title: Double strand break induction and kinetics indicate preserved hypersensitivity in keratinocytes to subtherapeutic doses for 7weeks of radiotherapy.
abstract: Previously we reported that hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) was evidenced by quantifying DNA double strand break (DSB) foci in epidermis biopsies collected after delivering radiotherapeutic one and five dose fractions. The aim of this study was to determine whether HRS was preserved throughout a 7-week radiotherapy treatment, and also to examine the rate of foci decline and foci persistence between dose fractions.
  
  
  
  42 patients with prostate cancer received 7-week fractionated radiotherapy treatment (RT) with daily dose fractions of 0.05-1.10Gy to the skin. Before RT, and at several times throughout treatment, skin biopsies (n=452) were collected at 30min, and 2, 3, 24, and 72h after dose fractions. DSB-foci markers, γH2AX and 53BP1, were labelled in epidermal keratinocytes with immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining. Foci were counted both with digital image analysis and manually.
  
  
  
  HRS in keratinocytes was evidenced by the dose-response relationships of DSB foci, observed throughout the treatment course, independent of sampling time and quantification method. Foci observed at 24h after dose fractions indicated considerable DSB persistence. Accordingly, foci significantly accumulated after 5 consecutive dose fractions. For doses below 0.3Gy, persistent foci could be observed even at 72h after damage induction. A comparison of γH2AX and 53BP1 quantifications in double-stained biopsies showed similar HRS dose-response relationships.
  
  
  
  These results represented the first evidence of preserved HRS, assessed by γH2AX- and 53BP1-labelled DSB foci, throughout a 7-week treatment course with daily repeated subtherapeutic dose fractions.
authors.affiliation: Section of Oncology, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qvarnström
authors.affiliation: Section of Oncology, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simonsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Göteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nyman
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Göteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ingegerd
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hermansson
authors.affiliation: Section of Oncology, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Majlis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Book
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiophysics, Göteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karl-Axel
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Section of Oncology, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Sweden. Electronic address: ingela.turesson@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ingela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Turesson
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D053903:DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded / Q000528:radiation effects*; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011836:Radiation Tolerance; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects
keywords: Double strand breaks; Hyper-radiosensitivity; Keratinocytes; Radiotherapy