title: Timing and quality of sleep in a rural Brazilian family-based cohort, the Baependi Heart Study.
abstract: Sleep is modulated by several factors, including sex, age, and chronotype. It has been hypothesised that contemporary urban populations are under pressure towards shorter sleep duration and poorer sleep quality. Baependi is a small town in Brazil that provides a window of opportunity to study the influence of sleep patterns in a highly admixed rural population with a conservative lifestyle. We evaluated sleep characteristics, excessive daytime sleepiness, and chronotype using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire questionnaires, respectively. The sample consisted of 1,334 subjects from the Baependi Heart study (41.5% male; age: 46.5 ± 16.2 y, range: 18-89 years). Average self-reported sleep duration was 07:07 ± 01:31 (bedtime 22:32 ± 01:27, wake up time: 06:17 ± 01:25 hh:min), sleep quality score was 4.9 + 3.2, chronotype was 63.6 ± 10.8 and daytime sleepiness was 7.4 ± 4.8. Despite a shift towards morningness in the population, chronotype remained associated with reported actual sleep timing. Age and sex modulated the ontogeny of sleep and chronotype, increasing age was associated with earlier sleep time and shorter sleep duration. Women slept longer and later, and reported poorer sleep quality than men (p < 0.0001). This study provides indirect evidence in support of the hypothesis that sleep timing was earlier prior to full urbanisation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.|Centre for Health Sciences, State University of Western Paraná, UNIOESTE, Francisco Beltrão, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Beijamini
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA.
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Knutson
authors.affiliation: Sleep Laboratory, Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lorenzi-Filho
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Taporoski
authors.affiliation: Sleep Laboratory, Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: L K G
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: De Paula
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Negrão
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: A R V R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Horimoto
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: N E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vallada
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Krieger
authors.affiliation: School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pedrazzoli
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.|Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.|Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: von Schantz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001938:Brazil; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012424:Rural Population; D012737:Sex Factors; D000070263:Sleep Hygiene; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult