title: Comparison of Glutamate Turnover in Nerve Terminals and Brain Tissue During [1,6-13C2]Glucose Metabolism in Anesthetized Rats.
abstract: The13C turnover of neurotransmitter amino acids (glutamate, GABA and aspartate) were determined from extracts of forebrain nerve terminals and brain homogenate, and fronto-parietal cortex from anesthetized rats undergoing timed infusions of [1,6-13C2]glucose or [2-13C]acetate. Nerve terminal13C fractional labeling of glutamate and aspartate was lower than those in whole cortical tissue at all times measured (up to 120 min), suggesting either the presence of a constant dilution flux from an unlabeled substrate or an unlabeled (effectively non-communicating on the measurement timescale) glutamate pool in the nerve terminals. Half times of13C labeling from [1,6-13C2]glucose, as estimated by least squares exponential fitting to the time course data, were longer for nerve terminals (GluC4, 21.8 min; GABAC221.0 min) compared to cortical tissue (GluC4, 12.4 min; GABAC2, 14.5 min), except for AspC3, which was similar (26.5 vs. 27.0 min). The slower turnover of glutamate in the nerve terminals (but not GABA) compared to the cortex may reflect selective effects of anesthesia on activity-dependent glucose use, which might be more pronounced in the terminals. The13C labeling ratio for glutamate-C4 from [2-13C]acetate over that of13C-glucose was twice as large in nerve terminals compared to cortex, suggesting that astroglial glutamine under the13C glucose infusion was the likely source of much of the nerve terminal dilution. The net replenishment of most of the nerve terminal amino acid pools occurs directly via trafficking of astroglial glutamine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. abpatel@ccmb.res.in.|CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India. abpatel@ccmb.res.in.
authors.forename: Anant B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID, 83209, USA.
authors.forename: James C K
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, PO Box 208043, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Golam I M
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, PO Box 208043, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. kevin.behar@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1467-0446
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Behar
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005947:Glucose
keywords: 13C labeled substrates; GABA; Glutamate; Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Synaptosomes