title: Altered distribution of adrenergic constrictor responses contributes to skeletal muscle perfusion abnormalities in metabolic syndrome.
abstract: Although studies suggest elevated adrenergic activity paralleling metabolic syndrome in OZRs, the moderate hypertension and modest impact on organ perfusion question the multi-scale validity of these data.
  
  
  
  To understand how adrenergic function contributes to vascular reactivity in OZR, we utilized a multi-scale approach to investigate pressure responses, skeletal muscle blood flow, and vascular reactivity following adrenergic challenge.
  
  
  
  For OZR, adrenergic challenge resulted in increased pressor responses vs LZRs, mediated via α1receptors, with minimal contribution by either ROS or NO bioavailability. In situ gastrocnemius muscle of OZR exhibited blunted functional hyperemia, partially restored with α1inhibition, although improved muscle performance and VO2required combined treatment with TEMPOL. Within OZR in situ cremaster muscle, proximal arterioles exhibited a more heterogeneous constriction to adrenergic challenge, biased toward hyperresponsiveness, vs LZR. This increasingly heterogeneous pattern was mirrored in ex vivo arterioles, mediated via α1receptors, with roles for ROS and NO bioavailability evident in hyperresponsive vessels only.
  
  
  
  These results support the central role of the α1adrenoreceptor for augmented pressor responses and elevations in vascular resistance, but identify an increased heterogeneity of constrictor reactivity in OZR that is presently of unclear purpose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Kent
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lemaster
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Dwayne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Donald G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.affiliation: Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Chantler
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV, USA.
authors.forename: Jefferson C
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2751-0599
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Frisbee
mesh_terms: D018663:Adrenergic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000098:blood supply*; D010477:Perfusion; D011311:Pressoreceptors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D011924:Rats, Zucker; D018340:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018663:Adrenergic Agents; D018340:Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1
keywords: microvascular reactivity; regulation of blood flow; rodent models of metabolic syndrome