title: Hepatocyte Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 Mediates the Development of Liver Fibrosis in a Mouse Model of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to steatohepatitis and fibrosis. This progression correlates with the severity of OSA-associated hypoxia. In mice with diet induced obesity, hepatic steatosis leads to liver tissue hypoxia, which worsens with exposure to intermittent hypoxia. Emerging data has implicated hepatocyte cell signaling as an important factor in hepatic fibrogenesis. We hypothesized that hepatocyte specific knockout of the oxygen sensing α subunit of hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a master regulator of the global response to hypoxia, may be protective against the development of liver fibrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wild-type mice and mice with hepatocyte-specific HIF-1α knockout (Hif1a-/-hep) were fed a high trans-fat diet for six months, as a model of NAFLD. Hepatic fibrosis was evaluated by Sirius red stain and hydroxyproline assay. Liver enzymes, fasting insulin, and hepatic triglyceride content were also assessed. Hepatocytes were isolated from Hif1a-/-hep mice and wild-type controls and were exposed to sustained hypoxia (1% O2) or normoxia (16% O2) for 24 hours. The culture media was used to reconstitute type I collagen and the resulting matrices were examined for collagen cross-linking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wild-type mice on a high trans-fat diet had 80% more hepatic collagen than Hif1a-/-hep mice (2.21 μg collagen/mg liver tissue, versus 1.23 μg collagen/mg liver tissue, p = 0.03), which was confirmed by Sirius red staining. Body weight, liver weight, mean hepatic triglyceride content, and fasting insulin were similar between groups. Culture media from wild-type mouse hepatocytes exposed to hypoxia allowed for avid collagen cross-linking, but very little cross-linking was seen when hepatocytes were exposed to normoxia, or when hepatocytes from Hif1a-/-hep mice were used in hypoxia or normoxia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hepatocyte HIF-1 mediates an increase in liver fibrosis in a mouse model of NAFLD, perhaps due to liver tissue hypoxia in hepatic steatosis. HIF-1 is necessary for collagen cross-linking in an in vitro model of fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Omar A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Mesarwi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Mi-Kyung
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bevans-Fonti
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schlesinger
authors.affiliation: The Joint Pathology Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Vsevolod Y
authors.initials: VY
authors.lastname: Polotsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000502:physiology*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: C497443:Hif1a protein, mouse; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit