title: Prognosis for Hospitalized Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in China: 5-Year Update of the Jiangsu Cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify early signs associated with poor prognosis in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) through a large population-based follow-up study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of > 2,500 SLE patients that first hospitalized between 1999-2009 were collected from 26 centers across Jiangsu province, China, and entered into a database. These patients were followed-up for 5 to 15 years, and those remained contact and had known survival status in 2015 were assessed for the association of factors presented at the initial hospitalization with mortality at two time points (≤1year and > 1year). The independency of mortality factors was evaluated using multivariate Cox regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1,372 patients we assessed, 92.3% were women and 17.2% were deceased in 2015. The main causes of death were infection (30.1%), neuropsychiatric impairment (14.8%), renal failure (14.4%) and cardiopulmonary involvement (8.5%). Hazard ratios (HR) of independent predictors for mortality (≤1year and > 1year, respectively) included hospital presentation of neuropsychiatric involvement (2.03 and 1.91), cardiopulmonary involvement (1.94 and 1.61) and increased serum creatinine (2.52 and 2.58). Patients older than 45 years and with disease durations more than 2 years at admission had unfavorable short-term outcome (HR 1.76 and 1.79), while the presence of anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm antibodies indicated diverse prognosis after 1 year (HR 1.60 and 0.45). Treatment with cyclophosphamide was beneficial for patient's first-year outcome (HR 0.50), and anti-malarial drugs significantly reduced the risk of mortality over different time points (HR 0.48 and 0.54). SLEDAI score, proteinuria or hypocomplementemia was not independently associated with the outcome in this cohort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SLE patients presented with vital organ damages rather than active disease at initial hospitalization are likely to have a poor outcome, especially for those with neuropsychiatric, cardiopulmonary involvements and renal insufficiency. Early and effective intervention with the use of anti-malarial drugs may decrease mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Xuebing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Huaian First People's Hospital, Huaian, China.
authors.forename: Wenyou
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, China.
authors.forename: Fuwan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Lianyungang Second People's Hospital, Lianyungang, China.
authors.forename: Huaixia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Lianyungang First People's Hospital, Lianyungang, China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi, China.
authors.forename: Yaohong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Meimei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Wuxi TCM Hospital, Wuxi, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Zhenjiang First People's Hospital, Zhenjiang, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
authors.forename: Zhanyun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Da
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Miaojia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Lingyun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002423:Cause of Death; D002681:China; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis