title: Viral-host interaction in kidney reveals strategies to escape host immunity and persistently shed virus to the urine.
abstract: Hepatitis A virus is one of five types of hepatotropic viruses that cause human liver disease. A similar liver disease is also identified in ducks caused by Duck Hepatitis A virus (DHAV). Notably, many types of hepatotropic viruses can be detected in urine. However, how those viruses enter into the urine is largely unexplored. To elucidate the potential mechanism, we used the avian hepatotropic virus to investigate replication strategies and immune responses in kidney until 280 days after infection. Immunohistochemistry and qPCR were used to detect viral distribution and copies in the kidney. Double staining of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells and virus and qPCR were used to investigate T cell immune responses and expression levels of cytokines. Histopathology was detected by standard HE staining. In this study, viruses were persistently located at scattered renal tubules. No CD4+ or CD8+ T cells were recruited to the kidney, which was only accompanied by transient cytokine storms. In conclusion, the extremely scattered infection was the viral strategy to escape host immunity and may persistently shed virus into urine. The deletion of Th or Tc cell responses and transient cytokine storms indeed provide an advantageous renal environment for their persistent survival.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xumin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Sai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yifan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shengyong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.affiliation: China Rural Technology Development Center, Beijing, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Guangpeng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Anchun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Mingshu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Dekang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Renyong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Mafeng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Kunfeng
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qiao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.|Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000276:immunology / Q000652:urine / Q000821:virology*; D000818:Animals; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004372:Ducks; D004371:Hepatitis Virus, Duck; D057131:Immune Evasion; D007668:Kidney / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D010849:Picornaviridae / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000652:urine / Q000821:virology*; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D013997:Time Factors; D014774:Virulence; D014779:Virus Replication; D017201:Virus Shedding
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Pathology Section; comparative immunology; duck Hepatitis A virus; kidney injury; viral distribution; virus-kidney interaction