title: Bulbar conjunctival microvascular responses in dry eye.
abstract: Conjunctival microvascular responses may be a surrogate metric of efferent neural pathway function innervating the ocular surface as changes in blood flow occur within seconds after a stimulus. As somatosensory dysfunction may partially underlie dry eye (DE), in this study we evaluate whether bulbar conjunctival microvascular alterations correlate with various aspects of DE.
  
  
  
  Fifty-six DE patients were prospectively recruited from a Veterans Affairs ophthalmology clinic over an 11-month period. DE symptoms and ocular pain were assessed along with DE signs. A novel functional slit lamp biomicroscope (FSLB) was used to image the temporal bulbar conjunctiva from the right eye before and after central corneal stimulation with an air puff. Blood flow velocities were measured and noninvasive microvascular perfusion maps (nMPMs) were created.
  
  
  
  The bulbar blood flow velocity was 0.50 ± 0.15 mm/s at baseline and increased to 0.55 ± 0.17 mm/s after stimulation (P < 0.001); the average change in velocity was 0.05 ± 0.09. nMPMs values and venule diameter, on the other hand, did not significantly increase after stimulation (1.64 ± 0.004 at baseline, 1.65 ± 0.04 after stimulation, P = 0.22 and 22.13 ± 1.84 μm at baseline, 22.21 ± 2.04 μm after stimulation, P = 0.73, respectively). Baseline blood flow velocity positively associated with Schirmer scores (r = 0.40, P = 0.002). Those with higher self-rated wind hyperalgesia demonstrated less change in blood flow velocity (r = -0.268, P = 0.046) after air stimulation on the central cornea.
  
  
  
  Conjunctival blood flow velocity, but not vessel diameter or complexity, increases after wind stimuli. Baseline flow positively correlated with Schirmer scores while change in flow negatively correlated with self-reported wind hyperalgesia.
authors.affiliation: Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Wan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, FL, USA; Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Hatim Ismail M
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Batawi
authors.affiliation: Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Jimmy R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Alava
authors.affiliation: University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, FL, USA; Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA. Electronic address: AGalor@med.miami.edu.
authors.forename: Anat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galor
authors.affiliation: Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Constantine D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Sarantopoulos
authors.affiliation: Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Allison L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: McClellan
authors.affiliation: University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Feuer
authors.affiliation: Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, The John P. Hussman Institute of Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Roy C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Levitt
authors.affiliation: University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003228:Conjunctiva; D003315:Cornea; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes; D006801:Humans; D066167:Slit Lamp
keywords: Blood flow velocity; Corneal sensitivity; Fractal dimension; Functional slit lamp biomicroscopy; Neuropathic ocular pain