title: Association of Preterm Birth With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Like and Wider-Ranging Neurophysiological Impairments of Attention and Inhibition.
abstract: Preterm birth has been associated with an increased risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like symptoms and cognitive impairments similar to those seen in ADHD, including attention and inhibitory control difficulties. Yet data on direct comparisons across ADHD and preterm birth on cognitive-neurophysiological measures are limited.
  
  
  
  We directly compared 186 preterm-born adolescents to 69 term-born adolescents with ADHD and 135 term-born controls on cognitive-performance and event-related potential measures associated with attentional and inhibitory processing from a cued continuous performance test (CPT-OX), which we have previously shown to discriminate between the adolescents with ADHD and controls. We aimed to elucidate whether the ADHD-like symptoms and cognitive impairments in preterm-born individuals reflect identical cognitive-neurophysiological impairments in term-born individuals with ADHD.
  
  
  
  Go-P3 amplitude was reduced, reflecting impaired executive response control, in preterm-born adolescents compared to both controls and adolescents with ADHD. Moreover, in preterm-born adolescents, as in term-born adolescents with ADHD, contingent negative variation amplitude was attenuated, reflecting impairments in response preparation compared to controls. Although the ADHD group showed significantly increased NoGo-P3 amplitude at FCz compared to preterm group, at Cz preterm-born adolescents demonstrated significantly decreased NoGo-P3 amplitude compared to the control group, similar to term-born adolescents with ADHD.
  
  
  
  These findings indicate impairments in response preparation, executive response control, and response inhibition in preterm-born adolescents. Although the response preparation and response inhibition impairments found in preterm-born adolescents overlap with those found in term-born adolescents with ADHD, the preterm group also shows unique impairments, suggesting more wide-ranging impairments in the preterm group compared to the ADHD group.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Anna-Sophie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Rommel
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah-Naomi
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: James
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Gráinne
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McLoughlin
authors.affiliation: Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; the Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, and the Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brandeis
authors.affiliation: Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banaschewski
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Asherson
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. Electronic address: jonna.kuntsi@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jonna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuntsi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology*; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ADHD; EEG; event-related potential; neurocognitive impairment; preterm birth