title: Facial emotion recognition, theory of mind and the role of facial mimicry in depression.
abstract: This study examined whether acutely (aMDD) and remitted depressed patients (rMDD) show deficits in the two aspects of social cognition - facial emotion recognition (FER) and reasoning - when using ecologically valid material. Furthermore, we examined whether reduced facial mimicry mediates the association between depressive symptoms and FER, and whether FER deficits and reasoning deficits are associated.
  
  
  
  In 42 aMDD, 43 rMDD, and 39 healthy controls (HC) FER was assessed using stimuli from the Amsterdam Dynamic Facial Expression Set, reasoning by the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition. Furthermore, the activity of Zygomaticus Major and Corrugator supercilii were recorded.
  
  
  
  aMDD recognized happy faces less accurately, were less confident recognizing happiness and anger and found it more difficult to recognize happiness, anger and fear than HC. rMDD were less confident recognizing anger and found it more difficult to recognize happiness, anger and fear than HC. Reduced mimicry did not explain FER deficits. aMDD but not rMDD showed impaired reasoning.
  
  
  
  The stimulus material was comparably easy to decode. Therefore, it is possible that the FER deficits of aMDD and rMDD patients are more pronounced than demonstrated in this study.
  
  
  
  aMDD show deficits in FER and reasoning, whereas rMDD only show mild impairments in the recognition of emotional expressions. There must be other processes - besides mimicry - that serve the accurate recognition of emotional facial expressions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Zwick
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. Electronic address: larissa.wolkenstein@psy.lmu.de.
authors.forename: Larissa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wolkenstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004576:Electromyography; D004644:Emotions; D005149:Facial Expression; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology; D000066499:Facial Recognition; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012938:Social Perception; D056345:Theory of Mind
keywords: Decoding; Depression; Emotion recognition; Mimicry; Reasoning; Social cognition; Theory of mind