title: Habitual Sleep Deprivation is Associated with  Type 2 Diabetes: A Case-Control Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is suggested that a minimum of eight hours of sleep per night is needed for metabolism to work normally. The aim of the study was to determine the association of habitual sleep deprivation and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study comparing patients with T2DM with age and sex matched healthy controls. Standard sleep questionnaires (the Berlin and Epworth Sleepiness Scale) and a weekly diary were used by patients to self-report habitual sleep.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 172 diabetics and 188 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. There was a significant difference between T2DM and healthy controls in nocturnal sleep duration (p= 0.033). There was a significant association between nocturnal sleep duration of fewer than six hours and T2DM (χ2= 14.0;p= 0.0001). There was no significant difference in daytime sleepiness and daytime naps between the T2DM and control groups (p= 0.452;p= 0.581, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A nocturnal sleep duration < 6 hours is associated with T2DM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Mohammed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Al-Abri
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Deepali
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jaju
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Sawsan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Sinani
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Mamari
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Sulayma
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Albarwani
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Al-Resadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Riyadh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bayoumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Khamis
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Al-Hashmi
keywords: Case-Control Studies; Diabetes Mellitus; Oman; Sleep Deprivation