title: Intrathecal Therapy for Cancer-Related Pain.
abstract: The increasing incidence of cancer survivorship has shifted treatment of cancer-related pain from short-term analgesia to long-term chronic pain management. As a result, alternatives to oral analgesics, such as intrathecal therapy, may be beneficial for patients with cancer-related pain. The authors review the use of intrathecal therapy in the management of cancer-related pain.
  
  
  
  The Medline database was searched for English-language articles that included "ziconotide" or "morphine" AND ("cancer" OR "malignant") AND "intrathecal" in title or abstract. Available abstracts from scientific congresses in the areas of neuromodulation and oncology were also reviewed.
  
  
  
  Intrathecal therapy provides pain relief with reduced systemic concerns in patients with cancer-related pain. Patients should undergo multidisciplinary evaluation and, in most cases, drug trialing before intrathecal pump implantation. Morphine, an opioid ( Μ: -opioid receptor antagonist), and ziconotide, a nonopioid (selective N-type calcium channel inhibitor), are both approved for intrathecal analgesia; however, tolerance and safety concerns may deter the use of intrathecal morphine. Ziconotide has also shown efficacy for reduction of cancer-related pain; however, proper dosing and titration must be used to prevent adverse events. There is little information available on use of intrathecal therapies specifically in cancer survivors.
  
  
  
  Treatment of cancer-related pain has shifted toward chronic pain management strategies, especially among cancer survivors. Intrathecal therapy provides an alternate route of administration of chronic pain medications (e.g., morphine and ziconotide) for cancer patients with and without active disease, although additional research is needed to support effectiveness in cancer survivors.
authors.affiliation: *University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas Brian.Bruel@bcm.edu.
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Bruel
authors.affiliation: St. Jude Medical, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Allen W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Burton
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000072716:Cancer Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics
keywords: Cancer Survivors; Chronic Pain; Intrathecal Implantable Drug Delivery System; Morphine; Opioid; Ziconotide