title: Genome-Wide Analyses of Individual Strongyloides stercoralis (Nematoda: Rhabditoidea) Provide Insights into Population Structure and Reproductive Life Cycles.
abstract: The helminth Strongyloides stercoralis, which is transmitted through soil, infects 30-100 million people worldwide. S. stercoralis reproduces sexually outside the host as well as asexually within the host, which causes a life-long infection. To understand the population structure and transmission patterns of this parasite, we re-sequenced the genomes of 33 individual S. stercoralis nematodes collected in Myanmar (prevalent region) and Japan (non-prevalent region). We utilised a method combining whole genome amplification and next-generation sequencing techniques to detect 298,202 variant positions (0.6% of the genome) compared with the reference genome. Phylogenetic analyses of SNP data revealed an unambiguous geographical separation and sub-populations that correlated with the host geographical origin, particularly for the Myanmar samples. The relatively higher heterozygosity in the genomes of the Japanese samples can possibly be explained by the independent evolution of two haplotypes of diploid genomes through asexual reproduction during the auto-infection cycle, suggesting that analysing heterozygosity is useful and necessary to infer infection history and geographical prevalence.
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 9800 Kihara, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Taisei
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 9800 Kihara, Miyazaki, Japan.|Department of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hino
authors.affiliation: Department of Endoscopy, Ryukyu University Hospital. Okinawa, Japan.|Department of Infectious, Respiratory, and Digestive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Teruhisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar.
authors.forename: Myo Pa Pa Thet Hnin Htwe
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Aung
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 9800 Kihara, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Tanzila
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Afrin
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 9800 Kihara, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nagayasu
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 9800 Kihara, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryusei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Respiratory, and Digestive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Miwa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Higashiarakawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar.
authors.forename: Kyu Kyu
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Win
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Respiratory, and Digestive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar.
authors.forename: Wah Win
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Htike
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Respiratory, and Digestive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Jiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 9800 Kihara, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruhiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maruyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D005243:Feces / Q000469:parasitology; D005260:Female; D049751:Genome, Helminth; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D002052:Myanmar / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012098:Reproduction; D012987:Soil / Q000469:parasitology; D017171:Strongyloides stercoralis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D013322:Strongyloidiasis / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil