title: Cost Effectiveness of Metal Stents in Relieving Obstructive Jaundice in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  ASGE and ESGE guidelines recommend endoscopic metal stent placement for pancreatic carcinoma patients with biliary obstruction, and whose estimated life expectancy is greater than 6 months. Because median overall survival (OS) of metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma until recently has been less than 6 months, plastic biliary stents were preferentially placed rather than metal due to the greater upfront cost of the latter. Recent advances in the treatment of metastatic pancreatic cancer have extended median OS beyond the 6-month range. Given this improvement in OS, we performed a cost-effectiveness analysis of initial metal biliary versus plastic stent placement in metastatic pancreatic cancer patients with biliary obstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov model was developed to predict lifetime costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and cost effectiveness of metal compared with plastic stents. Adult patients entered the model with locally advanced cancer and underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with placement of metal or plastic stents. A targeted literature search was conducted to identify published sources, which were used to estimate clinical, cost, utility, and event rate inputs to the model. Results were estimated from the third-party payer perspective in 2012 US dollars per QALY. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the impact on model outcomes resulting from uncertainty among inputs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our analysis found that initial placement of metal stents was more cost effective than plastic biliary stents with lower overall costs due to lower restenting rates while at the same time associated with a better quality of life. Based on model projections, placement of metal stents could save approximately $1450 per patient over a lifetime, while simultaneously improving quality of life. These findings were robust in sensitivity analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Placement of metal biliary stents at initial onset of obstructive jaundice in adult patients with metastatic pancreatic carcinoma with an expected OS greater than 6 months was found to be a more cost-effective strategy than plastic stents. These results reinforce guidelines' suggestions for metal stent placement.
authors.affiliation: University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA. michael.cangelosi@bsci.com.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.affiliation: Partnership for Health Analytic Research, LLC, Beverly Hills, CA, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anene
authors.affiliation: Partnership for Health Analytic Research, LLC, Beverly Hills, CA, USA.
authors.forename: T G K
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.affiliation: Boston Scientific Corporation, Marlborough, MA, USA.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cangelosi
authors.affiliation: Shire PLC, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Meckley
authors.affiliation: Partnership for Health Analytic Research, LLC, Beverly Hills, CA, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ortendahl
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Montero
mesh_terms: D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006801:Humans; D041781:Jaundice, Obstructive / Q000191:economics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008390:Markov Chains; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D015607:Stents / Q000191:economics*
keywords: Biliary stents; Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; Obstructive jaundice; Pancreatic cancer