title: Autophagy activated by duck enteritis virus infection positively affects its replication.
abstract: Duck enteritis virus (DEV) is an acute, septic, sexually transmitted disease that occurs in ducks, geese and other poultry. Autophagy is an evolutionarily ancient pathway that is important in many viral infections. Despite extensive study, the interplay between DEV and autophagy of host cells is not clearly understood. In this study, we found that DEV infection triggers autophagy in duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cells, as demonstrated by the appearance of autophagosome-like double- or single-membrane vesicles in the cytoplasm of host cells and the number of GFP-LC3 dots. In addition, increased conversion of the autophagy marker protein LC3-I and LC3-II and decreased p62/SQSTM1 indicated complete autophagy flux. Heat-inactivated DEV infection did not induce autophagy, suggesting that the trigger of autophagy in DEF cells depended on DEV replication. When autophagy was pharmacologically inhibited by LY294002 or wortmannin, DEV replication decreased. The DEV offspring yield decreased when small interference RNA was used to interfere with autophagy related to the genes Beclin-1 and ATG5. In contrast, after treating DEF cells with rapamycin, an inducer of autophagy, DEV replication increased. These results indicated that DEV infection induced autophagy in DEF cells and autophagy facilitated DEV replication.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China.
authors.forename: Hai-Chang
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China.
authors.forename: Li-Li
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University, 191 Wenhua Street, Mudanjiang 157011, PR China.
authors.forename: Si-Qi
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China.
authors.forename: Yin-Jie
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University, 191 Wenhua Street, Mudanjiang 157011, PR China.
authors.forename: Xin-Jie
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, PR China.
authors.forename: Li-Jing
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China.
authors.forename: Tao-Feng
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China.
authors.forename: Ling-Xia
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China.
authors.forename: Sheng-Wang
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, 678 Haping Road, Harbin 150069, PR China.
authors.forename: Hong-Yan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000730:Androstadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D000071187:Autophagy-Related Protein 5 / Q000235:genetics; D000071186:Beclin-1 / Q000235:genetics; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D004372:Ducks; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000821:virology; D025922:Mardivirus / Q000502:physiology*; D008380:Marek Disease / Q000821:virology*; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D010588:Phagosomes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D014779:Virus Replication; D000077191:Wortmannin
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D000071187:Autophagy-Related Protein 5; D000071186:Beclin-1; D002867:Chromones; C477012:MAP1LC3A protein, human; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D009025:Morpholines; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; D020123:Sirolimus; D000077191:Wortmannin