title: Glycosides from edible sea cucumbers stimulate macrophages via purinergic receptors.
abstract: Since ancient times, edible sea cucumbers have been considered a jewel of the seabed and used in Asian folk medicine for stimulation of resistance against different diseases. However, the power of this sea food has not been established on a molecular level. A particular group of triterpene glycosides was found to be characteristic metabolites of the animals, responsible for this biological action. Using one of them, cucumarioside A2-2 (CA2-2) from the edible Cucumaria japonica species as an example as well as inhibitory analysis, patch-clamp on single macrophages, small interfering RNA technique, immunoblotting, SPR analysis, computer modeling and other methods, we demonstrate low doses of CA2-2 specifically to interact with P2X receptors (predominantly P2X4) on membranes of mature macrophages, enhancing the reversible ATP-dependent Ca2+intake and recovering Ca2+transport at inactivation of these receptors. As result, interaction of glycosides of this type with P2X receptors leads to activation of cellular immunity.
authors.affiliation: G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.
authors.forename: Dmitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aminin
authors.affiliation: G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.
authors.forename: Evgeny
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pislyagin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
authors.forename: Maxim
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Astashev
authors.affiliation: G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.
authors.forename: Andrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Es'kov
authors.affiliation: G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.
authors.forename: Valery
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kozhemyako
authors.affiliation: G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.
authors.forename: Sergei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Avilov
authors.affiliation: G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zelepuga
authors.affiliation: G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.
authors.forename: Ekaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yurchenko
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, 119121, Russia.
authors.forename: Leonid
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kaluzhskiy
authors.affiliation: G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kozlovskaya
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, 119121, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ivanov
authors.affiliation: G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.
authors.forename: Valentin
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stonik
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D048016:Cucumaria / Q000737:chemistry*; D006027:Glycosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D058469:Receptors, Purinergic P2X / Q000378:metabolism*; D012503:Saponins / Q000494:pharmacology; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D006027:Glycosides; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D058469:Receptors, Purinergic P2X; D012503:Saponins; D014315:Triterpenes; C539161:cucumarioside A2-2; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D002118:Calcium