title: Distance education and diabetes empowerment: A single-blind randomized control trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetes is one of the biggest problems in healthcare systems and kills many people every year. Diabetes management is impossible when only utilizing medication. So, patients must be educated to manage their diabetes. This study aims to assess the effect of education by telephone and short message service on empowering patients with type 2 diabetes (primary outcome).
  
  
  METHODS
  A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted in the Urmia diabetes association in Iran. Sixty six participants with definitive diagnosis of type 2 diabetes entered into the study. Patients with secondary health problems were excluded. Patients were selected by simple random sampling then allocated into intervention (n=33) and control (n=33) groups. The intervention group received an educational text message daily and instructive phone calls three days a week for three months along with usual care. The Diabetes Empowerment Scale (DES) with confirmed validity and reliability was used for collecting data. Data was analyzed using SPSS V6.1. Independent t-test, paired t-test and chi-square were used to analyze the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The empowerment of the intervention group compared with the control group significantly improved after three months of distance education (p<0.00, EF=1. 16).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study findings show that the distance education has a significant effect on empowering patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, using distance education along with other diabetes management intervention is highly effective and should be part of the care in diabetes treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zamanzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zirak
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Maternal and Childhood Obesity Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
authors.forename: Masomeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hemmati Maslakpak
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Electronic address: nparizad@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Naser
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Parizad
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D020375:Education, Distance / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011209:Power, Psychological; D011379:Prognosis; D012648:Self Care; D016037:Single-Blind Method
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Distance education; Patient empowerment; Type 2