title: Low Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency among Nepalese Infants Despite High Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency among Their Mothers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Describing vitamin D status and its predictors in various populations is important in order to target public health measures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the status and predictors of vitamin D status in healthy Nepalese mothers and infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  500 randomly selected Nepalese mother and infant pairs were included in a cross-sectional study. Plasma 25(OH)D concentrations were measured by LC-MS/MS and multiple linear regression analyses were used to identify predictors of vitamin D status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the infants, the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (25(OH)D <50 nmol/L) and deficiency (<30 nmol/L) were 3.6% and 0.6%, respectively, in contrast to 59.8% and 14.0% among their mothers. Infant 25(OH)D concentrations were negatively associated with infant age and positively associated with maternal vitamin D status and body mass index (BMI), explaining 22% of the variability in 25(OH)D concentration. Global solar radiation, maternal age and BMI predicted maternal 25(OH)D concentration, explaining 9.7% of its variability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age and maternal vitamin D status are the main predictors of vitamin D status in infants in Bhaktapur, Nepal, who have adequate vitamin D status despite poor vitamin D status in their mothers.
authors.affiliation: Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer 2609, Norway. johanne_haugen@hotmail.com.|Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen 5007, Norway. johanne_haugen@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Johanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haugen
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 8212, Nepal. manjeswori@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Manjeswori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ulak
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 8212, Nepal. ram.chandyo@cih.uib.no.
authors.forename: Ram K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Chandyo
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo 0130, Norway. sigrun.henjum@hioa.no.
authors.forename: Sigrun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Henjum
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. athorne1@jhu.edu.|WorldFish, P.O. Box 500 GPO, Penang 10670, Malaysia. athorne1@jhu.edu.|Departments of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. athorne1@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Thorne-Lyman
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5007, Norway. per.ueland@ikb.uib.no.|Bevital AS, Bergen 5021, Norway. per.ueland@ikb.uib.no.
authors.forename: Per Magne
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Ueland
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5007, Norway. oivind.midttun@bevital.no.|Bevital AS, Bergen 5021, Norway. oivind.midttun@bevital.no.
authors.forename: Øivind
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Midtun
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 8212, Nepal. prakashsunder@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Prakash S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.affiliation: Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer 2609, Norway. tors@me.com.|Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen 5007, Norway. tors@me.com.|Department of Sports Science, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer 2604, Norway. tors@me.com.
authors.forename: Tor A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Strand
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007774:Lactation / Q000097:blood; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D000068097:Maternal Health; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D009752:Nutritional Status; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013472:Sunlight; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D
keywords: 25(OH)D; Nepal; infants; lactating mothers; season; vitamin D status