title: The impact of electrode resistance on the biogalvanic characterisation technique.
abstract: Measurement of a tissue-specific electrical resistance may offer a discriminatory metric for evaluation of tissue health during cancer surgery. With a move toward minimally-invasive procedures, applicable contact sensing modalities must be scalable, fast and robust. A passive resistance characterisation method utilising a biogalvanic cell as an intrinsic power source has been proposed as a potentially suitable solution. Previous work has evaluated this system with results showing effective discrimination of tissue type and damage (through electroporation). However, aspects of the biogalvanic cell have been found to influence the characterisation performance, and are not currently accounted for within the system model. In particular, the electrode and salt-bridge resistance are not independently determined, leading to over-predictions of tissue resistivity. This paper describes a more comprehensive model and characterisation scheme, with electrode parameters and salt-bridge resistivity being evaluated independently. In a generalised form, the presented model illustrates how the relative resistive contributions from the electrodes and medium relate to the existing characterisation method efficacy. We also describe experiments with physiologically relevant salt solutions (1.71, 17.1, 154 mM), used for validation and comparison. The presented model shows improved performance over the current biogalvanic measurement technique at the median conductivity. Both the proposed and extant system models become unable to predict conductivity accurately at high conductivity due to the dominance of the electrodes. The characterisation techniques have also been applied to data collected on freshly excised human colon tissue (healthy and cancerous). The findings suggest that the resistance of the cell under the test conditions is electrode dominated, leading to erroneous tissue resistance determination. Measurement optimisation strategies and the surgical applicability of the biogalvanic technique are discussed in light of these findings.
authors.affiliation: School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chandler
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Head
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hubbard
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neville
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Jayne
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Culmer
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D003106:Colon / Q000166:cytology; D058266:Dielectric Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D012965:Sodium Chloride
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride