title: How Many Is Enough?-Statistical Principles for Lexicostatistics.
abstract: Lexicostatistics has been applied in linguistics to inform phylogenetic relations among languages. There are two important yet not well-studied parameters in this approach: the conventional size of vocabulary list to collect potentially true cognates and the minimum matching instances required to confirm a recurrent sound correspondence. Here, we derive two statistical principles from stochastic theorems to quantify these parameters. These principles validate the practice of using the Swadesh 100- and 200-word lists to indicate degree of relatedness between languages, and enable a frequency-based, dynamic threshold to detect recurrent sound correspondences. Using statistical tests, we further evaluate the generality of the Swadesh 100-word list compared to the Swadesh 200-word list and other 100-word lists sampled randomly from the Swadesh 200-word list. All these provide mathematical support for applying lexicostatistics in historical and comparative linguistics.
authors.affiliation: Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Menghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Haskins LaboratoriesNew Haven, CT, USA; Center for Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, Guangdong University of Foreign StudiesGuangdong, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gong
keywords: Ansari-Bradley test; Bernoulli process; Spearman's rho; Swadesh lists; binomial distribution; cognates