title: A preliminary study of movement intensity during a Go/No-Go task and its association with ADHD outcomes and symptom severity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  At present, there are no well-validated biomarkers for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present study used an infrared motion tracking system to monitor and record the movement intensity of children and to determine its diagnostic precision for ADHD and its possible associations with ratings of ADHD symptom severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Microsoft motion sensing camera recorded the movement of children during a modified Go/No-Go Task. Movement intensity measures extracted from these data included a composite measure of total movement intensity (TMI measure) and a movement intensity distribution (MID measure) measure across 15 frequency bands (FB measures). In phase 1 of the study, 30 children diagnosed with ADHD or at subthreshold for ADHD and 30 matched healthy controls were compared to determine if measures of movement intensity successfully distinguished children with ADHD from healthy control children. In phase 2, associations between measures of movement intensity and clinician-rated ADHD symptom severity (Clinical Global Impression Scale [CGI] and the ADHD-Rating Scale IV [ADHD-RS]) were examined in a subset of children with ADHD (n = 14) from the phase I sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both measures of movement intensity were able to distinguish children with ADHD from healthy controls. However, only the measures linked to the 15 pre-determined 1 Hz frequency bands were significantly correlated with both the CGI scores and ADHD-RS total scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preliminary findings suggest that measures of movement intensity, particularly measures linked to the 10-11 and 12-13 Hz frequency bands, have the potential to become valid biomarkers for ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 218 South Block, #16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 People's Republic of China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fenghua
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, I-265 SHM, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520-7900 USA.|Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 2001 8th Ave #400, Seattle, WA 98121 USA.
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shic
authors.affiliation: Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, I-265 SHM, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520-7900 USA.|Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE USA.
authors.forename: Christina C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xixi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yanjie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 218 South Block, #16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhengkui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, I-265 SHM, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520-7900 USA.
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Leckman
keywords: ADHD; Biomarker; Frequency bands; Infrared motion tracking system; Microsoft Kinect; Movement intensity