title: Evolutionary dynamics of tree invasions: complementing the unified framework for biological invasions.
abstract: Evolutionary processes greatly impact the outcomes of biological invasions. An extensive body of research suggests that invasive populations often undergo phenotypic and ecological divergence from their native sources. Evolution also operates at different and distinct stages during the invasion process. Thus, it is important to incorporate evolutionary change into frameworks of biological invasions because it allows us to conceptualize how these processes may facilitate or hinder invasion success. Here, we review such processes, with an emphasis on tree invasions, and place them in the context of the unified framework for biological invasions. The processes and mechanisms described are pre-introduction evolutionary history, sampling effect, founder effect, genotype-by-environment interactions, admixture, hybridization, polyploidization, rapid evolution, epigenetics, and second-genomes. For the last, we propose that co-evolved symbionts, both beneficial and harmful, which are closely physiologically associated with invasive species, contain critical genetic traits that affect the evolutionary dynamics of biological invasions. By understanding the mechanisms underlying invasion success, researchers will be better equipped to predict, understand, and manage biological invasions.
authors.affiliation: Setor de Ecologia, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Aplicada, Caixa Postal 3037, CEP 37200-000 - Lavras-MG - Brazil rafaeldz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rafael Dudeque
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Zenni
authors.affiliation: Bio-protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Dickie
authors.affiliation: Forestry & Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wingfield
authors.affiliation: Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.affiliation: Forestry & Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.|Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Casparus J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Crous
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Meyerson
authors.affiliation: Forestry & Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.|School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150 Australia.
authors.forename: Treena I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thalita G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Metha M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Klock
authors.affiliation: Biosciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Evan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Siemann
authors.affiliation: Institute for Ecosystem Research, Kiel University, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erfmeier
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ecologia Regional, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, CONICET. Tucuman, Argentina.
authors.forename: Roxana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aragon
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ecologia Regional, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, CONICET. Tucuman, Argentina.
authors.forename: Lia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Montti
authors.affiliation: Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany & Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
authors.forename: Johannes J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Le Roux
keywords: Contemporary evolution; epigenetics; evolution; genetic variation; invasion biology; second-genome; tree invasions.