title: In vitroandex vivomicrobial leakage assessment in endodontics: A literature review.
abstract: The aim of this study was to perform a literature review of publishedin-vitroandex-vivostudies, which evaluated microbial leakage in endodontics in the past 10 years. A comprehensive electronic literature search was carried out in PubMed database for English articles published from 2005 to 2016 using the keywords "endodontics," "in vitro," "ex vivo," "microbial leakage," "microbial penetration," "saliva," "Enterococcus faecalis," "E. faecalis," "endodontic sealers," "temporary filling material," "apical plug," "mineral trioxide aggregate," and "MTA." The keywords were combined using Boolean operators AND/OR. Based on our search strategy, 33 relevant articles were included in the study. There are three main methods for assessment of bacterial microleakage, namely, (A) the dual-chamber leakage model, (B) detection of bacteria using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and (C) polymerase chain reaction. All bacterial leakage models have some limitations and may yield different results compared to other microleakage evaluation techniques (i.e., dye penetration, fluid filtration, or electrochemical tests). The results of SEM correlated with those of microbial leakage test in most studies. Microbial leakage test using saliva better simulates the clinical setting for assessment of the leakage of single or mixed bacterial species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontic, Dental Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sohrab Tour
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Savadkouhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontic, Dental Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hengameh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bakhtiar
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontic, Dental Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Safoura Emami
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Ardestani
keywords: Dental leakage; endodontics; root canal obturation