title: Green Synthesis of Sub-10 nm Gadolinium-Based Nanoparticles for Sparkling Kidneys, Tumor, and Angiogenesis of Tumor-Bearing Mice in Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
abstract: Gadolinium (Gd)-based nanoparticles are known for their high potential in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, further MRI applications of these nanoparticles are hampered by their relatively large sizes resulting in poor organ/tumor targeting. In this study, ultrafine sub-10 nm and biocompatible Gd-based nanoparticles are synthesized in a bioinspired, environmentally benign, and straightforward fashion. This novel green synthetic strategy is developed for growing dextran-coated Gd-based nanoparticles (GdNPs@Dex). The as-prepared GdNPs@Dex is not only biocompatible but also stable with a sub-10 nm size. It exhibits higher longitudinal and transverse relaxivities in water (r1and r2values of 5.43 and 7.502 s-1× 10-3m-1of Gd3+, respectively) than those measured for Gd-DTPA solution (r1and r2values of 3.42 and 3.86 s-1× 10-3m-1of Gd3+, respectively). In vivo dynamic T1-weighted MRI in tumor-bearing mice shows GdNPs@Dex can selectively target kidneys and tumor, in addition to liver and spleen. GdNPs@Dex is found particularly capable for determining the tumor boundary with clearly enhanced tumor angiogenesis. GdNPs@Dex is also found cleared from body gradually mainly via hepatobiliary and renal processing with no obvious systemic toxicity. With this green synthesis strategy, the sub-10 nm GdNPs@Dex presents promising potentials for translational biomedical imaging applications.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
authors.forename: Bingbo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Life Science, Tianjin Engineering Center of Micro-Nano Biomaterials and Detection-Treatment Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
authors.forename: Weitao
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
authors.forename: Jiani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China.
authors.forename: Weisheng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
authors.forename: Shiyuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: The Institute for Translational Nanomedicine, Shanghai East Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China.|Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0072, USA.
authors.forename: Donglu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D003911:Dextrans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003287:Contrast Media; D003911:Dextrans; D005682:Gadolinium
keywords: dextran; gadolinium; green chemistry; magnetic resonance imaging; tumor angiogenesis