title: Characterization of host-dependent mutations of apple fruit crinkle viroid replicating in newly identified experimental hosts suggests maintenance of stem-loop structures in the left-hand half of the molecule is important for replication.
abstract: Apple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd) is a tentative member of the genus Apscaviroid, family Pospiviroidae. AFCVd has a narrow host range and is known to infect apple, hop and persimmon as natural hosts. In this study, tomato, cucumber and wild hop have been identified as new experimental herbaceous hosts. Foliar symptoms were very mild or virtually undetectable, but fruits of infected tomato were small, cracked and distorted. These symptoms resemble those observed on some AFCVd-sensitive apple cultivars. After transfer to tomato, cucumber and wild hop, sequence changes were detected in a natural AFCVd isolate from hop, and major variants in tomato, cucumber and wild hop differed in 10, 8 or 2 nucleotides, respectively, from the predominant one in the inoculum. The major variants in tomato and cucumber were almost identical, and the one in wild hop was very similar to the one in cultivated hop. Detailed analyses of the host-dependent sequence changes that appear in a naturally occurring AFCVd isolate from hop after transfer to tomato using small RNA deep sequence data and infectivity studies with dimeric RNA transcripts followed by progeny analysis indicate that the major AFCVd variant in tomato emerged by selection of a minor variant present in the inoculum (i.e. hop) followed by one to two host-dependent de novo mutations. Comparison of the secondary structures of major variants in hop, tomato and persimmon after transfer to tomato suggested that maintenance of stem-loop structures in the left-hand half of the molecule is critical for infection.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Misato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujibayashi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pathogen-Plant Interactions, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hataya
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Akito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taneda
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Ying-Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsushima
authors.affiliation: Biology Centre ASCR v.v.i, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ganesh Selvaraj
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Duraisamy
authors.affiliation: Biology Centre ASCR v.v.i, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic.|University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Kristyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Siglová
authors.affiliation: Biology Centre ASCR v.v.i, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Matoušek
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Teruo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sano
mesh_terms: D018553:Cucumis sativus / Q000821:virology*; D029788:Diospyros / Q000821:virology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D027582:Humulus / Q000821:virology; D055029:Inverted Repeat Sequences; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000821:virology*; D009154:Mutation; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D010942:Plant Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D014772:Viroids / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral