title: Lumbar Kinematics, Functional Disability and Fear Avoidance Beliefs Among Adults with Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to examine correlations between lumbar kinematics, functional disability and fear avoidance beliefs among adults with nonspecific chronic low back pain (LBP).
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study was conducted between March and December 2014. A total of 32 adults diagnosed with nonspecific chronic LBP were recruited from outpatients attending either an orthopaedic clinic at a university hospital or a private physiotherapy clinic in Malaysia. Lumbar kinematics were measured using sensors attached at the first lumbar (L1) and second sacral (S2) vertebrae levels. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) were used to assess degree of functional disability and fear avoidance beliefs, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For maximum range of motion, positive correlations were observed between ODI scores and right lateral flexion and right rotation (P= 0.01 each), although there was a negative correlation with left rotation (P= 0.03). With maximum angular velocity, ODI scores were positively correlated with right and left lateral flexion L1 (P= 0.01 and <0.01, respectively) but negatively correlated with left lateral flexion L2 (P= 0.04). Regarding minimum angular velocity, ODI scores were positively correlated with left lateral flexion S2 (P<0.01) but negatively correlated with right and left lateral flexion L1 (P= 0.02 each), right rotation L1 (P= 0.02) and left rotation S2 (P= 0.01). No significant correlations were found between lumbar kinematics and FABQ scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that certain lumbar kinematic parameters are correlated with functional disability, but not with fear avoidance beliefs.
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Program, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Ministry of Health, Putrajaya, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nancy G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Jette
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Program, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; MyPhysio FiCoMo Specialist Centre, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Yi L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Program, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hui L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Departments of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sabarul A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mokhtar
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kok B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Program, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Devinder K A
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Singh
keywords: Disability Evaluation; Fear; Kinematics; Low Back Pain; Lumbar Vertebrae