title: Normal Values for Heart Electrophysiology Parameters of Healthy Swine Determined on Electrophysiology Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Swine are a well-recognized animal model for human cardiovascular diseases. Despite the widespread use of porcine model in experimental electrophysiology, still no reference values for intracardiac electrical activity and conduction parameters determined during an invasive electrophysiology study (EPS) have been developed in this species thus far.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to develop a set of normal values for intracardiac electrical activity and conduction parameters determined during an invasive EPS of swine.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 36 healthy domestic swine (24-40 kg body weight). EPS was performed under a general anesthesia with midazolam, propofol and isoflurane. The reference values for intracardiac electrical activity and conduction parameters were calculated as arithmetic means ± 2 standard deviations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The reference values were determined for AH, HV and PA intervals, interatrial conduction time at its own and imposed rhythm, sinus node recovery time (SNRT), corrected sinus node recovery time (CSNRT), anterograde and retrograde Wenckebach points, atrial, atrioventricular node and ventricular refractory periods. No significant correlations were found between body weight and heart rate of the examined pigs and their electrophysiological parameters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hereby presented reference values can be helpful in comparing the results of various studies, as well as in more accurately estimating the values of electrophysiological parameters that can be expected in a given experiment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noszczyk-Nowak
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland.
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cepiel
authors.affiliation: Center for Experimental Diagnostics and Biomedical Innovations, Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janiszewski
authors.affiliation: DEMONSTRATOR+, Administrative and Financial Office at the Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pasławski
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Poland.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gajek
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland.
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Pasławska
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland.|DEMONSTRATOR+, Administrative and Financial Office at the Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland.
authors.forename: Józef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicpoń
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods*; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D034421:Sus scrofa
keywords: electrophysiology study; heart; reference values; swine