title: Candida albicans biofilm heterogeneity does not influence denture stomatitis but strongly influences denture cleansing capacity.
abstract: Approximately 20  % of the UK population wear some form of denture prosthesis, resulting in denture stomatitis in half of these individuals. Candida albicans is primarily attributed as the causative agent, due to its biofilm -forming ability. Recently, there has been increasing evidence of C. albicans biofilm heterogeneity and the negative impact it can have clinically; however, this phenomenon has yet to be studied in relation to denture isolates. The aims of this study were to evaluate C. albicans biofilm formation of clinical denture isolates in a denture environment and to assess antimicrobial activity of common denture cleansers against these tenacious communities. C. albicans isolated from dentures of healthy and diseased individuals was quantified using real-time PCR and biofilm biomass assessed using crystal violet. Biofilm development on the denture substratum poly(methyl methacrylate), Molloplast B and Ufi-gel was determined. Biofilm formation was assessed using metabolic and biomass stains, following treatment with denture hygiene products. Although C. albicans was detected in greater quantities in diseased individuals, it was not associated with increased biofilm biomass. Denture substrata were shown to influence biofilm biomass, with poly(methyl methacrylate) providing the most suitable environment for C. albicans to reside. Of all denture hygiene products tested, Milton had the most effective antimicrobial activity, reducing biofilm biomass and viability the greatest. Overall, our results highlight the complex nature of denture- related disease, and disease development cannot always be attributed to a sole cause. It is the distinct combination of various factors that ultimately determines the pathogenic outcome.
authors.affiliation: Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Lindsay E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.affiliation: Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Hasanain K A
authors.initials: HKA
authors.lastname: Alalwan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Healthcare Policy and Practice, School of Health, Nursing and Midwifery, University of the West of Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kean
authors.affiliation: Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Calvert
authors.affiliation: Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Nile
authors.affiliation: Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Lappin
authors.affiliation: Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Healthcare Policy and Practice, School of Health, Nursing and Midwifery, University of the West of Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramage
authors.affiliation: Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.|Institute of Healthcare Policy and Practice, School of Health, Nursing and Midwifery, University of the West of Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Leighann
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sherry
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D018441:Biofilms; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003820:Denture Cleansers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003778:Dentures / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013282:Stomatitis, Denture / Q000382:microbiology*; D013499:Surface Properties / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D003820:Denture Cleansers; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate