title: Lung ultrasound profile after cardiopulmonary bypass in paediatric cardiac surgery: first experience in a simple cohort.
abstract: To explore the association between lung ultrasound (LUS) and clinical variables in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).
  
  
  
  A retrospective analysis was conducted in patients weighing <20 kg and with an Aristotle score <9, scanned with LUS on postoperative day (POD) 0, 1 and 2. We defined three LUS profiles: profile A: the prevalence of confluent B lines ("white lung"); profile B: the prevalence of B lines and profile C: the prevalence of A lines (normal lung).
  
  
  
  Median (interquartile range [IRQ]) weight, age and Aristotle score were 5.6 kg [IQR 4.0-6.0], 3.2 months [IQR 3.0-7.0] and 6.75 [IQR 6.0-8.0], respectively. No profile A patients were found. At POD1, we identified statistically significant differences between profile B and C patients: CPB time was 157 [IQR138-235] vs 95 [IQR 85-183] minutes ( P  <   0.005); aortic clamp duration was 104 [IQR 87-142] vs 54 [IQR 49-72] minutes ( P  =   0.007); time of mechanical ventilation was 41.5 [IQR 31.0-56.0] vs 15 [IQR 15-24] hours ( P  <   0.001); and ICU length of stay was 2 [IQR 2-3] vs 4 [IQR 3-4] days ( P  =   0.001), respectively. No differences were found between profile B and C patients at all the other time points. No statistically significant differences were found for blood gas values, urine output and fluid balance at all time points.
  
  
  
  In a small cohort of children undergoing CPB, the LUS profile on POD1 was associated with CPB time, aortic cross-clamp time and mechanical ventilation duration.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesu' Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesu' Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Zaccaria
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesu' Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaddi
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesu' Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Testa
authors.affiliation: Imaging Department, Bambino Gesu' Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Toma
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesu' Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cogo
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Congenital heart disease; Lung ultrasound; Mechanical ventilation; Paediatric cardiac surgery; Paediatric intensive care; Postoperative care