title: An injectable poly(caprolactone trifumarate-gelatin microparticles) (PCLTF-GMPs) scaffold for irregular bone defects: Physical and mechanical characteristics.
abstract: Recently, a modified form of a three-dimension (3D) porous poly(caprolactone-trifumarate) (PCLTF) scaffold has been produced using a fabrication technique that involves gelatin microparticles porogen leaching. This poly(caprolactone trifumarate-gelatin microparticles) (PCLTF-GMPs) scaffold has been shown to be biocompatible, more flowable clinically, and has a shorter degradation time as compared to its existing predecessors. In this report, a detailed characterization of this new scaffold was performed by testing its cytocompatibility, analyzing the surface topography, and understanding its thermal, physical and mechanical properties. The result showed that the PCLTF-GMPs has no critical cytotoxic effect. To confirm improvement, the surface properties were compared against the older version of PCLTF fabricated using salt porogen leaching. This PCLTF-GMPs scaffold showed no significant difference (unpaired t-test; p>0.05) in mechanical properties before and after gelatin leaching. However, it is mechanically weaker when compared to its predecessors. It has a high biodegradability rate of 16weeks. The pore size produced ranges from 40 to 300μm, and the RMS roughness is 613.7±236.9nm. These characteristics are condusive for osteoblast in-growth, as observed by the extension of filopodia across the macropores. Overall, this newly produced material has good thermal, physical and mechanical properties that complements its biocompatibility and ease of use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nisreen Mohammed
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Al-Namnam
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Muralithran Govindan
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kutty
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Wen Lin
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kien Oon
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kah Hwi
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Chong Huat
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Siar
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: ngeowy@um.edu.my.
authors.forename: Wei Cheong
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Ngeow
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D019245:Compressive Strength; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013718:Tensile Strength; D013818:Thermogravimetry; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D011091:Polyesters; D014867:Water; C016240:polycaprolactone; D005780:Gelatin
keywords: Bone tissue engineering; Copolymer scaffold; Cytotoxicity; Mechanical properties; Porosity; Surface analysis