title: Computational Models for Nanoscale Fluid Dynamics and Transport Inspired by Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics.
abstract: Traditionally, the numerical computation of particle motion in a fluid is resolved through computational fluid dynamics (CFD). However, resolving the motion of nanoparticles poses additional challenges due to the coupling between the Brownian and hydrodynamic forces. Here, we focus on the Brownian motion of a nanoparticle coupled to adhesive interactions and confining-wall-mediated hydrodynamic interactions. We discuss several techniques that are founded on the basis of combining CFD methods with the theory of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics in order to simultaneously conserve thermal equipartition and to show correct hydrodynamic correlations. These include the fluctuating hydrodynamics (FHD) method, the generalized Langevin method, the hybrid method, and the deterministic method. Through the examples discussed, we also show a top-down multiscale progression of temporal dynamics from the colloidal scales to the molecular scales, and the associated fluctuations, hydrodynamic correlations. While the motivation and the examples discussed here pertain to nanoscale fluid dynamics and mass transport, the methodologies presented are rather general and can be easily adopted to applications in convective heat transfer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 e-mail:  rradhak@seas.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Radhakrishnan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 e-mail:  hsiuyu@seas.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Hsiu-Yu
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesialogy and Critical Care; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 e-mail:  David.Eckmann@uphs.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Eckmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 e-mail:  ayya@seas.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Portonovo S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Ayyaswamy