title: Synthesis and Characterization of Photo-Cross-Linkable Keratin Hydrogels for Stem Cell Encapsulation.
abstract: The objective of this work was to synthesize an injectable and photopolymerizable hydrogel based on keratin extracted from poultry feather for encapsulation and delivery of stem cells in tissue regeneration. Since feather keratin is rich in cysteine residue, allylation of sulfhydryl groups was used for functionalization of keratin. Keratin was extracted from feather barbs by reducing the disulfide bonds in cysteine residues to sulfhydryl groups (-SH). Next, the free thiol groups were converted to dehydroalanine (Dha) by oxidative elimination using O-(2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonyl) hydroxylamine. Then, the Dha moieties were converted to s-allyl cysteine by reaction with allyl mercaptan to produce keratin allyl thioether (KeratATE) biopolymer. Human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSCs) were suspended in the aqueous solution of KeratATE, injected into a mold, and photopolymerized to generate a KeratATE hydrogel encapsulating hMSCs. The freeze-dried photo-cross-linked KeratATE hydrogels had a porous, interconnected, honeycomb microstructure with pore sizes in the 20-60 μm range. The compressive modulus of the hydrogels ranged from 1 to 8 kPa depending on KeratATE concentration. KeratATE hydrogels had <5% mass loss in collagenase solution after 21 days of incubation, whereas the mass loss was 15% in trypsin solution. Degradation of KeratATE hydrogel was strongly dependent on trypsin concentration but independent of collagenase. hMSCs proliferated and adopted an elongated spindle-shape morphology after seeding on KeratATE hydrogel. KeratATE hydrogel supported differentiation of the encapsulated hMSCs to the osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages to the same extent as those hMSCs encapsulated in gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel. The results suggest that keratin allyl thioether hydrogel with controllable degradation is a viable matrix for encapsulation and delivery of stem cells in tissue regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States.
authors.forename: Danial
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barati
authors.affiliation: Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States.
authors.forename: Safaa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kader
authors.affiliation: Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States.
authors.forename: Seyed Ramin
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Pajoum Shariati
authors.affiliation: Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States.
authors.forename: Seyedsina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moeinzadeh
authors.affiliation: Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States.
authors.forename: Roger H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Sawyer
authors.affiliation: Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States.
authors.forename: Esmaiel
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6548-5422
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jabbari
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry*; D007633:Keratins / Q000737:chemistry*; D008027:Light; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D023822:Tissue Engineering
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D020100:Hydrogels; D007633:Keratins