title: Cannabinoid receptors on peripheral leukocytes from patients with schizophrenia: Evidence for defective immunomodulatory mechanisms.
abstract: to evaluate cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) expression on peripheral immune cells, i.e., blood monocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and NK cells, and their relationship to a wide range of serum cytokine levels in subjects with schizophrenia and controls.
  
  
  
  A sample of 55 people with chronic schizophrenia and 48 controls were enrolled in the study. The expression of the cannabinoid receptors CB1R and CB2R was evaluated in peripheral blood leukocytes by flow cytometry. Serum levels of cytokines/chemokines were simultaneously analyzed by cytometric bead array.
  
  
  
  We found higher expression of cannabinoid receptors on cells of the innate immune system in subjects with schizophrenia when compared with controls. Serum levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, interferon (IFN-γ), and (C-X-C motif) ligand 10/interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (CXCL10/IP10) were decreased, while levels of the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2/MCP-1) were increased in the schizophrenia group in comparison with controls. Patients with schizophrenia showed simpler correlation network between cytokines and CBRs expression than controls.
  
  
  
  Patients with schizophrenia showed increased CBRs expression in cells of the innate immune system and simpler correlation network between cytokines and CBRs expression when compared with controls. These results suggest a defective endocannabinoid system-mediated immunomodulation in patients with schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Salvina Maria
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: de Campos-Carli
authors.affiliation: Biomarkers Laboratory for Diagnosis and Monitoring, Research Center RenéRachou, FIOCRUZ/MG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcio Sobreira
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.affiliation: Biomarkers Laboratory for Diagnosis and Monitoring, Research Center RenéRachou, FIOCRUZ/MG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Amanda Cardoso
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de Oliveira Silveira
authors.affiliation: Biomarkers Laboratory for Diagnosis and Monitoring, Research Center RenéRachou, FIOCRUZ/MG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vitor Bortolo
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: de Rezende
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Natalia Pessoa
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferretjans
authors.affiliation: Raul Soares Institute, Hospital Foundation of the State of Minas Gerais (FHEMIG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ribeiro-Santos
authors.affiliation: Biomarkers Laboratory for Diagnosis and Monitoring, Research Center RenéRachou, FIOCRUZ/MG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teixeira-Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Biomarkers Laboratory for Diagnosis and Monitoring, Research Center RenéRachou, FIOCRUZ/MG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Olindo Assis
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Martins-Filho
authors.affiliation: Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berk
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Raul Soares Institute, Hospital Foundation of the State of Minas Gerais (FHEMIG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Vinícius
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Salgado
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: altexr@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Antonio Lucio
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Teixeira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D043882:Receptors, Cannabinoid / Q000378:metabolism*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D043882:Receptors, Cannabinoid
keywords: Cannabinoid receptors; Cytokines; Endocannabinoid system; Inflammation; Leukocytes; Schizophrenia