title: Effect of Resting Heart Rate on All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events According to Age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether the association between resting heart rate (RHR) and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events differs according to age.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community in Beijing, China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals aged 40 and older without cardiovascular disease at baseline (N = 6,209).
  
  
  METHODS
  Trained investigators interviewed participants using a standard questionnaire to obtain information on demographic characteristics, medical history and lifestyle risk factors in 1991. RHR was evaluated according to quartiles (<72, 72-76, 76-84, ≥84 beats/min). Cox regression models were used to assess the associations between RHR and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a mean follow-up of 8.3 years, 840 subjects died, and 676 experienced a cardiovascular event. Higher RHR was significantly associated with all-cause mortality (P trend < .001) and cardiovascular events (P trend = .002) in older (≥60) but not younger (<60) participants (both P trend > .05). There were significant modifying effects of age on the association between RHR and all-cause mortality (P interaction < .001) and cardiovascular events (P interaction =.002). Similar results were observed after exclusion of individuals who died (n = 100) or had a cardiovascular event (n = 45) during the first 2 years of follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High RHR appears to be an independent determinant of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in older but not younger individuals.
authors.affiliation: Heart Center of Beijing, Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Kuibao
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Beijing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chonghua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Heart Center of Beijing, Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xinchun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: cardiovascular disease; cohort study; death; epidemiology; resting heart rate