title: Esophageal Cancer: Associations With (pN+) Lymph Node Metastases.
abstract: To identify the associations of lymph node metastases (pN+), number of positive nodes, and pN subclassification with cancer, treatment, patient, geographic, and institutional variables, and to recommend extent of lymphadenectomy needed to accurately detect pN+ for esophageal cancer.
  
  
  
  Limited data and traditional analytic techniques have precluded identifying intricate associations of pN+ with other cancer, treatment, and patient characteristics.
  
  
  
  Data on 5806 esophagectomy patients from the Worldwide Esophageal Cancer Collaboration were analyzed by Random Forest machine learning techniques.
  
  
  
  pN+, number of positive nodes, and pN subclassification were associated with increasing depth of cancer invasion (pT), increasing cancer length, decreasing cancer differentiation (G), and more regional lymph nodes resected. Lymphadenectomy necessary to accurately detect pN+ is 60 for shorter, well-differentiated cancers (<2.5 cm) and 20 for longer, poorly differentiated ones.
  
  
  
  In esophageal cancer, pN+, increasing number of positive nodes, and increasing pN classification are associated with deeper invading, longer, and poorly differentiated cancers. Consequently, if the goal of lymphadenectomy is to accurately define pN+ status of such cancers, few nodes need to be removed. Conversely, superficial, shorter, and well-differentiated cancers require a more extensive lymphadenectomy to accurately define pN+ status.
authors.affiliation: *Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH †University of Miami, Miami, FL ‡University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX §Oregon Health and Science Center, Portland, OR ¶Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN ||Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, People's Republic of China **University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ††Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC ‡‡Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland §§Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA ¶¶University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY ||||Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN ***West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China †††Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY ‡‡‡University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL §§§University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA ¶¶¶University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada ||||||Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada ****Hospital Universitario del Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Hemant
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishwaran
authors.forename: Wayne L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Hofstetter
authors.forename: Paul H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Schipper
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kesler
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: E M R
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Lerut
authors.forename: Chadrick E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Denlinger
authors.forename: Jarmo A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Salo
authors.forename: Walter J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Long-Qi
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Valerie W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Rusch
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Cerfolio
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Luketich
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duranceau
authors.forename: Gail E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Darling
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pera
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Apperson-Hansen
authors.forename: Eugene H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Blackstone
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D066264:Datasets as Topic; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016629:Esophagectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D000069550:Machine Learning; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging