title: Fibroblast growth factor 21 and its novel association with oxidative stress.
abstract: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine-member of the FGF family. It is synthesized mainly in the liver, but it is also expressed in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and many other organs. It has a key role in glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as in energy balance. FGF21 concentration in plasma is increased in patients with obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. Recent findings suggest that such increment protects tissue from an increased oxidative stress environment. Different types of physical stress, such as strenuous exercising, lactation, diabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular disease, and critical illnesses, also increase FGF21 circulating concentration. FGF21 is now considered a stress-responsive hormone in humans. The discovery of an essential response element in the FGF21 gene, for the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), involved in the regulation of oxidative stress, and its relation with genes such as NRF2, TBP-2, UCP3, SOD2, ERK, and p38, places FGF21 as a key regulator of the oxidative stress cell response. Its role in chronic diseases and its involvement in the treatment and follow-up of these diseases has been recently the target of new studies. The diminished oxidative stress through FGF21 pathways observed with anti-diabetic therapy is another clue of the new insights of this hormone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: miguelangelgomezsamano@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Miguel Ángel
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Gómez-Sámano
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: marianagrago@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grajales-Gómez
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: juliazuarth@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Julia María
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zuarth-Vázquez
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: fer.navarroflores@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ma Fernanda
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Navarro-Flores
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: mayela.saa@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mayela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martínez-Saavedra
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: oajl09@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Óscar Alfredo
authors.initials: ÓA
authors.lastname: Juárez-León
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: marianaguadalupe.morales@upaep.edu.mx.
authors.forename: Mariana G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Morales-García
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: vicmanuel280@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Víctor Manuel
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Enríquez-Estrada
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: gomezperezfco@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Gómez-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: ceptamim@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cuevas-Ramos
mesh_terms: D051701:Activating Transcription Factor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D035182:TATA Box Binding Protein-Like Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C497109:ATF4 protein, human; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; C495635:NFE2L2 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D035182:TATA Box Binding Protein-Like Proteins; C480637:TBPL2 protein, human; C414620:fibroblast growth factor 21; D051701:Activating Transcription Factor 4; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors
keywords: Diabetes; FGF21; Insulin resistance; Metabolic syndrome; Oxidative stress