title: Controlled Deposition and Performance Optimization of Perovskite Solar Cells Using Ultrasonic Spray-Coating of Photoactive Layers.
abstract: This study investigated a new film-deposition technique, ultrasonic spray-coating, for use in the production of a photoactive layer of perovskite solar cells. Stable atomization and facile fabrication of perovskite thin films by ultrasonic spray-coating were achieved in a one-step method through manipulating the ink formulation (e.g., solution concentration, precursor composition, and mixing solvent ratio) and the drying kinetics (e.g., post-annealing temperature). The performance of the perovskite solar cells was mainly influenced by the intrinsic film morphology and crystalline orientation of the deposited perovskite layer. By suitable optimization of the spreading and drying conditions of the ink, ultrasonic spray-coated perovskite photovoltaic devices were obtained with a maximum power conversion efficiency of 11.30 %, a fill factor of 73.6 %, a short-circuit current of 19.7 mA cm-1, and an open-circuit voltage of 0.78 V, respectively. Notably, the average power efficiency reached above 10 %, attributed to the large flower-like perovskite crystal with orientation along the (1 1 2)/(2 0 0) and (2 2 4)/(4 0 0) directions. Thus, the ultrasonic spray-coating method for perovskite photoactive layers, combining advantages of good photovoltaic performance results and benefits from cost and processing, has the potential for large-scale commercial production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wei-Chieh
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ding-Hung
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan.|Research Center for New Generation Photovoltaics, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kun-Mu
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries, Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Liang
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8778-5386
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D012993:Solar Energy; D013696:Temperature; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D000069453:Ultrasonic Waves
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D010087:Oxides; C059910:perovskite; D014025:Titanium
keywords: one-step; perovskites; solar cells; solution-processing; ultrasonic spray-coating