title: Seeking Clearer Recommendations for Hand Hygiene in Communities Facing Ebola: A Randomized Trial Investigating the Impact of Six Handwashing Methods on Skin Irritation and Dermatitis.
abstract: To prevent disease transmission, 0.05% chlorine solution is commonly recommended for handwashing in Ebola Treatment Units. In the 2014 West Africa outbreak this recommendation was widely extended to community settings, although many organizations recommend soap and hand sanitizer over chlorine. To evaluate skin irritation caused by frequent handwashing that may increase transmission risk in Ebola-affected communities, we conducted a randomized trial with 91 subjects who washed their hands 10 times a day for 28 days. Subjects used soap and water, sanitizer, or one of four chlorine solutions used by Ebola responders (calcium hypochlorite (HTH), sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), and generated or pH-stabilized sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)). Outcomes were self-reported hand feel, irritation as measured by the Hand Eczema Score Index (HECSI) (range 0-360), signs of transmission risk (e.g., cracking), and dermatitis diagnosis. All groups experienced statistically significant increases in HECSI score. Subjects using sanitizer had the smallest increases, followed by higher pH chlorine solutions (HTH and stabilized NaOCl), and soap and water. The greatest increases were among neutral pH chlorine solutions (NaDCC and generated NaOCl). Signs of irritation related to higher transmission risk were observed most frequently in subjects using soap and least frequently by those using sanitizer or HTH. Despite these irritation increases, all methods represented minor changes in HECSI score. Average HECSI score was only 9.10 at endline (range 1-33) and 4% (4/91) of subjects were diagnosed with dermatitis, one each in four groups. Each handwashing method has benefits and drawbacks: soap is widely available and inexpensive, but requires water and does not inactivate the virus; sanitizer is easy-to use and effective but expensive and unacceptable to many communities, and chlorine is easy-to-use but difficult to produce properly and distribute. Overall, we recommend Ebola responders and communities use whichever handwashing method(s) are most acceptable, available, and sustainable for community handwashing.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Registry ISRCTN89815514.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tuft University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Marlene K
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6476-0450
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tuft University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tuft University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Brittany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mitro
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tuft University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Anne Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Desmarais
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scheinman
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tuft University, Medford, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lantagne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003872:Dermatitis / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D063373:Hand Hygiene / Q000379:methods*; D019142:Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D007509:Irritants / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D057566:Self Report; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007509:Irritants