title: The art of trochanteric fracture reduction.
abstract: The name of Ender is primarily associated with the Ender nails, which were popular for trochanteric fracture fixation more than thirty years ago. However, Ender's concepts were not limited to the implant. Ender developed a unique classification system for trochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures, which provided the theory for closed reduction maneuvers that made the method so successful in his hands. While Ender's nails have become history in the meantime, his principles of fracture reduction can be readily applied on surgery with modern implants such as proximal femoral nails. This article reflects the classification and the principles published by Hans Georg Ender in some print work hardly available nowadays.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University, Klinikum Nürnberg, Breslauer Strasse 201, 90471 Nürnberg, Germany. Electronic address: biber@klinikum-nuernberg.de.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Biber
authors.affiliation: Department of Traumatology, Salzkammergut-Klinikum Bad Ischl, Dr. Mayer-Straße 8-10, 4820 Bad Ischl, Austria.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University, Klinikum Nürnberg, Breslauer Strasse 201, 90471 Nürnberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Hermann Josef
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Bail
mesh_terms: D001858:Bone Nails; D001863:Bone Screws; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000145:classification* / Q000601:surgery; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000266:history / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans
keywords: classification; fracture reduction; stability; subtrochanteric fracture; trochanteric fracture