title: The administration of a high refined carbohydrate diet promoted an increase in pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress in mice exposed to cigarette smoke.
abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a high refined carbohydrate diet and pulmonary inflammatory response in C57BL/6 mice exposed to cigarette smoke (CS). Twenty-four male mice were divided into four groups: control group (CG), which received a standard diet; cigarette smoke group (CSG), which was exposed to CS; a high refined carbohydrate diet group (RG), which received a high refined carbohydrate diet; and a high refined carbohydrates diet and cigarette smoke group (RCSG), which received a high refined carbohydrate diet and was exposed to CS. The animals were monitored for food intake and body weight gain for 12 weeks. After this period, the CSG and RCSG were exposed to CS for five consecutive days. At the end of the experimental protocol, all animals were euthanized for subsequent analyses. There was an increase of inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of CSG compared to CG and RCSG compared to CG, CSG, and RG. In addition, in the BALF, there was an increase of tumor necrosis factor alpha in RCSG compared to CG, CSG, and RG; interferon gamma increase in RCSG compared to the CSG; and increase in interleukin-10 in RCSG compared to CG and RG. Lipid peroxidation increased in RCSG compared to CG, CSG, and RG. Furthermore, the oxidation of proteins increased in CSG compared to CG. The analysis of oxidative stress showed an increase in superoxide dismutase in RCSG compared to CG, CSG, and RG and an increase in the catalase activity in RCSG compared with CG. In addition, there was a decrease in the glutathione reduced/glutathione total ratio of CSG, RG, and RCSG compared to CG. Therefore, the administration of a high refined carbohydrate diet promoted an increase in pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress in mice exposed to CS.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx).
authors.forename: Karina Braga
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Pena
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx).
authors.forename: Camila de Oliveira
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx).
authors.forename: Nícia Pedreira
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx).
authors.forename: Pamela Félix
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry (LBM).
authors.forename: Ana Carla Balthar
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Bandeira
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation (LABIIN), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Center of Research in Biological Sciences (NUPEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme de Paula
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx).
authors.forename: Sílvia Dantas
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Cangussú
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation (LABIIN), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Center of Research in Biological Sciences (NUPEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Talvani
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx).
authors.forename: Frank Silva
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Bezerra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000633:toxicity*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004435:Eating; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D012906:Smoke; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: cigarette smoke; obesity; oxidative stress; pulmonary inflammation