title: Higher Leptin but Not Human Milk Macronutrient Concentration Distinguishes Normal-Weight from Obese Mothers at 1-Month Postpartum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exclusively breastfed infants born to obese mothers have previously been shown to gain less weight by 1-month postpartum than infants of normal-weight mothers. Our hypothesis is that human milk composition and volume may differ between obese and normal-weight mothers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare human milk leptin, macronutrient concentration, and volume in obese and normal-weight mothers. Mother and infant characteristics were studied as secondary aims.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional observational study compared 50 obese mothers matched for age, parity, ethnic origin, and educational level with 50 normal-weight mothers. Leptin, macronutrient human milk concentration, and milk volume were determined at 1 month in exclusively breastfed infants. Mother characteristics and infant growth were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Human milk leptin concentration was higher in obese mothers than normal-weight mothers (4.8±2.7 vs. 2.5±1.5 ng.mL-1, p<0.001). No difference was observed between obese and normal-weight mothers in protein, lipid, carbohydrate content, and volume, nor in infant weight gain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Leptin concentration was higher in the milk of obese mothers than that of normal-weight mothers, but macronutrient concentration was not. It remains to be established whether the higher leptin content impacts on infant growth beyond the 1-month of the study period.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U 1069, Tours, France.|University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France.
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1704-8599
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.affiliation: INSERM CIC 1402, Poitiers, France.|University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
authors.forename: Marine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frasquet-Darrieux
authors.affiliation: INSERM CIC 1402, Poitiers, France.|University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.|Pediatrics-Child Nutrition, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Agnès
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gaud
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics-Child Nutrition, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.|Maternity, General Hospital of Chatellerault, Chatellerault, France.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Christin
authors.affiliation: INRA UMR 1280, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.|Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Ouest, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Clair-Yves
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Boquien
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Medicine Laboratory, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Millet
authors.affiliation: INSERM CIC 1402, Poitiers, France.|University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
authors.forename: Manon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herviou
authors.affiliation: INRA UMR 1280, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.|Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Ouest, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Darmaun
authors.affiliation: Elucidation of Biosynthesis by Isotopic Spectrometry Group, CEISAM, CNRS-University of Nantes UMR 6230, Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Robins
authors.affiliation: INSERM CIC 1402, Poitiers, France.|University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ingrand
authors.affiliation: INSERM U 1069, Tours, France.|University F Rabelais, Tours, France.
authors.forename: Régis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hankard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001835:Body Weight; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002657:Child Development; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D020738:Leptin / Q000378:metabolism*; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000378:metabolism*; D009035:Mothers; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D020738:Leptin; D008055:Lipids; D011506:Proteins