title: Thioredoxin-dependent disulfide bond reduction is required for protamine eviction from sperm chromatin.
abstract: Cysteine oxidation in protamines leads to their oligomerization and contributes to sperm chromatin compaction. Here we identify the Drosophila thioredoxin Deadhead (DHD) as the factor responsible for the reduction of intermolecular disulfide bonds in protamines and their eviction from sperm during fertilization. Protamine chaperone TAP/p32 dissociates DNA-protamine complexes in vitro only when protamine oligomers are first converted to monomers by DHD. dhd-null embryos cannot decondense sperm chromatin and terminate development after the first pronuclear division. Therefore, the thioredoxin DHD plays a critical role in early development to facilitate the switch from protamine-based sperm chromatin structures to the somatic nucleosomal chromatin.
authors.affiliation: Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Emelyanov
authors.affiliation: Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
authors.forename: Dmitry V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Fyodorov
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002843:Chromatin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly / Q000235:genetics; D004330:Drosophila / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005306:Fertilization / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011479:Protamines / Q000378:metabolism*; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism*; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; C491201:DHD protein, Drosophila; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D011479:Protamines; C107036:Tap protein, Drosophila; D014157:Transcription Factors; D013879:Thioredoxins
keywords: disulfide bonds; fertilization; protamine eviction; sperm chromatin remodeling; thioredoxin system