title: A validated bioluminescence-based assay for the rapid determination of the initial rate of kill for discovery antimalarials.
abstract: A future treatment for uncomplicated malaria will contain at least one component that exerts a rapid rate of kill. We describe here the validation and application of a simple, robust and rapid bioluminescence-based assay for the determination of the initial rate of kill in intra-erythrocytic asexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum .
  
  
  
  A modification to the concentration-response bioluminescence [here termed bioluminescence relative rate of kill (BRRoK)] assay, utilizing exposure to fold-IC 50 concentrations (0.33× to  9×), was used to monitor the immediate cytocidal effect of 372 open-source compounds for antimalarial drug discovery available through the Medicines for Malaria Venture Malaria Box.
  
  
  
  Antimalarial drugs that exert a rapid cytocidal effect produce a concentration-dependent loss of bioluminescence signal that correlates with available in vitro and in vivo estimates of parasite clearance time and parasite reduction ratio. Following the measurement of IC 50 for the Malaria Box compounds in Dd2 luc , the BRRoK assay was used to identify and rank 372 compounds for their initial cytocidal activity. Fifty-three compounds in the Malaria Box show an initial relative rate of kill greater than that of chloroquine, with 17 of these having an initial relative rate of kill greater than that of dihydroartemisinin.
  
  
  
  The BRRoK assay provides a rapid assay format for the estimation of a key pharmacodynamic property of antimalarial drug action. The simplicity and robustness of the assay suggests it would be readily scalable for high-throughput screening and a critical decision-making tool for antimalarial drug development.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
authors.forename: Imran
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ullah
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
authors.forename: Raman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
authors.forename: Giancarlo A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Biagini
authors.affiliation: Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Horrocks
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000469:parasitology; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000187:drug effects; D008163:Luminescent Measurements / Q000379:methods*; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; C039060:artenimol; D002738:Chloroquine