title: Systematic review of the implementation of simulation training in surgical residency curriculum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We reviewed the literature regarding the specific methods and strategies for implementing simulation-based training into the modern surgical residency curriculum. Residency programs are still struggling with how best to implement it into their curricula from a practical viewpoint.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review was performed using Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and other resources for studies involving the use of simulation for technical skills training in the surgical residency curriculum. Studies were selected based on the integration of simulation into the curriculum and/or a description of the details of implementation and the resources required.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 2533 unique citations were retrieved based on this search, and 31 articles met the inclusion criteria. Most simulators were focused on laparoscopic procedures, and training occurred most often in a skills lab. The assessment of skills consisted mostly of speed of task completion. Only 4 studies addressed issues of cost, and 6 programs mentioned human resources without any mention of skills center personnel or administrative support.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All of the studies described the nature of the simulation training, but very few commented on how it was actually implemented and what was needed from organizational, administrative and logistical perspectives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan. yo.kurashima@huhp.hokudai.ac.jp.|Hokkaido University Clinical Simulation Center, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan. yo.kurashima@huhp.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kurashima
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hirano
mesh_terms: D003479:Curriculum; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D000066908:Simulation Training / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Simulation center; Simulation training; Skill laboratory; Surgical education