title: Bats adjust their pulse emission rates with swarm size in the field.
abstract: Flying in swarms, e.g., when exiting a cave, could pose a problem to bats that use an active biosonar system because the animals could risk jamming each other's biosonar signals. Studies from current literature have found different results with regard to whether bats reduce or increase emission rate in the presence of jamming ultrasound. In the present work, the number of Eastern bent-wing bats (Miniopterus fuliginosus) that were flying inside a cave during emergence was estimated along with the number of signal pulses recorded. Over the range of average bat numbers present in the recording (0 to 14 bats), the average number of detected pulses per bat increased with the average number of bats. The result was interpreted as an indication that the Eastern bent-wing bats increased their emission rate and/or pulse amplitude with swarm size on average. This finding could be explained by the hypothesis that the bats might not suffer from substantial jamming probabilities under the observed density regimes, so jamming might not have been a limiting factor for their emissions. When jamming did occur, the bats could avoid it through changing the pulse amplitude and other pulse properties such as duration or frequency, which has been suggested by other studies. More importantly, the increased biosonar activities may have addressed a collision-avoidance challenge that was posed by the increased swarm size.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, 495 Old Turner Street, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abaid
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, 1075 Life Science Circle, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Müller