title: Sensitive Flow-through Immunoassay for Rapid Multiplex Determination of Cereal-borne Mycotoxins in Feed and Feed Ingredients.
abstract: An easy-to-operate membrane-based flow-through test for multiplex screening of four mycotoxins (zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin B1, and ochratoxin A) in a variety of cereal-based feed ingredients and compound feeds, such as wheat, barley, soybean, wheat bran, rice, rice bran, maize, rapeseed meal, and sunflower meal, and various types of complete feed (duckling feed, swine feed, broiler feed, piglet feed) was developed and validated. First, the antibodies were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and then employed in the membrane rapid test. The cutoff levels for zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin B1, and ochratoxin A were 50, 200, 1, and 10 μg/kg, respectively, based on European regulations and consumers' requirements. As sample pretreatment, consecutive steps of extraction, dilution, solid-phase extraction by addition of C18 sorbent, and final filtration of supernatant were followed. Both the sample preparation and the analysis procedure were simple, cost-effective, and easy to perform on-site in a nonlaboratory environment. The impact of sample processing on the result of the experiment was investigated supported by experimental design. The validation procedure was performed on the basis of Commission Regulation 2006/401/EC. The numbers of false-positive and false-negative outcomes were <5%, going along with the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was performed as a confirmatory technique.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Natalia V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Beloglazova
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kinga
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Graniczkowska
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Njumbe Ediage
authors.affiliation: Nutriad , Hoogveld 93, 9200 Dendermonde, Belgium.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Averkieva
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2160-7253
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Saeger
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D004372:Ducks; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D001467:Hordeum / Q000737:chemistry; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013552:Swine; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins
keywords: flow-through; immunoassay; membrane test; multiassay; multiplex screening; mycotoxins; rapid test