title: Nanomedicine as a strategy to fight thrombotic diseases.
abstract: This review highlights the preclinical and clinical research based on the use of nano- and micro-carriers in thrombolytic drug delivery. Ischemic heart and stroke caused by thrombosis are the main causes of death in the world. Because of their inactivation in the blood, high doses of thrombolytics are administered to patients, increasing the risk of intracranial hemorrhage. Preclinical research conducted with lipid, polymer or magnetic nanoparticles loaded with thrombolytic drugs showed an enhancement of thrombolysis and a reduction of undesirable side effects. Targeted nanocarriers exhibited an increased accumulation into clot. Clinical trials were already conducted with lipid-based microbubbles combined with ultrasound and thrombolytic drug and showed thrombolysis improvement. Future validation of nanosystems is awaited in clinic. This research opens new strategies for the management of thrombotic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Institut Galilée, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 93430, Villetaneuse, France; Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Institut Galilée, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 93430, Villetaneuse, France.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Varna
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Institut Galilée, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 93430, Villetaneuse, France; Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Institut Galilée, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 93430, Villetaneuse, France.
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Juenet
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bayles
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, 75010, Paris, France; Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, 75010, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Mikael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazighi
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Institut Galilée, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 93430, Villetaneuse, France; Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Institut Galilée, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 93430, Villetaneuse, France.
authors.forename: Cédric
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chauvierre
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Institut Galilée, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 93430, Villetaneuse, France; Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Institut Galilée, Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 93430, Villetaneuse, France.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Letourneur
keywords: animal models; drug delivery; ischemic heart; microbubbles; nanocarriers; stroke; thrombolytic