title: Imaging biomarkers of dementia: recommended visual rating scales with teaching cases.
abstract: The diagnostic work up of dementia may benefit from structured reporting of CT and/or MRI and the use of standardised visual rating scales. We advocate a more widespread use of standardised scales as part of the workflow in clinical and research evaluation of dementia. We propose routine clinical use of rating scales for medial temporal atrophy (MTA), global cortical atrophy (GCA) and white matter hyperintensities (WMH). These scales can be used for evaluation of both CT and MRI and are efficient in routine imaging assessment in dementia, and may improve the accuracy of diagnosis. Our review provides detailed imaging examples of rating increments in each of these scales and a separate teaching file. The radiologist should relate visual ratings to the clinical assessment and other biomarkers to assist the clinician in the diagnostic decision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • Clinical dementia diagnostics would benefit from structured radiological reporting. • Standardised rating scales should be used in dementia assessment. • It is important to relate imaging findings to the clinically suspected diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lars-Olof
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9905-8426
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Wahlund
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3115-2977
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Westman
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic Radiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.|Imaging and Function, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8649-9874
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van Westen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wallin
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Division of Medical Imaging and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. sara.shams@ki.se.|Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-14186, Stockholm, Sweden. sara.shams@ki.se.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5133-0224
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shams
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Division of Medical Imaging and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-14186, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0111-6999
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cavallin
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Elna-Marie
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6308-1387
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Larsson
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; CT; Dementia; Imaging; MRI