title: The Antibacterial Activity of Australian Leptospermum Honey Correlates with Methylglyoxal Levels.
abstract: Most commercially available therapeutic honey is derived from flowering Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) plants from New Zealand. Australia has more than 80 Leptospermum species, and limited research to date has found at least some produce honey with high non-peroxide antibacterial activity (NPA) similar to New Zealand manuka, suggesting Australia may have a ready supply of medical-grade honey. The activity of manuka honey is largely due to the presence of methylglyoxal (MGO), which is produced non-enzymatically from dihydroxyacetone (DHA) present in manuka nectar. The aims of the current study were to chemically quantify the compounds contributing to antibacterial activity in a collection of Australian Leptospermum honeys, to assess the relationship between MGO and NPA in these samples, and to determine whether NPA changes during honey storage. Eighty different Leptospermum honey samples were analysed, and therapeutically useful NPA was seen in samples derived from species including L. liversidgei and L. polygalifolium. Exceptionally high levels of up to 1100 mg/kg MGO were present in L. polygalifolium honey samples sourced from the Northern Rivers region in NSW and Byfield, QLD, with considerable diversity among samples. There was a strong positive relationship between NPA and MGO concentration, and DHA was present in all of the active honey samples, indicating a potential for ongoing conversion to MGO. NPA was stable, with most samples showing little change following seven years of storage in the dark at 4°C. This study demonstrates the potential for Australian Leptospermum honey as a wound care product, and argues for an extension of this analysis to other Leptospermum species.
authors.affiliation: The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Nural N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Cokcetin
authors.affiliation: The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.|University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pappalardo
authors.affiliation: University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Leona T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Dee A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Shona E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.affiliation: The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0858-9473
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Harry
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004098:Dihydroxyacetone / Q000032:analysis; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis*; D031649:Leptospermum / Q000737:chemistry*; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde / Q000032:analysis*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D011765:Pyruvaldehyde; D004098:Dihydroxyacetone