title: Using video-reflexive ethnography to capture the complexity of leadership enactment in the healthcare workplace.
abstract: Current theoretical thinking asserts that leadership should be distributed across many levels of healthcare organisations to improve the patient experience and staff morale. However, much healthcare leadership education focusses on the training and competence of individuals and little attention is paid to the interprofessional workplace and how its inherent complexities might contribute to the emergence of leadership. Underpinned by complexity theory, this research aimed to explore how interprofessional healthcare teams enact leadership at a micro-level through influential acts of organising. A whole (interprofessional) team workplace-based study utilising video-reflexive ethnography occurred in two UK clinical sites. Thematic framework analyses of the video data (video-observation and video-reflexivity sessions) were undertaken, followed by in-depth analyses of human-human and human-material interactions. Data analysis revealed a complex interprofessional environment where leadership is a dynamic process, negotiated and renegotiated in various ways throughout interactions (both formal and informal). Being able to "see" themselves at work gave participants the opportunity to discuss and analyse their everyday leadership practices and challenge some of their sometimes deeply entrenched values, beliefs, practices and assumptions about healthcare leadership. These study findings therefore indicate a need to redefine the way that medical and healthcare educators facilitate leadership development and argue for new approaches to research which shifts the focus from leaders to leadership.
authors.affiliation: School of Management, University of St Andrews, The Gateway, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9RJ, Scotland, UK. lg67@st-andrews.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Lisi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4986-1501
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.affiliation: NHS Education for Scotland, East Region Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ker
authors.affiliation: Institute of Education in Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cleland
mesh_terms: D000884:Anthropology, Cultural / Q000379:methods*; D003142:Communication; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007857:Leadership; D008297:Male; D010348:Patient Care Team; D014741:Video Recording; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Interprofessional, complexity theory; Leadership; Leadership education; Video-reflexive ethnography