title: Circulating levels of endocannabinoids respond acutely to voluntary exercise, are altered in mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running, and differ between the sexes.
abstract: The endocannabinoid system serves many physiological roles, including in the regulation of energy balance, food reward, and voluntary locomotion. Signaling at the cannabinoid type 1 receptor has been specifically implicated in motivation for rodent voluntary exercise on wheels. We studied four replicate lines of high runner (HR) mice that have been selectively bred for 81 generations based on average number of wheel revolutions on days five and six of a six-day period of wheel access. Four additional replicate lines are bred without regard to wheel running, and serve as controls (C) for random genetic effects that may cause divergence among lines. On average, mice from HR lines voluntarily run on wheels three times more than C mice on a daily basis. We tested the general hypothesis that circulating levels of endocannabinoids (i.e., 2-arachidonoylglycerol [2-AG] and anandamide [AEA]) differ between HR and C mice in a sex-specific manner. Fifty male and 50 female mice were allowed access to wheels for six days, while another 50 males and 50 females were kept without access to wheels (half HR, half C for all groups). Blood was collected by cardiac puncture during the time of peak running on the sixth night of wheel access or no wheel access, and later analyzed for 2-AG and AEA content by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. We observed a significant three-way interaction among sex, linetype, and wheel access for 2-AG concentrations, with females generally having lower levels than males and wheel access lowering 2-AG levels in some but not all subgroups. The number of wheel revolutions in the minutes or hours immediately prior to sampling did not quantitatively predict plasma 2-AG levels within groups. We also observed a trend for a linetype-by-wheel access interaction for AEA levels, with wheel access lowering plasma concentrations of AEA in HR mice, while raising them in C mice. In addition, females tended to have higher AEA concentrations than males. For mice housed with wheels, the amount of running during the 30min before sampling was a significant positive predictor of plasma AEA within groups, and HR mice had significantly lower levels of AEA than C mice. Our results suggest that voluntary exercise alters circulating levels of endocannabinoids, and further demonstrate that selective breeding for voluntary exercise is associated with evolutionary changes in the endocannabinoid system.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Zoe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Donovan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Argueta
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. Electronic address: tgarland@ucr.edu.
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Garland
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: DiPatrizio
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000097:blood*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D063388:Endocannabinoids / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005989:Glycerides / Q000097:blood*; D006799:Housing, Animal; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides / Q000097:blood*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013045:Species Specificity; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014836:Volition
chemical_list: D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D005989:Glycerides; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; C094503:glyceryl 2-arachidonate; C078814:anandamide
keywords: Artificial selection; Locomotor activity; Reward; Sex differences; Training effect; Voluntary exercise