title: Cardiometabolic risk improvement in response to a 3-yr lifestyle modification program in men: contribution of improved cardiorespiratory fitness vs. weight loss.
abstract: Our objective was to examine the respective contributions of changes in visceral adiposity, subcutaneous adiposity, liver fat, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) to the improvements in cardiometabolic risk markers in response to a 3-yr healthy eating/physical activity lifestyle intervention. Ninety-four out of 144 viscerally obese healthy men completed a 3-yr lifestyle intervention. Body weight, body composition, and fat distribution were assessed by anthropometry and DEXA/computed tomography. CRF, adipokines, lipoprotein/lipid profile, and 75 g of oral glucose tolerance were assessed. CRF and visceral and subcutaneous adiposity significantly improved over the 3-yr intervention, with a nadir inyear 1and a partial regain inyear 3Liver fat (estimated by insulin hepatic extraction) stabilized fromyear 1toyear 3, whereas HOMA-IR, ISI-Matsuda index, and adiponectin continued to improve. Multivariate analysis revealed that both visceral adiposity and estimated liver fat reductions contributed to the improved ISI-Matsuda index observed over 3 yr (r2= 0.28,P< 0.001). Three-year changes in fat mass and CRF were independently associated with changes in visceral fat (adjustedr2= 0.40,P< 0.001), whereas only changes in CRF were associated with changes in estimated liver fat (adjustedr2= 0.18,P< 0.001). A long-term (3 yr) healthy eating/physical activity intervention in men improves several cardiometabolic risk markers over the long term (3 yr) despite a partial body weight regain observed betweenyear 1andyear 3The improvement in CRF contributes to visceral and estimated liver fat losses over the long term, which in turn explain the benefits of the lifestyle intervention on cardiometabolic risk profile.
authors.affiliation: Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Endocrinology Department, Grenoble, France.|Grenoble Alpes University, Hypoxia Physiopathology (HP2), Laboratory Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1042, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Anne-Laure
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7368-172X
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Borel
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, Centre Européen de Nutrition pour la Santé, Cardiovasculaire, Métabolisme, Diabétologie et Nutrition INSERM U1060 U060, University of Lyon, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Julie-Anne
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nazare
authors.affiliation: Nursing Department, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baillot
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.|Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alméras
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.|Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bergeron
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.|Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Poirier
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; jean-pierre.despres@criucpq.ulaval.ca.|Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Després
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D000072599:Cardiorespiratory Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000378:metabolism; D008019:Life Style; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: cardiometabolic risk; lifestyle intervention; liver fat; physical activity; visceral fat