title: Anthropometric Improvement among HIV Infected Pre-School Children Following Initiation of First Line Anti-Retroviral Therapy: Implications for Follow Up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a lifesaving intervention for HIV infected children. There is a scarcity of data on immunological recovery and its relation with growth indicators among HIV infected young children. The current study aims to assess the pattern of anthropometric Z-score improvement following initiation of first-line ART among under-five children and the relationship between anthropometric Z-score improvement and immunologic recovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included under-five children who were on first-line ART at five major hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. We measured anthropometry and collected clinical and laboratory data at follow up, and we retrieved clinical and anthropometric data at ART initiation from records. Z-scores for each of the anthropometric indices were calculated based on WHO growth standards using ENA for SMART 2011 software. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between time on ART and anthropometric Z-score improvement; and the relationship between anthropometric Z-score improvement and immunologic recovery. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the independent predictors of anthropometric Z-score change.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of the participants was 4.1 (Interquartile range (IQR): 3.3-4.9) years. More than half (52.48%) were female. The median duration of follow up was 1.69 (IQR: 1.08-2.63) years. There was a significant improvement in all anthropometric indices at any follow up after initiation of first-line ART (underweight; 39.5% vs16.5%, stunting; 71.3% vs 62.9% and wasting; 16.3% vs 1.0%; p-value< 0.0001). There was an inverse relationship between improvement in weight for age Z-score (WAZ) and duration of ART (R2 = 0.04; F (1, 158); p = 0.013). Height for age Z-score (HAZ) both at the time of ART initiation and follow up has a positive linear relationship with CD4 percentage at follow up (Coef. = 1.92; R2 = 0.05; p-value = 0.002). Duration on ART (Std. Err. = 0.206, t = -1.99, p-value = 0.049) and level of maternal education (Std. Err. = 0.290, t = 2.64, p-value = 0.009) were the only independent predictors of the change in WAZ and change in HAZ at any follow up visit respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a significant improvement in all anthropometric indices at any follow-up after initiation of first-line ART among under-five children. HAZ was linearly related with immunologic recovery following ART initiation. The findings indicate that anthropometric indices could be taken as proxy indicators of immunologic recovery for under-five children.
authors.affiliation: St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Atnafu Mekonnen
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tekleab
authors.affiliation: Hawassa University, Department of Pediatrics, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Birkneh Tilahun
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-8605
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Tadesse
authors.affiliation: Addis Ababa University, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Ababi Zergaw
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Giref
authors.affiliation: Addis Ababa University, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Damte
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shimelis
authors.affiliation: ALERT Medical Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Meseret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gebre
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents