title: Content Validity of Patient-Reported Outcome Instruments used with Pediatric Patients with Facial Differences: A Systematic Review.
abstract: The aim of this systematic review was to identify patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments used in research with children/youth with conditions associated with facial differences to identify the health concepts measured.
  
  
  
  MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched from 2004 to 2016 to identify PRO instruments used in acne vulgaris, birthmarks, burns, ear anomalies, facial asymmetries, and facial paralysis patients. We performed a content analysis whereby the items were coded to identify concepts and categorized as positive or negative content or phrasing.
  
  
  
  A total of 7,835 articles were screened; 6 generic and 11 condition-specific PRO instruments were used in 96 publications. Condition-specific instruments were for acne (four), oral health (two), dermatology (one), facial asymmetries (two), microtia (one), and burns (one). The PRO instruments provided 554 items (295 generic; 259 condition specific) that were sorted into 4 domains, 11 subdomains, and 91 health concepts. The most common domain was psychological (n = 224 items). Of the identified items, 76% had negative content or phrasing (e.g., "Because of the way my face looks I wish I had never been born"). Given the small number of items measuring facial appearance (n = 19) and function (n = 22), the PRO instruments reviewed lacked content validity for patients whose condition impacted facial function and/or appearance.
  
  
  
  Treatments can change facial appearance and function. This review draws attention to a problem with content validity in existing PRO instruments. Our team is now developing a new PRO instrument called FACE-Q Kids to address this problem.
authors.forename: Natasha M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Wickert
authors.forename: Karen W Y
authors.initials: KWY
authors.lastname: Wong Riff
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mansour
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Forrest
authors.forename: Timothy E E
authors.initials: TEE
authors.lastname: Goodacre
authors.forename: Andrea L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Pusic
authors.forename: Anne F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Klassen
mesh_terms: D000152:Acne Vulgaris / Q000523:psychology; D002056:Burns / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D004423:Ear / Q000002:abnormalities; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000523:psychology; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D000071066:Patient Reported Outcome Measures; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D012649:Self Concept; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000151:congenital / Q000523:psychology
keywords: content validity; facial differences; patient-reported outcome instruments