title: The nature and extent of police use of force in encounters with people with behavioral health disorders.
abstract: Previous research studies have examined the treatment of people with mental illnesses by the police. Much available data support the adoption of the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) model. A key issue in CIT development has been reduction in the use of force by CIT officers, and it is suggested that such adoption does accomplish such reduction. However, to date, scant research compares variation in police use of force by CIT officers across populations with mental illnesses, co-occurring disorders, and substance abuse disorders, as compared to their non-disordered peers. Using data from the Portland Police Bureau, a police agency in which all patrol officers have been trained in the CIT model, we analyze whether police use-of-force differs across these groups. Police use-of-force data were collected for 4211 incidents from the Portland Police Bureau from 2008 to 2011. Results indicate that people perceived as having comorbid behavioral health disorders were generally more likely to have force used against them, and more likely to be perceived as resistant, than people that were perceived as having only substance use disorder, only mental health disorders, or no apparent behavioral health disorders. People with co-occurring disorders are more likely to be perceived as violently resisting police officers and have force used against them. Further, people with no perceived disorders are more likely to have a firearm pointed at them in use-of-force encounters, but also the least likely to be perceived as resisting.
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts Lowell, United States. Electronic address: melissa_morabito@uml.edu.
authors.forename: Melissa S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Morabito
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts Lowell, United States.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Socia
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts Lowell, United States.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wik
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts Lowell, United States.
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D003068:Coercion; D015897:Comorbidity; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003419:Crisis Intervention / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D028642:Persons with Psychiatric Disorders / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology*; D016495:Police / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Crisis intervention; Law enforcement; Substance abuse; Use of force