title: Effect of Etomidate on Pneumonia Development in Critically Ill, Nontrauma Patients.
abstract: To determine whether etomidate use before intubation increased development of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) in critically ill, nontrauma patients.
  A single-center, retrospective, cohort study of critically ill, nontrauma patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit (ICU) from 2012 to 2015 and intubated with or without etomidate was conducted. Demographics, comorbidities, primary diagnosis, critical illness scores, concomitant medications, and outcomes were obtained from medical records. Student t, chi-square, and Fisher exact tests were performed as appropriate. Relevant characteristics were modeled using logistic regression techniques to determine whether any predicted HAP independently.
  Of the 174 patients, 94 (54%) received etomidate and 80 (46%) did not. There was no difference in HAP between etomidate and no etomidate groups (13.8% vs 23.7%, P = .092). Duration of mechanical ventilation (4.4 vs 4.6 days, P = .845), ICU length of stay (7.4 vs 6.9 days, P = .547), ICU mortality (14.9% vs 12.5%, P = .648), and hospital mortality (17% vs 16.2%, P = .892) were similar between the groups. For each 1-day increase in mechanical ventilation duration, the likelihood of HAP development increased by 21%. Patients who received etomidate but no neuromuscular-blocking drug were 80% less likely to develop HAP than those who did not receive etomidate or a neuromuscular-blocking drug (odds ratio: 0.202, 95% confidence interval: 0.045-0.908).
  Etomidate use was not associated with a difference in HAP development in critically ill, nontrauma patients.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Drayton A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Claire E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Vines
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Ashley L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: McPhee
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Naleen Raj
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Bhandari
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Kendrea M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Medicine, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Meena
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Jacob T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Painter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D005045:Etomidate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D005045:Etomidate
keywords: critical illness; etomidate; neuromuscular-blocking drug; pneumonia