title: Robust respiration detection from remote photoplethysmography.
abstract: Continuous monitoring of respiration is essential for early detection of critical illness. Current methods require sensors attached to the body and/or are not robust to subject motion. Alternative camera-based solutions have been presented using motion vectors and remote photoplethysmography. In this work, we present a non-contact camera-based method to detect respiration, which can operate in both visible and dark lighting conditions by detecting the respiratory-induced colour differences of the skin. We make use of the close similarity between skin colour variations caused by the beating of the heart and those caused by respiration, leading to a much improved signal quality compared to single-channel approaches. Essentially, we propose to find the linear combination of colour channels which suppresses the distortions best in a frequency band including pulse rate, and subsequently we use this same linear combination to extract the respiratory signal in a lower frequency band. Evaluation results obtained from recordings on healthy subjects which perform challenging scenarios, including motion, show that respiration can be accurately detected over the entire range of respiratory frequencies, with a correlation coefficient of 0.96 in visible light and 0.98 in infrared, compared to 0.86 with the best-performing non-contact benchmark algorithm. Furthermore, evaluation on a set of videos recorded in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) shows that this technique looks promising as a future alternative to current contact-sensors showing a correlation coefficient of 0.87.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Gastel
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sander
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stuijk
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Philips Research, High Tech Campus 36, 5656AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Haan
keywords: (170.0170) Medical optics and biotechnology; (170.1470) Blood or tissue constituent monitoring; (170.3660) Light propagation in tissues; (280.0280) Remote sensing and sensors