title: Acute effects of temperature and hypercarbia on cutaneous and branchial gas exchange in the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa.
abstract: The South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa inhabits seasonal environments in the Central Amazon and Paraná-Paraguay basins that undergo significant oscillations in temperature throughout the year. They rely on different gas exchange organs, such as gills and skin for aquatic gas exchange while their truly bilateral lungs are responsible for aerial gas exchange; however, there are no data available on the individual contributions of the skin and the gills to total aquatic gas exchange in L. paradoxa. Thus, in the present study we quantify the relative contributions of skin and gills on total aquatic gas exchange during warm (35°C) and cold exposure (20°C) in addition to the effects of aerial and aquatic hypercarbia on aquatic gas exchange and gill ventilation rate (fG; 25°C), respectively. Elevated temperature (35°C) caused a significant increase in the contribution of cutaneous (from 0.61±0.13 to 1.34±0.26ml. STPD.h-1kg-1) and branchial (from 0.54±0.17 to 1.73±0.53ml. STPD.h-1kg-1) gas exchange for V̇CO2relative to the lower temperature (20°C), while V̇O2remained relatively unchanged. L. paradoxa exhibited a greater branchial contribution in relation to total aquatic gas exchange at lower temperatures (20 and 25°C) for oxygen uptake. Aerial hypercarbia decreased branchial V̇O2whereas branchial V̇CO2was significantly increased. Progressive increases in aquatic hypercarbia did not affect fG. This response is in contrast to increases in pulmonary ventilation that may offset any increase in arterial partial pressure of CO2owing to CO2loading through the animals' branchial surface. Thus, despite their reduced contribution to total gas exchange, cutaneous and branchial gas exchange in L. paradoxa can be significantly affected by temperature and aerial hypercarbia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil. Electronic address: lucaszena@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lucas A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Zena
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil.
authors.forename: Kênia C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Bícego
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Comparative Physiology (INCT Fisiologia Comparada), Brazil.
authors.forename: Glauber S F
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Humberto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Giusti
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mogens L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences of Barretos Dr. Paulo Prata (FACISB), Barretos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Sanchez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D005880:Gills / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D015657:Respiratory Transport; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: CO(2) elimination; Dipnoi; Lungfish; O(2) uptake