title: The prevalence of multiple non-communicable diseases among middle-aged and elderly people: the Shanghai Changfeng Study.
abstract: We set out to study the prevalence and combination of multiple non-communicable diseases among middle-aged and elderly people in the Shanghai Changfeng community, China.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional survey through questionnaire, physical, and laboratory examinations, color ultrasound and DXA was performed on a typical sample of 6038 residents (ages greater than 45-years-old) from the Shanghai Changfeng community between June 2009 and December 2012.
  
  
  
  The prevalence of chronic diseases (rating from high to low) was as follows: hypertension (55.3%), dyslipidemia (33.5%), diabetes (21.9%), obesity (12.4%), and osteoporosis (9.3%). There were sex-specific and age-specific differences in these diseases. Just less than half (40.5%) the study population suffered from two or more chronic diseases. Hypertension patients were more likely to suffer from obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, but not osteoporosis. The most common combination of multiple diseases was hypertension with dyslipidemia (9.95%) or diabetes (6.61%).
  
  
  
  In the Chinese middle-aged and elderly population, the most common multiple non-communicable diseases, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and obesity should be controlled to prevent cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.|Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Huandong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.|Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Clinical Epidemiology Center, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Foreign Affairs, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chouwen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Clinical Epidemiology Center, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Jiong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Network Information Center, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Network Information Center, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Wenhai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Naiqing
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Network Information Center, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Yiqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Baishen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jeekel
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. happy20061208@126.com.|Fudan Institute for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China. happy20061208@126.com.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000073296:Noncommunicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Chronic diseases; Community-based cohort study middle-aged and elderly population; Prevalence