title: Current challenges in photoprotection.
abstract: Electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared ranges all produce biologic effects. Ultraviolet filters are the most well-studied photoprotective measure for the adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation. Because of the reported endocrinologic effects of oxybenzone in animal studies, its effects on coral reefs, and its photocontact allergy potential, its use has been minimized in many countries worldwide. New developments in topical antioxidants and oral and subcutaneous agents (eg, Polypodium leucotomos extract, afamelanotide, nicotinamide) with photoprotective and antiphotocarcinogenic properties could potentially provide addition modalities for protection against the effects of visible light and infrared radiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan. Electronic address: hlim1@hfhs.org.
authors.forename: Henry W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Hospital General de Mexico Dr Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Maria-Ivonne
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Arellano-Mendoza
authors.affiliation: Fundacion del Cancer de Piel, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stengel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011481:Protective Clothing; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods*; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control; D013472:Sunlight / Q000009:adverse effects; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013473:Sunscreening Agents
keywords: Polypodium leucotomos extract; afamelanotide; antioxidant; nicotinamide; oxybenzone; photoprotection; sunscreen