title: Covert Hepatic Encephalopathy: Can My Patient Drive?
abstract: Liver cirrhosis is a public health problem and hepatic encephalopathy is one of its main complications, which can be either overt meaning thereby evident and readily diagnosed, or covert/minimal (covert hepatic encephalopathy-CHE) needing psychometric testing for diagnosis. Patients with CHE hepatic encephalopathy have deficits in multiple domains including visuospatial assessment, attention, response inhibition, working memory, along with psychomotor speed to name a few areas. These patients have poor navigational skills, get fatigued easily, and demonstrate poor insight into their driving deficits. The combination of all these leads them to have poor driving skills leading to traffic violations and crashes as demonstrated not only on the simulation testing but also in real-life driving events. There are multiple psychometric tests for CHE testing but these are not easily available and there is no uniform consensus on the gold standard testing as of yet. It does not automatically connote that all patients who test positive on driving simulation testing are unfit to drive. The physicians are encouraged to take driving history from the patient and the caregivers on every encounter and focus their counseling efforts more on patients with recent history of traffic crashes, with abnormal simulation studies and history of alcohol cessation within last year. As physicians are not trained to determine fitness to drive, their approach toward CHE patients in regards to driving restrictions should be driven by ethical principles while as respecting the local laws.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Medicine, McGuire VA Medical Center †Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA.
authors.forename: Jawaid
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Jasmohan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Bajaj
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000523:psychology; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods