title: Determination of Pesticides Residues in Cucumbers Grown in Greenhouse and the Effect of Some Procedures on Their Residues.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to determine the residual concentrations of ethion and imidacloprid in cucumbers grown in greenhouse. The effect of some simple processing procedures on both ethion and imidacloprid residues were also studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten active greenhouses that produce cucumber were randomly selected. Ethion and imidacloprid as the most widely used pesticides were measured in cucumber samples of studied greenhouses. Moreover, the effect of storing, washing, and peeling as simple processing procedures on both ethion and imidacloprid residues were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hour after pesticide application; the maximum residue levels (MRLs) of ethion and imidacloprid were higher than that of Codex standard level. One day after pesticide application, the levels of pesticides were decreased about 35 and 31% for ethion and imidacloprid, respectively, which still were higher than the MRL. Washing procedure led to about 51 and 42.5% loss in ethion and imidacloprid residues, respectively. Peeling procedure also led to highest loss of 93.4 and 63.7% in ethion and imidacloprid residues, respectively. The recovery for both target analytes was in the range between 88 and 102%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The residue values in collected samples one hour after pesticides application were higher than standard value. The storing, washing, and peeling procedures lead to the decrease of pesticide residues in greenhouse cucumbers. Among them, the peeling procedure has the greatest impact on residual reduction. Therefore, these procedures can be used as simple and effective processing techniques for reducing and removing pesticides from greenhouse products before their consumption.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Student Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leili
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Student Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pirmoghani
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Student Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Taghi
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Samadi
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Student Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shokoohi
authors.affiliation: Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Ghodratollah
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roshanaei
authors.affiliation: Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poormohammadi
keywords: Cucumber; Ethion; Greenhouse; Imidacloprid; Residuals