title: Glyphosate-ResistantParthenium hysterophorusin the Caribbean Islands: Non Target Site Resistance and Target Site Resistance in Relation to Resistance Levels.
abstract: Glyphosate has been the most intensely herbicide used worldwide for decades, and continues to be a single tool for controlling weeds in woody crops. However, the adoption of this herbicide in a wide range of culture systems has led to the emergence of resistant weeds. Glyphosate has been widely used primarily on citrus in the Caribbean area, but a study of resistance in the Caribbean islands of Cuba and the Dominican Republic has never been carried out. Unfortunately,Parthenium hysterophorushas developed glyphosate-resistance in both islands, independently. The resistance level and mechanisms of differentP. hysterophorusaccessions (three collected in Cuba (Cu-R) and four collected in the Dominican Republic (Do-R) have been studied under greenhouse and laboratory conditions. Inin vivoassays (glyphosate dose causing 50% reduction in above-ground vegetative biomass and survival), the resistance factor levels showed susceptible accessions (Cu-S ≥ Do-S), low-resistance accessions (Cu-R3 < Do-R4), medium-resistance accessions (Do-R3 < Cu-R2 < Do-R2) and high-resistance accessions (Do-R1 < Cu-R1). In addition, the resistance factor levels were similar to those found in the shikimic acid accumulation at 1000 μM of glyphosate (Cu-R1 ≥ Do-R1 > Do-R2 > Cu-R2 > Do-R3 > Do-R4 > Cu-R3 >> Cu-S ≥ Do-S). Glyphosate was degraded to aminomethylphosphonic acid, glyoxylate and sarcosine by >88% in resistant accessions except in Cu-R3 and Do-R4 resistant accessions (51.12 and 44.21, respectively), whereas a little glyphosate (<9.32%) was degraded in both susceptible accessions at 96 h after treatment. There were significant differences betweenP. hysterophorusaccessions in the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) activity enzyme with and without different glyphosate rates. The R accessions showed values of between 0.026 and 0.21 μmol μg-1TSP protein min-1basal EPSPS activity values with respect to the S (0.024 and 0.025) accessions. The same trend was found in the EPSPS enzyme activity treated with glyphosate, where a higher enzyme activity inhibition (glyphosate μM) corresponded to greater resistance levels inP. hysterophorusaccessions. One amino acid substitution was found at position 106 in EPSPS, consisting of a proline to serine change in Cu-R1, Do-R1 Do-R2. The above-mentioned results indicate that high resistance values are determined by the number of defense mechanisms (target-site and non-target-site resistance) possessed by the differentP. hysterophorusaccessions, concurrently.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, National University of Córdoba (UNC) Córdoba, Argentina.
authors.forename: Enzo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bracamonte
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Edaphology, University of Cordoba Cordoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Pablo T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Fernández-Moreno
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Breeding, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Cordoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barro
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Edaphology, University of Cordoba Cordoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Prado
keywords: P. hysterophorus; glyphosate; resistance levels; target-site and non-target-site mechanisms