title: Technical Considerations for Filler and Neuromodulator Refinements.
abstract: Background:The toolbox for cosmetic practitioners is growing at an unprecedented rate. There are novel products every year and expanding off-label indications for neurotoxin and soft-tissue filler applications. Consequently, aesthetic physicians are increasingly challenged by the task of selecting the most appropriate products and techniques to achieve optimal patient outcomes.Methods:We employed a PubMed literature search of facial injectables from the past 10 years (2005-2015), with emphasis on those articles embracing evidence-based medicine. We evaluated the scientific background of every product and the physicochemical properties that make each one ideal for specific indications. The 2 senior authors provide commentary regarding their clinical experience with specific technical refinements of neuromodulators and soft-tissue fillers.Results:Neurotoxins and fillers are characterized by unique physical characteristics that distinguish each product. This results in subtle but important differences in their clinical applications. Specific indications and recommendations for the use of the various neurotoxins and soft-tissue fillers are reviewed. The discussion highlights refinements in combination treatments and product physical modifications, according to specific treatment zones.Conclusions:The field of facial aesthetics has evolved dramatically, mostly secondary to our increased understanding of 3-dimensional structural volume restoration. Our work reviews Food and Drug Administration-approved injectables. In addition, we describe how to modify products to fulfill specific indications such as treatment of the mid face, décolletage, hands, and periorbital regions. Although we cannot directly evaluate the duration or exact physical properties of blended products, we argue that "product customization" is safe and provides natural results with excellent patient outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Science Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico; and Division of Plastic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: José Raúl
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Montes
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Science Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico; and Division of Plastic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Science Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico; and Division of Plastic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Science Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico; and Division of Plastic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Ivona
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Percec