title: Dietary determinants of cadmium exposure in the Strong Heart Family Study.
abstract: Urinary cadmium (Cd) concentrations in the Strong Heart Family Study (SHFS) participants are higher than in the general US population. This difference is unlikely to be related to tobacco smoking. We evaluated the association of consumption of processed meats and other dietary products with urinary Cd concentrations in the SHFS, a family-based study conducted in American Indian communities. We included 1725 participants with urine Cd concentrations (standardized to urine creatinine) and food frequency questionnaire data grouped in 24 categories, including processed meat. Median (IQR) urinary Cd concentrations were 0.42 (0.20-0.85) μg/g creatinine. The age, sex, smoking, education, center, body mass index, and total kcal adjusted geometric mean ratio (GMR) (95%CI) of urinary cadmium concentrations per IQR increase in each dietary category was 1.16 (1.04-1.29) for processed meat, 1.10 (1.00-1.21) for fries and chips, 0.87 (0.80-0.95) for dairy products, and 0.89 (0.82-0.97) for fruit juices. The results remained similar after further adjustment for the dietary categories associated with urinary Cd in the previous model except for fries and chips, which was no longer statistically significant. These findings revealed the potential importance of processed meat products as a dietary source of cadmium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: po2238@cumc.columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Olmedo
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grau-Perez
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fretts
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Fundación de Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tellez-Plaza
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.affiliation: Center for American Indian Health Research, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Fawn
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Jason G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Umans
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry -Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Kevin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Francesconi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry -Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Goessler
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Franceschini
authors.affiliation: Center for American Indian Health Research, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Elisa T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Missouri Breaks Industries Research, Inc, Timber Lake, SD, USA.
authors.forename: Lyle G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Best
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Shelley A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.affiliation: MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Navas-Acien
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D002104:Cadmium / Q000652:urine*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002104:Cadmium; D003404:Creatinine
keywords: American Indians; Association analysis; Cadmium; Diet; Epidemiology; Meat