title: Insulin resistance in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: The links between systemic insulin resistance (IR), brain-specific IR, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been an extremely productive area of current research. This review will cover the fundamentals and pathways leading to IR, its connection to AD via cellular mechanisms, the most prominent methods and models used to examine it, an introduction to the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a source of biomarkers for IR and AD, and an overview of modern clinical studies on the subject. To provide additional context, we also present a novel analysis of the spatial correlation of gene expression in the brain with the aid of Allen Human Brain Atlas data. Ultimately, examining the relation between IR and AD can be seen as a means of advancing the understanding of both disease states, with IR being a promising target for therapeutic strategies in AD treatment. In conclusion, we highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting brain IR in AD and the main strategies to pursue this goal.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH), Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Diehl
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH), Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mullins
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH), Baltimore, MD. Electronic address: kapogiannisd@mail.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kapogiannis
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction