title: Axotomy Leads to Reduced Calcium Increase and Earlier Termination of CCL2 Release in Spinal Motoneurons with Upregulated Parvalbumin Followed by Decreased Neighboring Microglial Activation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Motoneurons with naturally elevated calcium binding protein content, such as parvalbumin, are more resistant against injury. Furthermore, increase of intracellular calcium, which plays a pivotal role in injury of neurons, could be moderated by elevating their calcium binding proteins.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test whether by elevating parvalbumin content of motoneurons, activation of neighboring microglial cells, a robust component of the inflammatory reaction after injury, could be influenced.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice overexpressing neuronal parvalbumin were derived and the spinal motoneurons were challenged by cutting the sciatic nerve. At postoperative days 1, 4, 7, 14 and 21 the change of the chemokine ligand 2 immunostaining in the motoneurons and the activation of microglial cells, measured as alterations in CD11b immunostaining were determined. Calcium level of motoneurons was tested electron microscopically at postoperative day 7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After axotomy, increased level of chemokine ligand 2 was detected in the lumbar motoneurons. The staining intensity reached its maximum at day 7 and decayed faster in transgenic mice compared to controls. Microglial activation around motoneurons attenuated faster in parvalbumin overexpressing mice, too, but the decrease of microglial activation was delayed compared to the decline of the chemokine ligand 2 signal. At the time when the microglial reaction peaked, no intracellular calcium increase was detected in the motoneurons of transgenic mice, in contrast to the twofold increase in wild type animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased calcium buffering capacity, which augments resistance of motoneurons against calcium-mediated injury, leads to earlier termination of motoneuronal emission of CCL2 followed by a reduction of neighboring microglial activation after axotomy.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged. Hungary.
authors.forename: Melinda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paizs
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged. Hungary.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Patai
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged. Hungary.
authors.forename: Jozsef I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Engelhardt
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest. Hungary.
authors.forename: Zoya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Katarova
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged. Hungary.
authors.forename: Izabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Obal
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, H-6701 Szeged, P.O. Box 521, Hungary; Courier: H-6726 Szeged, Temesvari krt. 62. Hungary.
authors.forename: Laszlo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Siklos
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D019771:Axotomy / Q000009:adverse effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000431:Ethanol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism*; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010320:Parvalbumins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D020426:Sciatic Neuropathy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D015703:Antigens, CD; C491768:Ccl2 protein, mouse; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D010320:Parvalbumins; C062527:tribromoethanol; D000431:Ethanol; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Axotomy; calcium; calcium binding protein; chemokine; microglial reaction; motoneuron; sciatic nerve