title: The Role of Online Social Support in Supporting and Educating Parents of Young Children With Special Health Care Needs in the United States: A Scoping Review.
abstract: When parents of young children with special health care needs (CSHCN) receive their child's diagnosis, they encounter information they may not understand, emotions they may not know how to cope with, and questions about their child's immediate and long-term future that frequently lack answers. The challenge of health care providers is how to prepare parents for caring for their CSHCN, for coping with any resulting challenges, and for accessing the systems and services that can assist them.
  
  
  
  The purpose of this work was to review evidence of the information and support needs of parents of young CSHCN and to determine whether online social support can serve as an avenue for learning and empowerment for these parents.
  
  
  
  A scoping review identified the challenges, coping mechanisms, and support needs among parents of CSHCN, and the reach and effectiveness of digital technologies with these families and health care providers. We also conducted interviews with professionals serving parents of CSHCN.
  
  
  
  The literature review and interviews suggested that parents best learn the information they need, and cope with the emotional challenges of raising a CSHCN, with support from other parents of CSHCN, and that young parents in recent years have most often been finding this parent-to-parent support through digital media, particularly social media, consistent with the theory of online social support. Evidence also shows that social media, particularly Facebook, is used by nearly all women aged 18-29 years across racial and socioeconomic lines in the United States.
  
  
  
  Parents of young CSHCN experience significant stress but gain understanding, receive support, and develop the ability to care for and be advocates for their child through parent-to-parent emotional and informational social support. Online social support is most effective with young adults of childbearing age, with social media and apps being the most useful within the theoretical framework of social support. This opens new opportunities to effectively educate and support parents of young CSHCN. Providers seeking to inform, educate, and support families of CSHCN should develop strategies to help parents find and use social support through digital resources to facilitate their emotional adjustment and practical abilities to care for and access services for their child.
authors.affiliation: Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University Health Physicians, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2695-5978
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: DeHoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
authors.forename: Lisa K
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6056-4153
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Staten
authors.affiliation: Riley Child Development Center, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
authors.forename: Rylin Christine
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9768-7333
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.affiliation: Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
authors.forename: Scott C
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7512-3449
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Denne
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000592:standards*; D019988:Children with Disabilities / Q000193:education*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education*; D012944:Social Support; D014481:United States
keywords: child; disability; early childhood; family; health communication; health education; health resources; maternal-child health services; neonatal intensive care unit; social media