title: Asymmetry of the Vertebral Body and Pedicles in the True Transverse Plane in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A CT-Based Study.
abstract: METHODS
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the asymmetry of the vertebral bodies and pedicles in the true transverse plane in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and to compare this with normal anatomy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  There is an ongoing debate about the existence and magnitude of the vertebral body and pedicle asymmetry in AIS and whether this is an expression of a primary growth disturbance, or secondary to asymmetrical loading.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vertebral body asymmetry, defined as left-right overlap of the vertebral endplates (ie, 100%: perfect symmetry, 0%: complete asymmetry) was evaluated in the true transverse plane on CT scans of 77 AIS patients and 32 non-scoliotic controls. Additionally, the pedicle width, length, and angle and the length of the ideal screw trajectory were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scoliotic vertebrae were on average more asymmetric than controls (thoracic: AIS 96.0% vs. controls 96.4%; p = .005, lumbar: 95.8% vs. 97.2%; p < .001) and more pronounced around the thoracic apex (95.8%) than at the end vertebrae (96.3%; p = .031). In the thoracic apex; the concave pedicle was thinner (4.5 vs. 5.4 mm; p < .001) and longer (20.9 vs. 17.9 mm; p < .001), the length of the ideal screw trajectory was longer (43.0 vs. 37.3 mm; p < .001), and the transverse pedicle angle was greater (12.3° vs. 5.7°; p < .001) than the convex one. The axial rotation showed no clear correlation with the asymmetry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even in non-scoliotic controls is a degree of vertebral body and pedicle asymmetry, but scoliotic vertebrae showed slightly more asymmetry, mostly around the thoracic apex. In contrast to the existing literature, there is no major asymmetry in the true transverse plane in AIS and no uniform relation between the axial rotation and vertebral asymmetry could be observed in these moderate to severe patients, suggesting that asymmetrical vertebral growth does not initiate rotation, but rather follows it as a secondary phenomenon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level 4.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rob C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Brink
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tom P C
authors.initials: TPC
authors.lastname: Schlösser
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dino
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Colo
authors.affiliation: Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Koen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Vincken
authors.affiliation: Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Stralen
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging & Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Steve C N
authors.initials: SCN
authors.lastname: Hui
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging & Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Winnie C W
authors.initials: WCW
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Jack C Y
authors.initials: JCY
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: R.M.Castelein@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: René M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Castelein
keywords: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis; Axial rotation; CT scan; Pedicle asymmetry; Transverse plane morphology; Vertebral body asymmetry