title: Risk factors for child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort.
abstract: Child maltreatment and other adverse childhood experiences adversely influence population health and socioeconomic outcomes. Knowledge of the risk factors for child maltreatment can be used to identify children at risk and may represent opportunities for prevention. We examined a range of possible child, parent and family risk factors for child maltreatment in a prospective 27-year population-based birth cohort of 2443 Australians. Physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect and witnessing of domestic violence were recorded retrospectively in early adulthood. Potential risk factors were collected prospectively during childhood or reported retrospectively. Associations were estimated using bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions and combined into cumulative risk scores. Higher levels of economic disadvantage, poor parental mental health and substance use, and social instability were strongly associated with increased risk of child maltreatment. Indicators of child health displayed mixed associations and infant temperament was uncorrelated to maltreatment. Some differences were observed across types of maltreatment but risk profiles were generally similar. In multivariate analyses, nine independent risk factors were identified, including some that are potentially modifiable: economic disadvantage and parental substance use problems. Risk of maltreatment increased exponentially with the number of risk factors experienced, with prevalence of maltreatment in the highest risk groups exceeding 80%. A cumulative risk score based on the independent risk factors allowed identification of individuals at very high risk of maltreatment, while a score that incorporated all significant risk and protective factors provided better identification of low-risk individuals.
authors.affiliation: Administrative Data Research Centre for England, University College London, United Kingdom; Centre for Population Health Research, University of South Australia, Australia. Electronic address: J.Doidge@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Doidge
authors.affiliation: Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Daryl J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delfabbro
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Research, University of South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Leonie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Segal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001315:Australia; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Child abuse and neglect; Child maltreatment; Cohort studies; Prevention; Risk factors