title: Dysregulation of Cell Death and Its Epigenetic Mechanisms in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease involving multiple organs and tissues, which is characterized by the presence of excessive anti-nuclear autoantibodies. The pathogenesis of SLE has been intensively studied but remains far from clear. Increasing evidence has shown that the genetic susceptibilities and environmental factors-induced abnormalities in immune cells, dysregulation of apoptosis, and defects in the clearance of apoptotic materials contribute to the development of SLE. As the main source of auto-antigens, aberrant cell death may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of SLE. In this review, we summarize up-to-date research progress on different levels of cell death-including increasing rate of apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy and defects in clearance of dying cells-and discuss the possible underlying mechanisms, especially epigenetic modifications, which may provide new insight in the potential development of therapeutic strategies for SLE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha 410011, China. chriswu1010@126.com.
authors.forename: Haijing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha 410011, China. 18874139898@163.com.
authors.forename: Siqi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha 410011, China. zhaoming307@126.com.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Center for Infection and Immunology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. liweilu@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Liwei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha 410011, China. qianlu5860@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Qianjin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000276:immunology; D001343:Autophagy / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D009336:Necrosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D001324:Autoantigens
keywords: SLE; apoptosis; autophagy; cell death; epigenetics; necrosis