title: Volumetric optical mapping in early embryonic hearts using light-sheet microscopy.
abstract: Optical mapping (OM) of electrical activity using voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes is a powerful tool for the investigation of embryonic cardiac electrophysiology. However, because conventional OM integrates the signal in depth and projects it to a two-dimensional plane, information acquired is incomplete and dependent upon the orientation of the sample. This complicates interpretation of data, especially when comparing one heart to another. To overcome this limitation, we present volumetric OM using light-sheet microscopy, which enables high-speed capture of optically sectioned slices. Voltage-sensitive fluorescence images from multiple planes across entire early embryonic quail hearts were acquired, and complete, orientation-independent, four-dimensional maps of transmembrane potential are demonstrated. Volumetric OM data were collected while using optical pacing to control the heart rate, paving the way for physiological measurements and precise manipulation of the heartbeat in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Systems, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Shi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rollins
keywords: (110.0110) Imaging systems; (170.2520) Fluorescence microscopy; (170.2655) Functional monitoring and imaging; (170.3880) Medical and biological imaging; (170.6900) Three-dimensional microscopy