title: Imaginal Feeding for Progression of Diapause Phenotype in the Two-Spotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae).
abstract: Adult females of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) enter diapause under conditions of short-day length and low temperature. A conspicuous body color change, from greenish yellow to bright orange, accompanies diapause induction. This pigmentation is attributed to accumulation of keto-carotenoids produced internally from β-carotene, which is a precursor of vitamin A essential for inducing diapause. The quantity of β-carotene transferred from females to eggs has been considered sufficient to induce diapause. Moreover, carotenoid biosynthesis genes were recently found in this mite. Therefore, imaginal feeding is not likely to be necessary to progress to diapause. In contrast, diapause-induced adult females have been known to feed between the last molt and the time of body color changes. Consequently, the function of imaginal feeding in diapause-induced females was largely unknown. We aimed to clarify whether imaginal feeding was essential to enter diapause. First, we verified that body color change occurred in connection with the feeding behavior, and also verified the change in the composition of carotenoids in diapausing females. Subsequently, we tested the effects of restraints on feeding after molting on carotenoid composition and diapausing rates. Body color change required imaginal feeding. Fed, but not unfed, females accumulated astaxanthin. Moreover, starvation reduced diapausing rates. We concluded that imaginal feeding between the last molt and the time of body color change was necessary to progress to the diapausing phenotype and that starvation at the adult stage reduced the percentage of adults entering reproductive diapause.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan (takaedakiribasami.com@gmail.com; mhosaka@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp).
authors.forename: Shoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan (yuukim@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp; sugawara@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp).
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Manabe
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts Technology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan (yuukim@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp; sugawara@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp).
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugawara
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan (takaedakiribasami.com@gmail.com; mhosaka@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp) mhosaka@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osakabe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological; D010641:Phenotype; D012098:Reproduction; D040102:Tetranychidae / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Acari; Tetranychidae; astaxanthin; reproductive diapause; β-carotene