title: Phytoextraction of soil trace elements by willow during a phytoremediation trial in Southern Québec, Canada.
abstract: The phytoextraction of the trace elements (TEs) As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn by willow cultivars (Fish Creek, SV1 and SX67) was measured during a 3-year field trial in a mildly contaminated soil. Biomass ranged from 2.8 to 4.4 Mg/ha/year at 30,000 plants/ha. Shoots (62%) were the main component followed by leaves (23%) and roots (15%). Biomass was positively linked to soluble soil dissolved organic carbon, K, and Mg, while TEs, not Cd and Zn, had a negative effect. The TE concentration ranking was: Zn > Cu > Cd > Ni, Pb > As, and distribution patterns were: (i) minima in shoots (As, Ni), (ii) maxima in leaves (Cd, Zn), or (iii) maxima in roots (Cu, Pb). Correlations between soil and plant TE were significant for the six TEs in roots. The amounts extracted were at a maximum for Zn, whereas Fish Creek and SV1 extracted more TE than SX67. More than 60% (91-94% for Cd and Zn) of the total TE was in the aboveground parts. Uptake increased with time because of higher biomass. Fertilization, the selection of cultivars, and the use of complementary plants are required to improve productivity and Cd and Zn uptake.
authors.affiliation: a Département de géographie , Université de Montréal , Montréal , QC , Canada.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Courchesne
authors.affiliation: a Département de géographie , Université de Montréal , Montréal , QC , Canada.
authors.forename: Marie-Claude
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Turmel
authors.affiliation: a Département de géographie , Université de Montréal , Montréal , QC , Canada.
authors.forename: Benoît
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cloutier-Hurteau
authors.affiliation: a Département de géographie , Université de Montréal , Montréal , QC , Canada.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Constantineau
authors.affiliation: a Département de géographie , Université de Montréal , Montréal , QC , Canada.
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Munro
authors.affiliation: b Institut de recherche en biologie végétale , Université de Montréal and Jardin botanique de Montréal , Montréal , QC , Canada.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Labrecque
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018533:Biomass; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000378:metabolism; D011792:Quebec; D032108:Salix / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014131:Trace Elements; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: phytoextraction; phytoremediation; trace elements; willows