title: In situ remediation of contaminated marinesediment: an overview.
abstract: Sediment tends to accumulate inorganic and persistent hydrophobic organic contaminants representing one of the main sinks and sources of pollution. Generally, contaminated sediment poses medium- and long-term risks to humans and ecosystem health; dredging activities or natural resuspension phenomena (i.e., strongly adverse weather conditions) can remobilize pollution releasing it into the water column. Thus, ex situ traditional remediation activities (i.e., dredging) can be hazardous compared to in situ techniques that try to keep to a minimum sediment mobilization, unless dredging is compulsory to reach a desired bathymetric level. We reviewed in situ physico-chemical (i.e., active mixing and thin capping, solidification/stabilization, chemical oxidation, dechlorination, electrokinetic separation, and sediment flushing) and bio-assisted treatments, including hybrid solutions (i.e., nanocomposite reactive capping, bioreactive capping, microbial electrochemical technologies). We found that significant gaps still remain into the knowledge about the application of in situ contaminated sediment remediation techniques from the technical and the practical viewpoint. Only activated carbon-based technologies are well developed and currently applied with several available case studies. The environmental implication of in situ remediation technologies was only shortly investigated on a long-term basis after its application, so it is not clear how they can really perform.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Technical University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.|Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lofrano
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Technical University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy. giovanni.libralato@unina.it.|Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia ed. 7, 80126, Naples, Italy. giovanni.libralato@unina.it.
authors.forename: G
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-900X
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Libralato
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Technical University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Minetto
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Technical University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Gisi
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Technical University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Todaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Technical University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Technical University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Calabrò
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Technical University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Quatraro
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Technical University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Notarnicola
mesh_terms: D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry; D017753:Ecosystem; D004777:Environment; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D014867:Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D002606:Charcoal
keywords: Activated carbon; In situ technologies; Marine environment; Remediation; Sediment; Toxicity