title: Swimming attenuates inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in a rat model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced chronic colitis.
abstract: Increasing evidence suggests that regular physical exercise suppresses chronic inflammation. However, the potential inhibitory effects of swimming on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced chronic colitis, and its underlying mechanisms, remain unclear. In this study, rats were orally administered DSS to induce chronic colitis, and subsequently treated with or without swimming exercise. A 7-week swimming program (1 or 1.5 hours per day, 5 days per week) ameliorated DSS-caused colon shortening, colon barrier disruption, spleen enlargement, serum LDH release, and reduction of body weight gain. Swimming for 1.5 hours per day afforded greater protection than 1 hour per day. Swimming ameliorated DSS-induced decrease in crypt depth, and increases in myeloperoxidase activity, infiltration of Ly6G+ neutrophils and TNF-α- and IFN-γ-expressing CD3+ T cells, as well as fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin. Swimming inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production and decreased the protein expression of phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB p65 and cyclooxygenase 2, whereas it elevated interleukin-10 levels. Swimming impeded the generation of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide; however, it boosted glutathione levels, total antioxidant capacity, and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities. Additionally, swimming decreased caspase-3 activity and expression of apoptosis-inducing factor, cytochrome c, Bax, and cleaved-caspase-3, but increased Bcl-2 levels. Overall, these results suggest that swimming exerts beneficial effects on DSS-induced chronic colitis by modulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Qiang
authors.initials: ZQ
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Centre of Biomaterial and Biophysics Research, Institute of Training Medicine, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Ya-Li
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Ning-Ning
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Shan
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Qin-Qin
authors.initials: QQ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Li-Feng
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: An-Gang
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, Henan, China.
authors.forename: Chun-Fang
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, Henan, China.|Centre of Biomaterial and Biophysics Research, Institute of Training Medicine, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, Henan, China.|State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.|State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: Jun-Tang
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003106:Colon / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013163:Splenomegaly / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013550:Swimming; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D017252:CD3 Complex; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D016264:Dextran Sulfate
keywords: Immune response; Immunity; Immunology and Microbiology Section; apoptosis; chronic colitis; inflammation; oxidative stress; swimming