title: Evaluation of perampanel in patients with intellectual disability and epilepsy.
abstract: Initial registration studies of perampanel (PMP), an AMPA receptor antagonist, have now been followed up by 'clinical' studies that confirmed its efficacy and safety in patients with refractory epilepsy. Publications on the use of PMP among patients with intellectual disability (ID) are still limited. This study extends our knowledge with respect to the relevance of PMP for patients with both ID and epilepsy, and furthermore specifies the behavioral side effects of PMP in this specific population.
  
  
  
  Retrospective evaluation of medical records at 3, 6 and 12months of follow-up after the initial start of PMP.
  
  
  
  62 patients were included. 21 patients (33.9%) were female. All patients had complete data of 6months follow-up and we were able to review 42 patients with a 1-year follow-up. Level of ID varied from borderline to profound, and mild ID was most common (43.5%). The mean maximum daily dosage of PMP was 5.6mg (range 1-12mg). Retention rates for PMP were 87.1% and 67.7% after three and six months. A trend indicated a longer mean retention time in patients with a more severe ID (borderline-mild-moderate ID: 205days, severe-profound ID: 275days). Seizure reduction was achieved in 53.2%. 36 patients (58.1%) experienced adverse effects, 80.6% of those within 3months. 45.2% of the patients experienced somatic adverse effects. Most common were fatigue & sleep problems, motor problems & unsteadiness, and gastrointestinal problems. Behavioral adverse effects were present in 40.3%. Most common were aggression, agitated behavior, disruptive behavior, and mood symptoms. Reasons for discontinuation of PMP were lack of efficacy in 14.8%, intolerable adverse effects in 44.4%, and a combination of both in 40.7%. Altogether, 24.2% (15/62) of the patients achieved seizure reduction without experiencing adverse effects, though none reached seizure freedom.
  
  
  
  The use of PMP might lead to an effective seizure reduction without adverse effects in a minority of patients with both epilepsy and ID. Pre-existing behavioral problems or polypharmacy do not predict the occurrence of additional behavioral adverse effects, implying that these patients need not be excluded from the introduction of PMP when clinically indicated. Patients should, ideally, be monitored at a multidisciplinary clinic.
authors.affiliation: Academic Centre for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe, Department of Residential Care, The Netherlands. Electronic address: SchouwenaarsF@kempenhaeghe.nl.
authors.forename: Francesca M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Snoeijen-Schouwenaars
authors.affiliation: Academic Centre for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe, Department of Residential Care, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jans S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: van Ool
authors.affiliation: Academic Centre for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe, Department of Residential Care, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: In Y
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Academic Centre for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe, Department of Neurology, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Helenius J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Schelhaas
authors.affiliation: Academic Centre for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe, Department of Neurology, The Netherlands; School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands; School of Health Professions Education, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marian H J M
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Majoie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000069279:Drug Resistant Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009570:Nitriles; D011728:Pyridones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D009570:Nitriles; D011728:Pyridones; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; C551441:perampanel
keywords: Adverse effects; Behavior; Efficacy; Intellectual disability; Perampanel