title: Identification and detection of indoxacarb resistance mutations in the para sodium channel of the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Indoxacarb is an important active ingredient extensively used for the control of Tuta absoluta, a major tomato pest, playing a particular role in insecticide resistance management schemes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reduced susceptibility to indoxacarb was identified (1794-fold resistance) through toxicological bioassays in a field population from Greece and evolved rapidly to resistance after short laboratory selection. Combined bioassays with synergists and biochemical analysis suggested only a partial involvement of detoxification enzymes in the resistant phenotype. To investigate the role of target-site resistance, segment 6 of domain IV of the sodium channel in T. absoluta was cloned and the sequences compared between susceptible and indoxacarb-resistant T. absoluta insects. The presence of the F1845Y and the V1848I indoxacarb resistance mutations was detected and was strongly associated with the phenotype. These amino acid substitutions correspond to recently characterised indoxacarb resistance mutations in diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). Robust and accurate PCR-RFLP assays were subsequently developed and successfully validated for detecting both indoxacarb resistance mutations in field T. absoluta populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identification of indoxacarb resistance mutations and the development of diagnostic tools will allow early detection of indoxacarb resistance, facilitating implementation of appropriate resistance management strategies, thus delaying the spread of resistance. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Hellenic Agricultural Organisation - 'Demeter', Institute of Olive, Subtropical Plants and Vine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Emmanouil
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5938-2977
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roditakis
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mavridis
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Crete, Greece.|Department of Biology, University of Crete.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riga
authors.affiliation: Hellenic Agricultural Organisation - 'Demeter', Institute of Olive, Subtropical Plants and Vine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
authors.forename: Emmanouil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vasakis
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Crete, Greece.|Department of Biology, University of Crete.
authors.forename: Evangelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morou
authors.affiliation: DuPont de Nemours ERDC, Nambsheim, France.
authors.forename: Jean Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rison
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Crete, Greece.|Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vontas
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001681:Biological Assay; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D007915:Lepidoptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D010078:Oxazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D010078:Oxazines; D015222:Sodium Channels; C401104:indoxacarb
keywords: Greece; Italy; PCR-RFLP; Tuta absoluta; diagnostic; indoxacarb; insecticide resistance management; mutations; resistance