title: Fatigue responses of the human cervical spine intervertebral discs.
abstract: Numerous studies have been conducted since more than fifty years to understand the behavior of the human lumbar spine under fatigue loading. Applications have been largely driven by low back pain and human body vibration problems. The human neck also sustains fatigue loading in certain type of civilian occupational and military operational activities, and research is very limited in this area. Being a visco-elastic structure, it is important to determine the stress-relaxation properties of the human cervical spine intervertebral discs to enable accurate simulations of these structures in stress-analysis models. While finite element models have the ability to incorporate viscoelastic material definitions, data specific to the cervical spine are limited. The present study was conducted to determine these properties and understand the responses of the human lower cervical spine discs under large number of cyclic loads in the axial compression mode. Eight disc segments consisting of the adjacent vertebral bodies along with the longitudinal ligaments were subjected to compression, followed by 10,000 cycles of loading at 2 or 4Hz frequency by limiting the axial load to approximately 150 N, and subsequent to resting period, subjected to compression to extract the stress-relaxation properties using the quasi-linear viscoelastic (QLV) material model. The coefficients of the model and disc displacements as a function of cycles and loading frequency are presented. The disc responses demonstrated a plateauing effect after the first 2000 to 4000 cycles, which were highly nonlinear. The paper compares these responses with the "work hardening" phenomenon proposed in clinical literature for the lumbar spine to explain the fatigue behavior of the discs. The quantitative results in terms of QLV coefficients can serve as inputs to complex finite element models of the cervical spine to delineate the local and internal load-sharing responses of the disc segment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States. Electronic address: yoga@mcw.edu.
authors.forename: Narayan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoganandan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
authors.forename: Sagar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Umale
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
authors.forename: Brain
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stemper
authors.affiliation: Center for Advance Orthopaedics Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Snyder
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017846:Longitudinal Ligaments / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014783:Viscosity; D016474:Weight-Bearing
keywords: Cyclic loading; Disc; Finite element model; Human cervical spine; Internal mechanics; Viscoelastic response