title: Smoking-associated nodular glomerulosclerosis, a rare renal pathology resembling diabetic nephropathy: case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking is an important risk factor not only for cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, but also for the progression of chronic kidney disease of different etiologies. Nodular glomerulosclerosis is a renal pathology pattern, which was described in different kidney conditions, especially diabetic nephropathy. A very rare association among smoking, hypertension and nodular mesangial glomerulosclerosis has been recently described.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this paper, we present the case of a non-diabetic male patient referred to our Department for advanced chronic kidney disease and nephrotic syndrome. After excluding different causes of secondary nephrotic syndrome, a kidney biopsy was performed. The patient was diagnosed with smoking associated nodular glomerulosclerosis, with a histological aspect closely resembling diabetic nephropathy. A low protein and low salt diet was started, accompanied by smoking cessation, the administration of diuretics, of antiproteinuric treatment with angiotensin receptor blocker and antihypertensive therapy. Under this therapy, after six months, the patient evolution was good with a clear improvement of kidney function and important reduction of proteinuria.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We also present the possible factors that could be involved in the deleterious effects of smoking upon kidney structure endothelial dysfunction, angiogenesis, altered intrarenal hemodynamics, nervous sympathetic system, increased oxidative stress and, very important, the generation of advanced glycation end products, which are also implicated in the development of diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although a rare condition, smoking associated nodular glomerulosclerosis is a diagnosis not to be missed when dealing with a heavy smoker patient, especially when hypertensive, and sometimes associating nephrotic syndrome and this diagnosis should be considered together with much more frequent causes of nephrotic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, "Fundeni" Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania; andreea.andronesi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Andreea Gabriella
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Andronesi
authors.forename: Gener
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.forename: Andreea Cătălina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Fetecău
authors.forename: Mihaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gherghiceanu
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mitroi
authors.forename: Mihai Cristian
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hârza
mesh_terms: D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000209:etiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*