title: All India Difficult Airway Association 2016 guidelines for the management of anticipated difficult extubation.
abstract: Extubation has an important role in optimal patient recovery in the perioperative period. The All India Difficult Airway Association (AIDAA) reiterates that extubation is as important as intubation and requires proper planning. AIDAA has formulated an algorithm based on the current evidence, member survey and expert opinion to incorporate all patients of difficult extubation for a successful extubation. The algorithm is not designed for a routine extubation in a normal airway without any associated comorbidity. Extubation remains an elective procedure, and hence, patient assessment including concerns related to airway needs to be done and an extubation strategy must be planned before extubation. Extubation planning would broadly be dependent on preventing reflex responses (haemodynamic and cardiovascular), presence of difficult airway at initial airway management, delayed recovery after the surgical intervention or airway difficulty due to pre-existing diseases. At times, maintaining a patent airway may become difficult either due to direct handling during initial airway management or due to surgical intervention. This also mandates a careful planning before extubation to avoid extubation failure. Certain long-standing diseases such as goitre or presence of obesity and obstructive sleep apnoea may have increased chances of airway collapse. These patients require planned extubation strategies for extubation. This would avoid airway collapse leading to airway obstruction and its sequelae. AIDAA suggests that the extubation plan would be based on assessment of the airway. Patients requiring suppression of haemodynamic responses would require awake extubation with pharmacological attenuation or extubation under deep anaesthesia using supraglottic devices as bridge. Patients with difficult airway (before surgery or after surgical intervention) or delayed recovery or difficulty due to pre-existing diseases would require step-wise approach. Oxygen supplementation should continue throughout the extubation procedure. A systematic approach as briefed in the algorithm needs to be complemented with good clinical judgement for an uneventful extubation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, JIPMER, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Pankaj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kundra
authors.affiliation: Department of Onco-Anaesthesiology and Palliative Medicine, Dr BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: Kailash Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Vadodara Institute of Neurological Sciences, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Apeksh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, J N Medical College and Hospital AMU, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Syed Moied
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India.
authors.forename: Venkateswaran
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ramkumar
authors.affiliation: Kailash Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Vadodara Institute of Neurological Sciences, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Jigeeshu Vasishtha
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Divatia
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, K S Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Sumalatha Radhakrishna
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, K S Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Ubaradka S
authors.initials: US
authors.lastname: Raveendra
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Jeson R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Doctor
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Dilip K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Pawar
authors.affiliation: Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singaravelu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, North Bengal Medical College, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Sabyasachi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Sheila Nainan
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Myatra
keywords: Airway exchange catheter; difficult airway; extubation; reintubation; supraglottic airway device