title: Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment-A Systematic Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although informal coercion is frequently applied in psychiatry, its use is discussed controversially. This systematic review aimed to summarize literature on attitudes toward informal coercion, its prevalence, and clinical effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, PsycINF, and Google Scholar was conducted. Publications were included if they reported original data describing patients' and clinicians' attitudes toward and prevalence rates or clinical effects of informal coercion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one publications out of a total of 162 articles met the inclusion criteria. Most publications focused on leverage and inducements rather than persuasion and threat. Prevalence rates of informal coercion were 29-59%, comparable on different study sites and in different settings. The majority of mental health professionals as well as one-third to two-third of the psychiatric patients had positive attitudes, even if there was personal experience of informal coercion. We found no study evaluating the clinical effect of informal coercion in an experimental study design.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cultural and ethical aspects are associated with the attitudes and prevalence rates. The clinical effect of informal coercion remains unclear and further studies are needed to evaluate these interventions and the effect on therapeutic relationship and clinical outcome. It can be hypothesized that informal coercion may lead to better adherence and clinical outcome but also to strains in the therapeutic relationship. It is recommendable to establish structured education about informal coercion and sensitize mental health professionals for its potential for adverse effects in clinical routine practice.
authors.affiliation: Department for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hotzy
authors.affiliation: Department for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jaeger
keywords: attitudes; clinical effect; informal coercion; leverage; mental health; prevalence; therapeutic relationship