title: Association of trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: To summarize findings of previous studies on the prevalence of trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Conduct Disorder (CD).
  
  
  
  We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines. EBSCOhost, PubMed, CDSR and ARIF databases were searched in October 2016, employing relevant keywords.
  
  
  
  19 studies met inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis resulted in a lifetime PTSD prevalence of 11% (95% CI: 7-17%) in children and adolescents with CD, 14% (95% CI: 12-15%) in adults with pre-existing CD and 32% (95% CI: 25-40%) in juvenile offenders with CD. Higher lifetime PTSD prevalence was observed in individuals with than without CD, and in females compared to males with CD.
  
  
  
  Studies focusing on the association of trauma, PTSD and CD are still relatively rare. Possible comorbidity models are discussed considering psychological and biological risk factors in a comprehensive model. The high rate of PTSD in CD may be due to shared risk factors; furthermore, CD might increase the risk for comorbid PTSD due to CD inherent risk taking behavior. To study pathways of risk, especially longitudinal studies are necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Deutschordenstraße 50, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Electronic address: anka.bernhard@kgu.de.
authors.forename: Anka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernhard
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Deutschordenstraße 50, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martinelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Deutschordenstraße 50, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ackermann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics (IMBI), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130.3, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saure
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Deutschordenstraße 50, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Freitag
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Conduct Disorder; Gender Differences; Models of Comorbidity; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Prevalence; Trauma