title: Toward improved mechanical, tribological, corrosion and in-vitro bioactivity properties of mixed oxide nanotubes on Ti-6Al-7Nb implant using multi-objective PSO.
abstract: Recently, the robust optimization and prediction models have been highly noticed in district of surface engineering and coating techniques to obtain the highest possible output values through least trial and error experiments. Besides, due to necessity of finding the optimum value of dependent variables, the multi-objective metaheuristic models have been proposed to optimize various processes. Herein, oriented mixed oxide nanotubular arrays were grown on Ti-6Al-7Nb (Ti67) implant using physical vapor deposition magnetron sputtering (PVDMS) designed by Taguchi and following electrochemical anodization. The obtained adhesion strength and hardness of Ti67/Nb were modeled by particle swarm optimization (PSO) to predict the outputs performance. According to developed models, multi-objective PSO (MOPSO) run aimed at finding PVDMS inputs to maximize current outputs simultaneously. The provided sputtering parameters were applied as validation experiment and resulted in higher adhesion strength and hardness of interfaced layer with Ti67. The as-deposited Nb layer before and after optimization were anodized in fluoride-base electrolyte for 300min. To crystallize the coatings, the anodically grown mixed oxide TiO2-Nb2O5-Al2O3nanotubes were annealed at 440°C for 30min. From the FESEM observations, the optimized adhesive Nb interlayer led to further homogeneity of mixed nanotube arrays. As a result of this surface modification, the anodized sample after annealing showed the highest mechanical, tribological, corrosion resistant and in-vitro bioactivity properties, where a thick bone-like apatite layer was formed on the mixed oxide nanotubes surface within 10 days immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) after applied MOPSO. The novel results of this study can be effective in optimizing a variety of the surface properties of the nanostructured implants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing (AMMP), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Electronic address: Alireza5431.rafieerad@gmail.com.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rafieerad
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing (AMMP), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, CA 90095-1597, United States. Electronic address: bushroa@um.edu.my.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bushroa
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Research Center, Materials Engineering Department, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Isfahan, Iran. Electronic address: bahman_nasiri@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nasiri-Tabrizi
authors.affiliation: UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC),University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: S H A
authors.initials: SHA
authors.lastname: Kaboli
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Biology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khanahmadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vadivelu
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yusof
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Basirun
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Nano-bio Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wasa
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000032:analysis*; D001826:Body Fluids; D003343:Corrosion; D008422:Materials Testing; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000032:analysis*; D010087:Oxides; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D010087:Oxides; C070282:Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Anodic mixed oxide nanotubes; In-vitro bioactivity; Mechanical properties; Multi-objective PSO; PVD magnetron sputtering; Tribo/corrosion resistance