title: Phase III evaluation of the insecticidal efficacy and durability of a deltamethrin-treated polypropylene long-lasting net LifeNet®, in comparison with long-lasting nets made from polyester and polyethylene: study protocol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Universal coverage of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LNs) made from polyester or polyethylene fibres has been adopted as the standard of care to control malaria among at-risk populations. To obtain a WHO recommendation, LNs must undergo prospective monitoring of insecticidal efficacy against mosquito vectors over 3 years of household use. The retention of bioefficacy and physical durability of a LN is influenced by net usage practices, textile polymer material and insecticide treatment technology. Fabric durability is the critical factor which determines the interval required between LN replacement campaigns. To investigate factors known to affect LN durability and bioefficacy, we describe a three-arm WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) Phase III evaluation of a LN made uniquely from polypropylene (LifeNet®, Bayer CropScience) compared to standard LNs made from polyester and polyethylene, all treated with deltamethrin, over 3 years of use.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective three-arm household randomized, equivalence trial of LNs in Tanzania, with nets as the unit of observation. Equal numbers of houses will be randomized to receive deltamethrin-treated polypropylene, polyester or polyethylene LNs; all sleeping spaces in a given household will be provided with one type of net. Bioefficacy (insecticidal activity against mosquitoes), insecticide content of net fibres, and fabric integrity (number, location and size of holes) will be measured every 6 months, using WHO cone or tunnel bioassays, chemical analysis and calculation of hole index, respectively. A cohort of LNs will be surveyed annually to assess survivorship (median LN survival time) and cumulative loss of fabric integrity. Field durability outcomes will be compared with laboratory strength tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first trial to compare the relative durability of three LNs each made from a different textile polymer, treated with the same insecticide, in the same community side-by-side over 3 years of use. Trial findings will 1) guide global health organizations on procurement policy and the type of textile polymer which maximizes the interval between LN replacement campaigns, and 2) stimulate manufacturers to improve product performance and development of longer lasting polymers. A full WHO recommendation may be granted to LifeNet® upon successful Phase III completion.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tungu
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Louisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Messenger
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kirby
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Wema
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sudi
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Medical Research Centre, Muheza, Tanzania.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kisinza
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rowland
keywords: Attrition; Bioefficacy; Deltamethrin; LifeNet®; Long-lasting insecticidal nets; Malaria control; Net durability; Phase III; WHOPES