title: Negative affect subtypes and craving differentially predict long-term cessation success among smokers achieving initial abstinence.
abstract: This study aimed to examine the associations of individual trajectories of three types of negative affect (NA: anxiety, depression, and anger) and craving during a 44-day period of incentivized smoking abstinence period with cessation outcome at 3 months and at 1 year.
  
  
  
  Adult smokers (N = 140) completed questionnaire assessments of NA and craving during pre-quit baseline sessions and 15 postquit sessions over the 45 days of biochemically verified abstinence while on nicotine or placebo patch treatment. Growth curve and logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations of trajectory parameters of the individual NA states and craving with the abstinence outcomes at 3 months and 1 year postquit.
  
  
  
  Greater declines in anxiety, depression, and anger symptoms over the first 44 days of smoking cessation were predictive of higher odds of abstinence at both 3 months and 1 year. Moreover, the greater declines in anxiety and anger remained as significant predictors of abstinence at both time points, independent of the predictive ability of the trajectory profiles of craving.
  
  
  
  The findings suggest that slower dissipation of NA, especially anxiety and anger, represents a greater risk for relapse to smoking beyond that predicted by craving during early abstinence. Thus, temporal profiles of the affective symptoms convey unique motivational significance in relapse. Reduction in NA during early abstinence may be a valid target for interventions to increase long-term cessation success rates particularly among individuals with refractory affective symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
authors.forename: Yantao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Mailcode 6502, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
authors.forename: Norka E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Rabinovich
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Mailcode 6502, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA. dgilbert@siu.edu.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Gilbert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000523:psychology*; D000786:Anger; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D066249:Craving; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012008:Recurrence; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D000073869:Tobacco Smoking / Q000628:therapy; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Craving; Growth curve analysis; Negative affect; Relapse; Tobacco abstinence symptoms