title: Identification and Optimization of Carbon Radicals on Hydrated Graphene Oxide for Ubiquitous Antibacterial Coatings.
abstract: While the antibacterial properties of graphene oxide (GO) have been demonstrated across a spectrum of bacteria, the critical role of functional groups is unclear. To address this important issue, we utilized reduction and hydration methods to establish a GO library with different oxidation, hydroxyl, and carbon radical (•C) levels that can be used to study the impact on antibacterial activity. Using antibiotic-resistant bacteria as a test platform, we found that the •C density is most proximately associated with bacterial killing. Accordingly, hydrated GO (hGO), with the highest •C density, had the strongest antibacterial effects through membrane binding and induction of lipid peroxidation. To explore its potential applications, we demonstrated that coating of catheter and glass surfaces with hGO is capable of killing drug-resistant bacteria. In summary, •C is the principle surface moiety that can be utilized for clinical applications of GO-based antibacterial coatings.
authors.affiliation: School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , Suzhou 215123, China.
authors.forename: Ruibin
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6471-7658
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.
authors.forename: Nikhita D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Mansukhani
authors.affiliation: Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Guiney
authors.forename: Zhaoxia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.
authors.forename: Yichao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Chong Hyun
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: Jeff F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4120-1426
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hersam
authors.forename: Andre E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Nel
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xia
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001419:Bacteria; D002244:Carbon; D006108:Graphite; D010087:Oxides
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010087:Oxides; D002244:Carbon; D006108:Graphite
keywords: antibacterial coating; antibiotic resistance; functionalization; graphene oxide; super bugs