title: Incidence and mortality of kidney cancers, and human development index in Asia; a matter of concern.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The incidence and mortality of kidney cancer have steadily increased by 2%- 3% per decade worldwide, and an increased risk of kidney cancer has been observed in many Asian countries. The information on the incidence and mortality of a disease and its distribution is essential for better planning for prevention and further studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to assess the incidence and mortality of kidney cancer and their correlation with the human development index (HDI) in Asia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This ecological study was based on GLOBOCAN data Asia for assessment the correlation between age-specific incidence rate (ASIR) and age-specific mortality rate (ASMR) with HDI and its details that include life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling and gross national income (GNI) per capita. We use of correlation bivariate method for assessment the correlation between ASIR and ASMR with HDI and its components.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 121 099 kidney cancer cases were recorded in Asian countries in 2012.Overall, 80 080 cases (66.12%) were males. Sex ratio was 1.95. The three countries with the highest number of new patients were china (66 466 cases), Japan (16 830 cases), India(9658 cases), respectively. Positive correlation were seen between HDI and ASIR of kidney cancer 0.655 (P= 0.001), and HDI and ASMR of kidney cancer 0.285 (P= 0.055).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A positive relationship between ASIR and the HDI was seen. The relationship is due to risk factors in countries with high development such as older age, smoking, hypertension, obesity, and diet. However, ASMR showed no significant relationship with HDI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Masoumeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arabsalmani
authors.affiliation: Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
authors.forename: Abdollah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohammadian-Hafshejani
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of public health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahshid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghoncheh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hadadian
authors.affiliation: Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Towhidi
authors.affiliation: Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vafaee
authors.affiliation: Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran ; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, school of public health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Salehiniya
keywords: Asia; Human development index; Incidence; Kidney cancer; Mortality