title: Early Versus Late Tracheostomy for Patients with High and Low Cervical Spinal Cord Injuries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate the effects of early versus late tracheostomies among patients with cervical spinal cord injuries (CSCIs).
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study included 69 adult CSCI patients who underwent bedside percutaneous tracheostomies at the Intensive Care Unit of Khoula Hospital, Muscat, Oman, between January 2011 and October 2015. The tracheostomy was considered early if the procedure took place within one week of the CSCI. The impact of an early tracheostomy on patient outcomes was analysed in terms of duration of mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit (ICU) stay among patients with high (C1-C2 vertebrae) and low (C3-C7 vertebrae) CSCIs. Ventilator dependence, bradycardia episodes and surgical intervention outcomes were also examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with a high CSCI who underwent an early tracheostomy spent significantly fewer days on mechanical ventilation compared to those who underwent a late tracheostomy (9.3 ± 7.2 days versus 13.7 ± 3.2 days;P= 0.041). Low CSCI patients who received an early tracheostomy also experienced significantly fewer days on mechanical ventilation compared to those undergoing a late tracheostomy (12.1 ± 10.4 days versus 25.2 ± 17.7 days;P= 0.035). Moreover, ICU mortality was significantly lower for high CSCI patients who underwent an early tracheostomy (P= 0.015). However, there was no association between length of ICU stay and either type of CSCI or timing of the tracheostomy procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An early tracheostomy is beneficial in reducing the duration of mechanical ventilation among patients with CSCIs, irrespective of the level of injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Unit, Khoula Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Akram H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Guirgis
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Khoula Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Venugopal K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Unit, Khoula Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Neelam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suri
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Unit, Khoula Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Nilay
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Unit, Khoula Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Emil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Attallah
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Unit, Khoula Hospital, Muscat, Oman.
authors.forename: Maged Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
authors.forename: Shereen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elshaer
keywords: Intensive Care Unit; Mechanical Ventilation; Spinal Cord Injuries; Tracheostomy; Treatment Outcome