title: [Income and smoking prevalence in Latin America: a systematic review and meta-analysis].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Determine the relationship between tobacco-use prevalence and smoker income level in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC).
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search was carried out in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, SOCINDEX, and LILACS databases. Studies from LAC published from January 1989 to December 2015 were included and were analyzed by subgroups disaggregated by decade of data, country, bias risk, sex, and age group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1 254 studies evaluated by full text, 29 articles were included, of which 25 were chosen for meta-analysis. All included studies were cross-sectional or surveillance, primarily from Brazil and Mexico.Low income was associated with higher prevalence of active smoking (odds ratio [OR] 1.62; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.34-1.96) than high income (reference). A dose-response effect trend was observed: middle income (OR 1.23; 95%CI 1.00-1.52) and low income (OR 1.64; 95%CI 1.17-2.30). This association was greater in men (OR 2.22; 95%CI 1.77-2.78) than in women (OR 1.6; 95%CI 1.11-2.47).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An inverse relationship was observed between income and tobacco-use prevalence. Further efforts are required to determine this relationship in special populations, such as adolescents and pregnant women. This research can be useful for policymakers by improving tobacco control strategies and for characterizing public health equity issues.
authors.affiliation: Centro Cochrane Argentino, Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS-CONICET).
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bardach
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitario del Valle, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
authors.forename: Herney Andrés García
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Perdomo
authors.affiliation: Centro Cochrane Argentino, Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS-CONICET).
authors.forename: Ruth Amanda Ruano
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gándara
authors.affiliation: Centro Cochrane Argentino, Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria (IECS-CONICET).
authors.forename: Agustín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciapponi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D017691:Caribbean Region; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007843:Latin America / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*