title: Aquaglyceroporin1gene expression in antimony resistance and susceptibleLeishmania majorisolates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mechanism of antimony resistance in Leishmania has been studied extensively, in connection with decreased influx and/or increased eflux of the drug. Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) protein has been shown to mediate the uptake of trivalent antimony. This study was aimed to find the expression level of AQP1 gene in resistant versus non-resistant clinical isolates of Leishmania major in Iranian patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical isolates were obtained from 16 considered patients referred to Navab Safavi Clinical Center, Isfahan, Iran from October 2014 to December 2015. After diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis using microscopic observation, biopsy was performed from lesion(s) of each patient and stored inside RNAlater solution at -20΀C. Written informed consent was obtained from all the patients to participate in the study before recording their information and sampling based on Helsinki declaration. Each patient was treated with Glucantime and followed for three months. All sensitive and resistance isolates were considered and compared with AQP1 gene expression using real time PCR that was analyzed with delta-delta Ct.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 16 clinical isolates, four patients were resistant and 12 were non-resistant. The AQP1 gene expression in resistant isolates was significantly higher than the one in response failure isolates (p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significant over expression (0.5 fold) of AQP1 gene in resistant versus non- resistant isolates suggests different mechanism of drug resistance such as mutations. Mutations may change the physiological function of the Aquaporin 1 protein that might affect its expression level.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Yazd, Iran.
authors.forename: Gilda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eslami
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences; Yazd, Iran.
authors.forename: Morteza Vakil
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Zarchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences; Yazd, Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moradi
authors.affiliation: Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Centers, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Hossein
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hejazi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy; Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Mojtaba
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Sohrevardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vakili
authors.affiliation: Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khamesipour
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000965:Antimony / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051398:Aquaporin 1 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D018320:Leishmania major / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D051398:Aquaporin 1; D000965:Antimony