title: Evidence of toothpick groove formation in Neandertal anterior and posterior teeth.
abstract: During the microscopic examination of the Neandertal dentitions from El Sidrón (Spain) and Hortus (France), we found unusual fine parallel microstriations on the mesial and distal sides of all tooth types, near the cervix. As its appearance was similar to toothpick grooves described in other Homo species, it could correspond to early stages on its formation. To test this hypothesis we developed an experimental replication of a groove using grass stalks.
  
  
  
  Comparisons between 204 isolated Neandertal teeth and the two experimental dental specimens corroborate that the marks correspond to initial stages of toothpick groove formation, and we propose a five-grade recording scale that summarized the groove formation process.
  
  
  
  Using this new recording procedure, we found that Hortus individuals have higher incidence of this trait (eight individuals out of nine) than the El Sidrón individuals (nine out of 11). Toothpick grooves from El Sidrón show the earliest stages of development, whereas the grooves found on Hortus Neandertals were well-developed. Toothpick grooves were also found in 21 incisors and canines.
  
  
  
  These differences could be due to the more advanced occlusal dental wear in Hortus individuals, maybe age-related and with a more meat-based diet maybe favoring the inclusion of food debris and thus probing as the cleaning methodology. Our results allow the identification and characterization of incipient toothpick grooves on the human fossil record and contribute to increase our knowledge on Neandertals behavioral and oral care habits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paleobiology, Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, 28006, Spain.|Sections Paleoanthropology and Tertiary Mammals, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany.
authors.forename: Almudena
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2295-5396
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Estalrrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Section of Orthodontics, Faculty of Odontology, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain.
authors.forename: José Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Alarcón
authors.affiliation: Department of Paleobiology, Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), Madrid, 28006, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005602:France; D049690:History, Ancient; D059125:Neanderthals; D009910:Oral Hygiene / Q000266:history*; D013030:Spain; D053001:Tool Use Behavior; D014070:Tooth / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: El Sidrón; Hortus; Interproximal dental wear; experimental replication