title: Loss of Zebrafish Mfrp Causes Nanophthalmia, Hyperopia, and Accumulation of Subretinal Macrophages.
abstract: Mutations in membrane frizzled-related protein (MFRP) are associated with nanophthalmia, hyperopia, foveoschisis, irregular patches of RPE atrophy, and optic disc drusen in humans. Mouse mfrp mutants show retinal degeneration but no change in eye size or refractive state. The goal of this work was to generate zebrafish mutants to investigate the loss of Mfrp on eye size and refractive state, and to characterize other phenotypes observed.
  
  
  
  Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 methods were used to generate multiple frameshift mutations in zebrafish mfrp causing premature translational stops in Mfrp. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was used to measure eye metrics and refractive state, and immunohistochemistry was used to study adult eyes. Gene expression levels were measured using quantitative PCR.
  
  
  
  Zebrafish Mfrp was shown to localize to apical and basal regions of RPE cells, as well as the ciliary marginal zone. Loss of Mfrp in mutant zebrafish was verified histologically. Zebrafish eyes that were mfrp mutant showed reduced axial length causing hyperopia, RPE folding, and macrophages were observed subretinally. Visual acuity was reduced in mfrp mutant animals.
  
  
  
  Mutation of zebrafish mfrp results in hyperopia with subretinal macrophage infiltration, phenocopying aspects of human and mouse Mfrp deficiency. These mutant zebrafish will be useful in studying the onset and progression of Mfrp-related nanophthalmia, the cues that initiate the recruitment of macrophages, and the mechanisms of Mfrp function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States.
authors.forename: Ross F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Collery
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Volberding
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States.
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bostrom
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States.
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Link
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States.
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Besharse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology*; D008850:Microphthalmos / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D015027:Zebrafish; D000099274:Frizzled-Related Proteins
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; D006023:Glycoproteins; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D000099274:Frizzled-Related Proteins