title: Optical properties of biomimetic probes engineered from erythrocytes.
abstract: Light-activated theranostic materials offer a potential platform for optical imaging and phototherapeutic applications. We have engineered constructs derived from erythrocytes, which can be doped with the FDA-approved near infrared (NIR) chromophore, indocyanine green (ICG). We refer to these constructs as NIR erythrocyte-mimicking transducers (NETs). Herein, we investigated the effects of changing the NETs mean diameter from micron- (≈4 μm) to nano- (≈90 nm) scale, and the ICG concentration utilized in the fabrication of NETs from 5 to 20 μM on the resulting absorption and scattering characteristics of the NETs. Our approach consisted of integrating sphere-based measurements of light transmittance and reflectance, and subsequent utilization of these measurements in an inverse adding-doubling algorithm to estimate the absorption (μa) and reduced scattering (μs') coefficients of these NETs. For a given NETs diameter, values of μaincreased over the approximate spectral band of 630-860 nm with increasing ICG concentration. Micron-sized NETs produced the highest peak value of μawhen using ICG concentrations of 10 and 20 μM, and showed increased values of μs' as compared to nano-sized NETs. Spectral profiles of μs' for these NETs showed a trend consistent with Mie scattering behavior for spherical objects. For all NETs investigated, changing the ICG concentration minimally affected the scattering characteristics. A Monte Carlo-based model of light distribution showed that the presence of these NETs enhanced the fluence levels within simulated blood vessels. These results provide important data towards determining the appropriate light dosimetry parameters for an intended light-based biomedical application of NETs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saager
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Majaron
authors.forename: Wangcun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Bahman
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Anvari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D002417:Cattle; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry*; D007208:Indocyanine Green / Q000737:chemistry; D008027:Light; D015335:Molecular Probes / Q000737:chemistry*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D000068936:Theranostic Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods; D014159:Transducers
chemical_list: D015335:Molecular Probes; D007208:Indocyanine Green