title: Dental worm disease.
abstract: During human evolution, the period in which groups of humans stopped harvesting fruits and seeds growing wild and introduced the cultivation of cereals as well as the domestication of animals represents a very important event. This circumstance had a considerable impact on human pathocenosis, increasing the risk of infectious diseases of animal origin. The aim of this review was to summarise the archaeological and palaeo-pathological evidence in the literature concerning this topic. Starting from early prehistory (about 1.5 million years ago) up to the historical period, several authors have described the changes in human habits and the consequent changes in food supply, leading to the transition from a protein- to a carbohydrate-rich diet across a broad interval of time. This led to additional problems for human health. The increased accumulation of carbohydrate debris in the odonto-stomatological apparatus, without the appropriate use of hygiene in the oral cavity, increased the risk of infectious disease involving the mouth. Therefore, since the Neolithic period there has been a higher risk of tooth caries, abscesses, deep infection of the teeth roots, reaching also the mandibular and maxillary bone. Several hypotheses have been proposed by the distinct civilizations, which have alternated in the different ages, to explain the cause of these human health problems, including the idea that a "dental worm" could be involved in this process, such as in the Sumerian period. We describe and discuss further modifications of this theory, developed in Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, China, Greece, in Etruscan cities and in Rome in ancient times as well as in the Middle Ages, and the evolution of scientific thought on this topic in the past 300 years. In addition, the results of some palaeo-pathological studies, which were performed on human remains, such as the maxillary bone and teeth, mainly in different geographical areas in Italy, are examined and reported.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Malattie Infettive, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Universitá degli Studi di Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sabbatani
authors.affiliation: Unitá Operativa Semplice Dipartimentale, Medicina Interna, Ospedale Maggiore, Bologna, Azienda Unitá Sanitaria Locale di Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Sirio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fiorino
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa; D000818:Animals; D001106:Archaeology / Q000266:history*; D001208:Asia; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000266:history*; D005060:Europe; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005523:Food Supply / Q000266:history; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008512:Medicine in the Arts / Q000266:history; D019365:Metaphor; D008829:Microbiology / Q000266:history; D009910:Oral Hygiene / Q000266:history*; D010820:Physicians / Q000266:history*