title: Stigma toward psychosis and its formulation process: prejudice and discrimination against early stages of schizophrenia.
abstract: Stigma toward psychosis can prevent social attendance and help-seeking behavior. Early detection and intervention has been shown to improve patient outcome in schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to reveal the characteristics and formulation process of stigma toward each clinical stage of schizophrenia, taking people's backgrounds into consideration.
  
  
  
  The participants consisted of three groups: general public, patients with mental illness, and psychiatric professionals. We performed a survey examining stigmas toward people with psychotic-like-experiences (PLE), at-risk mental state for psychosis (ARMS), schizophrenia, or depression. Prejudice was measured using a 21-item questionnaire, and discrimination was measured using the Social Distance Scale.
  
  
  
  The participants consisted of 149 people from the general public, 97 patients, and 119 psychiatric professionals. Generally, a similar pattern was observed among the groups in which prejudice and discrimination against PLE was mildest, followed by that against ARMS and depression, and finally schizophrenia. When the stigma of the general public was compared with that of psychiatric professionals, the prejudice and discrimination against PLE of the general public were both lower than those of the psychiatric professionals. However, the prejudice of the general public was stronger than that of the professionals for ARMS. Furthermore, the discrimination of the general public was stronger than that of the professionals for schizophrenia.
  
  
  
  The stigmas of mental illness differed according to the clinical stage, although the pattern of severity was similar among the three groups. A formulation process is suggested in which stigma toward schizophrenia develops from an attitudinal property (prejudice) against ARMS and a behavioral property (discrimination) against schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: takahiro.nemoto@med.toho-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nemoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Naohisa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsujino
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Taiju
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Katagiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mizuno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D011287:Prejudice / Q000523:psychology*; D011618:Psychotic Disorders; D011639:Public Opinion; D012559:Schizophrenia; D063508:Social Discrimination / Q000523:psychology*; D057545:Social Stigma; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult