title: Pre-meal screen-time activities increase subjective emotions, but not food intake in young girls.
abstract: To determine the effect of pre-meal screen-time activities on subjective emotions, subjective appetite, and food intake (FI) in 9-14 year-old girls.
  
  
  
  In this clinical study, 31 girls completed four 45-min treatment conditions of television viewing (TVV), video game playing (VGP), a challenging computer task (CT), and sitting without screen exposure (control) in a randomized order. Each treatment condition was followed immediately by an ad libitum pizza lunch, and FI was calculated from the weight of the consumed pizza. Subjective appetite was assessed at baseline, 15, 30, and 45 min during the treatment condition, and upon trial completion at 75 min. Subjective emotions were assessed at baseline and at 45 min.
  
  
  
  FI was not affected by screen type, but was positively correlated with body composition (fat mass [FM, kg], fat free mass [FFM, kg]) in all treatment conditions. Subjective appetite was not affected by screen type, but increased with time in all treatment conditions (p < 0.0001). Subjective emotions were affected by VGP only. Anger, excitement, frustration, and upset feelings were increased at 45 min following VGP. VGP led to increased frustration compared to control (p = 0.0003), CT (p = 0.007) and TVV (p = 0.0002).
  
  
  
  Exposure to TVV or CT before eating did not affect subjective emotions, subjective appetite, or FI, and no difference was found between screen activities and the control condition for average appetite or FI. Despite a change in subjective emotions during the VGP condition, there was no increase in subjective appetite or subsequent FI. These findings suggest that physiologic signals of satiation and satiety are not overridden by environmental stimuli of pre-meal screen-time exposure among young girls. (Clinical trial number NCT01750177).
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada.
authors.forename: Julia O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Totosy de Zepetnek
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3M 2J6, Canada.
authors.forename: Damion
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.affiliation: Division of Kinesiology, Dalhousie University, 6230 South St, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
authors.forename: Jo M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.affiliation: Applied Human Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rossiter
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
authors.forename: Shiva
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faghih
authors.affiliation: School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 2K3, Canada. Electronic address: nick.bellissimo@ryerson.ca.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bellissimo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001066:Appetite; D001823:Body Composition; D002648:Child; D003201:Computers; D004435:Eating / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D062409:Lunch; D011897:Random Allocation; D013690:Television; D013997:Time Factors; D018910:Video Games / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Appetite; Emotions; Food intake; Girls; Screen-time activities