title: Low Temperature Tolerance of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Eggs, Larvae, and Pupae From Temperate and Subtropical Climates.
abstract: Culicoides sonorensis Wirth and Jones biting midges are the primary North American vectors of bluetongue virus (BTV), which infects domestic ruminant livestock and can cause high morbidity and mortality. Both virus and vector exhibit highly seasonal activity patterns, even in subtropical climates like southern California. However, the exact mechanism of BTV and Culicoides overwintering has been debated. In this study, we examined the supercooling point (SCP) and lower lethal temperature of a laboratory colony of C. sonorensis eggs, larvae, and pupae, as well as of field-collected larvae and pupae from subtropical (California) and temperate (Colorado) climates. Larvae and pupae succumbed to temperatures higher than their respective SCPs, indicating death from prefreezing cold injury. Eggs were the most cold-tolerant life stage, and were able to tolerate 1-h exposures to temperatures as low as -20 °C without suffering complete mortality. Larvae were the least cold-tolerant life stage and suffered complete mortality at < -4 °C, while temperatures of -9 to -10 °C were required to kill all pupae. Larvae and embryos suffered chronic cold injury after exposure to subzero temperatures, which increased mortality. Field-collected larvae succumbed to slightly higher temperatures ( > -3 °C) than colony larvae, but did not differ significantly in their survival. Culicoides sonorensis immatures did not cold harden when exposed to 4 °C for 24 h before freezing. Results of this study indicate that C. sonorensis eggs are more tolerant of environmental stress than previously thought. Further work is needed on C. sonorensis winter survival in the field to corroborate laboratory studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 (emily.mcdermott@email.ucr.edu; bradley.mullens@ucr.edu).
authors.forename: Emily G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 (christie.mayo@colostate.edu).
authors.forename: Christie E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Mayo
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 (emily.mcdermott@email.ucr.edu; bradley.mullens@ucr.edu).
authors.forename: Bradley A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Mullens
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002519:Ceratopogonidae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D002980:Climate; D005260:Female; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D010063:Ovum / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D011679:Pupa / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D013696:Temperature
keywords: California; Colorado; Culicoides sonorensis; cold tolerance; immature