title: Impact of vasomotion type on prognosis of coronary artery spasm induced by acetylcholine provocation test of left coronary artery.
abstract: The impact of vasomotion types on long-term clinical outcomes in patients with coronary artery spasm (CAS) induced by the acetylcholine provocation test (ACH-test) remains unclear.
  
  
  
  We evaluated 4644 consecutive patients with typical resting chest pain (CP), but no angiographically significant coronary artery lesion (<50% stenosis), who underwent an ACH-test. According to their vasomotor response, patients were categorized into four types: normal vasomotion (no CP, no ischemic electrocardiographic changes, and no vasoconstriction), microvascular spasm (CP with <75% vasoconstriction but with CP relief after nitroglycerin infusion), epicardial spasm (CP with ≥75% vasoconstriction), and ACH-test inconclusive (vasoconstriction and/or electrocardiographic changes, but no CP). We investigated CP recurrence requiring follow-up angiography and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) during 5 years.
  
  
  
  CP recurred in 7.9% of patients and was more frequent in abnormal vasomotion types (normal vasomotion, microvascular spasm, epicardial spasm, and inconclusive type: 5.4%, 9.8%, 10.9%, and 8.2%, respectively, log-rank p = 0.009). In multivariate analysis adjusted for medication use after the ACH-test, vasomotion subtype was not an independent predictor, whereas male sex, fixed lesion on baseline angiography, and medications including calcium channel blockers (CCBs), nitrates, and statins were independent positive predictors for recurrent CP. Alcohol consumption at the initial interview was a negative predictor. MACEs were observed in 1.6%, and the incidence was similar among subtypes (p = 0.421).
  
  
  
  Recurrent CP and long-term outcomes are independent of vasomotion subtypes, but long-term use of CCBs, nitrates, and statins is a significant predictor for recurrent CP.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Sanbon Hospital, Gyeonggi-do 435-040, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Mi
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Future Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Man Ho
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 152-703, Republic of Korea; Korea University-Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KU-KIST) Graduate School Converging Science and Technology, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: mdhsseo@unitel.co.kr.
authors.forename: Hong Seog
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Sanbon Hospital, Gyeonggi-do 435-040, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Ki
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Sanbon Hospital, Gyeonggi-do 435-040, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Nam-Ho
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 152-703, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Cheol Ung
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 152-703, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Won
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 152-703, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hong Euy
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 152-703, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eung Ju
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 152-703, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Woon
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Rha
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 152-703, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Chang Gyu
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 152-703, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Joo
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003329:Coronary Vasospasm / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006334:Heart Function Tests / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects*; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D005996:Nitroglycerin; D000109:Acetylcholine
keywords: Acetylcholine provocation test; Coronary artery spasm; Long-term clinical outcome; Vasomotion type