title: Neuromuscular ultrasound for evaluation of scapular winging.
abstract: Clinicians who treat nerve and muscle disorders may be asked to evaluate patients who have unilateral or bilateral scapular winging. Traditionally, this evaluation has relied upon a thorough history, physical examination, and electrodiagnostic testing to localize the cause of winging and detect the underlying neuromuscular pathology. Neuromuscular ultrasound has emerged as a non-invasive technique that can be used for structural evaluation of nerve and muscle abnormalities.
  
  
  
  Previous studies of imaging in scapular winging and experiences from our diagnostic laboratory are reviewed.
  
  
  
  Four standard and 4 ancillary ultrasound views are described for evaluation of scapular winging.
  
  
  
  Ultrasound is a non-invasive, painless, and radiation-free technology that can be used to evaluate scapular winging. Muscle Nerve 56: 7-14, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Main Floor Reynolds Tower, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krzesniak-Swinarska
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Main Floor Reynolds Tower, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA.
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Caress
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Main Floor Reynolds Tower, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cartwright
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000294:innervation; D020511:Neuromuscular Junction Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012540:Scapula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000294:innervation; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: electromyography; rhomboids; scapular winging; serratus anterior; trapezius; ultrasound