title: Supramolecular polymer formation by cyclic dinucleotides and intercalators affects dinucleotide enzymatic processing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclic dinucleotides form supramolecular aggregates with intercalators, and this property could be utilized in nanotechnology and medicine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Atomic force microscopy and electrophoretic mobility shift assays were used to show that cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) forms G-wires in the presence of intercalators. The average fluorescence lifetime of thiazole orange, when bound to c-di-GMP was greater than when bound to DNA G-quadruplexes or dsDNA. The stability of c-di-GMP supramolecular polymers is dependent on both the nature of the cation present and the intercalator. C-di-GMP or cyclic diadenylic acid/intercalator complexes are more resistant to cleavage by YybT, a phosphodiesterase, than the uncomplexed nucleotides.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cleavage of bacterial cyclic dinucleotides could be slowed down via complexation with small molecules and that this could be utilized for diverse applications in nanotechnology and medicine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
authors.forename: Shizuka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Fluorescence Spectroscopy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Henryk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Szmacinski
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Herman O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Sintim
keywords: PDE inhibition; c-di-AMP; c-di-GMP; fluorescence lifetime; polymer; second messenger; small molecule; supramolecular