title: Self-fertilization, long-distance flash invasion and biogeography shape the population structure of Pseudosuccinea columella at the worldwide scale.
abstract: Population genetic studies are efficient for inferring the invasion history based on a comparison of native and invasive populations, especially when conducted at species scale. An expected outcome in invasive populations is variability loss, and this is especially true in self-fertilizing species. We here focus on the self-fertilizing Pseudosuccinea columella, an invasive hermaphroditic freshwater snail that has greatly expanded its geographic distribution and that acts as intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica, the causative agent of human and veterinary fasciolosis. We evaluated the distribution of genetic diversity at the largest geographic scale analysed to date in this species by surveying 80 populations collected during 16 years from 14 countries, using eight nuclear microsatellites and two mitochondrial genes. As expected, populations from North America, the putative origin area, were strongly structured by selfing and history and harboured much more genetic variability than invasive populations. We found high selfing rates (when it was possible to infer it), none-to-low genetic variability and strong population structure in most invasive populations. Strikingly, we found a unique genotype/haplotype in populations from eight invaded regions sampled all over the world. Moreover, snail populations resistant to infection by the parasite are genetically distinct from susceptible populations. Our results are compatible with repeated introductions in South America and flash worldwide invasion by this unique genotype/haplotype. Our study illustrates the population genetic consequences of biological invasion in a highly selfing species at very large geographic scale. We discuss how such a large-scale flash invasion may affect the spread of fasciolosis.
authors.affiliation: MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224 CNRS 5290 UM1-UM2, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8789-0517
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lounnas
authors.affiliation: MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224 CNRS 5290 UM1-UM2, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.affiliation: MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224 CNRS 5290 UM1-UM2, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.|Laboratorio de Malacología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, Apartado Postal 601, Marianao 13, La Habana, Cuba.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Vázquez
authors.affiliation: MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224 CNRS 5290 UM1-UM2, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dia
authors.affiliation: Vidarium Nutrition, Health and Wellness Research Center, Grupo Empresarial Nutresa, Calle 8 sur #50-67, Medellín, Colombia.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.affiliation: MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224 CNRS 5290 UM1-UM2, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicot
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Biología Marina, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arenas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología y Patología de la, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Arequipa, Perú.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ayaqui
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et d'Evolution, UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Dubois
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Casilla 1061, San Lorenzo, Paraguay.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gimenez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Malacología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, Apartado Postal 601, Marianao 13, La Habana, Cuba.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Investigaciones Parasitológicas 'Dr Jesús Moreno Rangel' Cátedra de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioanálisis, Universidad de los Andes, Urb. Campo de Oro, 5101, Mérida, Venezuela.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González-Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Sección de Biohelmintiasis, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela y Centro para Estudios Sobre Malaria, Instituto de Altos Estudios 'Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldón'-Instituto Nacional de Higiene 'Rafael Rangel' del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud, Caracas, Venezuela.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Noya
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Ecología de Reservorios y Vectores de Parásitos, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 4 piso, Laboratorio 55, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Prepelitchi
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Bacteriología y Laboratorio Clínico, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uribe
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Ecología de Reservorios y Vectores de Parásitos, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 4 piso, Laboratorio 55, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Argentina.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wisnivesky-Colli
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Malacología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, Apartado Postal 601, Marianao 13, La Habana, Cuba.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et d'Evolution, UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: David
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Loker
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et d'Evolution, UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jarne
authors.affiliation: USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE, CRIOBE Université de Perpignan, 68860, Perpignan-Cedex, France.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pointier
authors.affiliation: MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224 CNRS 5290 UM1-UM2, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.|Département de Biologie-Ecologie, Faculté des Sciences - cc 046, Université Montpellier, 4 Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hurtrez-Boussès
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050259:Genes, Mitochondrial; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D058865:Introduced Species; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D009656:North America; D057945:Self-Fertilization; D012908:Snails / Q000235:genetics*; D013020:South America
keywords: 
  Fasciola hepatica
  ; 
  Pseudosuccinea columella
  ; biological invasion; liver fluke; microsatellite; mitochondrial markers; population genetics; self-fertilization