title: Amy2Bcopy number variation reveals starch diet adaptations in ancient European dogs.
abstract: Extant dog and wolf DNA indicates that dog domestication was accompanied by the selection of a series of duplications on theAmy2Bgene coding for pancreatic amylase. In this study, we used a palaeogenetic approach to investigate the timing and expansion of theAmy2Bgene in the ancient dog populations of Western and Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to estimate the copy numbers of this gene for 13 ancient dog samples, dated to between 15 000 and 4000 years before present (cal. BP). This evidenced an increase ofAmy2Bcopies in ancient dogs from as early as the 7th millennium cal. BP in Southeastern Europe. We found that the gene expansion was not fixed across all dogs within this early farming context, with ancient dogs bearing between 2 and 20 diploid copies of the gene. The results also suggested that selection for the increasedAmy2Bcopy number started 7000 years cal. BP, at the latest. This expansion reflects a local adaptation that allowed dogs to thrive on a starch rich diet, especially within early farming societies, and suggests a biocultural coevolution of dog genes and human culture.
authors.affiliation: CNRS/ENS de Lyon, French National Platform of Paleogenetics, PALGENE, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France; Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Morgane
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8361-4221
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ollivier
authors.affiliation: CNRS/MNHN/SUs-UMR 7209 Archéozoologie , Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements , 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris , France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tresset
authors.affiliation: CNRS/ENS de Lyon, French National Platform of Paleogenetics, PALGENE, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France; Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Fabiola
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bastian
authors.affiliation: Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes , CNRS-UMR6290, Université de Rennes1, 35000 Rennes , France.
authors.forename: Laetitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lagoutte
authors.affiliation: Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology , Uppsala University , 75237 Uppsala , Sweden.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6748-5450
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Axelsson
authors.affiliation: Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology , Uppsala University , 75237 Uppsala , Sweden.
authors.forename: Maja-Louise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Arendt
authors.affiliation: The National Museum of Romanian History , 12 Calea Victoriei, 030026 Bucharest , Romania.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bălăşescu
authors.affiliation: CNRS/MNHN/SUs-UMR 7209 Archéozoologie , Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements , 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris , France.
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marshour
authors.affiliation: Russian Academy of Science , Zoological Institute , Saint Petersburg , Russia.
authors.forename: Mikhail V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Sablin
authors.affiliation: CNRS/ENS , Aoroc, 45 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris , France.
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salanova
authors.affiliation: CNRS/MNHN/SUs-UMR 7209 Archéozoologie , Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements , 55 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris , France.
authors.forename: Jean-Denis
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Vigne
authors.affiliation: Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes , CNRS-UMR6290, Université de Rennes1, 35000 Rennes , France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hitte
authors.affiliation: CNRS/ENS de Lyon, French National Platform of Paleogenetics, PALGENE, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France; Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hänni
keywords: Neolithic; amylase; dog; domestication; palaeogenomics