title: The value of trans-scrotal ultrasonography at bull breeding soundness evaluation (BBSE): The relationship between testicular parenchymal pixel intensity and semen quality.
abstract: Bull breeding soundness evaluation (BBSE) is commonly undertaken to identify bulls that are potentially unfit for use as breeding sires. Various studies worldwide have found that approximately 20% of the bulls fail their routine prebreeding BBSE and are therefore considered subfertile. Multiple articles describe the use of testicular ultrasound as a noninvasive aid in the identification of specific testicular and epididymal lesions. Two previous studies have hypothesized a correlation between ultrasonographic testicular parenchymal pixel intensity (PI) and semen quality; however to date, no published studies have specifically examined this link. The aim of this study, therefore, was to assess the relationship between testicular parenchymal PI (measured using trans-scrotal ultrasonography) and semen quality (measured at BBSE), and the usefulness of testicular ultrasonography as an aid in predicting future fertility in bulls, in particular those that are deemed subfertile at the first examination. A total of 162 bulls from 35 farms in the South East of Scotland were submitted to routine BBSE and testicular ultrasonography between March and May 2014, and March and May 2015. Thirty-three animals failed their initial examination (BBSE1) due to poor semen quality, and were re-examined (BBSE2) 6 to 8 weeks later. Computer-aided image analysis and gross visual lesion scoring were performed on all ultrasonograms, and results were compared to semen quality at BBSE1 and BBSE2. The PI measurements were practical and repeatable in a field setting, and although the results of this study did not highlight any biological correlation between semen quality at BBSE1 or BBSE2 and testicular PI, it did identify that gross visual lesion scoring of testicular images is comparable to computer analysis of PI (P < 0.001) in identifying animals suffering from gross testicular fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK. Electronic address: martin.s.tomlinson@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomlinson
authors.affiliation: Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.affiliation: Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macrae
authors.affiliation: Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Truyers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D002417:Cattle; D005298:Fertility; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D008297:Male; D000072356:Parenchymal Tissue / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012611:Scrotum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D055101:Semen Analysis / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: BBSE; Bull; Fertility; Pixel intensity; Ultrasound