title: Cruising the cellular highways: How human papillomavirus travels from the surface to the nucleus.
abstract: The non-enveloped human papillomaviruses (HPVs) specifically target epithelial cells of the skin and mucosa. Successful infection requires a lesion in the stratified tissue for access to the basal cells. Herein, we discuss our recent progress in understanding binding, internalization, uncoating, and intracellular trafficking of HPV particles. Our focus will be on HPV type 16, which is the most common HPV type associated with various anogenital and oropharyngeal carcinomas. The study of HPV entry has revealed a number of novel cellular pathways utilized during infection. These include but are not restricted to the following: a previously uncharacterized form of endocytosis, membrane penetration by a capsid protein, the use of retromer complexes for trafficking to the trans-Golgi network, the requirement for nuclear envelope breakdown and microtubule-mediated transport during mitosis for nuclear entry, the existence of membrane-bound intranuclear vesicles harboring HPV genome, and the requirement of PML protein for efficient transcription of incoming viral genome. The continued study of these pathways may reveal new roles in basic biological cellular processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: DiGiuseppe
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bienkowska-Haba
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Lucile G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Guion
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA. Electronic address: msapp1@lsuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sapp
mesh_terms: D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004705:Endocytosis; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008938:Mitosis; D009685:Nuclear Envelope / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D000071156:Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D014771:Virion / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D053585:Virus Attachment; D053586:Virus Internalization; D057646:Virus Uncoating / Q000502:physiology; D021601:trans-Golgi Network / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D000071156:Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein; C070576:PML protein, human
keywords: Endocytosis; HPV binding; Intracellular transport; Microtubule; Mitosis; Nuclear vesicles; Receptor; Uncoating