title: Maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy affects expression of adipogenic-regulating genes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in lean male mice offspring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy is a widespread issue that may have long-lasting consequences on offspring adiposity. We sought to determine how maternal vitamin D deficiency during the perinatal period would affect offspring adipose tissue development and gene expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female C57BL/6 J mice were fed either a vitamin D deficient (VDD) or control diet from 4 weeks before pregnancy (periconception) until 7 days postparturition. Male offspring were weighed and euthanized at 75 days of age (early adult period), at which point serum was collected for biochemical analyses, and perigonadal and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (PGAT and SQAT, respectively) were excised, weighed, then flash-frozen for later histology and analyses of adipogenic gene expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All adult male offspring were nonobese; there were no significant differences in body weight, adipose pad weight, or adipocyte size. However, VDD-exposed offspring had greater expression of the adipogenic-regulating genes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg) and vitamin D receptor (Vdr).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that exposure to vitamin D deficiency during the perinatal period can directly affect genes involved in the development of adipose tissue in nonobese offspring. These novel findings invite further investigation into the mechanisms by which maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy affects adipose development and metabolic health of offspring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, 204 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Belenchia
authors.affiliation: MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th St, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.|Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.|Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, 1020 Hitt Street, Columbia, MO, 65212-0001, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Will
authors.affiliation: Thompson Autism Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Missouri, 205 Portland St, Columbia, MO, 65201-6521, USA.
authors.forename: David Q
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Beversdorf
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, 204 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vieira-Potter
authors.affiliation: Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins St, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.|Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, 440F Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Cheryl S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, 204 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. petersonca@missouri.edu.
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Peterson
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D052436:Adipose Tissue, White / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D050154:Adiposity; D000818:Animals; D048429:Cell Size; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007774:Lactation; D008297:Male; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015434:Panniculitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011897:Random Allocation; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D047495:PPAR gamma; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol
keywords: Adipogenesis; DOHaD; Fetal programming; Gene expression; Pregnancy; Vitamin D