title: The role of tumor microenvironment in therapeutic resistance.
abstract: Cancer cells undergo unlimited progression and survival owing to activation of oncogenes. However, support of the tumor microenvironment is essential to the formation of clinically relevant tumors. Recent evidence indicates that the tumor microenvironment is a critical regulator of immune escape, progression, and distant metastasis of cancer. Moreover, the tumor microenvironment is known to be involved in acquired resistance of tumors to various therapies. Despite significant advances in chemotherapy and radiotherapy, occurrence of therapeutic resistance leads to reduced efficacy. This review highlights myeloid cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells consisting of the tumor microenvironment, as well as the relevant signaling pathways that eventually render cancer cells to be therapeutically resistant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Beomseok
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Son
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sungmin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: HyeSook
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Youn
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: EunGi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Integrative Graduate Program of Ship and Offshore Plant Technology for Ocean Energy Resource, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.|Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Wanyeon
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Biological Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.|Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: BuHyun
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Youn
mesh_terms: D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D022423:Myeloid Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D011836:Radiation Tolerance; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment
keywords: cancer-associated fibroblasts; mesenchymal stem cells; myeloid cells; therapeutic resistance; tumor microenvironment