title: Stem cell therapy for chronic ischaemic heart disease and congestive heart failure.
abstract: A promising approach to the treatment of chronic ischaemic heart disease and congestive heart failure is the use of stem cells. The last decade has seen a plethora of randomised controlled trials developed worldwide, which have generated conflicting results.
  
  
  
  The critical evaluation of clinical evidence on the safety and efficacy of autologous adult bone marrow-derived stem/progenitor cells as a treatment for chronic ischaemic heart disease and congestive heart failure.
  
  
  
  We searched CENTRAL in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, LILACS, and four ongoing trial databases for relevant trials up to 14 December 2015.
  
  
  
  Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials comparing autologous adult stem/progenitor cells with no cells in people with chronic ischaemic heart disease and congestive heart failure. We included co-interventions, such as primary angioplasty, surgery, or administration of stem cell mobilising agents, when administered to treatment and control arms equally.
  
  
  
  Two review authors independently screened all references for eligibility, assessed trial quality, and extracted data. We undertook a quantitative evaluation of data using random-effects meta-analyses. We evaluated heterogeneity using the I2statistic and explored substantial heterogeneity (I2greater than 50%) through subgroup analyses. We assessed the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach. We created a 'Summary of findings' table using GRADEprofiler (GRADEpro), excluding studies with a high or unclear risk of selection bias. We focused our summary of findings on long-term follow-up of mortality, morbidity outcomes, and left ventricular ejection fraction measured by magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  
  We included 38 randomised controlled trials involving 1907 participants (1114 cell therapy, 793 controls) in this review update. Twenty-three trials were at high or unclear risk of selection bias. Other sources of potential bias included lack of blinding of participants (12 trials) and full or partial commercial sponsorship (13 trials).Cell therapy reduced the incidence of long-term mortality (≥ 12 months) (risk ratio (RR) 0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.21 to 0.87; participants = 491; studies = 9; I2= 0%; low-quality evidence). Periprocedural adverse events associated with the mapping or cell/placebo injection procedure were infrequent. Cell therapy was also associated with a long-term reduction in the incidence of non-fatal myocardial infarction (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.97; participants = 345; studies = 5; I2= 0%; low-quality evidence) and incidence of arrhythmias (RR 0.42, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.99; participants = 82; studies = 1; low-quality evidence). However, we found no evidence that cell therapy affects the risk of rehospitalisation for heart failure (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.36 to 1.09; participants = 375; studies = 6; I2= 0%; low-quality evidence) or composite incidence of mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and/or rehospitalisation for heart failure (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.08; participants = 141; studies = 3; I2= 0%; low-quality evidence), or long-term left ventricular ejection fraction when measured by magnetic resonance imaging (mean difference -1.60, 95% CI -8.70 to 5.50; participants = 25; studies = 1; low-quality evidence).
  
  
  
  This systematic review and meta-analysis found low-quality evidence that treatment with bone marrow-derived stem/progenitor cells reduces mortality and improves left ventricular ejection fraction over short- and long-term follow-up and may reduce the incidence of non-fatal myocardial infarction and improve New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification in people with chronic ischaemic heart disease and congestive heart failure. These findings should be interpreted with caution, as event rates were generally low, leading to a lack of precision.
authors.affiliation: Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Level 2, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, Oxon, UK, OX3 9BQ.
authors.forename: Sheila A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Level 2, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, Oxon, UK, OX3 9BQ.
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Doree
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, London, UK, EC1M 6BQ.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.affiliation: Oxford Heart Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK, OX3 9DU.
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Taggart
authors.affiliation: Systematic Review Initiative, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Enca
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martin-Rendon
mesh_terms: D053687:Adult Stem Cells / Q000637:transplantation; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D010359:Patient Readmission; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology