title: Fluoride concentrations in a range of ready-to-drink beverages consumed in Heilongjiang Province, north-east China.
abstract: Consumption of ready-to-drink beverages, as a potential source of fluoride (F), has increased considerably in China over the last decade. To help inform the public and policy makers, this study aimed to measure F concentration of ready-to-drink beverages on sale in Heilongjiang province, north east China. Three batches of 106 drink products manufactured by 26 companies were purchased from the main national supermarkets in Harbin, Heilongjiang province, China. The F concentration of all samples was determined, in triplicate, using a fluoride ion-selective electrode in conjunction with a meter and a direct method of analysis. The products were categorised into 10 groups according to product type. F concentrations of the samples ranged from 0.012-1.625 mg/l with a mean of 0.189 mg/l and a median of 0.076 mg/l. More than half of the products (55%) had an F concentration of ≤0.1 mg/l, while <5% had a F concentration of >0.7 mg/l. The 'tea with milk' group contained the highest mean F concentration (1.350 mg/l), whereas the lowest mean F concentration (0.027 mg/l) was found for the 'fruit juice' group. For some products, such as tea, fruit juice and carbonated beverages, there were substantial variations in F concentration between batches, manufacturers and production sites. In conclusion, ready-to-drink products (apart from tea), sold in Heilongjiang province, China, when consumed in moderation are unlikely to constitute a substantial risk factor for the development of dental or skeletal fluorosis.
authors.affiliation: 1 Harbin University of Commerce, PR China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 2 Newcastle University, UK.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maguire
authors.affiliation: 1 Harbin University of Commerce, PR China.
authors.forename: Guan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tianqui
authors.affiliation: 1 Harbin University of Commerce, PR China.
authors.forename: Shi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yanguo
authors.affiliation: 3 Teesside University, UK.
authors.forename: Fatemeh V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Zohoori
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects; D002681:China; D003132:Commerce; D004032:Diet; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D005459:Fluorides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D005461:Fluorine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D009050:Fluorosis, Dental; D019649:Food Industry; D006801:Humans; D014070:Tooth / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D005461:Fluorine; D005459:Fluorides
keywords: Dental caries; children; diet; fluorosis