title: Nanoparticulate versus ionic silver: Behavior in the tank water, bioaccumulation, elimination and subcellular distribution in the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha.
abstract: Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) were exposed to polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNP; hydrodynamic diameter 80 nm; solid diameter 50 nm) to investigate the behavior of Ag in the tank water with respect to its uptake, bioaccumulation, elimination and subcellular distribution in the mussel soft tissue. Parallel experiments were performed with ionic Ag (AgNO3) to unravel possible differences between the metal forms. The recovery of the applied Ag concentration (500 μg/L) in the tank water was clearly affected by the metal source (AgNP < AgNO3) and water type (reconstituted water < tap water). Filtration (<0.45 μm) of water samples showed different effects on the quantified metal concentration depending on the water type and Ag form. Ag accumulation in the mussel soft tissue was neither influenced by the metal source nor by the water type. Ag concentrations in the mussel soft tissue did not decrease during 14 days of depuration. For both metal forms the Ag distribution within different subcellular fractions, i.e. metal-rich granules (MRG), cellular debris, organelles, heat-sensitive proteins (HSP) and metallothionein-like proteins (MTLP), revealed time-dependent changes which can be referred to intracellular Ag translocation processes. The results provide clear evidence for the uptake of Ag by the mussel soft tissue in nanoparticulate as well as in ionic form. Thus, zebra mussels could be used as effective accumulation indicators for environmental monitoring of both Ag forms.
authors.affiliation: Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany. Electronic address: sonja.zimmermann@uni-due.de.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.affiliation: Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ruchter
authors.affiliation: Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Kateryna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Loza
authors.affiliation: Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Epple
authors.affiliation: Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sures
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D049875:Dreissena / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000378:metabolism; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012835:Silver Nitrate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D012834:Silver; D008668:Metallothionein; D012835:Silver Nitrate
keywords: Invertebrates; Metal uptake; Silver nanoparticles; Subcellular Ag translocation; Zebra mussel