title: Near-Infrared Spectroscopy based Neurofeedback of Prefrontal Cortex Activity: A Proof-of-Concept Study.
abstract: Neurofeedback is a promising tool for treatment and rehabilitation of several patient groups. In this proof of principle study, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) based neurofeedback of frontal cortical areas was investigated in healthy adults. Main aims were the assessment of learning, the effects on performance in a working memory (n-back) task and the impact of applied strategies on regulation. 13 healthy participants underwent eight sessions of NIRS based neurofeedback within 2 weeks to learn to voluntarily up-regulate hemodynamic activity in prefrontal areas. An n-back task in pre-/post measurements was used to monitor neurocognitive changes. Mean oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb) amplitudes over the course of the sessions as well as during the n-back task were evaluated. 12 out of 13 participants were able to regulate their frontal hemodynamic response via NIRS neurofeedback. However, no systematic learning effects were observed in frontal O2Hb amplitudes over the training course in our healthy sample. We found an impact of applied strategies in only 5 out of 13 subjects. Regarding the n-back task, neurofeedback appeared to induce more focused and specific brain activation compared to pre-training measurement. NIRS based neurofeedback is a feasible and potentially effective method, with an impact on activation patterns in a working memory task. Ceiling effects might explain the lack of a systematic learning pattern in healthy subjects. Clinical studies are needed to show effects in patients exhibiting pathological deviations in prefrontal function.
authors.affiliation: Psychophysiology and Optical Imaging, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of TuebingenTuebingen, Germany; Graduate School of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, University of TuebingenTuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Beatrix
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Strehl
authors.affiliation: Psychophysiology and Optical Imaging, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of TuebingenTuebingen, Germany; Werner Reichardt Centre for Neuroscience, University of TuebingenTuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fallgatter
authors.affiliation: Psychophysiology and Optical Imaging, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of TuebingenTuebingen, Germany; Graduate School LEAD, University of TuebingenTuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ann-Christine
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ehlis
keywords: NIRS neurofeedback; healthy; learning effects; near-infrared spectroscopy; prefrontal cortex