title: Chemical-Induced Inhibition of Blue Light-Mediated Seedling Development Caused by Disruption of Upstream Signal Transduction Involving Cryptochromes in Arabidopsis thaliana.
abstract: Plants have a remarkable ability to perceive and respond to various wavelengths of light and initiate regulation of different cascades of light signaling and molecular components. While the perception of red light and the mechanisms of its signaling involving phytochromes are largely known, knowledge of the mechanisms of blue light signaling is still limited. Chemical genetics involves the use of diverse small active or synthetic molecules to evaluate biological processes. By combining chemicals and analyzing the effects they have on plant morphology, we identified a chemical, 3-bromo-7-nitroindazole (3B7N), that promotes hypocotyl elongation of wild-type Arabidopsis only under continuous blue light. Further evaluation with loss-of-function mutants confirmed that 3B7N inhibits photomorphogenesis through cryptochrome-mediated light signaling. Microarray analysis demonstrated that the effect of 3B7N treatment on gene expression in cry1cry2 is considerably smaller than that in the wild type, indicating that 3B7N specifically interrupts cryptochrome function in the control of seedling development in a light-dependent manner. We demonstrated that 3B7N directly binds to CRY1 protein using an in vitro binding assay. These results suggest that 3B7N is a novel chemical that directly inhibits plant cryptochrome function by physical binding. The application of 3B7N can be used on other plants to study further the blue light mechanism and the genetic control of cryptochromes in the growth and development of plant species.
authors.affiliation: Synthetic Genomics Research Group, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.|Ecobiomaterial Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Wen-Dee
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.affiliation: Synthetic Genomics Research Group, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Emiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Okubo-Kurihara
authors.affiliation: Synthetic Genomics Research Group, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kurihara
authors.affiliation: Synthetic Genomics Research Group, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Setsuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.affiliation: Synthetic Genomics Research Group, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Makita
authors.affiliation: Synthetic Genomics Research Group, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawashima
authors.affiliation: Bio-Active Compounds Discovery Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Honda
authors.affiliation: Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasumitsu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kondoh
authors.affiliation: Bio-Active Compounds Discovery Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobumoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Osada
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology and Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Sean R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Cutler
authors.affiliation: Ecobiomaterial Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kumar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sudesh
authors.affiliation: Synthetic Genomics Research Group, Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Minami
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsui
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D056931:Cryptochromes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D018546:Hypocotyl / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007191:Indazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008027:Light; D055537:Light Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009024:Morphogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D009154:Mutation; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011485:Protein Binding; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D036226:Seedlings / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C106731:3-bromo-7-nitroindazole; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C538962:CRY1 protein, Arabidopsis; C103618:CRY2 protein, Arabidopsis; D056931:Cryptochromes; D007191:Indazoles
keywords: Blue light; Chemical biology; Cryptochromes; Hypocotyl elongation; Light signaling; Photomorphogenesis