title: Association between schizophrenia and urinary incontinence: A population-based study.
abstract: Urinary incontinence (UI) is defined as the involuntary loss of urine and can constitute a hygiene or social problem for affected patients. Whether the UI incidence is higher in patients with schizophrenia than in the general population remains undetermined.
  
  
  
  The patients were selected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, using claims data from 2005 to 2011. We compared the risk of UI between schizophrenia and nonschizophrenia groups. Logistic regression models were employed for analyzing the risk of UI after adjustment for sex, age, and comorbidities.
  
  
  
  The adjusted odds ratio for UI in the schizophrenia group was 1.78-fold higher than that in the nonschizophrenia group. Furthermore, male patients with schizophrenia were more susceptible to UI than their female counterparts, and a higher risk of UI was observed among younger patients with schizophrenia.
  
  
  
  Compared with the general population, the risk of UI was higher among the patients with schizophrenia. Early diagnosis and intervention can increase the quality of life among patients with schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Yu
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Hsin
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Muo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Szu-Pin
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan. Electronic address: d10040@mail.cmuh.org.tw.
authors.forename: Chia-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Antipsychotics; Incidence; National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD); Odds ratio; Schizophrenia; Urinary incontinence (UI)