title: Male Osteoporosis Awareness in the Elderly: an Analysis of Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Use in Australia Between 1995 and 2015.
abstract: Osteoporosis is commonly perceived to be a disease confined to aging females, despite ongoing educational interventions. There are few data on the temporal change of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) use in aging males compared to females. Australian Medicare DXA claims between 1995 and 2015 were analyzed to investigate gender differences and temporal change of DXA use in males and females aged 45-85 yr. In females aged 45-54 and 55-64 yr, there was a progressive increase in DXA claims per capita between 1995 until 2002, with little subsequent change from 2002 to 2015 in the younger group, but a slow subsequent increase in females aged 55-64 yr. In males aged 45-54 and 55-64 yr, there was a progressive increase in DXA claims per capita between 1995 and 2002 with an ongoing slow increase from 2002 to 2015. In older females and males aged 65-74, 75-84, or ≥85 yr, there was a progressive increase in DXA claims per capita between 1995 and 2002, with a slow increase thereafter until 2007. After 2007, following the introduction of Medicare eligibility for age over 70, claims per capita increased sharply in all 3 age groups, with a subsequent ongoing increase. The male : female claim ratio in all groups demonstrates low relative male DXA use, with the ratio consistently below 1.0. Following the 2007 Medicare change, the male : female ratio improved in the 65-74, 75-84, and ≥85 age groups. The rate of increase in the male : female ratio in subjects ≥85 yr was significantly greater than that in the 65-74 (p < 0.001) and 75-84 (p < 0.001) age groups. DXA use in males is consistently lower than that in females. Government funding intervention appears to have been most effective in relation to very elderly males over 85 yr but less so in relation to the age group 65-84. There is a need for improved education of health professionals about the risk of osteoporosis in males aged 65-84 yr.
authors.affiliation: Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Weiwen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Bone Biology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: n.pocock@unsw.edu.au.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pocock
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D000067575:Administrative Claims, Healthcare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: Densitometry; elderly; osteoporosis