title: Comparison of flax (Linum usitatissimum) and Salba-chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds on postprandial glycemia and satiety in healthy individuals: a randomized, controlled, crossover study.
abstract: Flax and Salba-chia seeds have risen in popularity owing to their favorable nutrient composition, including a high fiber content. Despite having comparable nutritional profiles, preliminary observations suggest differences in gelling properties, an attribute that may alter the kinetics of food digestion. Thus, we compared the effect of two seeds on postprandial glycemia and satiety scores.
  
  
  
  Fifteen healthy participants (M/F: 5/10; age: 23.9±3 years; BMI: 22.2±0.8 kg/m2) were randomized to receive a 50 g glucose challenge, alone or supplemented with either 25 g ground Salba-chia or 31.5 g flax, on three separate occasions. Blood glucose samples and satiety ratings were collected at fasting and over 2-h postprandially. In addition, in vitro viscosity of the beverages was assessed utilizing standard rheological methodology.
  
  
  
  Both Salba-chia and flax reduced blood glucose area under the curve over 120 min by 82.5±19.7 mmol/l (P<0.001) and 60.0±19.7 mmol/l (P=0.014), respectively, relative to a glucose control. Salba-chia reduced peak glucose (-0.64±0.24 mmol/l; P=0.030) and increased time to peak (11.3±3.8 min; P=0.015) compared with flax. Salba-chia significantly reduced the mean ratings of desire to eat (-7±2 mm; P=0.005), prospective consumption (-7±2 mm; P=0.010) and overall appetite score (-6±2 mm; P=0.012), when compared with flax. The viscosity of Salba-chia, flax and control was 49.9, 2.5, and 0.002 Pa·s, respectively.
  
  
  
  Despite the similarities in nutritional composition, Salba-chia appears to have the ability to convert glucose into a slow-release carbohydrate and affect satiety to a greater extent than flax, possibly due to the higher fiber viscosity. Incorporation of either flax or Salba-chia into the diet may be beneficial, although use of Salba-chia may confer additional benefit.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vuksan
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Choleva
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jovanovski
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Au-Yeung
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: H V T
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zurbau
authors.affiliation: Vuk Vrhovac Clinic for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital Merkur, University of Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duvnjak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite / Q000187:drug effects; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D019597:Flax / Q000737:chemistry*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000187:drug effects*; D027544:Salvia / Q000737:chemistry*; D012527:Satiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004043:Dietary Fiber