title: The effects of the gender-culture interaction on self-reports of depressive symptoms: cross-cultural study among Egyptians and Canadians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research in depression has revealed differences in the way depressed individuals across cultures report their symptoms. This literature also points to possible differences in symptom reporting patterns between men and women. Using data from a larger dataset (Beshai et al. 2016), the current study examined whether non-depressed and depressed Egyptian and Canadian men and women differed in their self-report of the various domains of the Beck Depression Inventory -II (BDI-II).
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited a total of 131 depressed and non-depressed participants from both Egypt (n= 29 depressed;n= 29 non-depressed) and Canada (n= 35 depressed;n= 38 non-depressed). Depression status was ascertained using a structured interview. All participants were asked to complete the BDI-II along with other self-report measures of depression. BDI-II items were divided into two subscales in accordance with Dozois, Dobson & Ahnberg (1998) factor analysis: cognitive-affective and somatic-vegetative subscales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a significant three-way interaction effect on the cognitive-affective (F(1,121) = 9.51,p= .003) and main effect of depression status on somatic-vegetative subscales (F(1,121) = 42.80,p< .001). Post hoc analyses revealed that depressed Egyptian men reported lower scores on the cognitive-affective subscale of the BDI-II compared to their depressed Canadian male counterparts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that males across cultures may differentially report cognitive symptoms of depression. These results also suggest that clinicians and clinical scientists need to further examine the interaction effect of culture and gender when investigating self-reported symptoms of depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ryerson University , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Regina , Regina , Saskatchewan , Canada.
authors.forename: Shadi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beshai
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Regina , Regina , Saskatchewan , Canada.
authors.forename: Mabel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yu
keywords: BDI; Canada; Cognitive; Culture; Depression; Egypt; Somatic; Symptom profile