title: Toxicity associated to uptake and depuration of carbamazepine in the clam Scrobicularia plana under a chronic exposure.
abstract: Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an antiepileptic drug commonly detected in aquatic systems, with toxic effects to inhabiting organisms. Limited information is known on stress response biomarkers associated to bioconcentration and depuration of CBZ in aquatic organisms. Moreover, few studies addressed if the response and recovery of organisms to a contaminant can change when they are collected in a contaminated site. This study intended to understand the bioconcentration and depuration of CBZ combined with its toxicological impact in Scrobicularia plana clams collected from two contrasting areas (MIRA, Mira channel, non-contaminated and LAR, Laranjo bay, anthropogenically impacted) from the Ria de Aveiro (Portugal). The clams were exposed for 14days to environmentally relevant CBZ concentrations (0.0, 4.0 and 8.0μg/L), followed by a 14day depuration period. CBZ concentrations in S. plana tissues were rapidly bioconcentrated during the exposure period. In the depuration period CBZ was eliminated, in some extent. The main toxic effects occurred at the highest concentration (8.0μg/L) after 14days of exposure in which the clams from LAR accumulated a higher CBZ concentration (LAR: ~10ng/g FW) than clams from MIRA (MIRA: ~7ng/g FW). LAR clams exhibited higher oxidative damage at this concentration, demonstrated by higher LPO levels over time (increase of ~1.4% relative to control) and, in comparison with MIRA clams (LAR: 17.7nmol/g FW; MIRA: 11.4nmol/g FW). After the depuration period, LAR clams recovered from the stress induced by CBZ. A decrease in LPO for LAR (decrease of ~40% in relation to the end of the exposure period) was accompanied by a decrease in CBZ tissue concentrations (decrease of ~61% relative to the end of the exposure period). MIRA clams were not oxidatively injured (low LPO levels remained unchanged after the depuration and CBZ decreased ~80% relative to the end of the exposure period).
authors.affiliation: Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ângela
authors.initials: Â
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Vânia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Calisto
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Valdemar I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Esteves
authors.affiliation: BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Rudolf J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Amadeu M V M
authors.initials: AMVM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Etelvina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Figueira
authors.affiliation: Biology Department & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: rosafreitas@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Freitas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011174:Portugal; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002220:Carbamazepine
keywords: Biomarkers; Invertebrates; Oxidative stress; Pharmaceutical drugs