title: Intraoperative radiation safety in orthopaedics: a review of the ALARA (As low as reasonably achievable) principle.
abstract: The use of fluoroscopy has become commonplace in many orthopaedic surgery procedures. The benefits of fluoroscopy are not without risk of radiation to patient, surgeon, and operating room staff. There is a paucity of knowledge by the average orthopaedic resident in terms proper usage and safety. Personal protective equipment, proper positioning, effective communication with the radiology technician are just of few of the ways outlined in this article to decrease the amount of radiation exposure in the operating room. This knowledge ensures that the amount of radiation exposure is as low as reasonably achievable. Currently, in the United States, guidelines for teaching radiation safety in orthopaedic surgery residency training is non-existent. In Europe, studies have also exhibited a lack of standardized teaching on the basics of radiation safety in the operating room. This review article will outline the basics of fluoroscopy and educate the reader on how to safe fluoroscopic image utilization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, RWJBarnabas Health - Jersey City Medical Center, 355 Grand St, Jersey City, NJ 07302 USA.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, RWJBarnabas Health - Jersey City Medical Center, 355 Grand St, Jersey City, NJ 07302 USA.
authors.forename: Jay N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, RWJBarnabas Health - Jersey City Medical Center, 355 Grand St, Jersey City, NJ 07302 USA.
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Liporace
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedic Traumatology & Complex Adult Reconstruction, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orlando Regional Medical Center, 1222 S Orange Ave, 5th Floor, Orlando, FL 32806 USA.
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Yoon
keywords: Fluoroscopy; Operating room safety; Orthopaedic surgery; Radiation; Radiation exposure; Radiation safety; Surgical training; c arm