title: Melanin granules melanophages and a fully-melanized epidermis are common traits of odontocete and mysticete cetaceans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cellular mechanisms used to counteract or limit damage caused by exposure of marine vertebrates to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation are poorly understood. Cetaceans are vulnerable because they lack protective skin appendages and are obliged to surface continuously to breathe, thus being exposed repeatedly to UV light. Although molecular mechanisms of photoprotection of cetaceans have been studied, there is limited knowledge about their epidermal structure and photoprotective effectors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe and compare the epidermis of mysticete and odontocete cetaceans and identify potentially photoprotective traits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty eight free-living individuals belonging to six cetacean species were sampled in the Mexican Central Pacific and Gulf of California. Species sampled were the bottlenose dolphin, pantropical spotted dolphin, spinner dolphin, Bryde's whale, fin whale and humpback whale.
  
  
  METHODS
  Histological and cytological evaluation of skin biopsy tissue collected in the field between 2014 and 2016.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All cetaceans had only three epidermal layers, lacking both the stratum granulosum and stratum lucidum. A relatively thick stratum corneum with a parakeratosis-like morphology was noted. Melanin was observed within keratinocytes in all epidermal layers, including the stratum corneum and apical melanin granules obscured the keratinocyte nucleus. Keratinocytes had a perinuclear halo. Keratinocyte diameter differed between cetacean suborders and amongst species. Melanophage clusters were common in most cetacean species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The widespread presence of melanin and the unexpectedly high number of melanophages may constitute a unique photoprotective trait of cetaceans and could reflect primitive adaptations to their environment and to their obligate marine-bound life.
authors.affiliation: Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Avenida de las Ciencias s/n. Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, México.
authors.forename: Blanca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Morales-Guerrero
authors.affiliation: Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Avenida de las Ciencias s/n. Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, México.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barragán-Vargas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 76000, Queretaro, México.
authors.forename: German R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Silva-Rosales
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad de Colima, Campus El Naranjo, km 20 carretera Manzanillo-Cihuatlán, 28860, Manzanillo, Colima, México.
authors.forename: Christian D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Ortega-Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ecología de Cetáceos y Quelonios, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida IPN s/n Colonia Playa Palo de Santa Rita, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gendron
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada, K9J 7B8.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Martinez-Levasseur
authors.affiliation: Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Avenida de las Ciencias s/n. Juriquilla, 76230, Queretaro, México.|The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, CA, 94965, USA.
authors.forename: Karina
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8954-8782
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Acevedo-Whitehouse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002591:Cetacea / Q000502:physiology*; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D004817:Epidermis / Q000502:physiology*; D008543:Melanins / Q000502:physiology*; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D008543:Melanins