title: Effectiveness of Naturally Occurring Substances Added to Duck Litter in Reducing Emergence and Landing of Adult Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae).
abstract: Poultry barns provide an ideal breeding environment for Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) owing to the controlled temperatures and litter (manure plus bedding material) accumulation. Management techniques that render the litter less suitable for immature stage development, such as the addition of naturally occurring insecticidal substances, could reduce fly infestations. The effectiveness of acetic, boric, and citric acids; diatomaceous earth; and hydrated lime at restricting female landing and growth of house flies in duck litter was evaluated. Litter treated with 1.9% and 4.7% by weight of acetic or boric acid had significantly lower adult emergence rates compared with the same concentrations of citric acid, diatomaceous earth, hydrated lime, or the untreated control litter. The pH of duck litter treated with acetic or citric acid was significantly reduced and remained significantly lower than the control litter (pH 8.7) for 10 d. Significantly more house flies landed on a house fly-rearing substrate (wheat bran, powdered milk, bloodmeal, water, and yeast) than litter treated with any of the other test substances or the control. The LC50 for boric acid was estimated to be 0.01% by weight, which was lower than that of acetic acid (1.42%). Similarly, the LC90 of boric acid was estimated to be 0.12%, which was lower than that of acetic acid (10.03%). Acetic acid and boric acid have the potential to be incorporated into litter as a pest management tactic to reduce house fly populations in duck production facilities.
authors.affiliation: Ridgetown Campus, University of Guelph, Ridgetown, ON, Canada.|Corresponding author.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lachance
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Justine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shiell
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Michele T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Guerin
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scott-Dupree
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000187:drug effects*; D004372:Ducks; D006793:Houseflies / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D007300:Insect Control; D007302:Insect Repellents; D007306:Insecticides; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007302:Insect Repellents; D007306:Insecticides; D008372:Manure
keywords: Musca domestica; duck litter; fly emergence; fly landing; pest management