title: Association between Dietary Intakes of Nitrate and Nitrite and the Risk of Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association of habitual intakes of dietary nitrate (NO₃-) and nitrite (NO₂-) with blood pressure and renal function is not clear. Here, we investigated a potential effect of dietary NO₃-and NO₂-on the occurrence of hypertension (HTN) and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2799 Iranian adults aged ≥20 years, participating in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), were included and followed for a median of 5.8 years. Dietary intakes of NO₃-and NO₂-were estimated using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Demographics, anthropometrics, blood pressure and biochemical variables were evaluated at baseline and during follow-up examinations. To identify the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of HTN and CKD across tertile categories of residual energy-adjusted NO₃-and NO₂-intakes, multivariate logistic regression models were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dietary intake of NO₃-had no significant association with the risk of HTN or CKD. Compared to the lowest tertile category (median intake < 6.04 mg/day), the highest intake (median intake ≥ 12.7 mg/day) of dietary NO₂-was accompanied with a significant reduced risk of HTN, in the fully adjusted model (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.33-0.98;pfor trend = 0.054). The highest compared to the lowest tertile of dietary NO₂-was also accompanied with a reduced risk of CKD (OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.24-0.89,pfor trend = 0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicated that higher intakes of NO₂-might be an independent dietary protective factor against the development of HTN and CKD, which are major risk factors for adverse cardiovascular events.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19395-4763, Iran. z.bahadoran@endocrine.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bahadoran
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19395-4763, Iran. mirmiran@endocrine.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Parvin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mirmiran
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19395-4763, Iran. ghasemi@endocrine.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Asghar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghasemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden. mattias.carlstrom@ki.se.
authors.forename: Mattias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carlström
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19395-4763, Iran. azizi@endocrine.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Fereidoun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Azizi
authors.affiliation: Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19395-4763, Iran. fzhadaegh@endocrine.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Farzad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hadaegh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015994:Incidence; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009566:Nitrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D065840:Protective Factors; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites
keywords: chronic kidney disease; diet; glomerular filtration rate; hypertension; nitrate; nitrite