title: Influence and interaction of iron and cadmium on photosynthesis and antioxidative enzymes in two rice cultivars.
abstract: In this study, a soil pot experiment was conducted to investigate the changes in photosynthesis and antioxidative enzymes in two rice varieties (Shendao 6 and Shennong 265) supplied with iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), and Fe and Cd together. The concentrations of Fe and Cd in the soil were 0, 1.0 g Fe·kg-1and 0, 2.0 mg Cd·kg-1, respectively. Photosynthetic indices and antioxidative enzyme activities were recorded at different rice growth stages. At the early stage, Cd showed a transient stimulatory effect on the photosynthetic rate of Shennong 265. For Shendao 6, however, Cd showed a transient stimulatory effect on photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2concentration, stomatal conductance and transpiration efficiency. In addition, the results show that Cd can also enhance the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities, but reduce the malondialdehyde (MDA) and soluble protein contents in the two rice cultivars. Subsequently, Cd starts to inhibit photosynthesis and SOD activity until the ripening stage, causing the lowest photosynthetic rate and SOD activity at this stage. In contrast, Fe alleviates the Cd-induced changes at earlier or later growth stage. Notably at the later growth stage, the results show that the interaction between Fe and Cd increases the SOD and catalase (CAT) activities, while decreasing the lipid peroxidation and promoting photosynthesis. As a result, it ultimately increases the biomass. The results from this study suggest that Fe (as Fe fertilizer) is a promising alternative for agricultural use to enhance the plant development and, simultaneously, to reduce Cd toxicity in extensively polluted soils.
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
authors.forename: Houjun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
authors.forename: Chengxin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
authors.forename: Junmei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
authors.forename: Chongjun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA.
authors.forename: Huan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Technology and Society, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
authors.forename: Manoj D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Mahajan
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China. Electronic address: hanxiaori@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiaori
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D018533:Biomass; D002104:Cadmium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005308:Fertilizers; D007501:Iron / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D012275:Oryza / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005308:Fertilizers; D002104:Cadmium; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D007501:Iron; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Antioxidant enzyme; Cadmium; Iron; Photosynthesis; Rice