title: Does long-term fungicide exposure affect the reproductive performance of leaf-shredders? A partial life-cycle study using Hyalella azteca.
abstract: Leaf-shredding amphipods play a critical role in the ecosystem function of leaf litter breakdown, a key process in many low order streams. Fungicides, however, may adversely influence shredders' behavior and the functions they provide, while there is only limited knowledge concerning effects on their reproductive performance. To assess the latter, a semi-static 56-day partial life-cycle bioassay using the model shredder Hyalella azteca (n = 30) was performed applying two environmentally relevant concentrations of a model fungicide mixture (i.e., 5 and 25 μg/L) composed of five fungicides with different modes of toxic action. Variables related to the food processing (leaf consumption and feces production), growth (body length and dry weight), energy reserves (lipid content), and reproduction (amplexus pairs, number and length of offspring) were determined to understand potential implications in the organisms' energy budget. While the fungicides did not affect leaf consumption, both fungicide treatments significantly reduced amphipods' feces production (∼20%) compared to the control. This observation suggests an increased food utilization to counteract the elevated and stress-related energy demand: although growth as well as energy reserves were unaffected, amplexus pairs were less frequently observed in both fungicide treatments (∼50-100%) suggesting a tradeoff regarding energy allocation favoring the maintenance of fundamental functions at the organism level over reproduction. As a result, the time to release of first offspring was delayed in both fungicide treatments (7 and 14 days) and the median number of offspring was significantly lower in the 25-μg/L treatment (100%), whereas offspring length remained unaffected. The results of this study thus indicate that chronic fungicide exposures can negatively impact shredders' reproductive performance. This may translate into lower abundances and thus a reduced contribution to leaf litter breakdown in fungicide-impacted streams with potentially far-reaching consequences for detritus-based food webs.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau/Palatinate, Germany. Electronic address: baudy@uni-landau.de.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Baudy
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau/Palatinate, Germany.
authors.forename: Jochen P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Zubrod
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau/Palatinate, Germany.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Konschak
authors.affiliation: ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstrasse 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Mirco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weil
authors.affiliation: Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau/Palatinate, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.affiliation: Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mirco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bundschuh
mesh_terms: D033304:Amphipoda / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D020387:Food Chain; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D018515:Plant Leaves; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Energy allocation; Fungicide; Mixture; Reproduction; Shredder