title: The effect of intra-articular levobupivacaine on shoulder cartilage at different doses-experimental study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study it was aimed to examine the histological and morphometric effects on cartilage structure of intra-articular application of levobupivacaine to the shoulder joint.
  
  
  METHODS
  In twenty New Zealand adult male rabbits, 35 shoulders were used for the study and prepared in 5 groups of 7. These groups were defined as Groups L1, L2, L3 and L4 which were right shoulders administered with 0.25% and 0.5% levobupivacaine, Group C which were left shoulders as the control group and Groups S1 and S2 which were left shoulders administered with 0.9% saline. On the 2nd and 15th days the animals were killed, the glenohumeral joints were evaluated macroscopically then cartilage samples were taken. These samples were evaluated with Mankin score, and histomorphometrically by measuring the thickness of the cartilage between the superficial cartilage layer and the tidemark and the thickness of calcified cartilage between the tidemark and the subchondral bone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Macroscopically, on the 15th day the joint fluid was seen to have reduced in all the groups. After microscopic evaluation, the highest Mankin score (mean: 3.14±2.1/14) was in the L4 group (15th day 0.5% levobupivacaine) and was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was determined between the other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Histologically, as the highest Mankin score was in the L4 group, this indicates that in a single intra-articular injection of levobupivacaine a low concentration should be selected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level 5, animal study.
authors.affiliation: Occupational Diseases Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa Soner
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Özcan
authors.affiliation: Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mahmut
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalem
authors.affiliation: Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Menekşe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Özçelik
authors.affiliation: Bülent Ecevit University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Zonguldak, Turkey. Electronic address: dr_erc_sah@yahoo.com.tr.
authors.forename: Ercan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Şahin
authors.affiliation: Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sanem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Çakar
authors.affiliation: Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embriology, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nazlı
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hayırlı
authors.affiliation: Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Oya
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Evirgen
authors.affiliation: Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Feyhan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ökten
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D002045:Bupivacaine
keywords: Articulação glenoumeral; Chondrolysis; Condrólise; Glenohumeral joint; Levobupivacaine; Levobupivacaína