title: Fabrication of macromolecular gradients in aligned fiber scaffolds using a combination of in-line blending and air-gap electrospinning.
abstract: Although a variety of fabrication methods have been developed to generate electrospun meshes with gradient properties, no platform has yet to achieve fiber alignment in the direction of the gradient that mimics the native tendon-bone interface. In this study, we present a method combining in-line blending and air-gap electrospinning to address this limitation in the field. A custom collector with synced rotation permitted fiber collection with uniform mesh thickness and periodic copper wires were used to induce fiber alignment. Two poly(ester urethane ureas) with different hard segment contents (BPUR 50, BPUR 10) were used to generate compositional gradient meshes with and without fiber alignment. The compositional gradient across the length of the mesh was characterized using a fluorescent dye and the results indicated a continuous transition from the BPUR 50 to the BPUR 10. As expected, the fiber alignment of the gradient meshes induced a corresponding alignment of adherent cells in static culture. Tensile testing of the sectioned meshes confirmed a graded transition in mechanical properties and an increase in anisotropy with fiber alignment. Finite element modeling was utilized to illustrate the gradient mechanical properties across the full length of the mesh and lay the foundation for future computational development work. Overall, these results indicate that this electrospinning method permits the fabrication of macromolecular gradients in the direction of fiber alignment and demonstrate its potential for use in interfacial tissue engineering.
  
  
  
  The native tendon-bone interface contains a gradient of properties that ensures stability of the joint. Without this transition, failure can occur due to stress concentration at the bone insertion site. Electrospinning is a method commonly used to produce fibrous grafts with gradient properties; however, no current method allows for gradients in the direction of fiber alignment. This work details a novel electrospinning method to produce gradients in the direction of fiber alignment in order to better mimic transitional zones and improve regeneration of the tendon-bone interface. In addition to the biomechanical gradients demonstrated here, this method may also be used to generate gradients of macromolecular, biochemical, and cellular cues with broad potential utility in tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3123, USA. Electronic address: akish007@tamu.edu.
authors.forename: Alysha P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kishan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3123, USA. Electronic address: abr90@tamu.edu.
authors.forename: Andrew B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3123, USA. Electronic address: sfm123@tamu.edu.
authors.forename: Sahar F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Mohiuddin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3123, USA. Electronic address: jian2266@tamu.edu.
authors.forename: Mingliang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3123, USA. Electronic address: michael.moreno@tamu.edu.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3123, USA. Electronic address: cosgriff.hernandez@tamu.edu.
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Cosgriff-Hernandez
mesh_terms: D053687:Adult Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D011091:Polyesters; C497893:poly(ester urethane)urea; D003300:Copper
keywords: Electrospinning; Gradient scaffolds; Interfacial repair; Tissue engineering