title: Lymphatic drainage patterns of oral maxillary tumors: Approachable locations of sentinel lymph nodes mainly at the cervical neck level.
abstract: There is debate if the lymphatic drainage pattern of oral maxillary cancer is to the retropharyngeal lymph nodes or to the cervical lymph nodes. Insight in drainage patterns is important for the indication for neck treatment. The purpose of this study was to identify the lymphatic drainage pattern of oral maxillary cancer via preoperative lymphoscintigraphy.
  
  
  
  Eleven consecutive patients with oral maxillary cancer treated in our center between December 1, 2012, and April 22, 2016 were studied. Sentinel lymph nodes identified by preoperative lymphoscintigraphy after injection of99mTc-nanocolloid and by intraoperative detection using a γ-probe, were surgically removed and histopathologically examined.
  
  
  
  In 10 patients, sentinel lymph nodes were detected and harvested at cervical levels I, II, or III in the neck. In 2 patients, a parapharyngeal sentinel lymph node was detected. One of the harvested sentinel lymph nodes (1/19) was tumor positive.
  
  
  
  This study suggests the likelihood of 73% of exclusively cervical level I to III sentinel lymph nodes in oral maxillary cancer. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 486-491, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.|Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Koos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boeve
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kees-Pieter
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Schepman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bert van der
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Vegt
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ed
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schuuring
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Roodenburg
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Adrienne H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Brouwers
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Max J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Witjes
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D061305:Lymphoscintigraphy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008441:Maxillary Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D009333:Neck / Q000601:surgery; D009426:Netherlands; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D000071036:Sentinel Lymph Node / Q000473:pathology; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D000072098:Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Computed Tomography; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: lymphatic drainage pattern; lymphoscintigraphy; oral maxillary cancer; sentinel lymph node; sentinel lymph node biopsy