title: Associations between proteinuria and cardiovascular risk factors among hypertensive patients in Andkhoy, Afghanistan.
abstract: Proteinuria in hypertension is an early marker of renal disease and a predictor for the progression of end stage renal disease, and cardiovascular diseases. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of proteinuria and its association with cardiovascular risk factors among adult hypertensive patients in Afghanistan. Five hundred fifty-five patients with a high blood pressure recorded in an outpatient clinic in Andkhoy, Afghanistan from December 2014 to May 2015, were included in this study. Data obtained from each patient, included demographic characteristics, body mass index, blood pressure patterns, cardiovascular history, cardiovascular risk factors, comorbidity, and current drug-therapy. Dipstick screening for proteinuria was performed with reagent test strips. The mean age of the patients was 57.9 ± 13.3 years, and a female predominance was observed (n = 333, 60%). The prevalence of proteinuria was 67.2%. The predictors of proteinuria were found to be age ≥65 years (odds ratio [OR] 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-1.04), smoking (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.17-3.02), heart failure (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.13-4.41), and diabetes mellitus (OR 3.41, 95% CI 1.49-7.81). In conclusion, this study shows that proteinuria is highly prevalent among hypertensive outpatients in an outpatient clinic in Andkhoy, Afghanistan, especially in those with high cardiovascular risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shoaib Hamrah
authors.affiliation: Dr.Mohammad Hashem Hamrah's Curative Clinic, Andkhoy, Afghanistan.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashem Hamrah
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Dr.Mohammad Hashem Hamrah's Curative Clinic, Andkhoy, Afghanistan.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hussain Hamrah
authors.affiliation: Dr.Mohammad Hashem Hamrah's Curative Clinic, Andkhoy, Afghanistan.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hassan Hamrah
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Maimaiti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yisireyili
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kano
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeshita
authors.affiliation: Tokai Central Hospital, Kakamigahara, Japan.
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Toyoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murohara
keywords: Afghanistan; hypertension; proteinuria