title: Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis with Orosinusal Involvement: Diagnostic and Surgical Treatment Guidelines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a rare, rapidly progressive and potentially lethal disease almost exclusively affecting immunocompromised hosts or patients with metabolic disorders, such as poorly controlled diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  This work is aimed to describe five cases of rhinocerebral mucormycosis to review and possibly define diagnostic and surgical treatment guidelines. In all the patients, surgical debridement, systemic and local antifungal therapy, and oral rehabilitation using filling prostheses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the patients revealed recurrence of the infection, as confirmed by radiological and clinical long term follow up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the lethal nature of the disease, the authors underline the importance of early diagnosis and of a multidisciplinary approach in order to undertake correct surgical and medical treatments, while keeping the underlying disease under control.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giudice
authors.forename: Daniela Anna
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cutrignelli
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sportelli
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Limongelli
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tempesta
authors.forename: Giuseppe Di
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Gioia
authors.affiliation: Ionian Department, Microbiology and Virology Lab. "Policlinico" University Hospital, P.zza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santacroce
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Maiorano
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Favia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis; D001922:Brain Abscess / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000069544:Infectious Encephalitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009091:Mucormycosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D000666:Amphotericin B
keywords: Mucorales; Zygomycetes; immunocompromised patients; rhinocerebral mucormycosis; sinusitis; surgical debridement.