title: Beliefs and Attitudes Associated With Hookah Smoking Among a United States College Population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study explores the differences among smokers of waterpipe tobacco in a college population to better inform campaigns to curb waterpipe use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included undergraduate and graduate students attending a liberal arts university in Florida. E-mail-based, cross-sectional surveys were collected in 2 sequential years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of respondents (64%) reported having ever smoked a hookah, even if just 1-2 puffs. Of those who had ever smoked a hookah, 34% reported smoking a hookah within the previous 30 d. Constructs from the theory of reasoned action were all correlated with smoking behavior. The range of beliefs endorsed by smokers were more strongly associated with hookah-related attitudes compared with subjective norms. Concerns about health were stronger among never-smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Young adult college students continue to engage in waterpipe tobacco smoking at high rates. Campaigns need to focus on subsets of smokers and nonsmokers, independently.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida. MMartinasek@ut.edu.
authors.forename: Mary P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Martinasek
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610.
authors.forename: Linda G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.affiliation: Department of Community and Family Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Wheldon
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: Tracey E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Barnett
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: attitudes; behavior; college students; hookah smoking; shisha; subjective norm; theory of reasoned action; waterpipe tobacco smoking