title: Hippocampal damage and memory impairment in congenital cyanotic heart disease.
abstract: Neonatal hypoxia can lead to hippocampal atrophy, which can lead, in turn, to memory impairment. To test the generalizability of this causal sequence, we examined a cohort of 41 children aged 8-16, who, having received the arterial switch operation to correct for transposition of the great arteries, had sustained significant neonatal cyanosis but were otherwise neurodevelopmentally normal. As predicted, the cohort had significant bilateral reduction of hippocampal volumes relative to the volumes of 64 normal controls. They also had significant, yet selective, impairment of episodic memory as measured by standard tests of memory, despite relatively normal levels of intelligence, academic attainment, and verbal fluency. Across the cohort, degree of memory impairment was correlated with degree of hippocampal atrophy suggesting that even as early as neonatal life no other structure can fully compensate for hippocampal injury and its special role in serving episodic long term memory. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience & Neuropsychiatry Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5530-2394
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muñoz-López
authors.affiliation: Cardiac Intensive Care Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Aparna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoskote
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience & Neuropsychiatry Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Chadwick
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience & Neuropsychiatry Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dzieciol
authors.affiliation: Developmental Imaging and Biophysics Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Gadian
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kling
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience & Neuropsychiatry Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Haan
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience & Neuropsychiatry Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baldeweg
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Mortimer
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mishkin
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience & Neuropsychiatry Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.|Department of Neuropsychology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Faraneh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vargha-Khadem
mesh_terms: D000076363:Academic Success; D000293:Adolescent; D001284:Atrophy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003490:Cyanosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D007360:Intelligence; D007802:Language; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology*; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009929:Organ Size; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery
keywords: congenital heart disease; hippocampus; memory; perinatal hypoxia-ischaemia; transposition of the great arteries