title: A simulation study for estimating scatter fraction in whole-body18F-FDG PET/CT.
abstract: Whereas Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is widely utilized in estimation of the scatter component, a simulation model which can calculate the scatter fraction (SF) of each patient is needed for making an accurate image quality assessment for clinical PET images based on the noise equivalent count. In this study, an MC simulation model was constructed which can calculate the SF for various phantoms. We utilized the Geant4 toolkit based on MC simulation to make a model of a PET scanner with a scatter phantom, and SFs calculated with this model were compared with the SF (SFconstant: 44%) measured with use of an actual PET scanner. Additionally, the SF values for an anthropomorphic phantom were calculated from its voxel phantom. Furthermore, we evaluated the impact on the SF due to the difference in the source distribution inside the phantom. The SF calculated from the scatter phantom in the MC simulation was 44%, the same as the SFconstantvalue. The average SF for the anthropomorphic phantom was 41%, but there was a maximum of 14 percentage points difference between each scan range, and the maximum difference in the SF was 8 percentage points for the difference in the source distribution. We constructed an MC simulation model which can calculate SFs for various phantoms. The SF was confirmed to be affected significantly by the source distribution. We judged that the actually measured SFconstantobtained from the PET scanner with the scatter phantom was not suitable for the assessment of the quality of all patient images.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10 Higashiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, 116-8551, Japan.|Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.|Department of Radiation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8564, Japan.
authors.forename: Shota
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hosokawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10 Higashiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, 116-8551, Japan. kzminoue@tmu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kano
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Fuminori
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10 Higashiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, 116-8551, Japan.|Department of Radiological Sciences, Faculty of Radiological Sciences, Japan Health Care College, 434-1 Shin-ei, Kiyota-ku, Sapporo, 004-0839, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.|Yokohama City University School of Medicine Medical Course Radiology, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakagami
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Muramatsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 7-2-10 Higashiogu, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, 116-8551, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fukushi
mesh_terms: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D000072078:Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D051598:Whole Body Imaging
chemical_list: D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18
keywords: 18F-FDG PET/CT; Geant4; Monte Carlo simulation; Noise equivalent count rate; Scatter fraction; Voxel phantom