title: Predictors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and internal dose in inner city Baltimore children.
abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the by-products of incomplete combustion of organic materials, are commonly found on particulate matter (PM) and have been associated with the development of asthma and asthma exacerbation in urban populations. We examined time spent in the home and outdoors as predictors of exposures to airborne PAHs and measured urinary 1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide (1-OHPG) as internal dose of PAHs in 118 children aged 5-12 years from Baltimore, MD. During weeklong periods (Saturday-Saturday) in each of four seasons: daily activities were assessed using questionnaires, indoor air nicotine and PM concentrations were monitored, and urine specimens were collected on Tuesday (day 3) and Saturday (day 7) for measurement of 1-OHPG. Time spent in non-smoking homes was associated with significantly decreased 1-OHPG concentration in urine (β=-0.045, 95% CI (-0.076, -0.013)), and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposures modified these associations, with higher urinary 1-OHPG concentrations in children spending time in smoking homes than non-smoking homes (P-value for interaction=0.012). Time spent outdoors was associated with increased urinary 1-OHPG concentrations (β=0.097, 95% CI (0.037, 0.157)) in boys only. Our results suggest that SHS and ambient (outdoor) air pollution contribute to internal dose of PAHs in inner city children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Kamau O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: D' Ann L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Salahadin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abubaker
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Curtin-Brosnan
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.|Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Meredith C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: McCormack
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Breysse
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.|Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.|Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Nadia N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Hansel
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.|Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Diette
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Paul T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Strickland
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000652:urine*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis; D001249:Asthma; D015142:Baltimore; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002947:Cities; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000652:urine; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000652:urine*; D012621:Seasons; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: C093851:1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide; D000393:Air Pollutants; D005965:Glucuronates; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011721:Pyrenes; D009538:Nicotine; D003404:Creatinine