title: Risk factors for equine fractures in Thoroughbred flat racing in North America.
abstract: The aim of this paper is to identify risk factors associated with equine fractures in flat horse racing of Thoroughbreds in North America. Equine fractures were defined as any fracture sustained by a horse during a race. This was a cohort study that made use of all starts from the racecourses reporting injuries. The analysis was based on 2,201,152 racing starts that represent 91% of all official racing starts in the USA and Canada from 1st January 2009-31st December 2014. Approximately 3,990,000 workout starts made by the 171,523 Thoroughbreds that raced during that period were also included in the analysis. During this period the incidence of equine fractures was 2 per 1000 starts. The final multivariable logistic regression models identified risk factors significantly associated (p<0.05) with equine fracture. For example, horses were found to have a 32% higher chance of sustaining a fracture when racing on a dirt surface compared to a synthetic surface; a 35% higher chance if they had sustained a previous injury during racing and a 47% higher chance was also found for stallions compared to mares and geldings. Furthermore, logistic regression models based on data available only from the period 2009-2013 were used to predict the probability of a Thoroughbred sustaining a fracture for 2014. The 5% of starts that had the highest score in our predictive models for 2014 were found to have 2.4 times (95% CI: 1.9-2.9) higher fracture prevalence than the mean fracture prevalence of 2014. The results of this study can be used to identify horses at higher risk on entering a race and could help inform the design and implementation of preventive measures aimed at minimising the number of Thoroughbreds sustaining fractures during racing in North America.
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK. Electronic address: s.georgopoulos.1@research.gla.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Stamatis Panagiotis
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Georgopoulos
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
authors.forename: Tim D H
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Parkin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006736:Horses / Q000293:injuries*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009656:North America / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Equine epidemiology; Horse racing; Logistic regression; Risk factor analysis