly (acrylic acid) were chosen and extensively characterized by small-angle x-ray scattering, nanoparticle tracing analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Uptake and transport were studied in the intestinal Caco-2 model in a Transwell system with subsequent elemental analysis. TEM and ion beam microscopy were conducted for particle visualization. Although equal in size, charge and coating, the behavior of the two particles in Caco-2 cells was different: while the internalized amount was comparable, only iron oxide nanoparticles additionally passed the epithelium. Our findings suggest that the coating material influenced only the uptake of the nanoparticles whereas the translocation was determined by the core material. Knowledge about the different roles of the particle coating and core materials in crossing biological barriers will facilitate toxicological risk assessment of nanoparticles and contribute to the optimization of pharmacokinetic properties of nano-scaled pharmaceuticals.
authors.affiliation: German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: Dajana.Lichtenstein@bfr.bund.de.
authors.forename: Dajana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
authors.affiliation: German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ebmeyer
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Physics & Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Anne-Cathrin
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Behr
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kästner
authors.affiliation: German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Böhmert
authors.affiliation: German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Juling
authors.affiliation: German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Niemann
authors.affiliation: ZELMI, Technical University Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fahrenson
authors.affiliation: ZELMI, Technical University Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Sören
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Selve
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Thünemann
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Solid State Physics, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Physics & Biophysics, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Estrela-Lopis
authors.affiliation: German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Braeuning
authors.affiliation: German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lampen
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D020895:Enterocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010316:Particle Size; D010539:Permeability; D053838:Scattering, Small Angle; D012834:Silver / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D005290:Ferric Compounds; C000499:ferric oxide; D012834:Silver; C006903:carbopol 940
keywords: Caco-2; Ion beam microscopy; Iron oxide; Poly (acrylic-acid); Silver; TEM; Transwell™ system