title: Maternal Exposure to Domestic Hair Cosmetics and Occupational Endocrine Disruptors Is Associated with a Higher Risk of Hypospadias in the Offspring.
abstract: Pregnant women are exposed to various chemical products at home and at work. Some of these products contain endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as cosmetics, pesticides, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, plastics or medications that could alter sexual differentiation and increase the risk of hypospadias. We evaluated maternal occupational and household exposures that could constitute risk factors for hypospadias. From 2011 to 2014, we enrolled 57 full-term newborns with hypospadias and three randomly selected controls per case (162 control newborns), matched for gestational age, from 11 maternity units in Picardy, France. Neonatal and parental data were collected at birth (personal characteristics, maternal lifestyle, and medical history). Maternal occupational exposure was assessed by a job-exposure matrix for EDCs from a job history questionnaire completed by mothers. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated with univariate and multivariable logistic regression, and adjusted for relevant covariates. Multivariate analysis showed a strong association between hypospadias and potential maternal occupational exposure to EDCs and maternal household use of hair cosmetics (OR 6.1, 95% CI: 1.1-34.9; OR: 9.6, 95% CI: 1.4-66.1, respectively). Our results suggest that maternal occupational exposure to EDCs is a risk factor for hypospadias and suggests a possible influence of household use of hair cosmetics during early pregnancy on the incidence of hypospadias in the offspring. A larger study with more accurate exposure assessment should evaluate the impact of EDCs in hair cosmetics on the incidence of hypospadias.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Amiens University Hospital, 80054 Amiens, France. haraux.elodie@chu-amiens.fr.
authors.forename: Elodie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Haraux
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Amiens University Hospital, 80054 Amiens, France. braun.karine@chu-amiens.fr.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Amiens University Hospital, 80054 Amiens, France. buisson.philippe@chu-amiens.fr.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Buisson
authors.affiliation: PériTox-INERIS Laboratory, Jules Verne University of Picardy, 80054 Amiens, France. erwan.stephan@u-picardie.fr.
authors.forename: Erwan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stéphan-Blanchard
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Creil Hospital, 60100 Creil, France. camille.devauchelle@ch-creil.fr.
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Devauchelle
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Amiens University Hospital, 80054 Amiens, France. ricard.jannick@chu-amiens.fr.
authors.forename: Jannick
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ricard
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Amiens University Hospital, 80054 Amiens, France. boudailliez.bernard@chu-amiens.fr.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boudailliez
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Amiens University Hospital, 80054 Amiens, France. tourneux.pierre@chu-amiens.fr.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tourneux
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, Amiens University Hospital, 80054 Amiens, France. gouron.richard@chu-amiens.fr.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gouron
authors.affiliation: PériTox-INERIS Laboratory, Jules Verne University of Picardy, 80054 Amiens, France. karen.chardon@u-picardie.fr.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chardon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006203:Hair Preparations / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D006203:Hair Preparations
keywords: cosmetics; endocrine-disrupting chemicals; hypospadias; risk factor