title: Associations of Maternal Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy with Offspring Adiposity from Birth Until 54 Months of Age.
abstract: Most studies linking maternal diet with offspring adiposity have focused on single nutrients or foods, but a dietary pattern approach is more representative of the overall diet. We thus aimed to investigate the relations between maternal dietary patterns and offspring adiposity in a multi-ethnic Asian mother-offspring cohort in Singapore. We derived maternal dietary patterns using maternal dietary intake information at 26-28 weeks of gestation, of which associations with offspring body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference (AC), subscapular skinfold (SS), and triceps skinfold (TS) were assessed using longitudinal data analysis (linear mixed effects (LME)) and multiple linear regression at ages 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 months. Three dietary patterns were derived: (1) vegetables-fruit-and-white rice (VFR); (2) seafood-and-noodles (SfN); and (3) pasta-cheese-and-bread (PCB). In the LME model adjusting for potential confounders, each standard deviation (SD) increase in maternal VFR pattern score was associated with 0.09 mm lower offspring TS. Individual time-point analysis additionally revealed that higher VFR score was generally associated with lower postnatal offspring BMIz-score, TS, SS, and sum of skinfolds (SS + TS) at ages 18 months and older. Maternal adherence to a dietary pattern characterized by higher intakes of fruit and vegetables and lower intakes of fast food was associated with lower offspring adiposity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. paeclw@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Ling-Wei
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore. Izzuddin_Aris@sics.a-star.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Izzuddin M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Aris
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore. Jonathan_Bernard@sics.a-star.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Jonathan Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. obgmtt@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Mya-Thway
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tint
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. chiaairu@u.nus.edu.
authors.forename: Airu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chia
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore. marjorelee_colega@sics.a-star.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Marjorelee
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colega
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore. pd.gluckman@auckland.ac.nz.|Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. pd.gluckman@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Gluckman
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. lynette_shek@nuhs.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Lynette Pei-Chi
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Shek
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore. seang_mei_saw@nuhs.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Seang-Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore. yap_seng_chong@nuhs.edu.sg.|Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. yap_seng_chong@nuhs.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Yap-Seng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore. fabian.yap.k.p@singhealth.com.sg.|Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore 169857, Singapore. fabian.yap.k.p@singhealth.com.sg.
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.affiliation: MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit & NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK. kmg@mrc.soton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Godfrey
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore. rob_martinus_van_dam@nuhs.edu.sg.|Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. rob_martinus_van_dam@nuhs.edu.sg.|Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. rob_martinus_van_dam@nuhs.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Rob M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Dam
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore. ephmcff@nus.edu.sg.|Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore. ephmcff@nus.edu.sg.|Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore 117599, Singapore. ephmcff@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Mary Foong-Fong
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. yung_seng_lee@nuhs.edu.sg.|Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore. yung_seng_lee@nuhs.edu.sg.|Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore. yung_seng_lee@nuhs.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Yung Seng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D008875:Middle Aged; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012846:Singapore; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D005492:Folic Acid
keywords: BMI; adiposity; children; developmental origins of health and diseases; dietary patterns; fruit; pregnancy; subscapular skinfold; triceps skinfold; vegetables