title: Outdoor air pollution and risk for kidney parenchyma cancer in 14 European cohorts.
abstract: Several studies have indicated weakly increased risk for kidney cancer among occupational groups exposed to gasoline vapors, engine exhaust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other air pollutants, although not consistently. It was the aim to investigate possible associations between outdoor air pollution at the residence and the incidence of kidney parenchyma cancer in the general population. We used data from 14 European cohorts from the ESCAPE study. We geocoded and assessed air pollution concentrations at baseline addresses by land-use regression models for particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, PMcoarse, PM2.5absorbance (soot)) and nitrogen oxides (NO2, NOx), and collected data on traffic. We used Cox regression models with adjustment for potential confounders for cohort-specific analyses and random effects models for meta-analyses to calculate summary hazard ratios (HRs). The 289,002 cohort members contributed 4,111,908 person-years at risk. During follow-up (mean 14.2 years) 697 incident cancers of the kidney parenchyma were diagnosed. The meta-analyses showed higher HRs in association with higher PM concentration, e.g. HR = 1.57 (95%CI: 0.81-3.01) per 5 μg/m3PM2.5and HR = 1.36 (95%CI: 0.84-2.19) per 10-5m-1PM2.5absorbance, albeit never statistically significant. The HRs in association with nitrogen oxides and traffic density on the nearest street were slightly above one. Sensitivity analyses among participants who did not change residence during follow-up showed stronger associations, but none were statistically significant. Our study provides suggestive evidence that exposure to outdoor PM at the residence may be associated with higher risk for kidney parenchyma cancer; the results should be interpreted cautiously as associations may be due to chance.
authors.affiliation: The Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Raaschou-Nielsen
authors.affiliation: The Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.|Department of Public Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Screening, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Marie
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authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Local Health Unit ASL RM1, Rome, Italy.|Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Massimo
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Gudrun
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authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Centre for Epidemiology and Screening, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Zorana J
authors.initials: ZJ
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authors.affiliation: Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
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authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johan
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authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bertil
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authors.affiliation: Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Bente
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authors.affiliation: Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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authors.initials: NH
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authors.affiliation: Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Gunn Marit
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Aasvang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Andrei
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Göran
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Michal
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulf
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authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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authors.initials: NL
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authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Claes-Göran
authors.initials: CG
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authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology Care Science and Society, Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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authors.affiliation: The Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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authors.affiliation: The Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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authors.affiliation: The Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.|MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Petra H
authors.initials: PH
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authors.affiliation: MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.|Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.|Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: H B As
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Bueno-de-Mesquita
authors.affiliation: MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
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authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.|Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Bregenz, Austria.
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authors.affiliation: Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine, Bregenz, Austria.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Meng
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authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.|Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ming-Yi
authors.initials: MY
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authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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authors.affiliation: Unit of Epidemiology & Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
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authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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authors.affiliation: Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Turin, Italy.|Unit of Epidemiology, Regional Health Service ASL TO3, Grugliasco, Italy.
authors.forename: Fulvio
authors.initials: F
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authors.affiliation: Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlotta
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authors.forename: Enrica
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authors.affiliation: ISGlobal Institute de Salut Global Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ibon
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authors.lastname: Tamayo
authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Public Health Department of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.
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authors.affiliation: CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.|Public Health Department of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain.
authors.forename: Miren
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authors.affiliation: Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ranjeet
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authors.affiliation: Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ingeborg
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authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Kees
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authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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authors.affiliation: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.|University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marloes
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authors.affiliation: MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.|Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roel
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authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.affiliation: MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.|Molecular end Epidemiology Unit, HuGeF, Human Genetics Foundation, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
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authors.lastname: Vineis
authors.affiliation: Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005742:Gasoline; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter; D012307:Risk Factors; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005742:Gasoline; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions