title: Gendered Sources of Distress and Resilience among Afghan Refugees in Northern California: A Cross-Sectional Study.
abstract: Recent studies have emphasized the influence of resettlement factors on the mental health of refugees resettling in developed countries. However, little research has addressed gender differences in the nature and influence of resettlement stressors and sources of resilience. We address this gap in knowledge by investigating how gender moderates and mediates the influence of several sources of distress and resilience among 259 Afghan refugees residing in Northern California (USA). Gender moderated the effects of four factors on levels of distress. Intimate and extended family ties have little correlation with men's distress levels, but are strongly associated with lower distress for women. English ability is positively associated with lower distress for women, but not men. In terms of gender ideology, traditionally oriented women and egalitarian men have lower levels of distress. And experiencing greater dissonant acculturation increases distress for men, but not women. The influence of gender interaction terms is substantial and patterns may reflect difficulty adapting to a different gender order. Future studies of similar populations should investigate gender differences in sources of distress and resilience, and efforts to assist new arrivals might inform them of changes in gender roles they may experience, and facilitate opportunities to renegotiate gender roles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology and Social Services, California State University, East Bay, 25800 Carlos Bee Blvd., Hayward, CA 94542, USA. carl.stempel@csueastbay.edu.
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stempel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Development, University of California, Berkeley, 1121 Tolman Hall #1690, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. nilofarsami@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nilofar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sami
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, UCD School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Med Sci 1-C, Davis, CA 95616, USA. pmkoga@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Patrick Marius
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Koga
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Work & Social Ecology, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, 1898 Business Center Drive, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA. qalemi@llu.edu.
authors.forename: Qais
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Alemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, California State University, East Bay, 25800 Carlos Bee Blvd., Hayward, CA 94542, USA. valeriejs2@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Health Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, 265 University, Hall, Berkeley, CA 94702, USA. shiraziaida@berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: Aida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shirazi
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D012036:Refugees / Q000523:psychology*; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Afghan; dissonant acculturation; gender and mental health; gender ideology; refugee mental health; resettlement stressors