title: Lake Recovery Through Reduced Sulfate Deposition: A New Paradigm for Drinking Water Treatment.
abstract: This study examined sulfate deposition in Nova Scotia from 1999 to 2015, and its association with increased pH and organic matter in two protected surface water supplies (Pockwock Lake and Lake Major) located in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The study also examined the effect of lake water chemistry on drinking water treatment processes. Sulfate deposition in the region decreased by 68%, whereas pH increased by 0.1-0.4 units over the 16-year period. Average monthly color concentrations in Pockwock Lake and Lake Major increased by 1.7 and 3.8×, respectively. Accordingly, the coagulant demand increased by 1.5 and 3.8× for the water treatment plants supplied by Pockwock Lake and Lake Major. Not only was this coagulant increase costly for the utility, it also resulted in compromised filter performance, particularly for the direct-biofiltration plant supplied by Pockwock Lake that was found to already be operating at the upper limit of the recommended direct filtration thresholds for color, total organic carbon and coagulant dose. Additionally, in 2012-2013 geosmin occurred in Pockwock Lake, which could have been attributed to reduced sulfate deposition as increases in pH favor more diverse cyanobacteria populations. Overall, this study demonstrated the impact that ambient air quality can have on drinking water supplies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil & Resource Engineering Dalhousie University Office D-514, 1360 Barrington Street Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2.
authors.forename: Lindsay E
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0050-579X
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Halifax Water, 450 Cowie Hill Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3P 2V3.
authors.forename: Wendy H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Krkošek
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil & Resource Engineering Dalhousie University Office D-514, 1360 Barrington Street Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2.
authors.forename: Amina K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Stoddart
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil & Resource Engineering Dalhousie University Office D-514, 1360 Barrington Street Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2.
authors.forename: Benjamin F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Trueman
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil & Resource Engineering Dalhousie University Office D-514, 1360 Barrington Street Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4R2.
authors.forename: Graham A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Gagnon
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon; D060766:Drinking Water; D060106:Lakes; D013431:Sulfates; D018508:Water Purification; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D013431:Sulfates; D002244:Carbon