title: Putative origins of the fungus Leptographium procerum.
abstract: Appropriate management of invasive fungi requires adequate understanding of their global diversities and movement histories. The fungus Leptographium procerum is associated with root-colonizing forest insects in pine forests throughout the world, and may have contributed to the aggressive behaviour of the red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens) in the beetle's invasive range in China. We used microsatellites and mating type loci to investigate the global diversity of L. procerum and the source population of L. procerum associated with D. valens in China. Clustering analyses supported the separation of the fungal data set into three genetically and geographically-distinct clusters: Europe, North America, and China. The fungus had the highest genetic diversity in Europe, followed by North America and China. Analyses using Approximate Bayesian Computation supported Europe as the most likely source of the North American and Chinese populations. Overall, the results suggested that Europe is the global centre of diversity of L. procerum. Furthermore, they suggested that L. procerum most likely arrived in China independently of D. valens and adopted this beetle as a vector after its introduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; China Eucalypt Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhanjiang 524022, China. Electronic address: Stephen.Taerum@fabi.up.ac.za.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Taerum
authors.affiliation: Molecular Ecology and Evolution Programme, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
authors.forename: Thierry B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Hoareau
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
authors.forename: Tuan A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Duong
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
authors.forename: Z Wilhelm
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: de Beer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forest Ecosystem Protection, Department of Forest Pathology, Mycology and Tree Physiology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jankowiak
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wingfield
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005060:Europe; D049770:Genes, Mating Type, Fungal; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D007313:Insecta / Q000382:microbiology*; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D009656:North America; D055155:Ophiostomatales / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010802:Phylogeny
keywords: Dendroctonus valens; Forestry; Invasion biology; Ophiostomatoid fungus; Symbiosis