title: Modulation of cancer-specific immune responses by amino acid degrading enzymes.
abstract: To evade immune destruction, tumors exploit a wide range of immune escape mechanisms, including the induction of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This is mediated, in part, by amino acid degrading enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, arginase 1 and arginase 2, which have emerged as key players in the regulation of tumor-induced immune tolerance. Here we describe how the expression of tryptophan- and arginine-degrading enzymes by tumor and tumor-infiltrating cells can hamper cancer-specific immune responses, and discuss how this knowledge is being exploited to develop new strategies for cancer immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
authors.forename: Elina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Timosenko
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
authors.forename: Andreas V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Hadjinicolaou
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cerundolo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001119:Arginase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D014366:Tryptophan Oxygenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D019139:Tumor Escape
chemical_list: D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; D014366:Tryptophan Oxygenase; D001119:Arginase
keywords: arginase; immunosuppression; indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase; tumor microenvironment