title: High Insecticides Resistance inCulex pipiens(Diptera: Culicidae) from Tehran, Capital of Iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During recent years transmission ofDirofilaria immitis(dog heart worm) byCulex pipiensand West Nile virus have been reported from Iran. The present study was preformed for evaluating the susceptibility status ofCx. pipienscollected from capital city of Tehran, Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four Insecticides including: DDT 4%, Lambdacyhalothrin 0.05%, Deltamethrin 0.05% and Cyfluthrin 0.15 % according to WHO standard methods were used for evaluating the susceptibility status ofCx. pipiensfrom Tehran moreover For comparison susceptibility status a Laboratory strain also was used. Bioassay data were analyzed using Probit program. The lethal time for 50% and 90% mortality (LT50and LT90) values were calculated from regression line.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The susceptibility status of lab strain ofCx. pipiensrevealed that it is susceptible to Lambdacyhalothrin, Deltamethrin, Cyfluthrin and resistant to DDT. Moreover cyfluthrin with LT50=36 seconds and DDT with LT50=3005 seconds had the least and most LT50s. Field population was resistance to all tested insecticides and DDT yielded no mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Highly resistance level against all WHO recommended imagicides were detected in field populations. We suggest more biochemical and molecular investigations to detect resistance mechanisms in the field population for further decision of vector control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Yaser
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Salim-Abadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oshaghi
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Centre, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad Ali
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Enayati
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Abai
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vatandoost
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Eshraghian
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mirhendi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad Ali
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hanafi-Bojd
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health and Medical Entomology, School of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Amin
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gorouhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rafi
keywords: Culex pipiens; Susceptibility status; Tehran