title: Efferent influences on the bioelectrical activity of the retina in primates.
abstract: The existence of retinopetal (sometimes referred to as "efferent" or "centrifugal") axons in the mammalian optic nerve is a topic of long-standing debate. Opposition is fading as efferent innervation of the retina has now been widely documented in rodents and other animals. The existence and function of an efferent system in humans and non-human primates has not, though, been definitively established. Such a feedback pathway could have important functional, clinical, and experimental significance to the field of vision science and ophthalmology.
  
  
  
  Following a comprehensive literature review (PubMed and Google Scholar, until July 2016), we present evidence regarding a system that can influence the bioelectrical activity of the retina in primates.
  
  
  
  Anatomical and physiological evidences are presented separately. Improvements in histological staining and the advent of retrograde nerve fiber tracers have allowed for more confidence in the identification of efferent optic nerve fibers, including back to their point of origin.
  
  
  
  Even with the accumulation of more modern anatomical and physiological evidence, some limitations and uncertainties about crucial details regarding the origins and role of a top-down, efferent system still exist. However, the summary of the evidence from earlier and more modern studies makes a compelling case in support of such a system in humans and non-human primates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 21, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: J Vernon
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Odom
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 21, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.|Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Passaglia
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 21, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA. rtzekov@health.usf.edu.|The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA. rtzekov@health.usf.edu.
authors.forename: Radouil T
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3662-9818
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Tzekov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology; D005123:Eye / Q000294:innervation*; D006801:Humans; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000502:physiology; D009476:Neurons, Efferent / Q000502:physiology*; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D011323:Primates / Q000502:physiology*; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology*; D014785:Vision, Ocular / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Centrifugal fibers; Efferent fibers; Electroretinogram; Retina; Retinopetal fibers