title: Cationic Amphiphilic Tris-Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes Induce Cancer Cell Death via Interaction with Ca2+-Calmodulin Complex.
abstract: In our previous paper, we reported on the preparation of some cationic amphiphilic Ir complexes (2c, 2d) containing KKGG peptides that induce and detect cell death of Jurkat cells. Mechanistic studies suggest that 2c interacts with anionic molecules and/or membrane receptors on the cell surface to trigger an intracellular Ca2+response, resulting in the induction of cell death, accompanied by membrane disruption. We have continued the studies of cell death of Jurkat cells induced by 2c and found that xestospongin C, a selective inhibitor of an inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor located on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), reduces the cytotoxicity of 2c, suggesting that 2c triggers the release of Ca2+from the ER, leading to an increase in the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+, thus inducing cell death. Moreover, we synthesized a series of new amphiphilic cationic Ir complexes 5a-c containing photoreactive 3-trifluoromethyl-3-phenyldiazirine (TFPD) groups, in an attempt to identify the target molecules of 2c. Interestingly, it was discovered that a TFPD group functions as a triplet quencher of Ir complexes. It was also found that 5b is useful as a turn-on phosphorescent probe of acidic proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) (pI = 4.7) and their complexation was confirmed by luminescence titrations and SDS-PAGE of photochemical products between them. These successful results allowed us to carry out photoaffinity labeling of the target biomolecules of 5b (2c and analogues thereof) in Jurkat cells. A proteomic analysis of the products obtained by the photoirradiation of 5b with Jurkat cells suggests that the Ca2+-binding protein "calmodulin (CaM)" is one of target proteins of the Ir complexes. Indeed, 5b was found to interact with the Ca2+-CaM complex, as evidenced by luminescence titrations and the results of photochemical reactions of 5b with CaM in the presence of Ca2+(SDS-PAGE). A plausible mechanism for cell death induced by a cationic amphiphilic Ir complex is discussed on the basis of our results.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, §Division of Medical-Science-Engineering Cooperation and ∥Imaging Frontier Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science , 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hisamatsu
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, §Division of Medical-Science-Engineering Cooperation and ∥Imaging Frontier Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science , 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Nozomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, §Division of Medical-Science-Engineering Cooperation and ∥Imaging Frontier Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science , 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Abdullah-Al
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Masum
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, §Division of Medical-Science-Engineering Cooperation and ∥Imaging Frontier Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science , 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Ai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, §Division of Medical-Science-Engineering Cooperation and ∥Imaging Frontier Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science , 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, §Division of Medical-Science-Engineering Cooperation and ∥Imaging Frontier Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science , 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, §Division of Medical-Science-Engineering Cooperation and ∥Imaging Frontier Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science , 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Sei-Ichi
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Tanuma
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ‡Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, §Division of Medical-Science-Engineering Cooperation and ∥Imaging Frontier Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science , 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4287-6487
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aoki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001389:Azirines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002147:Calmodulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D056831:Coordination Complexes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007495:Iridium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C024282:3-trifluoromethyl-3-phenyldiazirine; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001389:Azirines; D002147:Calmodulin; D056831:Coordination Complexes; D007495:Iridium; D002118:Calcium