title: Paracetamol (acetaminophen) with or without codeine or dihydrocodeine for neuropathic pain in adults.
abstract: Paracetamol, either alone or in combination with codeine or dihydrocodeine, is commonly used to treat chronic neuropathic pain. This review sought evidence for efficacy and harm from randomised double-blind studies.
  
  
  
  To assess the analgesic efficacy and adverse events of paracetamol with or without codeine or dihydrocodeine for chronic neuropathic pain in adults.
  
  
  
  We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, and Embase from inception to July 2016, together with reference lists of retrieved papers and reviews, and two online study registries.
  
  
  
  We included randomised, double-blind studies of two weeks' duration or longer, comparing paracetamol, alone or in combination with codeine or dihydrocodeine, with placebo or another active treatment in chronic neuropathic pain.
  
  
  
  Two review authors independently searched for studies, extracted efficacy and adverse event data, and examined issues of study quality and potential bias. We did not carry out any pooled analyses. We assessed the quality of the evidence using GRADE.
  
  
  
  No study satisfied the inclusion criteria. Effects of interventions were not assessed as there were no included studies. We have only very low quality evidence and have no reliable indication of the likely effect.
  
  
  
  There is insufficient evidence to support or refute the suggestion that paracetamol alone, or in combination with codeine or dihydrocodeine, works in any neuropathic pain condition.
authors.affiliation: Pain Research and Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics), University of Oxford, Pain Research Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK, OX3 7LE.
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wiffen
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK, NG7 2RD.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knaggs
authors.affiliation: Pain Research and Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics), University of Oxford, Pain Research Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK, OX3 7LE.
authors.forename: Sheena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Derry
authors.affiliation: Oxford Pain Relief Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Old Road Headington, Oxford, UK, OX3 7LE.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.affiliation: Pain Research and Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics), University of Oxford, Pain Research Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK, OX3 7LE.
authors.forename: Tudor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Pain Research and Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics), University of Oxford, Pain Research Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK, OX3 7LE.
authors.forename: R Andrew
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003061:Codeine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000082:Acetaminophen; C014481:dihydrocodeine; D003061:Codeine