title: Fabrication and validation of a low-cost, medium-fidelity silicone injection molded endoscopic sinus surgery simulation model.
abstract: Develop a low-cost, medium-fidelity model for education in endoscopic sinus surgery techniques. Establish face and content validity of the model based on the feedback of otolaryngology faculty including fellowship-trained rhinologists.
  
  
  
  Survey.
  
  
  
  A novel silicone injection molded sinus model was constructed. Three fellowship-trained rhinologists and four general otolaryngologists were recruited to perform seven tasks and provide feedback of the model's performance via a 22-question Likert survey.
  
  
  
  Those surveyed strongly agreed the sinus model is useful for basic endoscopic skill acquisition such as camera skills (86%), hand-eye coordination (100%), nasal endoscopy skills (100%). Ratings of the model for training the specific tasks were consistently high. Neutral or lower were received for inferior turbinoplasty (14%), frontal balloon task (14%), understanding the ethmoid bulla (29%), and advanced sinus techniques (57%). All faculty strongly agreed they would be interested in using the model to train residents.
  
  
  
  Simulation models have proven efficacy in endoscopic skill and procedural training. The group developed a novel low-cost, medium-fidelity sinus training model utilizing three-dimensional modeling and printing. Testing of this model revealed high ratings for both face and construct validity for a range of endoscopic procedures. Strong interest in using this model for resident training was unanimous among all survey participants.
  
  
  
  NA Laryngoscope, 127:781-786, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A.|Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A.|Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Ryan P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bowe
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bunegin
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Erik K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Weitzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: McMains
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Willson
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017046:Cost Savings; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional / Q000191:economics; D012828:Silicones
chemical_list: D012828:Silicones
keywords: Endoscopic sinus surgery; deliberate practice; fabrication; model task trainer; resident education; simulation; three-dimensional printing; validation