title: Wearable Vector Electrical Bioimpedance System to Assess Knee Joint Health.
abstract: We designed and validated a portable electrical bioimpedance (EBI) system to quantify knee joint health.
  
  
  
  Five separate experiments were performed to demonstrate the: 1) ability of the EBI system to assess knee injury and recovery; 2) interday variability of knee EBI measurements; 3) sensitivity of the system to small changes in interstitial fluid volume; 4) reducing the error of EBI measurements using acceleration signals; and 5) use of the system with dry electrodes integrated to a wearable knee wrap.
  
  
  
  1) The absolute difference in resistance ( R) and reactance (X) from the left to the right knee was able to distinguish injured and healthy knees (p < 0.05); the absolute difference in R decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in injured subjects following rehabilitation. 2) The average interday variability (standard deviation) of the absolute difference in knee R was 2.5 Ω and for X was 1.2 Ω. 3) Local heating/cooling resulted in a significant decrease/increase in knee R (p < 0.01). 4) The proposed subject position detection algorithm achieved 97.4% leave-one subject out cross-validated accuracy and 98.2% precision in detecting when the subject is in the correct position to take measurements. 5) Linear regression between the knee R and X measured using the wet electrodes and the designed wearable knee wrap were highly correlated ( R2= 0.8 and 0.9, respectively).
  
  
  
  This study demonstrates the use of wearable EBI measurements in monitoring knee joint health.
  
  
  
  The proposed wearable system has the potential for assessing knee joint health outside the clinic/lab and help guide rehabilitation.
authors.forename: Sinan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hersek
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toreyin
authors.forename: Caitlin N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Teague
authors.forename: Mindy L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Millard-Stafford
authors.forename: Hyeon-Ki
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Miheer M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bavare
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wolkoff
authors.forename: Michael N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Sawka
authors.forename: Omer T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Inan
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003217:Conductometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010992:Plethysmography, Impedance / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity