title: Metabolomics and lipidomics analyses by1H nuclear magnetic resonance of schizophrenia patient serum reveal potential peripheral biomarkers for diagnosis.
abstract: Using1H NMR-based metabolomics in association to chemometrics analysis, we analyzed here the metabolic differences between schizophrenia patients (SCZ) compared to healthy controls (HCs). HCs and SCZ patients underwent clinical interview using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders (SCID). SCZ patients were further assessed by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression Scale, Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF), and Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI). Using the principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised partial least-squares discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) in obtained NMR data, a clear group separation between HCs and SCZ patients was achieved. Interestingly, all metabolite compounds identified as exclusively present in the SCZ group, except for the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), were never previously associated with mental disorders. Although the initial perception of an absence of obvious biological link among the different key molecules exclusively observed in each group, and no identification of any specific pathway yet, the present work represents an important contribution for the identification of potential biomarkers to inform diagnosis, as it was possible to completely separate the affected SCZ patients from HCs, with no outliers or exceptions. In addition, the data presented here reinforced the role of the modulation of glycolysis pathway and the loss of GABA interneuron/hyperglutamate hypothesis in SCZ.
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil. Electronic address: ljubica@iqm.unicamp.br.
authors.forename: Ljubica
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tasic
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: João G M
authors.initials: JGM
authors.lastname: Pontes
authors.affiliation: Integrated Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC) and Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Michelle S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: Integrated Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC) and Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolines
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dal Mas
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sumit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pedrini
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucas B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maiara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeni-Graiff
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Asevedo
authors.affiliation: Integrated Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC) and Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Acioly L T
authors.initials: ALT
authors.lastname: Lacerda
authors.affiliation: Integrated Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC) and Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bressan
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ronei Jesus
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Poppi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brietzke
authors.affiliation: Integrated Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LiNC) and Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: mhayashi@unifesp.br.
authors.forename: Mirian A F
authors.initials: MAF
authors.lastname: Hayashi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Biomarkers; Lipidomics; Metabolomics; NMR; Psychosis; Schizophrenia; Serum