title: Characterization of lead-containing aerosol particles in Xiamen during and after Spring Festival by single-particle aerosol mass spectrometry.
abstract: To comparatively analyze lead (Pb)-containing particles during and after the Chinese Spring Festival (SF), real-time single-particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SPAMS) was conducted in Xiamen during February 9-19 and March 4-14, 2013. Pb-containing particles were found in 2.4% and 5.3% of the total particle numbers during and after SF, respectively. Based on the SPAMS mass spectral results, the Pb-containing particles were classified into three major types and 11 subtypes: Pb-rich particles comprising Pb-nitrate, Pb-sulfate and Pb-chloride; K-rich particles comprising K-nitrate, K-sulfate, K-metal, K-carbonaceous, K-phosphate, and K-chloride; and metal particles including Fe-rich and Mn-nitrate particles. During SF, lower contributions of Pb-containing particles were due to the effect of the SF holiday. Firework emissions contributed little to the Pb-containing particles. K-rich particles were a major contribution to Pb-containing particles during SF, accounting for approximately 70% of the total number of Pb-containing particles. After SF, significantly increased Pb-containing particles were observed, coincided with NO2and SO2, due to increased industrial activities and other anthropogenic activities, and Pb-rich particles increased to approximately 50.3% of the total number of Pb-containing particles. Local industrial emissions and the stagnant meteorological conditions resulted in the higher concentrations of Pb-containing particles in the early morning after SF, especially Pb-nitrate particles. This study provides data on the in-situ monitoring of Pb emissions during and after SF and could be helpful for the mitigation of Pb pollution.
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry of State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Fujian, Xiamen 361005, China. Electronic address: shzhao@tio.org.cn.
authors.forename: Shuhui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry of State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Fujian, Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Liqi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry of State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Fujian, Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Jinpei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Global Change and Marine-Atmospheric Chemistry of State Oceanic Administration, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Fujian, Xiamen 361005, China.
authors.forename: Hangyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
keywords: Pb-containing particle; SPAMS; Spring Festival; Xiamen