title: Total evidence phylogeny and the evolution of adult bioluminescence in fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae).
abstract: Fireflies are some of the most captivating organisms on the planet. They have a rich history as subjects of scientific study, especially in relation to their bioluminescent behavior. Yet, the phylogenetic relationships of fireflies are still poorly understood. Here, we present the first total evidence approach to reconstruct lampyrid phylogeny using both a molecular matrix from six loci and an extensive morphological matrix. Using this phylogeny we test the hypothesis that adult bioluminescence evolved after the origin of the firefly clade. The ancestral state of adult bioluminescence is recovered as non-bioluminescent with one to six gains and five to ten subsequent losses. The monophyly of the family, as well as the subfamilies is also tested. Ototretinae, Cyphonocerinae, Luciolinae (incl. Pristolycus), Amydetinae, "cheguevarinae" sensu Jeng 2008, and Photurinae are highly supported as monophyletic. With the exception of four taxa, Lampyrinae is also recovered as monophyletic with high support. Based on phylogenetic and morphological data Lamprohiza, Phausis, and Lamprigera are transferred to Lampyridae incertae sedis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, 4102 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA. Electronic address: gavin.jon.martin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gavin J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology & Nematology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Branham
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, 4102 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Whiting
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, 4102 LSB, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
authors.forename: Seth M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bybee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D048888:Fireflies / Q000145:classification*; D049449:Luminescence; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment
keywords: Bioluminescence; Lightning bugs; Morphology; Phylogeny; Pristolycus