title: Transcranial Doppler Monitoring of Intracranial Pressure Plateau Waves.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcranial Doppler (TCD) has been used to estimate ICP noninvasively (nICP); however, its accuracy varies depending on different types of intracranial hypertension. Given the high specificity of TCD to detect cerebrovascular events, this study aimed to compare four TCD-based nICP methods during plateau waves of ICP.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 36 plateau waves were identified in 27 patients (traumatic brain injury) with TCD, ICP, and ABP simultaneous recordings. The nICP methods were based on: (1) interaction between flow velocity (FV) and ABP using a "black-box" mathematical model (nICP_BB); (2) diastolic FV (nICP_FVd); (3) critical closing pressure (nICP_CrCP), and (4) pulsatility index (nICP_PI). Analyses focused on relative changes in time domain between ICP and noninvasive estimators during plateau waves and the magnitude of changes (∆ between baseline and plateau) in real ICP and its estimators. A ROC analysis for an ICP threshold of 35 mmHg was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In time domain, nICP_PI, nICP_BB, and nICP_CrCP presented similar correlations: 0.80 ± 0.24, 0.78 ± 0.15, and 0.78 ± 0.30, respectively. nICP_FVdpresented a weaker correlation (R = 0.62 ± 0.46). Correlations between ∆ICP and ∆nICP were better represented by nICP_CrCP and BB, R = 0.48, 0.44 (p < 0.05), respectively. nICP_FVdand PI presented nonsignificant ∆ correlations. ROC analysis showed moderate to good areas under the curve for all methods: nICP_BB, 0.82; nICP_FVd, 0.77; nICP_CrCP, 0.79; and nICP_PI, 0.81.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes of ICP in time domain during plateau waves were replicated by nICP methods with strong correlations. In addition, the methods presented high performance for detection of intracranial hypertension. However, absolute accuracy for noninvasive ICP assessment using TCD is still low and requires further improvement.
authors.affiliation: Brain Physics Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. dac69@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Danilo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cardim
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Brain Physics Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.|Neurosciences Critical Care Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robba
authors.affiliation: Brain Physics Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine Hospital, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Corina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Puppo
authors.affiliation: Brain Physics Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.|Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Czosnyka
authors.affiliation: Brain Physics Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Smielewski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D062186:Arterial Pressure; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D007427:Intracranial Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064926:Neurophysiological Monitoring / Q000592:standards*; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial / Q000592:standards*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ICP plateau waves; Noninvasive ICP; Transcranial Doppler; Traumatic brain injury