title: Resistance of Aerosolized Bacterial Viruses to Four Germicidal Products.
abstract: Viral diseases can spread through a variety of routes including aerosols. Yet, limited data are available on the efficacy of aerosolized chemicals to reduce viral loads in the air. Bacteriophages (phages) are often used as surrogates for hazardous viruses in aerosol studies because they are inexpensive, easy to handle, and safe for laboratory workers. Moreover, several of these bacterial viruses display physical characteristics similar to pathogenic human and animal viruses, like morphological size, type of nucleic acids, capsid morphology, and the presence of an envelope. In this study, the efficacy of four chemicals was evaluated on four airborne phages at two different relative humidity levels. Non-tailed bacteriophages MS2 (single-stranded RNA), ϕ6 (double-stranded RNA, enveloped), PR772 (double-stranded DNA), and ϕX174 (single-stranded DNA) were first aerosolized in a 55L rotative environmental chamber at 19°C with 25% and 50% relative humidity. Then, hydrogen peroxide, Eugenol (phenylpropene used in commercial perfumes and flavorings), Mist® (automobile disinfectant containing Triethylene glycol), and Pledge® (multisurface disinfectant containing Isopropanol, n-Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Amonium Chlorides, and n-Alkyl Dimethyl Ethylbenzyl Ammonium Chloride) were nebulized with the phages using a separate nebulizer. Aerosols were maintained in suspension during 10 minutes, 1 hour, and 2 hours. Viral aerosols were sampled using an SKC BioSampler and samples were analyzed using qPCR and plaque assays. The resistance levels of the four phages varied depending on the relative humidity (RH) and germicidal products tested. Phage MS2 was the most stable airborne virus under the environmental conditions tested while phage PR772 was the least stable. Pledge® and Eugenol reduced the infectivity of all airborne phages tested. At 25% RH, Pledge® and Eugenol were more effective at reducing infectivity of RNA phages ϕ6 and MS2. At 50% RH, Pledge® was the most effective agent against phage MS2. These findings illustrate that various airborne viruses should be tested to demonstrate the effectiveness of germicidal treatments. This research also provides a set of parameters for testing germicidal products in large-scale settings to reduce the risk of virus transmission.
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.|Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Turgeon
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.|Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.affiliation: Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, Champs-sur-Marne, Marne la Vallée cedex, France.
authors.forename: Thi-Lan
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, Champs-sur-Marne, Marne la Vallée cedex, France.
authors.forename: Enric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Robine
authors.affiliation: Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.|Félix d'Hérelle Reference Center for Bacterial Viruses and GREB, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moineau
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.|Département de biochimie, de microbiologie et de bio-informatique, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Duchaine
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000187:drug effects*; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D006813:Humidity; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents