title: Clinical Implications of High-mobility Group Box-1 (HMGB1) and the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products (RAGE) in Cutaneous Malignancy: A Systematic Review.
abstract: Inflammation and the immune system play a role in the development and progression of melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The pro-inflammatory and tumor-promoting effects of the high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) have been investigated in these cutaneous malignancies. The clinical implication of these molecules is not fully described. The National Library of Medicine database was searched for articles addressing the clinical relevance of HMGB1 and RAGE in melanoma, BCC, and SCC. This systematic review includes nine articles, with six summarizing RAGE in cutaneous malignancies and three involving HMGB1. RAGE has been found to be up-regulated in SCC lesions, as well as melanoma. Levels of RAGE were highest in stage IV melanomas. Lower levels of soluble RAGE have been associated with poor overall survival in melanoma. Sporadic extracellular expression of HMGB1 was evident in BCC and SCC lesions, which could be released by necrotic tumor cells. HMGB1 was found to be a prognostic marker in melanoma, and HMGB1 levels were elevated in patients who were non-responders to ipilimumab treatment. HMGB1 and RAGE could serve as potential prognostic markers or therapeutic targets in treating melanoma, BCC, and SCC, but further research regarding the clinical utility of the HMGB1-RAGE axis in cutaneous malignancies is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Austin Huy
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Shannon Q
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Detty
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, U.S.A. dkagr@creighton.edu.
authors.forename: Devendra K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Agrawal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002280:Basal Cell Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: C000593871:AGER protein, human; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D024243:HMGB1 Protein; C585491:HMGB1 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products
keywords: HMGB1; High-mobility group box 1; RAGE; basal cell carcinoma; melanoma; receptor for advanced glycation end-products; review; squamous cell carcinoma