title: A Review of Analytical Techniques and Their Application in Disease Diagnosis in Breathomics and Salivaomics Research.
abstract: The application of metabolomics to biological samples has been a key focus in systems biology research, which is aimed at the development of rapid diagnostic methods and the creation of personalized medicine. More recently, there has been a strong focus towards this approach applied to non-invasively acquired samples, such as saliva and exhaled breath. The analysis of these biological samples, in conjunction with other sample types and traditional diagnostic tests, has resulted in faster and more reliable characterization of a range of health disorders and diseases. As the sampling process involved in collecting exhaled breath and saliva is non-intrusive as well as comparatively low-cost and uses a series of widely accepted methods, it provides researchers with easy access to the metabolites secreted by the human body. Owing to its accuracy and rapid nature, metabolomic analysis of saliva and breath (known as salivaomics and breathomics, respectively) is a rapidly growing field and has shown potential to be effective in detecting and diagnosing the early stages of numerous diseases and infections in preclinical studies. This review discusses the various collection and analyses methods currently applied in two of the least used non-invasive sample types in metabolomics, specifically their application in salivaomics and breathomics research. Some of the salient research completed in this field to date is also assessed and discussed in order to provide a basis to advocate their use and possible future scientific directions.
authors.affiliation: Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Land & Water, P.O. Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia. david.beale@csiro.au.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Beale
authors.affiliation: Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Science, RMIT University, P.O. Box 2547, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia. oliver.jones@rmit.edu.au.
authors.forename: Oliver A H
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Land & Water, P.O. Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia. akarpe@swin.edu.au.|Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia. akarpe@swin.edu.au.
authors.forename: Avinash V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Karpe
authors.affiliation: Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia. sdayalan@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Saravanan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dayalan
authors.affiliation: WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza (VIDRL), Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia. DingThomas.Oh@influenzacentre.org.|School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, VIC 3350, Australia. DingThomas.Oh@influenzacentre.org.
authors.forename: Ding Yuan
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia. konstantinos.kouremenos@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Konstantinos A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kouremenos
authors.affiliation: Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Land & Water, P.O. Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia. avinash.karpe@csiro.au.
authors.forename: Warish
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia. epalombo@swin.edu.au.
authors.forename: Enzo A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Palombo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D002845:Chromatography / Q000379:methods; D045853:Exhalation; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D055442:Metabolome; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: bioinformatics; breath; gas chromatography; liquid chromatography; mass spectrometry; metabolomics; saliva