title: Myofibroblasts could be recruited in a chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2-dependent manner in pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2) is a major profibrotic mediator with a proven role in fibrosis of different organs of the body. Recently, increased fibrosis in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is linked with betel quid-related chronic irritation and myofibroblast. Hence, this study is designed to investigate expression of CCL2 in OSMF and its correlation with myofibroblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Paraffin-embedded specimens of 30 OSMF and 10 tissues of normal buccal mucosa were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for CCL2 and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CCL2 expression in basal cells (CCL2-B) and connective tissue (CCL2-CT), and α-SMA showed significantly increased expression in advanced OSMF as compared with early OSMF and controls. Significant differences were observed in the expression of CCL2-B between control vs. OSMF (P = 0.002), control vs. advanced OSMF (P = 0.005), and early vs. advanced OSMF (P = 0.0377). Similarly, differences in the CCL2-CT expression were statistically significant between control vs. OSMF (P = 0.00086), control vs. early OSMF (P = 0.02914), and control vs. advanced OSMF (P = 0.0006). For α-SMA expression, significant differences were observed between control vs. OSMF (P = 0.0003), control vs. early OSMF (P = 0.036), control vs. advanced OSMF (P = 0.00008), and early vs. advanced OSMF (P = 0.0009). In OSMF group, a significant correlation was observed between CCL2-B and CCL2-CT (P < 0.00001), CCL2-B and α-SMA (P < 0.00001), and CCL2-CT and α-SMA (P < 0.00001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CCL2 could be responsible for pathogenesis of OSMF by recruiting myofibroblasts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Gargi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sarode
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Sachin C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1856-0957
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Sarode
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Revati
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Deshmukh
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Pandit Deendayal Upadhay Dental College and Hospital, Solapur, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raktade
authors.affiliation: Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Shankargouda
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patil
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001114:Areca / Q000009:adverse effects; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058628:Myofibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D009914:Oral Submucous Fibrosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D014313:Trismus
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D018932:Chemokine CCL2
keywords: CCL2; monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; myofibroblasts; oral submucous fibrosis; α-SMA