title: Systemic lupus erythematosus biomarkers: the challenging quest.
abstract: SLE, a multisystem heterogeneous disease, is characterized by production of antibodies to cellular components, with activation of both the innate and the adaptive immune system. Decades of investigation of blood biomarkers has resulted in incremental improvements in the understanding of SLE. Owing to the heterogeneity of immune dysregulation, no single biomarker has emerged as a surrogate for disease activity or prediction of disease. Beyond identification of surrogate biomarkers, a multitude of clinical trials have sought to inhibit elevated SLE biomarkers for therapeutic benefit. Armed with new -omics technologies, the necessary yet daunting quest to identify better surrogate biomarkers and successful therapeutics for SLE continues with tenacity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation.|Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arriens
authors.affiliation: Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation.
authors.forename: Jonathan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wren
authors.affiliation: Department of Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation.
authors.forename: Melissa E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Munroe
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Chandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mohan
mesh_terms: D043168:Angiostatins / Q000652:urine; D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear / Q000276:immunology*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000652:urine; D003165:Complement System Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D000074049:Cytokine TWEAK; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D004247:DNA / Q000276:immunology; D005293:Ferritins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000071068:Lipocalin-2 / Q000652:urine; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors / Q000652:urine; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear; D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D000074049:Cytokine TWEAK; D016207:Cytokines; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; C109743:TNFSF12 protein, human; D048069:Tumor Necrosis Factors; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D043168:Angiostatins; D003165:Complement System Proteins; D004247:DNA; D005293:Ferritins
keywords: antibody.; autoimmunity; biomarkers; chemokine; complement; cytokine; immunosuppressants; interleukin; lupus nephritis; systemic lupus erythematosus