title: CLINICAL COMMENTARY ON MIDFOOT AND FOREFOOT INVOLVEMENT IN LATERAL ANKLE SPRAINS AND CHRONIC ANKLE INSTABILITY. PART 2: CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS.
abstract: Lateral ankle sprains (LAS) and chronic ankle instability (CAI) are common musculoskeletal injuries that are a result of inversion injury during sport. The midfoot and forefoot is frequently injured during a LAS, is often overlooked during clinical examination, and maybe contributory to the development of CAI. The purpose of part two of this clinical commentary and current concept review is to increase clinician's awareness of the contribution of midfoot and forefoot impairment to functional limitation and disability of individuals who experience LAS and CAI and to facilitate future research in this area. The importance of multisegmented foot and ankle assessment from a clinical and research perspective is stressed. Select physical assessment and manual therapeutic techniques are presented to assist the clinician in examination and treatment of the ankle-foot complex in patients with LAS and CAI.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.affiliation: Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Feger
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hertel
keywords: Gait; intrinsic foot muscles; joint mobilization; physical examination; rehabilitation