title: Putting the puzzle together: the role of 'problem definition' in complex clinical judgement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We teach judgement in pieces; that is, we talk about each aspect separately (patient, plan, resources, technique, etc.). We also let trainees figure out how to put the pieces together. In complex situations, this might be problematic. Using data from a drawing-based study on surgeons' experiences with complex situations, we explore the notion of 'problem definition' in real-world clinical judgement using the theoretical lens of systems engineering.
  
  
  METHODS
  'Emergence', the sensitising concept for analysis, is rooted in two key systems premises: that person and context are inseparable and that what emerges is an act of choice. Via a 'gallery walk' we used these premises to perform analysis on individual drawings as well as cross-comparisons of multiple drawings. Our focus was to understand similarities and differences among the vantage points used by multiple surgeons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this paper we challenge two assumptions from current models of clinical judgement: that experts hold a fixed and static definition of the problem and that consequently the focus of the expert's work is on solving the problem. Each situation described by our participants revealed different but complementary perspectives of what a surgical problem might come to be: from concerns about ensuring standard of care, to balancing personal emotions versus care choices, to coordinating resources, and to maintaining control while in the midst of personality clashes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that it is only at the situation and system level, not at the individual level, that we are able to appreciate the nuances of defining the problem when experts make judgements during real-world complex situations.
authors.affiliation: University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Sayra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cristancho
authors.affiliation: University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Lorelei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lingard
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.affiliation: University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.affiliation: University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Novick
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D000066491:Clinical Decision-Making; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007600:Judgment; D009014:Morals; D066231:Surgeons / Q000523:psychology* / Q000592:standards