title: Does Psychological Safety Impact the Clinical Learning Environment for Resident Physicians? Results From the VA's Learners' Perceptions Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychological safety (PS) is the perception that it is safe to take interpersonal risks in the work environment. In teaching hospitals, PS may influence the clinical learning environment for trainees.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We assessed whether resident physicians believe they are psychologically safe, and if PS is associated with how they rate satisfaction with their clinical learning experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted from the Learners' Perceptions Survey (LPS) of residents who rotated through a Department of Veterans Affairs health care facility for academic years 2011-2014. Predictors of PS and its association with resident satisfaction were adjusted to account for confounding and response rate biases using generalized linear models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 13 044 respondents who completed the LPS (30% response rate) were comparable to nonpediatric, non-obstetrics-gynecology residents enrolled in US residency programs. Among respondents, 11 599 (89%) agreed that ". . . members of the clinical team of which I was part are able to bring up problems and tough issues." Residents were more likely to report PS if they were male, were in a less complex clinical facility, in an other medicine or psychiatry specialty, or cared for patients who were aged, had multiple illnesses, or had social supports. Nonpsychiatric residents felt safer when treating patients with no concurrent mental health diagnoses. PS was strongly associated with how residents rated their satisfaction across 4 domains of their clinical learning experience (P< .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PS appears to be an important factor in resident satisfaction across 4 domains that evaluators of graduate medical education programs should consider when assessing clinical learning experiences.
authors.forename: Karina D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Torralba
authors.forename: Lawrence K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Loo
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baz
authors.forename: Grant W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Cannon
authors.forename: Sheri A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Keitz
authors.forename: Annie B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Wicker
authors.forename: Steven S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Henley
authors.forename: T Michael
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Kashner
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D005260:Female; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires