title: Androgen Deficiency in Aging Male Questionnaire for the Clinical Detection of Testosterone Deficiency in a Population of Black Sub-Saharan African Men with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Is it a Reliable Tool?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Androgen Deficiency in Aging Male (ADAM) questionnaire is increasingly popular for the evaluation of testosterone deficiency (TD) in Sub-Saharan African men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, its reliability in this population is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the reliability of the ADAM questionnaire for the clinical detection of testosterone deficiency in Sub-Saharan African men with T2DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Total testosterone < 8nmol/L was used as gold standard for diagnosis of TD in a crosssectional survey of 200 males with T2DM aged 30-69 years. Participants also completed the Saint Louis University ADAM questionnaire whereby TD was diagnosed by a "yes" answer to question 1 (reduced libido) or 7 (erectile dysfunction) or any other three questions. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and overall accuracy of the ADAM tool were computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the participants was 58.0 ± 8.8 years. 142 subjects (71.0%) had TD based on the ADAM questionnaire. However, TD was biochemically confirmed in 59 subjects (29.5%). ADAM questionnaire rendered sensitivity of 88.1%, specificity of 44.7%, PPV of 50.0%, NPV of 85.7% and accuracy of 61.4%. Low libido alone had better specificity (75.5%) and accuracy (73.2%) than the entire questionnaire.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite an impressive sensitivity, the low specificity and overall accuracy of the ADAM questionnaire makes it unreliable for the detection of AD in Sub-Saharan African men with type 2 DM. However, presence of a sustained low libido appears to be a reliable pointer to underlying testosterone deficiency requiring biochemical confirmation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ejiofor T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Ugwu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Rosemary T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Ikem
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood*; D000728:Androgens / Q000172:deficiency*; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology; D003940:Diagnostic Techniques, Endocrine / Q000592:standards; D015340:Epidemiologic Research Design; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D013739:Testosterone
keywords: ADAM; Africa; Nigeria; androgen; testosterone; type 2 diabetes.