title: Non-Union in Upper Limb Fractures - Clinical Evaluation and Treatment Options.
abstract: Although non-unions in the upper limb are rare different treatment options of this challenging situation are still affected with up to 20% of failure rate due to current literature. Risk factors for delayed and non-union of fractures are mainly the size of the fracture gap and bone loss of open fractures or in primary surgery followed by other relevant internal and external factors. In the upper limb non-unions of long bones are described with up to 30% after operative intervention. Especially in the upper limb range of motion is limited in non-union cases and disables adjacent joints like the shoulder, elbow and wrist hence reducing the total activity level of affected patients. Beside careful investigation of the causes leading to the non-union a comprehensive treatment plan should be defined to achieve successful results. Treatment can be non-operative in several, selected cases, but in the majority of cases revision surgery is necessary to achieve osseous healing. Our own experience showed that non-union in the upper limb are rare and account for only 1.7% of all surgical managed upper limb fractures. Non-union of upper limb fractures occur most frequently in clavicle fractures followed by humeral fractures. Atrophic non-union is the most frequent reason for osseous non-union (57%) and osseous healing after revision surgery in non-unions is completed after a mean of 6.45 months. This article will give a brief overview of the genesis, clinical evaluation, treatment options and recommendations in upper limb non-unions according to the current literature. Key words: fracture, upper-limb, non-union, osteosynthesis, cancellous bone-graft.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Freiburg Medical Centre, Germany.
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zwingmann
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jaeger
authors.forename: T O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: N P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Südkamp
mesh_terms: D001133:Bones of Upper Extremity / Q000293:injuries*; D002968:Clavicle / Q000293:injuries; D019468:Disease Management; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000601:surgery*; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000293:injuries; D012086:Reoperation; D016896:Treatment Outcome