title: Clostridium difficile infection: Evolution, phylogeny and molecular epidemiology.
abstract: Over the recent decades, Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has emerged as a global public health threat. Despite growing attention, C. difficile remains a poorly understood pathogen, however, the exquisite sensitivity offered by next generation sequencing (NGS) technology has enabled analysis of the genome of C. difficile, giving us access to massive genomic data on factors such as virulence, evolution, and genetic relatedness within C. difficile groups. NGS has also demonstrated excellence in investigations of outbreaks and disease transmission, in both small and large-scale applications. This review summarizes the molecular epidemiology, evolution, and phylogeny of C. difficile, one of the most important pathogens worldwide in the current antibiotic resistance era.
authors.affiliation: School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.
authors.forename: Briony
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.affiliation: School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
authors.forename: Grace O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Androga
authors.affiliation: School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.affiliation: School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia; School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia; School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia; Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Australia. Electronic address: thomas.riley@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Thomas V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Riley
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D059765:Homologous Recombination; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D014774:Virulence
keywords: Clostridium difficile; Evolution; Nosocomial infections; Pathogenesis; Phylogeny