title: Fluence Threshold Behaviour on Ablation and Bubble Formation in Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquids.
abstract: The ablation yield and bubble-formation process during nanosecond pulsed-laser ablation of silver in water are analysed by stroboscopic videography, time-resolved X-ray radiography and in situ UV/Vis spectroscopy. This process is studied as function of lens-target distance and laser fluence. Both the ablation yield and the bubble-cavitation process exhibit threshold behaviour as a function of fluence, which is linked to the efficiency of coupling of energy at the water/target interface. Although ablation happens below this threshold, quantitative material emission is linked to bubble formation. Above the threshold, both bubble size and ablation show linear behaviour.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, KIT Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640, 76201, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reich
authors.affiliation: Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, KIT Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640, 76201, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schönfeld
authors.affiliation: University of Duisburg-Essen, Technical Chemistry I and Center of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Letzel
authors.affiliation: University of Duisburg-Essen, Technical Chemistry I and Center of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5933-1555
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kohsakowski
authors.affiliation: ESRF, 30843, Grenoble Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Margie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olbinado
authors.affiliation: University of Duisburg-Essen, Technical Chemistry I and Center of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Bilal
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6368-9659
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gökce
authors.affiliation: University of Duisburg-Essen, Technical Chemistry I and Center of Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141, Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9739-7272
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barcikowski
authors.affiliation: Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, KIT Karlsruhe, Postfach 3640, 76201, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6290-9303
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Plech
keywords: X-ray radiography; nanoparticles; productivity; pulsed laser ablation; silver