title: Medicines for Pediatric Patients-Biopharmaceutical, Developmental, and Regulatory Considerations.
abstract: This commentary reflects current developments in pediatric medicine. The underpinning legislation in both Europe and the United States has led to the initiation of an increased number of clinical trials in the pediatric population, but there are still a number of outstanding issues within this field. These include the differences in the physiology between adults and the very heterogeneous nature of pediatric patients. There is an ongoing scientific debate on the applicability of a Pediatric Biopharmaceutical Classification System to define when waivers for bioequivalence studies can be supported by in vitro dissolution. However, a challenge is that in vitro models should adequately mimic the physiology of different pediatric age-groups and dose definition is another critical aspect. There is a tendency for off-label use of established adult medicines, resulting in increased adverse events and decreased efficacy in the target population. Recent advances in physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling may be used to provide valuable input into these discussions, but there are currently still many knowledge gaps. It is encouraging that there is a global recognition of these deficiencies and substantial funding in the field of basic research is being provided, for example, within Europe the Innovative Medicines Initiative consortium.
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, UK.
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Elder
authors.affiliation: Drug Product Development, Jansen Research & Development, Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse B-2340, Belgium.
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.affiliation: University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Muttenz CH-4132, Switzerland. Electronic address: martin.kuentz@fhnw.ch.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuentz
mesh_terms: D001702:Biopharmaceutics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000639:trends; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000639:trends; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005060:Europe; D035082:Federal Government; D006801:Humans; D007880:Legislation, Drug / Q000639:trends; D008954:Models, Biological; D014481:United States
keywords: Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS); clinical trials; in vitro models; pediatric; physiologically based pharmacokinetic model