title: Pathology and molecular mechanisms of coarctation of the aorta and its association with the ductus arteriosus.
abstract: Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is defined as a congenital stenosis of the thoracic aorta and is one of the most common congenital cardiovascular diseases. Despite successful surgical treatment for CoA, arterial abnormalities, including refractory hypertension, aortic aneurysm, and proatherogenic phenotypic changes, frequently affect patients' quality of life. Emerging evidence from morphological and molecular biological investigations suggest that the area of CoA is characterized by phenotypic modulation of smooth muscle cells, intimal thickening, and impaired elastic fiber formation. These changes extend to the pre-and post-stenotic aorta and impair arterial elasticity. The aim of this review is to present current findings on the pathology and molecular mechanisms of vascular remodeling due to CoA. In particular, we will discuss the association between CoA and the ductus arteriosus since the most common site for the stenosis is in the proximity of the ductus arteriosus.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan. utako@yokohama-cu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Utako
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1803-0155
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
authors.affiliation: The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minamisawa
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan. yishikaw@med.yokohama-cu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000473:pathology*; D001017:Aortic Coarctation / Q000473:pathology*; D004373:Ductus Arteriosus / Q000473:pathology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000473:pathology
keywords: Coarctation of the aorta; Congenital heart disease; Ductus arteriosus; Remodeling