title: Zygomatic bone shape in intentional cranial deformations: a model for the study of the interactions between skull growth and facial morphology.
abstract: Intentional cranial deformations (ICD) were obtained by exerting external mechanical constraints on the skull vault during the first years of life to permanently modify head shape. The repercussions of ICD on the face are not well described in the midfacial region. Here we assessed the shape of the zygomatic bone in different types of ICDs. We considered 14 non-deformed skulls, 19 skulls with antero-posterior deformation, nine skulls with circumferential deformation and seven skulls with Toulouse deformation. The shape of the zygomatic bone was assessed using a statistical shape model after mesh registration. Euclidian distances between mean models and Mahalanobis distances after canonical variate analysis were computed. Classification accuracy was computed using a cross-validation approach. Different ICDs cause specific zygomatic shape modifications corresponding to different degrees of retrusion but the shape of the zygomatic bone alone is not a sufficient parameter for classifying populations into ICD groups defined by deformation types. We illustrate the fact that external mechanical constraints on the skull vault influence midfacial growth. ICDs are a model for the study of the influence of epigenetic factors on craniofacial growth and can help to understand the facial effects of congenital skull malformations such as single or multi-suture synostoses, or of external orthopedic devices such as helmets used to correct deformational plagiocephaly.
authors.affiliation: Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de chirurgie maxillofaciale et stomatologie, Paris, France.|Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.|Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ketoff
authors.affiliation: Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Girinon
authors.affiliation: Biological Anthropology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schlager
authors.affiliation: Département Hommes, Nature, Sociétés, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR-7206, Paris, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Friess
authors.affiliation: Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de chirurgie maxillofaciale et stomatologie, Paris, France.|Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.|Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schouman
authors.affiliation: Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rouch
authors.affiliation: Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de chirurgie maxillofaciale et stomatologie, Paris, France.|Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Khonsari
mesh_terms: D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008445:Maxillofacial Development / Q000502:physiology; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D012886:Skull / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development*; D015050:Zygoma / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development
keywords: artificial skull deformation; cross-validation approach; mesh registration; statistical shape model; zygoma