title: Posttranslational Modifications of Tubulin and Cilia.
abstract: Tubulin undergoes several highly conserved posttranslational modifications (PTMs) including acetylation, detyrosination, glutamylation, and glycylation. These PTMs accumulate on a subset of microtubules that are long-lived, including those in the basal bodies and axonemes. Tubulin PTMs are distributed nonuniformly. In the outer doublet microtubules of the axoneme, the B-tubules are highly enriched in the detyrosinated, polyglutamylated, and polyglycylated tubulin, whereas the A-tubules contain mostly unmodified tubulin. The nonuniform patterns of tubulin PTMs may functionalize microtubules in a position-dependent manner. Recent studies indicate that tubulin PTMs contribute to the assembly, disassembly, maintenance, and motility of cilia. In particular, tubulin glutamylation has emerged as a key PTM that affects ciliary motility through regulation of axonemal dynein arms and controls the stability and length of the axoneme.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wloga
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Joachimiak
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602.
authors.forename: Panagiota
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Louka
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gaertig
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000818:Animals; D056444:Axonemal Dyneins / Q000737:chemistry; D054468:Axoneme / Q000737:chemistry; D002465:Cell Movement; D002923:Cilia / Q000737:chemistry*; D004058:Diffusion; D005973:Glutamine / Q000737:chemistry; D008870:Microtubules / Q000737:chemistry; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D013768:Tetrahymena / Q000737:chemistry*; D014404:Tubulin / Q000737:chemistry*; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D014404:Tubulin; D005973:Glutamine; D014443:Tyrosine; D056444:Axonemal Dyneins