title: Seafood-Processing Sludge Composting: Changes to Microbial Communities and Physico-Chemical Parameters of Static Treatment versus for Turning during the Maturation Stage.
abstract: In general, in composting facilities the active, or intensive, stage of the process is done separately from the maturation stage, using a specific technology and time. The pre-composted material to be matured can contain enough biodegradable substrates to cause microbial proliferation, which in turn can cause temperatures to increase. Therefore, not controlling the maturation period during waste management at an industrial level can result in undesired outcomes. The main hypothesis of this study is that controlling the maturation stage through turning provides one with an optimized process when compared to the static approach. The waste used was sludge from a seafood-processing plant, mixed with shredded wood (1:2, v/v). The composting system consists of an intensive stage in a 600L static reactor, followed by maturation in triplicate in 200L boxes for 112 days. Two tests were carried out with the same process in reactor and different treatments in boxes: static maturation and turning during maturation when the temperature went above 55°C. PLFAs, organic matter, pH, electrical conductivity, forms of nitrogen and carbon, hydrolytic enzymes and respiratory activity were periodically measured. Turning significantly increased the duration of the thermophilic phase and consequently increased the organic-matter degradation. PCA differentiated significantly the two treatments in function of tracking parameters, especially pH, total carbon, forms of nitrogen and C/N ratio. So, stability and maturity optimum values for compost were achieved in less time with turnings. Whereas turning resulted in microbial-group stabilization and a low mono/sat ratio, static treatment produced greater variability in microbial groups and a high mono/sat ratio, the presence of more degradable substrates causes changes in microbial communities and their study during maturation gives an approach of the state of organic-matter degradation. Obtaining quality compost and optimizing the composting process requires using turning as a control mechanism during maturation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
authors.forename: Iria
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6311-6295
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Villar
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
authors.forename: Salustiano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mato
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D005658:Fungi / Q000254:growth & development; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development; D006094:Gram-Positive Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D017747:Seafood; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen