title: Three-dimensional Facial Anatomy: Structure and Function as It Relates to Injectable Neuromodulators and Soft Tissue Fillers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The advent of new neuromodulators and soft-tissue fillers continues to expand the nonsurgical repertoire of the core cosmetic physician.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors review relevant facial anatomy as it relates to facial aging and the resultant structural changes that occur. These changes are important for the cosmetic physician to identify and understand in order to perform both safe and effective placement of neuromodulators and soft-tissue fillers. In this anatomic review, the authors review key structures that serve as landmarks for successful treatment using both neuromodulators and fillers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge of key facial anatomical structures allows the cosmetic physician to perform injection of neuromodulators and soft-tissue fillers in a reproducible manner to optimizing patient safety and results.
authors.affiliation: Division of Facial Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.; Marin Plastic Surgery, Mill Valley, Calif.; and Manhatten Ear, Eye, and Throat Hospital, New York, N.Y.
authors.forename: Jacob I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Beer
authors.affiliation: Division of Facial Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.; Marin Plastic Surgery, Mill Valley, Calif.; and Manhatten Ear, Eye, and Throat Hospital, New York, N.Y.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sieber
authors.affiliation: Division of Facial Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.; Marin Plastic Surgery, Mill Valley, Calif.; and Manhatten Ear, Eye, and Throat Hospital, New York, N.Y.
authors.forename: Jack F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Scheuer
authors.affiliation: Division of Facial Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.; Marin Plastic Surgery, Mill Valley, Calif.; and Manhatten Ear, Eye, and Throat Hospital, New York, N.Y.
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Greco