title: The Growing Culture Of A Minimally Fluoroscopic Approach In Electrophysiology Lab.
abstract: Most of interventional procedures in cardiology are carried out under fluoroscopic imaging guidance. Besides other peri-interventional risks, radiation exposure should be considered for its stochastic (inducing malignancy) and deterministic effects on health (tissue reactions like erythema, hair loss and cataracts). In this article we analized the radiation risk from cardiovascular imaging to both patients and medical staff and discusses how customize the X-ray system and how to implement shielding measures in the cath lab. Finally, we reviewed the most recent developments and the latest findings in catheter navigation and 3D electronatomical mapping systems that may help to reduce patient and operator exposure.
authors.affiliation: CardiacArrhythmia Research Centre, Centro CardiologicoMonzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casella
authors.affiliation: CardiacArrhythmia Research Centre, Centro CardiologicoMonzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: CardiacArrhythmia Research Centre, Centro CardiologicoMonzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pizzamiglio
authors.affiliation: CardiacArrhythmia Research Centre, Centro CardiologicoMonzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.affiliation: CardiacArrhythmia Research Centre, Centro CardiologicoMonzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Ghaliah
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Al-Mohani
authors.affiliation: CardiacArrhythmia Research Centre, Centro CardiologicoMonzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Casula
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of immunology and functional genomics, Centro CardiologicoMonzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: D Alessandra
authors.affiliation: CardiacArrhythmia Research Centre, Centro CardiologicoMonzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Viviana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Biagioli
authors.affiliation: CardiacArrhythmia Research Centre, Centro CardiologicoMonzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Corrado
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carbucicchio
authors.affiliation: CardiacArrhythmia Research Centre, Centro CardiologicoMonzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Riva
authors.affiliation: CardiacArrhythmia Research Centre, Centro CardiologicoMonzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fassini
authors.affiliation: CardiacArrhythmia Research Centre, Centro CardiologicoMonzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moltrasio
authors.affiliation: CardiacArrhythmia Research Centre, Centro CardiologicoMonzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tundo
authors.affiliation: CardiacArrhythmia Research Centre, Centro CardiologicoMonzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zucchetti
authors.affiliation: CardiacArrhythmia Research Centre, Centro CardiologicoMonzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Benedetta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Majocchi
authors.affiliation: CardiacArrhythmia Research Centre, Centro CardiologicoMonzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Vittoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Forleo
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive H 2146, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Santangeli
authors.affiliation: Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute at St David?s Medical Center, Austin, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Biase
authors.affiliation: CardiacArrhythmia Research Centre, Centro CardiologicoMonzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dello Russo
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive H 2146, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Natale
authors.affiliation: CardiacArrhythmia Research Centre, Centro CardiologicoMonzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tondo