title: Three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound improves endoleak detection and classification after endovascular aneurysm repair.
abstract: Three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound (3D-CEUS) is a novel technology allowing surgeons to view duplex ultrasound images in three dimensions with ultrasound contrast highlighting blood flow in endoleaks after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). It potentially reduces the need for computed tomography angiography (CTA) and catheter angiography. This study compares 3D-CEUS with both CTA and the final vascular multidisciplinary team (MDT) diagnosis using all available imaging. Interoperator variability for detection of endoleak and the influence of 3D-CEUS on patient management were studied.
  
  
  
  A consecutive 100 patients undergoing CTA for EVAR surveillance were invited to undergo standard CEUS and 3D-CEUS on the same day, with 3D-CEUS reported independently by two blinded vascular scientists. Presence and type of endoleak were compared between CTA, standard CEUS, 3D-CEUS, and the final diagnostic decision made in the vascular MDT meeting. Interoperator reliability of 3D-CEUS was analyzed using the κ statistic.
  
  
  
  The 100 paired CTA, CEUS, and 3D-CEUS studies were analyzed. Compared with CTA, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 3D-CEUS to endoleak were 96%, 91%, 90%, and 96%, respectively. Compared with the MDT decision with access to all imaging modalities, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 3D-CEUS were 96%, 100%, 100%, and 96%. The κ statistic for interoperator agreement was 0.89.
  
  
  
  3D-CEUS was more sensitive and accurate than CTA for endoleak detection and classification after EVAR. 3D-CEUS is now our initial investigation of choice in cases of sac expansion during duplex ultrasound follow-up or if there is diagnostic uncertainty on standard duplex ultrasound or CTA.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Abeera
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Independent Vascular Services, University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom. Electronic address: chris.lowe@doctors.org.uk.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McCollum
mesh_terms: D001014:Aortic Aneurysm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D001027:Aortography / Q000379:methods; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000072226:Computed Tomography Angiography; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D057867:Endoleak / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media