title: Determination of genetic diversity among Saccharina germplasm using ISSR and RAPD markers.
abstract: Various species of genus Saccharina are economically important brown macroalgae cultivated in China. The genetic background of the conserved Saccharina germplasm was not clear. In this report, DNA-based molecular markers such as inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were used to assess the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among 48 Saccharina germplasms. A total of 50 ISSR and 50 RAPD primers were tested, of which only 33 polymorphic primers (17 ISSR and 16 RAPD) had an amplified clear and reproducible profile, and could be used. Seventeen ISSR primers yielded a total of 262 bands, of which 256 were polymorphic, and 15.06 polymorphic bands per primer were amplified from 48 kelp gametophytes. Sixteen RAPD primers produced 355 bands, of which 352 were polymorphic, and 22 polymorphic bands per primer were observed across 48 individuals. The simple matching coefficient of ISSR, RAPD and pooled ISSR and RAPD dendrograms ranged from 0.568 to 0.885, 0.670 to 0.873, and 0.667 to 0.862, revealing high genetic diversity. Based on the unweighted pair group method with the arithmetic averaging algorithm (UPGMA) cluster analysis and the principal components analysis (PCA) of ISSR data, the 48 gametophytes were divided into three main groups. The Mantel test revealed a similar polymorphism distribution pattern between ISSR and RAPD markers, the correlation coefficient r was 0.62, and the results indicated that both ISSR and RAPD markers were effective to assess the selected gametophytes, while matrix correlation of the ISSR marker system (r=0.78) was better than that of the RAPD marker system (r=0.64). Genetic analysis data from this study were helpful in understanding the genetic relationships among the selected 17 kelp varieties (or lines) and provided guidance for molecular-assisted selection for parental gametophytes of hybrid kelp breeding.
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Science Research & Development Center of Algae and Sea Cucumbers of China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement & Efficient Culture of Marine Algae of Shandong, Shandong Oriental Ocean Sci-tech Co. Ltd., 264003 Yantai, Shandong, PR China. Electronic address: cuicuiju@163.com.
authors.forename: Cuiju
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Science Research & Development Center of Algae and Sea Cucumbers of China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement & Efficient Culture of Marine Algae of Shandong, Shandong Oriental Ocean Sci-tech Co. Ltd., 264003 Yantai, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Science Research & Development Center of Algae and Sea Cucumbers of China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement & Efficient Culture of Marine Algae of Shandong, Shandong Oriental Ocean Sci-tech Co. Ltd., 264003 Yantai, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: Yanling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Science Research & Development Center of Algae and Sea Cucumbers of China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement & Efficient Culture of Marine Algae of Shandong, Shandong Oriental Ocean Sci-tech Co. Ltd., 264003 Yantai, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaojie
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Science Research & Development Center of Algae and Sea Cucumbers of China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement & Efficient Culture of Marine Algae of Shandong, Shandong Oriental Ocean Sci-tech Co. Ltd., 264003 Yantai, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: Shiju
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Science Research & Development Center of Algae and Sea Cucumbers of China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement & Efficient Culture of Marine Algae of Shandong, Shandong Oriental Ocean Sci-tech Co. Ltd., 264003 Yantai, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhuangzhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Science Research & Development Center of Algae and Sea Cucumbers of China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement & Efficient Culture of Marine Algae of Shandong, Shandong Oriental Ocean Sci-tech Co. Ltd., 264003 Yantai, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: Ruina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Science Research & Development Center of Algae and Sea Cucumbers of China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement & Efficient Culture of Marine Algae of Shandong, Shandong Oriental Ocean Sci-tech Co. Ltd., 264003 Yantai, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: Guangjin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Science Research & Development Center of Algae and Sea Cucumbers of China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement & Efficient Culture of Marine Algae of Shandong, Shandong Oriental Ocean Sci-tech Co. Ltd., 264003 Yantai, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Science Research & Development Center of Algae and Sea Cucumbers of China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement & Efficient Culture of Marine Algae of Shandong, Shandong Oriental Ocean Sci-tech Co. Ltd., 264003 Yantai, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Science Research & Development Center of Algae and Sea Cucumbers of China, Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement & Efficient Culture of Marine Algae of Shandong, Shandong Oriental Ocean Sci-tech Co. Ltd., 264003 Yantai, Shandong, PR China.
authors.forename: Pingping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D048028:DNA, Algal / Q000235:genetics; D005819:Genetic Markers; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D055993:Germ Cells, Plant; D044423:Kelp / Q000235:genetics*; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D019105:Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D048028:DNA, Algal; D005819:Genetic Markers
keywords: Genetic diversity; ISSR; Kelp; Molecular marker; RAPD; Saccharina