title: Comparative evaluation of application of different fluoride varnishes on artificial early enamel lesion: Anin vitrostudy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In an attempt to manage noncavitated carious lesions noninvasively through remineralization, a range of novel fluoride varnishes with additional remineralizing agents have been made available for clinical application.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the remineralization potential of three commercially available varnishes on artificial enamel lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  This in vitro study involves eighty intact enamel specimens prepared from premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes. After specimen preparation, the eighty samples were divided randomly into two groups (n = 40) for measurement of baseline surface Vickers microhardness and baseline calcium/phosphorus ratio (% weight) through EDAX testing. Thereafter, the specimens were subjected to demineralization for 96 h to induce initial enamel lesions and the measurements were repeated. Following demineralization, each of the two groups was divided randomly into four subgroups (n = 10) from which one was used as the control group and the others three were allotted to each of the three test varnishes. After varnish application, all the specimens were subjected to a pH cycling regimen that included alternative demineralization (3 h) and remineralization (21 h) daily, for 5 consecutive days. The Vickers microhardness and EDAX measurements were then repeated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's tests were conducted for multiple group comparison. All the three commercially available varnishes were capable of remineralizing initial enamel lesions that were induced artificially. No difference was noted in the remineralizing efficacy of the varnishes despite their different compositions. MI Varnish™ (casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride varnish) showed slightly better recovery in surface microhardness as compared to the other two varnishes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All the varnishes used in this in vitro study are capable of reversing early enamel lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Udita
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Majithia
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Karthik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Venkataraghavan
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, SEGi University, 47810 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Choudhary
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Shalin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Virda
mesh_terms: D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002364:Caseins / Q000494:pharmacology; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000517:prevention & control; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005460:Fluorides, Topical / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006244:Hardness / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D002364:Caseins; C000612969:Enamel Pro Varnish; D005460:Fluorides, Topical; C447032:casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplex; D012969:Sodium Fluoride