title: A new model to estimate insulin resistance via clinical parameters in adults with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: Insulin resistance (IR) is a risk factor to assess the development of micro- and macro-vascular complications in type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, diabetes management in adults with T1D is limited by the difficulty of lacking simple and reliable methods to estimate insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to develop a new model to estimate IR via clinical parameters in adults with T1D.
  
  
  
  A total of 36 adults with adulthood onset T1D (n = 20) or childhood onset T1D (n = 16) were recruited by quota sampling. After an overnight insulin infusion to stabilize the blood glucose at 5.6 to 7.8 mmol/L, they underwent a 180-minute euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Glucose disposal rate (GDR, mg kg-1min-1) was calculated by data collected from the last 30 minutes during the test. Demographic factors (age, sex, and diabetes duration) and metabolic parameters (blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin A1c[HbA1c], waist to hip ratio [WHR], and lipids) were collected to evaluate insulin resistance. Then, age at diabetes onset and clinical parameters were used to develop a model to estimate lnGDR by stepwise linear regression.
  
  
  
  From the stepwise process, a best model to estimate insulin resistance was generated, including HbA1c, diastolic blood pressure, and WHR. Age at diabetes onset did not enter any of the models. We proposed the following new model to estimate IR as in GDR for adults with T1D: lnGDR = 4.964 - 0.121 × HbA1c(%) - 0.012 × diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) - 1.409 × WHR, (adjusted R2= 0.616, P < .01).
  
  
  
  Insulin resistance in adults living with T1D can be estimated using routinely collected clinical parameters. This simple model provides a potential tool for estimating IR in large-scale epidemiological studies of adults with T1D regardless of age at onset.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xueying
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8395-9476
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8993-0399
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Sihui
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8503-0310
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Daizhi
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7827-3226
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7301-5786
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2050-7573
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4966-1614
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2705-196X
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.|Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6392-1163
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin
keywords: glucose clamp technique; insulin resistance; model; type 1 diabetes mellitus