title: Leisure-Time Physical Activity Reduces Total and Cardiovascular Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease Incidence in Older Adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is independently associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and with incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stroke in older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cohort study (median follow-up 11.8 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Community, five Finnish provinces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men and women aged 65 to 74 who participated in a baseline risk factor survey between 1997 and 2007 in Finland (N = 2,456).
  
  
  METHODS
  The study protocol included a self-administered questionnaire, health examination at the study site, and blood sample for laboratory analysis. LTPA was classified into three levels: low, moderate, high. Mortality data were obtained from the National Causes of Death Register and data on incident CVD (coronary heart disease, stroke) events from the National Hospital Discharge Register.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multifactorial-adjusted (age, area, study year, sex, smoking, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, education, marital status) risks of total mortality (moderate: hazard ratio (HR) = 0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.50-0.74; high: HR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.34-0.63, P for trend <.001), CVD mortality (moderate: HR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.33-0.64; high: HR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.20-0.59, P for trend <.001), and an incident CVD event (moderate HR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.54-0.88; high: HR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.38-0.79, P for trend <.001) were lower for those with moderate or high LTPA levels than for those with low LTPA levels. Further adjustment for self-reported inability to perform LTPA did not change the associations remarkably.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Baseline LTPA reduces the risk of total and CVD mortality and incident CVD events in older adults independently of the major known CVD risk factors. The protective effect of LTPA is dose dependent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Population Health Sciences Research, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida.|Clinicum, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Noël C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Barengo
authors.affiliation: Center for Life Course Health Research/Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.|Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.|Oulu City Hospital, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Antikainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Borodulin
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Kennet
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harald
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jousilahti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007899:Leisure Activities; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity
keywords: cardiovascular diseases; cerebrovascular disorders; exercise; heart disease; mortality