title: Association of β-Blockers With Functional Outcomes, Death, and Rehospitalization in Older Nursing Home Residents After Acute Myocardial Infarction.
abstract: Although β-blockers are a mainstay of treatment after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), these medications are commonly not prescribed for older nursing home residents after AMI, in part owing to concerns about potential functional harms and uncertainty of benefit.
  
  
  
  To study the association of β-blockers after AMI with functional decline, mortality, and rehospitalization among long-stay nursing home residents 65 years or older.
  
  
  
  This cohort study of nursing home residents with AMI from May 1, 2007, to March 31, 2010, used national data from the Minimum Data Set, version 2.0, and Medicare Parts A and D. Individuals with β-blocker use before AMI were excluded. Propensity score-based methods were used to compare outcomes in people who did vs did not initiate β-blocker therapy after AMI hospitalization.
  
  
  
  Functional decline, death, and rehospitalization in the first 90 days after AMI. Functional status was measured using the Morris scale of independence in activities of daily living.
  
  
  
  The initial cohort of 15 720 patients (11 140 women [70.9%] and 4580 men [29.1%]; mean [SD] age, 83 [8] years) included 8953 new β-blocker users and 6767 nonusers. The propensity-matched cohort included 5496 new users of β-blockers and an equal number of nonusers for a total cohort of 10 992 participants (7788 women [70.9%]; 3204 men [29.1%]; mean [SD] age, 84 [8] years). Users of β-blockers were more likely than nonusers to experience functional decline (odds ratio [OR], 1.14; 95% CI, 1.02-1.28), with a number needed to harm of 52 (95% CI, 32-141). Conversely, β-blocker users were less likely than nonusers to die (hazard ratio [HR], 0.74; 95% CI, 0.67-0.83) and had similar rates of rehospitalization (HR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.98-1.14). Nursing home residents with moderate or severe cognitive impairment or severe functional dependency were particularly likely to experience functional decline from β-blockers (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.11-1.61 and OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.10-1.59, respectively). In contrast, little evidence of functional decline due to β-blockers was found in participants with intact cognition or mild dementia (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.89-1.20; P = .03 for effect modification) or in those in the best (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.77-1.26) and intermediate (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.86-1.27) tertiles of functional independence (P = .06 for effect modification). Mortality benefits of β-blockers were similar across all subgroups.
  
  
  
  Use of β-blockers after AMI is associated with functional decline in older nursing home residents with substantial cognitive or functional impairment, but not in those with relatively preserved mental and functional abilities. Use of β-blockers yielded a considerable mortality benefit in all groups.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco2Geriatrics, Palliative, and Extended Care Service Line, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Steinman
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Zullo
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Yoojin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Lori A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Daiello
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco2Geriatrics, Palliative, and Extended Care Service Line, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California4Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: W John
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Boscardin
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island5Optum Epidemiology, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Dore
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco2Geriatrics, Palliative, and Extended Care Service Line, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Siqi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco2Geriatrics, Palliative, and Extended Care Service Line, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.affiliation: Geriatrics, Palliative, and Extended Care Service Line, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Sei J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
authors.forename: Kiya D R
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Komaiko
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island6Center of Innovation in Long-Term Services and Supports, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mor
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D009735:Nursing Homes; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists