title: Examining the short term effects of emotion under an Adaptation Level Theory model of tinnitus perception.
abstract: Existing evidence suggests a strong relationship between tinnitus and emotion. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of short-term emotional changes along valence and arousal dimensions on tinnitus outcomes. Emotional stimuli were presented in two different modalities: auditory and visual. The authors hypothesized that (1) negative valence (unpleasant) stimuli and/or high arousal stimuli will lead to greater tinnitus loudness and annoyance than positive valence and/or low arousal stimuli, and (2) auditory emotional stimuli, which are in the same modality as the tinnitus, will exhibit a greater effect on tinnitus outcome measures than visual stimuli.
  
  
  
  Auditory and visual emotive stimuli were administered to 22 participants (12 females and 10 males) with chronic tinnitus, recruited via email invitations send out to the University of Auckland Tinnitus Research Volunteer Database. Emotional stimuli used were taken from the International Affective Digital Sounds- Version 2 (IADS-2) and the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) (Bradley and Lang, 2007a, 2007b). The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross and John, 2003) was administered alongside subjective ratings of tinnitus loudness and annoyance, and psychoacoustic sensation level matches to external sounds.
  
  
  
  Males had significantly different emotional regulation scores than females. Negative valence emotional auditory stimuli led to higher tinnitus loudness ratings in males and females and higher annoyance ratings in males only; loudness matches of tinnitus remained unchanged. The visual stimuli did not have an effect on tinnitus ratings. The results are discussed relative to the Adaptation Level Theory Model of Tinnitus.
  
  
  
  The results indicate that the negative valence dimension of emotion is associated with increased tinnitus magnitude judgements and gender effects may also be present, but only when the emotional stimulus is in the auditory modality. Sounds with emotional associations may be used for sound therapy for tinnitus relief; it is of interest to determine whether the emotional component of sound treatments can play a role in reversing the negative responses discussed in this paper.
authors.affiliation: Department of Audiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Center for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Mithila
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Durai
authors.affiliation: Department of Audiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Mary G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: O'Keeffe
authors.affiliation: Department of Audiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Center for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. Electronic address: g.searchfield@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Grant D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Searchfield
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001306:Auditory Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D001307:Auditory Perception; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D009520:New Zealand; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011571:Psychoacoustics; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014012:Tinnitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D014796:Visual Perception
keywords: Arousal; Compensatory neuroplasticity; Emotion; Emotion priming; Tinnitus perception; Valence