title: The Association of Bread and Rice with Metabolic Factors in Type 2 Diabetic Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carbohydrates are shown to have an important role in blood glucose control, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases risk. This is even more challenging when considering populations consuming refined grains diets. Bread and rice are staple foods which supply main proportion of Iranian calorie intake. This study was designed to investigate the effect of bread and rice intake on blood glucose control, lipid profile and anthropometric measurements in Iranian type 2 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  426 patients with type 2 diabetes were included in this study. Anthropometric measurements were done using standard methods. Dietary information was assessed by a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum triglycride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were examined after 12-hour fasting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results represented that people in the highest tertile compared to the lowest tertile of calorie adjusted total bread intake have higher FBG. FBG in the highest tertile of calorie adjusted total bread-rice intake was also significantly higher than the lowest. The association remained significant after adjusting for potential confounders. Rice intake showed no association with cardio-metabolic risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We founded that higher total bread intake and total bread-rice intake were associated with FBG in type 2 diabetic patients whereas rice intake was not associated with glucose and lipid profile. This result should be confirmed in prospective studies, considering varieties, glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) and cooking method of bread and rice.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.|Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahdieh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akhoundan
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.|Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Zhaleh
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shadman
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.|Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Parisa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jandaghi
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aboeerad
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Bagher
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larijani
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jamshidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticultural Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamidreza
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ardalani
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran university of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khoshniat Nikoo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001939:Bread; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004032:Diet; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008055:Lipids; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human