title: Teachers' support and depression among Japanese adolescents: a multilevel analysis.
abstract: Depression is a major cause of suicide among adolescents. Therefore, childhood and adolescent depression is an important public health concern. This study explored factors as class and individual levels that may influence depression among adolescents in Japan.
  
  
  
  A questionnaire survey among junior high school students (N = 2968) from two cities in Japan was conducted. Depression was assessed using the Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children; teachers' support was assessed using the Scale of Expectancy for Social Support. The class average score of teachers' support was calculated to indicate what we termed the "homeroom teachers' support." Multilevel analysis was applied to clarify the relation between homeroom teachers' support and depression.
  
  
  
  Finally, 2466 students completed the questionnaire without missing variables (valid response rate, 83.1%). There was no random effect of the teachers' support at the class level on depression, although there was a significant association between teachers' support and depression for 9th graders (β = -0.12, p = 0.009). Moreover, there were significant associations between economic status, having a best friend, and experiencing unforgettable stress at the individual level and depression in all grades.
  
  
  
  There was no significant random effect of homeroom teachers' support in class level although there might be marginal negative association between teacher's support and depression. It is suggested that homeroom teachers need to promote population approaches to mental health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Nursing, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan. amizuta@hama-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9242-2301
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mizuta
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Psychosocial Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1, Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Kohta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, University of Yamanashi, 1110, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
authors.forename: Zentaro
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yamagata
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ojima
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D055361:Multilevel Analysis; D000070777:School Teachers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012923:Social Class; D012944:Social Support; D013334:Students / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Adolescent; Class; Depression; Teachers' support