title: IMPROV-ED study: outcomes after discharge for an episode of acute-decompensated heart failure and comparison between patients discharged from the emergency department and hospital wards.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the short- and mid-term outcomes of patients discharged after an episode of acute-decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and evaluate the differences between patients discharged directly from the emergency department (ED) and those discharged after hospitalization.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective, multicenter, cohort-designed study, including consecutive patients diagnosed with ADHF in 27 Spanish EDs. Thirty-four variables on epidemiology, comorbidity, baseline status, vital signs, signs of congestion, laboratory tests, and treatment were collected in every patient. The primary outcome was a combined endpoint of ED revisit (without hospitalization) or hospitalization due to ADHF, or all-cause death. Secondary outcomes were each of these three events individually. Outcomes were obtained by survival analysis at different timepoints in the entire cohort, and crude and adjusted comparisons were carried out between patients discharged directly from the ED and after hospitalization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 3233 patients diagnosed with ADHF during a 2-month period, we analyzed 2986 patients discharged alive: 787 (26.4%) discharged from the ED and 2199 (73.6%) after hospitalization. The cumulative percentages of events for the whole cohort (at 7/30/180 days) for the combined endpoint were 7.8/24.7/57.8; for ED revisit 2.5/9.4/25.5; for hospitalization 4.6/15.3/40.7; and for death 0.9/4.3/16.8. After adjustment for patient profile and center, significant increases were found in the hazard ratios for ED- compared to hospital-discharged patients in the combined endpoint, ED revisit and hospitalization, being higher at short-term [at 7 days, 2.373 (1.678-3.355), 2.069 (1.188-3.602), and 3.071 (1.915-4.922), respectively] than at mid-term [at 180 days, 1.368 (1.160-1.614), 1.642 (1.265-2.132), and 1.302 (1.044-1.623), respectively]. No significant differences were found in death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with ADHF discharged from the ED have worse outcomes, especially at short term, than those discharged after hospitalization. The definition and implementation of effective strategies to improve patient selection for direct ED discharge are needed.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. omiro@clinic.cat.|"Emergencies: Processes and Pathologies" Research Group, IDIBAPS, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. omiro@clinic.cat.
authors.forename: Òscar
authors.initials: Ò
authors.lastname: Miró
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. vgil@clinic.cat.|"Emergencies: Processes and Pathologies" Research Group, IDIBAPS, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. vgil@clinic.cat.
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.|"Emergencies: Processes and Pathologies" Research Group, IDIBAPS, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xipell
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.|"Emergencies: Processes and Pathologies" Research Group, IDIBAPS, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Hospital Clínic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.|"Emergencies: Processes and Pathologies" Research Group, IDIBAPS, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Sira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aguiló
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Martín-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herrero
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Lariboisière, U942 Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mebazaa
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine and Services, Helsinki University, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Veli-Pekka
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Harjola
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Home Hospitalization and Short Stay Unit, Hospital General de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Pere
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Llorens
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010351:Patient Discharge / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010359:Patient Readmission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010362:Patients' Rooms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Acute heart failure; Disposition; Emergency department; Hospital admission; Outcome