title: Identifying congestion levels, sources and determinants on intensive care units: the Portuguese case.
abstract: Healthcare systems are facing a resources scarcity so they must be efficiently managed. On the other hand, it is commonly accepted that the higher the consumed resources, the higher the hospital production, although this is not true in practice. Congestion on inputs is an economic concept dealing with such situation and it is defined as the decreasing of outputs due to some resources overuse. This scenario gets worse when inpatients' high severity requires a strict and effective resources management, as happens in Intensive Care Units (ICU). The present paper employs a set of nonparametric models to evaluate congestion levels, sources and determinants in Portuguese Intensive Care Units. Nonparametric models based on Data Envelopment Analysis are employed to assess both radial and non-radial (in)efficiency levels and sources. The environment adjustment models and bootstrapping are used to correct possible bias, to remove the deterministic nature of nonparametric models and to get a statistical background on results. Considerable inefficiency and congestion levels were identified, as well as the congestion determinants, including the ICU specialty and complexity, the hospital differentiation degree and population demography. Both the costs associated with staff and the length of stay are the main sources of (weak) congestion in ICUs. ICUs management shall make some efforts towards resource allocation to prevent the congestion effect. Those efforts shall, in general, be focused on costs with staff and hospital days, although these congestion sources may vary across hospitals and ICU services, once several congestion determinants were identified.
authors.affiliation: CESUR, CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal. diogo.cunha.ferreira@tecnico.ulisboa.pt.
authors.forename: Diogo
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5418-9337
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: CESUR, CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Rui Cunha
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Marques
mesh_terms: D003710:Demography; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D006739:Hospital Administration / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011174:Portugal; D000078329:Workforce
keywords: Bootstrap; Congestion; Data Envelopment Analysis; Environment adjustment; Intensive Care Units