title: Raman spectroscopy and PCA-SVM as a non-invasive diagnostic tool to identify and classify qualitatively glycated hemoglobin levels in vivo.
abstract: In this study we identify and classify high and low levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in healthy volunteers (HV) and diabetic patients (DP). Overall, 86 subjects were evaluated. The Raman spectrum was measured in three anatomical regions of the body: index fingertip, right ear lobe, and forehead. The measurements were performed to compare the difference between the HV and DP (22 well controlled diabetic patients (WCDP) (HbA1c <6.5%), and 49 not controlled diabetic patients (NCDP) (HbA1c ≥6.5%)). Multivariable methods such as principal components analysis (PCA) combined with support vector machine (SVM) were used to develop effective diagnostic algorithms for classification among these groups. The forehead of HV versus WCDP showed the highest sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%). Sensitivity (100%) and specificity (60%), were highest in the forehead of WCDP, versus NCDP. In HV versus NCDP, the fingertip had the highest sensitivity (100%) and specificity (80%). The efficacy of the diagnostic algorithm by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was confirmed. Overall, our study demonstrated that the combination of Raman spectroscopy and PCA-SVM are feasible non-invasive diagnostic tool in diabetes to classify qualitatively high and low levels of HbA1c in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica, apartado postal 51 y 216, Tonantzintla, Puebla, CP 72000, México.
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Villa-Manríquez
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica, apartado postal 51 y 216, Tonantzintla, Puebla, CP 72000, México.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castro-Ramos
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios y Prevención del Cáncer, Bugambilias 30, Fraccionamiento la Rivera, Juchitan, Oaxaca, CP 70020, México.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Delgado
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica, apartado postal 51 y 216, Tonantzintla, Puebla, CP 72000, México.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lopéz-Pacheco
authors.affiliation: Universidad Tecnológica de Campeche, Carretera Federal 180 S/N, San Antonio Cárdenas, Carmen, Campeche, CP 24100, México.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Villanueva-Luna
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D060388:Support Vector Machine
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin
keywords: Biomedical application; medicine; spectroscopy