title: Differences by Gender in Predictors of Motivation Among Substance Abuse Treatment Participants.
abstract: Substance-involved females tend to have different clinical profiles than men (Adams, Leukefeld, & Peden, 2008 ); yet they do not appear to have worse treatment outcomes (Green, 2006 ; Hser, Huang, Teruya, & Anglin, 2003 ). As motivation for treatment is considered essential in the substance abuse treatment context (Cahill, Adinoff, Hosig, Muller, & Pulliam, 2003 ; Longshore & Teruya, 2006 ), it is possible that higher motivation among females could potentially counteract the negative effect of more risk factors.
  
  
  
  The purpose of the current study was to examine if females differ from males in their motivation for treatment using the Texas Christian University Motivation Form scales: desire for help, problem recognition, treatment readiness, pressure for treatment, and treatment needs; and whether factors predicting motivation for treatment differed between male and female participants of substance abuse treatment.
  
  
  
  The sample included 2,989 substance-involved males and 982 substance-involved females who were referred to substance abuse treatment through a case management program. Linear regression models predicting each motivation scale were analyzed, followed by gender-specific models.
  
  
  
  Overall, the results did not demonstrate a significant gender difference in the motivation scales. However, among male participants, the findings did show that Hispanic significantly predicted desire for help and alcohol as a primary drug of choice predicted treatment readiness.
  
  
  
  Findings suggest that motivation for treatment may be a gender-neutral construct, and that there is a need to better understand sociodemographic predictors of motivation.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Social Sciences , Texas A&M University-Central Texas , Killeen , Texas , USA.
authors.forename: Liana R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: b Department of Criminal Justice , University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio , Texas , USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caudy
authors.affiliation: c Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology , Sam Houston State University , Huntsville , Texas , USA.
authors.forename: Brandy L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Blasko
authors.affiliation: d Department of Criminology , Law, & Society, George Mason University , Fairfax , Virginia , USA.
authors.forename: Faye S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Taxman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012737:Sex Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Gender; case management; drug of choice; motivation; substance abuse treatment