title: Bacteriostatic behavior of surface modulated silicon nitride in comparison to polyetheretherketone and titanium.
abstract: Perioperative and latent infections are leading causes of revision surgery for orthopaedic devices resulting in significant increased patient care, comorbidities, and attendant costs. Identifying biomaterial surfaces that inherently resist biofilm adhesion and bacterial expression is an important emerging strategy in addressing implant-related infections. This in vitro study was designed to compare biofilm formation on three biomaterials commonly employed in spinal fusion surgery-silicon nitride (Si3N4), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and a titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V-ELI) -using one gram-positive and one gram-negative bacterial species. Disc samples from various surface treated Si3N4, PEEK, and Ti6Al4V were inoculated with 105CFU/mm2Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC®14990™) or Escherichia coli (ATCC®25922™) and cultured in PBS, 7% glucose, and 10% human plasma for 24 and 48 h, followed by retrieval and rinsing. Vortexed solutions were diluted, plated, and incubated at 37 °C for 24 to 48 h. Colony forming units (CFU/mm2) were determined using applicable dilution factors and surface areas. A two-tailed, heteroscedastic Student's t-test (95% confidence) was used to determine statistical significance. The various Si3N4samples showed the most favorable bacterial resistance for both bacilli tested. The mechanisms for the bacteriostatic behavior of Si3N4are likely due to multivariate surface effects including submicron-topography, negative charging, and chemical interactions which form peroxynitrite (an oxidative agent). Si3N4is a new biomaterial with the apparent potential to inhibit biofilm formation. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1521-1534, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Amedica Corporation, 1885 W. 2100 S, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84119.
authors.forename: Ryan M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bock
authors.affiliation: Amedica Corporation, 1885 W. 2100 S, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84119.
authors.forename: Erin N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Amedica Corporation, 1885 W. 2100 S, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84119.
authors.forename: Darin A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.affiliation: Amedica Corporation, 1885 W. 2100 S, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84119.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65212.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sonny Bal
authors.affiliation: Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Matsugasaki, 606-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pezzotti
authors.affiliation: Amedica Corporation, 1885 W. 2100 S, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84119.
authors.forename: Bryan J
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7612-9789
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: McEntire
mesh_terms: D000497:Alloys; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001577:Benzophenones; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000254:growth & development*; D007659:Ketones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D011108:Polymers; D017655:Silicon Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013212:Staphylococcus epidermidis / Q000254:growth & development*; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001577:Benzophenones; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D007659:Ketones; D011108:Polymers; D017655:Silicon Compounds; C031462:titanium alloy (TiAl6V4); C063834:polyetheretherketone; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D014025:Titanium; C032734:silicon nitride
keywords: anti-infective; polyetheretherketone; silicon nitride; surface treatments; titanium