title: Neonatal Surgery for Noncardiac Congenital Anomalies: Neonates at Risk of Brain Injury.
abstract: To evaluate the incidence of brain injury after neonatal surgery for noncardiac congenital anomalies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  
  An MRI was obtained in 101 infants at 7 days [range: 1-115] after neonatal surgery for major noncardiac congenital anomalies. Brain injury was assessed using T1, T2, diffusion weighted imaging, and susceptibility-weighted imaging.
  
  
  
  Thirty-two preterm infants (<37 weeks of gestation) and 69 full-term infants were included. MRI abnormalities were found in 24 (75%) preterm and 40 (58%) full-term infants. Parenchymal lesions were noted in 23 preterm (72%) and 29 full-term infants (42%). These consisted of punctate white matter lesions (n = 45), punctate cerebellar lesions (n = 17), thalamic infarction (n = 5), and periventricular hemorrhagic infarction (n = 4). Nonparenchymal abnormalities were found in 9 (28%) preterm and 26 (38%) full-term infants. These included supra- and infratentorial subdural hemorrhages (n = 30), intraventricular hemorrhage grade II (n = 7), and asymptomatic sinovenous thrombosis (n = 1). A combination of parenchymal lesions was present in 21 infants. Of infants who had an MRI within 10 days after surgery, punctate white matter lesions were visible on diffusion weighted imaging in 22 (61%), suggestive of recent ischemic origin. Type of congenital anomaly and prematurity were most predictive of brain injury.
  
  
  
  Infants who have neonatal surgery for noncardiac congenital anomalies are at risk of brain injury, potentially accounting for the neurodevelopmental delay frequently observed in this population. Further research is warranted into potential mechanisms of brain injury and its timing of onset. Long-term neurodevelopmental follow-up is needed in this vulnerable population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lisanne J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Stolwijk
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Keunen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Floris
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Groenendaal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: van der Zee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maud Y A
authors.initials: MYA
authors.lastname: van Herwaarden
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Petra M A
authors.initials: PMA
authors.lastname: Lemmers
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.benders@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Manon J N L
authors.initials: MJNL
authors.lastname: Benders
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D016019:Survival Analysis; D047929:Term Birth; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: MRI; brain injury