title: Spatiotemporal distribution and risk assessment of organotins in the surface water of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China.
abstract: The water quality security of the Three Gorges Reservoir during different operating periods has been a subject of recent concern. This study is the first to report the spatiotemporal variability of organotins (OTs) in surface water under dynamic water level conditions in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR). TGRR surface water was collected during three monitoring campaigns to analyze butyltins (BTs) and phenyltins (PTs) using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system. Our results showed that TGRR surface water was polluted by BTs and PTs, with mono-OTs being the dominant species. A wide range of BTs and PTs concentrations was observed across the study area, but tributyltin (TBT) displayed extensive spatial distribution, and the highest concentrations consistently occurred in the downstream region of the TGRR study area, with a maximum of 393.35 ng Sn/L in Zigui (S27). The total OTs contamination level decreased over time. The diphenyltin concentration exhibited significant seasonal variation, while other OTs showed seasonal changes only during two monitoring campaigns, with the exception of dibutyltin. An ecological risk assessment indicated that both TBT and triphenyltin posed risks to aquatic organisms in TGRR surface water. We urgently recommend continuous monitoring and further measures to prevent and control OTs pollution in the TGRR.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; National Centre for International Research of Low-carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, 400045, China. Electronic address: gao-junmin@126.com.
authors.forename: Jun-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
authors.forename: You-Peng
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China; Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
authors.forename: Jin-Song
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Juan
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Ouyang
mesh_terms: D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects; D002681:China; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D009947:Organotin Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Dynamic water level; Organotins; Risk assessment; Spatiotemporal distribution; Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR)