title: Altered Long- and Short-Range Functional Connectivity in Patients with Betel Quid Dependence: A Resting-State Functional MRI Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Addiction is a chronic relapsing brain disease. Brain structural abnormalities may constitute an abnormal neural network that underlies the risk of drug dependence. We hypothesized that individuals with Betel Quid Dependence (BQD) have functional connectivity alterations that can be described by long- and short-range functional connectivity density(FCD) maps.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested this hypothesis using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from subjects of the Han ethnic group in Hainan, China. Here, we examined BQD individuals (n = 33) and age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls (HCs) (n = 32) in a rs-fMRI study to observe FCD alterations associated with the severity of BQD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with HCs, long-range FCD was decreased in the right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and increased in the left cerebellum posterior lobe (CPL) and bilateral inferior parietal lobule (IPL) in the BQD group. Short-range FCD was reduced in the right ACC and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and increased in the left CPL. The short-range FCD alteration in the right ACC displayed a negative correlation with the Betel Quid Dependence Scale (BQDS) (r=-0.432, P=0.012), and the long-range FCD alteration of left IPL showed a positive correlation with the duration of BQD(r=0.519, P=0.002) in BQD individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  fMRI revealed differences in long- and short- range FCD in BQD individuals, and these alterations might be due to BQ chewing, BQ dependency, or risk factors for developing BQD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jianjun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Guangming
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Shixiong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Mengjie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology*; D010087:Oxides / Q000009:adverse effects*; D031701:Piper / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D010087:Oxides; D010936:Plant Extracts; C495400:lime-piper betel quid