title: Mycorrhizal colonization status of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the southeastern region of China.
abstract: The accumulation, distribution, and speciation of contaminants, such as arsenic, in rice can be affected by soil microorganisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). As a potential measure to control contaminant acquisition in rice, the status and performance of AMF in the field need to be investigated. Root samples of rice plants were collected in seven different cities in Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hubei, and Jiangsu Provinces in China in order to investigate the colonization rate of AMF. The total DNA of the roots was extracted, followed by PCR and sequencing, and further confirmed the existence of AMF. The highest colonization rates (19.5 ± 7.2%) were observed in samples from Huizhou City, Guangdong Province. Sequences of ribosomal DNA derived from Pingtan (PT) and Shuikou (SK) in Huizhou shared a similarity of 73 and 86% to Glomus cf. clarum Att894-7 (FM865542) and "uncultured fungus" (EF434122.1), respectively. The moisture tolerance of the AMF from different sources was tested by subjecting to different levels of water content in the soil. Only AMF from PT, SK, and LJ colonized rice under a condition of 100% of the soil water holding capacity (WHC), but not those isolated from upland plants. The AM colonization rate could be governed by the lighting conditions and temperature. AMF isolated in paddy fields has been shown to have more tolerance to moisture than other upland species. Radial oxygen loss (species and stress dependent) could be an essential factor influencing the colonization rate and requires more investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
authors.forename: Xun-Wen
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
authors.forename: Fu-Yong
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, and Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation, Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
authors.forename: Wai-Fung
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, No.88, Huanchengbei Road, Lin'an, Zhejiang, 311300, China.
authors.forename: Sheng-Chun
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China. minghwong@eduhk.hk.|School of Environment, and Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation, Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China. minghwong@eduhk.hk.|Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Office B3-2/F-33, Tai Po, Hong Kong, SAR, China. minghwong@eduhk.hk.
authors.forename: Ming-Hung
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis; D002681:China; D055137:Glomeromycota; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000235:genetics*; D012275:Oryza / Q000382:microbiology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology*; D012987:Soil; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Arsenic; Fungal identification; Lowland rice; Mycorrhizae; PCR; Waterlogged