title: A Possible Pathogenic Linkage Among Headache, Migraine, and Nocturnal Enuresis in Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of headaches and migraine in children with nocturnal enuresis (NE) and to improve knowledge on these conditions. In particular, for this purpose, a possible pathogenic relationship linking both conditions and the impact of headaches and migraine on NE persistence was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Researchers enrolled 123 children with NE, aged between 5 and 15 years, referred to the Service of Pediatrics, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital of Rome between January 2014 and January 2015. Parents of all children enrolled in the study were invited to complete a self-reported questionnaire. The study protocol was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Campus-Bio-Medico University. The NE group data was compared with the data of a control group (107 children).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the eligible patients, 7.8% suffer from headaches/migraine (mean age, 9.63 years; interquartile range [IQR], 3.5 years) and 47.1% have a family history of headaches (mean age, 8.46 years; IQR, 3.75 years). Of the 8 patients with headaches, all are male, 3 have tension-type headaches (2 of them have maternal family history) and 5 have migraine (3 of them have maternal family history). Of the 35.3% with a migraine family history (mean age, 8.36 years; IQR, 3.5 years), 22 are male, and 14 are female. Three of these patients have migraine. A total of 92.2% suffer from NE but not from headaches (mean age, 8.43 years; IQR, 3 years). Of these patients, 33 are female (35.1%), and 61 are male (64.9%). In the control group, 4.7% (5 out of 107) of the children suffer from headaches, and of these, 4 are affected by nonmigraine headaches and 1 by migraine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, according to the hypothesis, NE and headaches/migraine could be linked by several similarities.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pediatrics, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy.|Service of Pediatrics Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9449-3464
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.affiliation: Service of Pediatrics Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Livia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dell'Aquila
authors.affiliation: Service of Pediatrics Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Perrone
authors.affiliation: Service of Pediatrics Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Spina
authors.affiliation: Service of Pediatrics Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Miconi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rapaccini
authors.affiliation: Service of Pediatrics Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Del Vescovo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Lazzaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verrotti
keywords: Child; Enuresis; Melatonin