title: Extraction, characterization and biological activity of a (1,3)(1,6)-β-d-glucan from the pathogenic oomycete Pythium insidiosum.
abstract: Pythiosis is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by the pathogenic oomycete Pythium insidiosum. This study is the first to evaluate the P. insidiosum glucan content and its biological activities. The enzymatic quantification of the glucans in P. insidiosum mycelia showed that the β-glucan content was 18.99%±3.59. The cell wall polysaccharide extract consisted of ∼81.7% carbohydrates (exclusively glucose) and ∼18.3% residual amino acids and peptides. The results from monosaccharide composition, methylation and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy analyses indicated the presence of a highly branched (1,3)(1,6)-β-d-glucan, with (1,6)-β-d-glucopyranosil side-branching unit on average every 1-2 repeat units. In vitro, the β-d-glucan extract could significantly promote spleen lymphocyte proliferation in human, equine and mouse cell cultures. BALB/c mice that were subcutaneously pre-immunized with three doses of 0.5, 2.5 and 5.0mg of β-glucan/mouse, showed a significant increase in IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and IL-17A production compared to non-immunized mice. These results suggested that β-d-glucan extract induces significant and specific Th17 cellular immune response and provided the theoretical basis for further experiments.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil. Electronic address: jutondolo@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Juliana S M
authors.initials: JSM
authors.lastname: Tondolo
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil. Electronic address: pauline.ledur@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pauline C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ledur
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil. Electronic address: erico.loreto@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Érico S
authors.initials: ÉS
authors.lastname: Loreto
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil. Electronic address: milaverdi@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Camila M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Verdi
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil. Electronic address: bitencourt.paula@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Paula E R
authors.initials: PER
authors.lastname: Bitencourt
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química Orgânica, Laboratório de Processos Tecnológicos e Catálise, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francielli P K
authors.initials: FPK
authors.lastname: de Jesus
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil. Electronic address: jeanpaulvet@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Jean P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil. Electronic address: sydneyalves.ufsm@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sydney H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: sassaki@ufpr.br.
authors.forename: Guilherme L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Sassaki
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), RS, Brazil. Electronic address: janio.santurio@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Janio M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Santurio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005936:Glucans / Q000737:chemistry*; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009005:Monosaccharides; D011134:Polysaccharides; D011775:Pythium / Q000737:chemistry*; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005936:Glucans; D009005:Monosaccharides; D011134:Polysaccharides; C033671:epiglucan
keywords: Acetone (PubChem CID: 180); Chloroform (PubChem CID: 6212); Cytokines; Deuterium oxide (PubChem CID: 24602); Dimethyl sulfoxide (PubChem CID: 679); Dipotassium phosphate (PubChem CID: 180); Formic acid (PubChem CID: 284); Fungal infection; Isopropyl alcohol (PubChem CID: 3776); Lymphocyte proliferation; Monopotassium phosphate (PubChem CID: 516951); Pythiosis; Th17; Thimerosal (PubChem CID: 16684434); Trifluoroacetic acid (PubChem CID: 66521741); β-d-Glucan