title: Dietary patterns at 4 years old: Association with appetite-related eating behaviours in 7 year-old children.
abstract: A possible relationship between children's dietary intake and certain aspects of eating behaviours has been documented, but most studies are cross-sectional and do not consider the complexity of the diet. The aim of this study was to quantify the association between dietary patterns established at 4 years old and appetite-related eating behaviours identified at 7 years old.
  
  
  
  Participants are children from the Generation XXI population-based birth cohort. Trained interviewers collected data at birth, 4 and 7 years old on socio-demographics, health and lifestyles, and anthropometrics. At 4 years old, diet was assessed by a Food Frequency Questionnaire and three dietary patterns were identified by Latent Class Analysis: 'Healthier', 'Snacking' and 'Energy Dense Foods' (EDF). A Portuguese version of the original Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) was self-completed by mothers at 7 year-old. This version has previously shown good psychometric properties and the 8 CEBQ sub-domains were combined into two wider dimensions: Appetite Restraint and Appetite Disinhibition. Generalized linear models were used to estimate the associations after adjustment for maternal characteristics (n = 4358). Interaction effects were tested.
  
  
  
  Children belonging to the 'Snacking' (β = 0.329, 95%CI: 0.265; 0.393) and to the 'EDF' (β = 0.138, 95%CI: 0.098; 0.179) dietary patterns at 4 years old scored increasingly higher, respectively, on Appetite Restraint and Appetite Disinhibition dimensions at 7 years old, comparatively to children in the 'Healthier' dietary pattern. Maternal BMI before pregnancy modified the 'Snacking' pattern associations; they were stronger in children from underweight/normal weight mothers for Appetite Restraint and present only among overweight/obese mothers for Appetite Disinhibition.
  
  
  
  This study suggests that children following less healthy dietary patterns early in life have more often disordered eating behaviours in later childhood. Maternal weight status may influence these associations.
authors.affiliation: ISPUP-EPIUnit, University of Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Albuquerque
authors.affiliation: ISPUP-EPIUnit, University of Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, Portugal.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: ISPUP-EPIUnit, University of Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Catarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Durão
authors.affiliation: ISPUP-EPIUnit, University of Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, Portugal.
authors.forename: Milton
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Severo
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: ISPUP-EPIUnit, University of Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, Portugal. Electronic address: acmatos@med.up.pt.
authors.forename: Andreia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D062410:Snacks / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: CEBQ; Children; Cohort studies; Feeding behaviours; Food habits