title: Ultrasound Responsive Macrophase-Segregated Microcomposite Films for in Vivo Biosensing.
abstract: Ultrasound imaging is a safe, low-cost, and in situ method for detecting in vivo medical devices. A poly(methyl-2-cyanoacrylate) film containing 2 μm boron-doped, calcined, porous silica microshells was developed as an ultrasound imaging marker for multiple medical devices. A macrophase separation drove the gas-filled porous silica microshells to the top surface of the polymer film by controlled curing of the cyanoacrylate glue and the amount of microshell loading. A thin film of polymer blocked the wall pores of the microshells to seal air in their hollow core, which served as an ultrasound contrast agent. The ultrasound activity disappeared when curing conditions were modified to prevent the macrophase segregation. Phase segregated films were attached to multiple surgical tools and needles and gave strong color Doppler signals in vitro and in vivo with the use of a clinical ultrasound imaging instrument. Postprocessing of the simultaneous color Doppler and B-mode images can be used for autonomous identification of implanted surgical items by correlating the two images. The thin films were also hydrophobic, thereby extending the lifetime of ultrasound signals to hours of imaging in tissues by preventing liquid penetration. This technology can be used as a coating to guide the placement of implantable medical devices or used to image and help remove retained surgical items.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Nanoengineering, §Department of Computer, ∥Department of Surgery, ⊥Department of Radiology, and #Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Nanoengineering, §Department of Computer, ∥Department of Surgery, ⊥Department of Radiology, and #Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Nanoengineering, §Department of Computer, ∥Department of Surgery, ⊥Department of Radiology, and #Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: Casey N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Ta
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Nanoengineering, §Department of Computer, ∥Department of Surgery, ⊥Department of Radiology, and #Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Nanoengineering, §Department of Computer, ∥Department of Surgery, ⊥Department of Radiology, and #Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: Christopher V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Barback
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Nanoengineering, §Department of Computer, ∥Department of Surgery, ⊥Department of Radiology, and #Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: Tsai-Wen
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Nanoengineering, §Department of Computer, ∥Department of Surgery, ⊥Department of Radiology, and #Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mendez
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Nanoengineering, §Department of Computer, ∥Department of Surgery, ⊥Department of Radiology, and #Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Nanoengineering, §Department of Computer, ∥Department of Surgery, ⊥Department of Radiology, and #Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kummel
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Nanoengineering, §Department of Computer, ∥Department of Surgery, ⊥Department of Radiology, and #Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States.
authors.forename: William C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6098-7685
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Trogler
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D003287:Contrast Media; D016062:Porosity; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D012822:Silicon Dioxide
keywords: cyanoacrylate; in vivo medical devices; macrophase segregated film; silica microshells; ultrasound imaging