title: High Temperature Carbonized Grass as a High Performance Sodium Ion Battery Anode.
abstract: Hard carbon is currently considered the most promising anode candidate for room temperature sodium ion batteries because of its relatively high capacity, low cost, and good scalability. In this work, switchgrass as a biomass example was carbonized under an ultrahigh temperature, 2050 °C, induced by Joule heating to create hard carbon anodes for sodium ion batteries. Switchgrass derived carbon materials intrinsically inherit its three-dimensional porous hierarchical architecture, with an average interlayer spacing of 0.376 nm. The larger interlayer spacing than that of graphite allows for the significant Na ion storage performance. Compared to the sample carbonized under 1000 °C, switchgrass derived carbon at 2050 °C induced an improved initial Coulombic efficiency. Additionally, excellent rate capability and superior cycling performance are demonstrated for the switchgrass derived carbon due to the unique high temperature treatment.
authors.affiliation: College of Material Science and Technology, University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210016, People's Republic of China.|Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Maryland College Park , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Maryland College Park , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Yonggang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Maryland College Park , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Jiayu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Maryland College Park , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.affiliation: College of Material Science and Technology, University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210016, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaogang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Maryland College Park , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.
authors.forename: Liangbing
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9456-9315
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hu
keywords: biomass material; hard carbon; high-temperature carbonization; long cycling; sodium ion battery