title: Development of a multidimensional assessment tool for uraemic pruritus: Uraemic Pruritus in Dialysis Patients (UP-Dial).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dialysis patients with uraemic pruritus (UP) have significantly impaired quality of life. To assess the therapeutic effect of UP treatments, a well-validated comprehensive and multidimensional instrument needed to be established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop and validate a multidimensional scale assessing UP in patients on dialysis: the Uraemic Pruritus in Dialysis Patients (UP-Dial).
  
  
  METHODS
  The development and validation of the UP-Dial instrument were conducted in four phases: (i) item generation, (ii) development of a pilot questionnaire, (iii) refinement of the questionnaire with patient recruitment and (iv) psychometric validation. Participants completed the UP-Dial, the visual analogue scale (VAS) of UP, the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), the Kidney Disease Quality of Life-36 (KDQOL-36), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) between 15 May 2012 and 30 November 2015.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 27-item pilot UP-Dial was generated, with 168 participants completing the pilot scale. After factor analysis was performed, the final 14-item UP-Dial encompassed three domains: signs and symptoms, psychosocial, and sleep. Face and content validity were satisfied through the item generation process and expert review. Psychometric analysis demonstrated that the UP-Dial had good convergent and discriminant validity. The UP-Dial was significantly correlated [Spearman rank coefficient, 95% confidence interval (CI)] with the VAS-UP (0·76, 0·69-0·83), DLQI (0·78, 0·71-0·85), KDQOL-36 (-0·86, -0·91 to -0·81), PSQI (0·85, 0·80-0·89) and BDI (0·70, 0·61-0·79). The UP-Dial revealed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α 0·90, 95% CI 0·87-0·92) and reproducibility (intraclass correlation 0·95, 95% CI 0·90-0·98).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The UP-Dial is valid and reliable for assessing UP among patients on dialysis. Future research should focus on the cross-cultural adaptation and translation of the scale to other languages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.|Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Clinic, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nochaiwong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.|Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistics Clinic, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ruengorn
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Awiphan
authors.affiliation: Kidney Center, Nakornping Hospital, Chiang Mai, 50180, Thailand.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panyathong
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Noppakun
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chongruksut
authors.affiliation: Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chiewchanvit
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011537:Pruritus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult