title: Ergonomics of laparoscopic graspers and the importance of haptic feedback: the surgeons' perspective.
abstract: Haptic feedback is drastically reduced in laparoscopic surgery compared to open surgery. Introducing enhanced haptic feedback in laparoscopic instruments might well improve surgical safety and efficiency. In the design process of a laparoscopic grasper with enhanced haptic feedback, handle design should be addressed to strive for optimal usability and comfort. Additionally, the surgeons' perspective on the potential benefits of haptic feedback should be assessed to ascertain the clinical interest of enhanced haptic feedback. A questionnaire was designed to determine surgeons' use and preferences for laparoscopic instruments and expectations about enhanced haptic feedback. Surgeons were also asked whether they experience physical complaints related to laparoscopic instruments. The questionnaire was distributed to a group of laparoscopic surgeons based in Europe. From the 279 contacted subjects, 98 completed the questionnaire (response rate 35 %). Of all respondents, 77 % reported physical complaints directly attributable to the use of laparoscopic instruments. No evident similarity in the main preference for graspers was found, either with or without haptic feedback. According to respondents, the added value of haptic feedback could be of particular use in feeling differences in tissue consistencies, feeling the applied pressure, locating a tumor or enlarged lymph node, feeling arterial pulse, and limiting strain in the surgeon's hand. This study stresses that the high prevalence of physical complaints directly related to laparoscopic instruments among laparoscopic surgeons is still relevant. Furthermore, the potential benefits of enhanced haptic feedback in laparoscopic surgery are recognized by laparoscopic specialists. Therefore, haptic feedback is considered an unmet need in laparoscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Chantal C J
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Alleblas
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Riverland Hospital, Tiel, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michel P H
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Vleugels
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Theodoor E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Nieboer
keywords: Ergonomics; Haptic feedback; Human-product interaction; Laparoscopy