title: Two Flavoenzymes Catalyze the Post-Translational Generation of 5-Chlorotryptophan and 2-Aminovinyl-Cysteine during NAI-107 Biosynthesis.
abstract: Lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified antimicrobial peptides containing thioether rings. In addition to these cross-links, the clinical candidate lantibiotic NAI-107 also possesses a C-terminal S-[(Z)-2-aminovinyl]-d-cysteine (AviCys) and a unique 5-chloro-l-tryptophan (ClTrp) moiety linked to its potent bioactivity. Bioinformatic and genetic analyses on the NAI-107 biosynthetic gene cluster identified mibH and mibD as genes encoding flavoenzymes responsible for the formation of ClTrp and AviCys, respectively. The biochemical basis for the installation of these modifications on NAI-107 and the substrate specificity of either enzyme is currently unknown. Using a combination of mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, and bioinformatic analyses, we demonstrate that MibD is an FAD-dependent Cys decarboxylase and that MibH is an FADH2-dependent Trp halogenase. Most FADH2-dependent Trp halogenases halogenate free Trp, but MibH was only active when Trp was embedded within its cognate peptide substrate deschloro NAI-107. Structural comparison of the 1.88-Å resolution crystal structure of MibH with other flavin-dependent Trp halogenases revealed that subtle amino acid differences within the MibH substrate binding site generates a solvent exposed crevice presumably involved in determining the substrate specificity of this unusual peptide halogenase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Roger Adams Laboratory , 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
authors.forename: Manuel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Roger Adams Laboratory , 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
authors.forename: Dillon P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Cogan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Roger Adams Laboratory , 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
authors.forename: Subha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Roger Adams Laboratory , 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Roger Adams Laboratory , 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Roger Adams Laboratory , 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
authors.forename: Gabrielle N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Thibodeaux
authors.affiliation: NAICONS Srl , Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Sonia I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Maffioli
authors.affiliation: NAICONS Srl , Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Donadio
authors.affiliation: NAICONS Srl , Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sosio
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Texas A&M University , Butler Hall 100, 3258 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States.
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Escano
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Texas A&M University , Butler Hall 100, 3258 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843, United States.
authors.forename: Leif
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0876-7260
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Roger Adams Laboratory , 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.|Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Roger Adams Laboratory , 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
authors.forename: Satish K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Roger Adams Laboratory , 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.|Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Roger Adams Laboratory , 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.|Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Roger Adams Laboratory , 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
authors.forename: Wilfred A
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5467-7071
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: van der Donk
mesh_terms: D002384:Catalysis; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014364:Tryptophan