title: Cryptosporidium Attenuation across the Wastewater Treatment Train: Recycled Water Fit for Purpose.
abstract: Compliance with guideline removal targets forCryptosporidiumwhich do not provide any credit for the inactivation of oocysts through wastewater treatment processes can considerably increase the cost of providing recycled water. Here we present the application of an integrated assay to quantify both oocyst numbers and infectivity levels after various treatment stages at three Victorian and two South Australian (SA) wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Oocyst density in the raw sewage was commensurate with community disease burden, with early rounds of sampling capturing a widespread cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Victoria. The level of infectivity of oocysts in sewage was stable throughout the year but was significantly lower at the SA WWTPs. Removals across secondary treatment processes were seasonal, with poorer removals associated with inflow variability; however, no decrease in the oocyst infectivity was identified. For SA WWTPs, those oocysts remaining within the secondary treatment-clarified effluent were proportionally more infectious than those in raw sewage. Lagoon systems demonstrated significant inactivation or removal of oocysts, with attenuation being seasonal. Examination of a UV system emphasized its efficacy as a disinfectant barrier but conversely confirmed the importance of a multibarrier approach with the detection of infectious oocysts postdisinfection. The ability to characterize risk from infectious oocysts revealed that the risk fromCryptosporidiumis significantly lower than previously thought and that its inclusion in quantitative risk assessments of reuse systems will more accurately direct the selection of treatment strategies and capital expenditure, influencing the sustainability of such schemes.IMPORTANCEHere we present the application of a recently developed integrated assay not only to quantify the removal ofCryptosporidiumoocysts but also to quantify their infectivity across various treatment stages at five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), thereby better measuring the "true effect" of the treatment train on oocyst risk reduction. For a number of the WWTPs analyzed in this study the risk, is significantly lower than previously thought. Therefore, the inclusion of oocyst infectivity in guideline values and in quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) has the potential to affect future treatment directions and capital expenditure.
authors.affiliation: South Australian Water Corporation, Adelaide, SA, Australia brendon.king@sawater.com.au.
authors.forename: Brendon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: South Australian Water Corporation, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fanok
authors.affiliation: South Australian Water Corporation, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Renae
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: South Australian Water Corporation, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Melody
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: South Australian Water Corporation, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van den Akker
authors.affiliation: South Australian Water Corporation, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Monis
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D003457:Cryptosporidiosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D003458:Cryptosporidium / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004202:Disinfectants; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D033661:Oocysts / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D010274:Parasitology / Q000379:methods; D059027:Recycling / Q000379:methods; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012621:Seasons; D014739:Victoria; D062065:Wastewater / Q000469:parasitology*; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis; D014876:Water Pollution; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D060753:Water Quality
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D062065:Wastewater; D014867:Water
keywords: Cryptosporidium; cryptosporidiosis; oocyst infectivity; reuse water; wastewater treatment