title: Are all sport activities equal? A systematic review of how youth psychosocial experiences vary across differing sport activities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Models of sport development often support the assumption that young athletes' psychosocial experiences differ as a result of seemingly minor variations in how their sport activities are designed (eg, participating in team or individual sport; sampling many sports or specialising at an early age). This review was conducted to systematically search sport literature and explore how the design of sport activities relates to psychosocial outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic search, followed by data extraction and synthesis. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were applied and a coding sheet was used to extract article information and code for risk of bias.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic databases and manual search of peer-reviewed journals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Search criteria determined eligibility primarily based on the sample (eg, ages 7 through 17 years) and study design (eg, measured psychosocial constructs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  35 studies were located and were classified within three categories: (1) sport types, (2) sport settings, and (3) individual patterns of sport involvement. These studies represented a wide range of scores when assessed for risk of bias and involved an array of psychosocial constructs, with the most prevalent investigations predicting outcomes such as youth development, self-esteem and depression by comparing (1) team or individual sport participants and (2) youth with varying amounts of sport involvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As variations in sport activities impact youth sport experiences, it is vital for researchers to carefully describe and study these factors, while practitioners may use the current findings when designing youth sport programmes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: M Blair
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0668-4928
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Luc J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Budziszewski
authors.affiliation: School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Côté
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression; D006801:Humans; D012649:Self Concept; D058992:Social Participation; D000067009:Youth Sports / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Children; Paediatrics; Sport psychology; Well-being