title: (Pro)renin and (pro)renin receptor expression during kidney development in neonates.
abstract: Although a recent study demonstrated that the (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) was highly expressed in the developing kidney during the mouse embryonic development, the mechanism by which (P)RR supports renal development in humans is not fully understood. In this study, we examined the plasma levels of (pro)renin and soluble (P)RR (s(P)RR) in cord blood and neonates as well as (P)RR expression in human kidney tissues. Samples were collected from 57 preterm and 67 full-term human neonates. (Pro)renin and s(P)RR levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Additionally, we performed an immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of kidney tissues from neonates and minor glomerular abnormalities in order to assess (P)RR expression in the kidney. Plasma (pro)renin and s(P)RR levels in cord blood were significantly higher in preterm neonates than in full-term neonates. Four weeks after birth, these differences were no longer evident for either plasma (pro)renin or s(P)RR levels between the two groups. Importantly, plasma (pro)renin and s(P)RR levels in cord blood were inversely correlated with gestational age. Furthermore, IHC indicated that renal expression levels of (P)RR in neonates were stronger than those in minor glomerular abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (P)RR may play a pivotal role in prenatal renal development in humans. What is Known: • Renal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has several pathophysiologic functions not only in blood pressure regulation but also in pediatric renal disease. • Renal RAS activation plays a key role of renal development during gestation. What is New : • Plasma (pro)renin and soluble (pro)renin receptor (s(P)RR) levels in cord blood were significantly higher in preterm neonates than in full-term neonates. • Immunohistochemical analysis of kidney tissue indicated that renal expression levels of (P)RR in neonates were stronger than in minor glomerular abnormalities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomomasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Terada
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan. urushihara@tokushima-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Maki
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6431-3239
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urushihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saijo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryuji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Kuramoto-cho 3-18-15, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kagami
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000097:blood; D007668:Kidney / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000097:blood*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000502:physiology; D047929:Term Birth; D025262:Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases / Q000097:blood*; D000093342:Prorenin Receptor
chemical_list: D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D012083:Renin; D025262:Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases; C458319:ATP6AP2 protein, human; D000093342:Prorenin Receptor
keywords: Cord blood; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Gestational age; Immunohistochemistry; Renin-angiotensin