title: Pulse Duration as Well as Current Direction Determines the Specificity of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Motor Cortex during Contraction.
abstract: Previous research suggested that anterior-posterior (AP) directed currents induced by TMS in motor cortex (M1) activate interneuron circuits different from those activated by posterior-anterior currents (PA). The present experiments provide evidence that pulse duration also determines the activation of specific interneuron circuits.
  
  
  
  To use single motor unit (SMU) recordings to confirm the difference in onset latencies of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) evoked by different current directions and pulse durations: AP30, AP120, PA30and PA120. To test whether the amplitude of the MEPs is differentially influenced by somatosensory inputs from the hand (short-latency afferent inhibition, SAI), and examine the sensitivity of SAI to changes in cerebellar excitability produced by direct current stimulation (tDCSCb).
  
  
  
  Surface electromyograms and SMUs were recorded from the first dorsal interosseous muscle. SAI was tested with an electrical stimulus to median or digital nerves ~20-25 ms prior to TMS delivered over the M1 hand area via a controllable pulse parameter TMS (cTMS) device. SAI was also tested during the application of anodal or sham tDCSCb. Because TMS pulse specificity is greatest at low stimulus intensities, most experiments were conducted with weak voluntary contraction to reduce stimulus threshold.
  
  
  
  AP30currents recruited the longest latency SMU and surface MEP responses. During contraction SAI was greater for AP30responses versus all other pulses. Online anodal tDCSCbreduced SAI for the AP30currents only.
  
  
  
  AP30currents activate an interneuron circuit with functional properties different from those activated by other pulse types. Pulse duration and current direction determine what is activated in M1 with TMS.
authors.affiliation: Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK. Electronic address: r.hannah@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ricci
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hannah
authors.affiliation: Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rothwell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cerebellum; Current direction; Pulse duration; Short latency afferent inhibition; Transcranial direct current stimulation