title: A simple basis for determination of the modulus and hydraulic conductivity of human ocular surface using nano-indentation.
abstract: This paper presents a simple analysis based upon Darcy's Law and indentation contact mechanics to determine the effective hydraulic conductivity and elastic modulus of fluid filled tissues. The approach is illustrated with the mechanical response of the human ocular surface using a 500μm radius spherical tipped indenter. Indentations of various regions of the ocular surface including the corneal stroma, limbal region and sclera have been conducted. Force-control indentations were made to a maximum force, which was maintained before unloading. Measurements of the indentation response of cornea at three different loading rates were also made. Elastic like response was observed during loading, which was followed by extensive creep prior to unloading.
  
  
  
  This manuscript attempts to provide a relatively simply model for the contact loading of fluid containing tissues and materials. It shows that the response of such materials provides a basis for determining the effective modulus and effective hydraulic conductivity (permeability) in much the same manner that hardness and modulus do for the indentation of elastic-plastic materials. Eye tissue with its anisotropic elastic and permeability properties is used to illustrate the approach.
authors.affiliation: Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait. Electronic address: mswain@mail.usyd.edu.au.
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Swain
authors.affiliation: Anton Paar, Rue de la Gare 4, 2034 Peseux, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nohava
authors.affiliation: Eye Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eberwein
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003315:Cornea / Q000502:physiology*; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D016474:Weight-Bearing
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Cornea stroma; Darcy’s Law; Elastic modulus; Eye; Hydraulic conductivity; Limbus; Loading rate; Sclera; Spherical indentation