title: Health and social determinants and outcomes of home cooking: A systematic review of observational studies.
abstract: Many dietary interventions assume a positive influence of home cooking on diet, health and social outcomes, but evidence remains inconsistent. We aimed to systematically review health and social determinants and outcomes of home cooking. Given the absence of a widely accepted, established definition, we defined home cooking as the actions required for preparing hot or cold foods at home, including combining, mixing and often heating ingredients. Nineteen electronic databases were searched for relevant literature. Peer-reviewed studies in English were included if they focussed mainly on home cooking, and presented post 19thcentury observational or qualitative data on participants from high/very high human development index countries. Interventional study designs, which have previously been reviewed, were excluded. Themes were summarised using narrative synthesis. From 13,341 unique records, 38 studies - primarily cross-sectional in design - met the inclusion criteria. A conceptual model was developed, mapping determinants of home cooking to layers of influence including non-modifiable, individual, community and cultural factors. Key determinants included female gender, greater time availability and employment, close personal relationships, and culture and ethnic background. Putative outcomes were mostly at an individual level and focused on potential dietary benefits. Findings show that determinants of home cooking are more complex than simply possessing cooking skills, and that potential positive associations between cooking, diet and health require further confirmation. Current evidence is limited by reliance on cross-sectional studies and authors' conceptualisation of determinants and outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK. Electronic address: susanna.mills@newcastle.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK; Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. Electronic address: martin.white@mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK. Electronic address: heather.brown@newcastle.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, M1.151 William Leech Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK. Electronic address: wendy.wrieden@newcastle.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wrieden
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK; School of Psychology and Speech Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia; School of Human Health and Social Sciences, Physical Activity Research Group, Central Queensland University, Australia. Electronic address: dominka.kwasnicka@curtin.edu.au.
authors.forename: Dominika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kwasnicka
authors.affiliation: Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, M1.151 William Leech Building, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK. Electronic address: joel.halligan@newcastle.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Halligan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Richardson Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK. Electronic address: shannon.robalino@newcastle.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robalino
authors.affiliation: Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK. Electronic address: jma79@medschl.cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Adams
mesh_terms: D003296:Cooking; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003469:Culture; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Cooking; Diet; Obesity; Public health