title: Spinal cord injury modulates the lung inflammatory response in mechanically ventilated rats: a comparative animal study.
abstract: Mechanical ventilation (MV) is widely used in spinal injury patients to compensate for respiratory muscle failure. MV is known to induce lung inflammation, while spinal cord injury (SCI) is known to contribute to local inflammatory response. Interaction between MV and SCI was evaluated in order to assess the impact it may have on the pulmonary inflammatory profile. Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized for 24 h and randomized to receive either MV or not. The MV group included C4-C5 SCI, T10 SCI and uninjured animals. The nonventilated (NV) group included T10 SCI and uninjured animals. Inflammatory cytokine profile, inflammation related to the SCI level, and oxidative stress mediators were measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). The cytokine profile in BAL of MV animals showed increased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and a decrease in IL-10 (P = 0.007) compared to the NV group. SCI did not modify IL-6 and IL-10 levels either in the MV or the NV groups, but cervical injury induced a decrease in IL-1β levels in MV animals. Cervical injury also reduced MV-induced pulmonary oxidative stress responses by decreasing isoprostane levels while increasing heme oxygenase-1 level. The thoracic SCI in NV animals increased M-CSF expression and promoted antioxidant pulmonary responses with low isoprostane and high heme oxygenase-1 levels. SCI shows a positive impact on MV-induced pulmonary inflammation, modulating specific lung immune and oxidative stress responses. Inflammation induced by MV and SCI interact closely and may have strong clinical implications since effective treatment of ventilated SCI patients may amplify pulmonary biotrauma.
authors.affiliation: Research Center, Sacré-Cœur Hospital of Montreal, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Truflandier
authors.affiliation: Research Center, Sacré-Cœur Hospital of Montreal, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.|Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beaumont
authors.affiliation: Research Center, Sacré-Cœur Hospital of Montreal, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maghni
authors.affiliation: Department of Adult Critical Care, Jewish General Hospital McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Marchie
authors.affiliation: Research Center, Sacré-Cœur Hospital of Montreal, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Charbonney
authors.affiliation: Research Center, Sacré-Cœur Hospital of Montreal, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada jadranka.spahija@mcgill.ca.|School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.|Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation in Montreal, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Jadranka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Spahija
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C000594089:IL1B protein, rat; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10
keywords: Mechanical ventilation; oxidative stress response; pulmonary inflammation; spinal cord injury