title: Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: An Attractive Therapeutic Strategy Against Breast Cancer.
abstract: With a lifetime risk estimated to be one in eight in industrialized countries, breast cancer is the most frequent type of cancer among women worldwide. Patients are often treated with anti-estrogens, but it is common that some tumors develop resistance to therapy. The causation and progression of cancer is controlled by epigenetic processes, so there is an ongoing interest in research into mechanisms, genes and signaling pathways associating carcinogenesis with epigenetic modulation of gene expression. Given the fact that histone deacetylases (HDACs) have a great impact on chromatin remodeling and epigenetics, their inhibitors have become a very interesting field of research.
  
  
  
  This review focused on the use of HDAC inhibitors as anticancer treatment and explains the mechanisms of therapeutic effects on breast cancer. We anticipate further clinical benefits of this new class of drugs, both as single agents and in combination therapy. Molecules such as suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, trichostatin A, suberoylbis-hydroxamic acid, panobinostat, entinostat, valproic acid, sodium butyrate, SK7041, FTY720, N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propylpentanamide, Scriptaid, YCW1, santacruzamate A and ferrocenyl have shown promising antitumor effects against breast cancer. HDAC inhibitors consists an attractive field for targeted therapy against breast cancer. Future therapeutic strategies will include combination of HDAC inhibitors and chemotherapy or other inhibitors, in order to target multiple oncogenic signaling pathways. More trials are needed.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece x_damaskos@yahoo.gr.|N.S. Christeas Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Damaskos
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece x_damaskos@yahoo.gr.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Garmpis
authors.affiliation: Blood Transfusion Department, Aretaieion Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian Athens University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valsami
authors.affiliation: First Department of Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kontos
authors.affiliation: N.S. Christeas Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Eleftherios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spartalis
authors.affiliation: Assisted Conception Unit, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aretaieion Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Theodoros
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kalampokas
authors.affiliation: Gynaecological Oncology Department, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, U.K.
authors.forename: Emmanouil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kalampokas
authors.affiliation: First Department of Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Antonios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Athanasiou
authors.affiliation: Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Demetrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moris
authors.affiliation: N.S. Christeas Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.|School of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Afrodite
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daskalopoulou
authors.affiliation: First Department of Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Spyridon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davakis
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Gerasimos
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tsourouflis
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kontzoglou
authors.affiliation: N.S. Christeas Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Despina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Perrea
authors.affiliation: N.S. Christeas Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nikiteas
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dimitroulis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly / Q000187:drug effects; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006655:Histone Deacetylases
keywords: HDAC; acetylation; breast; cancer; epigenetics; histone; inhibitors; review; targeted; therapy