title: Novel Nine-Exon AR Transcripts (Exon 1/Exon 1b/Exons 2-8) in Normal and Cancerous Breast and Prostate Cells.
abstract: Nearly 20 different transcripts of the human androgen receptor (AR) are reported with two currently listed as Refseq isoforms in the NCBI database. Isoform 1 encodes wild-type AR (type 1 AR) and isoform 2 encodes the variant AR45 (type 2 AR). Both variants contain eight exons: they share common exons 2-8 but differ in exon 1 with the canonical exon 1 in isoform 1 and the variant exon 1b in isoform 2. Splicing of exon 1 or exon 1b is reported to be mutually exclusive. In this study, we identified a novel exon 1b (1b/TAG) that contains an additional TAG trinucleotide upstream of exon 1b. Moreover, we identified AR transcripts in both normal and cancerous breast and prostate cells that contained either exon 1b or 1b/TAG spliced between the canonical exon 1 and exon 2, generating nine-exon AR transcripts that we have named isoforms 3a and 3b. The proteins encoded by these new AR variants could regulate androgen-responsive reporters in breast and prostate cancer cells under androgen-depleted conditions. Analysis of type 3 AR-GFP fusion proteins showed partial nuclear localization in PC3 cells under androgen-depleted conditions, supporting androgen-independent activation of the AR. Type 3 AR proteins inhibited androgen-induced growth of LNCaP cells. Microarray analysis identified a small set of type 3a AR target genes in LNCaP cells, including genes known to modulate growth and proliferation of prostate cancer (PCGEM1,PEG3,EPHA3, andEFNB2) or other types of human cancers (TOX3,ST8SIA4, andSLITRK3), and genes that are diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers of prostate cancer (GRINA3, andBCHE).
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide 5042, Australia. donggui.hu@flinders.edu.au.
authors.forename: Dong Gui
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide 5042, Australia. ross.mckinnon@flinders.edu.au.
authors.forename: Ross A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: McKinnon
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide 5042, Australia. julieann.hulin@flinders.edu.au.
authors.forename: Julie-Ann
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hulin
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide 5042, Australia. peter.mackenzie@flinders.edu.au.
authors.forename: Peter I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide 5042, Australia. robyn.meech@flinders.edu.au.
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meech
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005091:Exons; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D021381:Protein Transport; D012326:RNA Splicing; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011944:Receptors, Androgen
keywords: PCGEM1; alternative splicing; androgen receptor; breast cancer; prostate cancer