title: Correlation between pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and pharmacodynamics on NFAT-regulated gene expression in stable kidney transplant recipients .
abstract: Gene expression regulated by the transcription factor NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) has been proposed for monitoring the pharmacodynamic effect of calcineurin inhibitors. We aimed to correlate the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus with the suppression of NFAT-regulated gene expression. Tacrolimus trough (Ctrough) and peak concentrations (Cpeak) were measured by LC-MS. The effect on NFAT-regulated gene expression at trough (Etrough) and at peak levels (Epeak) were determined by qRT-PCR. The pharmacodynamic concentration producing the half-maximum effect (CE50) and the Hill coefficient (H) were estimated from Etroughand from Epeak. Ten stable kidney transplant recipients on triple immunosuppression with prednisolone, mycophenolate, and tacrolimus were analyzed. Median age was 58 years, median time since transplant was 84 months, and median serum creatinine was 249 µmol/L. The immunosuppressive effect on NFAT-regulated genes at trough concentrations was 38% (Etrough), and the effect at peak concentrations was 59% (Epeak) of maximum immunosuppression (Emax). The pharmacodynamic parameters of the action of tacrolimus were estimated with the Hill coefficient H at 1.5 and the CE50 at 6.7 ng/mL. Accordingly, the pharmacodynamic threshold concentration was estimated at 0.9 ng/mL and the ceiling concentration at 48 ng/mL, indicating a wide span between target trough and peak levels. The low Hill coefficient indicates concentration-dependent pharmacodynamics of tacrolimus on NFAT transcripts. Therefore, the extension of the administration interval to 24 hours is not likely to jeopardize the immunosuppressive effect of the prolonged-release tacrolimus preparations.  .
authors.forename: Frieder
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sommerer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Giese
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeier
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schröppel
mesh_terms: D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D066027:Transplant Recipients
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; D011239:Prednisolone; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; D016559:Tacrolimus