title: Valvular Disorders in Carcinoid Heart Disease.
abstract: Carcinoid heart disease is a rare but important cause of intrinsic right heart valve disorders leading to right heart failure. Occasionally, left-sided heart valves may also be involved. The characteristic cardiac pathological findings of carcinoid heart disease are endocardial thickening as a result of fibrous deposits on the endocardium. Echocardiographic examination and right heart catheterization are very useful for the diagnosis of the lesion. If more cardiac valves are affected, multiple valve replacement should be considered. The management of the pulmonary valve lesion depends on the extent of the diseased valve, either by valvulotomy, valvectomy, or valve replacement. Percutaneous valve implantations in the pulmonary and in the inferior vena cava positions have been advocated for high-risk patients.
authors.affiliation: MMed, PhD. The First Hospital of Putian, Teaching Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Province, China.
authors.forename: Shi-Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D002275:Carcinoid Heart Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D018450:Disease Progression; D004452:Echocardiography; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation; D006801:Humans