title: National Trends in the Surgical Management of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Analysis of a National Estimate of 60,108 Children From the National Inpatient Sample Over a 13-Year Time Period in the United States.
abstract: METHODS
  Analysis of Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate evolution of operative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Spinal surgery is one of the most rapidly evolving branches of surgery. Changes in AIS operations are incompletely defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children (10-18 years) with ICD-9 diagnosis of idiopathic scoliosis who underwent thoracic and/or lumbar spinal fusion identified in the NIS (1998-2011) were analyzed. Population-based utilization rates were calculated from US Census data. Patient demographics, surgical approach, operative techniques, complications during hospitalization, hospital stay length, and charges were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  60,108 children (46,256 girls, 13,776 boys, 76 gender not specified; average age 14.1 years) were identified. Thoracic fusions were the majority. Number of operations increased over time. For thoracic fusions, posterior operations significantly increased, whereas anterior and anterior/posterior operations decreased significantly. Although anterior operations for lumbar fusions declined, this was not as steep as thoracic. Use of autogenous bone graft (including iliac crest) significantly increased, which mirrored significant decreases in alternative fusion agents. Thoracoplasty significantly decreased, whereas osteotomy significantly increased. The average complication rate was 3.7%. Rates of blood transfusions, infection, and neural injury did not differ significantly from 1998 to 2011. Device-related complications increased significantly over time. Average lengths of hospital stay decreased significantly, whereas average total hospital charges increased significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a representative sample of the US population from 1998 to 2011, operative approaches and techniques for AIS significantly changed. Anterior procedure is rarely performed for thoracic curves; lumbar curves continue to be treated with anterior and posterior approaches. Osteotomy and autogenous bone graft increased, while thoracoplasty decreased. Overall complication rates remain stable, whereas hospital lengths of stays decreased and charges increased.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, 550 16th. Street, Box 3212, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Theologis
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, 550 16th. Street, Box 3212, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Sing
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Francisco, 550 16th Street, Box 0110, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
authors.forename: Faraaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chekeni
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, 550 16th. Street, Box 3212, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Electronic address: mohammad.diab@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diab
keywords: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis; Charges; Complications; National inpatient sample (NIS); Surgical approaches