title: Genome-Wide Survey of Flavonoid Biosynthesis Genes and Gene Expression Analysis between Black- and Yellow-SeededBrassica napus.
abstract: Flavonoids, the compounds that impart color to fruits, flowers, and seeds, are the most widespread secondary metabolites in plants. However, a systematic analysis of these loci has not been performed in Brassicaceae. In this study, we isolated 649 nucleotide sequences related to flavonoid biosynthesis, i.e., theTransparent Testa(TT) genes, and their associated amino acid sequences in 17 Brassicaceae species, grouped intoArabidopsisor Brassicaceae subgroups. Moreover, 36 copies of 21 genes of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were identified inArabidopsis thaliana, 53 were identified inBrassica rapa, 50 inBrassica oleracea, and 95 inB. napus, followed the genomic distribution, collinearity analysis and genes triplication of them among Brassicaceae species. The results showed that the extensive gene loss, whole genome triplication, and diploidization that occurred after divergence from the common ancestor. Using qRT-PCR methods, we analyzed the expression of 18 flavonoid biosynthesis genes in 6 yellow- and black-seededB. napusinbred lines with different genetic background, found that 12 of which were preferentially expressed during seed development, whereas the remaining genes were expressed in allB. napustissues examined. Moreover, 14 of these genes showed significant differences in expression level during seed development, and all but four of these (i.e.,BnTT5, BnTT7, BnTT10, andBnTTG1)had similar expression patterns among the yellow- and black-seededB. napus. Results showed that the structural genes (BnTT3, BnTT18, andBnBAN), regulatory genes (BnTTG2andBnTT16) and three encoding transfer proteins (BnTT12, BnTT19, andBnAHA10) might play an crucial roles in the formation of different seed coat colors inB. napus. These data will be helpful for illustrating the molecular mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis in Brassicaceae species.
authors.affiliation: Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; Food and Bioproduct Science, University of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, SK, Canada.
authors.forename: Cunmin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China.
authors.forename: Huiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Fuyou
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China.
authors.forename: Xinfu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China.
authors.forename: Zhanglin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Rapeseed, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture of Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China.
authors.forename: Jia-Na
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: Brassica napus L.; Brassicaceae species; expression profile; flavonoid biosynthesis pathway; phylogenetic analysis; seed coat color