title: Anti-diabetic effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of Clerodendrum volubile: protocatechuic acid suppresses phagocytic oxidative burst and modulates inflammatory cytokines.
abstract: The antidiabetic effects of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of Clerodendrum volubile leaves was investigated in this study. EtOAc extract was also fractionated to isolate the active compounds. The structure of the isolated compound (Protocatechuic acid) was established using1H and13C NMR spectroscopies and mass spectrometry. Protocatechuic acid was investigated for its anti-oxidative burst in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and macrophages. It was also docked with α-glucosidase and TNF-α. Acute treatment with EtOAc fraction of Clerodendrum volubile leaves significantly (p<0.05) decreased blood glucose level and hepatic biomarkers, and significantly (p<0.05) increased serum insulin level and β-cell function. It had little or no effect on serum lipid profile and atherogenic indices. Protocatechuic acid significantly (p<0.05) suppressed phagocytic oxidative burst and docked well with α-glucosidase and TNF-α. These results indicate the therapeutic effect of EtOAc fraction of C. volubile on type 2 diabetes and its complications, which can be attributed to the main bioactive compound, protocatechuic acid.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Toxicology Division, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Lagos, Nigeria; H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban 4000, South Africa. Electronic address: loreks@yahoo.co.uk.
authors.forename: Ochuko L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Erukainure
authors.affiliation: Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi75270, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Rahman M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hafizur
authors.affiliation: H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
authors.forename: M Iqbal
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Choudhary
authors.affiliation: H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Achyut
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adhikari
authors.affiliation: Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi75270, Pakistan; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, P.O. Box 741, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ahmed M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mesaik
authors.affiliation: Structural Bioinformatics Group, Institute for Physiology & ECRC Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olubunmi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Atolani
authors.affiliation: Structural Bioinformatics Group, Institute for Physiology & ECRC Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.affiliation: Structural Bioinformatics Group, Institute for Physiology & ECRC Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Preissner
authors.affiliation: Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi75270, Pakistan; Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Aliyu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muhammad
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, (Westville Campus), Durban 4000, South Africa.
authors.forename: Md Shahidul
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Islam
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D032409:Clerodendrum; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D062105:Molecular Docking Simulation; D010586:Phagocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D016207:Cytokines; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010936:Plant Extracts; C009091:protocatechuic acid; C007650:ethyl acetate
keywords: Clerodendrum volubile; Oxidative burst; Protocatechuic acid; Type 2 diabetes; α–Glucosidase