title: Determination of antipsychotic drugs in hospital and wastewater treatment plant samples by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: The development and performance evaluation of a method for the simultaneous determination of six antipsychotic drugs in hospital effluents and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) samples are herein presented. The method involves an off-line mixed mode (reversed-phase and strong cation exchange) solid phase extraction (SPE) with gas chromatography (GC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The present methodology was validated following internationally accepted criteria, and the studied parameters included selectivity, linearity, limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LLOQ), instrumental limits, precision and accuracy, stability and recovery. The procedure was linear for concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10μg/L (0.02 to 2μg/L for haloperidol), with determination coefficients higher than 0.99 for all analytes. Intra- and inter-day precision was lower than 15% for all analytes at the studied concentrations, while accuracy remained between a ±15% interval. Recoveries ranged from 31% to 83%. Low LODs were achieved, between 2 and 10ng/L, allowing a reliable identification of all analytes at trace levels, using only 50mL as sample volume. All studied parameters complied with the defined criteria and the method was successfully applied to gather preliminary results of the determination of antipsychotics on hospital effluents and on influent and effluent of WWTPs, opening perspectives for the study of their fate in the aquatic environment.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã, Portugal.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Logarinho
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rosado
authors.affiliation: Instituto Politécnico da Guarda (IPG), Escola Superior de Saúde, Guarda, Portugal.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lourenço
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses-Delegação do Sul, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barroso
authors.affiliation: Instituto Politécnico da Guarda (IPG), Escola Superior de Saúde, Guarda, Portugal; Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior do IPG (UDI/IPG), Guarda, Portugal.
authors.forename: A R T S
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã, Portugal; Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal. Electronic address: egallardo@fcsaude.ubi.pt.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gallardo
keywords: Antipsychotics; Gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry; Solid phase extraction; Wastewaters samples