title: The subgingival microbiome, systemic inflammation and insulin resistance: The Oral Infections, Glucose Intolerance and Insulin Resistance Study.
abstract: Inflammation might link microbial exposures to insulin resistance. We investigated the cross-sectional association between periodontal microbiota, inflammation and insulin resistance.
  
  
  
  The Oral Infections, Glucose Intolerance and Insulin Resistance Study (ORIGINS) enrolled 152 diabetes-free adults (77% female) aged 20-55 years (mean = 34 ± 10). Three hundred and four subgingival plaque samples were analysed using the Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray to measure the relative abundances of 379 taxa. C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α and adiponectin were assessed from venous blood and their z-scores were summed to create an inflammatory score (IS). Insulin resistance was defined via the HOMA-IR. Associations between the microbiota and both inflammation and HOMA-IR were explored using multivariable linear regressions; mediation analyses assessed the proportion of the association explained by inflammation.
  
  
  
  The IS was inversely associated with Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria and positively associated with Firmicutes and TM7 (p-values < 0.05). Proteobacteria levels were associated with insulin resistance (p < 0.05). Inflammation explained 30-98% of the observed associations between levels of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria or Firmicutes and insulin resistance (p-values < 0.05). Eighteen individual taxa were associated with inflammation (p < 0.05) and 22 with insulin resistance (p < 0.05). No findings for individual taxa met Bonferroni-adjusted statistical significance.
  
  
  
  Bacterial measures were related to inflammation and insulin resistance among diabetes-free adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Demmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Breskin
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.affiliation: Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zuk
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: LeDuc
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Rudolph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leibel
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.|Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Paster
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.|Centre de recherche Epidémiologies et Biostatistique, INSERM U1153 Equipe: Méthodes en évaluation thérapeutique des maladies chroniques, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Moïse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Desvarieux
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontics, Section of Oral and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Panos N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Papapanou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000382:microbiology*; D018149:Glucose Intolerance; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000382:microbiology*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D064307:Microbiota; D008875:Middle Aged; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: C-reactive protein; adiponectin; diabetes; inflammation; insulin resistance; interleukin-6; microbiome; microbiota; periodontal; tumour necrosis factor-α