title: Pressure drop of two-phase helium along long cryogenic flexible transfer lines to support a superconducting RF operation at its cryogenic test stand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Establishing a stand-alone cryogenic test stand is of vital importance to ensure the highly reliable and available operation of superconducting radio-frequency module in a synchrotron light source. Operating a cryogenic test stand relies strongly on a capability to deliver two-phase helium along long cryogenic transfer lines. A newly constructed cryogenic test stand with flexible cryogenic transfer lines of length 220 m at National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center is required to support a superconducting radio-frequency module operated at 126.0 kPa with a 40-W dynamic load for a long-term reliability test over weeks. It is designed based on a simple analytical approach with the introduction of a so-called tolerance factor that serves to estimate the pressure drops in transferring a two-phase helium flow with a substantial transfer cryogenic heat load. Tolerance factor 1.5 is adopted based on safety factor 1.5 commonly applied in cryogenic designs to estimate the total mass flow rate of liquid helium demanded. A maximum 60-W dynamic load is verified with experiment measured with heater power 60 W instead after the cryogenic test stand has been installed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aligning the modeled cryogenic accumulated static heat load with the results measured in situ, actual tolerance factor 1.287 is obtained. The feasibility and validity of our simple analytical approach with actual tolerance factor 1.287 have been scrutinized by using five test cases with varied operating conditions. Calculated results show the discrepancies of the pressure drops between the estimated and measured values for both liquid helium and cold gaseous helium transfer lines have an underestimate 0.11 kPa and an overestimate 0.09 kPa, respectively. A discrepancy is foreseen, but remains acceptable for engineering applications from a practical point of view.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The simple analytical approach with the introduction of a tolerance factor can provide not only insight into optimizing the choice of each lossy cryogenic piping element of the transfer lines in the design phase but also firm guidance for upgrading the present cryogenic transfer lines for its subsequent application.
authors.affiliation: National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101, Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, 30076 Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: M H
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6776-3585
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101, Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, 30076 Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101, Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, 30076 Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Ch
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101, Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, 30076 Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101, Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, 30076 Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: F T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101, Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, 30076 Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101, Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, 30076 Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: L H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101, Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, 30076 Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101, Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, 30076 Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101, Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, 30076 Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101, Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu, 30076 Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Z K
authors.initials: ZK
authors.lastname: Liu
keywords: Cryogenic transfer line; Helium; Pressure drop; SRF module; Two-phase flow