title: ADHD Traits in German School-Aged Children: Validation of the German Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHS Symptoms and Normal Behavior (SWAN-DE) Scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHS-Symptoms and Normal Behavior (SWAN) Scale has been developed to support the dimensional assessment of ADHD symptoms by capturing variance on both poles of the ADHD continuum. The present study provides the first validation of the German version of SWAN (SWAN-DE).
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on a sample of N1= 343 children from the general population and N2= 62 children with ADHD, both aged between 8 and 18 years, normality, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and different validity indices were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SWAN was characterized by normally distributed scores, good to excellent reliability, and factorial validity. It showed high diagnostic utility in discriminating between patients with ADHD and healthy controls and significant correlations to related clinical scales and neuropsychological constructs, such as intra-subject variability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study reveals the excellent psychometric properties of SWAN-DE, which can now be usefully applied in the German-speaking countries as well as in cross-national studies.
authors.affiliation: 1 Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Yoanna
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Schulz-Zhecheva
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany.|3 Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Voelkle
authors.affiliation: 4 Institute of Psychology, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beauducel
authors.affiliation: 1 Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Nadja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Buch
authors.affiliation: 1 Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fleischhaker
authors.affiliation: 5 Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.affiliation: 6 School of Psychology, Bangor University, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher W N
authors.initials: CWN
authors.lastname: Saville
authors.affiliation: 1 Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biscaldi
authors.affiliation: 1 Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany.|5 Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany.|6 School of Psychology, Bangor University, UK.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D000067290:Behavior Rating Scale / Q000592:standards*; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000592:standards; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D063189:Symptom Assessment / Q000379:methods*
keywords: ADHD; SWAN; behavioral assessment; rating scales; symptomatology