title: Predictors of Discordance between Symptoms and Signs in Dry Eye Disease.
abstract: To investigate predictors of discordance between symptoms and signs in dry eye disease (DED).
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional association study.
  
  
  
  A total of 648 patients with dry eye from the Groningen LOngitudinal Sicca StudY (GLOSSY), a tertiary dry eye clinic patient cohort from the Netherlands.
  
  
  
  Patient symptoms were assessed using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire. Dry eye signs were assessed by tear osmolarity, Schirmer test, tear breakup time, corneal and conjunctival staining, and meibomian gland dysfunction, all in both eyes, and a composite dry eye signs severity score was calculated from these 6 tests for each patient. Linear regression analysis was used to test the association of discordance between symptoms and signs with a wide range of independent variables (demographic and environmental variables, systemic diseases, ocular traits, and medications).
  
  
  
  Predictors of discordance between symptoms and signs in DED, defined by the difference between the rank score of the OSDI and the rank score of the dry eye signs severity score.
  
  
  
  Of the 648 subjects in this cohort, 536 (82.7%) were female and the mean age was 55.8 years (standard deviation, 15.6 years). Significant predictors of greater symptoms than signs were the presence of a chronic pain syndrome, atopic diseases, a known allergy, the use of antihistamines (all P < 0.001), depression (P = 0.003), osteoarthritis (P = 0.008), and the use of antidepressants (P = 0.02). Predictors of lesser symptoms than signs were increased age (P < 0.001) and the presence of Sjögren's disease (P < 0.001) (primary Sjögren's disease, P < 0.001) more than secondary Sjögren's disease (P = 0.08), and graft-versus-host disease (P = 0.04). Furthermore, greater symptoms compared with signs were highly associated with lower self-perceived health (P < 0.001).
  
  
  
  This large clinical study has shown that discordance between symptoms and signs in DED is an indicator of self-perceived health. The study found important predictors of greater symptoms to signs but also predictors of lesser symptoms to signs. Awareness of these predictors is helpful in assessing patients with dry eye in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, Waterloo, London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, Waterloo, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: jelle.vehof@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vehof
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sillevis Smitt-Kamminga
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Simone A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nibourg
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, Waterloo, London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, Waterloo, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hammond
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis*; D058447:Eye Pain / Q000175:diagnosis; D005141:Eyelid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D008537:Meibomian Glands / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000175:diagnosis; D010808:Physical Examination; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013666:Tears / Q000737:chemistry