title: Epidemiology of bacterial toxin-mediated foodborne gastroenteritis outbreaks in Australia, 2001 to 2013.
abstract: Bacterial toxin-mediated foodborne outbreaks, such as those caused by Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, are an important and preventable cause of morbidity and mortality. Due to the short incubation period and duration of illness, these outbreaks are often under-reported. This is the first study to describe the epidemiology of bacterial toxin-mediated outbreaks in Australia. Using data collected between 2001 and 2013, we identify high risk groups and risk factors to inform prevention measures. Descriptive analyses of confirmed bacterial toxin-mediated outbreaks between 2001 and 2013 were undertaken using data extracted from the OzFoodNet Outbreak Register, a database of all outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease investigated by public health authorities in Australia. A total of 107 laboratory confirmed bacterial toxin-mediated outbreaks were reported between 2001 and 2013, affecting 2,219 people, including 47 hospitalisations and 13 deaths. Twelve deaths occurred in residents of aged care facilities. Clostridium perfringens was the most commonly reported aetiological agent (81 outbreaks, 76%). The most commonly reported food preparation settings were commercial food preparation services (51 outbreaks, 48%) and aged care facilities (42 outbreaks, 39%). Bacterial toxin outbreaks were rarely associated with food preparation in the home (2 outbreaks, 2%). In all outbreaks, the primary factor contributing to the outbreak was inadequate temperature control of the food. Public health efforts aimed at improving storage and handling practices for pre-cooked and re-heated foods, especially in commercial food preparation services and aged care facilities, could help to reduce the magnitude of bacterial toxin outbreaks.
authors.affiliation: Master of Philosophy in Applied Epidemiology Scholar, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University and Australian Government Department of Health, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory.
authors.forename: Fiona J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: May
authors.affiliation: OzFoodNet Coordinating Epidemiologist, Australian Government Department of Health, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory.
authors.forename: Benjamin G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Polkinghorne
authors.affiliation: Research Fellow, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory.
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Fearnley
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001409:Bacillus cereus; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000266:history; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000266:history; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins