title: Pump-to-Wheels Methane Emissions from the Heavy-Duty Transportation Sector.
abstract: Pump-to-wheels (PTW) methane emissions from the heavy-duty (HD) transportation sector, which have climate change implications, are poorly documented. In this study, methane emissions from HD natural gas fueled vehicles and the compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) fueling stations that serve them were characterized. A novel measurement system was developed to quantify methane leaks and losses. Engine related emissions were characterized from twenty-two natural gas fueled transit buses, refuse trucks, and over-the-road (OTR) tractors. Losses from six LNG and eight CNG stations were characterized during compression, fuel delivery, storage, and from leaks. Cryogenic boil-off pressure rise and pressure control venting from LNG storage tanks were characterized using theoretical and empirical modeling. Field and laboratory observations of LNG storage tanks were used for model development and evaluation. PTW emissions were combined with a specific scenario to view emissions as a percent of throughput. Vehicle tailpipe and crankcase emissions were the highest sources of methane. Data from this research are being applied by the authors to develop models to forecast methane emissions from the future HD transportation sector.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, PO Box 6106, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.
authors.forename: Nigel N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, PO Box 6106, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.
authors.forename: David L
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8874-4180
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: McKain
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, PO Box 6106, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.
authors.forename: Derek R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, PO Box 6106, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.
authors.forename: W Scott
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Wayne
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, PO Box 6106, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.
authors.forename: Hailin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, PO Box 6106, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.
authors.forename: Vyacheslav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Akkerman
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, PO Box 6106, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.
authors.forename: Cesar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sandoval
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, PO Box 6106, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.
authors.forename: April N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Covington
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, PO Box 6106, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.
authors.forename: Ronald A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mongold
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, PO Box 6106, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hailer
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, PO Box 6106, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States.
authors.forename: Orlando J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Ugarte
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants; D057231:Climate Change; D006801:Humans; D008697:Methane; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D059206:Natural Gas; D014186:Transportation; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D059206:Natural Gas; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D008697:Methane