title: Resilience Style Questionnaire: Development and Validation Among College Students and Cardiac Patients in Hong Kong.
abstract: The present research aims to develop and validate a measure of resilience that reflects the influence of Confucian philosophies and Chinese cultural lay beliefs. Based on a representative sample of 1,419 college students from universities and a clinical sample of 214 cardiac patients in Hong Kong, reliability, construct validity, and criterion validity of the Resilience Style Questionnaire (RSQ) were examined. A two-factor structure of the RSQ was explored and validated in both samples. Results showed that the two factors of the RSQ (i.e., perseverance and optimistic approach to life) were significantly associated with a variety of mental health indicators in both samples. Furthermore, the RSQ explained additional variances above and beyond those explained by the Ego-Resiliency Scale, the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC), and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale in multiple mental health indicators among college students and cardiac patients. These findings showed that the RSQ is a reliable and valid tool in assessing resilience among Chinese and other groups influenced by Confucianism.
authors.affiliation: 1 The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Winnie W S
authors.initials: WWS
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.affiliation: 1 The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Ivy S W
authors.initials: ISW
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: 1 The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Celia C Y
authors.initials: CCY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: 1 The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Rita W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Law
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000523:psychology*; D032903:Confucianism / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011581:Psychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Chinese; Confucianism; cultural lay beliefs; resilience; scale development