title: Conventional and novel body temperature measurement during rest and exercise induced hyperthermia.
abstract: Despite technological advances in thermal sensory equipment, few core temperature (TCORE) measurement techniques have met the established validity criteria in exercise science. Additionally, there is debate as to what method serves as the most practically viable, yet upholds the proposed measurement accuracy. This study assessed the accuracy of current and novel TCOREmeasurement techniques in comparison to rectal temperature (TREC) as a reference standard. Fifteen well-trained subjects (11 male, 4 female) completed 60min of exercise at an intensity equating to the lactate threshold; measured via a discontinuous exercise test. TRECwas significantly elevated from resting values (37.2±0.3°C) at the end of moderate intensity exercise (39.6±0.04°C; P=0.001). Intestinal telemetric pill (TPILL) temperature and temporal artery temperature (TTEM) did not differ significantly from TRECat rest or during exercise (P>0.05). However, aural canal temperature (TAUR) and thermal imaging temperature (TIMA) were both significantly lower than TREC(P<0.05). Bland Altman analysis revealed only TPILLwas within acceptable limits of agreement (mean bias; 0.04°C), while TTEM, TAURand TIMAdemonstrated mean bias values outside of the acceptable range (>0.27°C). Against TREC, these results support the use of TPILLover all other techniques as a valid measure of TCOREat rest and during exercise induced hyperthermia. Novel findings illustrate that TIMA(when measured at the inner eye canthus) shows poor agreement to TRECduring rest and exercise, which is similar to other 'surface' measures.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, UK. Electronic address: colin.towey@stmarys.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Towey
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West Scotland, Hamilton, UK. Electronic address: Chris.Easton@uws.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Easton
authors.affiliation: National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, UK. Electronic address: rob.simpson@npl.co.uk.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, UK; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA. Electronic address: charles.pedlar@stmarys.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pedlar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001831:Body Temperature; D004423:Ear / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012007:Rectum / Q000502:physiology; D012146:Rest; D013686:Telemetry / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D013699:Temporal Arteries / Q000502:physiology; D062125:Thermometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards
keywords: Core temperature; Hyperthermia; Moderate exercise