title: Schistosoma antigens downregulate CXCL9 production by PBMC of HTLV-1-infected individuals.
abstract: HTLV-1 is the causal agent of Adult T cell Leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The immune response to HTLV-1-infection is polarized to the Th1-type, and the presence of CXCL9/CXCL10 chemokines may lead to an increase in the recruitment of pro-inflammatory molecules in spinal cord tissue, contributing to the damage observed in the development of HAM/TSP. It has been observed that in chronic helminth-infections, such as schistosomiasis, there is a deviation toward the Th2/regulatory immune response.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the ability of Schistosoma spp. proteins to decrease the in vitro CXCL9 and CXCL10 production by PBMC of HTLV-1-infected individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Schistosoma proteins rSm29, rSh-TSP-2 and PIII were added to PBMC cultures of HTLV-1-infected individuals and the levels of chemokines in the supernatants were measured using a sandwich ELISA method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The addition of rSm29 to the cultures resulted in decreased production of CXCL9 in all the analyzed individuals and HAM/TSP group (18167±9727pg/mL, p=0.044; 20237±6023pg/mL, p=0.028, respectively) compared to the levels in unstimulated cultures (19745±9729pg/mL; 25078±2392pg/mL, respectively). The addition of rSh-TSP-2 decreased the production of CXCL9 in all studied individuals and carriers group (16136±9233pg/mL, p=0.031; 13977±8857pg/mL, p=0.026) vs unstimulated cultures (19745±9729pg/mL; 18121±10508pg/mL, respectively). Addition of PIII did not alter the results. There was no significant change in the levels of CXCL10 by the addition of the studied proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Schistosoma proteins used in this study were able to down modulate the production of CXCL9, a chemokine associated with the inflammatory process in HTLV-1-infection.
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Brazil. Electronic address: llmmll10@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Luciane Mota
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Brazil; Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana Santos
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Brazil.
authors.forename: Silvane Braga
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Muniz. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo Riccio
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sérgio Costa
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
authors.forename: Alfredo Miranda
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Góes
authors.affiliation: Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loukas
authors.affiliation: Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Brazil; Escola Baiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais - INCT-DT (CNPq/MCT), Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Ilma
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Araujo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002353:Carrier State; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D054357:Chemokine CXCL10 / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D015490:HTLV-I Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D015368:Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012547:Schistosoma / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D054357:Chemokine CXCL10; C403503:FAM107A protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins
keywords: CXCL10; CXCL9; HTLV-1; Schistosoma proteins