title: Novel Protein Glycan-Derived Markers of Systemic Inflammation and C-Reactive Protein in Relation to Glycemia, Insulin Resistance, and Insulin Secretion.
abstract: N-acetylglucosamine/galactosamine (GlycA) and sialic acid (GlycB) moieties of glycosylated serum proteins are nonspecific measures of inflammation, but conclusive data on their relationship with insulin resistance or insulin secretion are missing. Therefore, we aimed to examine the relation of GlycA, GlycB, and C-reactive protein (CRP) to direct measures of insulin sensitivity (insulin sensitivity index [SI]) and insulin secretion (acute insulin response [AIR]).
  
  
  
  This study used cross-sectional analyses and included 1,225 participants with and without type 2 diabetes in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). SIand AIR were measured using the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, and GlycA and GlycB were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
  
  
  
  GlycA and GlycB had a strong correlation with CRP (r= 0.60 [P< 0.001] andr= 0.46 [P< 0.001], respectively). In a linear regression model with both GlycA and CRP as independent variables, GlycA (β × 1 SD, -0.04 ± 0.02;P< 0.01) and CRP (-0.06 ± 0.02;P< 0.001) were independently associated with SIeven after adjusting for demographics, smoking, physical activity, plasma glucose, and BMI. However, neither CRP nor GlycA had an independent relationship with AIR.
  
  
  
  GlycA may complement CRP in evaluating the relationship between inflammation, glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lorenzo
authors.affiliation: Eli Lilly and Company, Vienna, Austria andreasfesta@icloud.com.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Festa
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|Leadership Sinai Centre for Diabetes, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.affiliation: Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: Marian J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rewers
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX.
authors.forename: Agustin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Escalante
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX.
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Haffner
mesh_terms: D000117:Acetylglucosamine / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005688:Galactosamine / Q000097:blood; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D016014:Linear Models; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D011134:Polysaccharides; D005688:Galactosamine; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D000117:Acetylglucosamine