title: Polymorphisms in K13, pfcrt, pfmdr1, pfdhfr, and pfdhps in parasites isolated from symptomatic malaria patients in Burkina Faso.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The emergence of resistance to artemisinin derivatives in western Cambodia is threatening to revert the recent advances made toward global malaria control and elimination. Known resistance-mediating polymorphisms in the K13, pfcrt, pfmdr1, pfdhfr, and pfdhps genes are of greatest importance for monitoring the spread of antimalarial drug resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples for the present study were collected from 244 patients with uncomplicated malaria in health centers of Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Blood sample was collected on filter paper before the subject received any treatment. The parasite DNA was then extracted and amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to evaluate the prevalence of polymorphism of pfcrtK76T, pfmdr1 (N86Y, Y184F), and pfdhps (A437G, K540E). The K13 gene polymorphism was analyzed by nested PCR followed by sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall results showed 2.26% (5/221) of K13 synonymous mutant alleles (two C469C, one Y493Y, one G496G, and one V589V), 24.78%, 19.58%, 68.75%, 60.9%, 53.7%, 63.8%, and 64.28%, respectively, for mutant pfcrt 76T, pfmdr1-86Y, pfmdr1-184F, pfdhfr51I, pfdhfr59R, pfdhfr108N, and pfdhps 437G. We did not report any mutation at codon 540 of pfdhps.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide baseline prevalence of known drug resistance polymorphisms and suggest that artemisinin combination therapies may retain good efficacy in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Burkina Faso.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, 399 Avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Anyirékun Fabrice
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Somé
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro, BP 218 Ouaga CMS 11, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sorgho
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, 399 Avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Issaka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zongo
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, 399 Avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bazié
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, 399 Avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nikiéma
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, 399 Avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Amadé
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sawadogo
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, 399 Avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Moussa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zongo
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, 399 Avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Yves-Daniel
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Compaoré
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, 399 Avenue de la liberté, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Jean-Bosco
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Ouédraogo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000954:Antigens, Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002050:Burkina Faso / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000469:parasitology; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C030659:K antigens; C513498:Mdr1 protein, Plasmodium falciparum; C416369:PfCRT protein, Plasmodium falciparum; C031327:artemisinin