title: Internal Structures of the Globus Pallidus in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: Evaluation with Phase Difference-enhanced Imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The medial medullary lamina (MML) separates the medial globus pallidus (GPm) from the lateral. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in appearance of MML related to age using the phase difference-enhanced (PADRE) imaging and to determine whether PADRE can depict the MML in the patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We enrolled 20 patients with PD and 50 normal control subjects (NC). First, for the visualization of the MML in the NC, we compared the PADRE, susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI)-like images and T2weighted imaging (WI) by using multiple comparison. The grading methods are as follows: grade 1; MML was not delineated, grade 2; less than half of MML was delineated, grade 3; more than half of MML was delineated and grade 4; whole MML was clearly delineated. We determined grade 3 and 4 as good depiction, delineating the GPm. Then, we evaluated patients with PD using the same method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In NC, the delineation of MML was good in 84% of cases on PADRE, but only 34% of cases showed a good depiction on SWI-like images (average grading score 3.31 vs 2.11, P < 0.05). No MML was delineated in all cases on T2WI. Although younger subjects tended to show whole MML clearly, a part of MML tends to be obscured with age on PADRE. In patients with PD the depiction of MML on PADRE was also good in 90% of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PADRE technique facilitates the depiction of the MML within globus pallidus (GP) on a broad range of age NC and patients with PD and it is superior to SWI-like images and T2WI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ide
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kakeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics in Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoneda
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moriya
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Keita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ogasawara
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Futatsuya
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Norihiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ohnari
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics in Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hiai
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Oncology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Atsuji
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsuyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Pathology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujiwara
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Oncology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hisaoka
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Yukunori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Korogi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D066127:White Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology
keywords: Globus Pallidus; magnetic resonance imaging; medial medullary lamina; phase difference-enhanced