title: Impact of Bee Venom Enzymes on Diseases and Immune Responses.
abstract: Bee venom (BV) is used to treat many diseases and exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, antimutagenic, radioprotective, anti-nociceptive immunity promoting, hepatocyte protective and anti-cancer activity. According to the literature, BV contains several enzymes, including phospholipase A2 (PLA2), phospholipase B, hyaluronidase, acid phosphatase and α-glucosidase. Recent studies have also reported the detection of different classes of enzymes in BV, including esterases, proteases and peptidases, protease inhibitors and other important enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Nevertheless, the physiochemical properties and functions of each enzyme class and their mechanisms remain unclear. Various pharmacotherapeutic effects of some of the BV enzymes have been reported in several studies. At present, ongoing research aims to characterize each enzyme and elucidate their specific biological roles. This review gathers all the current knowledge on BV enzymes and their specific mechanisms in regulating various immune responses and physiological changes to provide a basis for future therapies for various diseases.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh. sakibhossen00@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Md Sakib
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hossen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh. shapla.ar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ummay Mahfuza
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Shapla
authors.affiliation: Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia. shgan@usm.my.
authors.forename: Siew Hua
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh. drmikhalil@gmail.com.|Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia. drmikhalil@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Md Ibrahim
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Khalil
mesh_terms: D000135:Acid Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001514:Bee Venoms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase / Q000378:metabolism*; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D054467:Phospholipases A2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000520:alpha-Glucosidases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001514:Bee Venoms; D011837:Radiation-Protective Agents; D054467:Phospholipases A2; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D000520:alpha-Glucosidases; D006821:Hyaluronoglucosaminidase
keywords: Apis mellifera; bee venom; enzymes; pharmacotherapeutics; protein; toxin