title: Sex and the stimulus-movement effect: Differences in acquisition of autoshaped responding in cynomolgus monkeys.
abstract: The stimulus-movement effect refers to the phenomenon in which stimulus discrimination or acquisition of a response is facilitated by moving stimuli as opposed to stationary stimuli. The effect has been found in monkeys, rats, and humans, but the experiments conducted did not provide adequate female representation to investigate potential sex differences. The current experiment analyzed acquisition of stimulus touching in a progressive series of classical conditioning procedures in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) as a function of sex and stimulus movement. Classical conditioning tasks arrange two or more stimuli in relation to each other with different temporal and predictive relations. Autoshaping procedures overlay operant contingencies onto a classical-conditioning stimulus arrangement. In the present case, a neutral stimulus (a small gray square displayed on a touchscreen) functioned as the conditional stimulus and a food pellet functioned as the unconditional stimulus. Although touching is not required to produce food, with repeated stimulus pairings subjects eventually touch the stimulus. Across conditions of increasing stimulus correlation and temporal contiguity, male monkeys acquired the response faster with a moving stimulus. In contrast, females acquired the response faster with a stationary stimulus. These results demonstrate that the stimulus-movement effect may be differentially affected by sex and indicate that additional experiments with females are needed to determine how sex interacts with behavioral phenomena discovered and elaborated almost exclusively using males.
authors.affiliation: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 2900 Ricketts Point Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, United States. Electronic address: Nathaniel.C.Rice3.ctr@mail.mil.
authors.forename: Nathaniel C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.affiliation: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 2900 Ricketts Point Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, United States. Electronic address: Jennifer.R.Makar.ctr@mail.mil.
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Makar
authors.affiliation: United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 2900 Ricketts Point Rd, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, United States. Electronic address: Todd.M.Myers14.civ@mail.mil.
authors.forename: Todd M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Myers
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000502:physiology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D005260:Female; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics
keywords: Classical conditioning; Learning; Monkey; Response acquisition; Sex difference; Stimulus movement