title: Protective effects of vitamin C and vitamin E against hysterosalpingography-induced epithelial degeneration and proliferation in rat endometrium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the protective effects of vitamin C (VC) and vitamin E (VE) against hysterosalpingography (HSG)-induced epithelial degeneration and proliferation in rat endometrium.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 28 female Wistar albino rats were randomized into four groups: G1 (n=7; abdomen was opened and closed), G2 (n=7; 0.1 mL Lipiodol [ethiodized oil] was administered to each uterine horn in conjunction with X-ray irradiation), G3 (n=7; 50 mg/kg of intraperitoneal (ip) VC was administered, followed by the administration of 0.1 mL of ethiodized oil into the uterine horns after 15 minutes), and G4 (n=7; 50 mg/kg of ip VE was administered, followed by the administration of 0.1 mL of ethiodized oil into the uterine horns after 15 minutes). After abdominal closure, rats in G2, G3 and G4 groups were exposed to whole-body X-irradiation three times with 2-minute intervals at a total dose of 15-20 mrad. Three hours after exposure, abdominal cavities of all the rats were reopened and uterine horns were removed. The right uterine horns were embedded into paraffin blocks after fixing in 10% formaldehyde for histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. Uterine horns on the other side were rapidly excised and stored at -80°C for the examination of expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) and oxidant, antioxidant, apoptotic and antiapoptotic gene expression using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences were observed in terms of expression of miRNAs and oxidant, antioxidant, apoptotic and anti-apoptotic gene expression between the study groups. Congestion, epithelial degeneration and malondialdehyde immunoreactivity were significantly lower in G3 and G4 groups than in G2 group; no differences were observed between G1, G3 and G4 groups. Ki-67 immunoreactivity score was significantly higher in G2 group when compared with G1, G3 and G4 groups. Caspase-3 immunoreactivity was not statistically different between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VC and VE may confer cellular protection against radiation injury induced by HSG in endometrial epithelium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
authors.forename: Şehmus
authors.initials: Ş
authors.lastname: Pala
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
authors.forename: Remzi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Atilgan
authors.affiliation: Department of Histology and Embriology, Firat University School of Medicine, Elazig.
authors.forename: Tuncay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuloğlu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University School of Medicine, Muğla.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kara
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
authors.forename: Melike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Başpinar
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
authors.forename: Behzat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Can
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Firat University School of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gökhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Artaş
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004717:Endometrium / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D007047:Hysterosalpingography; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014916:Whole-Body Irradiation
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014810:Vitamin E; D001205:Ascorbic Acid
keywords: endometrium; miRNA; radiation; rat; vitamin C; vitamin E