title: Axial and appendicular body proportions for evaluation of limb and trunk asymmetry.
abstract: Background and purpose - When children with irregular body proportions or asymmetric limbs present, it may be unclear where the pathology is located. An improved understanding of the clinical ratio between upper extremity, lower extremity, and spine length may help elucidate whether there is disproportion between the trunk and limbs, and whether there is a reduction deficit of the shorter limb rather than hypertrophy of the longer limb. Patients and methods - We used the Brush Foundation study of child growth and development, which was a prospective, longitudinal study of healthy children between the 1930s and the 1950s, and we collected serial clinical measurements for 290 children at 3,326 visits. Children ranged from 2 to 20 years of age during the study period. Linear and quadratic regression were used to construct nomographs and 95% prediction intervals for anthropometric body proportions. Results - The maximum anterior superior iliac spine height to sitting height ratio occurred at 12.4 years in females and at 14.17 years in males. Overall, the ratio of arm length to sitting height was 0.76 (SD 0.06), the ratio of arm length to anterior superior iliac spine height was 0.76 (SD 0.03), and the ratio of anterior superior iliac spine height to sitting height was 0.98 (SD 0.13). When comparing ratios between arm length, anterior superior iliac spine height, and sitting height, the smallest variance between appendicular proportions was found in the arm length to anterior superior iliac spine height ratio. Interpretation - We recommend comparisons between total arm length and anterior superior iliac spine height to distinguish limb reduction deficits from hemi-hypertrophy, with sitting height being used only if combined upper and lower extremity discrepancy is noted.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery , Case Western Reserve University, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital , Cleveland , OH.
authors.forename: Douglas S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.affiliation: a Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery , Case Western Reserve University, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital , Cleveland , OH.
authors.forename: Raymond W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: a Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery , Case Western Reserve University, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital , Cleveland , OH.
authors.forename: Samuel Q
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: b Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , University of Rochester School of Medicine , Rochester , NY.
authors.forename: James O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.affiliation: c Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Cooperman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry; D001827:Body Height; D049628:Body Size; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male; D009479:Neuropeptides; D049451:Nomograms; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013131:Spine / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D060726:Torso / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009479:Neuropeptides; C057855:postural asymmetry factor