title: Nutritional intake, depressive symptoms and vitamin D status in hypertensive patients in the north of Iran: A case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated vitamin D status, body size, nutritional intake and depression status in hypertensive patients in the north of Iran that have special dietary habit and lifestyle according to their culture and geographical situation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted on 127 patients with newly recognized hypertension and the 120 normal participants, in the north of Iran. Anthropometric data was measured and demographic characteristics, dietary intake, depression and medical status were collected by valid questionnaires. Blood samples were measured for 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypertensive patients had significantly lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D than control group (16±8.7ng/mL vs. 19.8±8.4ng/mL; P=0.04). In adjusted model, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D of less than 30ng/mL was associated with an almost 4-fold odds of hypertension. The odds of hypertension in depressed patients was 1.2 times higher than in those without depression (p=0.002). After adjusted logistic regression analysis for energy intake, significant association was observed between hypertension and some dietary nutrients, including cholesterol, fiber and vitamin D intake. There was no significant association between hypertension and body weight, waist circumference as well as BMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The vitamin D status was lower in the most individuals and it causes a considerable increase in the risk of hypertension. Undesirable intake of some nutrients and depression also increase the risk of developing hypertension. Health training about suitable dietary habits, easier access to vitamin D supplementation and screening for depression in patients with hypertension are cost-effective tools to improve outcomes in Iran.
authors.affiliation: Guilan Interventional Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Heshmat Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salari
authors.affiliation: Guilan Interventional Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Heshmat Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. Electronic address: marjanmahdavi60@gmail.com.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahdavi-Roshan
authors.affiliation: Guilan Interventional Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Heshmat Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran; Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasandokht
authors.affiliation: Guilan Interventional Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Heshmat Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gholipour
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soltanipour
authors.affiliation: Guilan Interventional Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Heshmat Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagshbandi
authors.affiliation: Guilan Interventional Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Cardiology, Heshmat Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Javadzadeh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D049628:Body Size; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003469:Culture; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012306:Risk; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: Depresión; Depression; Dietary intake; Hipertensión; Hypertension; Ingesta nutricional; Perímetro de la cintura; Vitamin D; Vitamina D; Waist circumference