title: Robotic i.v. medication compounding: Recommendations from the international community of APOTECAchemo users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The development of recommendations for advancing automated i.v. medication compounding is described.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Managing the shift from manual to robotic compounding of i.v. therapies requires an awareness of how automation affects practice and how to best implement robotics into current practice. An international panel of pharmacy professionals, researchers, and technology leaders with experience in i.v. robotics collaborated during a two-day meeting in August 2014 to define a general set of principles to broaden the understanding of the fundamental elements of robotic compounding worldwide. Participants were divided into four working groups (technology and safety; drugs and products; personnel; and facilities and quality) to analyze specific aspects of robotic compounding practice. The four working groups produced an initial list of 92 statements. This list was condensed to 35 statements by consolidating similar and overlapping statements from the different work groups. Participants were surveyed again to assess agreement with the 35 statements and solicit additional clarification. Respondents expressed full agreement with 25 recommendations. Six statements received one or more "don't know" responses, with all other respondents in agreement. Four statements had a combination of "don't know" and "disagree" responses. A total of 32 comments were recorded in free-text fields, including requests for clarification and suggestions for rewording the statements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An international panel of pharmacy professionals, researchers, and technology leaders with experience in i.v. robotics developed a set of 35 recommendations toward a better understanding of the role of automated i.v. compounding in hospital and health-system pharmacies worldwide.
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH. yaniva@ccf.org.
authors.forename: Angela W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Yaniv
authors.affiliation: Veldt Community, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orsborn
authors.affiliation: Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bonkowski
authors.affiliation: National University of Singapore, Singapore.|National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Lita
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chew
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Department, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Krämer
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Calabrese
authors.affiliation: Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de la Paz Pacheco Ramos
authors.affiliation: Loccioni Humancare, Angeli di Rosora, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palombi
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Department, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Siew Woon
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Services, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Osama
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tabbara
authors.affiliation: Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Meldola, Italy.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Masini
authors.affiliation: Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Muenchen, Germany.
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schierl
authors.affiliation: University Hospital of Ancona, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Celestino
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bufarini
authors.affiliation: Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC.
authors.forename: Nate
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Peaty
authors.affiliation: Loccioni Humancare, Angeli di Rosora, Italy.
authors.forename: Demis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paolucci
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D001331:Automation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012371:Robotics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: automation; drug compounding; pharmacy; robotics