title: Effect of the economic crisis on the production of immunology patents managed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty agreement from 2004-2011.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the evolution of patents in immunology, as a result of research and innovation in the years 2004-2011.
  
  
  METHODS
  The search for patents published internationally in immunology was made by using the SCOPUSTM database. SCOPUS gives information about over 23 million patents. The extracted data from patents were: inventors and applicants; their nationalities; sections, classes and subclasses of the International Patent Classification.
  
  
  METHODS
  89 countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data have been obtained from the database SCOPUS. It has been used for the international patent classification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patents by country, Productive sectors, Productive areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 17,281 patents were applied for immunology during 2004-2011 of which 16,811 were from 30 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, and 5326 from 28 countries in the European Union. These patents were granted in 89 countries and 13,699 of them were submitted by researchers from only one country. Private entities applied for 62.45% of all patents, universities 17.48%, hospitals 3.40% and public research organisations and private applicants applied for the rest. The university that made more applications was the University of California with 315 and the company was Genentech Inc. (US) with 302. The reduction in the number of applications of international patents in all disciplines of science also affected the area of immunology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Collaboration in immunology between universities, companies and hospitals is hard because their interests are different. It is shown in patent applications that the majority of patents in immunology are applied for by only one entity. Patents in immunology are developed, mainly, in aspects such as medical preparations, peptides, mutation or genetic engineering, therapeutic activity of chemical compounds and analysing materials by determining their chemical or physical properties.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Medicine-Immunology, University Miguel Hernandez, San Juan de Alicante 03550, Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: Clinical Medicine-Immunology, University Miguel Hernandez, San Juan de Alicante 03550, Spain.
authors.forename: Adolfo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Campos
keywords: PCT; immunology; innovation; patents; technological balance