title: Does job promotion affect men's and women's health differently? Dynamic panel models with fixed effects.
abstract: Higher occupational status has consistently been shown to be associated with better health, but few studies have to date examined if an upward change in occupational status is associated with a positive change in health. Furthermore, very little is known about whether this association differs by sex.
  
  
  
  Data were derived from four waves (2008-14) of the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH), a follow-up study of a nationally representative sample of the Swedish working population. The present study comprises 1410 men and 1926 women. A dynamic panel model with fixed effects was used to analyse the lagged association between job promotion on the one hand and self-rated health (SRH) and symptoms of depression on the other. This method allowed controlling for unobserved time-invariant confounders and determining the direction of causality between the variables. Multigroup comparisons were performed to investigate differences between the sexes.
  
  
  
  The results showed that job promotion was associated with decreased subsequent SRH and increased symptoms of depression among both men and women. Women reported a larger relative worsening of self-rated health following a job promotion than men and men reported a larger relative worsening of depression symptoms. There was limited evidence that SRH and symptoms of depression were associated with subsequent job promotion.
  
  
  
  The present study indicates that a job promotion could lead to decreased SRH and increased symptoms of depression in a 2-4-year perspective. Associations appear to differ for women and men.
authors.affiliation: Stress Research Institute.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nyberg
authors.affiliation: Stress Research Institute.
authors.forename: Paraskevi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peristera
authors.affiliation: Stress Research Institute.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Westerlund
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gunn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Stress Research Institute.
authors.forename: Linda L Magnusson
authors.initials: LLM
authors.lastname: Hanson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016272:Occupational Health; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Job promotion; dynamic panel model; fixed effects; gender; self-rated health; symptoms of depression