title: Potential gingival crevicular fluid and serum biomarkers by stage of HIV infection.
abstract: This study evaluates the potential of gingival crevicular fluid and serum cytokines as HIV stage biomarkers.
  
  
  
  Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum samples from 78 HIV-positive adult male subjects (cases) and 39 HIV-negative male subjects (controls) from Mexico were examined for 17 cytokines using multiplex ELISA. Participants were divided into five subgroups by HIV stage of infection on age-specific CD4+ T-lymphocyte count and antiretroviral therapy (ART), and further correlated to the cytokine levels.
  
  
  
  GCF concentrations of IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, G-CSF and MCP-1, as well as serum concentrations of IL-1β, IL-2 and IL-6 showed a statistically significant difference among subgroups. We found a significant effect size correlation on cytokines expression levels. Subjects who were not in ART showed significantly higher levels of some of the analyzed cytokines compared to the rest. We found that GCF IL-8 was a significant predictor for the Non-ART HIV status (p<0.05). We observed the same result for GCF G-CSF in the ART Short-term group and serum GM-CSF in the ART Long-term subgroup.
  
  
  
  Results indicate a high variability of GCF and serum cytokines concentrations and low frequency of their detection in different HIV/ART stages. However, within the limits of the present study, some GCF and serum cytokine concentrations correlate positively. Oral and periodontal innate immunity is affected by HIV viremia and ART. GCF IL-8, G-CSF, as well as serum IL-8, MCP-1 and GM-CSF may be useful biomarkers for the detection of disease presence and/or its severity due to HIV infection and ART use.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Department of Biopharmaceuticals and Biopharmaceutical Engineering, FEMSA Biotechnology Center, National Graduate School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico; Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Doctorate School, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; Medical and Health Sciences Program, Department of Basic Sciences, National School of Medicine, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico. Electronic address: je.elizondo.phd.mty@itesm.mx.
authors.forename: Jesús Eduardo
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Elizondo
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Department of Biopharmaceuticals and Biopharmaceutical Engineering, FEMSA Biotechnology Center, National Graduate School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors.forename: María Del Refugio
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Rocha-Pizaña
authors.affiliation: Medical and Surgical Dentist Program, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ana Cecilia
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Treviño
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Doctorate School, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Violant
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Department of Biopharmaceuticals and Biopharmaceutical Engineering, FEMSA Biotechnology Center, National Graduate School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico; Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Mario Moisés
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Álvarez
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Department of Virology, Laboratory of Molecular Infectology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ana María
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Rivas-Estilla
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Antiretroviral therapy; Biomarkers; Cytokine; Gingival crevicular fluid; HIV; Mexico; Periodontal diseases