title: Metastatic renal cell carcinoma in the thyroid gland: ultrasonographic features and the diagnostic role of core needle biopsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to present the ultrasonographic (US) features of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the thyroid gland and to evaluate the diagnostic utility of fineneedle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy (CNB).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients with nine metastatic RCC nodules in the thyroid glands who were treated from January 2002 to March 2015 in a single tertiary hospital were consecutively selected and retrospectively reviewed. US features and clinical history were obtained from the institution's medical database. FNA was performed nine times on eight nodules and CNB was performed six times on six nodules. The diagnostic utility of FNA and CNB was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All nine nodules showed mass formation without diffuse thyroid involvement. On ultrasonography, metastatic RCC nodules were solid (100%), hypoechoic (100%), and ovalshaped nodules with a well-defined smooth margin (88.9%) and increased vascularity (100%, with 55% showing extensive vascularity). No calcifications were noted in any nodules. Lymph node metastasis and direct extension to nearby structures beyond the thyroid gland were not found. One FNA (11%) was able to confirm metastatic RCC, whereas all six CNBs confirmed metastatic RCC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metastatic RCC appears as oval-shaped hypoechoic solid nodules with well-defined smooth margins, no calcifications, and increased vascularity on ultrasonography. Characteristic US features along with a previous history of RCC should raise clinical suspicion, and CNB should be performed to make an accurate diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ok Kyu
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3914-9203
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ja Seung
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4546-4709
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Young
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6212-1495
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hee Jung
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5643-5885
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Hyun
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2100-3513
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Kyung
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3368-5013
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Biopsy, fine-needle; Biopsy, large-core needle; Carcinoma, renal cell; Neoplasm metastasis; Thyroid gland; Ultrasonography