title: BALF cytokines in different phenotypes of chronic lung allograft dysfunction in lung transplant patients.
abstract: The long-term success of lung transplantation (LT) is limited by chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). Different phenotypes of CLAD have been described, such as bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of cytokines and chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as markers of these CLAD phenotypes. BALF was collected from 51 recipients who underwent (bilateral and unilateral) LT. The study population was divided into three groups: stable (ST), BOS, and RAS. Levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were measured using the multiplex technology. BALF neutrophilia medians were higher in BOS (38%) and RAS (30%) than in ST (8%) (P=.008; P=.012). Regarding BALF cytokines, BOS and RAS patients showed higher levels of INF-γ than ST (P=.02; P=.008). Only IL-5 presented significant differences between BOS and RAS (P=.001). BALF neutrophilia is as a marker for both CLAD phenotypes, BOS and RAS, and IL-5 seems to be a potential biomarker for the RAS phenotype.
authors.affiliation: Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berastegui
authors.affiliation: Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8935-7641
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gómez-Ollés
authors.affiliation: Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Vidaurre
authors.affiliation: Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Culebras
authors.affiliation: Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Monforte
authors.affiliation: Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: López-Meseguer
authors.affiliation: Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bravo
authors.affiliation: Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria-Antonia
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ramon
authors.affiliation: Servei de Cirurgia Toràcica, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: Servei de Cirurgia Toràcica, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sole
authors.affiliation: Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria-Jesus
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (Ciberes), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Román
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D064591:Allografts; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D001989:Bronchiolitis Obliterans / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D010641:Phenotype; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines
keywords: BOS; RAS; bronchoalveolar lavage; chronic rejection; cytokines