title: Revealing the Nature and Distribution of Metal Carboxylates in Jackson Pollock's Alchemy (1947) by Micro-Attenuated Total Reflection FT-IR Spectroscopic Imaging.
abstract: Protrusions, efflorescence, delamination, and opacity decreasing are severe degradation phenomena affecting oil paints with zinc oxide, one of the most common white pigments of the 20th century. Responsible for these dramatic alterations are the Zn carboxylates (also known as Zn soaps) originated by the interaction of the pigment and the fatty acids resulting from the hydrolysis of glycerides in the oil binding medium. Despite their widespread occurrence in paintings and the growing interest of the scientific community, the process of formation and evolution of Zn soaps is not yet fully understood. In this study micro-attenuated total reflection (ATR)-FT-IR spectroscopic imaging was required for the investigation at the microscale level of the nature and distribution of Zn soaps in the painting Alchemy by J. Pollock (1947, Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice) and for comparison with artificially aged model samples. For both actual samples and models, the role of AlSt(OH)2, a jellifying agent commonly added in 20th century paint tube formulations, proved decisive for the formation of zinc stearate-like (ZnSt2) soaps. It was observed that ZnSt2-like soaps first form around the added AlSt(OH)2particles and then eventually grow within the whole painting stratigraphy as irregularly shaped particles. In some of the Alchemy samples, and diversely from the models, a peculiar distribution of ZnSt2aggregates arranged as rounded and larger particles was also documented. Notably, in one of these samples, larger agglomerates of ZnSt2expanding toward the support of the painting were observed and interpreted as the early stage of the formation of internal protrusions. Micro-ATR-FT-IR spectroscopic imaging, thanks to a very high chemical specificity combined with high spatial resolution, was proved to give valuable information for assessing the conservation state of irreplaceable 20th century oil paintings, revealing the chemical distribution of Zn soaps within the paint stratigraphy before their effect becomes disruptive.
authors.affiliation: CNR-ISTM, Istituto di Science e Tecnologie Molecolari , Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gabrieli
authors.affiliation: CNR-ISTM, Istituto di Science e Tecnologie Molecolari , Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1518-4784
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rosi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vichi
authors.affiliation: CNR-ISTM, Istituto di Science e Tecnologie Molecolari , Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cartechini
authors.affiliation: Peggy Guggenheim Collection , Venice, Italy.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pensabene Buemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sergei G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kazarian
authors.affiliation: CNR-ISTM, Istituto di Science e Tecnologie Molecolari , Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Costanza
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miliani