title: Agarose encapsulated mesoporous carbonated hydroxyapatite nanocomposites powder for drug delivery.
abstract: The powder composites are predominantly used for filling of voids in bone and as drug delivery carrier to prevent the infection or inflammatory reaction in the damaged tissues. The objective of this work was to study the synthesis of agarose encapsulation on carbonated hydroxyapatite powder and their biological and drug delivery properties. Mesoporous, nanosized carbonated hydroxyapatite/agarose (CHAp/agarose) powder composites were prepared by solvothermal method and subsequently calcined to study the physico-chemical changes, if it subjected to thermal exposure. The phase of the as-synthesized powder was CHAp/agarose whereas the calcinated samples were non-stoichiometric HAp. The CHAp/agarose nanorods were of length 10-80nm and width 40-190nm for the samples synthesized at temperatures 120°C (ST120) and 150°C (ST150). The calcination process produced spheres (10-50nm) and rods with reduced size (40-120nm length and 20-30nm width). Composites were partially dissolved in SBF solution followed by exhibited better bioactivity than non-stoichiometric HAp confirmed by gravimetric method. Hemo and biocompatibility remained unaffected by presence of agarose or carbonate in the HAp. Specific surface area of the composites was high and exhibited an enhanced amoxicillin and 5-fluorouracil release than the calcined samples. The composites demonstrated a strong antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus and S. epidermidis. The ST120 showed prolonged drug (AMX and 5-Fcil) release and antimicrobial efficacy than ST150 and calcined samples. This technique would be simple and rapid for composites preparation, to produce high quality crystalline, resorbable, mesoporous and bioactive nanocomposite (CHAp/agarose) powders. This work provides new insight into the role of agarose coated on bioceramics by solvothermal technique and suggests that CHAp/agarose composites powders are promising materials for filling of void in bone and drug delivery applications.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biomateriais Poliméricos Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, Bloco 11, São Paulo, Brazil; Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India. Electronic address: mkeraja@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Elayaraja
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kolanthai
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abinaya Sindu
authors.affiliation: Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thanigai Arul
authors.affiliation: Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India; Photonic Nanomaterials Laboratory, Dept. of Chemistry & Dept of Carbon Materials, Chosun University, 309, Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-759, South Korea.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sarath Chandra
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Physics, Thiruvalluvar University, TVUCAS Campus, Thennangur 604408, Tamil Nadu, India; UNESCO UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences & Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa; Nanosciences African Network (NANO-AFNET), iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, 1Old Faure Road, Somerset West 7129, PO Box 722, Cape Town, South Africa. Electronic address: maniphysics@gmail.com.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Manikandan
authors.affiliation: Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, India. Electronic address: kalkura@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narayana Kalkura
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002254:Carbonates / Q000737:chemistry; D002460:Cell Line; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000737:chemistry*; D011208:Powders; D012685:Sepharose / Q000737:chemistry*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013818:Thermogravimetry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002254:Carbonates; D011208:Powders; D012685:Sepharose; D017886:Durapatite
keywords: 5-fluorouracil and drug delivery; Amoxcillin; Mesoporous; Nanocomposites; Solvothermal