title: Combined iron and sulfate reduction biostimulation as a novel approach to enhance BTEX and PAH source-zone biodegradation in biodiesel blend-contaminated groundwater.
abstract: The use of biodiesel as a transportation fuel and its growing mandatory blending percentage in diesel increase the likelihood of contaminating groundwater with diesel/biodiesel blends. A 100L-field experiment with B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel, v/v) was conducted to assess the potential for the combined biostimulation of iron and sulfate reducing bacteria to enhance BTEX and PAH biodegradation in a diesel/biodiesel blend-contaminated groundwater. A B20 field experiment under monitored natural attenuation (MNA) was used as a baseline control. Ammonium acetate and a low-cost and sustainable product recovered from acid mine drainage treatment were used to stimulate iron and sulfate-reducing conditions. As a result, benzene and naphthalene concentrations (maximum concentrations were 28.1μgL-1and 10.0μgL-1, respectively) remained lower than the MNA experiment (maximum concentrations were 974.7μgL-1and 121.3μgL-1, respectively) over the whole experiment. Geochemical changes were chronologically consistent with the temporal change of the predominance of Geobacter and GOUTA19 which might be the key players responsible for the rapid attenuation of benzene and naphthalene. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first field experiment to demonstrate the potential for the combined iron and sulfate biostimulation to enhance B20 source-zone biodegradation.
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Santa Catarina, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Electronic address: jubmuller@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Juliana B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Santa Catarina, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Electronic address: deb.toledo.ramos@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Débora T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Environmental Microbial Genomics Group, Laboratoire Ampère, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5005, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, USC1407, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Ecully, France. Electronic address: catherine.larose@ec-lyon.fr.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Larose
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Santa Catarina, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Electronic address: marilda.fernandes@ufsc.br.
authors.forename: Marilda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Santa Catarina, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Electronic address: helen.remas.ufsc@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Helen S C
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lazzarin
authors.affiliation: Environmental Microbial Genomics Group, Laboratoire Ampère, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5005, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, USC1407, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Ecully, France. Electronic address: vogel@ec-lyon.fr.
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.affiliation: Federal University of Santa Catarina, Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Electronic address: henry.corseuil@ufsc.br.
authors.forename: Henry X
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Corseuil
mesh_terms: D001554:Benzene; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D056804:Biofuels / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D045302:Geobacter / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis*; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic / Q000737:chemistry*; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000737:chemistry*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D013431:Sulfates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D007501:Iron; D001554:Benzene
keywords: Aromatic hydrocarbons; Biostimulation; Diesel/biodiesel blends; Iron reduction; Sulfate reduction