title: Synthetic approaches towards the multi target drug spironolactone and its potent analogues/derivatives.
abstract: Spironolactone is a well-known multi-target drug and is specifically used for the treatment of high blood pressure and heart failure. It is also used for the treatment of edema, cirrhosis of the liver, malignant, pediatric, nephrosis and primary hyperaldosteronism. Spironolactone in association with thiazide diuretics treats hypertension and in association with furosemide treats bronchopulmonary dyspepsia. The therapeutic mechanism of action of spironolactone involves binding to intracellular mineralocorticoids receptors (MRs) in kidney epithelial cells, thereby inhibiting the binding of aldosterone. Since its first synthesis in 1957 there are several synthetic approaches have been reported throughout the years, Synthetic community has devoted efforts to improve the synthesis of spironolactone and to synthesize its analogues and derivatives. This review aims to provide comprehensive insight for the synthetic endeavors devoted towards the synthesis of a versatile drug spironolactone and its analogues/derivatives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Fayaz Ali
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Larik
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan. Electronic address: aamersaeed@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Aamer
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Danish
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shahzad
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faisal
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Hesham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El-Seedi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Haroon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mehfooz
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Pervaiz Ali
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Channar
mesh_terms: D000450:Aldosterone / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000737:chemistry; D000736:Androstenes / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D002192:Canrenone / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002703:Chloranil / Q000737:chemistry; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone / Q000737:chemistry; D000077545:Eplerenone; D006801:Humans; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018161:Receptors, Mineralocorticoid / Q000378:metabolism; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000730:Androstadienes; D000736:Androstenes; D018161:Receptors, Mineralocorticoid; D002703:Chloranil; D013148:Spironolactone; D003687:Dehydroepiandrosterone; D000450:Aldosterone; D000077545:Eplerenone; D002192:Canrenone; C035143:spirorenone; C035144:drospirenone
keywords: Aldosterone; Canrenone; Eplerenone; Spironolactone; Synthesis