title: Short communication: Interaction of the isomers carvacrol and thymol with the antibiotics doxycycline and tilmicosin: In vitro effects against pathogenic bacteria commonly found in the respiratory tract of calves.
abstract: Bovine respiratory disease is the major problem faced by cattle, specially calves, leading to reduced animal performance and increased mortality, consequently causing important economic losses. Hence, calves must be submitted to antibiotic therapy to counteract this infection usually initiated by the combination of environmental stress factors and viral infection, altering the animal's defense mechanism, and thus allowing lung colonization by the opportunistic bacteria Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida. Essential oils appear to be candidates to replace antibiotics or to act as antibiotic adjuvants due to their antimicrobial properties. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the 4 essential oil components carvacrol, thymol, trans-anethole, and 1,8 cineole as antibacterial agents or as adjuvants for the antibiotics doxycycline and tilmicosin against M. haemolytica and P. multocida. Bacteria were cultured according to standard protocols, followed by the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration. A checkerboard assay was applied to detect possible interactions between components, between antibiotics, and between components and antibiotics. Doxycycline at 0.25 and 0.125 μg/mL inhibited the growth of P. multocida and M. haemolytica, respectively, whereas tilmicosin MIC values were 1.0 and 4.0 μg/mL for P. multocida and M. haemolytica, respectively. Carvacrol MIC values were 2.5 and 1.25 mM for P. multocida and M. haemolytica, respectively, whereas thymol MIC values were 1.25 and 0.625 mM for P. multocida and M. haemolytica, respectively. Trans-anethole and 1,8 cineole did not present any antibacterial effect even at 40 mM against the investigated pathogens. All minimum bactericidal concentration values were the same as MIC, except when thymol was tested against M. haemolytica, being twice the MIC data (i.e., 1.25 mM thymol). Based on fractional inhibitory concentration checkerboard assay, no interaction was observed between doxycycline and tilmicosin. Carvacrol and thymol presented an additive effect when one of them was combined with tilmicosin. Additive effect was also observed when doxycycline was combined with thymol. Synergism was observed when carvacrol was combined with doxycycline or with thymol. Although the antibacterial effects of the tested essential oil components were observed at high concentrations for in vitro conditions, the additive and synergic effects of carvacrol and thymol with antibiotics suggest the option to apply them as antibiotic adjuvants.
authors.affiliation: ECOstyle B.V., 8431 SM Oosterwolde, the Netherlands. Electronic address: w.kissels@ecostyle.nl.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kissels
authors.affiliation: Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Santos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D002417:Cattle; D004318:Doxycycline; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000187:drug effects; D013943:Thymol
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D013943:Thymol; D004318:Doxycycline
keywords: bovine respiratory disease; essential oils; macrolide; tetracycline