title: Prenatal Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation Does Not Affect Nonfasting Serum Lipid and Glucose Concentrations of Offspring at 4 Years of Age in a Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial in Mexico.
abstract: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has regulatory effects on lipid and glucose metabolism. Differences in DHA availability during specific developmental windows may program metabolic changes.
  
  
  
  We investigated the effects of maternal DHA supplementation during pregnancy on the nonfasting serum lipid and glucose concentrations of offspring at 4 y of age.
  
  
  
  We used data from the Prenatal Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation, Growth, and Development trial, a double-blind randomized controlled trial conducted in Mexico. Pregnant women were supplemented daily with 400 mg DHA or placebo from 18-22 wk of gestation to delivery. The primary outcomes of the trial were offspring growth and neurological development. Nonfasting blood samples were obtained from the offspring at 4 y of age. We analyzed serum total, HDL, non-HDL, and LDL cholesterol; the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio; apolipoprotein B (apoB); triglycerides; glucose; and insulin as secondary outcomes and compared their concentrations between treatment groups.
  
  
  
  Data from 524 offspring were available. The women were compliant with the intervention based on pill counts and changes in cord blood and breast milk DHA concentrations. None of the between-group differences (DHA compared with placebo), adjusted for maternal height and time since last food intake, were significant (P range 0.27-0.83). Means (95% CIs) were as follows: total cholesterol (TC), 1.73 mg/dL (-2.63, 6.09 mg/dL); HDL cholesterol, 0.66 mg/dL (-1.07, 2.39 mg/dL); non-HDL cholesterol, 1.77 mg/dL (-1.83, 5.37 mg/dL); LDL cholesterol, 1.62 mg/dL (-2.21, 5.45 mg/dL); TC:HDL ratio, 0.01 (-0.09, 0.11); apoB, -0.15 mg/dL (-2.78, 2.48 mg/dL); triglycerides, 0.21 mg/dL (-10.93, 10.52 mg/dL); glucose, -0.67 mg/dL (-2.46, 1.11 mg/dL); and insulin, 0.62 μU/mL (-0.88, 2.11 μU/mL).
  
  
  
  Prenatal DHA supplementation does not affect nonfasting serum lipid and glucose concentrations of offspring at 4 y of age. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00646360.
authors.affiliation: Center for Nutrition and Health Research and.|Department of Nutrition, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education), Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Yareni
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8836-150X
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gutierrez-Gomez
authors.affiliation: Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Aryeh D
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1138-6458
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.affiliation: Center for Population Health Research, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (National Institute of Public Health), Cuernavaca, Mexico.
authors.forename: Albino
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9020-4175
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barraza-Villarreal
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (Metropolitan Autonomous University), Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Hortensia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moreno-Macias
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (National Institute of Medical Science and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran), Mexico City, Mexico; and.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8517-0241
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aguilar-Salinas
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Department, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Romieu
authors.affiliation: Center for Nutrition and Health Research and jrivera@insp.mx.
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rivera
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids
keywords: DHA; glucose markers; lipid markers; metabolic programming; pregnancy