title: Significance of Residual Mitral Regurgitation After Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation.
abstract: This study hypothesized that the presence of residual mitral regurgitation (MR) post-continuous flow (CF) left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation based on quantitative assessment would be negatively associated with right ventricular (RV) size and function and clinical outcomes.
  
  
  
  MR is associated with elevated left atrial pressure, secondary pulmonary hypertension and RV dysfunction. Implantation of a LVAD leads to mechanical unloading of the left ventricle and generally improves MR. The clinical significance of residual MR in patients supported with CF LVADs is uncertain. Most studies evaluating the presence of MR in LVAD patients have utilized predominantly qualitative assessments of MR.
  
  
  
  We retrospectively identified patients implanted with CF LVADs at our institution from 2007 to 2013 who had a pre-operative transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) within 3 months of LVAD implant and who had a post-operative TTE at least 1 month post-LVAD. MR was assessed quantitatively using the ratio of MR color jet area (CJA)/left atrial area (LAA) in apical views. We also compared quantitative RV metrics, hospitalizations, and mortality in patients with and without significant residual MR (defined as MR CJA/LAA >0.2) on post-implantation TTE.
  
  
  
  Sixty-nine patients were included in this study. Post-LVAD implantation, 55 patients (80%) had mild or less MR (mean MR CJA/LAA 0.08) but 14 (20%) had significant residual MR (mean MR CJA/LAA 0.34). Patients with residual MR had significantly larger RV size (right ventricular end diastolic dimension 49 mm vs. 45 mm; p = 0.04) and worse RV function (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion 10 mm vs. 12 mm; p = 0.02; and right ventricular fractional area change 29% vs. 34%; p = 0.02). Post-implantation pulmonary artery pressures were higher in patients with residual MR (pulmonary artery systolic 43 mm Hg vs. 35 mm Hg; p = 0.05). In patients with residual MR there was slightly greater posterior displacement of the mitral coaptation point on pre-operative TTE (28 mm vs. 26 mm; p = 0.16) but this difference was not significant. Time from LVAD implantation to first hospitalization was shorter in patients with residual MR (62 days vs. 103 days; p = 0.05) as was time from LVAD implantation to death (80 days vs. 421 days; p = 0.03).
  
  
  
  Significant residual MR post-LVAD implantation assessed by a quantitative measure is associated with persistent pulmonary hypertension, worse RV function, and significantly shorter time to hospitalization and death. MR post-LVAD implantation may serve as a surrogate for adverse outcomes post-LVAD implantation.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Hayah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kassis
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cherukuri
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Richa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Manreet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanwar
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Subbarao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elapavaluru
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: George G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Sokos
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Moraca
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Stephen H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murali
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Raymond L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Benza
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Electronic address: araina@wpahs.org.
authors.forename: Amresh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raina
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009929:Organ Size; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: death; hospitalization; left ventricular assist device; mitral regurgitation; right ventricular failure