title: Local and Systemic Profiles of Inflammatory Cytokines in Carrageenan-induced Paw Inflammation in Rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carrageenan (CA)-induced edema has been described as highly reproducible model of acute inflammation. However, little is known about the cytokines attributed to the CA-induced inflammation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the local and systemic expression profiles of various inflammatory cytokines following the subplantar injection of CA in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acute inflammation was induced in male Wistar rats by subplantar injection of CA. Serum and paw tissue were examined for the level of 19 specific inflammatory cytokines using antibody array. Further, the CA-elicited level of key inflammatory cytokines, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-2, CINC-3, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Edema was peaked 3 h postinjection of CA in hind paw. Among 19 specific cytokines profiled using antibody array, CA significantly (p < 0.05) elicited the levels of CINC-2, CINC-3, IL-1β, IL-6, β-NGF, TNF-α, and VEGF in paw tissue and that of CINC-2 and CINC-3 in serum. Consistently, levels of CINC-2, CINC-3, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in tissue and CINC-2 and CINC-3 in serum were upregulated in CA-treated rats when compared to control, quantified by ELISA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study corroborates the distinct pattern of inflammatory cytokines involved during CA-induced acute inflammation. Furthermore, data provide new evidence on elevated expression of rat CXC chemokines: CINC-2 and CINC-3 at the site of inflammation as well as their significant reflection in the circulation, thereby suggesting their frontline role in CA-induced acute inflammation.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology , School of Bioengineering, SRM University , Kattankulathur , Tamilnadu , India.
authors.forename: Parvathi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Annamalai
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology , School of Bioengineering, SRM University , Kattankulathur , Tamilnadu , India.
authors.forename: Elden Berla
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Thangam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000276:immunology; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D019743:Chemokines, CXC / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005533:Foot Dermatoses / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; D019743:Chemokines, CXC; C513296:Cxcl2 protein, rat; C513294:Cxcl3 protein, rat; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D002351:Carrageenan
keywords: Array; CINC; carrageenan; cytokine; inflammation; paw edema