title: Spatial and Temporal Phylogeny of Border Disease Virus in Pyrenean Chamois (Rupicapra p. pyrenaica).
abstract: Border disease virus (BDV) affects a wide range of ruminants worldwide, mainly domestic sheep and goat. Since 2001 several outbreaks of disease associated to BDV infection have been described in Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) in Spain, France and Andorra. In order to reconstruct the most probable places of origin and pathways of dispersion of BDV among Pyrenean chamois, a phylogenetic analysis of 95 BDV 5'untranslated sequences has been performed on chamois and domestic ungulates, including novel sequences and retrieved from public databases, using a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. Discrete and continuous space phylogeography have been applied on chamois sequences dataset, using centroid positions and latitude and longitude coordinates of the animals, respectively. The estimated mean evolutionary rate of BDV sequences was 2.9×10-3 subs/site/year (95% HPD: 1.5-4.6×10-3). All the Pyrenean chamois isolates clustered in a unique highly significant clade, that originated from BDV-4a ovine clade. The introduction from sheep (dated back to the early 90s) generated a founder effect on the chamois population and the most probable place of origin of Pyrenean chamois BDV was estimated at coordinates 42.42 N and 1.9 E. The pathways of virus dispersion showed two main routes: the first started on the early 90s of the past century with a westward direction and the second arise in Central Pyrenees. The virus spread westward for more than 125 km and southward for about 50km and the estimated epidemic diffusion rate was about 13.1 km/year (95% HPD 5.2-21.4 km/year). The strong spatial structure, with strains from a single locality segregating together in homogeneous groups, and the significant pathways of viral dispersion among the areas, allowed to reconstruct both events of infection in a single area and of migrations, occurring between neighboring areas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.|Centro di Ricerca Coordinata Epidemiologia e Sorveglianza Molecolare delle Infezioni-EpiSoMI, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9236-2049
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luzzago
authors.affiliation: Centro di Ricerca Coordinata Epidemiologia e Sorveglianza Molecolare delle Infezioni-EpiSoMI, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.|Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L.Sacco", University of Milan, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ebranati
authors.affiliation: Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.|Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cabezón
authors.affiliation: Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.|Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fernández-Sirera
authors.affiliation: Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lavín
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.|Departament d'Agricultura, Alimentació i Acció Rural, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosell
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L.Sacco", University of Milan, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Veo
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cavallero
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lanfranchi
authors.affiliation: Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ignasi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marco
authors.affiliation: Centro di Ricerca Coordinata Epidemiologia e Sorveglianza Molecolare delle Infezioni-EpiSoMI, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.|Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L.Sacco", University of Milan, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianguglielmo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zehender
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001882:Border Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D018083:Border disease virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary*; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D048608:Rupicapra / Q000821:virology*; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D012756:Sheep / Q000821:virology*; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D012367:RNA, Viral