title: Impact of physical activity on cardiovascular status in obesity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have recently shown that being physically active (PA) counteracts, but not eliminates the increased risk of future cardiovascular disease in overweight and obese subjects. To investigate this further, we studied the impact of being normal weight, overweight and obese on multiple markers of subclinical cardiovascular disease in relation to physical activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  At age 70, 1016 subjects were investigated in the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS) study. Being PA was defined as performing regular heavy exercise (self-reported). According to body mass index (BMI)/PA groups, the participants were categorized as PA/normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2, n = 104), non-PA/normal weight (n = 234), PA/overweight (BMI 25-29·9 kg/m2, n = 133), non-PA/overweight (n = 295), PA/obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, n = 54) and non-PA/obese (n = 169). Several different measurements of endothelial reactivity and arterial compliance (plethysmography and ultrasound), cartotid artery atherosclerosis and echocardiography were performed, and seven markers of coagulation/fibrinolysis were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Physically active subjects with obesity showed impaired vasoreactivity in the forearm resistance vessels, increased left ventricular mass and impaired left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions, together with impaired coagulation/fibrinolysis when compared to PA/normal-weight subjects (P < 0·05 to <0·001). The majority of these disturbances were seen also in PA/overweight subjects when compared to PA/normal-weight subjects (P < 0·05 to <0·001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data provide additional support for the notion that an increased level of self-reported physical activity does not fully eliminate the deleterious cardiovascular consequences associated with overweight and obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.|Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: Axel C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siegbahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundström
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.|Department of Health and Social Sciences, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ärnlöv
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005342:Fibrinolysis / Q000502:physiology; D005542:Forearm / Q000098:blood supply; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; obesity; physical activity