title: Bioacoustic and multi-locus DNA data of Ninox owls support high incidence of extinction and recolonisation on small, low-lying islands across Wallacea.
abstract: Known for their rich biodiversity and high level of endemism, the islands of Wallacea serve as natural laboratories for the study of spatio-temporal evolution and patterns of species diversification. Our study focuses on the owl genus Ninox, particularly the Southern Boobook (N. novaeseelandiae) and Moluccan Boobook (N. squamipila) complexes, which are widely distributed across Australasia. We conducted bioacoustic and multi-locus DNA analyses of 24 Ninox owl taxa to evaluate relationships and levels of divergence within the two complexes and ultimately assess the relationship between patterns of taxonomic differentiation and bioclimatic factors. We found that taxa that are vocally and/or genetically distinct from populations on the Australian mainland are found on islands that are significantly larger and higher in altitude than taxa that are vocally and/or genetically indistinct from populations on the Australian mainland. This pattern suggests that taxa occurring on small, low-lying Wallacean islands are likely to be recent colonisers that have dispersed from Australia. Overall, our observations demonstrate that the genus Ninox is likely to have colonised the Wallacean region multiple times as small, low-lying islands undergo frequent extinction, whereas populations on large and high-altitude islands are more resilient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Chyi Yin
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Gwee
authors.affiliation: National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales 2450, Australia; Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Les
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Christidis
authors.affiliation: Birdtour Asia Ltd, 17 Keats Avenue, Littleover, Derby DE23 4EE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.affiliation: National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales 2450, Australia.
authors.forename: Janette A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Norman
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University Australia, Mt Helen, Victoria 3350, Australia.
authors.forename: Colin R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Trainor
authors.affiliation: Krijgsgasthuisstraat 89, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Verbelen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543 Singapore, Singapore. Electronic address: dbsrfe@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Frank E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Rheindt
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000531:Altitude; D000818:Animals; D044362:Australasia; D001315:Australia; D044822:Biodiversity; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D053476:Extinction, Biological; D056426:Genetic Loci; D005843:Geography; D062312:Islands; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D010802:Phylogeny; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013045:Species Specificity; D020305:Strigiformes / Q000235:genetics*; D014828:Vocalization, Animal / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: Archipelago; Evolution; Faunal diversification; Island biogeography; Molecular phylogeny