title: Occupational exposure to solvents and bladder cancer: A population-based case control study in Nordic countries.
abstract: The objective of the study was to assess the relationship between exposure to selected solvents and the risk of bladder cancer. This study is based on the Nordic Occupational Cancer (NOCCA) database and comprises 113,343 cases of bladder cancer diagnosed in Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden between 1961 and 2005 and 566,715 population controls matched according to country, sex and birth year. Census-based occupational titles of the cases and controls were linked with the job exposure matrix created by the NOCCA project to estimate quantitative cumulative occupational exposures. A conditional logistic regression model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Increased risks were observed for trichloroethylene (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.12-1.40), toluene (HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.00-1.38), benzene (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.04-1.31), aromatic hydrocarbon solvents (HR 1.10, 95% CI 0.94-1.30) and aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon solvents (HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00-1.23) at high exposure level versus no exposure. The highest excess for perchloroethylene was observed at medium exposure level (HR 1.12, 95% CI 1.02-1.23). The study provides evidence of an association of occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, benzene and toluene and the risk of bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Kishor
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hadkhale
authors.affiliation: Cancer Registry of Norway, Department of Research, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Jan Ivar
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Martinsen
authors.affiliation: Cancer Registry of Norway, Department of Research, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.|Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Elisabete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weiderpass
authors.affiliation: Cancer Registry of Norway, Department of Research, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kjaerheim
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Pär
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sparen
authors.affiliation: Icelandic Cancer Registry, Reykjavik, Iceland.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Laufey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tryggvadottir
authors.affiliation: Center for Epidemiology and Screening, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Elsebeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lynge
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.|Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pukkala
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001554:Benzene / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012997:Solvents / Q000633:toxicity*; D013548:Sweden; D014050:Toluene / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000633:toxicity; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D012997:Solvents; D014050:Toluene; D001554:Benzene
keywords: aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon solvents; aromatic hydrocarbon solvents; benzene; job exposure matrix; risk; toluene; trichloroethylene; urothelial carcinoma