title: Toward precision smoking cessation treatment I: Moderator results from a factorial experiment.
abstract: The development of tobacco use treatments that are effective for all smokers is critical to improving clinical and public health. The Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST) uses highly efficient factorial experiments to evaluate multiple intervention components for possible inclusion in an optimized tobacco use treatment. Factorial experiments permit analyses of the influence of patient characteristics on main and interaction effects of multiple, relatively discrete, intervention components. This study examined whether person-factor and smoking characteristics moderated the main or interactive effects of intervention components on 26-week self-reported abstinence rates.
  
  
  
  This fractional factorial experiment evaluated six smoking cessation intervention components among primary care patients (N=637): Prequit Nicotine Patch vs. None, Prequit Nicotine Gum vs. None, Preparation Counseling vs. None, Intensive Cessation In-Person Counseling vs. Minimal, Intensive Cessation Telephone Counseling vs. Minimal, and 16 vs. 8 Weeks of Combination Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT; nicotine patch+nicotine gum).
  
  
  
  Both psychiatric history and smoking heaviness moderated intervention component effects. In comparison with participants with no self-reported history of a psychiatric disorder, those with a positive history showed better response to 16- vs. 8-weeks of combination NRT, but a poorer response to counseling interventions. Also, in contrast to light smokers, heavier smokers showed a poorer response to counseling interventions.
  
  
  
  Heavy smokers and those with psychiatric histories demonstrated a differential response to intervention components. This research illustrates the use of factorial designs to examine the interactions between person characteristics and relatively discrete intervention components. Future research is needed to replicate these findings.
authors.affiliation: Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, United States; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, United States. Electronic address: mep@ctri.wisc.edu.
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Piper
authors.affiliation: Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, United States; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, United States.
authors.forename: Tanya R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Schlam
authors.affiliation: Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, United States; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, United States; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, United States.
authors.forename: Jessica W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, United States; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, United States.
authors.forename: Stevens S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin, Department of Educational Psychology, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Bolt
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin, Department of Statistics, United States.
authors.forename: Wei-Yin
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Chicago, Institute for Health Research and Policy, United States.
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mermelstein
authors.affiliation: The Methodology Center and Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, United States.
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, United States; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, United States.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Fiore
authors.affiliation: Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, United States; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, United States.
authors.forename: Timothy B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy* / Q000639:trends; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D013689:Telephone / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine
keywords: Factorial design; Moderators; Psychiatric comorbidity; Smoking cessation; Treatment