title: Environmental factors controlling colony formation in blooms of the cyanobacteria Microcystis spp. in Lake Taihu, China.
abstract: Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) over-enrichment has accelerated eutrophication and promoted cyanobacterial blooms worldwide. The colonial bloom-forming cyanobacterial genus Microcystis is covered by sheaths which can protect cells from zooplankton grazing, viral or bacterial attack and other potential negative environmental factors. This provides a competitive advantage over other phytoplankton species. However, the mechanism of Microcystis colony formation is not clear. Here we report the influence of N, P and pH on Microcystis growth and colony formation in field simulation experiments in Lake Taihu (China). N addition to lake water maintained Microcystis colony size, promoted growth of total phytoplankton, and increased Microcystis proportion as part of total phytoplankton biomass. Increases in P did not promote growth but led to smaller colonies, and had no significant impact on the proportion of Microcystis in the community. N and P addition together promoted phytoplankton growth much more than only adding N. TN and TP concentrations lower than about TN 7.75-13.95mgL-1and TP 0.41-0.74mgL-1mainly promoted the growth of large Microcystis colonies, but higher concentrations than this promoted the formation of single cells. There was a strong inverse relationship between pH and colony size in the N&P treatments suggesting CO2limitation may have induced colonies to become smaller. It appears that Microcystis colony formation is an adaptation to provide the organisms adverse conditions such as nutrient deficiencies or CO2limitation induced by increased pH level associated with rapidly proliferating blooms.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
authors.forename: Jianrong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
authors.forename: Justin D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Brookes
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China. Electronic address: Qinbq@niglas.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Boqiang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA.
authors.forename: Hans W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Paerl
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
authors.forename: Pan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
authors.forename: Jianming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
authors.forename: Guangwei
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
authors.forename: Yunling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; College of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, PR China.
authors.forename: Hailin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Niu
keywords: Blooms; Colonies; Eutrophication; Microcystis; Nitrogen; Phosphorus