title: Characterization and Genomic Study of the Novel Bacteriophage HY01 Infecting Both Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Shigella flexneri: Potential as a Biocontrol Agent in Food.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Shigella flexneri are well-known food-borne pathogens causing severe food poisoning at low infectious doses. Bacteriophages have been approved for food applications by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and have been suggested as natural food preservatives to control specific food-borne pathogens. To develop a novel natural food preservative against E. coli O157:H7 and S. flexneri, a new bacteriophage needs to be isolated and characterized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacteriophage HY01 infecting both E. coli O157:H7 and S. flexneri was isolated from a swine fecal sample. HY01 belongs to the family Myoviridae and is stable under various temperature and pH conditions. One-step growth curve analysis showed relatively short eclipse and latent periods as well as large burst size. The 167-kb genome sequence of HY01 was sequenced, and a comparative genome analysis with T4 for non-O157:H7 E. coli suggests that the receptor recognition protein of HY01 plays an important role in determination of host recognition and specificity. In addition, food applications using edible cabbage were conducted with two E. coli O157:H7 strains (ATCC 43890 and ATCC 43895), showing that treatment with HY01 inhibits these clinical and food isolates with >2 log reductions in bacterial load during the first 2 h of incubation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HY01 can inhibit both E. coli O157:H7 and S. flexneri with large burst size and stability under stress conditions. The ability of HY01 to infect both E. coli O157:H7 and S. flexneri may be derived from the presence of two different host specificity-associated tail genes in the genome. Food applications revealed the specific ability of HY01 to inhibit both pathogens in food, suggesting its potential as a novel biocontrol agent or novel natural food preservative against E. coli O157:H7 and potentially S. flexneri.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Heyn
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hye-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Hoon
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: You-Tae
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.|Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hakdong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sangryeol
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ju-Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D061046:Biological Control Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004405:Dysentery, Bacillary / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005520:Food Preservatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016679:Genome, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D058507:Host Specificity; D017900:Myoviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D040901:Proteomics; D012763:Shigella flexneri / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D061046:Biological Control Agents; D005520:Food Preservatives