title: The concept of exposure in environmental health for nursing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report an analysis of the concept of exposure in environmental health for nursing.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The importance of the environment has long been recognized in nursing, although the nature and scope of the concept and how it influences health have varied over time. Exposure is the sufficient and necessary link between environment and health. In nursing practice, the word 'exposure' has been used frequently with no clear standard definition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Concept analysis using Kim's first-level analytics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chronological review (1980-2015) of the nursing science literature was conducted through ProQuest Dissertations and Theses and CINAHL, followed by a multi-disciplinary search through PubMed (1980-2015), texts and the Internet to compare definitions and measurements of exposure and related concepts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Explicit and implicit conceptual definitions and measurements of exposure were identified, categorized and analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The newly defined concept of 'exposure' is a process involves three phases: 1, contact is made between a target and one or more agents in the same environment; 2, the agent accesses the target by one or more routes of entry; and 3, the agent enters the target by crossing a barrier or boundary. Existing measurements related to each phase are identified and discussed. Definitions of 'target' and 'agent' were refined for congruency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent use of terms as defined is critical to development of nursing knowledge. These concepts should be incorporated into nursing-related research to evaluate their usefulness to nursing. Alignment of this concept with relevant theories should be critically examined.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA.|Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.|Superfund Research Program, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Marcella Remer
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1741-6526
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schwartz Barcott
mesh_terms: D006272:Health Facility Environment; D006801:Humans; D009726:Nurses; D015399:Nursing Research
keywords: concept analysis; environmental health; exposure; knowledge development; nursing