title: Integration of the free liquid membrane into electrokinetic supercharging - capillary electrophoresis for the determination of cationic herbicides in environmental water samples.
abstract: A new approach based on the integration of the free liquid membrane (FLM) into electrokinetic supercharging (EKS) was demonstrated to be a new powerful tool used in order to enhance online preconcentration efficiency in capillary electrophoresis (CE). A small plug of water immiscible organic solvent was used as a membrane interface during the electrokinetic sample injection step in EKS in order to significantly enhance the analyte stacking efficiency. The new online preconcentration strategy was evaluated for the determination of paraquat and diquat present in the environmental water samples. The optimised FLM-EKS conditions employed were as follows: hydrodynamic injection (HI) of 20mM potassium chloride as leading electrolyte at 50mbar for 75s (3% of the total capillary volume) followed by the HI of tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) as FLM at a 1mm length (0.1% of the capillary volume). The sample was injected at 10kV for 360s, followed by the HI of 20mM cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as terminating electrolyte at 50mbar for 50s (2% of the total capillary volume). The separation was performed in 12mM ammonium acetate and 30mM NaCl containing 20% MeOH at +25kV with UV detection at 205nm. Under optimised conditions, the sensitivity was enhanced between 1500- and 1866-fold when compared with the typical HI at 50mbar for 50s. The detection limit of the method for paraquat and diquat was 0.15-0.20ng/mL, with RSDs below 5.5%. Relative recoveries in spiked river water were in the range of 95.4-97.5%. A comparison was also made between the proposed approach with sole preconcentration of the field-enhanced sample injection (FASI) and EKS in the absence of the FLM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mei Qi
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Chui
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Lee Yien
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Thang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. Electronic address: hhsee@utm.my.
authors.forename: Hong Heng
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: See
mesh_terms: D002412:Cations; D004178:Diquat / Q000032:analysis; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D010269:Paraquat / Q000032:analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D006540:Herbicides; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004178:Diquat; D010269:Paraquat
keywords: Capillary electrophoresis; Electrokinetic supercharging; Field-amplified sample injection; Free liquid membrane; Herbicides