title: Dietary intake of phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) using Swedish food market basket estimations.
abstract: The occurrence of eight phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) was investigated in 53 composite food samples from 12 food categories, collected in 2015 for a Swedish food market basket study. 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), detected in most food categories, had the highest median concentrations (9 ng/g ww, pastries). It was followed by triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) (2.6 ng/g ww, fats/oils), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) (1.0 ng/g ww, fats/oils), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) (1.0 ng/g ww, fats/oils), and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) (0.80 ng/g ww, pastries). Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) were not detected in the analyzed food samples. The major contributor to the total dietary intake was EHDPHP (57%), and the food categories which contributed the most to the total intake of PFRs were processed food, such as cereals (26%), pastries (10%), sugar/sweets (11%), and beverages (17%). The daily per capita intake of PFRs (TCEP, TPHP, EHDPHP, TDCIPP, TCIPP) from food ranged from 406 to 3266 ng/day (or 6-49 ng/kg bw/day), lower than the health-based reference doses. This is the first study reporting PFR intakes from other food categories than fish (here accounting for 3%). Our results suggest that the estimated human dietary exposure to PFRs may be equally important to the ingestion of dust.
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. Electronic address: giulia.poma@uantwerpen.be.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Poma
authors.affiliation: National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Glynn
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
authors.forename: Govindan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malarvannan
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. Electronic address: adrian.covaci@uantwerpen.be.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covaci
authors.affiliation: National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden. Electronic address: PerOla.Darnerud@slv.se.
authors.forename: Per Ola
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Darnerud
mesh_terms: D004032:Diet; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D011786:Quality Control; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005411:Flame Retardants; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds
keywords: Food; Human exposure; Market basket; Phosphorus flame retardants; per capita intake