title: Development and evaluation of wheel-controlled pitch-adjustable electrolarynx.
abstract: Tone is important in tonal languages, especially in Mandarin. However, there is presently no commercially available electrolarynx (EL) for laryngectomized Mandarin speakers. Moreover, few studies have focused on this area. Our purpose is to design an EL that produces the four Mandarin tones and to evaluate its performance. We designed a wheel-controlled pitch-adjustable EL and manufactured a prototype (Wheel-EL). Using monosyllables, disyllabic segments, and frequently used phrases, we evaluated speech produced by Wheel-EL and by monotone (M-TruTone) and variable-frequency modes (V-TruTone) of the commercially available TruTone EL. The pitch contours of the high-level (HL), middle-rising (MR), and falling-rising (FR) tones produced by Wheel-EL most closely matched the natural speech characteristics of a native speaker. However, redundant sounds were generated in the high-falling (HF) tone. The statistical accuracy of Wheel-EL's tone and word perception was significantly higher than that of other EL types. However, no significant differences existed in acceptability among the three EL speech types. Wheel-EL produces better HL, MR, and FR tones in Mandarin than either M-TruTone or V-TruTone. Nevertheless, redundant sounds affect HF phonation. Accurate tone judgment can improve the intelligibility of EL speech in Mandarin but has no obvious effect on acceptability.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
authors.forename: Yijun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
authors.forename: Ze
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China. hjniu@buaa.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Haijun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Niu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007831:Larynx, Artificial; D008297:Male; D013018:Sound Spectrography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013071:Speech, Alaryngeal / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: Electrolarynx; Objective evaluation; Pitch adjustment; Subjective evaluation; Wheel