title: Geographic Variations and Temporal Trends in Cesarean Delivery Rates in China, 2008-2014.
abstract: The increasing use of cesarean delivery is an emerging global health issue. Prior estimates of China's cesarean rate have been based on surveys with limited geographic coverage.
  
  
  
  To provide updated information about cesarean rates and geographic variation in cesarean use in China.
  
  
  
  Descriptive study, covering every county (n = 2865) in mainland China's 31 provinces, using county-level aggregated information on the number of live births, cesarean deliveries, maternal deaths, and perinatal deaths, collected by the Office for National Maternal & Child Health Statistics of China, from 2008 through 2014.
  
  
  
  Live births.
  
  
  
  Annual rate of cesarean deliveries.
  
  
  
  Over the study period, there were 100 873 051 live births, of which 32 947 229 (32.7%) were by cesarean delivery. In 2008, there were 13 160 634 live births, of which 3 788 029 (28.8%) were by cesarean delivery and in 2014 there were 15 123 276 live births, of which 5 280 124 (34.9%) were by cesarean delivery. Rates varied markedly by province, from 4.0% to 62.5% in 2014. Despite the overall increase, by 2014 rates of cesarean delieries in 14 of the nation's 17 "super cities" had declined by 4.1 to 17.5 percentage points from their earlier peak values (median, 11.4; interquartile range, 6.3-15.4). In 4 super cities with the largest decreases, there was no increase in maternal or perinatal mortality.
  
  
  
  Between 2008 and 2014, the overall annual rate of cesarean deliveries increased in China, reaching 34.9%. There was major geographic variation in rates and trends over time, with rates declining in some of the largest urban areas.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China3Office for National Maternal and Child Health Statistics of China, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Tian
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Office for National Maternal and Child Health Statistics of China, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China4Department of Child, Adolescent, and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shusheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York6Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York7Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York8Wagner School of Public Service, New York University, New York.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trasande
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hellerstein
authors.affiliation: Office for National Maternal and Child Health Statistics of China, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China4Department of Child, Adolescent, and Women's Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chuyun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Wagner School of Public Service, New York University, New York.
authors.forename: Jia-Xin
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China3Office for National Maternal and Child Health Statistics of China, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yali
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China3Office for National Maternal and Child Health Statistics of China, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Meng
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York8Wagner School of Public Service, New York University, New York.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blustein
mesh_terms: D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D062306:Geography, Medical; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D050498:Live Birth / Q000453:epidemiology*; D063130:Maternal Death / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D066087:Perinatal Death; D011247:Pregnancy; D013997:Time Factors