title: Trends in binge drinking in Canada from 1996 to 2013: a repeated cross-sectional analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heavy drinking is a major factor in morbidity and mortality worldwide. Little information is available on trends in Canada regarding alcohol abuse. We sought to estimate abstinence, binge drinking and alcohol intake exceeding low-risk drinking guidelines in the Canadian population from 1996 to 2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data sources for this analysis were a series of cross-sectional national health surveys of the Canadian population carried out by Statistics Canada between 1996 and 2013. These were cross-sectional files from the National Population Health Surveys of 1996 and 1998, plus the Canadian Community Health Surveys from 2000 to 2013. Respondents were aged 18 years and older.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of binge drinkers increased steadily from 13.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 13.2%-14.2%) in 1996 to 19.7% (95% CI 19.1%-20.3%) in 2013. The corresponding proportions for men were 20.8% (95% CI 19.9%-21.7%) in 1996, and 25.7% (95% CI 24.7%-26.6%) in 2013; for women, these proportions were 6.9% (95% CI 6.4%-7.5%) in 1996, and 13.8% (95% CI 13.1%-14.5%) in 2013. No significant increases were seen in the proportion of people who exceeded low-risk drinking guidelines or of abstainers during the same period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of self-reported binge drinking in Canada has increased from 1996 to 2013, relatively more so among women than among men. No evidence of an increase in the proportion of people exceeding low-risk drinking guidelines or of abstainers was seen during the same period. These results suggest that binge drinking is of particular concern regarding intervention strategies aimed at improvement of public health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences (Bulloch, Williams, Lavorato, Patten); Department of Psychiatry (Bulloch, Patten; Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Bulloch, Patten), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
authors.forename: Andrew G M
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Bulloch
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences (Bulloch, Williams, Lavorato, Patten); Department of Psychiatry (Bulloch, Patten; Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Bulloch, Patten), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
authors.forename: Jeanne V A
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences (Bulloch, Williams, Lavorato, Patten); Department of Psychiatry (Bulloch, Patten; Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Bulloch, Patten), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
authors.forename: Dina H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lavorato
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences (Bulloch, Williams, Lavorato, Patten); Department of Psychiatry (Bulloch, Patten; Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute (Bulloch, Patten), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
authors.forename: Scott B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Patten