title: New Proof-of-Concept in Viral Inactivation: Virucidal Efficacy of 405 nm Light Against Feline Calicivirus as a Model for Norovirus Decontamination.
abstract: The requirement for novel decontamination technologies for use in hospitals is ever present. One such system uses 405 nm visible light to inactivate microorganisms via ROS-generated oxidative damage. Although effective for bacterial and fungal inactivation, little is known about the virucidal effects of 405 nm light. Norovirus (NoV) gastroenteritis outbreaks often occur in the clinical setting, and this study was designed to investigate potential inactivation effects of 405 nm light on the NoV surrogate, feline calicivirus (FCV). FCV was exposed to 405 nm light whilst suspended in minimal and organically-rich media to establish the virucidal efficacy and the effect biologically-relevant material may play in viral susceptibility. Antiviral activity was successfully demonstrated with a 4 Log10(99.99%) reduction in infectivity when suspended in minimal media evident after a dose of 2.8 kJ cm-2. FCV exposed in artificial faeces, artificial saliva, blood plasma and other organically rich media exhibited an equivalent level of inactivation using between 50-85% less dose of the light, indicating enhanced inactivation when the virus is present in organically-rich biologically-relevant media. Further research in this area could aid in the development of 405 nm light technology for effective NoV decontamination within the hospital environment.
authors.affiliation: The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XW, Scotland, UK. rachael.tomb.2013@uni.strath.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Rachael M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Tomb
authors.affiliation: The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XW, Scotland, UK.|Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Wolfson Centre, 106 Rottenrow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maclean
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Coia
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.affiliation: Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Chintamani D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Atreya
authors.affiliation: The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XW, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: Scott J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: MacGregor
authors.affiliation: The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1XW, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D017927:Calicivirus, Feline / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002415:Cats; D002460:Cell Line; D003666:Decontamination / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008954:Models, Biological; D029322:Norovirus / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D038301:Virus Inactivation / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants
keywords: 405 nm Light; Faeces; Feline calicivirus; Plasma; Saliva; Viral inactivation