title: Adverse Childhood Experiences and ADHD Diagnosis at Age 9 Years in a National Urban Sample.
abstract: To examine associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at age 9 years using longitudinal data and assess the extent to which ACEs during middle childhood are independently associated with ADHD at age 9 years.
  
  
  
  We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the Fragile Families urban birth cohort 5- and 9-year interviews. The sample was limited to children for whom mothers were the primary caregiver and mother-reported information on 8 ACEs and ADHD were available at age 5 and 9 years. We examined associations between ACEs and parent-reported ADHD at age 9 years using logistic regression and controlling for potential confounders.
  
  
  
  We included 1572 children; 48% were African American, 11% had parent-reported ADHD at age 9 years, 41% and 42% experienced ≥1 ACE by age 5 years and between the ages of 5 and 9 years, respectively. ACEs before age 5 years were associated with ADHD at age 9 years. One, 2, and ≥3 ACEs between age 5 and 9 years were associated with ADHD at age 9 years even after controlling for ACEs before age 5 years and ADHD at age 5 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-3; AOR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2-3.8; and AOR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1-4.3).
  
  
  
  In this study of urban children, ACEs occurring before age 5 years as well as between the ages of 5 and 9 years were associated with ADHD at age 9 years. Even after controlling for early childhood ACEs and ADHD at age 5 years, the association between ADHD and ACEs in middle childhood remained significant, highlighting the importance of screening and intervention throughout childhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Boggs Center on Developmental Disabilities, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Children's Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Children's Specialized Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ. Electronic address: jimenema@rwjms.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Manuel E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.affiliation: Princeton University, NJ.
authors.forename: Ofira
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schwartz-Soicher
authors.affiliation: Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, The School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Children's Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Princeton University, NJ; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Nancy E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Reichman
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000069581:Exposure to Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011330:Prisons; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: adverse childhood experiences; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; child development and behavior