title: Transcranial Low-Level Laser (Light) Therapy for Brain Injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) or photobiomodulation (PBM) is a possible treatment for brain injury, including traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  We review the fundamental mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level and the effects on the brain are discussed. There are several contributing processes that have been proposed to lead to the beneficial effects of PBM in treating TBI such as stimulation of neurogenesis, a decrease in inflammation, and neuroprotection. Both animal and clinical trials for ischemic stroke are outlined. A number of articles have shown how transcranial LLLT (tLLLT) is effective at increasing memory, learning, and the overall neurological performance in rodent models with TBI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our laboratory has conducted three different studies on the effects of tLLLT on mice with TBI. The first studied pulsed against continuous laser irradiation, finding that 10 Hz pulsed was the best. The second compared four different wavelengths, discovering only 660 and 810 nm to have any effectiveness, whereas 732 and 980 nm did not. The third looked at varying regimens of daily laser treatments (1, 3, and 14 days) and found that 14 laser applications was excessive. We also review several studies of the effects of tLLLT on neuroprogenitor cells, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and synaptogenesis, immediate early response knockout mice, and tLLLT in combination therapy with metabolic inhibitors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Finally, some clinical studies in TBI patients are covered.
authors.affiliation: 1 Harvard College , Cambridge, Massachusetts.|2 Wellman Center for Photomedicine , Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Connor
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thunshelle
authors.affiliation: 2 Wellman Center for Photomedicine , Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.|3 Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts.|4 Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hamblin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy / Q000379:methods; D051379:Mice; D008875:Middle Aged; D020521:Stroke / Q000532:radiotherapy
keywords: brain disorders; low-level laser therapy; photobiomodulation; stroke; traumatic brain injury