title: Acute and chronic toxicity of diuron and carbofuran to the neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii.
abstract: In order to contribute to the increase of the body of knowledge on the sensitivity of tropical indigenous species to pesticides, acute and chronic toxicity tests were conducted with the neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. Tests were carried out with the active ingredients diuron and carbofuran and one of their commercial formulations, the Diuron Nortox® 500 SC and the Furadan® 350 SC, respectively. For carbofuran, the active ingredient was more toxic than the commercial product, whereas for diuron, the commercial product appeared more toxic. In addition, hormetic effects on fertility were recorded for intermediate diuron concentrations. Acute and chronic toxicity data indicated that C. silvestrii was among the most sensitive invertebrate species for both test compounds. Based on concentrations measured in Brazilian water bodies, these compounds represent ecological risks for causing direct and indirect toxic effects on C. silvestrii and other aquatic organisms. Our results support previous claims on the advantages of using native species to better tune ecological risk assessment of chemicals in tropical ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil. laine_mansano@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Adrislaine S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Mansano
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
authors.forename: Raquel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hugo C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Dornfeld
authors.affiliation: São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lia G R
authors.initials: LGR
authors.lastname: Diniz
authors.affiliation: São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eny M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
authors.forename: Michiel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Daam
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
authors.forename: Odete
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mirna H R
authors.initials: MHR
authors.lastname: Seleghim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D002235:Carbofuran / Q000737:chemistry*; D033361:Cladocera / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D004237:Diuron / Q000737:chemistry*; D004463:Ecology; D017753:Ecosystem; D010575:Pesticides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D004237:Diuron; D002235:Carbofuran
keywords: Active ingredients; Aquatic ecotoxicology; Commercial formulations; Herbicide; Insecticide; Microcrustacean; Species sensitivity distribution; Tropics