title: The Monro-Kellie Doctrine in Action: Posterior Reversible Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome Caused by Intracranial Hypotension from Lumboperitoneal Shunt Placement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is linked to various etiologies, including most importantly systemic hypertension. Its association with intracranial hypotension (IH), a potential sequela of various neurosurgical procedures, is underrecognized. We report a case of lumboperitoneal shunt-induced IH resulting in PRES with the goal to increase awareness and elaborate on the potential biologic mechanism, based on the Monro-Kellie hypothesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 26-year-old woman with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and epilepsy was admitted for recurrent cryptococcal meningitis and breakthrough seizures. There was radiologic evidence of ventricular enlargement, and opening pressure on serial lumbar punctures was constantly elevated. Owing to persistently elevated, symptomatic intracranial pressure and transient relief with serial lumbar punctures, a lumboperitoneal shunt was placed. The patient subsequently had a breakthrough seizure and became encephalopathic. Repeat head imaging showed reduced ventricular size, engorged venous sinuses, and tonsillar herniation in keeping with IH, coupled with extensive white matter abnormalities in bilateral parieto-occipital lobes indicative of PRES. The patient had an emergent programmable valve placed in the lumboperitoneal shunt to prevent excessive cerebrospinal fluid drainage, leading to clinical and radiologic improvement. Subsequent cerebrospinal fluid leak resulted in recurrent presentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IH appears to be a distinct cause of PRES not previously reported in the neurosurgical literature. It occurs in susceptible patients, on average 1-5 days after the IH trigger, and seems clinically and radiologically similar to more common hypertensive cases in terms of initial presentation and prognosis. Increased vigilance is required for prompt recognition and management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Electronic address: ioannis.karakis@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Audrey H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Nuccio
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Jordan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Amadio
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Arthur J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fountain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D065634:Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019585:Intracranial Hypotension / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D054038:Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D015898:Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Intracranial hypotension; Monro-Kellie hypothesis; PRES; Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome