title: Anti-inflammatory effects of an oxylipin-containing lyophilised biomass from a microalga in a murine recurrent colitis model.
abstract: Diet and nutritional factors have emerged as possible interventions for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which are characterised by chronic uncontrolled inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. Microalgal species are a promising source of n-3 PUFA and derived oxylipins, which are lipid mediators with a key role in the resolution of inflammation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of an oxylipin-containing lyophilised biomass from Chlamydomonas debaryana on a recurrent 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis mice model. Moderate chronic inflammation of the colon was induced in BALB/c mice by weekly intracolonic instillations of low dose of TNBS. Administration of the lyophilised microalgal biomass started 2 weeks before colitis induction and was continued throughout colitis development. Mice were killed 48 h after the last TNBS challenge. Oral administration of the microalgal biomass reduced TNBS-induced intestinal inflammation, evidenced by an inhibition of body weight loss, an improvement in colon morphology and a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17. This product also down-regulated colonic expressions of inducible nitric oxide, cyclo-oxygenase 2 and NF-κB, as well as increased PPAR-γ. In addition, lyophilised microalgal biomass up-regulated the expressions of the antioxidant transcription factor nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 and the target gene heme oxygenase 1. This study describes for the first time the prophylactic effects of an oxylipin-containing lyophilised microalgae biomass from C. debaryana in the acute phase of a recurrent TNBS-induced colitis model in mice. These findings suggest the potential use of this microalga, or derived oxylipins, as a nutraceutical in the treatment of IBD.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy,University of Seville,Seville 41012,Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ávila-Román
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy,University of Seville,Seville 41012,Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Talero
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy,University of Seville,Seville 41012,Spain.
authors.forename: Azahara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Luna
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology,University of Seville,Seville 41012,Spain.
authors.forename: Sofía
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García-Mauriño
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy,University of Seville,Seville 41012,Spain.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Motilva
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018533:Biomass; D002696:Chlamydomonas / Q000737:chemistry; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003106:Colon / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005612:Freeze Drying; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D058086:Microalgae / Q000737:chemistry*; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016207:Cytokines; D054883:Oxylipins; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid
keywords: 
                 Chlamydomonas debaryana
              ;  (13S)-HOTE (9Z;  COX-2 cyclo-oxygenase 2;  HO-1 heme oxygenase 1;  IBD inflammatory bowel diseases;  Nrf-2 nuclear factor E2-related factor 2;  OLM oxylipin-containing lyophilised microalgae;  TNBS 2;  iNOS inducible nitric oxide; 11; 11E; 13S; 15-trienoic acid; 15Z)-13-hydroxyoctadeca-9; 4; 6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid; Chronic inflammation; Immune modulation; Oxidative stress; Pro-resolving lipid mediators