title: Neutrality in medicine and health professionals from ethnic minority groups: The case of Arab health professionals in Israel.
abstract: The ethos of neutrality dominates biomedicine. It has, however, been criticized for leading to a disregard for diversity in medicine. In this article we employ the 'inclusion and difference' approach to gain an understanding of why the ethos of neutrality, on the one hand, and tensions associated with race/ethnicity, on the other, are relevant to the work of ethnic minority health professionals. We sought to explore tensions associated with neutrality in medicine from the point of view of ethnic minority professionals who work in a context of political conflict. We conducted 33 in-depth interviews with Arab health professionals - physicians, nurses and pharmacists - working in Israeli health organizations. The Arab health professionals perceive medical knowledge as being politically neutral; and medical practice as being impartial, universal and humanitarian. They regard the healthcare sector as a relatively egalitarian workplace, into which they can integrate and gain promotion. Nevertheless, the interviewees experienced various instances of treatment refusal, discrimination and racism. In line with the ethos of neutrality, the Israeli medical code of ethics does not relate specifically to Arab professionals and takes their inclusion and integration in healthcare organizations for granted. The ethos of neutrality in medicine underlies the ambivalence inherent in the approach of 'inclusion and difference'. While perceptions of neutrality, alongside values such as equality, cultural competency, impartiality and humanitarian healthcare, do indeed promote the inclusion of minority professionals in health organizations, these same perceptions mask the need to address political events that impinge on the medical milieu and may present an obstacle to designing specific policies to deal with such events.
authors.affiliation: Western Galilee Academic College, Israel. Electronic address: yaelk@wgalil.ac.il.
authors.forename: Yael
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Keshet
authors.affiliation: David Yellin Academic Collage, Israel.
authors.forename: Ariela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Popper-Giveon
mesh_terms: D018912:Arabs / Q000523:psychology*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel / Q000208:ethnology; D007585:Jews / Q000523:psychology; D036301:Qualitative Research; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D063505:Racism / Q000523:psychology; D012924:Social Conditions / Q000639:trends*
keywords: Arabs; Ethnic minority; Health professionals; Israel; Neutrality