title: Biventricular endomyocardial biopsy in patients with suspected myocarditis: Feasibility, complication rate and additional diagnostic value.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous retrospective analyses have suggested that biventricular (BV) endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is superior compared to selective left ventricular (LV) or right ventricular (RV) EMB. This study prospectively assessed the feasibility, safety and diagnostic performance of implementing a routine BV-EMB approach in patients with suspected myocarditis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients with clinically suspected myocarditis underwent EMB (n=136). Myocarditis was defined as ≥14 infiltrating leukocytes/mm2in addition to enhanced human leukocyte antigen class II expression in professional antigen-presenting immune cells. The presence of viral genomes was assessed by nested (reverse transcriptase-) polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BV-EMB was attempted in 132 patients (LV thrombus, n=3; complication during RV-EMB, n=1) and resulted in sufficient samples from both ventricles in 127 patients (96.2%). One major complication (pericardial tamponade requiring surgical revision) was observed during the 136 RV-EMB (0.7%). No severe complications occurred during the 132 LV procedures. Of the 127 patients with BV-EMB, myocarditis was diagnosed in 89 patients (70.1%). While 67 patients (75.3%) fulfilled the diagnostic criteria in both ventricles, the diagnosis of myocarditis was based on the results of LV-EMB only in 16 patients (18%) and of RV-EMB only in 6 patients (6.7%). Viral genomes were found in 45 of the 127 patients (35.4%) with evidence of virus genome only in the left ventricle in 10 patients (22.2%) and only in the right ventricle in 3 patients (6.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementing a routine BV-EMB approach is feasible and safe. In patients with suspected myocarditis, BV-EMB yields superior diagnostic performance compared to selective RV- or LV-EMB.
authors.affiliation: University Heart Center Luebeck, Medical Clinic II (Cardiology/Angiology/Intensive Care Medicine), Luebeck, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stiermaier
authors.affiliation: University of Leipzig-Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Föhrenbach
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Molecular Pathology, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klingel
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Tuebingen, Department of Molecular Pathology, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kandolf
authors.affiliation: University of Leipzig-Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Enno
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boudriot
authors.affiliation: University of Leipzig-Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sandri
authors.affiliation: University of Leipzig-Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linke
authors.affiliation: University of Leipzig-Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Karl-Philipp
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Rommel
authors.affiliation: University Heart Center Luebeck, Medical Clinic II (Cardiology/Angiology/Intensive Care Medicine), Luebeck, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Desch
authors.affiliation: University of Leipzig-Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schuler
authors.affiliation: University Heart Center Luebeck, Medical Clinic II (Cardiology/Angiology/Intensive Care Medicine), Luebeck, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thiele
authors.affiliation: University of Leipzig-Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: philipp.lurz@gmx.de.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lurz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D004699:Endocardium / Q000473:pathology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: Complications; Diagnosis; Endomyocardial biopsy; Myocarditis