title: Association of Functional Impairments and Co-Morbid Conditions with Driving Performance among Cognitively Normal Older Adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between key functional impairments, co-morbid conditions and driving performance in a sample of cognitively normal older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University at St. Louis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals with normal cognition, 64.9 to 88.2 years old (N = 129), with a valid driver's license, who were currently driving at least once per week, and who had participated in longitudinal studies at the Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Static visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, physical frailty measures, motor skills, total medical conditions, and the modified Washington University Road Test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When controlling for age, race, gender, APOE, and education the total number of medical conditions was unassociated with both road test scores (pass vs. marginal + fail) and the total driver error count. There were marginal associations of our measure of physical frailty (p = 0.06) and contrast sensitivity score (p = 0.06) with total driving error count.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Future research that focuses on older adults and driving should consider adopting measures of physical frailty and contrast sensitivity, especially in samples that may have a propensity for disease impacting visual and/or physical function (e.g. osteoarthritis, Parkinson's, eye disorders, advanced age >80 years, etc.).
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, Division of Neurorehabilitation, Washington University in St. Louis, The Rehabilitation Institute of St. Louis (TRISL), Parc Provence, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.
authors.forename: David B
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2641-3850
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.affiliation: Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.
authors.forename: Peggy P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Barco
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ganesh M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Babulal
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.|Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sarah H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Stout
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical Studies, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.
authors.forename: Chengjie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.|Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.|The Center for Aging, Memory and Aging Project, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Roe
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4 / Q000235:genetics; D001334:Automobile Driving; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010808:Physical Examination; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D053327:Apolipoprotein E4