title: CMOS Electrochemical Instrumentation for Biosensor Microsystems: A Review.
abstract: Modern biosensors play a critical role in healthcare and have a quickly growing commercial market. Compared to traditional optical-based sensing, electrochemical biosensors are attractive due to superior performance in response time, cost, complexity and potential for miniaturization. To address the shortcomings of traditional benchtop electrochemical instruments, in recent years, many complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) instrumentation circuits have been reported for electrochemical biosensors. This paper provides a review and analysis of CMOS electrochemical instrumentation circuits. First, important concepts in electrochemical sensing are presented from an instrumentation point of view. Then, electrochemical instrumentation circuits are organized into functional classes, and reported CMOS circuits are reviewed and analyzed to illuminate design options and performance tradeoffs. Finally, recent trends and challenges toward on-CMOS sensor integration that could enable highly miniaturized electrochemical biosensor microsystems are discussed. The information in the paper can guide next generation electrochemical sensor design.
authors.affiliation: Maxim Integrated Products Inc., 160 Rio Robles, San Jose, CA 95134, USA. haitaoli7036@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Haitao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Xcellcure LLC., 1 City Place Drive Suite 285, St. Louis, MO 63131, USA. liuxiaowen08@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Xiaowen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. lilin02@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Apple Inc., 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, CA 95014, USA. muxiaoyi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoyi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada. roman@eecg.toronto.edu.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Genov
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. mason@msu.edu.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mason
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D058266:Dielectric Spectroscopy; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*
keywords: amperometry; biosensor; current readout; electrochemical; impedance spectroscopy; potentiostat