title: Kinematic and spatiotemporal assessment of habituation to treadmill walking in Labrador retrievers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigated differences in kinematic and spatiotemporal variables in Labrador retrievers during introduction to treadmill walking, with the aim to determine the time required for them to become habituated. Twenty-five healthy, treadmill-naive Labrador retrievers participated in the study. The total angular displacement of the carpus, elbow, tarsus and stifle, as well as stride time and stance duration were calculated from the 3-D tracking of skin mounted reflective markers recorded with 6 infrared light emitting video cameras at 240 Hz. The measurements were done at two walking speeds, 0.78 and 0.96 m/s, in six sessions on the treadmill during two consecutive days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With a 1-2 min acclimatization period following each treadmill speed change, mean values of the study variables were significantly different from the last training session mainly in the first session on the first day. However, between-stride variability was significantly larger for at least one variable even in the fourth session for the slower walking speed, and in the fifth session for the higher walking speed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show the importance of proper pre-training of dogs in locomotion studies at walk using a treadmill, and the need to consider not only variable mean values but also between-stride variability, in order to ensure that dogs are sufficiently accustomed to allow collection of reliable data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden. pia.gustas@slu.se.
authors.forename: Pia
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2081-8910
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gustås
authors.affiliation: University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7040, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kjerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.|Evidensia Specialistdjursjukhuset Helsingborg, Bergavägen 3, 250 23, Helsingborg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Honkavaara
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anne-Sofie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Lagerstedt
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7011, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Byström
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D006185:Habituation, Psychophysiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D016138:Walking
keywords: Canine; Kinematics; Locomotion; Orthopaedics; Rehabilitation