title: Increased Urge to Gamble Following Near-Miss Outcomes May Drive Purchasing Behaviour in Scratch Card Gambling.
abstract: Previous research into scratch card gambling has highlighted the effects of these games on players' arousal and affective states. Specifically, near-miss outcomes in scratch cards (uncovering 2 of 3 needed jackpot symbols) have been associated with high levels of physiological and subjective arousal and negative emotional evaluations, including increased frustration. We sought to extend this research by examining whether near-misses prompted increases in gambling urge, and the subsequent purchasing of additional scratch cards. Participants played two scratch cards with varying outcomes with half of the sample experiencing a near-miss for the jackpot prize, and the other half experiencing a regular loss. Players rated their urge to continue gambling after each game outcome, and following the initial playing phase, were then able to use their winnings to purchase additional cards. Our results indicated that near-misses increased the urge to gamble significantly more than regular losses, and urge to gamble in the near-miss group was significantly correlated with purchasing at least one additional card. Although some players in the loss group purchased another card, there was no correlation between urge to gamble and purchasing in this group. Additionally, participants in the near-miss group who purchased additional cards reported higher levels of urge than those who did not purchase more cards. This was not true for the loss group: participants who experienced solely losing outcomes reported similar levels of urge regardless of whether or not they purchased more scratch cards. Despite near-misses' objective status as monetary losses, the increased urge that follows near-miss outcomes may translate into further scratch card gambling for a subset of individuals .
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada. mstange@uwaterloo.ca.
authors.forename: Madison
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stange
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
authors.forename: Candice
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Graydon
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
authors.forename: Mike J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dixon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D005639:Frustration; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012201:Reward; D012309:Risk-Taking
keywords: Gambling; Motivation; Near-misses; Purchasing behaviour; Scratch cards