title: Lead isotope ratios in lichen samples evaluated by ICP-ToF-MS to assess possible atmospheric pollution sources in Havana, Cuba.
abstract: Epiphytic lichens, collected from 119 sampling sites grown over "Roistonea Royal Palm" trees, were used to assess the spatial distribution pattern of lead (Pb) and identify possible pollution sources in Havana (Cuba). Lead concentrations in lichens and topsoils were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomic emission spectrometry, respectively, while Pb in crude oils and gasoline samples were measured by ICP-time of flight mass spectrometry (ICP-ToF-MS). Lead isotopic ratios measurements for lichens, soils, and crude oils were obtained by ICP-ToF-MS. We found that enrichment factors (EF) reflected a moderate contamination for 71% of the samples (EF > 10). The206Pb/207Pb ratio values for lichens ranged from 1.17 to 1.20 and were a mixture of natural radiogenic and industrial activities (e.g., crude oils and fire plants). The low concentration of Pb found in gasoline (<7.0 μg L-1) confirms the official statement that leaded gasoline is no longer used in Cuba.
authors.affiliation: Center of Technological Applications and Nuclear Development, Calle 30 N° 502, Miramar, Playa, Havana, Cuba.
authors.forename: Alfredo Montero
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.affiliation: Center of Technological Applications and Nuclear Development, Calle 30 N° 502, Miramar, Playa, Havana, Cuba.
authors.forename: Juan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Estévez Alvarez
authors.affiliation: Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Dom Manuel de Medeiros S/N, Recife, Brazil. clistenes.nascimento@ufrpe.br.
authors.forename: Clístenes Williams Araújo
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: do Nascimento
authors.affiliation: High Institute of Technologies and Applied Sciences, Ave. Salvador Allende, Plaza de la Revolución, Havana, Cuba.
authors.forename: Iván Pupo
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: High Institute of Technologies and Applied Sciences, Ave. Salvador Allende, Plaza de la Revolución, Havana, Cuba.
authors.forename: Oscar Díaz
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Rizo
authors.affiliation: High Institute of Technologies and Applied Sciences, Ave. Salvador Allende, Plaza de la Revolución, Havana, Cuba.
authors.forename: Lázaro Lima
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Carzola
authors.affiliation: High Institute of Technologies and Applied Sciences, Ave. Salvador Allende, Plaza de la Revolución, Havana, Cuba.
authors.forename: Roberto Ayllón
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Oil Research Center, Havana, Cuba.
authors.forename: Jorge Gómez
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Pascual
mesh_terms: D003462:Cuba; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000032:analysis*; D005742:Gasoline / Q000032:analysis; D007554:Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D008011:Lichens / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods; D014197:Trees
chemical_list: D005742:Gasoline; D007554:Isotopes; D012987:Soil; D007854:Lead
keywords: Air pollution; Heavy metals; Mass spectrometry; Trace elements