title: Development of a Smartphone-Enabled Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus Management Package to Facilitate Evidence-Based Care Delivery in Primary Healthcare Facilities in India: The mPower Heart Project.
abstract: The high burden of undetected and undertreated hypertension and diabetes mellitus is a major health challenge worldwide. The mPower Heart Project aimed to develop and test a feasible and scalable intervention for hypertension and diabetes mellitus by task-sharing with the use of a mobile phone-based clinical decision support system at Community Health Centers in Himachal Pradesh, India.
  
  
  
  The development of the intervention and mobile phone-based clinical decision support system was carried out using mixed methods in five Community Health Centers. The intervention was subsequently evaluated using pre-post evaluation design. During intervention, a nurse care coordinator screened, examined, and entered patient parameters into mobile phone-based clinical decision support system to generate a prescription, which was vetted by a physician. The change in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) over 18 months of intervention was quantified using generalized estimating equations models. During intervention, 6797 participants were enrolled. Six thousand sixteen participants had hypertension (mean systolic blood pressure: 146.1 mm Hg, 95% CI: 145.7, 146.5; diastolic blood pressure: 89.52 mm Hg, 95% CI: 89.33, 89.72), of which 3152 (52%) subjects were newly detected. Similarly, 1516 participants had diabetes mellitus (mean FPG: 177.9 mg/dL, 95% CI: 175.8, 180.0), of which 450 (30%) subjects were newly detected. The changes in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and FPG observed at 18 months of follow-up were -14.6 mm Hg (95% CI: -15.3, -13.8), -7.6 mm Hg (CI: -8.0, -7.2), and -50.0 mg/dL (95% CI: -54.6, -45.5), respectively, and were statistically significant even after adjusting for age, sex, and Community Health Center.
  
  
  
  A nurse-facilitated, mobile phone-based clinical decision support system-enabled intervention in primary care was associated with improvements in blood pressure and blood glucose control and has the potential to scale-up in resource poor settings.
  
  
  
  URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifiers: NCT01794052. Clinical Trial Registry-India: CTRI/2013/02/003412.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Chronic Disease Control (CCDC), New Delhi, India.|Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions (CCCC), Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), Gurgaon, India.
authors.forename: Vamadevan S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Ajay
authors.affiliation: Centre for Chronic Disease Control (CCDC), New Delhi, India.|Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions (CCCC), Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), Gurgaon, India.
authors.forename: Devraj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jindal
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions (CCCC), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Ambuj
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: Centre for Chronic Disease Control (CCDC), New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Vidya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Venugopal
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions (CCCC), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Rakshit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Centre for Chronic Disease Control (CCDC), New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Abha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pawar
authors.affiliation: Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions (CCCC), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinra
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions (CCCC), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India dprabhakaran@ccdcindia.org nikhil_tandon@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.affiliation: Centre for Chronic Disease Control (CCDC), New Delhi, India dprabhakaran@ccdcindia.org nikhil_tandon@hotmail.com.|Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions (CCCC), Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), Gurgaon, India.
authors.forename: Dorairaj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prabhakaran
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D019468:Disease Management; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000068997:Smartphone
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: diabetes mellitus; high blood pressure; hypertension; mHealth; nurse; primary care