title: Evaluation of concordance between labelling and content of 52 hair dye products: overview of the market of oxidative hair dye.
abstract: Hair dyes contain strong allergens and are widely available. Correct labelling is a necessity in order to provide information about the contents. To compare the labelling and content of hair dyes. In total, 52 hair dyes, from 11 different countries, were bought over the counter. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used for the analysis of p-phenylenediamine (PPD), toluene-2,5-diamine (2,5-TDA), and three oxidation products of PPD. There was good agreement between labelling and content, although seven of the 52 products (13.5%) studied were incorrectly labelled. There were differences in the geographical use of PPD and 2,5-TDA; 2,5-TDA was more common in European products, while PPD was more common in products purchased outside Europe and was present in higher concentrations. All dyes purchased in Europe contained PPD and 2,5-TDA at levels within the limits defined by European legislation, however, levels were higher in some products purchased outside Europe. Only a small group of hair dyes sold in Europe were mislabelled. Further improvement in labelling, by providing the concentration of chemicals, may facilitate products to be purchased both locally and within the global market, when travelling or on the internet.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational, Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden, Jan Waldenströmsgatan 16, pl. 5, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Annarita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antelmi
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational, Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden, Jan Waldenströmsgatan 16, pl. 5, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bruze
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational, Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden, Jan Waldenströmsgatan 16, pl. 5, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zimerson
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational, Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden, Jan Waldenströmsgatan 16, pl. 5, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Malin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Engfeldt
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational, Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden, Jan Waldenströmsgatan 16, pl. 5, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational, Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden, Jan Waldenströmsgatan 16, pl. 5, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Science, Human Oncology, Unit of Dermatology, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foti
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational, Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden, Jan Waldenströmsgatan 16, pl. 5, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Östen
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Sörensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational, Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden, Jan Waldenströmsgatan 16, pl. 5, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Svedman
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D005060:Europe; D006202:Hair Dyes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D010655:Phenylenediamines / Q000032:analysis*; D011356:Product Labeling / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence
chemical_list: D006202:Hair Dyes; D010655:Phenylenediamines; C007303:2,5-diaminotoluene; C029728:4-phenylenediamine
keywords: 4; 4’-azodianiline; Bandrowski's base; allergic contact dermatitis; contact allergy; high-pressure liquid chromatography; oxidative hair dye; p-nitroaniline; p-phenylenediamine