title: Developmental role of phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase (PAL) and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) genes during adventitious rooting of Juglans regia L. microshoots.
abstract: Phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase and cinnamate-4-hydroxylase play important role in the phenylpropanoid pathway, which produces many biologically important secondary metabolites participating in normal plant development. Flavonol quercetin is the main representant of these compounds that has been identified in numerous Juglans spp. In this survey, the developmental expression patterns of PAL and C4H genes during in vitro rooting of two walnut cultivars 'Sunland' and 'Howard' was examined by RT-PCR. To understand the potential role in rooting, the changing pattern of endogenous content of quercetin was also analyzed by HPLC. The 'Sunland' with better capacity to root had more quercetin content during the "inductive phase" of rooting than 'Howard'. In each cultivar, the level of PAL transcripts showed the same behavior with the changing patterns of quercetin during root formation of microshoots. The positive correlation between the changes of quercetin and PAL-mRNA indicated that PAL gene may have an immediate effect on flavonoid pathway metabolites including quercetin. Although the behavioral change of C4H expression was similar in both cultivars during root formation (with significantly more level for 'Howard'), it was not coincide with the changes of quercerin concentrations. Our results showed that C4H function is important for the normal development, but its transcriptional regulation does not correlate with quercetin as an efficient phenolic compound for walnut rhizogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad, 91779-48974 , Iran.
authors.forename: Monireh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cheniany
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad, 91779-48974 , Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ganjeali
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D031324:Juglans / Q000235:genetics*; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase / Q000235:genetics*; D063245:Plant Development / Q000235:genetics*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000254:growth & development*; D018520:Plant Shoots; D011794:Quercetin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D050564:Trans-Cinnamate 4-Monooxygenase / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011794:Quercetin; D050564:Trans-Cinnamate 4-Monooxygenase; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase
keywords: Juglans regia L.; Phenylalanine-ammonia-lyase gene; cinnamate 4-hydroxylase gene; in vitro culture; quercetin