title: Is the prevalence of major depression increasing in the Canadian adolescent population? Assessing trends from 2000 to 2014.
abstract: Major depressive disorder is a relatively common diagnosis with onset across the lifespan. There is a recent belief that major depressive episodes (MDE) are increasing in adolescence; however, it is not clear if this is truly an increase in prevalence or reflective of other causes such as change in diagnostic patterns. This study aimed to determine whether evidence supports an epidemic of MDE in Canadian adolescents.
  
  
  
  Past year MDE prevalence estimates were derived from a series of nationally representative surveys. Random effects meta-regression and graphical analyses were used to evaluate trends. A post hoc analysis compared trends in MDE prevalence to trends in self-reported mood disorder diagnosis (made by a health professional). The sample was split into 9 birth cohorts to examine whether MDE prevalence increased in more recent cohorts.
  
  
  
  Prevalence of MDE did not significantly change between 2000 and 2014 (β=0.001; p=0.532), and there was no modification of trends by sex or age. However, prevalence of self-reported mood disorder diagnosis by a health professional increased from 2003 to 2014 (β=0.001; p=0.024). There was no indication that MDE prevalence differed by birth cohort.
  
  
  
  Limitations include reduced precision in subgroup analyses, lack of clinical judgement in the structured diagnostic interview, and inability to differentiate mild, moderate and severe episodes of depression.
  
  
  
  These findings do not support an epidemic of MDE in adolescents, however as more individuals report diagnoses by a health professional, future policy may need to incorporate an increase in need of mental health services.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada. Electronic address: kathrynwiens@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wiens
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Jeanne V A
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Dina H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lavorato
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Canada; Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.affiliation: Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Tamara M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Pringsheim
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Tolulope T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Sajobi
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada; Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Scott B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Patten
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000367:Age Factors; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescents; Canada; Canadian Community Health Survey; Major depressive episodes; Trends