title: A hierarchical causal taxonomy of psychopathology across the life span.
abstract: We propose a taxonomy of psychopathology based on patterns of shared causal influences identified in a review of multivariate behavior genetic studies that distinguish genetic and environmental influences that are either common to multiple dimensions of psychopathology or unique to each dimension. At the phenotypic level, first-order dimensions are defined by correlations among symptoms; correlations among first-order dimensions similarly define higher-order domains (e.g., internalizing or externalizing psychopathology). We hypothesize that the robust phenotypic correlations among first-order dimensions reflect ahierarchy of increasingly specific etiologic influences. Some nonspecific etiologic factors increase risk for all first-order dimensions of psychopathology to varying degrees through a general factor of psychopathology. Other nonspecific etiologic factors increase risk only for all first-order dimensions within a more specific higher-order domain. Furthermore, each first-order dimension has its own unique causal influences. Genetic and environmental influences common to family members tend to be nonspecific, whereas environmental influences unique to each individual are more dimension-specific. We posit that these causal influences on psychopathology are moderated by sex and developmental processes. This causal taxonomy also provides a novel framework for understanding theheterogeneityof each first-order dimension: Different persons exhibiting similar symptoms may be influenced by different combinations of etiologic influences from each of the 3 levels of the etiologic hierarchy. Furthermore, we relate the proposed causal taxonomy to transdimensional psychobiological processes, which also impact the heterogeneity of each psychopathology dimension. This causal taxonomy implies the need for changes in strategies for studying the etiology, psychobiology, prevention, and treatment of psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago.
authors.forename: Benjamin B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Lahey
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota.
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rathouz
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Emory University.
authors.forename: Irwin D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Waldman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Zald
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015984:Causality; D002965:Classification; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D008960:Models, Psychological; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D012931:Social Environment