title: Relationship between plasma osteocalcin, glycaemic control and components of metabolic syndrome in adult Nigerians with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the levels of plasma osteocalcin (OC) in Nigerians with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and compare these to levels in non-diabetic controls (NDM). To assess the relationship of OC to glycaemic control and parameters of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and compare its levels in Nigerians with and without MetS.
  
  
  METHODS
  The waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure of 200 study participants were taken. Plasma osteocalcin, fasting glucose (FPG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and triglyceride (TG) levels were determined. Metabolic syndrome was defined by the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Statistical significance was set at 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Osteocalcin levels were lower in the DM group (p=0.002) and inversely related to FPG (r=-0.198, p=0.003), HbA1c (r=-0.313, p<0.001), BMI (r=-0.331, p<0.001), WC (r=-0.339, p<0.001) and TG (r=-0.145, p=0.040), but directly related to HDL-c levels (r=0.166, p=0.019). Osteocalcin was higher in participants without MetS (Median 8.75ng/mL IQR[5.48-12.68]ng/mL) than in those with MetS (Median 4.74ng/Ml, IQR[2.80-9.12]ng/mL), p<0.001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plasma osteocalcin levels are inversely associated with good glycaemic control and components of MetS and are lower in individuals with DM and in those with MetS. These findings support a vital role of the bone, in the regulation of glucose and energy metabolism, in Nigerians. Further extensive studies are required to explore the potentials of OC in the management of DM and MetS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria. Electronic address: chineloonyenekwu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Chinelo P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Onyenekwu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos/Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Elaine C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Azinge
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathology, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ephraim U
authors.initials: EU
authors.lastname: Egbuagha
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Calabar/University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Cross River State, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Henry C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Okpara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D015675:Osteocalcin
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Glycaemic control; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity; Osteocalcin