title: Physico-chemical properties based differential toxicity of graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide in human lung cells mediated through oxidative stress.
abstract: Graphene derivatives (GD) are currently being evaluated for technological and biomedical applications owing to their unique physico-chemical properties over other carbon allotrope such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs). But, the possible association of their properties with underlying in vitro effects have not fully examined. Here, we assessed the comparative interaction of three GD - graphene oxide (GO), thermally reduced GO (TRGO) and chemically reduced GO (CRGO), which significantly differ in their lateral size and functional groups density, with phenotypically different human lung cells; bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and alveolar epithelial cells (A549). The cellular studies demonstrate that GD significantly ineternalize and induce oxidative stress mediated cytotoxicity in both cells. The toxicity intensity was in line with the reduced lateral size and increased functional groups revealed more toxicity potential of TRGO and GO respectively. Further, A549 cells showed more susceptibility than BEAS-2B which reflected cell type dependent differential cellular response. Molecular studies revealed that GD induced differential cell death mechanism which was efficiently prevented by their respective inhibitors. This is prior study to the best of our knowledge involving TRGO for its safety evaluation which provided invaluable information and new opportunities for GD based biomedical applications.
authors.affiliation: Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - IITR Campus, Lucknow, India.|Nanomaterials Toxicology Laboratory, Nanotherapeutics and Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR - IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, PO Box - 80, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh - 226001, India.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.affiliation: CSIR - National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL), New Delhi - 110012, India.
authors.forename: Veeresh
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - IITR Campus, Lucknow, India.|Water Analysis Laboratory, Nanotherapeutics and Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR - IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, PO Box - 80, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh - 226001, India.
authors.forename: Nitesh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dhiman
authors.affiliation: Electron Microscopy Laboratory, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR - IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, PO Box - 80, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh - 226001, India.
authors.forename: Lalit Kumar Singh
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Chauhan
authors.affiliation: CSIR - National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL), New Delhi - 110012, India.
authors.forename: Renu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pasricha
authors.affiliation: Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR - IITR Campus, Lucknow, India.|Nanomaterials Toxicology Laboratory, Nanotherapeutics and Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR - IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, PO Box - 80, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh - 226001, India.
authors.forename: Alok Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pandey
mesh_terms: D000072283:A549 Cells; D017209:Apoptosis; D001980:Bronchi / Q000166:cytology; D002453:Cell Cycle; D016923:Cell Death; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D006108:Graphite / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology*; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009336:Necrosis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010087:Oxides / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D010087:Oxides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006108:Graphite