title: Parental Perceptions of the Social Environment Are Inversely Related to Constraint of Adolescents' Neighborhood Physical Activity.
abstract: The current study examined relationships between the neighborhood social environment (parental perceived collective efficacy (PCE)), constrained behaviors (e.g., avoidance or defensive behaviors) and adolescent offspring neighborhood physical activity in low- versus high-incivility neighborhoods.
  
  
  
  Adolescents (n= 71; 11-18 years (14.2, SD ± 1.6); male = 37 (52%); non-white = 24 (33.8%); low-income = 20 (29%); overweight/obese = 40 (56%)) and their parents/guardians enrolled in the Molecular and Social Determinants of Obesity in Developing Youth study were included in the current study. Questionnaires measured parents'/guardians' PCE, constrained outdoor play practices and offspring neighborhood physical activity. Systematic social observation performed at the parcel-level using Google Street View assessed neighborhood incivilities.t-tests and chi-square tests determined differences by incivilities. Multilevel regression models examined relationships between PCE and: (1) constrained behaviors; and (2) neighborhood physical activity. The Hayes (2013) macro determined the mediating role of constrained behaviors.
  
  
  
  Parents who had higher PCE reported lower levels of avoidance (p= 0.04) and defensive (p= 0.05) behaviors. However, demographic variables (i.e., gender, race and annual household income) limited these results. The direct relationship between PCE and parent-reported neighborhood physical activity was statistically significant in high-incivility neighborhoods only. Neither avoidance nor defensive behavior mediated the relationship between PCE and neighborhood physical activity.
  
  
  
  PCE influences parenting behaviors related to youth physical activity. Community-based programs that seek to facilitate social cohesion and control may be needed to increase adolescents' physical activity.
authors.affiliation: Contextual Risk Factors Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Avenue, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA. maura.kepper@pbrc.edu.|Behavioral & Community Health Sciences Department, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. maura.kepper@pbrc.edu.
authors.forename: Maura
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kepper
authors.affiliation: Contextual Risk Factors Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Avenue, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA. stephanie.broyles@pbrc.edu.|Behavioral & Community Health Sciences Department, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. stephanie.broyles@pbrc.edu.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Broyles
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. rscrib@lsuhsc.edu.|Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. rscrib@lsuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scribner
authors.affiliation: Behavioral & Community Health Sciences Department, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. ttseng@lsuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Tung-Sung
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.affiliation: Behavioral & Community Health Sciences Department, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. jzabal@lsuhsc.edu.|Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. jzabal@lsuhsc.edu.|Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. jzabal@lsuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Jovanny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zabaleta
authors.affiliation: Behavioral & Community Health Sciences Department, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. lgri10@lsuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: Behavioral & Community Health Sciences Department, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. msothe@lsuhsc.edu.|Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. msothe@lsuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Melinda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sothern
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D002648:Child; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D010465:Perception; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: adolescent outdoor play; parenting behaviors; physical activity; social environment