title: Screening new tuberculosis patients in Mali for rifampicin resistance at 2months.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The recent call for universal drug susceptibility testing (DST) for all tuberculosis (TB) patients will be difficult to meet in settings where Xpert rollout is limited, such as low prevalence of HIV and Multi-drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR) settings. As recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, the success of TB treatment is measured by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) microscopy or auramine-rhodamine fluorescent microscopy (FM) on sputum, in which conversion to negative smear at 2months (M) is an important predictor of treatment success, defined as a negative smear at 5M. The sputum smear that fails to convert to negative at 5M are screened for rifampicin resistance. We tested in a prospective study whether an early screen for rifampicin resistance, based on FM results at 2M, could detect MDR patients early, rather than screening all patients with GeneXpert MTB/Rif at baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between February 2015 and August 2016, we enrolled new TB patients in an IRB-approved prospective cohort study at four health centers in Bamako district. Fresh sputum samples were collected at 2M and 5M to measure FM smear conversion. Patients who failed to show a decline in FM positivity at 2M (moderate or many Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB)) had their sputum tested in GeneXpert to detect rifampicin resistance. Patients who had any AFB seen at 5M were also tested using GeneXpert.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 570 patients who were enrolled in the study, 22 (3.8%) died and 27 (4.7%) were lost to follow-up. The prevalence of HIV and TB coinfection was 12.4%, and 65.6% of the patients were male. At 2M, 32 out of 429 patients still had moderate or many AFBs in FM, and were screened by Xpert, of whom 5 (15.6%) tested rifampicin-resistant and were referred for MDR treatment. Of the 310 patients who completed 5M of treatment, 35 (11.3%) met the definition of failure (few or moderate AFB in FM) and had their sputum tested in Xpert; moreover, four (11.4%) demonstrated rifampicin resistance. In total, 67 (21.6% of 310) patients were screened by Xpert, of whom nine were detected to have MDR (or 13.4% of those screened).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although we cannot exclude additional MDR patients having been missed by our screening strategy, our screening algorithm at 2M detected five out of nine MDR patients. Detecting patients at 2M allowed for earlier referral, and potentially less acquired drug resistance and lower mortality. This strategy may be advantageous while awaiting further rollout of Xpert machines that will permit universal DST.
authors.affiliation: SEREFO/UCRC, University Clinical Research Center, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali. Electronic address: bdiarra@icermali.org.
authors.forename: Bassirou
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Diarra
authors.affiliation: Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, Institut National de Référence en Santé Publique, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Aissata B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Cissé
authors.affiliation: SEREFO/UCRC, University Clinical Research Center, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Ousmane
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kodio
authors.affiliation: SEREFO/UCRC, University Clinical Research Center, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Moumine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanogo
authors.affiliation: SEREFO/UCRC, University Clinical Research Center, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Bocar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baya
authors.affiliation: SEREFO/UCRC, University Clinical Research Center, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Antieme C G
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Togo
authors.affiliation: SEREFO/UCRC, University Clinical Research Center, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Amadou
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Somboro
authors.affiliation: SEREFO/UCRC, University Clinical Research Center, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tolofoudié
authors.affiliation: SEREFO/UCRC, University Clinical Research Center, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Boureima
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Degoga
authors.affiliation: SEREFO/UCRC, University Clinical Research Center, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Marie Laure
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Keita
authors.affiliation: SEREFO/UCRC, University Clinical Research Center, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Fatimata
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Diallo
authors.affiliation: SEREFO/UCRC, University Clinical Research Center, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Natacha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nguiakam
authors.affiliation: SEREFO/UCRC, University Clinical Research Center, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Gagni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Coulibaly
authors.affiliation: SEREFO/UCRC, University Clinical Research Center, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Sidy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bane
authors.affiliation: SEREFO/UCRC, University Clinical Research Center, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Yeya Dit Sadio
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Sarro
authors.affiliation: SEREFO/UCRC, University Clinical Research Center, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Seydou
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Doumbia
authors.affiliation: Global Health Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Robert Leo
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: SEREFO/UCRC, University Clinical Research Center, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Souleymane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Diallo
authors.affiliation: Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bouke C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Dejong
keywords: 2M; Bamako; MDR; Mali; New TB patients