title: Dietary biomarker evaluation in a controlled feeding study in women from the Women's Health Initiative cohort.
abstract: Controlled human feeding studies are necessary for robust nutritional biomarker development and validation. Previous feeding studies have typically evaluated single nutrients and tested relatively few diets.
  
  
  
  The objectives were 1) to simultaneously associate dietary intake with a range of potential nutritional biomarkers in postmenopausal women by using a controlled feeding study whereby each participant was provided a diet similar to her usual diet and 2) to evaluate serum concentrations of select nutrients as potential biomarkers with the use of established urinary recovery biomarkers of energy and protein as benchmarks for evaluation.
  
  
  
  Postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative (n = 153) were provided with a 2-wk controlled diet in which each individual's menu approximated her habitual food intake as estimated from her 4-d food record and adjusted for estimated energy requirements. Serum biomarkers, including carotenoids, tocopherols, folate, vitamin B-12, and phospholipid fatty acids, were collected at the beginning and end of the feeding period. Doubly labeled water and urinary nitrogen biomarkers were used to derive estimates of energy and protein consumption, respectively.
  
  
  
  Linear regression of (ln-transformed) consumed nutrients on (ln-transformed) potential biomarkers and participant characteristics led to the following regression (R2) values for serum concentration biomarkers: folate, 0.49; vitamin B-12, 0.51; α-carotene, 0.53; β-carotene, 0.39; lutein + zeaxanthin, 0.46; lycopene, 0.32; and α-tocopherol, 0.47. R2values for percentage of energy from polyunsaturated fatty acids and urinary recovery biomarkers of energy and protein intakes were 0.27, 0.53, and 0.43, respectively. Phospholipid saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids and serum γ-tocopherol were weakly associated with intake (R2< 0.25).
  
  
  
  Serum concentration biomarkers of several vitamins and carotenoids performed similarly to established energy and protein urinary recovery biomarkers in representing nutrient intake variation in a feeding study, and thus are likely suitable for application in this population of postmenopausal women. Further work is needed to identify objective measures of categories of fatty acid intake. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00000611.
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; jlampe@fredhutch.org.|School of Public Health and.
authors.forename: Johanna W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lampe
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.|School of Public Health and.
authors.forename: Marian L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Neuhouser
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Lesley F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Tinker
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Xiaoling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
authors.forename: Dale A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Schoeller
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Society, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
authors.forename: Soyoung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raftery
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Chongzhi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di
authors.affiliation: Joseph J Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Horn
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; and.
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
authors.forename: Yasmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mossavar-Rahmani
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.|School of Public Health and.
authors.forename: Shirley Aa
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Beresford
authors.affiliation: Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.|School of Public Health and.
authors.forename: Ross L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Prentice
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D014975:Lutein / Q000097:blood; D000077276:Lycopene; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000652:urine; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood; D024505:Tocopherols / Q000097:blood; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000097:blood; D014815:Vitamins / Q000097:blood; D016387:Women's Health; D065146:Zeaxanthins / Q000097:blood; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000097:blood; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000097:blood; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005227:Fatty Acids; D014815:Vitamins; D065146:Zeaxanthins; D019207:beta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids; C041635:alpha-carotene; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol; D005492:Folic Acid; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; D009584:Nitrogen; D014805:Vitamin B 12; D024505:Tocopherols; D000077276:Lycopene; D014975:Lutein
keywords: carotenoids; doubly labeled water; energy; fatty acids; folate; human feeding study; nutrition assessment; protein; tocopherols; vitamin B-12