title: Embolization for Bleeding after Hepatic Radiofrequency Ablation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate safety and clinical efficacy of embolization for management of bleeding after hepatic radiofrequency (RF) ablation.
  
  
  METHODS
  From January 2000 to December 2014, 5,196 patients with 9,743 tumors underwent 8,303 RF ablation sessions. Of these patients, 62 experienced bleeding after hepatic RF ablation; 15 patients (12 men and 3 women; mean age 62 y; range, 49-76 y) underwent embolization and composed the final study cohort. Tumors were hepatocellular carcinomas in 13 (87%) patients and metastatic adenocarcinomas from colorectal cancer in 2 (13%) patients. Mean number of tumors was 1.5 (22 nodules; range, 1-3). Tumor locations were segment I (n = 1), segment II (n = 2), segment III (n = 1), segment IV (n = 1), segment V (n = 3), segment VI (n = 5), segment VII (n = 1), and segment VIII (n = 9). Mean tumor size was 2.3 cm (range, 0.9-5 cm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median time interval between presentation and angiography was 22 hours (mean 38.4 h; range, 3-168 h). On angiography, contrast extravasation with or without pseudoaneurysm was seen in all 15 patients; 14 patients underwent transarterial embolization, and 1 patient underwent percutaneous transhepatic portal vein embolization. Successful hemostasis was achieved in all patients. There was no rebleeding within 30 days after embolization. No embolization-related major complications were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Embolization is safe and effective for controlling bleeding related to hepatic RF ablation without the need for surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea; Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Korea. Electronic address: jhshin@amc.seoul.kr.
authors.forename: Ji Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Korea.
authors.forename: Pyo Nyun
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Moon
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyung Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Won
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Korea.
authors.forename: Gi-Young
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro 43-Gil, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Ki
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000072226:Computed Tomography Angiography; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010690:Phlebography / Q000379:methods; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D047368:Tumor Burden