title: Clinical implications of doubling time of gastrointestinal submucosal tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of doubling time (DT) of gastrointestinal submucosal tumors (GIST).
  
  
  METHODS
  From April 1987 through November 2012, a total of 323 patients were given a final histopathological diagnosis of GISTs on surgical resection or endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) in Kitasato University East Hospital or Kitasato University Hospital. We studied 53 of these patients (34 with resected tumors and 19 with unresected tumors) whose tumors could be measured on EUS on at least two successive occasions. The histopathological diagnosis was GIST in 34 patients, leiomyoma in 5, schwannoma in 3, ectopic pancreas in 1, hamartoma in 1, cyst in 1, Brunner's adenoma in 1, and spindle-cell tumor in 7. We retrospectively calculated the DT of GISTs on the basis of the time course of EUS findings to estimate the growth rate of such tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DT was 17.2 mo for GIST, as compared with 231.2 mo for leiomyoma, 104.7 mo for schwannoma, 274.9 mo for ectopic pancreas, 61.2 mo for hamartoma, 49.0 mo for cyst, and 134.7 mo for Brunner's adenoma. The GISTs were divided into risk classes on the basis of tumor diameters and mitotic figures (Fletcher's classification). The classification was extremely low risk or low risk in 28 patients, intermediate risk in 3, and high risk in 3. DT of GIST according to risk was 24.0 mo for extremely low-risk plus low-risk GIST, 17.1 mo for intermediate-risk GIST, and 3.9 mo for high-risk GIST. DT of GIST was significantly shorter than that of leiomyoma plus schwannoma (P< 0.05), and DT of high-risk GIST was significantly shorter than that of extremely low-risk plus low-risk GIST (P< 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For GIST, a higher risk grade was associated with a significantly shorter DT. Small SMTs should initially be followed up within 6 mo after detection.
authors.affiliation: Shuko Koizumi, Mitsuhiro Kida, Hiroshi Yamauchi, Kosuke Okuwaki, Tomohisa Iwai, Shiro Miyazawa, Miyoko Takezawa, Hiroshi Imaizumi, Wasaburo Koizumi, Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.affiliation: Shuko Koizumi, Mitsuhiro Kida, Hiroshi Yamauchi, Kosuke Okuwaki, Tomohisa Iwai, Shiro Miyazawa, Miyoko Takezawa, Hiroshi Imaizumi, Wasaburo Koizumi, Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kida
authors.affiliation: Shuko Koizumi, Mitsuhiro Kida, Hiroshi Yamauchi, Kosuke Okuwaki, Tomohisa Iwai, Shiro Miyazawa, Miyoko Takezawa, Hiroshi Imaizumi, Wasaburo Koizumi, Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamauchi
authors.affiliation: Shuko Koizumi, Mitsuhiro Kida, Hiroshi Yamauchi, Kosuke Okuwaki, Tomohisa Iwai, Shiro Miyazawa, Miyoko Takezawa, Hiroshi Imaizumi, Wasaburo Koizumi, Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan.
authors.forename: Kosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okuwaki
authors.affiliation: Shuko Koizumi, Mitsuhiro Kida, Hiroshi Yamauchi, Kosuke Okuwaki, Tomohisa Iwai, Shiro Miyazawa, Miyoko Takezawa, Hiroshi Imaizumi, Wasaburo Koizumi, Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwai
authors.affiliation: Shuko Koizumi, Mitsuhiro Kida, Hiroshi Yamauchi, Kosuke Okuwaki, Tomohisa Iwai, Shiro Miyazawa, Miyoko Takezawa, Hiroshi Imaizumi, Wasaburo Koizumi, Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan.
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyazawa
authors.affiliation: Shuko Koizumi, Mitsuhiro Kida, Hiroshi Yamauchi, Kosuke Okuwaki, Tomohisa Iwai, Shiro Miyazawa, Miyoko Takezawa, Hiroshi Imaizumi, Wasaburo Koizumi, Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan.
authors.forename: Miyoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takezawa
authors.affiliation: Shuko Koizumi, Mitsuhiro Kida, Hiroshi Yamauchi, Kosuke Okuwaki, Tomohisa Iwai, Shiro Miyazawa, Miyoko Takezawa, Hiroshi Imaizumi, Wasaburo Koizumi, Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imaizumi
authors.affiliation: Shuko Koizumi, Mitsuhiro Kida, Hiroshi Yamauchi, Kosuke Okuwaki, Tomohisa Iwai, Shiro Miyazawa, Miyoko Takezawa, Hiroshi Imaizumi, Wasaburo Koizumi, Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0375, Japan.
authors.forename: Wasaburo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koizumi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004379:Duodenal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D061765:Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration; D019160:Endosonography; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D046152:Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D047368:Tumor Burden; D057832:Watchful Waiting
keywords: Doubling time; Endoscopic ultrasonography; Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine needle aspiration; Fletcher’s classification; Gastrointestinal submucosal tumor; Initial observational duration; Submucosal tumor