title: The chilean superfruit black-berry Aristotelia chilensis (Elaeocarpaceae), Maqui as mediator in inflammation-associated disorders.
abstract: The effects of phytochemicals occurred in fractions and extracts of fruits of "Maqui-berry" (Aristotelia chilensis), on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible-nitric oxide synthases (iNOS) and the production of proinflammatory mediators were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated murine macrophage RAW-264 cells, as well as their antioxidant activities. The MeOH extract (A), acetone/methanol extract (B), fractions F3, F4, subfractions (SF4-SF6, SF7, SF8-SF10, SF11-SF15, SF16-SF20), quercetin, gallic acid, luteolin, myricetin, mixtures M1, M2 and M3 exhibited potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The results indicated that anthocyanins, flavonoids and its mixtures suppressed the LPS induced production of nitric oxide (NO), through the down-regulation of iNOS and COX-2 protein expressions and showed a potent antioxidant activity against SOD, ABTS, TBARS, ORAC, FRAP and DCFH. The inhibition of enzymes and NO production by selected fractions and compounds was dose-dependent with significant effects seen at concentration as low as 1.0-50.0 (ppm) and 5.0-10.0 μM, for samples (extracts, fractions, subfractions and mixtures) and pure compounds, respectively. Thus, the phenolics (anthocyanins, flavonoids, and organic acids) as the fractions and mixtures may provide a potential therapeutic approach for inflammation associated disorders and therefore might be used as antagonizing agents to ameliorate the effects of oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bio Bio. Chillan, Chile. Electronic address: cespedes.leonardo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Carlos L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Cespedes
authors.affiliation: Departmento de Farmacología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, México D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pavon
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Laboratorio 305-Sur, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, México D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bio Bio. Chillan, Chile.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alarcon
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bio Bio. Chillan, Chile.
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balbontin
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3112, USA.
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano 1, Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080, México D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: El-Hafidi
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Fitoquímica, UBIPRO, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jose G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Avila
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045467:Elaeocarpaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007501:Iron; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D051379:Mice; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D000072257:Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000378:metabolism; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D051381:Rats; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances
chemical_list: D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; D007501:Iron; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2
keywords: ABTS; Anti-inflammatory activity; Antioxidant activity; Aristotelia chilensis; COX-2; FRAP; Flavonoids; ORAC; Phenolics; TBARS; iNOS