title: Evaluation of a flat-field grazing incidence spectrometer for highly charged ion plasma emission in soft x-ray spectral region from 1 to 10 nm.
abstract: A flat-field grazing incidence spectrometer operating on the spectral region from 1 to 10 nm was built for research on physics of high temperature and high energy density plasmas. It consists of a flat-field grating with 2400 lines/mm as a dispersing element and an x-ray charged coupled device (CCD) camera as the detector. The diffraction efficiency of the grating and the sensitivity of the CCD camera were directly measured by use of synchrotron radiation at the BL-11D beamline of the Photon Factory (PF). The influence of contamination to the spectrometer also was characterized. This result enables us to evaluate the absolute number of photons in a wide range wavelength between 1 and 10 nm within an acquisition. We obtained absolutely calibrated spectra from highly charged ion plasmas of Gd, from which a maximum energy conversion efficiency of 0.26% was observed at a Nd:YAG laser intensity of 3 × 1012W/cm2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University, 7-1-2 Yoto, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Thanh Hung
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Dinh
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University, 7-1-2 Yoto, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University, 7-1-2 Yoto, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University, 7-1-2 Yoto, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University, 7-1-2 Yoto, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University, 7-1-2 Yoto, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oikawa
authors.affiliation: Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 8-1-7 Umemidai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 8-1-7 Umemidai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishino
authors.affiliation: Kansai Photon Science Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 8-1-7 Umemidai, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0215, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishikino
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Makimura
authors.affiliation: School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: Padraig
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dunne
authors.affiliation: School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: Gerry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.affiliation: Vacuum and Optical Instruments, 2-18-18 Shimomaruko, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-0092, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.affiliation: Vacuum and Optical Instruments, 2-18-18 Shimomaruko, Ohta-ku, Tokyo 146-0092, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kitano
authors.affiliation: Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ejima
authors.affiliation: Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hatano
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Center for Optical Research and Education (CORE), Utsunomiya University, 7-1-2 Yoto, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higashiguchi