title: Persistent Interictal Musical Hallucination in a Patient With Mesial Temporal Sclerosis-Related Epilepsy: First Case Report and Etiopathological Hypothesis.
abstract: Musical hallucination is a disorder of complex sound processing of instrumental music, songs, choirs, chants, etc. The underlying pathologies include moderate to severe acquired hearing loss (the auditory equivalent of Charles Bonnet syndrome), psychiatric illnesses (depression, schizophrenia), drug intoxication (benzodiazepines, salicylate, pentoxifylline, propranolol), traumatic lesions along the acoustic pathways, and epilepsy. The hallucinations are most likely to begin late in life; 70% of patients are women. Musical hallucination has no known specific therapy. Treating the underlying cause is the most effective approach; neuroleptic and antidepressant medications have only rarely succeeded.Musical hallucination in epilepsy typically presents as simple partial seizures originating in the lateral temporal cortex. To our knowledge, no formal report of musical hallucination in the interictal state has been published before. In contrast, other interictal psychotic features are a relatively common complication, especially in patients with long-standing drug-resistant epilepsy.We describe a 62-year-old woman with a long history of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy whose musical hallucination was solely interictal. We speculate on the possible link between temporal epilepsy and her hallucination. We hypothesize that, as a result of her epileptic activity-induced damage, an imbalance developed between the excitatory and inhibitory projections connecting the mesial temporal cortex to the other auditory structures. These structures may have generated hyperactivity in the lateral temporal cortex through a "release" mechanism that eventually resulted in musical hallucination.
authors.affiliation: *Neurology Unit, Desio and Vimercate Hospitals, Vimercate (MB), Italy †Department of Neurosciences, Neurology Unit, "Papa Giovanni XXIII" Hospital, Bergamo (BG), Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Borelli
authors.forename: Marcella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vedovello
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Braga
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pederzoli
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beretta
mesh_terms: D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music; D012598:Sclerosis; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology