title: Complete mitochondrial genomes of Gnathostoma nipponicum and Gnathostoma sp., and their comparison with other Gnathostoma species.
abstract: Gnathostomiasis is a foodborne zoonotic parasitosis caused by Gnathostoma nematodes. It has caused significant public problems worldwide, but its molecular biology is limited. The purpose of this study was to decode the complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes of Gnathostoma nipponicum and Gnathostoma sp., and compare their mt sequences with other Gnathostoma species. The complete mt genome sequences were amplified by long-range PCR and determined by subsequent primer walking. The complete mt genomes of G. nipponicum and Gnathostoma sp. were 14,093bp and 14,391bp, respectively. Both of the two mt genomes contain 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes and 22 transfer RNA genes. The gene order and transcription direction are the same as G. spinigerum and G. doloresi. The sequence difference across the entire mt genomes varied from 14.4% to 18.2% between G. nipponicum, Gnathostoma sp., G. spinigerum and G. doloresi of Japan and China isolates. Phylogenetic analyses by Bayesian inference (BI) using concatenated amino acid sequences of 12 PCGs showed that G. nipponicum and Gnathostoma sp. are two distinctive species of Gnathostoma, and G. nipponicum are more closely related to Gnathostoma sp. than to G. spinigerum. The mtDNA datasets provide abundant resources of novel markers, which can be used for the studies of molecular epidemiology and diagnosis of Gnathostoma spp.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, PR China.
authors.forename: Miao-Miao
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410128, PR China. Electronic address: liuguohua5202008@163.com.
authors.forename: Guo-Hua
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Zoology, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Jeju National University College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ho-Choon
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Woon-Mok
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410128, PR China. Electronic address: xingquanzhu1@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Xing-Quan
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018509:DNA, Helminth / Q000235:genetics; D017238:Genes, Helminth; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial; D006039:Gnathostoma / Q000235:genetics*; D058429:Gnathostomiasis / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D045969:Mustelidae / Q000469:parasitology; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D018509:DNA, Helminth
keywords: Gnathostomidae nematodes; Mitochondrial DNA; Mitochondrial genome; Phylogenetic analyses