title: Evaluation of the effectiveness of the potent bis-quaternary ammonium compound, 4,4'-(α,ω-hexametylenedithio) bis (1-octylpyridinium bromide) (4DTBP-6,8) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), including benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) are cationic surfactants and have been used widely as general disinfectants in the medical field due to their strong antibacterial effects and low cytotoxicity to human cells. 4,4'-(α,ω-hexametylenedithio) bis (1-octylpyridinium bromide) (4DTBP-6,8) is one of the potent bis-QACs synthesized to improve the antimicrobial activities of mono-QACs such as BAC. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of 4DTBP-6,8 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a prevalent hospital pathogen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The minimum inhibitory concentrations of 4DTBP-6,8, CPC and BAC against P. aeruginosa were measured. 4DTBP-6,8 exhibited strong antibacterial activity. We assessed the bactericidal effects of QACs against P. aeruginosa under certain conditions and their cytotoxicities in human epithelial cells using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. 4DTBP-6,8 exerted excellent bactericidal effects against high concentrations of bacteria, biofilm cells and even in the presence of contaminated proteins. Cellular LDH was not released by the treatment with 4DTBP-6,8.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  4DTBP-6,8 exhibited the strongest bactericidal activity against P. aeruginosa among the three QACs tested without any cytotoxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The potent bis-QAC, 4DTBP-6,8 has the potential to be an effective disinfectant in preventing hospital infections caused by P. aeruginosa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yumoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Amoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Viducic
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hirota
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tabata
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagamune
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Technology and Science, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kourai
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyake
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects*; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C562083:4,4'-(1,6-hexamethylenedithio)bis(1-octylpyridinium); D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004202:Disinfectants; D011726:Pyridinium Compounds; D009536:Niacinamide
keywords: 
  Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  ; 4,4′-(α,ω-hexametylenedithio) bis (1-octylpyridinium bromide); bactericidal effect; biocides; biofilm; bis-quaternary ammonium compound