title: Race-Related Differences in Left Ventricular Structural and Functional Remodeling in Response to Increased Afterload: The ARIC Study.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate racial differences in arterial elastance (Ea), which reflects the arterial afterload faced by the left ventricle, and its associations with cardiac structure and function. The hypothesis under study was that the left ventricle in blacks displays heightened afterload sensitivity compared with whites.
  
  
  
  Chronic increasing in arterial afterload may be an important trigger for left ventricular (LV) remodeling and dysfunction that lead to heart failure. Racial differences in the predisposition to heart failure are well described, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.
  
  
  
  In total, 5,727 community-based, older ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk In Community) study participants (22% black) who underwent echocardiography between 2011 and 2013 were studied.
  
  
  
  Blacks were younger (mean age 75 ± 5 years vs. 76 ± 5 years), were more frequently female (66% vs. 57%), and had higher prevalence rates of obesity (46% vs. 31%), hypertension (94% vs. 80%), and diabetes mellitus (47% vs. 34%) than whites. Adjusting for these baseline differences, Ea was higher among blacks (1.96 ± 0.01 mm Hg/ml vs. 1.80 ± 0.01 mm Hg/ml). In blacks, Ea was associated with greater LV remodeling (LV mass index, β = 3.21 ± 0.55 g/m2, p < 0.001) and higher LV filling pressures (E/e' ratio, β = 0.42 ± 0.11, p < 0.001). These relationships were not observed in whites (LV mass, β = 0.16 ± 0.32 g/m2, p = 0.61, p for interaction <0.001; E/e' ratio, β = -0.32 ± 0.06, p < 0.001, p for interaction <0.001).
  
  
  
  These community-based data suggest that black Americans display heightened afterload sensitivity as a stimulus for LV structural and functional remodeling, which may contribute to their greater risk for heart failure compared with white Americans.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Miguel M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Fernandes-Silva
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Amil M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hegde
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goncalves
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Claggett
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Wilson
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nadruz
authors.affiliation: Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Dalane W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kitzman
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Suma H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Konety
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Kunihiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.affiliation: University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mosley
authors.affiliation: National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Carolyn S P
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Barry A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Borlaug
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address: ssolomon@rics.bwh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Solomon
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004452:Echocardiography; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D057187:Independent Living; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D059289:Vascular Stiffness / Q000502:physiology*; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000502:physiology*; D044465:White People
keywords: arterial elastance; cardiac remodeling; hypertension; left ventricular hypertrophy; race