title: Active numerical model of human body for reconstruction of falls from height.
abstract: Falls from height constitute the largest group of incidents out of approximately 90,000 occupational accidents occurring each year in Poland. Reconstruction of the exact course of a fall from height is generally difficult due to lack of sufficient information from the accident scene. This usually results in several contradictory versions of an incident and impedes, for example, determination of the liability in a judicial process. In similar situations, in many areas of human activity, researchers apply numerical simulation. They use it to model physical phenomena to reconstruct their real course over time; e.g. numerical human body models are frequently used for investigation and reconstruction of road accidents. However, they are validated in terms of specific road traffic accidents and are considerably limited when applied to the reconstruction of other types of accidents. The objective of the study was to develop an active numerical human body model to be used for reconstruction of accidents associated with falling from height. Development of the model involved extension and adaptation of the existing Pedestrian human body model (available in the MADYMO package database) for the purposes of reconstruction of falls from height by taking into account the human reaction to the loss of balance. The model was developed by using the results of experimental tests of the initial phase of the fall from height. The active numerical human body model covering 28 sets of initial conditions related to various human reactions to the loss of balance was developed. The application of the model was illustrated by using it to reconstruct a real fall from height. From among the 28 sets of initial conditions, those whose application made it possible to reconstruct the most probable version of the incident was selected. The selection was based on comparison of the results of the reconstruction with information contained in the accident report. Results in the form of estimated injuries overlap with the real injuries sustained by the casualty.
authors.affiliation: Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute, Department of Safety Engineering, Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: marmi@ciop.pl.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milanowicz
authors.affiliation: Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute, Department of Ergonomics, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kędzior
mesh_terms: D015998:Abbreviated Injury Scale; D000058:Accidental Falls; D000062:Accidents, Occupational; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D014947:Wounds and Injuries
keywords: Active numerical human body model; Biomechanics of human body; Fall from a height; MADYMO; Occupational accidents; Simulation