title: The Effect of the Association between Donepezil and Choline Alphoscerate on Behavioral Disturbances in Alzheimer's Disease: Interim Results of the ASCOMALVA Trial.
abstract: Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are a group of psychological reactions, psychiatric symptoms, and behaviors commonly found in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Four clusters of BPSD have been described: mood disorders (depression, anxiety, and apathy), psychotic symptoms (delusions and hallucinations), aberrant motor behaviors (pacing, wandering, and other purposeless behaviors), and inappropriate behaviors (agitation, disinhibition, and euphoria). Most of them are attributed to acetylcholine deficiency.
  
  
  
  To evaluate if a higher amount of acetylcholine obtained by associating donepezil and choline alphoscerate might have a favorable effect on BPSD.
  
  
  
  BPSD were measured at baseline and after 24 months in 113 mild/moderate AD patients, included in the double-blind randomized trial ASCOMALVA, by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Two matched groups were compared: group A treated with donepezil (10 mg/day) plus choline alphoscerate (1200 mg/day), and group B treated with donepezil (10 mg/day) plus placebo.
  
  
  
  Data of NPI revealed a significant decrease of BPSD severity and distress of the caregiver in patients of group A compared with group B. Mood disorders (depression, anxiety and apathy) were significantly decreased in subjects treated with donepezil and choline alphoscerate, while their severity and frequency was increased in the other group.
  
  
  
  Patients treated with donepezil plus choline alphoscerate showed a lower level of behavioral disturbances than subjects treated with donepezil only, suggesting that the association can have beneficial effects.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research, Telemedicine and Telepharmacy Center, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.|Neurology Unit, National Hospital, "A. Cardarelli", Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carotenuto
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research, Telemedicine and Telepharmacy Center, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.|Neurology Unit, National Hospital, "A. Cardarelli", Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rea
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research, Telemedicine and Telepharmacy Center, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
authors.forename: Enea
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Traini
authors.affiliation: Neurology Unit, National Hospital, "A. Cardarelli", Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Angiola Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fasanaro
authors.affiliation: Bioethics and Legal Medicine Center, School of Law, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.affiliation: Neurology Unit, National Hospital, "A. Cardarelli", Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentino
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Manzo
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research, Telemedicine and Telepharmacy Center, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amenta
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy; D057565:Apathy / Q000187:drug effects; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy; D000077265:Donepezil; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005997:Glycerylphosphorylcholine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007189:Indans / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010880:Piperidines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007189:Indans; D010880:Piperidines; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D005997:Glycerylphosphorylcholine; D000077265:Donepezil
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia; choline alphoscerate; donepezil; neuropsychiatric symptoms