title: Tumescent Anesthesia in Skin- and Nipple-sparing Mastectomy: Results of a Prospective Clinical Study.
abstract: The tumescent mastectomy technique has been used to facilitate dissection of subcutaneous tissue and mammary gland in order to reduce intraoperative bleeding and speed the operation.
  
  
  
  A prospective clinical study was performed on 30 female patients undergoing immediate breast reconstructions after skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) or nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) in order to assess early postoperative complications, pain, and final esthetic outcome of skin flaps related to tumescent anesthesia (TA).
  
  
  
  TA significantly speeded-up the operative procedure (131±49.99 vs. 180.5±67.15 min; p=0.03) achieving less skin damage compared to patients who did not have TA (p=0.045); moreover, no significant difference occurred with regard to the length of in-hospital stay and overall lymphatic drainage.
  
  
  
  The length of the operation as well as the final cosmetic outcome of skin flaps was significantly improved due to TA, with no appreciable side-effects.
authors.affiliation: Breast Surgery, Breast Unit, University of Genoa, School of Medicine, San Martino Hospital and National Cancer Institute, Genoa, Italy marco.gipponi@hsanmartino.it.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gipponi
authors.affiliation: Plastic Surgery, Breast Unit, University of Genoa, School of Medicine, San Martino Hospital and National Cancer Institute, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baldelli
authors.affiliation: Breast Surgery, Breast Unit, University of Genoa, School of Medicine, San Martino Hospital and National Cancer Institute, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Atzori
authors.affiliation: Breast Surgery, Breast Unit, University of Genoa, School of Medicine, San Martino Hospital and National Cancer Institute, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fregatti
authors.affiliation: Breast Surgery, Breast Unit, University of Genoa, School of Medicine, San Martino Hospital and National Cancer Institute, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Murelli
authors.affiliation: Plastic Surgery, Breast Unit, University of Genoa, School of Medicine, San Martino Hospital and National Cancer Institute, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pesce
authors.affiliation: Breast Surgery, Breast Unit, University of Genoa, School of Medicine, San Martino Hospital and National Cancer Institute, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Margarino
authors.affiliation: Breast Surgery, Breast Unit, University of Genoa, School of Medicine, San Martino Hospital and National Cancer Institute, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Depaoli
authors.affiliation: Breast Surgery, Breast Unit, University of Genoa, School of Medicine, San Martino Hospital and National Cancer Institute, Genoa, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009558:Nipples / Q000601:surgery; D061646:Operative Time; D010149:Postoperative Pain; D012867:Skin; D013524:Surgical Flaps
chemical_list: D004837:Epinephrine
keywords: Breast cancer; breast reconstruction; tumescent anesthesia