title: Problems with health information technology and their effects on care delivery and patient outcomes: a systematic review.
abstract: To systematically review studies reporting problems with information technology (IT) in health care and their effects on care delivery and patient outcomes.
  
  
  
  We searched bibliographic databases including Scopus, PubMed, and Science Citation Index Expanded from January 2004 to December 2015 for studies reporting problems with IT and their effects. A framework called the information value chain, which connects technology use to final outcome, was used to assess how IT problems affect user interaction, information receipt, decision-making, care processes, and patient outcomes. The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement.
  
  
  
  Of the 34 studies identified, the majority ( n  = 14, 41%) were analyses of incidents reported from 6 countries. There were 7 descriptive studies, 9 ethnographic studies, and 4 case reports. The types of IT problems were similar to those described in earlier classifications of safety problems associated with health IT. The frequency, scale, and severity of IT problems were not adequately captured within these studies. Use errors and poor user interfaces interfered with the receipt of information and led to errors of commission when making decisions. Clinical errors involving medications were well characterized. Issues with system functionality, including poor user interfaces and fragmented displays, delayed care delivery. Issues with system access, system configuration, and software updates also delayed care. In 18 studies (53%), IT problems were linked to patient harm and death. Near-miss events were reported in 10 studies (29%).
  
  
  
  The research evidence describing problems with health IT remains largely qualitative, and many opportunities remain to systematically study and quantify risks and benefits with regard to patient safety. The information value chain, when used in conjunction with existing classifications for health IT safety problems, can enhance measurement and should facilitate identification of the most significant risks to patient safety.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Mi Ok
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Coiera
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Farah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Magrabi
mesh_terms: D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D006801:Humans; D019300:Medical Errors; D008490:Medical Informatics; D061214:Patient Safety; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: adverse events; health information technology; patient safety; systematic review; unintended consequences