title: Development and evaluation of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire for estimating omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid intakes in Indonesian children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A balance ratio of dietary omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids reduces childhood obesity. However, few studies have focused on validation of semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) for determining the n-3 and n-6 intakes in children. Therefore, a valid SFFQ for assessing n-3 and n-6 intakes among Indonesian children is required.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted by selecting 89 healthy children through multistage random sampling. Dietary intakes were assessed using the SFFQ and a 3-day non-consecutive 24-h recall. Randomly selected children (n=35) were assessed for plasma phospholipid fatty acid (PFA). In total, 78 food items in the SFFQ, as in the Thai, Vietnamese, and American food composition databases, were validated using dietary recall and PFA. The SFFQ was readministered after 4 weeks to assess its reproducibility. The validity and reproducibility of the SFFQ were determined by Bland-Altman analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Favourable agreement was found between the SFFQ and recall for docosahexanoic acid, eicosapentanoic acid, docosapentanoic acid, and arachidonic acid, but not for total n-3, n-6, α-linolenic acid, or linoleic acid. Significant correlations were found between the SFFQ estimations and plasma n-6 and LA (r=0.40, p=0.025; and r=0.42, p=0.018, respectively). A 95% limit of Bland-Altman agreement was observed between the first and repeat SFFQ for all fatty acids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed SFFQ is sufficiently valid and reliable for assessment of essential fatty acids intakes in Indonesian children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital Jakarta, Indonesia.|Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional Centre for Food and Nutrition (SEAMEO RECFON)/ Pusat Kajian Gizi Regional (PKGR) Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.|Centre for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Muhammad Ridwan
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital Jakarta, Indonesia. Email: r.agustina@ui.ac.id; dr.rinaagustina@gmail.com.|Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional Centre for Food and Nutrition (SEAMEO RECFON)/ Pusat Kajian Gizi Regional (PKGR) Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Rina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agustina
authors.affiliation: Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional Centre for Food and Nutrition (SEAMEO RECFON)/ Pusat Kajian Gizi Regional (PKGR) Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Helda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khusun
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Erfi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Prafiantini
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital Jakarta, Indonesia.|Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional Centre for Food and Nutrition (SEAMEO RECFON)/ Pusat Kajian Gizi Regional (PKGR) Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Fitrianna
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cahyaningrum
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital Jakarta, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Permadhi
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D003625:Data Collection; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6