title: Outcomes of tumor necrosis factor inhibitor cycling versus switching to a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug with a new mechanism of action among patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine treatment patterns, treatment effectiveness, and treatment costs for 1 year after patients with rheumatoid arthritis switched from a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) (adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab, or infliximab), either cycling to another TNFi ("TNFi cyclers") or switching to a new mechanism of action (abatacept, tocilizumab, or tofacitinib) ("new MOA switchers").
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective cohort study used administrative claims data for a national insurer. Treatment persistence (without switching again, restarting, or discontinuing), treatment effectiveness (defined below), and costs were assessed for the 12-month post-switch period. Patients were "effectively treated" if they satisfied all six criteria for a treatment effectiveness algorithm (high adherence, no dose increase, no new conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug, no subsequent switch in therapy, no new/increased oral glucocorticoids, and <2 glucocorticoid injections). Multivariable logistic models were used to adjust for baseline factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The database included 581 new MOA switchers and 935 TNFi cyclers. New MOA switchers were 39% more likely than TNFi cyclers to persist after the switch (odds ratio [OR] = 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12-1.74; p = .003) and 36% less likely to switch therapy again (OR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.51-0.81; p < .001). New MOA switchers were 43% more likely than TNFi cyclers to be effectively treated (OR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.11-1.85; p = .006). New MOA switchers had 16% lower drug costs than TNFi cyclers (cost ratio = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.79-0.88; p < .001) and 11% lower total costs of rheumatoid arthritis-related medical care (cost ratio = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.84-0.94; p < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Claims payments may not reflect rebates or other cost offsets. Medical and pharmacy claims do not include clinical end-points or reasons that lead to new MOA switching vs TNFi cycling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support switching to a new MOA after a patient fails treatment with a TNFi, which is consistent with recent guidelines for the pharmacologic management of established rheumatoid arthritis.
authors.affiliation: a Optum , Eden Prairie , MN , USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chastek
authors.affiliation: a Optum , Eden Prairie , MN , USA.
authors.forename: Laura K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: b Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc , Tarrytown , NY , USA.
authors.forename: Chieh-I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: c Sanofi , Bridgewater , NJ , USA.
authors.forename: Puneet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mahajan
authors.affiliation: d University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Curtis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D057915:Drug Substitution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007345:Insurance Claim Review; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D017059:Models, Econometric; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis; disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs; switching; treatment effectiveness; tumor necrosis factor inhibitor