title: In vitro evaluation of the effect of botanical formulations used in the control of Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) on liver enzymes.
abstract: Dengue fever is a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes aegypti Linn. (1792) (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquito, which is endemic in several regions of Brazil. Alternative methods for the control of the vector include botanical insecticides, which offer advantages such as lower environmental contamination levels and less likelihood of resistant populations. Thus, in this study, the ability of botanical insecticide formulations to inhibit the activity of the liver enzymes serum cholinesterase and malate dehydrogenase was evaluated.
  Inhibition profiles were assessed using in vitro assays for cholinesterase and malate dehydrogenase activity and quantitated by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy at 410nm to 340nm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insecticide products formulated from cashew nutshell liquid [A] and ricinoleic acid [B] showed cholinesterase activity levels of 6.26IU/mL and 6.61IU/mL, respectively, while the control level for cholinesterase was 5-12IU/mL. The products did not affect the level of 0.44IU/mL established for malate dehydrogenase, as the levels produced by [A] and [B] were 0.43IU/mL and 0.45IU/mL, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show that in vitro testing of the formulated products at concentrations lethal to A. aegypti did not affect the activity of cholinesterase and malate dehydrogenase, indicating the safety of these products.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodivesidade - Rede Pro Centro-Oeste, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karla Rejane de Andrade
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Porto
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Priscilla Rezende
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Motti
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Pesquisa, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alexandre Alves
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodivesidade - Rede Pro Centro-Oeste, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.|Departamento de Pesquisa, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonia Railda
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Roel
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes; D031021:Anacardium / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002802:Cholinesterases / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects; D007306:Insecticides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology*; D008291:Malate Dehydrogenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012277:Ricinoleic Acids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D007306:Insecticides; D012277:Ricinoleic Acids; D008291:Malate Dehydrogenase; D002802:Cholinesterases; C030521:ricinoleic acid