title: Botulinum Toxin Injections in Musculoskeletal Disorders.
abstract: Botulinum toxin (BTX) is used for multiple clinical indications due to its ability to induce temporary chemodenervation and muscle paralysis. This property has supported its application in treating a variety of musculoskeletal conditions, especially those involving muscular hyperactivity and contractures such as cerebral palsy and dystonia. However, off-label use of BTX injection in other musculoskeletal disorders is gaining increased acceptance, such as in neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome, epicondylitis, and shoulder pain after stroke. This review discusses the mechanism of action, best practices, and current indications of BTX injections in the musculoskeletal system. We also discuss the state of the science regarding BTX injections for musculoskeletal disorders and the available evidence supporting its use.
authors.affiliation: Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Ivan R B
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Godoy
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Dean M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.affiliation: Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torriani
mesh_terms: D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D001905:Botulinum Toxins