title: Automated thin-film microextraction coupled to a flow-through cell: somewhere in between passive and active sampling.
abstract: A prototype for the automated thin-film microextraction of pharmaceuticals from aqueous solutions has been developed and is presented here for the first time. With a software-controlled setup, extraction methods for ivermectin and iohexol have been developed. The widely used antiparasitic agent ivermectin is non-polar and has a high tendency to sorb to surfaces. In contrast to this, the nonionic but polar iodinated X-ray contrast agent iohexol is freely water soluble. With these two substances, a wide range of polarity is covered. Sorption kinetics and thermodynamics of ivermectin and iohexol were studied. With the presented passive sampling approach, it was possible to extract up to 96.2% ivermectin with a C18-phase within 1 h and up to 74.6% of iohexol with a PS-DVB phase within 36 h out of water. Using abamectin as internal standard, it was possible to quantitatively follow dissipation of ivermectin in a simulated surface water experiment. Predominantly, the newly developed prototype can be used for automated and time-resolved extraction of xenobiotics from waterbodies under field conditions, for the extraction of substances under laboratory conditions as an alternative to the elaborate solid-phase extraction, and for the automated control of chemical reaction kinetics.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Justus Liebig University Giessen, IFZ, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany. manuel.wohde@umwelt.uni-giessen.de.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wohde
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens-Ole
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Bartz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Justus Liebig University Giessen, IFZ, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Justus Liebig University Giessen, IFZ, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hartwig
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Justus Liebig University Giessen, IFZ, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Benjamin Martin
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Keil
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Justus Liebig University Giessen, IFZ, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, Justus Liebig University Giessen, IFZ, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
authors.forename: Rolf-Alexander
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Düring
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D014867:Water; D007559:Ivermectin
keywords: Iohexol; Ivermectin; Passive sampling; Pharmaceuticals; TFME; Xenobiotics