title: Qualitative Development of a Discrete Choice Experiment for Physical Activity Interventions to Improve Knee Osteoarthritis.
abstract: To describe the qualitative process used to develop attributes and attribute levels for inclusion in a discrete choice experiments (DCE) for older adult physical activity interventions.
  
  
  
  Five focus groups (n=41) were conducted, grounded in the Health Action Process Approach framework. Discussion emphasized identification and prioritization attributes for a DCE on physical activity. Semi-structured interviews (n=6) investigated attribute levels and lay-language for the DCE. A focus group with physical activity researchers and health care providers was the final stakeholder group used to establish a comprehensive approach for the generation of attributes and levels. A DCE pilot test (n=8) was then conducted with individuals of the target patient population. All transcripts were analyzed using a constant comparative approach.
  
  
  
  General community and university-based research setting.
  
  
  
  Volunteers (N=55) aged >45 years with knee pain, aches, or stiffness for at least 1 month over the previous 12 months.
  
  
  
  Not applicable.
  
  
  
  Interview guides, attributes, attribute levels, and discrete choice experiment.
  
  
  
  The most influential identified attributes for physical activity were time, effort, cost, convenience, enjoyment, and health benefits. Each attribute had 3 levels that were understandable in the pilot test of the DCE.
  
  
  
  The identification of 6 physical activity attributes that are most salient to adults with knee osteoarthritis resulted from a systematic qualitative process, including attribute-ranking exercises. A DCE will provide insight into the relative importance of these attributes for participating in physical activity, which can guide intervention development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Center for Healthcare Studies, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL. Electronic address: daniel-pinto@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Margaret K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Danilovich
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Center for Healthcare Studies, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Finn
authors.affiliation: Center for Healthcare Studies, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Rowland W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Center for Healthcare Studies, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Jane L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Holl
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Center for Rehabilitation Outcomes Research, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Allen W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Heinemann
authors.affiliation: Department of Marketing, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bockenholt
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002755:Choice Behavior; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D057240:Patient Preference / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Decision support techniques; Exercise; Knee; Osteoarthritis; Rehabilitation