title: Iron removal, energy consumption and operating cost of electrocoagulation of drinking water using a new flow column reactor.
abstract: The goal of this project was to remove iron from drinking water using a new electrocoagulation (EC) cell. In this research, a flow column has been employed in the designing of a new electrocoagulation reactor (FCER) to achieve the planned target. Where, the water being treated flows through the perforated disc electrodes, thereby effectively mixing and aerating the water being treated. As a result, the stirring and aerating devices that until now have been widely used in the electrocoagulation reactors are unnecessary. The obtained results indicated that FCER reduced the iron concentration from 20 to 0.3 mg/L within 20 min of electrolysis at initial pH of 6, inter-electrode distance (ID) of 5 mm, current density (CD) of 1.5 mA/cm2, and minimum operating cost of 0.22 US $/m3. Additionally, it was found that FCER produces H2gas enough to generate energy of 10.14 kW/m3. Statistically, it was found that the relationship between iron removal and operating parameters could be modelled with R2of 0.86, and the influence of operating parameters on iron removal followed the order: C0>t>CD>pH. Finally, the SEM (scanning electron microscopy) images showed a large number of irregularities on the surface of anode due to the generation of aluminium hydroxides.
authors.affiliation: School of Civil Engineering, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK; Department of Environment Engineering, Babylon University, Babylon, Iraq. Electronic address: k.s.hashim@2013.ljmu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Khalid S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Hashim
authors.affiliation: School of Civil Engineering, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: School of Civil Engineering, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Rafid
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Al Khaddar
authors.affiliation: School of Civil Engineering, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Montserrat Ortoneda
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Pedrola
authors.affiliation: School of Civil Engineering, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Phipps
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000191:economics*; D004566:Electrodes; D004572:Electrolysis; D004867:Equipment Design; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000032:analysis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007501:Iron / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013696:Temperature; D018508:Water Purification / Q000191:economics* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D006859:Hydrogen; D007501:Iron
keywords: Aluminium; Electrocoagulation; Empirical model; Iron; Operating cost; Perforated electrodes