title: Green residues from Bangkok green space for renewable energy recovery, phosphorus recycling and greenhouse gases emission reduction.
abstract: Effective ways to integrate human life quality, environmental pollution mitigation and efficient waste management strategies are becoming a crisis challenge for sustainable urban development. The aims of this study are: (1) to evaluate and recommend an optimum Urban Green Space (UGS) area for the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA); and (2) to quantify potential renewable resources including electricity generation and potential nutrient recovery from generated ash. Green House Gases (GHGs) emissions from the management of Green Residues (GR) produced in a recommended UGS expansion are estimated and compared with those from the existing BMA waste management practice. Results obtained from this study indicate that an increase in UGS from its current 2.02% to 22.4% of the BMA urban area is recommended. This optimum value is primarily due to the area needed as living space for its population. At this scale, GR produced of about 334kt·y-1may be used to generate electricity at the rate of 206GWh·y-1by employing incineration technology. Additionally, instead of going to landfill, phosphorus (P) contained in the ash of 1077 t P·y-1could be recovered to produce P fertilizer to be recycled for agricultural cultivation. Income earned from selling these products is found to offset all of the operational cost of the proposed GR management methodology itself plus 7% of the cost of BMA's Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) operations. About 70% of the current GHGs emission may be reduced based on incineration simulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Rajvithee Road, Rajthewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. Electronic address: b.thitanuwat@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bussarakam
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thitanuwat
authors.affiliation: Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Rajvithee Road, Rajthewee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. Electronic address: chongchin.pol@mahidol.ac.th.
authors.forename: Chongchin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Polprasert
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. Electronic address: aenglan@tulane.edu.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Englande
mesh_terms: D002947:Cities; D005308:Fertilizers; D017752:Greenhouse Effect / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017745:Incineration / Q000379:methods; D010758:Phosphorus; D059027:Recycling; D059205:Renewable Energy; D013785:Thailand; D014197:Trees; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D010758:Phosphorus
keywords: Green residues; Greenhouse gases; Phosphorus recycling; Renewable energy; Thailand; Urban green space