title: Insights into the Role of the Berry-Specific Ethylene Responsive FactorVviERF045.
abstract: During grape ripening, numerous transcriptional and metabolic changes are required in order to obtain colored, sweet, and flavored berries. There is evidence that ethylene, together with other signals, plays an important role in triggering the onset of ripening. Here, we report the functional characterization of a berry-specific Ethylene Responsive Factor (ERF),VviERF045, which is induced just before véraison and peaks at ripening. Phylogenetic analysis revealed it is close to the SHINE clade of ERFs, factors involved in the regulation of wax biosynthesis and cuticle morphology. Transgenic grapevines lines overexpressingVviERF045were obtained,in vitropropagated, phenotypically characterized, and analyzed for the content of specific classes of metabolites. The effect ofVviERF045was correlated with the level of transgene expression, with high-expressing lines showing stunted growth, discolored and smaller leaves, and a lower level of chlorophylls and carotenoids. One line with intermediate expression, L15, was characterized at the transcriptomic level and showed 573 differentially expressed genes compared to wild type plants. Microscopy and gene expression analyses point toward a major role ofVviERF045in epidermis patterning by acting on waxes and cuticle. They also indicate thatVviERF045affects phenolic secondary metabolism and induces a reaction resembling a plant immune response with modulation of receptor like-kinases and pathogen related genes. These results suggest also a possible role of this transcription factor in berry ripening, likely related to changes in epidermis and cuticle of the berry, cell expansion, a decrease in photosynthetic capacity, and the activation of several defense related genes as well as from the phenylpropanoid metabolism. All these processes occur in the berry during ripening.
authors.affiliation: Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leida
authors.affiliation: Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dal Rì
authors.affiliation: Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
authors.forename: Lorenza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dalla Costa
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.affiliation: Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pompili
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach Trento, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sonego
authors.affiliation: Computational Biology Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach Trento, Italy.
authors.forename: Kristof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Engelen
authors.affiliation: Food Quality and Nutrition Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach Trento, Italy.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Masuero
authors.affiliation: Fruit Tree Breeding Department, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias Moncada, Spain.
authors.forename: Gabino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ríos
authors.affiliation: Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moser
keywords: ERF; RNA-seq; VOCs; Vitis vinifera; over-expressing transgenic lines; wax