title: Metformin-loaded alginate nanoparticles as an effective antidiabetic agent for controlled drug release.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Present modalities for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes still suffer from certain limitations such as erratic absorption, need of high dose, poor sensitivity or specificity, resistance, substantial morbidity and mortality, long-term complications, and patient-to-patient variability with lifetime treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study focused on the development of a water-in-oil-in-water metformin nanoemulsion as an effective method in diabetes treatment. As a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class III drug, metformin is hydrophilic in nature with high solubility and poor absorption characteristics. To simultaneously facilitate gastrointestinal absorption and intestinal permeability, metformin was loaded into alginate nanocapsules prepared by an emulsion cross-linking technology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These prepared metformin-loaded alginate nanoparticles (MLANs) were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS)-based particle size analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The drug loading and encapsulation efficiency in MLANs were 3.12 mg (the amount of metformin added in 100 mg of nanoparticles) and 78%, respectively. The results of in-vitro drug release studies and in-vivo efficacy tests (using animal models) demonstrated enhanced efficiency and response of MLANs relative to pure metformin. The efficacy of MLANs (46.8 mg/kg) was overall about three times higher than that of pure metformin150 mg/kg.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bhanjana
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Ritesh Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dhingra
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Neeraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dilbaghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea.
authors.forename: Ki-Hyun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D065546:Drug Liberation; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004655:Emulsions; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D053769:Nanocapsules; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D008687:Metformin
keywords: biodegradable; diabetes; emulsion; metformin