title: Neurological Injury and Cerebral Blood Flow in Single Ventricles Throughout Staged Surgical Reconstruction.
abstract: Patients with a single ventricle experience a high rate of brain injury and adverse neurodevelopmental outcome; however, the incidence of brain abnormalities throughout surgical reconstruction and their relationship with cerebral blood flow, oxygen delivery, and carbon dioxide reactivity remain unknown.
  
  
  
  Patients with a single ventricle were studied with magnetic resonance imaging scans immediately prior to bidirectional Glenn (pre-BDG), before Fontan (BDG), and then 3 to 9 months after Fontan reconstruction.
  
  
  
  One hundred sixty-eight consecutive subjects recruited into the project underwent 235 scans: 63 pre-BDG (mean age, 4.8±1.7 months), 118 BDG (2.9±1.4 years), and 54 after Fontan (2.4±1.0 years). Nonacute ischemic white matter changes on T2-weighted imaging, focal tissue loss, and ventriculomegaly were all more commonly detected in BDG and Fontan compared with pre-BDG patients (P<0.05). BDG patients had significantly higher cerebral blood flow than did Fontan patients. The odds of discovering brain injury with adjustment for surgical stage as well as ≥2 coexisting lesions within a patient decreased (63%-75% and 44%, respectively) with increasing amount of cerebral blood flow (P<0.05). In general, there was no association of oxygen delivery (except for ventriculomegaly in the BDG group) or carbon dioxide reactivity with neurological injury.
  
  
  
  Significant brain abnormalities are commonly present in patients with a single ventricle, and detection of these lesions increases as children progress through staged surgical reconstruction, with multiple coexisting lesions more common earlier than later. In addition, this study demonstrated that BDG patients had greater cerebral blood flow than did Fontan patients and that an inverse association exists of various indexes of cerebral blood flow with these brain lesions. However, CO2reactivity and oxygen delivery (with 1 exception) were not associated with brain lesion development.
  
  
  
  URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02135081.
authors.affiliation: From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.). fogel@email.chop.edu.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fogel
authors.affiliation: From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.).
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.).
authors.forename: Okan U
authors.initials: OU
authors.lastname: Elci
authors.affiliation: From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.).
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pawlowski
authors.affiliation: From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.).
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.affiliation: From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.).
authors.forename: Felice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.).
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Nicolson
authors.affiliation: From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.).
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Montenegro
authors.affiliation: From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.).
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.affiliation: From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.).
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Spray
authors.affiliation: From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.).
authors.forename: J William
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Gaynor
authors.affiliation: From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.).
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.affiliation: From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.).
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mascio
authors.affiliation: From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.).
authors.forename: Marc S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.).
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.).
authors.forename: Kevin K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.affiliation: From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.).
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bethel
authors.affiliation: From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.).
authors.forename: Arastoo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vossough
authors.affiliation: From Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.A.F., C.L., T.P., F.W., M.A.H., K.K.W.), Department of Radiology (M.A.F., M.S.K., M.A.H., K.K.W., A.V.), Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (S.C.N., L.M.M., L.D.), Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery (T.L.S., J.W.G., S.F., C.M.), and Department of Neurology (P.J.S., D.J.L.), The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Westat, Rockville, MD (O.U.E., J.B.).
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Licht
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Fontan procedure; cerebral infarction; cerebrovascular circulation; heart ventricles; magnetic resonance imaging