title: Determinants of Change in Physical Activity in Children 0-6 years of Age: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Understanding the determinants of children's health behaviours is important to develop successful behaviour-change interventions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to synthesise the evidence around determinants ('preceding predictors') of change in physical activity (PA) in young children (0-6 years of age).
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a suite of reviews, prospective quantitative studies investigating change in physical activity in children aged 0-6 years were identified from eight databases (to October 2015): MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Knowledge, British Nursing Index, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, and Sociological Abstracts. Determinants and direction of association were extracted, described and synthesised according to the socio-ecological model (individual, interpersonal, organisational, community, policy).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four determinants, predominantly in the interpersonal and organisational domains, were reported across 44 papers (six prospective cohort, 38 interventional); 14 determinants were assessed in four or more papers. Parental monitoring showed a consistent positive association with change in PA; provider training was positively associated with change in children's moderate-to-vigorous PA only. Five (sex, parental goal setting, social support, motor skill training and increased time for PA) showed no clear association. A further seven (child knowledge, parental knowledge, parental motivation, parenting skills, parental self-efficacy, curriculum materials and portable equipment) were consistently not associated with change in children's PA. Maternal role-modelling was positively associated with change in PA in all three studies in which it was examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A range of studied determinants of change in young children's PA were identified, but only parental monitoring was found to be consistently positively associated. More evidence dealing with community and policy domains from low-/middle-income countries and about lesser-explored modifiable family- and childcare-related determinants is required. INTERNATIONAL PROSPECTIVE REGISTER FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS (PROSPERO) REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42012002881.
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit and Centre for Diet and Activity Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Kathryn.hesketh@ucl.ac.uk.|UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guildford Street, London, WC1N1EH, UK. Kathryn.hesketh@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kathryn R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Hesketh
authors.affiliation: School for Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Durham, UK.|Fuse UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Durham, UK.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.affiliation: UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guildford Street, London, WC1N1EH, UK.|Cambridge Institute of Public Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Veena Mazarello
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Paes
authors.affiliation: School for Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Durham, UK.|Fuse UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Durham, UK.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: School for Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Durham, UK.|Fuse UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Durham, UK.
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Summerbell
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit and Centre for Diet and Activity Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Ken K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit and Centre for Diet and Activity Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Rajalakshmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lakshman
authors.affiliation: MRC Epidemiology Unit and Centre for Diet and Activity Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Esther M F
authors.initials: EMF
authors.lastname: van Sluijs
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D015444:Exercise; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012944:Social Support