title: The role of interventional radiology in the treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
abstract: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second most common primary hepatic malignancy after hepatocellular carcinoma. Complete surgical resection remains the only potentially curative option for patients with ICC. However, until now, early diagnosis with potential surgical intervention has been the exception rather than the rule with only 30% of patients qualifying for attempted surgical cure. Many patients are unresectable because of disease stage, anatomic conditions, medical comorbidities, and small future remnant liver. Interventional radiology procedures are available for these types of patients with intra-arterial therapies and/or ablative treatments both for curative and for palliative treatment. The goals of interventional therapy are to control local tumor growth, to relieve symptoms, and to improve and preserve quality of life. The choice of treatment depends largely on tumor extent and patient performance. No randomized studies exist to compare treatments. The present review describes the current evidence of the interventional treatments in the management of the ICC. Moreover, interventional procedures available to increase the future liver reserve before surgery were analyzed.
authors.affiliation: Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Insubria University, Viale Borri 57, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy.
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ierardi
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Viale A. di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Salvatore Alessio
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Angileri
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Viale A. di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Patella
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Viale A. di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panella
authors.affiliation: Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Insubria University, Viale Borri 57, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lucchina
authors.affiliation: Interventional Radiology Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Elena N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Petre
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Viale A. di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy. gcarraf@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Franceschelli
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Viale A. di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianpaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carrafiello
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic Radiology Unit, Centro Diagnostico Italiano, Via Simone Saint Bon, 20147, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianpaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cornalba
authors.affiliation: Interventional Radiology Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Constantinos T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Sofocleous
mesh_terms: D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D015642:Radiology, Interventional / Q000379:methods
keywords: Ablative treatments; Interventional radiology; Intra-arterial therapies; Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; Palliative treatment; Radioembolization