title: The role of electronegative low-density lipoprotein in cardiovascular diseases and its therapeutic implications.
abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a health problem of great concern to both the public and medical authorities. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has been reported to play an important role in both the development and progression of CVD, but studies are underway to determine how LDL exerts its effects. In recent years, it has been found that LDL has several subfractions, each of which affects endothelial function differently; L5, the most electronegative fraction, has been shown to be unique in that it induces an atherogenic response. This review examines the current knowledge concerning the relationships between L5 and CVD and highlights the role of L5 in the pathophysiology of CVD, especially with regards to atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Vascular & Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, MC 2-255, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Turgut Ozal University, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: sakyol@texasheart.org.
authors.forename: Sumeyya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akyol
authors.affiliation: Vascular & Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, MC 2-255, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Vascular & Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, MC 2-255, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Akyol
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akcay
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ferah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Armutcu
authors.affiliation: Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Electronic address: kly@kmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Liang-Yin
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.affiliation: Vascular & Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, MC 2-255, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chu-Huang
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors; D051127:Scavenger Receptors, Class E / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C495137:OLR1 protein, human; D051127:Scavenger Receptors, Class E; C574964:low-density lipoprotein L5, human; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; Electronegative low-density lipoprotein; L5