title: A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of Online Pain Management Education on Primary Care Providers.
abstract: To improve pain management practices, we developed an online interactive continuing education (CE) program for primary care providers (PCPs). This program follows the flow of clinical decision-making through simulated cases at critical pain treatment points along the pain treatment continuum.
  
  
  
  A randomized controlled trial was conducted to test the efficacy of this program. Participants were randomized to either the experimental condition or the control condition (online, text-based CE program).
  
  
  
  A total of 238 primary care providers were recruited through hospitals, professional newsletters, and pain conferences.
  
  
  
  Participants in both conditions reported significantly improved scores on knowledge (KNOW-PAIN 50), attitudes (CAOS), and pain practice behaviors (PPBS) scales over the four-month study. The experimental condition showed significantly greater change over time on the tamper-resistant formulations (TRFs) of opioids and dosing CAOS subscale compared with the control condition. Post hoc comparisons suggested that participants in the experimental condition were less likely to endorse use of opioid TRFs over time compared with the control condition. Exploratory analyses for potential moderators indicated a significant three-way interaction with time, condition, and discipline (i.e., physician vs other) for the impediments and concerns attitudes subscale and the early refill behaviors subscale. Post hoc comparisons indicated that physicians in the experimental condition exhibited the greatest change in attitudes and the nonphysicians exhibited the greatest change in reported behaviors in response to requests for early refills.
  
  
  
  Findings suggest online CE programs may positively impact PCPs' knowledge, attitudes, and pain practice behaviors but provide minimal evidence for the value of including interactivity.
authors.affiliation: Inflexxion Inc, Newton, Massachusetts, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberlee J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Trudeau
authors.affiliation: Inflexxion Inc, Newton, Massachusetts, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hildebrand
authors.affiliation: Inflexxion Inc, Newton, Massachusetts, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Priyanka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: PatientsLikeMe, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Emil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chiauzzi
authors.affiliation: Inflexxion Inc, Newton, Massachusetts, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Zacharoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000066491:Clinical Decision-Making; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009862:Online Systems; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D058007:Physicians, Primary Care / Q000193:education* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States
keywords: Continuing Education; Online; Pain Management; Prescription Opioids