title: Divergent Memory B Cell Responses in a Mixed Infant Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Schedule.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vaccine-induced immunity against pneumococcal infection relies on the generation of high concentrations of antibody and B cell memory. Both the 10- and the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV-10 and PCV-13) effectively reduce disease caused by vaccine serotypes. It is unknown whether the generation of B cell memory requires several doses of the same vaccine or whether different PCVs are interchangeable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children in the United Kingdom (n=178) who had previously received PCV-13 at 2 and 4 months were randomized 1:1 to receive a PCV-13 or PCV-10 booster at age 12 months. Peripheral blood memory B cells (BMEM) were quantified before and at 1 and 12 months after vaccination using a cultured enzyme-linked immunospot assay for pneumococcal serotypes 1, 3, 4, 9V, 14, 19A, and diphtheria and tetanus toxoid. Correlations between BMEM frequencies and simultaneously measured antibody (IgG and opsonophagocytic assay) was also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant rise in postbooster BMEM frequency was seen for 5 out of 6 serotypes in the PCV-13 group and none in the PCV-10 group. In the PCV-13 group, there was a particularly large increase in serotype 3-specific BMEM associated with only a small increase in antibody. Postbooster BMEM responses correlated positively with antibody, but correlations between prebooster BMEM and subsequent BMEM and antibody responses were inconsistent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After priming with PCV-13 in early infancy, a booster dose of PCV-10 does not induce detectable peripheral blood BMEM responses but a PCV-13 booster does induce robust responses. Booster responses to PCVs may be dependent on homologous carrier protein priming.
authors.affiliation: From the *Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; †Paediatric Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; and ‡Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trück
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Sena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jawad
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Clutterbuck
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Snape
authors.forename: Dominic F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Merryn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Voysey
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pollard
mesh_terms: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D001770:Blood Bactericidal Activity; D002675:Child, Preschool; D058501:Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay; D006801:Humans; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D007117:Immunization, Secondary / Q000379:methods*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D007223:Infant; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D009895:Opsonin Proteins / Q000097:blood; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: C586648:10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; C538862:13-valent pneumococcal vaccine; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D009895:Opsonin Proteins; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines