title: Inhaled corticosteroids: Effects on growth and bone health.
abstract: Both slowed growth in children and reduced bone mineral density (BMD) are systemic effects of corticosteroids, and there is concern about the degree to which these systemic effects affect growth and BMD.
  
  
  
  To engage in a data-driven discussion of the effects of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) on growth in children and BMD.
  
  
  
  Articles were selected based on their relevance to this review.
  
  
  
  Studies of ICSs in children in which growth was a secondary outcome have revealed slowed growth associated with low doses of budesonide, fluticasone propionate, and beclomethasone dipropionate. In the study of budesonide, the effect was permanent, and in the study of fluticasone propionate, the effect was long-lasting, but it is unclear whether the effect was permanent. However, the results of studies in which growth was the primary outcome were mixed. Slowed growth was detected in a study of beclomethasone dipropionate; however, slowed growth was not detected in a study of ciclesonide or flunisolide. A decrease in BMD acquisition in children was associated with high doses but not low to medium doses of ICSs. In adults, there was a dose-related effect of ICSs on BMD. Both higher daily dose and larger cumulative dose were associated with increased bone density loss.
  
  
  
  Because of the systemic effects on growth and bone health, children should be monitored for growth using stadiometry every 3 to 6 months and BMD should be monitored yearly in patients being treated with high doses of ICSs.
authors.affiliation: Director, Division of Allergy and Immunology, West Virginia University Children's Hospital, Morgantown, West Virginia; Professor of Pediatrics, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia. Electronic address: dskoner@hsc.wvu.edu.
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Skoner
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000328:Adult; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001249:Asthma / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents