title: Effects of Lysine deficiency and Lys-Lys dipeptide on cellular apoptosis and amino acids metabolism.
abstract: Lysine (Lys) is a common limiting amino acids (AA) for humans and animals and plays an important role in cell proliferation and metabolism, while metabolism of Lys deficiency and its dipeptide is still obscure. Thus, this study mainly investigated the effects of Lys deficiency and Lys-Lys dipeptide on apoptosis and AA metabolism in vitro and in vivo models.
  
  
  
  Lys deficiency induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis and upregulated Lys transporters in vitro and in vivo. SLC7A11, a cystine-glutamate antiporter, was markedly upregulated by Lys deficiency and then further mediated cystine uptake and glutamate release, which was negatively regulated by cystine and glutamate transporters. Meanwhile, Lys deprivation upregulated pept1 expression, which might improve Lys-Lys dipeptide absorption to compensate for the reduced Lys availability. Lys-Lys dipeptide alleviated Lys deficiency induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis and influenced AA metabolism. Furthermore, the mammalian target of rapamycin signal might be involved in sensing cellular Lys starvation and Lys-Lys dipeptide.
  
  
  
  Altogether, these studies suggest that Lys deficiency impairs AA metabolism and causes apoptosis. Lys-Lys dipeptide serves as a Lys source and alleviates Lys deficiency induced cellular imbalance.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yuying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Hunan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Lijian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Wenkai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Hunan, P. R. China.|Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Rejun
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Hunan, P. R. China.|Guangdong Wangda Group Academician Workstation for Clean Feed Technology Research and Development in Swine, Guangdong Wangda Group Co., Ltd., GuangDong, P. R. China.|Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xingguo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Chunyong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Bie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yuzhe
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Hunan, P. R. China.|Guangdong Wangda Group Academician Workstation for Clean Feed Technology Research and Development in Swine, Guangdong Wangda Group Co., Ltd., GuangDong, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jiming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Guangdong Wangda Group Academician Workstation for Clean Feed Technology Research and Development in Swine, Guangdong Wangda Group Co., Ltd., GuangDong, P. R. China.|Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Tiejun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Guangdong Wangda Group Academician Workstation for Clean Feed Technology Research and Development in Swine, Guangdong Wangda Group Co., Ltd., GuangDong, P. R. China.|National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yulong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004151:Dipeptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008239:Lysine / Q000172:deficiency*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D013552:Swine; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D004151:Dipeptides; C024575:lysyllysine; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D008239:Lysine
keywords: Amino acid metabolism; Apoptosis; Dipeptide; Lysine