title: Surgery-Independent Language Function Decline in Patients Undergoing Awake Craniotomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite selection process before awake-craniotomy, some patients experience an unexpected decline in language functions in the operating room (OR), compared with their baseline evaluation, which may impair their functional monitoring. To investigate this phenomenon we prospectively compared language function the day before surgery and on entrance to the OR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected prospectively from consecutive patients undergoing awake-craniotomy with intraoperative cortical mapping for resection of gliomas affecting language areas. Language functions of 79 patients were evaluated and compared 1-2 days before surgery and after entering the OR. Changes in functional linguistic performance were analyzed with respect to demographic, clinical, and pathologic characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant decline in language function, beyond sedation effect, after entering the OR, (from median/interquartile range: 0.94/0.72-0.98 to median/interquartile range: 0.86/0.51-0.94; Z = -7.19, P < 0.001). Univariate analyses revealed that this decline was related to age, preoperative Karnofsky Performance Scale, tumor location, tumor pathology, and preexisting language deficits. Multivariate stepwise regression identified tumor pathology and the presence of preoperative language deficit as significant independent predictors for this functional decline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients undergoing awake-craniotomy may experience a substantial decline in language functioning after entering the OR. Tumor grade and the presence of preoperative language deficits were significant risk factors for this phenomenon, suggesting a possible relation between cognitive reserve, psychobehavioral coping abilities and histologic features of a tumor involving language areas. Capturing and identifying this unique population of patients who are prone to experience such language decline may improve our ability in the future to select patients eligible for awake-craniotomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Functional Brain Center, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Tal
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gonen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Gal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sela
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Ranin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yanakee
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Zvi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ram
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Electronic address: rachelgr@tlvmc.gov.il.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grossman
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001931:Brain Mapping; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D058245:Cognitive Reserve; D003399:Craniotomy; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D064795:Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring; D017567:Karnofsky Performance Status; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Awake craniotomy; Cognitive reserve; Eloquent brain region; Language; Tumor