title: Hypertension, diabetes and lifestyle in the long-term - Results from a Swiss population-based cohort.
abstract: Healthy lifestyles are integral in preventing and treating common cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to observe smoking habits, alcohol intake, physical activity and body mass index over a 10-year period in a population-based cohort, particularly focusing on participants with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Included were 4155 participants from the first (2001-2003) and second (2010-2011) follow-ups of the Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung and Heart Disease in Adults (SAPALDIA). Information was collected via health questionnaire; height and weight were measured. In a healthy lifestyle score one point was attributed per criterion; non-smoking, low risk alcohol consumption, BMI<25kg/m2, and regular physical activity. Overall in 2010-2011, 16.4% were smokers, 7.7% had at risk alcohol consumption, 25.5% were physically inactive and 57.8% were overweight or obese. Both those with hypertension and diabetes had lower mean healthy lifestyle scores than those without disease. Women with incident hypertension from 2001 to 2011 had lower odds of improving their healthy lifestyle score during this time period compared to those without this disease. In contrast, women with incident diabetes had higher odds of lifestyle score improvement. In men, neither hypertension nor diabetes was associated with change in lifestyle score. Our findings suggest that, irrespective of disease status, preventative attention is needed, particularly in regards to physical activity and bodyweight. These needs could be met by population-based interventions, a necessary and suitable option in both preventing and treating the non-communicable disease epidemic which currently faces countries worldwide.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: diana.walther@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: ivan.curjuric@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Curjuric
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: julia.dratva@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dratva
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: emmanuel.schaffner@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schaffner
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: carlos.quinto@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quinto
authors.affiliation: Institute of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320 B, 4052 Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: arno.schmidt-trucksaess@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Arno
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Trucksäss
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: ikenna.eze@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Ikenna C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Eze
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Intercantonal de la Broye, Av. de la Colline 3, 1530 Payerne, Switzerland. Electronic address: luc.burdet@hibroye.ch.
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Burdet
authors.affiliation: Department of Pneumology, Regional Hospital of Lugano, Via Tesserete 46, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland. Electronic address: marco.pons@eoc.ch.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pons
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Genève 14, Switzerland. Electronic address: margaret.gerbase@unige.ch.
authors.forename: Margaret W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Gerbase
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: medea.imboden@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Medea
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Imboden
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: christian.schindler@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schindler
authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland. Electronic address: nicole.probst@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Probst-Hensch
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Cohort; Diabetes; Hypertension; Lifestyle; Prevention; Treatment