title: Hydrogen Sulfide in the Adipose Tissue-Physiology, Pathology and a Target for Pharmacotherapy.
abstract: Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is synthesized in the adipose tissue mainly by cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE). Several studies have demonstrated that H₂S is involved in adipogenesis, that is the differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes, most likely by inhibiting phosphodiesterases and increasing cyclic AMP concentration. The effect of H₂S on adipose tissue insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake is controversial. Some studies suggest that H₂S inhibits insulin-induced glucose uptake and that excess of H₂S contributes to adipose tissue insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome. In contrast, other studies have demonstrated that H₂S stimulates glucose uptake and its deficiency contributes to insulin resistance. Similarly, the effect of H₂S on adipose tissue lipolysis is controversial. H₂S produced by perivascular adipose tissue decreases vascular tone by activating ATP-sensitive and/or voltage-gated potassium channels in smooth muscle cells. Experimental obesity induced by high calorie diet has a time dependent effect on H₂S in perivascular adipose tissue; short and long-term obesity increase and decrease H₂S production, respectively. Hyperglycemia has been consistently demonstrated to suppress CSE-H₂S pathway in various adipose tissue depots. Finally, H₂S deficiency may contribute to adipose tissue inflammation associated with obesity/metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University, 20-090 Lublin, Poland. jerzy.beltowski@umlub.pl.
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bełtowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Medical University, 20-090 Lublin, Poland. anna.jamroz@umlub.pl.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jamroz-Wiśniewska
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide / Q000378:metabolism*; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000473:pathology; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D008066:Lipolysis / Q000502:physiology*; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000473:pathology; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000473:pathology; D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D024642:Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated; D005947:Glucose; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide
keywords: adipogenesis; adipose tissue; hydrogen sulfide; insulin resistance; lipolysis; metabolic syndrome; obesity; vascular tone