title: Do Structural Changes of the Foot Influence Plantar Pressure Patterns During Various Stages of Pregnancy and Postpartum?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The foot of a pregnant woman undergoes morphological changes with the advancement of pregnancy. It is important to understand the structural changes of the foot during pregnancy and postpartum because any such change may alter the plantar pressure pattern and the entire foot biomechanics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primigravidae with a gestational age of 12 weeks or less, aged between 18 and 35 years were included in the study. They were prospectively studied across 5 time periods during pregnancy and postpartum. The measures recorded were length, width, navicular height, truncated foot length and normalized navicular height, truncated ratio of the foot, and the static plantar pressure pattern. Repeated-measures ANOVA was done to analyze the changes across various time periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the foot parameters, except foot length and truncated foot length, showed significant differences across various time periods of pregnancy and postpartum (P < .001). It was found that the static plantar pressures also varied significantly (P ≤ .001).The maximum pressure was recorded at the hindfoot of the dominant leg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The feet of pregnant women tend to get pronated as pregnancy advances but do not reach baseline values even at 6 weeks postpartum. Pregnant women tend to bear more weight on the dominant foot with an increased static hindfoot pressure as pregnancy progresses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prognostic study, Level I: Prospective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, SOAHS Manipal University (PR), Manipal, Karnataka, India.|KMC, Manipal University (PK, AK), Manipal, Karnataka, India.|Manipal College of Allied Health Sciences (AGM), Manipal, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Preetha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ramachandra
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, SOAHS Manipal University (PR), Manipal, Karnataka, India.|KMC, Manipal University (PK, AK), Manipal, Karnataka, India.|Manipal College of Allied Health Sciences (AGM), Manipal, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Pratap
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, SOAHS Manipal University (PR), Manipal, Karnataka, India.|KMC, Manipal University (PK, AK), Manipal, Karnataka, India.|Manipal College of Allied Health Sciences (AGM), Manipal, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Asha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamath
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, SOAHS Manipal University (PR), Manipal, Karnataka, India.|KMC, Manipal University (PK, AK), Manipal, Karnataka, India.|Manipal College of Allied Health Sciences (AGM), Manipal, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Arun G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Maiya
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011312:Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: age-related problems; biomechanical abnormalities; diagnostic and therapeutic techniques; foot problems in pregnant women; general disorders; heel and arch pain; pain management; physical therapy