title: Production of demineralized water for use in thermal power stations by advanced treatment of secondary wastewater effluent.
abstract: The operation and efficiency of a modern, high-tech industrial full-scale water treatment plant was investigated in the present study. The treated water was used for the supply of the boilers, producing steam to feed the steam turbine of the power station. The inlet water was the effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plant of the city of Bari (Italy). The treatment stages comprised (1) coagulation, using ferric chloride, (2) lime softening, (3) powdered activated carbon, all dosed in a sedimentation tank. The treated water was thereafter subjected to dual-media filtration, followed by ultra-filtration (UF). The outlet of UF was subsequently treated by reverse osmosis (RO) and finally by ion exchange (IX). The inlet water had total organic carbon (TOC) concentration 10-12 mg/L, turbidity 10-15 NTU and conductivity 3500-4500 μS/cm. The final demineralized water had TOC less than 0.2 mg/L, turbidity less than 0.1 NTU and conductivity 0.055-0.070 μS/cm. Organic matter fractionation showed that most of the final DOC concentration consisted of low molecular weight neutral compounds, while other compounds such as humic acids or building blocks were completely removed. It is notable that this plant was operating under "Zero Liquid Discharge" conditions, implementing treatment of any generated liquid waste.
authors.affiliation: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Box 116, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece. Electronic address: katsogia@chem.auth.gr.
authors.forename: Ioannis A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Katsoyiannis
authors.affiliation: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Box 116, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gkotsis
authors.affiliation: Sorgenia Modugno CCGT Power Plant, Via dei Gladioli, 70026 Modugno, BA, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castellana
authors.affiliation: Sorgenia Modugno CCGT Power Plant, Via dei Gladioli, 70026 Modugno, BA, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabricio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cartechini
authors.affiliation: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Box 116, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Anastasios I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Zouboulis
mesh_terms: D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry; D002947:Cities; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods; D006812:Humic Substances; D007558:Italy; D009995:Osmosis; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D011210:Power Plants; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods; D014880:Water Softening / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D002244:Carbon; D002712:Chlorides; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D006812:Humic Substances; D010087:Oxides; D062065:Wastewater; C016538:lime; C024555:ferric chloride
keywords: Industrial water treatment; Multi-stage treatment process; TOC fractionation; Wastewater reuse; Water demineralization