title: Genetic variation in the invasive weed Mikania micrantha (Asteraceae) suggests highways as corridors for its dispersal in southern China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Roads as corridors of seed or fruit spatial dispersal have major impacts on the establishment and spread of invasive species, but their precise role in population genetic variation remains poorly understood. The South American weed Mikania micrantha has spread rapidly across southern China since its introduction to the Shenzhen area in 1984. This study investigated how its genetic diversity is distributed along highways, and whether highways have acted as corridors for the rapid expansion of M. micrantha METHODS: Twenty-seven roadside populations were sampled along four highways in southern China, and 787 samples were examined using 12 microsatellite markers. Variation in genetic diversity among populations was quantified and patterns of genetic differentiation were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high level of genetic diversity was found at both the species and the population levels in this self-incompatible plant (expected heterozygosity = 0·497 and 0·477, respectively; allelic richness = 2·580 and 2·521, respectively). The Wright F-statistic value among populations (0·044, P < 0·01) and the analysis of molecular variance (91 % of genetic variation residing within populations, 9 % among populations within highways and 0 % among the four highways) showed a relatively low level of genetic differentiation among populations, while the principal coordinate and cluster analyses also indicated a lack of clear geographical genetic structure among populations. The calculated Nmvalue of 5·5 signifies strong gene flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pattern of genetic variation is consistent with facilitated dispersal along highways. The genetic admixtures among the roadside populations imply the occurrence of multiple population introductions during colonization. The long-distance dispersal of seeds associated with vehicular transportation on highways may have played important roles in shaping the genetic variation. This finding highlights the importance of highways as corridors for the spread of M. micrantha in southern China.
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China gengshilei@scau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shi-Lei
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
authors.forename: Quan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Li
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100094, China.
authors.forename: Ao-Cheng
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100094, China.
authors.forename: Can-Bin
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Ou-Yang
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D058865:Introduced Species; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D035742:Mikania / Q000235:genetics*; D011157:Population Dynamics
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant
keywords: Admixtures among populations; genetic diversity; invasion ecology; long-distance dispersal; microsatellite markers; roadside population; vehicular transportation