title: Raman tags: Novel optical probes for intracellular sensing and imaging.
abstract: Optical labels are needed for probing specific target molecules in complex biological systems. As a newly emerging category of tags for molecular imaging in live cells, the Raman label attracts much attention because of the rich information obtained from targeted and untargeted molecules by detecting molecular vibrations. Here, we list three types of Raman probes based on different mechanisms: Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) probes, bioorthogonal Raman probes, and Resonance Raman (RR) probes. We review how these Raman probes work for detecting and imaging proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other biomolecules in vitro, within cells, or in vivo. We also summarize recent noteworthy studies, expound on the construction of every type of Raman probe and operating principle, sum up in tables typically targeting molecules for specific binding, and provide merits, drawbacks, and future prospects for the three Raman probes.
authors.affiliation: School of Information Science & Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, 730000, China. Electronic address: liyuee@lzu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yuee
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Information Science & Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, 730000, China.
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Information Science & Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, 730000, China.
authors.forename: Xijiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mu
authors.affiliation: School of Information Science & Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, 730000, China.
authors.forename: Aning
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: School of Information Science & Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, 730000, China.
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D003584:Cytological Techniques; D006801:Humans; D057054:Molecular Imaging; D015335:Molecular Probes; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D015335:Molecular Probes
keywords: Bioorthogonal Raman probe; Molecular beacons; Optical probe; Raman imaging; Raman probe; Resonance Raman probe; SERS probe