title: Whole body acid-base modeling revisited.
abstract: The textbook account of whole body acid-base balance in terms of endogenous acid production, renal net acid excretion, and gastrointestinal alkali absorption, which is the only comprehensive model around, has never been applied in clinical practice or been formally validated. To improve understanding of acid-base modeling, we managed to write up this conventional model as an expression solely on urine chemistry. Renal net acid excretion and endogenous acid production were already formulated in terms of urine chemistry, and we could from the literature also see gastrointestinal alkali absorption in terms of urine excretions. With a few assumptions it was possible to see that this expression of net acid balance was arithmetically identical to minus urine charge, whereby under the development of acidosis, urine was predicted to acquire a net negative charge. The literature already mentions unexplained negative urine charges so we scrutinized a series of seminal papers and confirmed empirically the theoretical prediction that observed urine charge did acquire negative charge as acidosis developed. Hence, we can conclude that the conventional model is problematic since it predicts what is physiologically impossible. Therefore, we need a new model for whole body acid-base balance, which does not have impossible implications. Furthermore, new experimental studies are needed to account for charge imbalance in urine under development of acidosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; and tring@gvdnet.dk.|Department of Health and Science Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Troels
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ring
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Science Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium; D000138:Acidosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000652:urine; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008954:Models, Biological; D065667:Renal Elimination; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry
keywords: acidosis; charge balance; physiological modeling; strong ions