title: Modulation of host immune responses following non-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Translational implications in progressive multiple sclerosis.
abstract: There exists an urgent need for effective treatments for those patients suffering from chronic/progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). Accordingly, it has become readily apparent that different classes of stem cell-based therapies must be explored at both the basic science and clinical levels. Herein, we provide an overview of the basic mechanisms underlying the pre-clinical benefits of exogenously delivered non-hematopoietic stem cells (nHSCs) in animal models of MS. Further, we highlight a number of early clinical trials in which nHSCs have been used to treat MS. Finally, we identify a series of challenges that must be met and ultimately overcome if such promising therapeutics are to be advanced from the bench to the bedside.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; University of Cambridge, Clifford Allbutt Building - Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Hills Road, CB2 0AH Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: gv265@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Giulio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Volpe
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NINDS/NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: bernstockjd@ninds.nih.gov.
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Bernstock
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; University of Cambridge, Clifford Allbutt Building - Cambridge Biosciences Campus, Hills Road, CB2 0AH Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: lp429@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peruzzotti-Jametti
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: spp24@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pluchino
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D000067470:Cellular Reprogramming Techniques; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004681:Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000637:transplantation; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D051379:Mice; D020528:Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D058953:Neural Stem Cells / Q000637:transplantation*; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; Mesenchymal stem cells; Multiple sclerosis; Neural stem cells; Non-hematopoietic stem cells; Regenerative medicine; Stem cells