title: Thoracic surgical interventions for DR-TB and their results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgery in DR-TB is a highly contested intervention. However, in suitable selected cases, it has a great role in improving outcomes of treatment as well as symptomatic improvement in the quality of life of the patient. Indications of surgery in this setting will be localized disease with high likelihood of persistent progression or sputum positivity despite adequate therapy. Recurrent hemoptysis, intolerance to drugs or absence of radiological and bacteriological improvement during initial 3-4months of therapy becomes additional indications for surgical intervention. A review of 11 studies published in a period from 1993 to 2013 provides enough justification for the role of surgical intervention in pulmonary tuberculosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  At the NITRD, in the last 20years a total of 107 cases have been operated upon for DR-TB. Procedures done were 70 pneumonectomies, 20 lobectomies, 5 bilobectomies, 4 nonanatomical resections and 7 thoracoplasties.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sputum negativity was achieved in 93 cases after surgery and 62 were declared cured after 4years of follow up. 6 cases of DR TB were also operated upon in March 2013 in one MSF TB surgery mission and all of them are sputum negative till March 2015.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, surgical intervention should be offered and made available for greater number of DR-TB patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India. Electronic address: ravindrakdewan@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Ravindra Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Dewan
keywords: Active TB; DR-TB; Surgery; Thoracic