title: Prioritizing pharmacokinetic drug interaction precipitants in natural products: application to OATP inhibitors in grapefruit juice.
abstract: Natural products, including botanical dietary supplements and exotic drinks, represent an ever-increasing share of the health-care market. The parallel ever-increasing popularity of self-medicating with natural products increases the likelihood of co-consumption with conventional drugs, raising concerns for unwanted natural product-drug interactions. Assessing the drug interaction liability of natural products is challenging due to the complex and variable chemical composition inherent to these products, necessitating a streamlined preclinical testing approach to prioritize precipitant individual constituents for further investigation. Such an approach was evaluated in the current work to prioritize constituents in the model natural product, grapefruit juice, as inhibitors of intestinal organic anion-transporting peptide (OATP)-mediated uptake. Using OATP2B1-expressing MDCKII cells (Madin-Darby canine kidney type II) and the probe substrate estrone 3-sulfate, IC50swere determined for constituents representative of the flavanone (naringin, naringenin, hesperidin), furanocoumarin (bergamottin, 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin) and polymethoxyflavone (nobiletin and tangeretin) classes contained in grapefruit juice. Nobiletin was the most potent (IC50, 3.7 μm); 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin, naringin, naringenin and tangeretin were moderately potent (IC50, 20-50 μm); and bergamottin and hesperidin were the least potent (IC50, >300 μm) OATP2B1 inhibitors. Intestinal absorption simulations based on physiochemical properties were used to determine the ratios of unbound concentration to IC50for each constituent within enterocytes and to prioritize in order of pre-defined cut-off values. This streamlined approach could be applied to other natural products that contain multiple precipitants of natural product-drug interactions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1798-4678
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA.
authors.forename: Christina S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Won
authors.affiliation: Quintiles IMS, Inc., Clinical Pharmacology, 6700 W 115th Street, Overland Park, KS 66211, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Köck
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Mary F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Paine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D032083:Citrus paradisi / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004285:Dogs; D004970:Estrone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D044950:Flavanones / Q000494:pharmacology; D047309:Flavones / Q000494:pharmacology; D018565:Food-Drug Interactions; D000067030:Fruit and Vegetable Juices / Q000009:adverse effects; D011564:Furocoumarins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006569:Hesperidin / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008954:Models, Biological; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D044950:Flavanones; D047309:Flavones; D011564:Furocoumarins; D027361:Organic Anion Transporters; C450859:SLCO2B1 protein, human; D004970:Estrone; C008661:nobiletin; D006569:Hesperidin; C005273:naringenin; C059006:tangeretin; C068337:bergamottin; C005274:naringin; C017296:estrone sulfate; C104774:6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin
keywords: OATP2B1; drug interaction; grapefruit juice; simulation; transporter