title: Decision-making performance in Parkinson's disease correlates with lateral orbitofrontal volume.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) exhibit poor decision-making, and the underlying neural correlates are unclear. We used voxel-based morphometry with Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration through Exponentiated Lie algebra to examine this issue.
  
  
  METHODS
  The decision-making abilities of 20 patients with PD and 37 healthy controls (HCs) were measured with a computerized Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). We assessed the local gray matter volumes of the patients and HCs and their correlations with decision-making performance, disease duration, disease severity, and anti-Parkinsonism medication dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the HCs, the patients with PD exhibited poor IGT performances. The gray matter volumes in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, left inferior temporal cortex, and right middle frontal gyrus were decreased in the patients. Results in the regression analysis showed that lateral orbitofrontal volume correlated with performance in the IGT in PD. Regions that correlated with disease duration, severity, and medication dose did not overlap with orbitofrontal regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the lateral and medial orbitofrontal cortex are related to decision-making in PD patients. Since the medial orbitofrontal cortex is shown to be involved in monitoring reward, reward monitoring seems to be impaired as a whole in PD patients. Meanwhile, the lateral region is related to evaluation of punishment, which is considered to have an influence on individual differences in decision-making performance in PD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Informatics, Tokyo University of Information Sciences, 4-1, Onaridai, Wakaba-ku, Chiba, Chiba 265-8501, Japan; Department of Neurology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan.
authors.forename: Mutsutaka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayakawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Informatics, College of Informatics and Human Communication, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, 7-1 Ohgigaoka, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Natsuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsuruya
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan. Electronic address: kawa@med.showa-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawamura
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003657:Decision Making / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D005717:Games, Experimental; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Decision-making; Orbitofrontal cortex; Parkinson's disease; Voxel-based morphometry