title: Evaluating self-esteem modifications after a Life Skills-Based Education intervention.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A satisfactory level of self-esteem has been recognized as crucial factor contributing to healthy lifestyle, especially among children and adolescents. We performed an analysis of the impact of Life-Skills Based Education (LSBE) in a cohort of pupils in a Primary School of Sondrio (Northern Italy) and we made a comparison with a control group in a Primary school of the same province where no intervention was performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes in levels of self-esteem were assessed through Italian version of the Multidimensional Self-concept Test of Bruce Bracken - T.M.A. For research purpose we used four of the six scales of the Italian version of the Multidimensional Self-esteem Test - T.M.A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The questionnaire was handed out to a total of 318 pupils: 132 students had received a LSBE intervention and 186 had not received any intervention. Median and interquartile range are in the normal range, both for the intervention and control groups. The four subscales showed an improving trend from the beginning (T1) to the end (T2) of the school year, both for the intervention and control groups. Regarding the intervention group, we found statistically significant changes in the subscales of quality of interpersonal relationships (P=0.003) and emotional competencies (P=0.02); regarding the control group, we found statistically significant changes in all the subscales analyzed. Considering the variable "sex", we found a statistically significant improvement only for male students and for the subscale "quality of interpersonal relationships" (P=0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The population trend observed suggests an improvement in competencies and levels of self-esteem in the cohort subjected to a LSBE intervention. Data analysis revealed significant differences in the subscales of quality of interpersonal relationships and emotional competencies, suggesting that LSBE interventions have an higher impact on males than on females. A longer follow-up could be useful in order to provide more reliable and significant data about LSBE programs' real efficacy.
authors.affiliation: School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy - francesca.zangirolami@virgilio.it.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zangirolami
authors.affiliation: School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Iemmi
authors.affiliation: School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vighi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pellai
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods*; D000070497:Healthy Lifestyle; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D012574:Schools; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires