title: Extinction, emission, and scattering spectroscopy of 5-50 nm citrate-coated gold nanoparticles: An argument for curvature effects on aggregation.
abstract: The interaction of macromolecules with gold nanoparticles (GNPs) is of interest in the emerging field of biomedical and environmental detection devices. However, the physicochemical properties, including spectra, of GNPs in aqueous solution in the absence of metal-macromolecular interactions must first be considered before their activity in biological and environmental systems can be understood. The specific objective of this research was to experimentally illuminate the role of nanoparticle core size on the spectral (simultaneous consideration of extinction, emission, and scattering) versus aggregation behaviors of citrate-coated GNPs (CT-GNPs). It is difficult to find in the literature systematic simultaneous presentation of scattering, emission, and extinction spectra, including the UV range, and thus the present work will aid those who would use such particles for spectroscopic related separations or sensors. The spectroscopic behavior of CT-GNPs with different core sizes (5, 10, 30, and 50nm) was studied in ultra-pure water at pH6.0-6.5 employing UV-visible extinction, excitation-emission matrix (EEM), resonance Rayleigh scattering, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) spectroscopies. The CT-GNP-5 and CT-GNP-10 samples aggregated, absorbed light, and emitted light. In contrast, the CT-GNP-30 and CT-GNP-50 samples did not aggregate and did not emit light, but scattered light intensely. Multimodal peaks were observed in the intensity-based DLS spectra of CT-GNP-5 and CT-GNP-10 samples. Monomodal peaks in the volume-based DLS spectra overestimated particle diameters by 60% and 30% for the CT-GNP-5 and CT-GNP-10 samples, respectively, but underestimated diameters by 10% and 4% for the CT-GNP-30 and CT-GNP-50 samples. The volume-based DLS spectra indicated that dimer and trimer aggregates contributed most to the overall volume of particles in the 5- and 10-nm CT-GNPs, whereas the CT-GNP-30 and CT-GNP-50 samples did not aggregate. Here, we discuss the potential influence that differences in preparation, ionic strength, zeta potential, and conformation of adsorbed citrate anions (due to surface curvature of corona) may exert on the aggregation and spectral observations in these data. In particular, the severe surface curvature of the 5- and 10-nm GNP corona may affect the efficiency of the di-/tribasic citrate compatiblizer molecule to shield the core from interactions with light and from GNP-GNP homoaggregation.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Management, Utilization and Protection of Water Resources, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN 38505, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN 38505, United States.
authors.forename: Milad Rabbani
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Esfahani
authors.affiliation: Center for the Management, Utilization and Protection of Water Resources, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN 38505, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN 38505, United States.
authors.forename: Vasanta L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Pallem
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN 38505, United States. Electronic address: hstretz@tntech.edu.
authors.forename: Holly A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Stretz
authors.affiliation: EnviroChem Services, 224 Windsor Drive, Cookeville, TN 38506, United States. Electronic address: info@envirochemservices.net.
authors.forename: Martha J M
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wells
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000838:Anions; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000067493:Dynamic Light Scattering; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010316:Particle Size; D012996:Solutions; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D055672:Static Electricity; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D012996:Solutions; D019343:Citric Acid; D006046:Gold
keywords: Citric acid stabilizer; Dynamic light scattering; Excitation-emission matrix (EEM); Gold nanoparticle; Rayleigh resonance scattering