title: Biomolecular aspects of depression: A retrospective analysis.
abstract: The effects of psychological stress, oxidative stress, and chronic low grade inflammation on the neuro-immune connection have been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression. Thus, in the recent past, there has been a growing effort in determining the mechanism of this pathogenesis. While attempting to map out, this mechanism researchers and clinicians have searched for clinically relevant biomarkers for use in the diagnosis and for the assessment of those suffering from depression. In this study, we have performed a retrospective analysis of biomarkers with clinically relevant potentials, including peripheral catecholamines, chemokines, cytokines, and neurotransmitters.
  
  
  
  The retrospective analysis was performed on data collected over a six-year period of time (July 2009 to July 2015), gathered from patients (N=1399; Mage=42, SD=13; 71% female, 29% male) who submitted samples with complaints of feeling hopeless, worthless, isolated, alone, general sadness, overwhelmed, and/or a lack of interest in things they once enjoyed. The data collected consisted of quantitative values of urinary catecholamines and neurotransmitters (peripheral dopamine, epinephrine, histamine, kynurenic acid, norepinephrine, β-PEA, and serotonin), salivary hormones (peripheral cortisol and melatonin), and peripheral blood mononuclear cell secreted cytokines and chemokines (Interleukins 1β, 6, 8, 10, MCP-1, GCSF, and TNFα). Statistical and clinical significance was assessed by comparison with a control group (N=2395; Mage=42, SD=13; 70% female, 30% male), calculating the percent mean difference, p value, and effect size (Cohen's ɗ) for each parameter between groups.
  
  
  
  The findings of this study suggested that, in a model of general depression, there is a dysregulation in the enzymatic production and degradation of catecholamines, neurotransmitters, hormones, and immunological proteins. A cycle of interaction was found between all of these biomolecules, where an increase or decrease in one marker could result in a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on others. The mechanism of this was proposed to occur through the interaction of psychological stress, inflammation, and oxidative stress pathways. All of these biomolecules were found to be significantly altered in the general depression group and are key components of the interaction between the neurological and immunological systems.
  
  
  
  This study serves to further elucidate the role of biomolecules in the regulation of affective disorders, such as depression. Resulting in providing a network of clinically relevant biomarkers to objectively assess and monitor general depression.
authors.affiliation: Pharmasan Labs, Inc., Osceola, WI, USA. Electronic address: Brandon.Peacock@pharmasan.com.
authors.forename: Brandon N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Peacock
authors.affiliation: Integrative Psychiatry, Sarasota, FL, USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Scheiderer
authors.affiliation: Pharmasan Labs, Inc., Osceola, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Gottfried H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Kellermann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000652:urine*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000378:metabolism*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000652:urine*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002395:Catecholamines; D016207:Cytokines; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D008550:Melatonin; D006854:Hydrocortisone