title: Rapid and sensitive analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls and acrylamide in food samples using ionic liquid-based in situ dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled to headspace gas chromatography.
abstract: A simple and rapid ionic liquid (IL)-based in situ dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method was developed and coupled to headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC) employing electron capture (ECD) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and acrylamide at trace levels from milk and coffee samples. The chemical structures of the halide-based ILs were tailored by introducing various functional groups to the cations to evaluate the effect of different structural features on the extraction efficiency of the target analytes. Extraction parameters including the molar ratio of IL to metathesis reagent and IL mass were optimized. The effects of HS oven temperature and the HS sample vial volume on the analyte response were also evaluated. The optimized in situ DLLME method exhibited good analytical precision, good linearity, and provided detection limits down to the low ppt level for PCBs and the low ppb level for acrylamide in aqueous samples. The matrix-compatibility of the developed method was also established by quantifying acrylamide in brewed coffee samples. This method is much simpler and faster compared to previously reported GC-MS methods using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for the extraction/preconcentration of PCBs and acrylamide from complex food samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Universtà degli Studi di Torino, I-10125, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cagliero
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Pierson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA. Electronic address: andersoj@iastate.edu.
authors.forename: Jared L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D020106:Acrylamide / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods*; D003069:Coffee / Q000737:chemistry; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry*; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods; D012997:Solvents; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D012997:Solvents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D020106:Acrylamide; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls
keywords: Acrylamide; Food analysis; Headspace gas chromatography; Ionic liquids; Liquid-liquid extraction; Polychlorinated biphenyls