title: Perioperative Major Adverse Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events Associated With Noncardiac Surgery.
abstract: Major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) are a significant source of perioperative morbidity and mortality following noncardiac surgery.
  
  
  
  To evaluate national trends in perioperative cardiovascular outcomes and mortality after major noncardiac surgery and to identify surgical subtypes associated with cardiovascular events using a large administrative database of United States hospital admissions.
  
  
  
  Patients who underwent major noncardiac surgery from January 2004 to December 2013 were identified using the National Inpatient Sample.
  
  
  
  Perioperative MACCE (primary outcome), defined as in-hospital, all-cause death, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), or acute ischemic stroke, were evaluated over time.
  
  
  
  Among 10 581 621 hospitalizations (mean [SD] patient age, 65.74 [12.32] years; 5 975 798 female patients 56.60%]) for major noncardiac surgery, perioperative MACCE occurred in 317 479 hospitalizations (3.0%), corresponding to an annual incidence of approximately 150 000 events after applying sample weights. Major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events occurred most frequently in patients undergoing vascular (7.7%), thoracic (6.5%), and transplant surgery (6.3%). Between 2004 and 2013, the frequency of MACCE declined from 3.1% to 2.6% (P for trend <.001; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.95; 95% CI, 0.94-0.97) driven by a decline in frequency of perioperative death (aOR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.77-0.81) and AMI (aOR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.84-0.89) but an increase in perioperative ischemic stroke from 0.52% in 2004 to 0.77% in 2013 (P for trend <.001; aOR 1.79; CI 1.73-1.86).
  
  
  
  Perioperative MACCE occurs in 1 of every 33 hospitalizations for noncardiac surgery. Despite reductions in the rate of death and AMI among patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery in the United States, perioperative ischemic stroke increased over time. Additional efforts are necessary to improve cardiovascular care in the perioperative period of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York.
authors.forename: Nathaniel R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Smilowitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
authors.forename: Navdeep
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix.
authors.forename: Harish
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ramakrishna
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York.
authors.forename: Jeffrey S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York.
authors.forename: Sripal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bangalore
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012372:ROC Curve; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology