title: Assessment of mouse cognitive and anxiety-like behaviors and hippocampal inflammation following a repeated and intermittent paradoxical sleep deprivation procedure.
abstract: It has been reported that more than one fourth of the world's population suffers from sleep problems. However, there is not a stable and reliable animal model to mimic the persistent and periodic features of sleep disorders, and correspondingly, the feasibility and effectiveness of repeated behavioral tests remains to be determined. In the present study, we repetitively, and intermittently, treated mice with 3days and 7days of paradoxical sleep deprivation (SD), using the modified multiple small-platforms-over-water method for 3 months. The behavioral results suggested that repeated open field and Y-maze tests are able to successfully detect anxiety-like behaviors and working memory dysfunction of the model mice. The Morris water maze test is not suitable for evaluating spatial learning ability following SD because the long-term utilization of the flower-pot method increases the familiarity of mice with the water environment. Moreover, neuroinflammation, microglial activation and neuronal apoptosis were observed in the hippocampus of model mice even recovery for 3 weeks later. This animal model and corresponding behavioral evaluation method will help to explore the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of chronic sleep disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
authors.forename: Mengmei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Yali
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Tinglin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pu
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky Center of Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, KY, USA.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China. Electronic address: wuting80000@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. Electronic address: mingx@njmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000276:immunology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Animal model; Behavioral test; Neuroinflammation; Sleep deprivation