title: Mechanisms of immunomodulation by mammalian and viral decoy receptors: insights from structures.
abstract: Immune responses are regulated by effector cytokines and chemokines that signal through cell surface receptors. Mammalian decoy receptors - which are typically soluble or inactive versions of cell surface receptors or soluble protein modules termed binding proteins - modulate and antagonize signalling by canonical effector-receptor complexes. Viruses have developed a diverse array of molecular decoys to evade host immune responses; these include viral homologues of host cytokines, chemokines and chemokine receptors; variants of host receptors with new functions; and novel decoy receptors that do not have host counterparts. Over the past decade, the number of known mammalian and viral decoy receptors has increased considerably, yet a comprehensive curation of the corresponding structure-mechanism relationships has not been carried out. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive resource on this topic with a view to better understanding the roles and evolutionary relationships of mammalian and viral decoy receptors, and the opportunities for leveraging their therapeutic potential.
authors.affiliation: VIB Inflammation Research Center, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.|Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.|Present address: Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38044 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.affiliation: VIB Inflammation Research Center, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.|Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Savvas N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Savvides
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D057131:Immune Evasion / Q000276:immunology*; D008322:Mammals / Q000276:immunology; D018121:Receptors, Cytokine / Q000276:immunology*; D014780:Viruses / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018121:Receptors, Cytokine