title: Alpha-PVP as an active component of herbal highs in Poland between 2013 and 2015.
abstract: Alpha-PVP (alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone, α-PVP) is a synthetic derivative of cathinone. It has been one of the most frequently detected new psychoactive substances (NPS) available on the drug market in recent years in Poland. The usual routes of administration of the drug include oral, insufflation, and injection. Unexpectedly, we dealt with a great number of herbal samples that turned out to contain α-PVP. A total number of 352 herbal samples from 19 cases in which we detected synthetic cathinones, were investigated in the Institute of Forensic Research (IFR) from 2013 to 2015. The seized products that were received by our laboratory were first screened by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Quantification of α-PVP and other cathinones was performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (UPLC-PDA). Of the samples, 84% contained only α-PVP. Other groups of products were those containing only α-PVT, α-PVP and α-PVT, α-PVP and synthetic cannabinoid A-834, 735, and α-PVP and cannabis. In one herbal sample, α-PVP was detected along with caffeine and tadalafil. The herbal products present on the market containing only α-PVP usually had a mass of 0.3 to 0.6 g, and concentration range in this group of samples was 3.0-44.0% (content: 13.0-222.0 mg per package). The amount of α-PVP in samples below 0.30 g was in a range 9-18 mg whiles in samples above 0.60 g it was in the range 30-716 mg. There were also products containing a mixture of α-PVP and α-PVT. In those samples, α-PVP concentrations were: 3.0-6.0% (amount: 15.0-34.0 mg). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Research, Westerplatte 9, 31-033 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Bogumiła
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8480-4983
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Byrska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Research, Westerplatte 9, 31-033 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stanaszek
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Research, Westerplatte 9, 31-033 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zuba
mesh_terms: D029754:Catha / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D015198:Designer Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D011044:Poland; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000032:analysis*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D015198:Designer Drugs; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D011759:Pyrrolidines; C542924:alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone
keywords: GC-MS; UPLC-PDA; cathinones; herbal mixtures; α-PVP