title: Polychromatic SSVEP stimuli with subtle flickering adapted to brain-display interactions.
abstract: Interactive displays armed with natural user interfaces (NUIs) will likely lead the next breakthrough in consumer electronics, and brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are often regarded as the ultimate NUI-enabling machines to respond to human emotions and mental states. Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) are a commonly used BCI modality due to the ease of detection and high information transfer rates. However, the presence of flickering stimuli may cause user discomfort and can even induce migraines and seizures. With the aim of designing visual stimuli that can be embedded into video images, this study developed a novel approach to induce detectable SSVEPs using a composition of red/green/blue flickering lights.
  
  
  
  Based on the opponent theory of colour vision, this study used 32 Hz/40 Hz rectangular red-green or red-blue LED light pulses with a 50% duty cycle, balanced/equal luminance and 0°/180° phase shifts as the stimulating light sources and tested their efficacy in producing SSVEP responses with high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) while reducing the perceived flickering sensation.
  
  
  
  The empirical results from ten healthy subjects showed that dual-colour lights flickering at 32 Hz/40 Hz with a 50% duty cycle and 180° phase shift achieved a greater than 90% detection accuracy with little or no flickering sensation.
  
  
  
  As a first step in developing an embedded SSVEP stimulus in commercial displays, this study provides a foundation for developing a combination of three primary colour flickering backlights with adjustable luminance proportions to create a subtle flickering polychromatic light that can elicit SSVEPs at the basic flickering frequency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Photonics, National Chiao Tung University, 30010 Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Yi
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.forename: Fang-Cheng
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Zao
authors.forename: Ching-Chi
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Yi-Pai
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Heng-Yuan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Yijun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Tzyy-Ping
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Han-Ping D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Shieh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D003116:Color; D055253:Color Vision / Q000502:physiology*; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005425:Flicker Fusion / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D014584:User-Computer Interface