title: Effects of tetramethylpyrazine from Chinese black vinegar on antioxidant and hypolipidemia activities in HepG2 cells.
abstract: Tetramethylpyrazine is a bioactive compound found in Chinese black vinegar. This work is to investigate the potential effects of tetramethylpyrazine on intracellular cholesterol modulation in HepG2 cells. The results demonstrated that tetramethylpyrazine can induce intracellular cholesterol efflux. Tetramethylpyrazine may also improve endothelial function through its antioxidant effects by inhibiting reactive oxygen species levels and increasing the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. Tetramethylpyrazine increased liver X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene expression in HepG2 cells. Protein expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 was up-regulated in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The biological significance of tetramethylpyrazine may involve hypolipidemic effects via modulation of intracellular cholesterol efflux, ROS inhibition, increases in SOD and CAT activities, and direct regulation of PPAR and LXR gene expression. Tetramethylpyrazine may improve lipid profiles by elevating the PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1 pathway.
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forest University, 15 Shangxiadian Rd, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Jicheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forest University, 15 Shangxiadian Rd, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China.
authors.forename: Jingjing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forest University, 15 Shangxiadian Rd, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China.
authors.forename: Huifang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Ruihai
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forest University, 15 Shangxiadian Rd, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau. Electronic address: jianboxiao@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Jianbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D064286:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C577836:ABCA1 protein, human; D064286:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1; D000975:Antioxidants; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D047495:PPAR gamma; D011719:Pyrazines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002784:Cholesterol; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D019342:Acetic Acid; C017953:tetramethylpyrazine
keywords: Anti-oxidation; Cholesterol efflux; Hypolipidemic; Liver X receptor; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; Tetramethylpyrazine