title: Concerted Up-regulation of Aldehyde/Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADHE) and Starch inChlamydomonas reinhardtiiIncreases Survival under Dark Anoxia.
abstract: Aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHEs) are bifunctional enzymes that commonly produce ethanol from acetyl-CoA with acetaldehyde as intermediate and play a key role in anaerobic redox balance in many fermenting bacteria. ADHEs are also present in photosynthetic unicellular eukaryotes, where their physiological role and regulation are, however, largely unknown. Herein we provide the first molecular and enzymatic characterization of the ADHE from the photosynthetic microalgaChlamydomonas reinhardtiiPurified recombinant ADHE catalyzed the reversible NADH-mediated interconversions of acetyl-CoA, acetaldehyde, and ethanol but seemed to be poised toward the production of ethanol from acetaldehyde. Phylogenetic analysis of the algal fermentative enzyme supports a vertical inheritance from a cyanobacterial-related ancestor. ADHE was located in the chloroplast, where it associated in dimers and higher order oligomers. Electron microscopy analysis of ADHE-enriched stromal fractions revealed fine spiral structures, similar to bacterial ADHE spirosomes. Protein blots showed that ADHE is regulated under oxic conditions. Up-regulation is observed in cells exposed to diverse physiological stresses, including zinc deficiency, nitrogen starvation, and inhibition of carbon concentration/fixation capacity. Analyses of the overall proteome and fermentation profiles revealed that cells with increased ADHE abundance exhibit better survival under dark anoxia. This likely relates to the fact that greater ADHE abundance appeared to coincide with enhanced starch accumulation, which might reflect ADHE-mediated anticipation of anaerobic survival.
authors.affiliation: From the Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, BIP-UMR 7281, 13402 Marseille, France.|LBE, INRA, 11100 Narbonne, France.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Lis
authors.affiliation: From the Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, BIP-UMR 7281, 13402 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Popek
authors.affiliation: the Université Grenoble Alpes, BIG-BGE, 38000 Grenoble, France.|the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, BIG-BGE, 38000 Grenoble, France.|INSERM, BGE, 38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Yohann
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Couté
authors.affiliation: the Microscopy Core Facility, FR3479 Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13402 Marseille cedex 20, France, and.
authors.forename: Artemis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kosta
authors.affiliation: the Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR7141 CNRS-UPMC, 75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drapier
authors.affiliation: From the Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, BIP-UMR 7281, 13402 Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nitschke
authors.affiliation: From the Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, BIP-UMR 7281, 13402 Marseille, France, ariane.atteia@imm.cnrs.fr.
authors.forename: Ariane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Atteia
mesh_terms: D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D001704:Biopolymers / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D016825:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000502:physiology; D003624:Darkness; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005285:Fermentation; D007700:Kinetics; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013213:Starch / Q000378:metabolism*; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000201:enzymology; D015854:Up-Regulation; D015032:Zinc / Q000172:deficiency
chemical_list: D001704:Biopolymers; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D013213:Starch; D000426:Alcohol Dehydrogenase; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; D015032:Zinc; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Chlamydomonas; algae; carbohydrate metabolism; chloroplast; electron microscopy (EM); metabolic regulation; metalloprotein; western blot; zinc