title: In vitro control of parasitic nematodes of small ruminants using some plant species containing flavonoids.
abstract: This study determined in vitro anthelmintic efficacy of three plant species: Trema orientalis, Urtica dioica and Zanthozylum capense on nematode larvae of small ruminants. Dried leaf samples (40 g) were extracted in 70% ethanol, in portions of 10 g and concentrated to 100 ml. Half and one quarter of the original crude extract were both made to 100 ml. Rectal faecal material from 10 Merino sheep and 25 Nguni goats was pooled within species and thoroughly hand-mixed. Dung samples, each of 5 g were cultured for 12 days at 27 °C. On day 13, 4 plates were watered and 4 others treated with ethanol to correct for solvent effect on mortality. The design was 2 (animal species) × 3 (plant species) × 3 (extract concentrations). In each of three runs, three plates were treated with each crude extract in three incremental concentrations. Surviving L3 larvae were isolated, counted and mortalities became indices of anthelmintic efficacy. Data from nematode larval mortality were analysed to determine the effect of animal species, plant species, concentration and their interactions. Efficacy was affected by concentration (P = 0.0001), animal species (P = 0.0046), plant species (P = 0.0572), the interactions of animal species and concentration (P = 0.0010), plant species and concentration (P = 0.0123) and concentration × animal × plant species (P = 0.0435).
authors.affiliation: Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, 127 Rabie Saunders Building, Private bag X01, Scottsville, KY, 3209, USA.
authors.forename: Sylvester W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Fomum
authors.affiliation: Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, 127 Rabie Saunders Building, Private bag X01, Scottsville, KY, 3209, USA. nsahlaii@ukzn.ac.za.|PMB Campus of UKZN, Pietermaritzburg, Republic of South Africa. nsahlaii@ukzn.ac.za.
authors.forename: Ignatius V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Nsahlai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000969:Antinematodal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D015511:Goat Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006041:Goats; D009349:Nematode Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D010270:Parasite Egg Count; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018515:Plant Leaves; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000969:Antinematodal Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Control; Crude extract; Flavonoids; Nematodes; Plant species and Small ruminants