title: Selectivity of plant extracts for Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae).
abstract: We evaluated the selectivity of three plant extracts with potential insecticidal effects for the parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, which is commonly used in biological pest control. The plant extracts assayed were an acetone extract of Toona ciliata M. Roem., commercial neem oil, and a nanoencapsulated formulation of neem oil (NC40). The toxicity of the plant extracts to T. pretiosum was evaluated according to the recommendations of the International Organization for Biological Control- IOBC Working Group. We assessed the susceptibility of adults of the maternal and F1 generations and immature stages of T. pretiosum to the extracts. Females exposed to egg cards treated with commercial neem oil parasitized almost 70% fewer eggs than control eggs treated with water; and this extract was therefore classified as slightly harmful. When the eggs were offered to females 24h after treatment with neem oil and aqueous NC40, the parasitism rate also decreased, and the two extracts were classified as slightly harmful. Adult emergence was lower for parasitoids that fed on host eggs offered 24h after the treatment with the T. ciliata extract, which was considered slightly harmful. The emergence of T. pretiosum from eggs, larvae and pupae treated with the different plant extracts, did not decrease compared to development stages treated with the water control. The use of T. pretiosum, combined with the application of an ethanol extract of T. ciliata and a nanoencapsulated formulation of neem, appears to be feasible in view of these low toxicity indices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Acarology - Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - ESALQ, Av. Pádua Dias, n. 11 - Cx. P. 9, 13400-970, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fátima Terezinha
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Rampelotti-Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Acarology - Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - ESALQ, Av. Pádua Dias, n. 11 - Cx. P. 9, 13400-970, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: aloisiocoelho@usp.br.
authors.forename: Aloisio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Acarology - Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - ESALQ, Av. Pádua Dias, n. 11 - Cx. P. 9, 13400-970, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Roberto Postali
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Parra
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Acarology - Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - ESALQ, Av. Pádua Dias, n. 11 - Cx. P. 9, 13400-970, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Djair
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Vendramim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005989:Glycerides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D029582:Meliaceae / Q000633:toxicity; D009036:Moths / Q000469:parasitology; D010063:Ovum / Q000469:parasitology; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000633:toxicity*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000633:toxicity*; D011679:Pupa / Q000469:parasitology; D013729:Terpenes / Q000633:toxicity*; D014863:Wasps / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D005989:Glycerides; D007306:Insecticides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013729:Terpenes; C002443:neem oil
keywords: Biological control; Botanical insecticide; IPM; Nanotechnology