title: Dietary optimisation with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids for 12-23-month-old overweight and obese children in urban Jakarta.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diets with a specific omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio have been reported to have favourable effects in controlling obesity in adults. However, development a local-based diet by considering the ratio of these fatty acids for improving the nutritional status of overweight and obese children is lacking. Therefore, using linear programming, we developed an affordable optimised diet focusing on the ratio of omega- 6/omega-3 fatty acid intake for obese children aged 12-23 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  A crosssectional study was conducted in two subdistricts of East Jakarta involving 42 normal-weight and 29 overweight and obese children, grouped on the basis of their body mass index for-age Z scores and selected through multistage random sampling. A 24-h recall was performed for 3-nonconsecutive days to assess the children's dietary intake levels and food patterns. We conducted group and structured interviews as well as market surveys to identify food availability, accessibility and affordability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three types of affordable optimised 7-day diet meal plans were developed on the basis of breastfeeding status. The optimised diet plan fulfilled energy and macronutrient intake requirements within the acceptable macronutrient distribution range. The omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in the children was between 4 and 10. Moreover, the micronutrient intake level was within the range of the recommended daily allowance or estimated average recommendation and tolerable upper intake level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimisation model used in this study provides a mathematical solution for economical diet meal plans that approximate the nutrient requirements for overweight and obese children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.|Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional Center for Food and Nutrition (SEAMEO RECFON) / Pusat Kajian Gizi Regional (PKGR), Jakarta, Indonesia.|National Agency of Drug and Food Control of Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Fitrianna
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cahyaningrum
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Permadhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.|Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional Center for Food and Nutrition (SEAMEO RECFON) / Pusat Kajian Gizi Regional (PKGR), Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Muhammad Ridwan
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Erfi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Prafiantini
authors.affiliation: Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional Center for Food and Nutrition (SEAMEO RECFON) / Pusat Kajian Gizi Regional (PKGR), Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Purnawati Hustina
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Rachman
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia. Email: r.agustina@ui.ac.id; dr.rinaagustina@gmail.com.|Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional Center for Food and Nutrition (SEAMEO RECFON) / Pusat Kajian Gizi Regional (PKGR), Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Rina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agustina
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D050177:Overweight; D063766:Pediatric Obesity; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6