title: Developing a Biomarker Feedback Intervention to Motivate Smoking Cessation During Pregnancy: Phase II MAW Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of smoking during pregnancy for Alaska Native (AN) women is more than triple that of non-Native Alaska women. In this qualitative study, we solicited input from AN women and others to determine how best to present findings from an earlier study demonstrating a strong correlation between biomarkers for maternal smoking (cotinine) and neonatal exposure to a tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) to motivate cessation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a brochure incorporating generalized biomarker information. Using in-depth individual interviews with pregnant and postpartum AN women and partners/family members, we explored applicability and acceptability of the information. Postpartum women, who had participated in the earlier correlation study, additionally received their individual biomarker results. We assessed whether being presented general or individual biomarker information would motivate cessation using content analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted 39 interviews: 16 pregnant women, 12 postpartum women, and 11 partners/family members. Overall, participants agreed the biomarker information was new, but understandable as presented. Postpartum women shared that learning their personal results inspired them to want to quit or cut back smoking while pregnant women indicated the generalized correlation information was less helpful in motivating cessation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Generalized information about fetal exposure to carcinogens may be more effective in motivating pregnant women to quit smoking when combined with individual cotinine testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using feedback from this study, we refined and are currently evaluating an intervention incorporating generalized correlation information from Phase I and cotinine testing to determine its effectiveness in motivating smoking cessation among pregnant AN women.
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Research Services, Division of Community Health Services, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK.
authors.forename: Kathryn R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Koller
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Research Services, Division of Community Health Services, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK.
authors.forename: Christie A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Flanagan
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Research Services, Division of Community Health Services, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK.
authors.forename: Gretchen E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Day
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Research Services, Division of Community Health Services, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK.
authors.forename: Timothy K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Research Services, Division of Community Health Services, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK.
authors.forename: Abbie W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Research Services, Division of Community Health Services, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK.
authors.forename: Crystal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meade
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Christine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: Southcentral Foundation, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, AK.
authors.forename: Vanessa Y
authors.initials: VY
authors.lastname: Hiratsuka
authors.affiliation: Southcentral Foundation, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, AK.
authors.forename: Neil J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Christi A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Patten
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000413:Alaska; D000072957:Alaska Natives; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D011247:Pregnancy; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers