title: Self-Templating Construction of 3D Hierarchical Macro-/Mesoporous Silicon from 0D Silica Nanoparticles.
abstract: Porous silicon has found wide applications in many different fields including catalysis and lithium-ion batteries. Three-dimensional hierarchical macro-/mesoporous silicon is synthesized from zero-dimensional Stöber silica particles through a facile and scalable magnesiothermic reduction process. By systematic structure characterization of the macro-/mesoporous silicon, a self-templating mechanism governing the formation of the porous silicon is proposed. Applications as lithium-ion battery anode and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution catalyst are demonstrated. It is found that the macro-/mesoporous silicon shows significantly improved cyclic and rate performance over the commercial nanosized and micrometer-sized silicon particles. After 300 cycles at 0.2 A g-1, the reversible specific capacity is still retained as much as 959 mAh g-1with a high mass loading density of 1.4 mg cm-2. With the large current density of 2 A g-1, a reversible capacity of 632 mAh g-1is exhibited. The coexistence of both macro- and mesoporous structures is responsible for the enhanced performance. The macro-/mesoporous silicon also shows superior catalytic performance for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution compared to the silicon nanoparticles.
authors.affiliation: Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiuxia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yonggao
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7505-6135
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.|The University of Nottingham Ningbo China , 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Energy, Beijing University of Technology , Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.|North University of China , Shanglan Road, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shanshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Meimei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Bao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Anxiang
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Energy, Beijing University of Technology , Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zaicheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhaoping
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.|Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, OX1 3PH, Oxford, U.K.
authors.forename: Ya-Jun
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0932-295X
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Cheng
keywords: lithium-ion battery anode; macro-/mesoporous; magnesiothermic reduction; porous silicon; self-templating