title: Diversity of breeding habitats of anophelines (Diptera: Culicidae) in Ramgarh district, Jharkhand, India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Ramgarh district of Jharkhand state, India is highly malarious owing to abundance of different malaria vector species, namely Anopheles culicifacies, An. fluviatilis and An. annularis. In spite of high prevalence of malaria vectors in Ramgarh, their larval ecology and climatic conditions affecting malaria dynamics have never been studied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the diversity of potential breeding habitats and breeding preferences of anopheline vectors in the Ramgarh district.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anopheles immature collection was carried out at potential aquatic habitats in Ramgarh and Gola sites using the standard dipper on fortnightly basis from August 2012 to July 2013. The immatures were reared till adult emergence and further identified using standard keys. Temperature of outdoor and water bodies was recorded through temperature data loggers, and rainfall through standard rain gauges installed at each site.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 6495 immature specimens representing 17 Anopheles species including three malaria vectors, viz. An. culicifacies, An. fluviatilis and An. annularis were collected from 11 types of breeding habitats. The highly preferred breeding habitats of vector anophelines were river bed pools, rivulets, wells, ponds, river margins, ditches and irrigation channels. Larval abundance of vector species showed site-specific variation with temperature and rainfall patterns throughout the year. The Shannon-Weiner diversity index ranged from 0.19 to 1.94 at Ramgarh site and 0.16 to 1.76 at Gola site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study revealed that malaria vector species have been adapted to breed in a wide range of water bodies. The regular monitoring of such specific vector breeding sites under changing ecological and environmental conditions will be useful in guiding larval control operations selectively for effective vector/ malaria control.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research, GECH Project site-Ranchi, India.
authors.forename: Siddharth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Ramesh C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Dhiman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000502:physiology*; D017753:Ecosystem; D005260:Female; D007194:India; D011891:Rain; D013696:Temperature