title: From blood to breath: New horizons for esophageal cancer biomarkers.
abstract: Esophageal cancer is a lethal cancer encompassing adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma sub-types. The global incidence of esophageal cancer is increasing world-wide, associated with the increased prevalence of associated risk factors. The asymptomatic nature of disease often leads to late diagnosis and five-year survival rates of less than 15%. Current diagnostic tools are restricted to invasive and costly endoscopy and biopsy for histopathology. Minimally and non-invasive biomarkers of esophageal cancer are needed to facilitate earlier detection and better clinical management of patients. This paper summarises recent insights into the development and clinical validation of esophageal cancer biomarkers, focussing on circulating markers in the blood, and the emerging area of breath and odorant biomarkers.
authors.affiliation: Roger Yazbeck, Simone E Jaenisch, David I Watson, Department of Surgery, Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yazbeck
authors.affiliation: Roger Yazbeck, Simone E Jaenisch, David I Watson, Department of Surgery, Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia.
authors.forename: Simone E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Jaenisch
authors.affiliation: Roger Yazbeck, Simone E Jaenisch, David I Watson, Department of Surgery, Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University, South Australia 5042, Australia.
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000378:metabolism*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001944:Breath Tests; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077277:Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; D006801:Humans; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000378:metabolism*; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000276:immunology; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen; D035683:MicroRNAs; C495901:TP53 protein, human; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds
keywords: Biomarker; Breath analysis; Cancer; Esophageal cancer; MicroRNA; Non-invasive