title: Which Diet-Related Behaviors in Childhood Influence a Healthier Dietary Pattern? From the Ewha Birth and Growth Cohort.
abstract: This study was performed to examine how childhood dietary patterns change over the short term and which changes in diet-related behaviors influence later changes in individual dietary patterns. Using food frequency questionnaire data obtained from children at 7 and 9 years of age from the Ewha Birth and Growth Cohort, we examined dietary patterns by principal component analysis. We calculated the individual changes in dietary pattern scores. Changes in dietary habits such as eating a variety of food over two years were defined as "increased", "stable", or "decreased". The dietary patterns, termed "healthy intake", "animal food intake", and "snack intake", were similar at 7 and 9 years of age. These patterns explained 32.3% and 39.1% of total variation at the ages of 7 and 9 years, respectively. The tracking coefficient of snack intake had the highest coefficient (γ = 0.53) and that of animal food intake had the lowest (γ = 0.21). Intra-individual stability in dietary habits ranged from 0.23 to 0.47, based on the sex-adjusted weighted kappa values. Of the various behavioral factors, eating breakfast every day was most common in the "stable" group (83.1%), whereas consuming milk or dairy products every day was the least common (49.0%). Moreover, changes in behavior that improved the consumption of milk or dairy products or encouraged the consumption of vegetables with every meal had favorable effects on changes in healthy dietary pattern scores over two years. However, those with worsened habits, such as less food variety and more than two portions of fried or stir-fried food every week, had unfavorable effects on changes in healthy dietary pattern scores. Our results suggest that diet-related behaviors can change, even over a short period, and these changes can affect changes in dietary pattern.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea. khyeah@naver.com.
authors.forename: Hye Ah
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials Research Institute, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Korea. fullmoon0118@naver.com.
authors.forename: Hyo Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Food & Nutrition, Research Center for Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea. seyoung@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Se Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea. pea8639@ewha.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Eun Ae
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea. sujin-cho@ewha.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Su Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea. hyesk@ewha.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hae Soon
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea. hpark@ewha.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hyesook
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D062408:Breakfast; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003611:Dairy Products; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables
keywords: children; diet-related behavior; dietary pattern; longitudinal study