title: Characteristics of breathing rate control mediated by a subregion within the pontine parabrachial complex.
abstract: The role of the dorsolateral pons in the control of expiratory duration (Te) and breathing frequency is incompletely understood. A subregion of the pontine parabrachial-Kölliker-Fuse (PB-KF) complex of dogs was identified via microinjections, in which localized pharmacologically induced increases in neuronal activity produced increases in breathing rate while decreases in neuronal activity produced decreases in breathing rate. This subregion is also very sensitive to local and systemic opioids. The purpose of this study was to precisely characterize the relationship between the PB-KF subregion pattern of altered neuronal activity and the control of respiratory phase timing as well as the time course of the phrenic nerve activity/neurogram (PNG). Pulse train electrical stimulation patterns synchronized with the onset of the expiratory (E) and/or phrenic inspiratory (I) phase were delivered via a small concentric bipolar electrode while the PNG was recorded in decerebrate, vagotomized dogs. Step frequency patterns during the E phase produced a marked frequency-dependent decrease in Te, while similar step inputs during the I phase increased inspiratory duration (Ti) by 14 ± 3%. Delayed pulse trains were capable of pacing the breathing rate by terminating the E phase and also of triggering a consistent stereotypical inspiratory PNG pattern, even when evoked during apnea. This property suggests that the I-phase pattern generator functions in a monostable circuit mode with a stable E phase and a transient I phase. Thus the I-pattern generator must contain neurons with nonlinear pacemaker-like properties, which allow the network to rapidly obtain a full on-state followed by relatively slow inactivation. The activated network can be further modulated and supplies excitatory drive to the neurons involved with pattern generation.NEW & NOTEWORTHYA circumscribed subregion of the pontine medial parabrachial nucleus plays a key role in the control of breathing frequency primarily via changes in expiratory duration. Excitation of this subregion triggers the onset of the inspiratory phase, resulting in a stereotypical ramplike phrenic activity pattern independent of time within the expiratory phase. The ability to pace the I-burst rate suggests that the in vivo I-pattern generating network must contain functioning pacemaker neurons.
authors.affiliation: Clement J. Zablocki Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; ezuperku@mcw.edu.|Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and.
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Zuperku
authors.affiliation: Clement J. Zablocki Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.|Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and.|Pediatric Anesthesia, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Astrid G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Stucke
authors.affiliation: Clement J. Zablocki Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Francis A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Hopp
authors.affiliation: Clement J. Zablocki Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.|Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and.|Pediatric Anesthesia, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Eckehard A E
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Stuth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D045853:Exhalation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D065823:Parabrachial Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D056152:Respiratory Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid
keywords: control of breathing; expiratory off-switch; phrenic neurogram; pons; rhythm generation