title: Risk factors for Gleason Score upgrading following radical prostatectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gleason Score discordance can confound optimal treatment allocation of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer and place these patients at risk of worse oncological outcomes. Its prevalence remains endemic; its exact causation remains unknown. The objective of this review was to examine the observational studies of patient cohorts who have undergone radical prostatectomy with the aim of identifying any preoperative variables that may be associated with an upgrade in final prostatectomy Gleason Score.
  
  
  METHODS
  A non-systematic review of English articles from 2010 to present was performed through a MEDLINE search. Search terms included "Gleason Score," "pathological," "upgrade," and "radical prostatectomy."
  
  
  RESULTS
  All studies included for review were retrospective analyses of radical prostatectomy series that examined factors associated with Gleason Score discordance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The various studies found that Gleason Score upgrading remains highly prevalent, and that some association can be seen with greater percent positive cores, longer biopsy core lengths, smaller prostate glands, higher percent tumor volume per gland, prostate-specific antigen density and visible lesions on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging.
authors.affiliation: Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia - dalchin@student.unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Alchin
authors.affiliation: Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Declan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.|Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.|Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Australia.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lawrentschuk
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D060787:Neoplasm Grading / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000592:standards*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D012307:Risk Factors