title: Thalamic hypoperfusion and disrupted cerebral blood flow networks in idiopathic generalized epilepsy: Arterial spin labeling and graph theoretical analysis.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate interictal cerebral blood flow (CBF) distributions and graph theoretical networks in idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) using arterial spin labeling (ASL) imaging and anatomical covariance methods of graph theoretical analysis.
  
  
  
  We recruited 19 patients with IGE and 19 age-/gender-matched healthy controls. Their CBF images were obtained by pseudo-continuous ASL imaging and compared using statistical parametric mapping 8 software (SPM8) and Graph Analysis Toolbox (GAT).
  
  
  
  The ASL imaging could detect interictal hypoperfusion in the thalamus, upper midbrain, and left cerebellum in IGE. Additionally, the graph theoretical analyses revealed characteristic findings of the CBF network of IGE, including significantly reduced resilience to attacks and changes of regional clustering especially in the bilateral temporo-occipital areas and lateral frontal lobes. There was no significance in the comparisons of network metrics.
  
  
  
  These findings could contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of IGE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan. Electronic address: daichisone@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Daichi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sone
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan. Electronic address: wata2ms@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan. Electronic address: ota@ncnp.go.jp.
authors.forename: Miho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ota
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan. Electronic address: yukio-k01@ncnp.go.jp.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan. Electronic address: asugiyama@ncnp.go.jp.
authors.forename: Atsuhiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan. Electronic address: tomoko.sako@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maekawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan. Electronic address: okuramariko@ncnp.go.jp.
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okura
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan. Electronic address: enomicar@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mikako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Enokizono
authors.affiliation: Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan. Electronic address: embysh@ncnp.go.jp.
authors.forename: Etsuko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Imabayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan. Electronic address: snoriko@ncnp.go.jp.
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan. Electronic address: matsudah@ncnp.go.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004829:Epilepsy, Generalized / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D013788:Thalamus / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Arterial spin labeling; Cerebral blood flow; Connectome; Graph theory; Idiopathic generalized epilepsy