title: Grilling enhances antidiarrheal activity of Terminalia bellerica Roxb. fruits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Terminalia bellerica Roxb. fruits are rich in a variety of biologically active ingredients. Tharu and Buksa tribes of Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, India use grilled fruits of Terminalia bellerica as an effective cure for diarrhea AIM OF THE STUDY: We validated the ethnobotanical claim by comparing the antidiarrheal effect of grilled fruits (GF) with dried fruits (DF).
  
  
  METHODS
  The 50% ethanolic extracts of GF and DF were successively fractionated; the antioxidant and bacterial inhibition activity were studied using DPPH free radical scavenging, anti-lipid peroxidation and broth dilution method respectively. Difference in metabolites of ethyl acetate fractions of GF and DF was analyzed using GC-MS, gallic acid content was determined through HPTLC. Further the in-vivo antidiarrheal effect of ethyl acetate fractions of DF and GF was studied on castor oil induced diarrhea model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ethyl acetate fractions showed potential DPPH free radical scavenging (IC5011.13µg/ml in DF and 8.56µg/ml in GF), anti-lipid peroxidation and antibacterial activity. The non-targeted metabolic profiling showed higher content of tartaric acid, valeric acid, gallic acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, malic acid, 1,2,3 trisbenzene, uridine and 11-eicosenoic acid in GF. The HPTLC results indicated that gallic acid content was 2.8 (±0.14) and 4.92 (±0.28) mg/g while ellagic acid content was 4.7 (±0.32) and 4.45 (±0.45) mg/g dry powder in DF and GF respectively. According to in vivo antidiarrheal activity DF and GF (100mg/kg oral) inhibited diarrhea by 41.87% and 71.72% respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Grilling significantly altered the levels of metabolites in T. bellerica fruits which could be responsible for its increased therapeutic potential.
authors.affiliation: CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, India.
authors.forename: Garima
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.affiliation: CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, India.
authors.forename: Shyam Sundar
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, India.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.affiliation: CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, India.
authors.forename: O P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Sidhu
authors.affiliation: CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, India.
authors.forename: A K S
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Rawat
authors.affiliation: Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Ch V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000930:Antidiarrheals / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D003296:Cooking; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000188:drug therapy; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D005260:Female; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D029766:Terminalia / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000930:Antidiarrheals; D000975:Antioxidants; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Antidiarrheal; Ethnobotany; Gallic acid; Terminalia bellerica