title: Post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among adult survivors 8 years after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China.
abstract: The Wenchuan earthquake was China's worst natural disaster of the past three decades. Although the psychological sequelae of disasters can last for many years, the long-term sequelae and their risk factors tend to receive little research attention.
  
  
  
  The objectives of the present study were to estimate the prevalences of symptomalogical PTSD and depression among survivors 8 years after the Wenchuan earthquake, and to identify the shared and unshared risk factors associated with PTSD and depression, using data from a cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  
  1369 participants were recruited from two different sites in the areas that were severely affected by the earthquake. Symptomalogical PTSD was assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). The Chinese edition of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was used to assess depression. Traumatic exposure to the Wenchuan earthquake was assessed using an exposure checklist designed by this study.
  
  
  
  Eight years after the Wenchuan earthquake, 11.8% of the respondents had symptomalogical PTSD, and 24.8% of respondents had probable depression. The results also indicated that female gender, low education, poor perceived health, and traumatic experiences after the earthquake were associated with higher odds of both PTSD and depression among survivors. Direct exposure to the earthquake was associated with comorbid symptomalogical PTSD and depression (OR=1.86; 95% CI=1.42, 2.44). Those having only depression were more likely to be unmarried/divorced/widowed, and to have experienced fear at the time of the earthquake (OR=1.34; 95% CI=1.04, 1.72), while those with only symptomalogical PTSD were likely to be from the township of Yongan as opposed to Guangji (OR=1.86; 95% CI=1.06, 3.31).
  
  
  
  This is a cross-sectional study, and thus is insufficient for determining causal relationships with regard to chronic PTSD or depression.
  
  
  
  The results of this study indicate that symptomalogical PTSD and depression persist among many survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake, 8 eight years later. Objective earthquake exposure is associated with symptomalogical PTSD, while subjective exposure is associated with long-term depression.
authors.affiliation: School of Sociology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China. Electronic address: jing624218@163.com.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Administration, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdou 610074, PR China.
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: School of Social Development and Public Policy, China Institute of Health, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: School of Social Development and Public Policy, China Institute of Health, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaohua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Sociology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
authors.forename: Chengbin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D055866:Earthquakes; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Depression; Earthquake; PTSD