title: On the correct use of stepped-sine excitations for the measurement of time-varying bioimpedance.
abstract: When a linear time-varying (LTV) bioimpedance is measured using stepped-sine excitations, a compromise must be made: the temporal distortions affecting the data depend on the experimental time, which in turn sets the data accuracy and limits the temporal bandwidth of the system that needs to be measured.
  
  
  
  Here, the experimental time required to measure linear time-invariant bioimpedance with a specified accuracy is analyzed for different stepped-sine excitation setups.
  
  
  
  We provide simple equations that allow the reader to know whether LTV bioimpedance can be measured through repeated time- invariant stepped-sine experiments.
  
  
  
  Bioimpedance technology is on the rise thanks to a plethora of healthcare monitoring applications. The results presented can help to avoid distortions in the data while measuring accurately non-stationary physiological phenomena. The impact of the work presented is broad, including the potential of enhancing bioimpedance studies and healthcare devices using bioimpedance technology.
authors.affiliation: Optical Metrology, 3D design and Mechanics (Op3Mech) Research Group, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Louarroudi
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sanchez
mesh_terms: D058266:Dielectric Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D016014:Linear Models; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio