title: Perinatal nutrition interventions and post-partum depressive symptoms.
abstract: Postpartum depression (PPD) is the most prevalent mood disorder associated with childbirth. No single cause of PPD has been identified, however the increased risk of nutritional deficiencies incurred through the high nutritional requirements of pregnancy may play a role in the pathology of depressive symptoms. Three nutritional interventions have drawn particular interest as possible non-invasive and cost-effective prevention and/or treatment strategies for PPD; omega-3 (n-3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), vitamin D and overall diet.
  
  
  
  We searched for meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials (RCT's) of nutritional interventions during the perinatal period with PPD as an outcome, and checked for any trials published subsequently to the meta-analyses.
  
  
  
  Fish oil: Eleven RCT's of prenatal fish oil supplementation RCT's show null and positive effects on PPD symptoms. Vitamin D: no relevant RCT's were identified, however seven observational studies of maternal vitamin D levels with PPD outcomes showed inconsistent associations. Diet: Two Australian RCT's with dietary advice interventions in pregnancy had a positive and null result on PPD.
  
  
  
  With the exception of fish oil, few RCT's with nutritional interventions during pregnancy assess PPD.
  
  
  
  Further research is needed to determine whether nutritional intervention strategies during pregnancy can protect against symptoms of PPD. Given the prevalence of PPD and ease of administering PPD measures, we recommend future prenatal nutritional RCT's include PPD as an outcome.
authors.affiliation: Child Nutrition Research Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Jacqueline F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.affiliation: Child Nutrition Research Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Best
authors.affiliation: Child Nutrition Research Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. Electronic address: maria.makrides@sa.gov.au.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makrides
mesh_terms: D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018977:Micronutrients; D009752:Nutritional Status; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000523:psychology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods*; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D018977:Micronutrients
keywords: Depression; Diet; Intervention; Nutrition; Postpartum