title: Effect of Human Milk Appetite Hormones, Macronutrients, and Infant Characteristics on Gastric Emptying and Breastfeeding Patterns of Term Fully Breastfed Infants.
abstract: Human milk (HM) components influence infant feeding patterns and nutrient intake, yet it is unclear how they influence gastric emptying (GE), a key component of appetite regulation. This study analyzed GE of a single breastfeed, HM appetite hormones/macronutrients and demographics/anthropometrics/body composition of term fully breastfed infants (n= 41, 2 and/or 5 mo). Stomach volumes (SV) were calculated from pre-/post-feed ultrasound scans, then repeatedly until the next feed. Feed volume (FV) was measured by the test-weigh method. HM samples were analyzed for adiponectin, leptin, fat, lactose, total carbohydrate, lysozyme, and total/whey/casein protein. Linear regression/mixed effect models were used to determine associations between GE/feed variables and HM components/infant anthropometrics/adiposity. Higher FVs were associated with faster (-0.07 [-0.10, -0.03],p< 0.001) GE rate, higher post-feed SVs (0.82 [0.53, 1.12],p< 0.001), and longer GE times (0.24 [0.03, 0.46],p= 0.033). Higher whey protein concentration was associated with higher post-feed SVs (4.99 [0.84, 9.13],p= 0.023). Longer GE time was associated with higher adiponectin concentration (2.29 [0.92, 3.66],p= 0.002) and dose (0.02 [0.01, 0.03],p= 0.005), and lower casein:whey ratio (-65.89 [-107.13, -2.66],p= 0.003). FV and HM composition influence GE and breastfeeding patterns in term breastfed infants.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia. zgridneva@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Zoya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gridneva
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia. 21141062@student.uwa.edu.au.|School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia. 21141062@student.uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Sambavi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kugananthan
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia. anna.hepworth@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Anna R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hepworth
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia. ash.tie@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Wan J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Tie
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia. ching-tat.lai@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ching T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. l.ward@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Leigh C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia. peter.hartmann@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia. donna.geddes@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Donna T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Geddes
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000032:analysis*; D050154:Adiposity; D001066:Appetite; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002364:Caseins / Q000032:analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D017097:Electric Impedance; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007785:Lactose / Q000032:analysis; D020738:Leptin / Q000032:analysis*; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D009113:Muramidase / Q000032:analysis; D000067816:Whey Proteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D002364:Caseins; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D020738:Leptin; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D009113:Muramidase; D007785:Lactose
keywords: anthropometrics; appetite hormones; body composition; feed volume; feeding frequency; gastric emptying; human milk; macronutrients; stomach volumes; term breastfed infants; ultrasound