title: Relative Toxicity of Two Aphicides to Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Implications for Integrated Management of Sugarcane Aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Hemiptera: Aphididae).
abstract: Flupyradifurone and sulfoxaflor present novel insecticide chemistries with particular efficacy against aphids, and the recent emergence of sugarcane aphid, Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner), as a pest of sorghum in the United States has resulted in their widespread use. We examined their toxicity to Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, an important aphid biocontrol agent. We exposed beetles to topical applications of the field rate (FR) of these insecticides, fed them contaminated food (eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller), and gave first-instar larvae 24-h exposures to leaf residues. More than half of fourth-instar larvae receiving topical applications of sulfoxaflor at FR survived, whereas flupyradifurone at 0.1× FR caused 90% mortality. Adults survived topical treatments better than larvae and without measurable mortality, except flupyradifurone at FR, which killed more than 80% of beetles. Survivors of all treatments had fertility similar to controls, whether treated as larvae or adults. Ingestion of contaminated food caused significant mortality in all treatments (15-40% for adults and 55-85% for larvae), with no significant differences between insecticides at FR. Leaf residues of sulfoxaflor at 1.0 and 2.0× FR caused approximately 60 and 80% mortality of first instars, respectively, whereas flupyradifurone at 0.1 and 1.0× FR caused > 90% mortality. Although sulfoxaflor was less toxic to H. convergens than flupyradifurone, the tested FR of flupyradifurone has now been reduced by half. We conclude that neither insecticide appears as toxic as other nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists, and that both materials are compatible with integrated pest management programs for M. sacchari.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Agronomia-Entomologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, Recife, Brasil.
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Colares
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Agricultural Research Center-Hays, Hays, KS, USA.|Corresponding author.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Michaud
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Agricultural Research Center-Hays, Hays, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Clint L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bain
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Agronomia-Entomologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, Recife, Brasil.
authors.forename: Jorge B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Torres
mesh_terms: D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D005260:Female; D007300:Insect Control; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000633:toxicity*; D013457:Sulfur Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011725:Pyridines; D013457:Sulfur Compounds; C560328:sulfoxaflor; C000606086:flupyradifurone; D015107:4-Butyrolactone
keywords: Flupyradifurone; leaf residue; nontarget effect; sublethal effect; sulfoxaflor