title: Age-Related Changes in Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 and Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitochondrial Structure in the Tongues of Fischer 344 Rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previously the authors reported age-related changes in the activities of anti-oxidative enzyme activities and protein expressions in the tongues of rats. Because more information is required about relations between aging and oxidative stress and anti-oxidative enzyme efficiency, the authors investigated differences between the expression of master regulator of anti-oxidative enzymes (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 [Nrf2]), levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial structures in the tongues of young and aged Fischer 344 rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age-dependent changes in Nrf2 protein and ROS were determined by Western blotting and using chemical kits, respectively. Tongue specimens were examined by electron microscopy. The study was conducted using rats aged 7 months (young, n=8) or 22 months (old, n=8).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nrf2 protein levels in the tongues of aged rats were lower than in young rats. ROS levels were higher in older rats and mitochondrial structural deficits were observed their tongues. Three young rats showed moderate mitochondrial degeneration, whereas profound degeneration with mitochondrial cristae disruption, swelling, rupture, or intramitochondrial vacuole formation was observed in all 8 old rats. Notably, mitochondrial rupture was observed in 5 old rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antioxidant defense systems of old rats were compromised by Nrf2 deficiency, which could lead to the deleterious accumulation and release of ROS and probably mitochondrial structural deficits in aged tongue tissues.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Kwan
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Research Institute, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Ok
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Research Institute, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Myung-Hee
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyoung-Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Joo-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Young
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Kim
keywords: Aging; Mitochondria; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Reactive Oxygen Species; Tongue