title: Occurrence of 3-monochloropropanediol esters and glycidyl esters in commercial infant formulas in the United States.
abstract: This work presents occurrence data for fatty acid esters of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) and glycidol in 98 infant formula samples purchased in the United States. These contaminants are considered potentially carcinogenic and/or genotoxic, making their presence in refined oils and foods a potential health risk. Recently, attention has focused on methodology to quantify MCPD and glycidyl esters in infant formula for risk-assessment purposes. Occurrence data for 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters were produced using a procedure for extracting fat from infant formula and an LC-MS/MS method for analysing fat extracts for intact esters. Infant formulas were produced by seven manufacturers, five of which use palm oil and/or palm olein in their formulations. In formulas containing palm/palm olein, concentrations for bound 3-MCPD and glycidol ranged from 0.021 to 0.92 mg kg-1(ppm) and from < LOQ to 0.40 mg kg-1(ppm), respectively. Formulas not containing palm/palm olein, bound 3-MCPD and glycidol concentrations ranged from 0.072 to 0.16 mg kg-1(ppm) and from 0.005 to 0.15 mg kg-1(ppm), respectively. Although formulas from manufacturers A and G did not contain palm/palm olein, formulas from manufacturer E (containing palm olein) had the lowest concentrations of bound 3-MCPD and glycidol, demonstrating the effectiveness of industrial mitigation strategies.
authors.affiliation: a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , College Park , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leigh
authors.affiliation: a Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) , College Park , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Shaun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: MacMahon
mesh_terms: D004852:Epoxy Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D004952:Esters / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry*; D020005:Propanols / Q000032:analysis*; D014481:United States; D000517:alpha-Chlorohydrin / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004852:Epoxy Compounds; D004952:Esters; D020005:Propanols; D000517:alpha-Chlorohydrin; C004312:glycidol
keywords: 3-MCPD; 3-MCPD esters; 3-Monochloropropanediol; glycidol; glycidyl esters; infant formula; occurrence data; processing contaminants