title: Elevated levels of epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 predicts poor prognosis for prostate cancer.
abstract: Epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 (Ect2) was originally reported as an oncogene that is involved in several types of human cancers. However, little is known about its expression and function in prostate cancer. Immunohistochemical staining for Ect2 was performed on a human tissue microarray. The staining intensity was analyzed in association with clinical pathological parameters such as Gleason score, pathological grade, clinical stage, tumor invasion, lymph node and distant metastasis. Furthermore, we repeated such analysis and investigated the prognostic value of Ect2 using the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) Dataset. Our immunohistochemical results showed that the expression levels of Ect2 protein were enhanced in human prostate cancer tissues. There existed positive correlations between the expression levels of Ect2 and several clinicopathological parameters, including advanced clinical stage, enhanced tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis. Similarly, we found that the expression levels of Ect2 were positively related to Gleason score, tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis and high distant metastasis in the TCGA Dataset. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that lower levels of Ect2 mRNA predicted higher overall survivals and biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free survivals in all patients or non-metastatic patients. Multivariate analysis by Cox regression showed that the expression of Ect2 could be an independent prognostic marker of poor BCR-free survivals. Therefore, levels of Ect2 may serve as a novel marker for the diagnosis or prognosis of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
authors.forename: Zhenghui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
authors.forename: Xianju
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.|Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
authors.forename: Dingjun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
authors.forename: Yiming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
authors.forename: Wanhua
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
authors.forename: Chunhao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Center for Translational Cancer Research, Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA. lliu@ibt.tamhsc.edu.|Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. lliu@ibt.tamhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Leyuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. huanghai257@126.com.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. huanghai257@126.com.|Center for Translational Cancer Research, Texas A&M Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA. huanghai257@126.com.
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis
chemical_list: C489850:ECT2 protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger
keywords: Biochemical recurrence-free survival; Ect2; Metastasis; Overall survival; Prognosis; Prostate cancer