title: Long-Term Stability of New Co-Amorphous Drug Binary Systems: Study of Glass Transitions as a Function of Composition and Shelf Time.
abstract: The amorphous state is of particular interest in the pharmaceutical industry due to the higher solubility that amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredients show compared to their respective crystalline forms. Due to their thermodynamic instability, drugs in the amorphous state tend to recrystallize; in order to avoid crystallization, it has been a common strategy to add a second component to hinder the crystalline state and form a thermally stable co-amorphous system, that is to say, an amorphous binary system which retains its amorphous structure. The second component can be a small molecule excipient (such as a sugar or an aminoacid) or a second drug, with the advantage that a second active pharmaceutical ingredient could be used for complementary or combined therapeutic purposes. In most cases, the compositions studied are limited to 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2 molar ratios, leaving a gap of information about phase transitions and stability on the amorphous state in a wider range of compositions. In the present work, a study of novel co-amorphous formulations in which the selection of the active pharmaceutical ingredients was made according to the therapeutic effect is presented. Resistance against crystallization and behavior of glass transition temperature ( T g were studied through calorimetric measurements as a function of composition and shelf time. It was found that binary formulations with T g temperatures higher than those of pure components presented long-term thermal stability. In addition, significant increments of T g values, of as much as 15 ∘ C, were detected as a result of glass relaxation at room temperature during storage time; this behavior of glass transition has not been previously reported for co-amorphous drugs. Based on these results, it can be concluded that monitoring behavior of T g and relaxation processes during the first weeks of storage leads to a more objective evaluation of the thermomechanical stability of an amorphous formulation.
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur. Monterrey N.L., México 64849, Mexico. luzvidea@itesm.mx.|Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur. Monterrey N.L., México 64849, Mexico. luzvidea@itesm.mx.
authors.forename: Luz María
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur. Monterrey N.L., México 64849, Mexico. mvidea@itesm.mx.|Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur. Monterrey N.L., México 64849, Mexico. mvidea@itesm.mx.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Videa
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur. Monterrey N.L., México 64849, Mexico. nahidaglz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nahida González
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Sosa
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur. Monterrey N.L., México 64849, Mexico. jose.ramirez.hs@gmail.com.
authors.forename: José Héctor
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur. Monterrey N.L., México 64849, Mexico. samuel.castrop@itesm.mx.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Castro
mesh_terms: D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D005898:Glass; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013696:Temperature
keywords: DSC; Tg; carvedilol; cimetidine; co-amorphous drugs; nifedipine; nimesulide; phase-diagrams; structural relaxation; thermal stability