title: Bi-directional associations of electronic and combustible cigarette use onset patterns with depressive symptoms in adolescents.
abstract: Whether well-documented patterns of mental health comorbidity with adolescent combustible cigarette use extend to e-cigarette use is unclear. Demonstrating associations between e-cigarette and combustible cigarette use with mental health symptomatology across adolescence may be important for promoting accurate perceptions of populations at risk for and potential consequences of tobacco product use. Adolescents (N=2460; mean age at baseline=14.1; 53.4% female; 44.1% Hispanic) who had never previously used combustible or e-cigarettes were assessed at baseline, and 6- and 12-month follow-ups in Los Angeles, CA (2013-2014). Logistic regression was used to examine associations between baseline depressive symptoms and onset of e-cigarette and cigarette single product and dual use at follow-ups. Latent growth modeling was used to examine associations between sustained use of either product (vs. non-use) and changes in depressive symptoms over 12-months. Higher baseline depressive symptoms predicted subsequent onset of cigarette (OR=1.024, 95% C.I.=1.009-1.055), e-cigarette (OR=1.015, C.I.=1.003-1.023), and dual use of both products (OR=1.021, C.I.=1.003-1.043). Sustained use of e-cigarettes over the 12-month observation (vs. non-use) was associated with a greater rate of increase in depressive symptoms over time (b=1.272, SE=0.513, p=0.01). Among those who sustained use of e-cigarettes, higher frequency of use was associated with higher depressive symptoms at the final follow-up (B=1.611, p=0.04). A bi-directional association of depressive symptoms with e-cigarette use onset across mid adolescence was observed. Further research on the causal nature, etiological underpinnings, and intervention implications of mental health and tobacco product use comorbidity is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA. Electronic address: william_lechner@brown.edu.
authors.forename: William V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Lechner
authors.affiliation: Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.affiliation: Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kahler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Audrain-McGovern
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Leventhal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000073865:Cigarette Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000208:ethnology*; D066300:Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015141:Los Angeles; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Adolescents; Depression; Depressive symptoms; Developmental; E-cigarettes; Electronic cigarettes; Growth curve model; Structural equation modeling