title: Gingivitis and lifestyle influences on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 in adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This cross-sectional study was repeated at two time points and investigated the influence of gingivitis, smoking and body mass index (BMI) on the systemic inflammatory markers high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL6) in 10- and 15-year-olds.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study sample of two birth cohorts, i.e. GINIplus and LISAplus, from the Munich centre consisted of 806 and 846 subjects who were evaluated at 10- and 15-year follow-ups respectively. Children and their parents completed questionnaires on participant-related lifestyle information. Gingivitis was measured at the sextant level using a simplified sulcus-bleeding index. Serum hs-CRP and IL6 levels were obtained from blood samples. Multiple logistic regressions adjusting for lifestyle-related factors and other confounders were performed to assess associations between the specified variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no associations between gingivitis and the inflammatory markers hs-CRP and IL6 in 10-year-olds. In 15-year-olds, gingivitis (aOR: 2.17; 95% CI: 1.25-3.77); daily smoking (aOR: 6.27; 95% CI: 1.39-28.39); and being overweight/obese (aOR: 4.95; 95% CI: 0.73-33.68) were identified as significantly influencing factors for elevated hs-CRP values. Oral hygiene did not influence hs-CRP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, hs-CRP was positively associated with gingivitis, smoking daily and overweight/obesity among 15-year-olds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.|Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Vinay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pitchika
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany.|Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thiering
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Metz
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rothmaier
authors.affiliation: Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Willenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hickel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Standl
authors.affiliation: Unit of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kocher
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Munich, Germany.|Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kühnisch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: C-reactive protein; body mass index; gingivitis; high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; inflammation; interleukin 6; obesity; periodontitis; smoking; sulcus bleeding