title: Tear Film and Ocular Surface Evaluation in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dry eye syndrome is one of the complaints of diabetic patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the tear functions in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) using tests: Schirmer, tear break-up time (TBUT), and tear film osmolarity (TFO) tests and the Ocular Surface Disease Index score (OSDI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women with GDM (Group 1, n=46) and healthy pregnant women (Group 2, n=36) were enrolled. Initially, all participants were asked to answer the OSDI and then they underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination including Schirmer, TBUT, and TFO tests. The individuals with ocular or systemic disorders that might affect the tear function tests and who were using topical medications were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of Schirmer, TBUT, TFO tests and OSDI scores were 11.20±4.93 mm, 5.59±2.16 sec, 309.65±14.80 mOsm/L, and 9.59 ± 9.69 in Group 1, respectively, and 12.33±5.33 mm, 5.67±2.68 sec, 308.36±16.00 mOsm/L, and 10.62±8.66 in Group 2, respectively. There was no significant difference in any of the tear function tests and OSDI scores between the study groups (p>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GDM seems to have no negative effects on tear function tests. This may be due to a lack of duration of hyperglycemia long enough to affect the tear function tests of pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Diskapi Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.affiliation: b Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Acar
authors.affiliation: a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Diskapi Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey.|c Schulze Diabetes Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kizilgul
authors.affiliation: d Department of Ophthalmology , Samsun Teaching and Research Hospital , Samsun , Turkey.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beyazyildiz
authors.affiliation: b Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Cankaya
authors.affiliation: a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Diskapi Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Apaydin
authors.affiliation: a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Diskapi Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beysel
authors.affiliation: a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Diskapi Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ozbek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003315:Cornea / Q000473:pathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D013666:Tears / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
keywords: Dry eye; Schirmer; gestational diabetes mellitus; tear break-up time; tear film osmolarity; tear function tests