title: Underwater Electromagnetic Sensor Networks, Part II: Localization and Network Simulations.
abstract: In the first part of the paper, we modeled and characterized the underwater radio channel in shallowwaters. In the second part,we analyze the application requirements for an underwaterwireless sensor network (U-WSN) operating in the same environment and perform detailed simulations. We consider two localization applications, namely self-localization and navigation aid, and propose algorithms that work well under the specific constraints associated with U-WSN, namely low connectivity, low data rates and high packet loss probability. We propose an algorithm where the sensor nodes collaboratively estimate their unknown positions in the network using a low number of anchor nodes and distance measurements from the underwater channel. Once the network has been self-located, we consider a node estimating its position for underwater navigation communicating with neighboring nodes. We also propose a communication system and simulate the whole electromagnetic U-WSN in the Castalia simulator to evaluate the network performance, including propagation impairments (e.g., noise, interference), radio parameters (e.g., modulation scheme, bandwidth, transmit power), hardware limitations (e.g., clock drift, transmission buffer) and complete MAC and routing protocols. We also explain the changes that have to be done to Castalia in order to perform the simulations. In addition, we propose a parametric model of the communication channel that matches well with the results from the first part of this paper. Finally, we provide simulation results for some illustrative scenarios.
authors.affiliation: Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación (ETSIT), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain. javier.zazo.ruiz@upm.es.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zazo
authors.affiliation: Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación (ETSIT), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain. sergio@gaps.ssr.upm.es.
authors.forename: Sergio Valcarcel
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Macua
authors.affiliation: Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación (ETSIT), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain. santiago@gaps.ssr.upm.es.
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zazo
authors.affiliation: Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación (ETSIT), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain. marina.perez@isom.upm.es.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.affiliation: Instituto para el Desarrollo Tecnológico y la Innovación en Comunicaciones (IDeTIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35017 Las Palmas, Spain. ivan.perez@ulpgc.es.
authors.forename: Iván
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pérez-Álvarez
authors.affiliation: Instituto para el Desarrollo Tecnológico y la Innovación en Comunicaciones (IDeTIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), 35017 Las Palmas, Spain. eugenio.jimenez@ulpgc.es.
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.affiliation: Plataforma Oceánica de Canarias (PLOCAN), Telde, 35200 Las Palmas, Spain. laura.cardona@plocan.eu.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cardona
authors.affiliation: Plataforma Oceánica de Canarias (PLOCAN), Telde, 35200 Las Palmas, Spain. joaquin.brito@plocan.eu.
authors.forename: Joaquín Hernández
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.affiliation: Plataforma Oceánica de Canarias (PLOCAN), Telde, 35200 Las Palmas, Spain. eduardo.quevedo@plocan.eu.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quevedo
keywords: Castalia; ad hoc networks; localization; radio-frequency; underwater communications