title: The use of computerized clinical decision support systems in emergency care: a substantive review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  : This paper provides a substantive review of international literature evaluating the impact of computerized clinical decision support systems (CCDSSs) on the care of emergency department (ED) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  : A literature search was conducted using Medline, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase electronic resources, and gray literature. Studies were selected if they compared the use of a CCDSS with usual care in a face-to-face clinical interaction in an ED.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : Of the 23 studies included, approximately half demonstrated a statistically significant positive impact on aspects of clinical care with the use of CCDSSs. The remaining studies showed small improvements, mainly around documentation. However, the methodological quality of the studies was poor, with few or no controls to mitigate against confounding variables. The risk of bias was high in all but 6 studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : The ED environment is complex and does not lend itself to robust quantitative designs such as randomized controlled trials. The quality of the research in ∼75% of the studies was poor, and therefore conclusions cannot be drawn from these results. However, the studies with a more robust design show evidence of the positive impact of CCDSSs on ED patient care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first review to consider the role of CCDSSs in emergency care and expose the research in this area. The role of CCDSSs in emergency care may provide some solutions to the current challenges in EDs, but further high-quality research is needed to better understand what technological solutions can offer clinicians and patients.
authors.affiliation: Greater Manchester Academic Health Science Network, Citylabs, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Midwifery, Social Work, and Social Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Hardiker
mesh_terms: D003658:Decision Making, Computer-Assisted; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006801:Humans
keywords: computer decision support; computerized clinical decision support system; emergency care; emergency department